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APPLETONS' 

CYCLOPEDIA OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY 



VOL V. 
PICKERING-SUMTER 



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APPLETONS' 

CYCLOPEDIA OF AMERICAN 
BIOGRAPHY 



EDITED BY 

JAMES GRANT WILSON 

AND 

JOHN FISKE 



As it is the commendation of a good huntsman to find game in a wide wood, 
to it is no imputation if he hath not caught all. Plato. 



VOLUME V. 
PICKERING-SUMTER 



NEW YORK 
D. APPLETON AND COMPANY 

1, 8 axd 5 BOND STREET 

1888 

REPUBLISHED BY GALE RESEARCH COMPANY, BOOK TOWER, DETROIT, 1%B 

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213 

/ 3 G 8 iVOTJE TO TiJJS FACSIMILE EDITION 



This is a facsimile of the first edition of Appleton's Cyclopaedia 
of American Biography, published 1887-89, and the supplement 
to the first edition, published in 1900. 

Later editions omitted biographies published in the first edition, 
and also added new biographies. 

After careful comparison, it was found that the persons omitted 
from the later editions were, on the whole, more likely to be 
subject to reference interest, and more likely to be difficult to 
find elsewhere, than the persons whose biographies were sub- 
stituted. The first edition therefore has been selected for this 
facsimile edition. 



Corraoirr, 1888, 
By D. APPLETON AND COMPANY. 



Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 67-14061 



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LIST OF PORTEAITS ON STEEL. 





ABTUT 


EMORATBB 


PAOft 


ShERMAH, WlLLJAM Tecumseh 


Sammy 


SehUehi 


Frontispiece 


PlEECE, FeANKUN 


Heahf 


Bail 


Face 7 


Polk, James Knox 


Poole 


Reich 


60 


Porter, David Dixon 


BeU 


Oirsch 


75 


Scott, Wiefteld 


Brady 


Ball 


440 


Seward, William Hehey 


Bogardus 


Ritchie 


470 


Sheridan, Philip Hehey 


BeU 


Hall 


497 


Simms, William Gilmobk 


Unknown 


Qribayedoff 


588 


Stowe, Harriet Beechee 


Richmond 


Ritchie 


718 


Summer, Charles 


Warren 


Hall 


744 



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SOME OF THE CHIEF CONTRIBUTORS 
TO APPLETONS' CYCLOPAEDIA OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY. 



Adams, Charles Kendall, 

Provident of Cornell University. 
Allibone, 8. Austin, 

Author " Dictionary of Authors." 

Amory, Thomas 0., 

Author " Life of General Sullivan." etc. 
Baird, Henry Carey , 

Economist. 

Bancroft, George, 

Author " History of the United 8tates.** 

Bayard, Thomas F., 

Secretary of State. 
Beehler, William H., 

Lieutenant U. S. Navy. 

Bigelow, John, 

Author " Life of Franklin/* etc. 

Boker, George H., 

Poet, late Minister to Russia. 

Bradley, Joseph P., 

Justice United States Supreme Court. 
Brooks, Phillips, 

Author " Sermons in English Churches.** 
Browne, Junius Henri, 

Journalist and Author. 

Buckley, James Monroe, 

Clergyman and Author. 
Garter, Franklin, 

President of Williams College. 
Chandler, William E., 

Ex-Secretary of the Navy. 

Conway, Moncure Daniel, 

Author " Idols and Ideals/' 
Cooke, JohnEsten, 

Author " Life of Gen. Robert B. Lee.** 
Cooper, Kiss Susan Fenimore, 

Author " Rural Hours," etc. 

Coppee, Henry, 

Professor in Lehigh University, Pa. 
Coxa, Arthur Cleveland, 

P. B. Bishop of Western New York. 

Cullum, Gen. George W., XJ. 8. A., 

Author " Register of West Point Graduates," etc. 
Curtis, George Ticknor, 

Author " Life of Jsmes Buchanan," etc. 

Curtis, George William, 

Author and Editor. 
Custer, Mrs. Elisabeth B., 

Author " Tenting on the Plains." 
Davis, Jefferson, 

Ex-President Confederate 8tates of America. 
Delafleld, Maturin L., 

Miscellaneous Writer. 

De Lancey, Edward F., 

Ex-President Genealogical and Biographical Society. 
Didier, Eugene Lemoine, 

Author " Life of Edgar Allan Poe." 



Dix, Morgan, 

Rector of Trinity Church, New York. 

Doane, William C, 

P. E. Bishop of Albany. 

Draper, Lyman C, 

Secretary of Wisconsin Historical Society. 

Egle, William Henry, 

Author " History of Pennsylvania." 

Ewell, Benjamin Stoddert, 

President of William and Mary College. 

Fiske, John, 

Author and Professor. 

Frothingham, Octaviua Brooks, 

Author " Life of George Ripley." 
Gallatin, Albert H., 

Author and Professor. 

Gayarre, Charies E. A, 

Author " History of Louisiana.** 

Gerry, Elbridge T., 

Member of New York Bar. 
Oilman, Daniel C., 

President of Johns Hopkins University. 
Gilmore, James Roberts, 

Author " Rear-Guard of the Revolution.'* 

Gleig, George Bobert, 

Ex-Chaplain-General British Army. 

Greely, Gen. Adolphus W., T7. 8. A, 

Chief Signal Officer. 
Greene, Capt. Francis Vinton, T7. 8. A, 

Author " The Ylcksburg Campaign." 
Griffla, William Elliot, 

Author " Life of Com. M. C. Perry." 

Hale, Edward Everett, 

Author " Franklin in France." 

Hart, Charles Henry, 

Author " Memoir of William H. Prescott," etc. 

Hay, John, 

Author " Life of Abraham Lincoln." 

Hayne, Paul H., 

Author and Poet. 

Headley, Joel Tyler, 

Author " Washington and his Generals.** 
Henry, William Wirt, 

Of the Virginia Historical Society. 

Higginson, CoL Thomas W., 

Author " History of the United States," etc. 

Hills, George Morgan, 

Author " History of the Church in Burlington, N. J." 
Holmes, Dr. Oliver Wendell, 
Author and Poet. 

Huntington, William B., 

Rector of Grace Church, New York. 

Isaacs, Abram 8., 

Journalist. 

Jay, John, 

Late Minister to Austria. 



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SOME OP THE CHIEF CONTR1BUTOR& 



Johnson, Bradley Tyler, 

Member of the Maryland Bar 
Johnson, Bossiter, 

Author and Editor. 

Johnston, William Preston, 

President of Tulane University. 

Jones, Horatio Gates, 

Vice- President of Pennsylvania Historical Society. 
Jones, William Alfred, 

Author " Character and Criticism," etc. 

Xendrick, James Byland, 

Ex-President Vac sar College. 

Lathrop, George Parsons, 

Author " A Study of Hawthorne," etc. 
Latrobe, John H. B., 

Member of the Maryland Bar. 

Leach, Josiah Granville, 

Member of the Philadelphia Bar. 
Lewis, William H., 

Clergyman and Author. 

Lincoln, Robert T., 

Ex-Secretary of War. 

Lodge, Henry Cabot, 

Author " Life of Hamilton.'* 

Mackay-Smith, Alexander, 

Archdeacon of New York. 
MacVeagh, Wayne, 

Ex-Attorney-General United States. 

Marble, Manton, 

Late Editor •* The World." 

Mathews, William, 

Author " Orators and Oratory," etc. 

McMaster, John Bach, 

Author " History of the People of the United States.' 

Mitchell, Donald G., 

Author " Reveries of a Bachelor/' etc. 
Mombert, Dr. Jacob L, 

Miscellaneous Writer. 
Ochsenford, 8. E., 

Clergyman and Author. 
O'Connor, Joseph, 

Editor Rochester, N. Y., " Post-Express." 

Parker, Cortlandt, 

Member of the New Jersey Bar. 
Parkman, Francis, 

Author " Prontenac," " French in Canada," etc 

Parton, James, 

Author " Life of Andrew Jackson," etc 

Phelan, James, 

Editor Memphis, Tenn., "Avalanche." 
Phelps, William Walter, 

Member of Congress from New Jersey. 

Pierrepont, Edwards, 

Ex-Attorney-Gencral United State*. 

Porter, David D., 

Admiral United States Navy. 

Porter, Gen. Horace, 

Formerly of Gen. Grant's Staff. 

Potter, Henry 0., 

P. E. Bishop of New York. 

Preston, Mrs. Margaret J., 
Poet. 



Bead, John Meredith, 

Late Minister to Greece. 
Bicord, Frederick W., 

Of New Jersey Historical Society. 

Bobinson, Esekiel G., 

President of Brown University. 

Bodenbough, Gen. Theophilus F., 

Author " Uncle Sam's Medal of Honor." 

Bomero, Mattias, 

Mexican Minister to the United States. 

Scharf, John Thomas, 

Late of the Confederate Army. 

Schurz, Carl, 

Ex-Secretary of the Interior. 

Schweinitz, Edmund A. de, 

Late Moravian Bishop. 

Sherman, William T., 

Late General of the United States Army. 
Smith, Charles Emory, 

Editor Philadelphia " Press." 

Spencer, Jesse Ames, 

Author and Professor. 

Stedman, Edmund 0., 

Poet and Critic. 

Stille, Charles Janeway, 

Author " History of the Sanitary Commission." 

Stewart, George, Jr., 

President Quebec Historical Society. 
Stoddard, Bichard Henry, 

Author " Songs of 8ummer." 

Stone, William L., 

Author " Life of Red Jacket," etc. 

Stowe, Charles Edward, 

Clergyman and Author. 

Strong, William, 

Ex-Justice United States Supreme Court 
Stryker, William Scudder, 

Adjutant-General of New Jersey. 

Symington, Andrew James, 

Author - Life of William Cullen Bryant" 

Tanner, Benjamin T., 

Editor •' African Methodist Episcopal Review." 
Wadleigh, Bainbridge, 

Ex-United States Senator. 

Warner, Charles Dudley, 

Author and Journalist. 

Washburne, Elihu B., 
Late Minister to Prance. 
Welling, James a, 

President of Columbian University. 

Wilson, Gen. James Grant, 

Author " Bryant and his Friends," etc. 
Wilson, Gen. James Harrison, 

Author " Life of Ulysses 8. Grant" 

Winter, William, 

Poet and Theatrical Critic. 
Winthrop, Bobert C, 

Ex-United States Senator. 

Wright, Marcus Joseph, 

Late of the Confederate Army. 
Young, John Bussell, 

Journalist and Author. 



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Among the Contributor* to the fifth volume of this work are the following: 



flamnel Austin Allibone, LL. D. 

PRESCOTT, WlLLIAM HlCKLING. 

Thomas Coffin Amory. 
Sullivan, John. 

Henry Carey Baird. 
Smith, Charles Ferguson. 

Lieut. William H. Beehler, U. 8. H. 
Articles on Officers of the U. S. Navy. 

Karens Benjamin, F. 0. 8. 
The Schuyler Family, 
Siluman, Benjamin, and Family. 

Arthur Elmore Bcetwick, Ph. D. 
Por, Edgar Allan, 
Shays, Daniel. 

James 0. Brogan. 

Articles on Roman Catholic Clergymen. 

Rev. Phillips Brooks, D. D. 

Richardson, Henry Hobson. 

Junius Henri Browne. 

Stoddard, Richard Henry. 

Boberdeau Buchanan. 
The Roberdeau Family, 
Shippen, William. 

Bev. James ML Buckley, D. D., LL. D. 
Articles on Methodist Episcopal Bishops. 

Mrs. Isa Carrington Cabell. 
Ralegh, Sir Walter, 
The Roosevelt Family. 

Henry W. Cleveland. 
Stephens, Alexandee Hamilton. 

Mdncure Daniel Conway. 
The Randolph Family. 

Pro£ Henry Ooppee. 
Sheridan, Philip Henry, 
Sherman, William Tecumseh. 

Oeorge William Curtis. 
Sumner, Charles. 

Maturin L. Delaneld. 
Ross, James. 

Eugene Lsmoine Didier. 
Pinckney, William. 

Bev. Morgan Dix, D. D. 

Potter, Horatio. 

William Henry Bgle, M. D. 
Rupp, Israel Daniel, 
Steele, John. 



CoL Benjamin Stoddert EwelL 
Stoddert, Benjamin. 

Pro! John Fiske. 
Putnam, Israel, 
Sumter, Thomas. 

Robert Ludlow Fowler. 
Pownall, Thomas. 

Octavius Brooks Frothingham. 

Ripley, George. 

James Roberts Gilmore. 
Stark, John. 

Daniel Goodwin. 

The Pitts Family. 

Poole, William Frederick. 

SamuelS. Green. 
Ruggles, Timothy. 

Oapt. Francis Vinton Greene. 
Schofield, John McAllister. 

Bev. William Elliot Grims, D. D. 
Spence, Robert Traill. 

Jacob Henry Hager. 
Polk, James Knox, 
Pope, John. 

Charles Henry Hart. 
Pine, Robert Edge, 
St. Memin, Charles B. J. F. de. 

CoL John Hay. 
Reid, Whitelaw, 
Stone, Amasa. 

Miss Emma Polk Harris. 
Sower, Christopher, and Family, 
Sumner, Edwin Vose. 

Bev. Horace E. Hayden. 
Pollock, Oliver. 

Bev. Joel Tyler Headley. 
Steuben, Baron von. 

Cecil H C. Howard. 
Sewall, Samuel, 
Shillaber, Benjamin P. 

Bt Bev. M. A de Wolfe Howe. 
Potter, Alonzo. 

Frank Huntington. 
The Rutledob Family, 
Sparks, Jared. 

Abram & Isaacs, Ph. D. 

Articles on Jewish Clergymen. 



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CONTRIBUTORS TO THE FIFTH VOLUME. 



Gen. Bradley Tyler Johnson. 
Pickbtt, George Edward, 
Srddon, James Alexander, 

Bossiter Johnson, Ph. D. 
Realf, Richard. 
Smith, Peter and Gebbit. 

Horatio Gates Jones. 

PUOH, ELLI8. 

John William Jordan. 
Articles on Moravian Clergymen. 

Bev. James By land Kendriek, D. D. 

Articles on Baptist Clergymen. 

Samuel Jordan Kirkwood. 

Price, Hiram. 

OoL Josiah Granville Leach. 

Articles on Noted Pennsylyanians. 

Bev. William H. Lewis. 
Articles on Protestant Episcopal Bishops. 

Bobert Todd Lincoln. 
Stuart, John T. 

Neil Kacdonald. 
Articles on Canadian Statesmen. 

Bev. Alexander Mackay-Smith. 
Smith, Nathan and Perry, 
Stuart, Robert. 

Luther B. Marsh. 
Stewart, Alyan. 

William Mathews, LL. D. 

Prentiss, Sergeant Smith. 
Story, Joseph. 

Charles A. Kelson. 
Sibley, John Langdon. 

Bev. 8. E. Ochsenford. 

ARTICLE8 ON LUTHERAN CLERGYMEN. 

Joseph O'Connor. 
Rochester, Nathaniel. 
Seymour, Horatio. 

Edwards Pierrepont. 
Stanton, Edwin McMasters. 

Frederick Eugene Pond. 
Pike, Albert. 

Gen. Horace Porter. 

Pullman, George Mortimer. 

Mrs. Margaret J. Preston. 
Simms, William Gilmore. 

John V. L. Pruyn. 
The Pruyn Family. 

Pro! Thomas Buggies Pynchon. 

The Pynchon Family. 



Gen. John Meredith Bead. 

Spaight, Richard Dobbs. 

Eugene Coleman Savidge. 
Rawlb, William Henry. 

OoL John Thomas Soharl 
Semmbs, Raphael. 

Bev. William Jones Seabury, D. IX 

The Seabury Family. 

Miss Esther Singleton. 
Porter, David, 
Stuyvbsant, Peter. 

Dr. Charles Janeway Stills, LL. D. 
Prints, John. 

William Leete Stone. 
The Stone Family. 

Bev. Charles Edward Btowe. 

Stowk, Calvin Ellis and Harriet Beeches. 

Gen. William 8. Stryker. 
Stryker, John. 

Andrew James Symington. 
Selkirk, Alexander, 
Stanley, Henry Morton. 

William Christian Tenner. 

ROCHAMBEAU, COUNT DE. 

Arthur Dudley Vinton. 
Redpath, James, 
Rice, Allen Thorndike. 

Bainbridge Wadleigh. 
Pierce, Frankun. 

Charles Dudley Warner. 

Smith, John. 

John William Weidemeyer. 

Powhatan and Pocahontas, 
Simpson, Edmund. 

Frank Weitenkampt 

Articles on Artists and Musicians. 

James Clark Welling, LL. D. 
Shields, Charles Woodruff. 

Edward 0. Wharton. 

Slidell, John, 
Souls, Pierre. 

Gen. James Grant Wilson. 
Scott, Winfield, 
Stewart, Alexander Turney. 

Gen. James Harrison Wilson. 
Rawlins, John Aaron. 

Gen. Marcus Joseph Wright. 

Pillow, Gideon J., 
Smith, Edmund Kirby. 

John Bussell Young. 
Smalley, George Washburn. 



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APPLETONS' 

CYCLOPEDIA OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY. 



PICKERING 

PICKERING, Charles Whipple, naval officer, 
b. in Portsmouth, N. H., 28 Dec., 1815; d. in St. 
Augustine, Fla., 29 Feb., 1888. He was appointed 
midshipman on 22 May, 1822, became lieutenant 
on 8 Dec., 1838, and was attached to the Pacific 
sauadron. In 1854 he served as executive officer 
of the "Cyane," which conveyed Lieut Isaac G. 
Strain (q. v.) and his exploring party .to Darien, 
and afterward rescued them and Drought them to 
New York. He was at the bombardment of Grey- 
town, Nicaragua, in 1854, which was reduced to 
ashes after four hours' siege. On 14 Sept, 1855, he 
became commander, and in 1859-'61 he was inspec- 
tor of a light-house district near Key West, Fla. 
He was commissioned captain on 15 July, 1862. 
commanded the " Kearsarge " in the Mediterranean 
and in the West Indies, and was in charge of the 
" Housatonic " when that vessel was destroyed by a 
submarine torpedo near Charleston on 17 Fei>., 
1865. When he had recovered from his wounds he 
took command of the " Vanderbilt," and in 1865 
he was ordered to Portsmouth navy-yard. He was 
placed on the retired list on 1 Feb., 1867, and 
made commodore on 8 Dec of the same year. 

PICKERING, John, jurist, b. in Newington, 
N. H., 22 Sept, 1737: d. in Portsmouth, N. H., 11 
April, 1805. He was graduated at Harvard in 1761, 
studied law, was admitted to the bar. and was a 
member of the New Hampshire constitutional con- 
vention. In 1787 he was elected a member of the 
convention that framed the constitution of the 
United States, but he declined to serve. He was 
judge of the supreme court of New Hampshire in 
1790- '5, and at one time chief justice, and subse- 
quently judge of the U. S. district court for New 
Hampshire ; but his mind became impaired, and he 
was removed from office in 1804. Dartmouth gave 
him the decree of LL. D. in 1792. 

PICKERING. Timothy, statesman, b. in Sa- 
lem, Mass., 17 July, 1745 ; d. there, 29 Jan., 1829. 
He was great-great-grandson of John Pickering, 
who came from England and settled in Salem in 
1642. Timothy was graduated at Harvard in 1763. 
He studied law. and was admitted to, the bar in 
1768, but practised very little, and never attained 
distinction as a lawyer. He served for some time as 
register of deeds for Essex county, and at the same 
time showed considerable interest in military stud- 
ies. In 1766 he was commissioned by Gov. Ber- 
nard lieutenant of militia, and in 1775 was elected 
colonel, which office he held until after he had 
joined the Continental army. Twelve days after 
vol. v.— 1 



*^tft&Ajt**<^if. 



PICKERING 

his election he witnessed and peacefully resisted 
Col. Leslie's expedition to Salem. On 19 April he 
marched at the head of 300 men to cut off the re- 
treat of the British from Lexington, and at sunset 
had reached Winter Hill, in Somerville, a few min- 
utes after the British 
had passed on their 
disorderly retreat to 
Charlestown. In later 
years political ene- 
mies unfairly twitted 
him for failing to ef- 
fect the capture of the 
whole British force on 
this occasion. In the 
course of that year he 
published a small vol- 
ume, illustrated with 
copper-plate engrav- 
ings, entitled " An 
Easy Plan of Disci- 
pline for a Militia." 
It was a useful book, 
and showed consid- 
erable knowledge of the military art It was 
adopted by the state of Massachusetts, and was 
generally used in the Continental army until su- 
perseded by the excellent manual prepared by 
Baron Steuben. In September, 1775, Col. Pickering 
was commissioned justice of the peace, and two 
months later judge of the maritime court for the 
counties of Suffolk, Essex, and Middlesex. In May, 
1776, he was elected representative to the general 
court On 24 Dec. of that year he set out from 
Salem, at the head of the Essex regiment of 700 
men, to join the Continental army, and after stop- 
ping for some time, under Gen. Heath's orders, at 
Tarrytown, reached Morristown, 20 Feb., where he 
made a very favorable impression upon Washington. 
The office of adjutant-general falling vacant by the 
resignation of Col. Reed, Washington at once of- 
fered it to Col. Pickering, who at first declined the 
appointment because he did not consider himself 
fit for it and because it would conflict with the 
discharge of his duty in the place that he already 
held. He afterward reconsidered the matter and 
resigned all his civil offices, and his appointment 
as adjutant-general was announced, 18 June, at 
the headquarters of the army at Middle brook. He 
then expressed an opinion that the war would not 
and ought not to last longer than a year, and on 
several occasions was inclined to criticise impa- 



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PICKERING 



PICKERING 



tiently the superb self-restraint and caution of 
Washington, but for which the war would doubt- 
less have ended that year in the overthrow of the 
American cause. Col. Pickering was present at 
the battles of the Brandywine and Germ an town, 
and was elected, 7 Nov., a member of the newly 
created board of war. On 5 Aug., 1780, he was 
appointed quartermaster-general of the army, in 



place of Gen. Greene, who had just resigned. He 
joined the army at Peekskill, 27 June, 1781, took 
part in the march to Virginia, and was present at 
the surrender of Corn wall is, of which he gives an 
interesting account in his journal. The fact that 
there was no detention in the course of Washing- 
ton's wonderful march from Hudson river to Chesa- 
peake bay shows with what consummate skill the 
quartermaster's department was managed. At 
every point the different columns found the needed 
supplies and means of transportation in readiness. 
For such a triumph of logistics great credit is due 
to Col. Pickering. He retained the office of quar- 
termaster-general until it was abolished, 28 July, 
1785. He made himself conspicuous, along with 
Alexander Hamilton and Patnck Henry, in oppos- 
ing the harsh and short-sighted vindictive meas- 
ures that drove so many Tories from the country, 
to settle in Nova Scotia and Upper Canada. 

On leaving the army in 1785, ne went into business 
in Philadelphia as a commission merchant in part- 
nership with Maj. Samuel Hodgdon, but he did 
not find this a congenial occupation. He was as- 
sured that if he were to return to Massachusetts 
he would be appointed associate justice of the su- 
preme court of that state, but he refused to enter- 
tain the suggestion, because he distrusted his fit- 
ness for that office. He preferred to remove with 
his family, to some new settlement on the frontier, 
and, with some such end in view, had already pur- 
chased extensive tracts of unoccupied land in 
western Pennsylvania and Virginia and in the val- 
ley of the Ohio. In 1787 he settled in Wyoming, 
and there became involved in the disturbances at- 
tendant upon the arrest and imprisonment of John 
Franklin, leader of the insurgent Connecticut set- 
tlers. Col. Pickering's house was attacked by 
rioters, and he would nave been seized as a hostage 
for Franklin had he not escaped into the woods 
and thereupon made his way to Philadelphia, where 
he was chosen member of the convention for rati- 
fying the new constitution of the United States. 
After his return to Wyoming, toward the end of 
June, 1788, Col. Pickering was taken from his bed 
at midnight by a gang of masked men and carried 
off into the forest His captors kept him prisoner 
for three weeks, and tried to prevail upon him to 
write to the executive council of the state and have 
Franklin set at liberty. When they found their 
threats unavailing, and learned that militia were 
pursuing them, they lost heart, and were plad to 
compound with Col? Pickering and set him free 
on condition that he would intercede for them. 
This affair, the incidents of which are full of ro- 
mantic interest, marked the close of thirty years of 
turbulence in the vale of Wyoming. By the end 
of 1788 complete order was maintained, largely 
through the firmness and energy of Col. Pickering. 
In 1789 he was a member of the convention that 
framed the new constitution of Pennsylvania. This 
body did not finish its work till 2 Sept 1790, and 
the very next day President Washington sent Col. 
Pickering on a mission to the Seneca Indians, who 
had been incensed by the murder of two of their 
tribe by white men at Pine Creek, Pa. The mission 
ended in July, 1791, in the successful negotiation 
of a very important treaty between the United 



States and the Six Nations. Col. Pickering was 
appointed postmaster-general, 14 Aug., 1791, and 
held that office till 1795. In the mean time was 
waged the great war with the Indians of the North- 
western territory, and Col. Pickering was called 
upon several times to negotiate with the chiefs of 
the Six Nations and keep up the alliance with them. 
He knew how to make himself liked and respected 
by the red men, and in these delicate missions was 
eminently successful. On the resignation of Knox 
he was appointed secretary of war, 2 Jan., 1795. 
The department then included Indian affairs, since 
transferred to the department of the interior. It 
also included the administration of the navy. In 
these capacities Col. Pickering was instrumental in 
founding the military school at West Point, as 
well as in superintending the building of the three 
noble frigates "Constitution," "United States," 
and "Constellation," that were by and by to win 
imperishable renown. On the resignation of Ran- 
dolph in the autumn of 1795, Col. Pickering for a 
while acted as secretary of state, and after three 
months was appointed to that office. He continued 
as secretary of state, under the administration of 
John Adams, until the difficulties with France, 
growing out of the X. Y. Z. papers, had reached a 
crisis and led to a serious disagreement between 
Mr. Adams and his cabinet (bee Adams, John.) 
Then Col. Pickering was dismissed from office, 12 
May, 1800. 

From the department of state to a log-cabin 
on the frontier was a great change indeed. CoL 
Pickering spent the summer and autumn with 
his son Henry and a few hired men in clearing a 
farm in what is now Susquehanna county, near the 
northeastern corner of Pennsylvania. He had al- 
ways been poor, and was now embarrassed with 
debt To relieve him of this burden, several citi- 
zens of Boston subscribed $25,000, and purchased 
from him some of his tracts of unoccupied land. 
After payment of his debts, the balance in cash was 
$14,055.35, and being thus placed in comfortable 
circumstances he was prevailed upon to return to 
Massachusetts, where he settled upon a modest 
farm, which he hired, in Dan vers. In 1802 he was 
appointed chief justice of common pleas, and was a 
candidate for congress for the Essex south district, 
but Jacob Crowninshield was elected over him. 
The next year Col. Pickering was elected to the 
U. S. senate, to fill the vacancy left by Dwight Fos- 
ter's resignation. In 1804 he was elected to the 
senate for six years, and became conspicuous 
among the leaders of the extreme Federalists. He 
disapproved of the Louisiana purchase, and after- 
wara made himself very unpopular in a large part 
of the country by his energetic opposition to the 
embargo. In 1809 he was hangea in effigy by a 
mob in Philadelphia, and in the following year an 
infamous attempt was made to charge him with 
embezzlement of public funds, but the charge was 
too absurd to pun credence. In 1811 he was for- 
mally censurea by the senate for a technical viola- 
tion of the rules in reading certain documents 
communicated by the president before the injunc- 
tion of secrecy : but as this measure was too plainly 
prompted by vindictiveness, it failed to injure him. 
In 1812, having failed of a re-election to the sen- 
ate, he retired to the farm he had purchased some 
time before in Wen ham, Mass. ; but he was to return 
to Washington sooner than he expected. In the 
November election he was chosen a member of 
congress by an overwhelming majority. To this 
office he was again elected in 1814, and would have 
been elected a third time had he not declined a 
renomination. During 1817 he was member of 



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PICKERING 



3 



the executive council of Massachusetts, his last 
public office. The last years of his life were spent 
in Salem, with frequent visits to the Wen ham farm. 
On Sunday, 4 Jan., 1829, sitting in an ill-warmed 
church, he caught the cold of which he died. The 
section of the Federalist party to which Col. Pick- 
ering belonged was led by a £roup of men known 
as the " Essex Junto," comprising Parsons, Cabot, 
Sedgwick, H. G. Otis, and the Lowells, of Massa- 
chusetts, with Griswold and Reeve, of Connecticut. 
In 1804, and again in 1809, the question of a disso- 
lution of the Union and the formation of a sepa- 
rate Eastern confederacy was seriously discussed 
by these Federalist leaders, and in 1814 they were 
foremost in the proceedings that led to the Hart- 
ford convention. Attempts to call such a conven- 
tion had been made in 1808 and 1812. The designs 
of the convention were not clearly understood, but 
the suspicion of disunion tendencies that clung to 
it sufficed to complete the ruin of the Federalist 
party, which did not survive the election of 1816. 
In tne work of the convention ists of 1814 Col. 
Pickering took no direct part, and he was not pres- 
ent at Hartford. Col. Pickering married, 8 April, 
1776, Rebecca White, who was born in Bristol, 
England, 18 July, 1754, and died in Salem, 14 
Aug., 1828. Their wedded life was extremely hap- 
py. Col. Pickering's biography, with copious ex- 
tracts from his correspondence, was begun by his 
son, Octavius Pickering—" Life of Timothy Picker- 
ing" (vol. i., Boston, 1867)— and after the death of 
the latter, was finished by Charles W. Upham 
(vols. ii.-iv., 1873). See also Adams's " Documents 
relating to New England Federalism" (Boston, 
1877) and Schouler's "History of the United 
States " (vols, i. and it, Washington, 1882).— Timo- 
thy's eldest son, John, philologist, b. in Salem, 
Mass., 7 Feb., 1777; d. in Boston, Mass., 5 May, 
1846, was graduated at Harvard in 1796, and then 
studied law with Edward Tilghman in Philadel- 

ghia. In 1797 he became secretary to William 
mith, on the appointment of the latter as U. S. min- 
ister to Portugal, and two years later he became pri- 
vate secretary to Rufus King, then minister to Great 
Britain. He returned to Salem in 1801, resumed 
his legal studies, and, after being admitted to the 
bar, practised in Salem until 1827. Mr. Pickering 
then removed to Boston, and was appointed city 
solicitor, which office he held until shortly before 
his death. Notwithstanding his large practice, 
he also devoted his attention to politics. He was 
three times in the lower house of the legislature, 
twice a state senator from Essex county and once 
from Suffolk county, and a member of the execu- 
tive council. In 1883 he served on the commission 
for revising and arranging the statutes of Massa- 
chusetts, and the part that is entitled " Of the In- 
terna] Administration of Government" was pre- 
pared by him. Mr. Pickering became celebrated 
by his philological studies, wnich gained for him 
the reputation of being the chief founder of Ameri- 
can comparative philology. These he began as a 
young man, when he accompanied his father on 
visits to the Six Nations of central New York, and 
as he grew older they increased by his study abroad 
until, according to Charles Sumner, he was famil- 
iar with the English, French, Portuguese, Italian, 
Spanish, German, Romaic, Greek, and Latin Ian 

gUAges ; less familiar, but acquainted, with Dutch, 
wedish, Danish, and Hebrew, and had explored, 
with various degrees of care, Arabic, Turkish, 
Syriac, Persian, Coptic, Sanscrit, Chinese, Cochin- 
Chinese, Russian, Egyptian hieroglyphics, Malay 
in several dialects, and particularly the Indian 
languages of America ana the Polynesian islands. 



With this great knowledge at his command, he 
early used it in the preparation of valuable articles 
in reviews, transactions of learned societies, and 
encyclopaedias. Among these are " On the Adop- 
tion of a Uniform Orthography for the Indian Lan- 
guages of North America (1820) ; " Remarks on 
the Indian Languages of North America" (1836); 
and •' Memoir on the Language and Inhabitants of 
Lord North's Island " (1845) ; also, in book-form, 
" A Vocabulary or Collection of Words and Phrases 
which have been Supposed to be Peculiar to the 
United States of America" (Boston, 1816), and 
" A Comprehensive Dictionary of the Greek Lan- 
guage " (1826). The latter passed through numer- 
ous editions at home and was reprinted abroad. In 
1806 he was elected Hancock professor of Hebrew 
in Harvard, and later was invited to fill the chair 
of Greek literature in that university, both of 
which appointments he declined, as well as that of 
provost of the University of Pennsylvania. He 
was an active member of the board of overseers of 
Harvard from 1818 till 1824, and received the de- 
gree of LL. D. from Bowdoin in 1822, and from 
Harvard in 1835. Mr. Pickering was one of the 
founders of the American oriental society and its 
president until his death, also president of the 
American academy of arts and sciences, and a 
member of various learned societies both at home 
and abroad. Besides the works mentioned above, 
he was the author of various legal articles, among 
which are " The Agrarian Laws, " Egyptian Juris- 
prudence," " Lecture on the Alleged Uncertainty 
of Law," and " Review of the International Mc- 
Leod Question " (1825). See " Life of John Pick- 
ering," by his daughter, Mary Orne Pickering (Bos- 
ton, 1887).— Timothy's third son, Henry, poet, b. 
in Newburg, N. Y., 8 Oct., 1781 ; d. in New York 
city, 8 May, 1831, was born in the historic Has- 
brouck house, better known as Washington's head- 
quarters, while his father was with Washington at 
tne siege of Yorktown. He accompanied the fam- 
ily to Boston in 1801, and engaged in business in 
Salem, acquiring in a few years a moderate for- 
tune, from which he contributed largely to the 
support of his father's family and to the education 
of its younger members. In consequence of losses, 
he removed to New York in 1825, and endeavored 
to retrieve his fortune, but without success. He 
then resided at Rondout and other places along 
the Hudson, where he devoted his leisure to read- 
ing, and writing poetry. His writings appeared in 
the "Evening Post," and include "Ruins of Pass- 
turn " (Salem, 1822) ; •* Athens, and other Poems " 
(1824); "Poems" (1830); and "The Buckwheat 
Cake" (1881).— Another son o* Timothy, Octa- 
Tlus, lawyer, b. in Wyoming, Pa., 2 Sept., 1791 ; 
d. in Boston, Mass., 29 Oct., 1868, was graduated 
at Harvard in 1810, and then studied law with his 
brother, John Pickering. In March, 1816. he was 
admitted to the bar of Suffolk county, and opened 
an office in Boston. He assisted in reporting the 
debates and proceedings of the Massachusetts con- 
stitutional convention of 1820. In 1822-*40 he 
was reporter of the supreme court of Massachu- 
setts. During these years he prepared the •* Re- 
ports of Cases in the Supreme Judicial Court of 
Massachusetts" (24 vols., Boston, 1822-'40). On 
retiring from office he visited Europe and spent 
seven years in England and on the continent. He 
took an active interest in natural history, was a 
fellow of the American academy of arts and sci- 
ences, and one of the founders, in December, 1814, 
of the New England society for the promotion of 
natural history, which subsequently became the 
Linnean society of New England, ana out of which 



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PICKETT 



has grown the Boston society of natural history. 
His literary work included, besides various legal 
papers, " A Report of the Trial by Impeachment of 
James Preseott " with William H. Gardiner (Bos- 
ton, 1821), and he prepared the first volume of 
the " Life of Timotny Pickering by his Son " (4 
vols., 1867-'78). 6f which the remaining volumes 
were issued by Charles W. Upham.— -Timothy's 
grandson, Charles, physician, b. in Susquehanna 
county, Pa., 10 Nov., 1805; d. in Boston, Mass., 17 
March, 1878, was graduated at Harvard in 1823, 
and at its medical department in 1826, after which 
he settled in the practice of his profession in Phila- 
delphia. Meanwhile he developed interest in natu- 
ral history, and became a member of the Philadel- 
phia academy of natural sciences, to whose trans- 
actions he contributed valuable papers. In 1838-'42 
he was naturalist to the U. S. exploring expedition 
under Capt Charles Wilkes. On his return he 
was a year in Washington, and then visited east- 
ern Africa, travelling from Egypt to Zanzibar, and 
thence to India for the purpose of more thoroughly 
studying the people of those parts of the world that 
had not been visited by the expedition. Nearly 
two years were occupied in these researches, after 
which he devoted himself to the preparation of 
44 The Races of Man and their Geographical Dis- 
tribution " (Boston, 1848), which forms the ninth 
volume of the " Reports of the U. S. Exploring 
Expedition," and was republished in " Bonn's Il- 
lustrated Library" (London, 1850). This he fol- 
lowed with his 44 Geographical Distribution of Ani- 
mals and Man" (1854) and "Geographical Dis- 
tribution of Plants" (1861). Dr. Pickering was a 
member of the American oriental societv, the 
American academy of arts and sciences, the Ameri- 
can philosophical society, and other learned bodies, 
to wnose proceedings he contributed. At the time 
of his death he left in manuscript 44 Chronological 
History of Plants : Man's Record of his own Ex- 
istence illustrated through their Names, Uses, and 
Companionship" (Boston, 1879). — Timothy's great- 
grandson, Edward Charles, astronomer, b. in 
Boston, Mass., 19 July, 1846, was graduated in the 
civil engineering course at the Lawrence scientific 
school of Harvard in 1865. During the following 
year he was called to the Massachusetts institute of 
technology as assistant instructor of physics, of 
which branch he held the full professorship from 
1868 till 1877. Prof. Pickering devised plans for 
the physical laboratory of the institute, and in- 
troduced the experimental method of teaching 
physics at a time when that mode of instruction 
nad not been adopted elsewhere. His scientific 
work during theae years consisted largely of re- 
searches in physics, notably investigations on the 
polarization of light and the laws of its reflection 
and dispersion. He also described a new form 
of spectrum telescope, and invented in 1870 a tele- 
phone-receiver, which he publicly exhibited. He 
observed the total eclipse of the sun on 7 Aug., 
1869, with the party that was sent out by the Nau- 
tical almanac office, at Mount Pleasant, Iowa, and 
was a member of the U. S. coast survey expedition 
to Xeres, Spain, to observe that of 22 Dec., 1870, 
having on that occasion charge of the polariscope. 
In 1876 he was appointed professor of astronomy and 
geodesy, and director of the observatory at Har- 
vard, and under his management this observatory 
has become one of the foremost in the United 
States. More than twenty assistants now take part 
in investigations under his direction, and the in- 
vested funds of the observatory have increased from 
$176,000 to $654,000 during his administration. 
His principal work since he accepted this appoint- 



ment has been the determination of the relative 
brightness of the stars, which is accomplished by 
means of a meridian photometer, an instrument 
which has been specially devised for this purpose, 
and he has prepared a catalogue giving the bright- 
ness of over 4,000 stars. Since 1878 he has also 
made photometric measurements of Jupiter's satel- 
lites wnile they are undergoing eclipse, and of the 
satellites of Mars and other very faint objects. On 
the death of Henry Draper (q. v.) his widow requested 
Prof. Pickering to continue important researches 
on the application of photography to astronomy, 
as a Henry Draper memorial, and the study of the 
spectra of the stars by photography has thus been 
undertaken on a scale that was never before at- 
tempted. A fund of $250,000, left by Uriah A. 
Boyden (q. v.) to the observatory, has been utilized 
for the special study of the advantages of very ele- 
vated observing; stations. Prof. Pickering has also 
devoted attention to such subjects as mountain- 
surveying, the height and velocity of clouds, pa- 
pers on which he has contributed to the Appala- 
chian club, of which he wjis president in 1877, and 
again in 1882. He is an associate of the Roval 
astronomical society of London, from which in 1886 
he received its gold medal for photometric research- 
es, and, besides membership in other scientific so- 
cieties in the United States and Europe, he was 
elected in 1878 to the National academy of sciences, 
by which body he was further honored in 1887 with 
the award of the Henry Draper medal for his work 
on astronomical phvsics. In 1876 he was elected a 
vice-president of the American association for the 
advancement of science, and presented his retiring 
address before the section of mathematics and 
physics at the Nashville meeting. In addition to 
nis many papers, which number about 100, he pre- 
pared annual 44 Reports on the Department of 
Physics" for the Massachusetts institute of tech- 
nology, and the 44 Annual Reports of the Director 
of the Astronomical Observatory," likewise editing 
the i4 Annals of the Astronomical Observatory of 
Harvard College." He has also edited, with notes, 
44 The Theory of Color in its Relations to Art and 
Art Industry," by Dr. William von Bezold (Bos- 
ton, 1876), and he is the author of " Elements of 
Physical Manipulation " (2 parts. Boston, 1873-'6). 
— Edward Charles's brother. William Henry, 
astronomer, b. in Boston, Mass., 15 Feb., 1858, 
was graduated at the Massachusetts institute of 
technology in 1879, and in 1880-'7 was instructor 
of physics in that institution. In March, 1887, 
he was called to the charge of the Boyden depart- 
ment of the Harvard observatory, which place he 
still fills. He founded in 1882, in connection with 
the Institute of technology, the first regular labo- 
ratory where dry-plate photography was systemat- 
ically taught to numerous pupils. Mr. Pickering 
observed the solar eclipse of 1878 from Colorado, 
and in 1886 conducted an expedition to the West 
Indies to observe the total eclipse of that year. In 
1887 he led an expedition to Colorado to make as- 
tronomical observations for the purpose of select- 
ing the most suitable site for an astronomical ob- 
servatory. In addition to various articles on pho- 
tography in technical periodicals, and the transac- 
tions of the American academy, he has published 
,4 Walking Guide to the Mount Washington 
Range " (Boston, 1882). 

PICKETT, Albert James, historian, b. in An- 
son county, N. C, 13 Aug., 1810; d. in Montgom- 
ery, Ala., '28 Oct., 1858. He removed with his 
father to Autauga county, Ala., in 1818, and stud- 
ied law, but never practised his profession, devot- 
ing his life to literary pursuits and to the care of 



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his plantation. He served in the Creek war in 
1836. He was the author of a "History of Ala- 
bama" (2 vols., Charleston, 1851), and at the time 
of his death was preparing a comprehensive his- 
tory of the southwest. See "Brief Biographical 
Sketch of Col. Albert J. Pickett/' by Crawford M. 
Jackson (Montgomery, 1859). 

PICKETT, George Edward, soldier, b. in Rich- 
mond, Va., 25 Jan., 1825 ; d. in Norfolk, Va., 30 July, 
1875. His father was a resident of Henrico county, 
Va. The son was appointed to the U. S. military 
academy from Illinois, 
and graduated in 1846. 
He served in the war 
with Mexico, was made 
2d lieutenant in the 2d 
infantry, 3 March, 1847, 
was at the siege of Vera 
Cruz and was engaged 
in all the battles that 
preceded the assault 
and capture of the city 
of Mexico. He was 
transferred to the 7th 
infantry, 13 July, 1847, 
and to the 8th infantry, 
18 July, 1847, and bre- 
vetted 1st lieutenant, 8 
Sept., 1847, for gallant 
and meritorious con- 
duct at Contreras and Churubusco, and captain, 
13 Sept., for Chapultepec. He became captain in 
the 9th infantry. 3 March, 1855, after serving in 
garrisons in Texas from 1849, and in 1856 he was 
on frontier duty in the northwest territory at 
Pnget sound. Capt. Pickett was ordered, with 
sixty men, to occupy San Juan island then, dur- 
ing the dispute with Great Britain over the north- 
west boundary, and the British governor, Sir 
James Douglas, sent three vessels of war to eject 
Pickett from his position. He forbade the land- 
ing of troops from the vessels, under the threat 
of firing upon them, and an actual collision was 
prevented only by the timely arrival of the Brit- 
ish admiral, by whose order the issue of force 
was postponed. For his conduct on this occasion 
Gen. Harney in his report commended Capt. Pickett 
"for the cool judgment, ability, and gallantry he 
had displayed, and the legislature of Washington 
territory passed resolutions thanking him for it. He 
resigned irom the army, 25 June. 1861, and after 
great difficulty and delays reached Virginia, where 
he was at once commissioned colonel in the state 
forces and assigned lo duty on Rappahannock river. 
In February, 1862, he was made brigadier-general 
in Gen. James Longstreet's division of the Confed- 
erate army under Gen. Joseph E. Johnston, which 
was then called the Army or the Potomac, but af- 
terward became the Army of Northern Virginia. 
His brigade, in the retreat before McClellan up the 
peninsula and in the seven days' battles around 
Richmond, won such a reputation that it was 
known as " the game-cock brigade." At the battle 
of Gaines's Mills, 27 June, 1862, Pickett was severe- 
ly wounded in the shoulder, and he did not rejoin 
his command until after the first Maryland cam- 
paign. He was then made major-general, with a 
division that was composed entirely of Virginians. 
At the battle of Fredericksburg this division held 
the centre of Lee's line. For an account of Pick- 
ett's charge at Gettysburg, 3 July, 1863, see the 
articles Lee, Robert E., and Meade, Georoe G. 
Pickett was afterward placed in command in lower 
Virginia and eastern North Carolina. In May, 
1864, he defended Petersburg and saved it from 



surprise and capture by Gen. Benjamin F. Butler. 
In the attack on Gen. Butler's forces along the line 
of the railroad between Richmond and Petersburg, 
Pickett's division captured the works. Gen. Lee. 
in a letter of thanks and congratulation, dated 17 
June, said : " We tried very hard to stop Pickett's 
men from capturing the breastworks of the ene- 
my, but could not do it." At Five Forks his di- 
vision received the brunt of the National attack, 
and was entirely disorganized. After the war Gen. 
Pickett returned to Richmond, where he spent the 
remainder of his life in the life-insurance business. 
His biography by Edward A. Pollard is in Pol- 
lard's " Life and Times of Robert E. Lee and his 
Companions in Arms " (New York, 1871). See also 
" Pickett's Men," by Walter Harrison (1870). 

PICKETT, James C, commissioner of patents, 
b. in Fauquier county, Va., 6 Feb., 1793; d. in 
Washington, D. C, 10 July, 1872. He removed 
with his parents to Mason county, Kv., in 1796, 
and received a good education. He "became 3d 
lieutenant of U. S. artillery in 1813, and was pro- 
moted 2d lieutenant in 1814. but left the service at 
the close of the war with England. He served again 
as deputy quartermaster-general from 1818 till 1821, 
when he resigned, returned to Mason county, and 
practised law. He edited the ** Mavsville Elagle " 
in 1815, was a member of the legislature in 1822, 
secretary of the state from 1825 till 1828, and secre- 
tary of legation in Colombia from 1829 till 1833, 
acting part of the time as charge* d'affaires. He 
was commissioner of the U. S. patent-office in 1835, 
fourth auditor of the treasury in 1835-'8, minister 
to Ecuador in 1838. and charge d'affaires in Peru 
from 1838 till 1845. For a few years he edited 
" The Congressional Globe " in Washington, D. C. 

PICKNELL, William Lamb, artist, b. in 
Hinesburg, Vt, 23 Oct., 1854. He studied under 
George Inness, in Rome, in 1873-'5. and with G£- 
rome, in Paris, in 1875-'7. Then for four years 
he lived and worked in Brittany, where he painted 
under Robert Wylie, but in 1882 he returned to 
the United States. He received honorable mention 
at the Paris salon in 1880, and medals in Boston in 
1881 and 1884. He was elected a member of the 
Society of American artists in 1880, and of the So- 
ciety of British artists in 1884. Among his works 
are " Route de Concarneau " (1880) ; '• On the Bor- 
ders of the Marsh," in the Academy of fine arts, 
Philadelphia (1880); "A Stormy Day" (1881); 
"Coast of Ipswich, in Boston art museum (1882); 
"Sunshine and Drifting Sand" (1883); "A Sultry 
Day" (1864): "Wintry March" (1885); "Bleak 
December" and "After the Storm" (1886); and 
" November Solitude" (1887). 

PICQUET, Francois, French missionary, b. in 
Bourg en Bresse, 6 Dec, 1708 ; d. in Verjon, 15 
July, 1781. He was the son of poor laborers, but 
by nis intelligence interested the vicar of his par- 
ish, who sent him to school. He was employed in 
missionary work among peasants when he was 
eighteen years old, united with the Congregation 
of St. Sufpice in 1729, and, after being ordained 
priest, was sent at his request to Canada. He ar- 
rived jn Montreal in December, 1735, and fixed his 
residence in 1737 among the Indians near Lake 
Temiscaming, founding there a mission, which 
prospered from the outset. He induced the Algon- 
quins and Nipissings to swear allegiance to the 
king of France, and, being much impressed with 
the strategical position of Lake Deux Montagnes, 
he induced these tribes to abandon their old quar- 
ters in 1740, and established them in the fertile 
regions around the lake, thus securing Montreal 
from possible invasion from the north. He re- 



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PICTON 



PIDANSAT DB MAIROBERT 



ceived 5,000 livres from Louis XV M and employed 
it to build a limestone fortress, which was afterward 
of great value to the colony during the struggle 
with the English. He then induced the Indians to 
cultivate the soil, kept up a correspondence with 
the northern and southern tribes, and was often 
chosen as arbitrator between the natives and the 
colonial authorities. During the war of 1742 he 
armed and disciplined the Indians of his mission, 
and did good service. He obtained in 1749 from 
Gov. La Galissonniere permission to begin a new 
settlement, and built La Presentation (now Kings- 
ton). In 1753 he was summoned to Paris by tne 
secretary of the navy to report on his mission, and 
received* from the king a present of 3,000 livres 
and some books. Returning to Canada in the 
spring of 1754, he took an active part in the fol- 
lowing war, twice saved Quebec from invasion, de- 
stroyed the English forts and establishments upon 
the southern snores of Lake Ontario, also partici- 
pating in the defeat of Gen. Braddock. He 
fought under Montcalm, was slightly wounded at 
Quebec in 1759, and after the surrender of that 
place resolved to return to France, as the English 
had put a price on his head. Assuming Indian 
dress, he escaped from the city during a stormy 
night, rejoined his Indians, ana, crossing northern 
Canada and Michigan, went by way of Illinois and 
Mississippi rivers to New Orleans, where he arrived 
in the spring of 1760. Being detained twenty- two 
months in tne latter city, he occupied his time in 
studying the natural resources of the country. In 
October, 1762, ho landed in Bordeaux after a dan- 
gerous journey, in which the vessel was twice 
chased by English cruisers. The assemblies of the 
clergy of France that met in 1765 and 1770 recom- 
mended him to the king and twice voted him a 
? resent of 1,200 livres for his labors in Canada. In 
777 Pope Pius VI. summoned him to Rome, paid 
the expenses of his journey, gave him a public 
audience, appointed him a chamberlain, and made 
him a present of 5,000 livres. Despite these high 
recommendations, Louis XV., who felt that the 
loss of Canada was owing to his neglect of the best 
interests of France, disliked everything that might 
remind him of his former possession, and refused 
to provide for Picquet, who died in great poverty 
at the house of his sister, a peasant-woman of the 
little village of Verjon. The English, who had 
learned to rear and respect him, gave him the sur- 
name of the Great Jesuit of the West, but Picquet 
had never any connection with that company, of 
which he was even an opponent The astronomer 
Lalande wrote an account of Picquet's life, which 
was published in the " Lettres eaifiantes " (Paris, 
1786). Picauet published " Memoire sur l'dtat de 
la colonie au lac des Deux Montagnes" (1754); 
" M6moire sur les Algonquins et Nipissings " 
(1754) ; " Histoire du role joue" par les Indiens Tors 
de 1' invasion du Canada en 1756," which was writ- 
ten at the suggestion of Pope Pius VI. (1778); 
and " Histoire des 6tablissements de la foi fondes 
par la congregation de Saint Sulpice dans la Nou- 
velle France du Nord ou Canada*' (2 vols., 1780). 

PICTON, John Moore White, physician, b. in 
Woodbury, N. J., 17 Nov., 1804 ; d. in New Orleans, 
La., 28 Oct, 185a His father, Rev. Thomas Pic- 
ton, was chaplain and professor of geography, 
history, and ethics in 1818-'25 in the U. S. military 
academy, where the son was graduated in 1824. 
He was' assigned to the 2d artillery, but resigned 
his commission in March, 1832, and in that year 
was graduated at the medical department of the 
University of Pennsylvania. He settled in New 
Orleans, where he practised his profession for thirty- 



two years, acquiring reputation as an operator. He 
served for many years as home surgeon in the New 
Orleans charity hospital, and was president of the 
medical department of the University of Louisiana. 
He was a founder of the New Orleans school of 
medicine in 1856, in which he was professor of ob- 
stetrics from 1856 till 1858.— His cousin, Thomas, 
journalist, b. in New York city, 9 May, 1822, en- 
tered Columbia, and subsequently the University 
of New York, where he was graduated in 1840. 
After studying law he was admitted to the bar in 
1843. Several years later he visited Europe, and, 
after travelling over the continent, resided in the 
environs of Paris, participating in the Revolution 
of 1848 as an officer of the 2d legion of the Banlieu. 
Upon his return to New York ne began the publi- 
cation of " The Era " in 1850 in conjunction with 
Henry W. Herbert, and in 1851 he became one of 
the editors of " The Sachem," afterward entitled 
the " True American/' a vigorous advocate of the 
Associated order of united Americans. A little 
later he edited the " True National Democrat," the 
organ of the Free-soilers. On the reorganization 
of the "Sunday Mercury" he became one of its 
editors, and contributed to the paper a series of 
popular stories under the name of "Paul Preston." 
These were subsequently published in book-form, 
and had an extensive sale. At the beginning of 
the civil war he raised a battalion, which was 
consolidated with the 38th New York regiment, 
with which he went to the field. During the reign 
of Maximilian in Mexico, Mr. Picton was employed 
in the service of the Liberals, and wrote a " Defence 
of Liberal Mexico," which was printed for distri- 
bution among the statesmen of this country. Gen. 
Rosecrans remarked that this publication had 
" done more for the cause of Mexico than all other 
external influences combined." He has translated 
some of the best modern romances from the French, 
and several of his light dramas are popular. He 
is the author of "Reminiscences or a Sporting 
Journalist," issued in serial form, and, besides the 
works mentioned, has edited " Frank Forester's 
Life and Writings" (New York, 1881). 

PIDANSAT DE MAIROBERT, Math leu 
Francois, French author, b. in Chaource, Cham- 
pagne, 20 Feb., 1727; d. in Paris, 29 March, 1779. 
He was brought up in the house of Madame Doub- 
let de Persan, was afterward one of the members 
of the literary society that held meetings there, 
and contributed to the manuscript journal of the 
society, which was utilized afterward in the prepa- 
ration of the " M6moires secrets" (1770). Pidan- 
sat became in 1760 royal censor for new publica- 
tions, and was elected an associate member of the 
Academy of Caen, but, having been involved in the 
noted trial of Marquis de Brunoy, he fell into mel- 
ancholy and shot himself. He published many 
works, which enjoyed a great reputation in their 
time. Those that relate to this country are the 
most curious, as the author had access to secret 
documents that were afterward lost during the 
French revolution. They include " Lettres sur les 
v£ritables li mites des possessions Anglaises et 
Franchises dans l'Ame>ique " (Bale, 1755) ; " Re^- 

Ponse aux ecrits des Anglais sur les li mites de 
Amenque Anglaise" (Paris, 1755); " Me moire 
sur l'6tat de la Compagnie des Indes Occidentales " 
(Bale, 1756); "Principes sur la marine" (Paris, 
1775) ; " Discussions sommaires sur les anciennes 
li mites de rArcadie" (Bale. 1776); " Anedoctes 
sur Madame la Comtesse de Barry " (London, 1776) ; 
" L'Observateur Anglais" (4 vols., Amsterdam, 
1778-'9), which was continued after his death, and 
several times reprinted under the title " L'Espion 



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Anglais, n and many memoirs on the administra- 
tion and commerce of the French colonies in both 
Americas. 

PIEPER, Franz August Otto, clergyman, b. 
in Carrvitz, Pomerania, Germany, 27 June, 1852. 
He received his preliminary training at the Dom- 
Gymnasium, at Colberg, romerania. After his 
settlement in this country he was graduated at 
Northwestern university, Watertown, Wis., in 1872, 
and at Concordia Lutheran theological seminary, 
St Louis, Mo., in 1875. In the same year he was 
ordained to the ministry at Centreville, Wis., where 
he remained until 1878. In that year he became 
professor of theology in Concordia seminary, St 
Louis, Mo. This post he held until June, 1887, 
when he was elected president of the institution. 
He is a frequent contributor to denominational 
periodicals, and has published •• Das Grundbekennt- 
niss der ev.-Lutherischen Kirche, mit einer ge- 
schichtlichen Einleitung und kurzen erklarenden 
Anmerkungen versehen*' (St Louis, 1880). 

PIERCE, Byron Boot soldier, b. in East 
Bloomfield, Ontario co., N. Y.. 20 Sept, 1829. He 
received an academical education at Rochester, 
N. Y., and, removing to Michigan, early became in- 
terested in military matters. At the beginning of 
the civil war he enlisted in the 8d Michigan volun- 
teers, and was commissioned successively captain, 
major, lieutenant-colonel, and colonel of that regi- 
ment, which served throughout the war with the 
Army of the Potomac He was made brigadier- 
general of volunteers. 7 June, 1864, brevetted major- 
general, 6 April, 1865, and mustered out of the 
service on 24 Aug. At present (1888) he is comman- 
dant of the Soldiers' home at Grand Rapids, Mich. 

PIERCE, Franklin, fourteenth president of 
the United States, b. in Hillsborough, N. H., 28 
Nov., 1804; <L in Concord, N. H., 8 Oct, 1869. 
His father, Benjamin Pierce (b. in Chelmsford, 
Mass., 25 Dec, 1757; d. in Hillsborough, N. H., 
1 April, 1839), on the day of the battle of Lexing- 
ton enlisted in the patnot army and' served until 
its disbandment in 1784, attaining the rank of cap- 
tain and brevet major. He had intense political 
convictions, was a Republican of the school of 
Jefferson, an ardent admirer of Jackson, and the 
leader of his party in New Hampshire, of which he 
was elected governor in 1827 and 1829. He was a 
farmer, and trained his children in his own simple 
and laborious habits. Discerning signs of future 
distinction in his son Franklin, he gave him an 
academical education in well-known institutions at 
Hancock, Franoestown, and Exeter, and in 1820 
sent him to Bowdoin college, Brunswick, Me. His 
college-mates there were John P. Hale, his future 
political rival. Prof. Calvin E. Stowe, Sergeant S. 
Prentiss, the distinguished orator, Henry W. Long- 
fellow, and Nathaniel Hawthorne, his future biog- 
rapher and life-long personal friend. His ambition 
was then of a martial cast, and as an officer in a 
company of college students he enthusiastically de- 
voted himself to the study of military tactics. 
This was one reason why he found himself at the 
foot of his class at the end of two years in college. 
Stung by a sense of disgrace, he devoted the two 
remaining years to hard study, and when he was 
graduated in 1824 he was third: in his class. While 
in college, like many other eminent Americans, he 
taught in winter. After taking his degree he be- 
gan the study of law at Portsmouth, in the office 
of Levi Woodbury, where he remained about a 
year. He afterward spent two years in the law- 
school at Northampton, Mass., and in the office 
of Judge Edmund Parker at Amherst, N. H. 
In 1827 he was admitted to the bar and began 



practice in his native town. Soon afterward he 
argued his first jury cause in the court-house at 
Amherst This effort (as is often the case with emi- 
nent orators) was a failure. But he was not de- 
spondent He replied to the sympathetic expres- 
sions of a friend: "I will try nine hundred and 
ninety-nine cases, if clients continue to trust me, 
and if I fail just as I have to-day, I will try the 
thousandth. 1 shall live to argue cases in this 
court-house in a manner that will mortify neither 
myself nor my friends." 

With his popular qualities it was inevitable that 
he should take a prominent part in the sharp politi- 
cal contests of his native state. He espoused the 
cause of Gen. Jackson with ardor, and in 1829 was 
elected to represent his native town in the legisla- 
ture, where, by three subsequent elections, he served 
four years, the last two as speaker, for which office 
he received three fourths of all the votes of the 
house. In 1888 he was elected to represent his na- 
tive district in the lower house of congress, where 
he remained four years. He served on the judici- 
ary and other important committees, but did not 
participate largely in the debates. That could not 
be expected of so young a man in a body contain- 
ing so many veteran politicians and statesmen who 
had already acquired a national reputation. But 
in February, 1834, he made a vigorous and sensible 
speech against the Revolutionary claims bill, con- 
demning it as opening the door to fraud. In De- 
cember, 1885, he spoke and voted against receiving 
petitions for the abolition of slavery in the District 
of Columbia. In June, 1886, he spoke against a 
bill making appropriations for the military academy 
at West Point He contended that that institution 
was aristocratic in its tendencies, that a profes- 
sional soldiery and standing armies are always 
dangerous to the liberties of the people, and that 
in war the republic must rely upon her citizen 
militia. His experience in the Mexican war after- 
ward convinced him that such an institution is 
necessary, and he frankly acknowledged his error. 
It is hardly necessary to add that while in congress 
Mr. Pierce sustained President Jackson in opposing 
the so-called internal improvement policy. In 
1887 he was elected to the U. S. senate. He was 
the youngest member of that body, and had barely 
arrived at the legal age for that office when he took 
his seat In January, 1840, he spoke upon the 
Indian war in Florida, defending the secretary of 
war from the attacks of his political opponents. In 
December of the same year he advocated and carried 
through the senate a bill granting a pension to an 
aged woman whose husband, Isaac Davis, had been 
among the first to fall at Concord bridge on 19 April, 
1775. In July, 1841, he spoke against the fiscal 
bank bill, and in favor of an amendment prohibit- 
ing members of congress from borrowing money of 
the bank. At the same session he made a strong 
speech against the removal of government officials 
for their political opinions, in violation of the 
pledges to the contrary which the Whig leaders 
had given to the country in the canvass of 1840. 
During the five years that he remained in the sen- 
ate it numbered among its members Benton, Bu- 
chanan, Clay, Calhoun, Webster, Woodbury, and 
Silas Wright, an array of veteran statesmen and in- 
tellectual giants who had long been party leaders, 
and who occupied the whole field of debate. Among 
such men the young, modest, and comparatively 
obscure member from New Hampshire could not, 
with what his biographer calls " his exquisite sense 
of propriety," force himself into a conspicuous 
position. There is abundant proof, however, that 
ne won the friendship of his eminent associates, 



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In 1843 he resigned his seat in the senate, with 
the intention of permanently withdrawing from 

Eublic life. He again returned to the practice of 
iw, settling in Concord, N. H., whither ne had re- 
moved his family in 1838, and where he ever after- 
ward resided. In 1845 he was tendered by the 
governor of New Hampshire, but declined, an ap- 
pointment to the U. S. senate to fill the vacancy 
occasioned by the appointment of Levi Woodbury 
to the U. S. supreme bench. He also declined the 
nomination for governor tendered to him by the 
Democratic state convention. He declined, too, an 
appointment to the office of U. S. attorney-general, 
offered to him in 1845 by President Polk, by a letter 
in which he said that when he left the senate he did 
so " with the fixed purpose never again to be volun- 
tarily separated from his family for any considerable 
time, except at the call of his country in time of 
war." But while thus evincing his determination 
to remain in private life, he did not lose his interest 
in political affairs. In the councils of his party in 
New Hampshire he exercised a very great influence. 
He zealously advocated the annexation of Texas, 
declaring that, while he preferred it free, he would 
take it with slavery rather than not have it at all. 
When John P. Hale, in 1845, accepted a Democratic 
renomination to congress, in a letter denouncing 
annexation, the Democratic leaders called another 
convention, which repudiated him and nominated 
another candidate. Through the long struggle 
that followed, Pierce led the Democrats of his state 
with great skill and unfaltering courage, though 



not always to success. He found in Hale a rival 
worthy of his steeL A debate between the two 
champions, in the old North church at Concord, 
aroused the keenest interest throughout the state. 
Each party was satisfied with its own advocate ; 
but to contend against the rising anti-slavery senti- 
ment of the north was a hopeless struggle. The 
stars in their courses fought against slavery. Hale 
was elected to the U. 8. senate in 1846 by a coali- 
tion of Whigs and Free-soilers, and several advo- 
cates of free-soil principles were elected to congress 
from New Hampshire before 1850. 

In 1846 the war with Mexico began, and New 
Hampshire was called on for a battalion of troops. 
Pierce's military ardor was rekindled. He imme- 
diately enrolled himself as a private in a volunteer 
company that was organized at Concord, enthu- 
siastically began studying tactics and drilling in 
the ranks, and was soon appointed colonel of the 
9th regiment of infantry. On 3 March, 1847, he 
received from President Polk the commission of 
brigadier-general in the volunteer army. On 27 
March, 1847, he embarked at Newport, R. I., in 
the bark " Kepler," with Col. Ransom, three com- 
panies of the 9th regiment of infantry, and the 
officers of that detachment, arriving at Vera Cruz 
on 28 June. Much difficulty was experienced in 
procuring mules for transportation, ana the brigade 



was detained in that un healthful locality, exposed 
to the ravages of yellow fever, until 14 July, when 
it began its march to join the main army under 
Gen. Winfield Scott at Puebla. The junction was 
effected (after a toilsome march and several en- 
counters with guerillas) on 6 Aug., and the next 
day Gen. Scott began his advance on the city of 
Mexico. On 19 Aug. the battle of Conjreras was 
fought The Mexican General Valencia, with 7,000 
troops, occupied a strongly intrenched camp. Gen. 
Scott's plan was to divert the attention of the 
enemy by a feigned attack on his front, while his 
flank could be turned and his retreat cut off. But 
the flanking movement being much delayed, the 
attack in front (in which Gen. Pierce led his brigade) 
became a desperate struggle, in which 4,000 raw 
recruits, who could not use their artillery, fought 
7,000 disciplined soldiers, strongly intrenched and 
raining round shot and shells upon their assailants. 
To reach the enemy, the A men cans who attacked 
in front were obliged to cross the pedrepal, or lava- 
bed, the crater of an extinct volcano, bristling with 
sharp, jagged, splintered rocks, which afforded 
shelter to the Mexican skirmishers. Gen. Pierce's 
horse stepped into a cleft between two rocks and 
fell, breaking his own leg and throwing his rider, 
whose knee was seriously injured. Though suffer- 
ing severely, and urged by the surgeon to withdraw, 
Gen. Pierce refused to leave his troops. Mounting 
the horse of an officer who had just oeen mortally 
wounded, he rode forward and remained in the 
saddle until eleven o'clock at night The next 
morning Gen. Pierce was in the saddle at daylight, 
but the enemy's camp was stormed in the rear by 
the flanking party, and those of its defenders who 
escaped death or capture fled in confusion toward 
Churubusco, where Santa-Anna had concentrated 
his forces. Though Gen. Pierce's injuries were 
intensely painful, and though Gen. Scott advised 
him to leave the field, he insisted on remaining. 
His brigade and that of Gen. James Shields, in 
obeying an order to make a detour and attack the 
enemy in the rear, struck the Mexican reserves, 
by whom they were largely outnumbered, and a 
bloody and obstinate struggle followed. By this 
diversion Gens. Worth and Pillow were enabled to 
carry the head of the bridge at the front, and 
relieve Pierce and Shields from the pressure of 
overwhelming numbers. In the advance of Pierce's 
brigade his horse was unable to cross a ditch or 
ravine, and he was compelled to dismount and pro- 
ceed on foot. Overcome by the pain of his injured 
knee, he sank to the ground, unable to proceed, but 
refused to be taken from the field, and remained 
under fire until the enemy were routed. After 
these defeats, Santa- Anna, to gain time, opened 
negotiations for peace, and Gen. Scott appointed 
Gen. Pierce one of the commissioners to agree 
upon terms of armistice. The truce lasted a fort- 
night, when Gen. Scott, discovering Santa- Anna's 
insincerity, again began hostilities. The sanguinary 
battles of Molino del Rev and Chapultepec soon 
followed, on 14 Sept, 1847, the city of Mexico ca- 
pitulated, and the war was virtually over. Though 
Gen. Pierce had little opportunity to distinguish 
himself as a general in this brief war, he displayed 
a personal bravery and a regard for the welfare of 
his men that won him the highest credit He also 
gained the ardent friendship of those with whom 
he came in contact, and that friendship did much 
for his future elevation. On the return of peace in 
December, 1847, Gen. Pierce returned to his home 
and to the practice of his profession. Soon after 
this the New Hampshire legislature presented him, 
in behalf of the state, with a fine sword. 



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In 1850 Gen. Pierce was elected to represent the 
city of Concord in a constitutional convention, and 
when that body met he was chosen its president by 
a nearly unanimous vote. During its session he 
made strenuous and successful efforts to procure 
the adoption of an amendment abolishing the relig- 
ious test that made none but Protestants eligible 
to office. But that amendment failed of adoption 
by the people, though practically and by common 
consent the restriction was disregarded. From 
1847 till 1852 Qen. Pierce was arduously engaged 
in his profession. As an advocate he was never 
surpassed, if ever equalled, at the New Hampshire 
bar. He had the external advantages of an orator, 
a handsome, expressive face, an elegant figure, 
graceful and impressive gesticulation, and a clear, 
musical voice, which kindled the blood of his 
hearers like the notes of a trumpet, or melted them 
to tears by its pathos. His manner had a courtesy 
that sprang from the kindness of his heart and 
contributed much to his political and professional 
success. His perceptions were keen, and his mind 
seized at once the vital points of a case, while his 
ready command of language enabled him to present 
them to an audience so clearly that they could not 
be misunderstood. He had an intuitive knowledge 
of human nature, and the numerous illustrations 
that he drew from the daily lives of his strong- 
minded auditors made his speeches doubly effective. 
He was not a diligent student, nor a reader of 
many books, yet the keenness of his intellect and 
his natural capacity for reasoning often enabled 
him, with but little preparation, to argue success- 
fully intricate questions of law. 

The masses of the Democratic party in the free 
states so strongly favored the exclusion of slavery 
from the territory ceded by Mexico that their leaders 
were compelled to yield, and from 1847 till 1850 their 
resolutions and platforms advocated free-soil prin- 
ciples. This was especially the case in New Hamp- 
shire, and even Gen. Pierce's great popularity could 
not stem the tide. But in 1850 the passage of 
the so-called ** compromise measures " by congress, 
the chief of which were the fugitive-slave law and 
the admission of California as a free state, raised a 
new issue. Adherence to those measures became 
to a great extent a test of party fidelity in both 
the Whig and Democratic parties. Gen. Pierce 
zealously championed them in New Hampshire, 
and at a dinner given to him and other personal 
friends by Daniel Webster at his farm-house in 
Franklin,' N. H., Pierce, in an eloquent speech, 
assured the great Whig statesman that if his own 
party rejected him for nis 7th of March speech, the 
Democracy would " lift him so high that his feet 
would not touch the stars." Finally the masses of 
both the great parties gave to the compromise meas- 
ures a sullen acquiescence, on the ground that they 
were a final settlement of the slavery question. 
The Democratic national convention met at Balti- 
more, 12 June, 1852. * After thirty-five ballotings 
for a candidate for president, in which Gen. Piercers 
name did not appear, the Virginia delegation 
brought it forward, and on the 4§th ballot he was 
nominated by 282 votes to 11 for all others. James 
Buchanan, Stephen A. Douglas, Lewis Cass, and 
William L. Marcy were his chief rivals. Gen. Win- 
fleld Scott, the whig candidate, was unsatisfactory 
both to the north and to the south. Webster and 
his friends leaned toward Pierce, and in the elec- 
tion in November, Scott carried only Massachu- 
setts, Vermont, Kentucky, and Tennessee, with 42 
votes, while Pierce carried all the other states with 
254 votes. The Whig party had received its death- 
stroke, and dissolved 



In his inaugural address. 4 March, 1858, President 
Pierce maintained the constitutionality of slavery 
and the fugitive-slave law, denounced slavery agi- 
tation, and noped that " no sectional or ambitious or 
fanatical excitement might again threaten the 
durability of our institutions, or obscure the light 
of our prosperity." On 7 March he announced as 
his cabinet William L. Marcy, of New York, secre- 
tary of state ; James Guthrie, of Kentucky, secretary 
of the treasury; Jefferson Davis, of Mississippi, 
secretary of war ; James C. Dobbin, of North Caro- 
lina, secretary of the navy ; Robert McClelland, of 
Michigan, secretary of the interior ; James Camp- 
bell, of Pennsylvania, postmaster-general; and 
Caleb Cushing, of Massachusetts, attorney-general. 
This cabinet was one of eminent ability, and is the 
only one in our history that remained unchanged 
for four years. In 1858 a boundary dispute arose 
between the United States and Mexico, which was 
settled by negotiation and resulted in the acquisi- 
tion of a part of the territory, which was organized 
under the name of Arizona in 1863. Proposed 
routes for a railroad to the Pacific were explored, 
and voluminous reports thereon published under 
the direction of the war department A controversy 
with Great Britain respecting the fisheries was ad- 
justed by mutual concessions. The affair of Martin 
Koszta, a Hungarian refugee, who was seized at 
Smyrna by an Austrian vessel and given up on the 
demand of the captain of an American ship-of-war, 
excited great interest in Europe and redounded to 
the credit of our government. (See Inoraham, 
Duncan Nathaniel.) In 1854 a treaty was negoti- 
ated at Washington between the United States and 
Great Britain providing for commercial reciprocity 
for ten years between the former country and the 
Canadian provinces. That treaty and one negoti- 
ated by Com. Perry with Japan, which opened the 
ports of that hitherto unknown country to com- 
merce, were ratified at the same session of the 
senate. In the spring of 1854, Greytown in Nicara- 
gua was bombarded and mostly burned by the U. S. 
frigate " Cyane," in retaliation for the refusal of 
the authonties to make reparation for the property 
of American citizens residing there, which had been 
stolen. In the following year William Walker, 
with a party of filibusters, invaded Nicaragua, and 
in the autumn of 1856 won an ephemeral success, 
which induced President Pierce to recognize the 
minister sent by him to Washington. In the win- 
ter of 1854-'5, and in the spring of the latter year, 
by the sanction of Mr. Crampton, the British min- 
ister at Washington, recruits for the British army 
in the Crimea were secretly enlisted in this country. 
President Pierce demanded Mr. Crampton 's recall, 
which being refused, the president dismissed not 
only the minister, but also the British consuls at 
New York, Philadelphia, and Cincinnati, for their 
complicity in such enlistments. The difficulty was 
finally adjusted by negotiation, and a new British 
legation was sent to Washington. In 1855 Presi- 
dent Pierce signed bills to reorganize the diplo- 
matic and consular system of the United States, 
to organize the court of claims, to provide a retired 
list for the navy, and to confer the title of lieu- 
tenant-general on Winfleld Scott President Pierce 
adhered to that strict construction of the constitu- 
tion which Jefferson and Jackson had insisted on. 
In 1854 he vetoed a bill making appropriations for 
public works, and another granting 10,000.000 acres 
of public lands to the states for relief of indigent 
insane. In February, 1855, he vetoed a bill for 
payment of the French spoliation claims, and in 
the following month another increasing the appro- 
priation for the Collins line of steamers. 



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The policy of Pierce's administration upon the 
question of slavery evoked an extraordinary amount 
of popular excitement, and led to tremendous 
and lasting results. That policy was based on the 
theory that the institution of slavery was imbedded 
in and guaranteed by the constitution of the 
United States, and that therefore it was the duty 
of the National government to protect it. The two 
chief measures in support of such a policy, which 
originated with and were supported by Pierce's 
administration, were the conference of American 
diplomatists that promulgated the " Ostend mani- 
festo," and the opening of the territories of Kansas 
and Nebraska to slavery. Filibustering expeditions 
from the United States to Cuba under Lopez, in 
1850 and 1851, aroused anxiety in Europe as to the 
attitude of our government toward such enterprises. 
In 1852 Great Britain and France proposed to the 
United States a tripartite treaty by which the three 
powers should disclaim all intention of acquiring 
Cuba, and discountenance such an attempt by any 
power. On 1 Dec, 1852, Edward Everett, who was 
then secretary of state, declined to act, declaring, 
however, that our government would never question 
Spain's title to the island. On 16 Aug., 1854, 
President Pierce directed James Buchanan, John 
Y. Mason, and Pierre Soule, the American ministers 
to Qreat Britain, France, and Spain, to meet and 
discuss the Cuban question. They met at Ostend, 
Oct., and afterward at Aix la Chapelle, and sent 
to their government that famous despatch known 
as the "Ostend manifesto." It declared that if 
Spain should obstinately refuse to sell Cuba, self- 
preservation would make it incumbent on the 
United States to wrest it from her and prevent it 
from being Africanized into a second Santo Do- 
mingo. But the hostile attitude of the great 
European powers, and the Kansas and Nebraska 
excitement, shelved the Cuban question till 1858, 
when a feeble and abortive attempt was made in 
congress to authorize its purchase for $30,000,000. 

President Pierce, in his first message to congress, 
December, 1853, spoke of the repose that had fol- 
lowed the compromises of 1850, and said : " That 
this repose is to suffer no shock during my official 
term il I have power to prevent it, those who 
placed me here may be assured." Doubtless such 
was then his hope and belief. In the following 
January, Mr. Douglas, chairman of the senate com- 
mittee on the territories, introduced a bill to or- 
ganize the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, 
which permitted slavery north of the parallel of 
86° 30' m a region from which it had been forever 
excluded by the Missouri compromise of 1820. 
That bill was Mr. Douglas's bid for the presidency. 
Southern politicians could not reject it and retain 
their influence at home. Northern politicians who 
opposed it gave up -all hope of national preferment, 
which then seemed to depend on southern support. 
The defeat of the bill seemed likely to sever and 
destroy the Democratic organization, a result 
which'many believed would lead to civil war and 
the dissolution of the Union. Borne onward by 
the aggressive spirit of slavery, by political ambi- 
tion, by the force of party discipline, and the dread 
of sectional discord, the bill was passed by con- 
gress, and on 81 Mav received the signature of the 
president Slavery had won, but there never was 
a more costly victory. The remainder of Pierce's 
term was embittered by civil war in Kansas and 
the disasters of his party in the free states. In 
1854, with a Democratic majority in both houses 
of the New Hampshire legislature, the influence 
of the national administration could not secure the 
election of a Democratic U. S. senator, and at the 




next election in 1855 the Democracy lost control 
of the state. The repeal of the Missouri compro- 
mise was soon followed by organized efforts in the 
free states to fill Kansas with anti-slavery settlers. 
To such movements the south responded by armed 
invasions. On 30 March, 1855, a territorial legis- 
lature was elected in Kansas by armed bands from 
Missouri, who crossed the border to vote and then 
returned to their homes. That initiative gave to 
the pro-slavery men a tech- 
nical advantage, which the 
Democratic leaders were 
swift to recognize. The pro- 
slavery legislature thus elect- 
ed met at Pawnee on 2 July, 
1855, and enacted an intol- 
erant and oppressive slave- 
code, which was mainly a 
transcript of the laws of 
Missouri. The free-state set- 
tlers thereupon called a con- 
stitutional convention, which 
met on 23 Oct, 1855, and 
framed a state constitution, 
which was adopted by the 
people by a vote of 1,731 to 
46. A general assembly was 
then elected under such con- 
stitution, which, after passing some preliminary 
acts, appointed a committee to frame a code of 
laws, and took measures to apply to congress for 
the admission of Kansas into the* Union as a state. 
Andrew H. Reeder was elected by the free-state 
men their delegate to congress. A majority of the 
actual settlers of Kansas were in favor of her ad- 
mission into the Union as a free state ; but all their 
efforts to that end were treated by their opponents 
in the territory, and by the Democratic national ad- 
ministration, as rebellion against lawful authority. 
This conflict kept the territory in a state of con- 
fusion and bloodshed, and excited party feeling 
throughout the country to fever heat It remained 
unsettled, to vex Buchanan's administration and 
further develop the germs of disunion and civil war. 

On 2 June, 1856, the National Democratic con- 
vention met at Cincinnati to nominate a can- 
didate for president On the first ballot James Bu- 
chanan had 135 votes, Pierce 122, Douglas 38, 
Cass 6, Pierce's vote gradually diminished, and 
on the 17th ballot Buchanan was nominated unani- 
mously. In August the house of representa- 
tives attached to the army appropriation bill a 
proviso that no part of the armv should be em- 
ployed to enforce the laws of the Kansas territorial 
legislature until congress should have declared its 
validity. The senate refused to concur, and con- 
gress adjourned without passing the bill. It was 
immediately convened by proclamation, and passed 
the bill without the proviso. The president's mes- 
sage in December following was mainly devoted 
to Kansas affairs, and was intensely hostile to the 
free-state party. His term ended on 4 March, 1857, 
and he returned to his home in Concord. Soon 
afterward he visited Madeira, and extended his 
travels to Great Britain and the continent of Eu- 
rope, He remained abroad nearly three years, re- 
turning to Concord early in 1860. In the presi- 
dential election of that year he took no active part, 
but his influence was cast against Douglas and in 
favor of Breckinridge. 

In a letter addressed to Jefferson Davis, under 
date of Jan., 1860, he wrote ; •• Without discuss- 
ing the question of right, of abstract power to se- 
cede, I have never believed that actual disruption 
of the Union can occur without bloodshed; and 



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PIERCE 



PIERCE 



11 



if, through the madness of northern Abolitionists, 1 
that dire calamity most come, the fighting will 
not be along Mason and Dixon's line merely. It 
will be within our own borders, in our own streets, 
between the two classes of citizens to whom I have 
referred. Those who defy law and scout constitu- i 
lional obligations will, if we ever reach the arbitra- i 
ment of arms, find occupation enough at home. . . . i 
I have tried to impress upon our own people, es- 
pecially in New Hampshire and Connecticut, where 
the only elections are to take place during the 
coming spring, that, while our Union meetings are 
all in the right direction and well enough for the 
present, they will not be worth the paper upon 
which their resolutions are written unless we can 
overthrow abolitionism at the polls and repeal the 
unconstitutional and obnoxious laws which in the 
cause of * personal liberty ' have been placed upon 
our statute-books.** 

On 21 April, 1861, nine days after the disunion- 
iats had begun civil war by firing on Fort Sumter, 
he addressed a Union mass-meeting at Concord, 
and urged the people to sustain the government 
against the southern Confederacy. From that time 
until his death he lived in retirement at Concord. 
To the last he retained his hold upon the hearts 
of his personal friends, and the exquisite urbanity 
of his earlier days. His wife and his three chil- 
dren had preceded him to the tomb. 

Some years after Pierce's death the legislature 
of New Hampshire, in behalf of the state, placed 
his portrait beside the speaker's desk in the nail of 
the house of representatives at Concord. Time 
has softened the narsh judgment that his political 
foes passed upon him in the heat of party strife 
and civil war. His generosity and kindness of 
heart are gratefully remembered by those who 
knew him, and particularly by the younger mem- 
bers of his profession, whom he was always ready 
to aid and advise. It is remembered that in his 
professional career he was ever willing, at what- 
ever risk to his fortune or popularity, to shield the 
poor and obscure from oppression and injustice. 
It is remembered, too, that he sought in public life 
no opportunities for personal gain. His integrity 
was above suspicion. After nine years* service in 
congress and in the senate of the United States, 
after a brilliant and successful professional career 
and four years in the presidency, his estate hardly 
amounted to $72,000. In his whole political ca- 
reer he always stood for a strict construction of 
the constitution, for economy and frugality in pub- 
lic affairs, and for a strict accountability of public 
officials to their constituents. No political or per- 
sonal influence could induce him to shield those 
whom he believed to have defrauded the govern- 
ment. Pierce had ambition, but greed for public 
office was foreign to his nature. Few, if any, in- 
stances can be found in our history where a man 
of thirty-eight, in the full vigor of health, volun- 
tarily gave up a seat in the U. S. senate, which he 
was apparently sure to retain as long as be wished. 
His refusal at the age of forty-one to leave his law- 
practice for the place of attorney-general in Polk's 
cabinet is almost without a parallel Franklin 
Pierce, too, was a true patriot and a sincere lover 
of his country. The Revolutionary services of a 
father whom he revered were constantly in his 
thoughts. Two of his brothers, with that father's 
consent, took an honorable part in the war of 1812. 
His only sister was the wife of Gen. John H. Mc- 
Neil, as gallant an officer as ever fought for his 
country. To decline a cabinet appointment and 
enlist as a private soldier in the array of his coun- 
try were acts which one who knew his early train- 



ing and his chivalrous character might reasonably 
expect of him. But for slavery and the questions 
growing out of it, his administration would have 
passed into history as one of the most successful 
in our national life. To judge him justly, his po- 
litical training and the circumstances that envi- 
roned him must be taken into account. Like his 
honored father, he believed that the statesmen of 
the Revolution had agreed to maintain the legal 
rights of the slave-holders, and that without such 
agreement we should have had no Federal consti- 
tution or Union. He believed that good faith re- 
quired that agreement to be performed. In that 
belief all or nearly all the leaders of both the great 
parties concurred. However divided on other 
questions, on that the south was a unit The price 
of its political support was compliance with its de- 
mands, and both the old parties (however reluct- 
antly) paid the price. Political leaders believed 
that, unless it was paid, civil war and disunion 
would result, and their patriotism re-enforced their 
party spirit and personal ambition. Among them 
all there were probably few whose conduct would 
have been essentially different from that of Pierce 
had they been in the same situation. He gave his 
support to the repeal of the Missouri compromise 
with great reluctance, and in the belief that the 
measure would satisfy the south and thus avert 
from the country the doom of civil war and disunion. 
See the lives by Nathaniel Hawthorne (Boston, 
1852) and D. W. Bart let t (Auburn, 1852), and tf Re- 
view of Pierce's Administration,** by A. E. Carroll 
(Boston, 1856). The steel plate is from a portrait 
by George P. A. Healey. The vignette on page 8 
is a view of President Pierce's birthplace, and 
that on page 10 represents his grave, which is in 
the cemetery at Concord, N. H. — His wife, Jane 
Means Appleton, b. in Hampton, N. H., 12 March, 
1806; d. in Andover, Masai, 2 Dec, 1868, was a 
daughter of the Rev. 
Jesse Appleton, D. D. 
(a. v.), president of 
Bowdoin college. She 
was brought up in an 
atmosphere of culti- 
vated and refined 
Christian influences, 
was thoroughly edu- 
cated, and grew to 
womanhood sur- 
rounded by most con- 
genial circumstances. 
She was married in 
1884. Public obser- 
vation was extremely 
painful to her, and c/ 
she always preferred 
the quiet of her New England home to the glare 
and glitter of fashionable life in Washington. A 
friend said of her : " How well she filled her station 
as wife, mother, daughter, sister, and friend, those 
only can tell who knew her in these private rela- 
tions. In this quiet sphere she found ner joy, and 
here her gentle out powerful influence was deeply 
and constantly felt, through wise counsels and 
delicate suggestions, the purest, finest- tastes, and 
a devoted life.** She was the mother of three 
children, all boys, but none survived her. Two 
died in early youth, and the youngest, Benjamin, 
was killed in an accident on the Boston and Maine 
railroad while travelling from Andover to Law- 
rence, Mass., on 6 Jan., 1858, only two months be- 
fore his father's inauguration as president Mr. 
and Mrs. Pierce were with him at the time, and the 
| boy, a bright lad of thirteen years, had been amus- 



#-££ 



*~+*~c^> 



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12 



PIERCE 



PIERCE 



iug them with his conversation just before the acci- 
dent The car was thrown from the track and 
dashed against the rocks, and the lad met his 
death instantly. Both parents were long deeply 
affected by the shock of the accident, and Mrs. 
Pierce never recovered from it. The sudden be- 
reavement shattered the small remnant of her 
remaining health, yet she performed her task 
at the White House noblv, and sustained the dig- 
nity of her husband's office. Mrs. Robert E. Lee 
wrote in a private letter: "I have known many 
of the ladies of the White House, none more truly 
excellent than the afflicted wife of President 
Pierce. Her health was a bar to any great effort 
on her part to meet the expectations of the pub- 
lic in her high position, but she was a refined, 
extremelv religious, and well-educated lady." She 
was buned by the side of her children, in the 
cemetery at Concord, N. H., where also the re- 
mains of Gen. Pierce now rest. 

PIERCE, Frederick Clifton (purse), author, 
b. in Worcester county, Mass., 30 July, 1856. He 
received an academic education, was connected 
with the press in Massachusetts, and in 1880 re- 
moved to Illinois. He has served in the Illinois 
militia, and now (1888) holds the rank of colonel 
on the staff of Gov. Richard J. Oglesby. Mr. Pierce 
is a member of the principal historical societies in 
this country, and is the author of " Pierce History 
and Genealogy" (Boston, 1879); "The Harwood 
Genealogy" (1879); "History of Barre, Mass." 
(1880); "'History of Grafton, Mass." (Worcester, 
1880); "Peirce Historv and Genealogy" (1880); 
" History of Rockford, 111." (Rockford, 1886) ; and 
" Pearce and Pearse Genealogy " (1888). 

PIERCE, George Edmond, educator, b. in 
Southburv, Conn., 9 Sept., 1794; d. in Hudson, 
Ohio, 28 May, 1871. He was graduated at Yale in 
1816 and at Andover theological seminary in 1821, 
was principal of Fairfield academy in 1816-*18, and 
ordained pastor of the Congregational church at 
Harwinton in 1822. He was president of Western 
Reserve college in 1834-'55. Under his adminis- 
tration were erected an observatory and three col- 
lege buildings. In 1838 Middlebury college gave 
him the degree of D. D. 

PIERCE, Henry Llllie, member of congress, 
b. in Stoughton, Mass.. 23 Aug., 1825. He received 
a good education, engaged in manufacturing, and 
as early as 1848 took an active part in organizing 
the " Free-soil "party in Massachusetts. He was a 
member of the Massachusetts legislature in 1860-'6, 
and in 1860 was instrumental in getting a bill 
passed by both branches of the legislature remov- 
ing the statutory prohibition upon the formation 
of militia companies composed of colored men. He 
was elected to congress as a Republican to fill the 
vacancy caused by the death of William Whiting, 
was re-elected for' the next congressional term, and 
served from 1 Dec., 1873, till 3 March, 1877, when 
he declined a renomination In the presidential 
election of 1884 he was prominent in organizing an 
independent movement in support of Cleveland, 
and has since taken a leading part in the effort to 
revise the tariff legislation and reduce the taxes 
on imports. He was mayor of Boston in 1873, 
and again in 1878.—-His brother, Edward Llllie, 
author, b. in Stoughton, Mass., 29 March, 1829, 
was graduated at Brown in 1850, and at Harvard 
law-school in 1852, receiving the degree of LL. D. 
from Brown in 1882. After leaving the law- 
school, Mr. Pierce was for some time in the of- 
fice of Salmon P. Chase at Cincinnati. He after- 
ward practised law in his native state, and was a 
delegate to the National Republican convention in 



1860. At the beginning of the civil war he enlisted 
as a private in the 3d Massachusetts regiment, and 
served till July, 1861, when he was detailed to col- 
lect the negroes at Hampton and set them to work 
on the intrenchments of that town. This was the 
beginning of the employment of negroes on U. S. 
military works. In December, 1861, the secretary 
of the treasury despatched Mr. Pierce to Port 
Royal to examine into the condition of the negroes 
on the sea islands. In February, 1862, he returned 
to Washington and reported to the government, 
and in March was given charge of the freedmen 
and plantations on those islands. He took with 
him nearly sixty teachers and superintendents, es- 
tablished schools, and suggested the formation of 
freedmen 's aid societies, by means of which great 
good was accomplished. In June. 1862, Mr. Pierce 
made his second report to the government setting 
forth what he had done. These reports were after- 
ward reprinted in the "Rebellion Record," and 
were favorably reviewed both in Europe and the 
United States. The care of the negroes on the 
islands having been transferred to the war depart- 
ment, he was asked to continue in charge under its 
authority, but declined. He was offered the mili- 
tary governorship of South Carolina, but was not 
confirmed. He was collector of internal revenue 
for the 3d Massachusetts district from October, 
1863, till Mav, 1866, district attorney in 1866-*9, 
secretary of the board of state charities in 1869-74, 
and a member of the legislature in 1875-'6. He 
was a member of the Republican national conven- 
tions of 1876 and 1884, and in December, 1878, was 
appointed by President Hayes assistant treasurer 
of the United States, but declined. In 1883 he 
£ave to the white and colored people of St. Helena 
island, the scene of his former labors, a library of 
800 volumes. He also originated the public library 
of Milton, Mass., where he has resided, and has 
been a trustee since its organization. He has been 
a lecturer at the Boston law-school since its foun- 
dation. Mr. Pierce has visited Europe several 
times. His second visit was for the inspection of 
European prisons, reformatories and asylums, and 
the result is given in his report for 1873 as secre- 
tary of the board of state charities. He has been a 
frequent contributor to newspapers and periodicals, 
and has published numerous articles ana addresses, 
and "American Railroad Law" (New York, 1857); 
" Memoir and Letters of Charles Sumner" (2 vols., 
Boston, 1877, unfinished), and *• The Law of Rail- 
roads" (Boston, 1881). He also edited "Walter's 
American Law " (1860), and compiled " Index of the 
Special Railroad Laws of Massachusetts " (1874). 

PIERCE, Henry Niles, P. E. bishop, b. in Paw- 
tucket, R. I.. 19 Oct., 1820. He was graduated at 
Brown in 1842, was ordained deacon in Christ 
church, Matagorda, Tex., 23 April, 1843, by Bishop 
Freeman, and priest, in the same church, 3 Jan., 
1849, by the same bishop. He spent the early years 
of his ministry in missionary work in Washington 
county, Tex., held charges in New Orleans and in 
Rahway, N. J., in 1854-'7, and became rector of St, 
John's church. Mobile, Ala., in 1857. lie removed 
to Illinois in 1868 and accepted the rectorship of 
St. Paul's church, Springfield. He received the 
degree of D. D. from the University of Alabama in 
1862, and that of LL. D. from William and Mary 
in 1869. He was elected missionary bishop of 
Arkansas and Indian territory, and was consecrated 
in Christ church, Mobile, 25 3an., 1870. The next 
year Arkansas was erected into a diocese, of which 
Bishop Pierce became diocesan, still retaining 
charge of the Indian territory mission. Bishop 
Pierce has published numerous occasional sermons. 



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PIERCE 



PIEROLA 



13 



essays, and addresses, and is author of " The Ag- 
nostic, and other Poems" (New York, 1884). 
PIERCE, John, antiquary, b. in Dorchester 

Stow part of Boston), Mass., 14 July, 1773; d. in 
rookline, Mass., 24 Aug., 1849. He was a descend- 
ant in the sixth generation from Robert and Anne 
(Green way) Pierce, who were among the first settlers 
of Dorchester. He was graduated at Harvard in 
1798. He taught two years at Leicester academy, 
then studied theology with Rev. Thaddeus Mason 
Harris, of Dorchester, on 8 Dec, 1796, settled at 
Brookline, Mass., and was ordained pastor there, 15 
March, 1797. In 1822 Harvard conferred on him the 
degree of D. D. He continued the sole pastor of the 
church in Brookline for fifty years. On his semi- 
centennial, 15 March, 1847, he preached a jubilee 
sermon in which he gave much historical and sta- 
tistical information relating to the church and 
town. In October, 1848, Rev. Frederick N. Knapp 
was settled as his colleague. Dr. Pierce was well 
known for his genealogical and historical researches, 
and he was an authority on these subjects. He was 
a member of various historical societies, for nine- 
teen years secretary and twenty-one years president 
of the Massachusetts Bible society, of which he was 
one of the founders, and was an earnest worker in 
the cause of temperance and all other social re- 
forms. He was devoted to the interests of Harvard, 
of whose board of overseers he was secretary for 
thirty-three years. He was present at sixty-three 
commencements, and for fifty-four years led the 
singing of the tune of " St. Martin's at the com- 
mencement dinner. In the contest that divided 
the Congregational church of Massachusetts he 
would willingly have avoided taking sides, and 

E referred being called simply a Christian, although 
is feelings and affiliations were with the Unita- 
rians, with which body his church finally united. 
His published works consist chiefly of sermons and 
addresses, but his memoirs, in eighteen quarto 
manuscript volumes, were bequeathed by him to 
the Massachusetts historical society, and give a full 
and faithful account of the theological history of 
his times, which, from his habits of research, exact- 
ness, and absolute and unquestioned truthfulness, 
may be relied upon as the best authority. They 
can be consulted at the society's library, but restric- 
tions have been placed upon their publication. 

PIERCE, John Davis, clergyman, b. in Chester- 
field, N. H., 18 Feb., 1797 ; d. in Medford, Mass., 5 
April, 1882. He was brought up in Massachusetts, 
where he remained till 1817, and was graduated at 
Brown in 1822. He then became principal of an 
academy in New England, entered the theological 
seminary at Princeton, and in 1824 became pastor 
of a Congregational church in Oneida county, 
N. Y.. where he remained till 1880. In that year 
he was principal of Goshen academy, Conn., and in 
1831 he went to reside in Michigan. In 1847-'8 he 
was a member of the legislature, and of the State 
constitutional convention in 1850. While in the 
legislature he secured the passage of the bill for 
the protection of women in their rights of prop- 
erty, the first of the kind that was passed in any 
state. He was superintendent of public instruction 
for two years, daring that time edited and pub- 
lished the " Journal of Education," and also edited 
at one time the ** Democratic Expounder " at Mar- 
shall. He is credited with being the author of the 
Michigan free-school system. 

PIERCE, Lovlek, clergyman, b. in Halifax 
county, N. C, 17 March, 1785 ; d. in Sparta, Ga., 
9 Nov., 1879. Early in life his parents moved to 
Barnwell county, N. C, where, after six months' 
schooling, he entered the ministry of the Methodist 



church in 1804. In 1809 he moved to Greene 
county, Ga., and during the war of 1812 he was a 
chaplain in the army. He then studied medicine, 
was graduated at Philadelphia, and removing to 
Greensborough, practised and preached there for 
several years. He was a delegate to the general 
conferences of his church in 1886, 1840, ana 1844, 
and after the organization of the southern church 
in 1846 sat in its highest court He took part in 
the Louisville conference of 1874, where he had a 
son and a grandson, and, notwithstanding his great 
age, he preached occasionally until within a few 
months of his death. In 1878 he published a series 
of theological essays.— His son, George Foster, 
M. E. bishop, b. in Greene county, Ga., 8 Feb^ 
1811 ; d. near Sparta. Ga., 8 Sept, 1884, was gradu- 
ated at Franklin college, Athens, in 1829, and 
afterward studied law, but, abandoning it for the- 
ology, was received in 1881 into the Georgia con- 
ference of the Methodist Episcopal church. For 
one year he was a member of the South Carolina 
conference. He soon attained great popularity as 
a public speaker, and was appointed to Augusta, 
Savannah, and Charleston before he had been in 
the ministry five years. In his fifth year he was 
returned to Augusta, and in his sixth, seventh, and 
eighth he was presiding elder of that district. He 
filled various important pastoral and collegiate 
posts, the last of which was the presidency of 
Emory college, Oxford, Ga. While he was there he 
was elected and ordained bishop at Columbus, Ga., 
in 1854. Bishop Pierce was a man of great elo- 
quence, and had many friends in all parts of the 
country. Notwithstanding the alienation of the 
two branches of his church, he was frequently in- 
vited to deliver addresses in -the north. His con- 
versational powers were remarkable, and in wit he 
had few superiors. On one occasion a young man, 
trying on his hat, rather presumptuously said: 
"Bishop, our heads are the same size." "Yes," 
said the bishop, " outside." The degree of D. D. 
was conferred upon him by Transylvania univer- 
sity, and that of LL. D. by Randolph Macon college. 
He was personally the most popular of the bishops 
of his church ; somewhat autocratic and self-com- 
placent, but very kind and persuasive ; an admirer 
of the south and devoted to the church. For sev- 
eral years he was in infirm health, but he often 
made great oratorical efforts at a time when most 
men would have considered themseves too ill to 
venture abroad. He was the author of *' Incidents 
of Western Travel" (Nashville, 1857). 

PIERCE, William, statesman, b. in Georgia 
about 1740 ; d. about 1806. He entered the army 
at the beginning of the Revolution, was aide-de- 
camp to Gen. Nat hansel Greene, and was presented 
with a sword by congress in recognition of his gal- 
lant services. He was a delegate from Georgia to 
the Continental congress in 1786-'7, and to the 
convention that framed the constitution of the 
United States, but, being opposed to the plan that 
was adopted, withdrew without signing the docu- 
ment He published his impressions of the mem- 
bers of the convention in a Savannah newspaper 
long afterward, and they are now in the Force col- 
lection in the library of congress. 

PIEROLA, Nicolas de (pe-ay-ro'-lah), Peruvian 
naturalist, b. in Caraana, department of Arequipa, 
in 1798; d. in Lima, 24 Jan., 1857. He began the 
study of law in the University of Lima, and went 
in 1814 to Madrid, where he was admitted to the 
bar in 1817, and began the practice of his profes- 
sion. He was elected deputy to the cortes for his 
native province in 1820, appointed professor of 
jurisprudence in the Central university of Madrid, 



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PIEBPONT 



PIERRE 



and began the study of natural history. After the 
independence of his country was established he 
resigned his post, returned to Peru, and was elected 
in 1827 deputy to the national congress. In 1828 
he was appointed director-general of mines, but he 
resigned in 1833 to become the founder of the sci- 
entific weekly u El Telegrafo." He was elected 
director of the National museum of Lima in 1845, 
and founded in 184? another scientific and literary 
paper, ** El Ateneo." He was appointed a member 
of the committee on public instruction, and in 1852 
called by President Cast ilia to his cabinet as secre- 
tary of the treasury; but in 1854 he resigned, and 
lived thenceforth entirely for science. He wrote, 
in conjunction with his friend and colleague, Ma- 
riano Eduardo Rivera, who contributed the matter 
on the mineral kingdom, "Memorial de ciencias 
naturales " (Lima, 1856). His name has been given 
to a new species of violet found in the Amazon 
valley, the Viola Pierolana. — His son, Nicolas, b. 
in Camana. 5 Jan., 1839, was educated in the Col- 
lege of Santo Toribio, in Lima, admitted to the bar 
in 1860, and founded a review, " El Progreso Cato- 
1100." In 1864 he became editor of " El Tiempo," 
in which he defended the administration of Gen. 
Juan A. Pezet When Prado's revolution was suc- 
cessful, he went to Europe, where he travelled ex- 
tensively, but in January, 1869. he was appointed 
by President Balta to the ministry of finance, and 
shared with his chief the credit of the great public 
works that were executed by the latter, and the 
discredit of the ruinous loans that, were contracted 
to perform them. After the death of Balta, Pie- 
rola was impeached under Pardo's administration 
for misappropriation of public funds, and, although 
he was honorably acquitted of dishonest practice, 
he came to the Unitea States. In 1874 he prepared 
an expedition to Peru, but was defeated by Admi- 
ral Lizardo Montero at Cuesta de los Angeles. He 
continued to conspire, and in 1877 invaded Peru 
ajrain, but was taken prisoner and banished to 
Chill At the beginning of the war between Peru 
and Chili he offered his services to his country, 
and he was allowed by President Prado to return 
to Lima in 1879. After the flight of Prado several 
battalions of the garrison revolted, and Pierola, at 
the head of one of them, marched against the gov- 
ernment palace, but was defeated by the minister 
of war, and took possession of Callao on 22 Dec. 
The archbishop of Lima intervened, and on the 
next day Pierola made his entry into the capital, 
and was proclaimed by the masses supreme chief 
of the republic He made strenuous efforts to 
hurry re-enforcements and arms to the front, and 
when the Chilian army appeared before Lima he 
organized the defence, and, assuming the com- 
mand-in-chief, fought at Chorrillos and Miraflores 
in January, 1881. When all was lost, Pierola retired 
to the town of Canta, in the mountains, sending 
Montero to organize the resistance in the northern 
departments. He afterward established his head- 
quarters at Avacucho, summoned a national assem- 
bly on 23 July, and was elected provisional presi- 
dent: but, as Chili refused to treat with him, he re- 
signed on 28 Nov., 1881, and embarked for the 
United States, where he has since resided. He mar- 
ried a granddaughter of the Emperor Iturbide. 

PIEBPONT, John, poet. b. in Litchfield, Conn., 
6 April, 1785; d. in Medford, Mass., 26 Aug., 1806. 
He was a great-grandson of James, who is noticed 
below. He was graduated at Yale in 1804, and after 
assisting for a short time in the academy at Beth- 
lehem, Conn., in the autumn of 1805 went to South 
Carolina, and passed nearly four years as a private 
tutor in the family of Col. William Allston. After 




'urfoTltf* 



I his return in 1809 he studied law at Litchfield, was 
admitted to the bar in 1812. and practised for a time 
in Newburyuort, Mass. The profession proving 
injurious to nis health, he relinquished it, and en- 
gaged in business as 
a merchant, first in -^' r; L. v 

Boston, and afterward , '*&<&* * \ \ 

in Baltimore. In 1816 Q ? ^J» 

he abandoned com- < tn^* ^ii 

merce for theology, <W ^* *^ 

which he studied, first 
at Baltimore, and af- 
terward at Cambridge 
divinity - school. In 
April, 1819, he was or- 
dained pastor of the 
Hollis street church, 
Boston. In 1835 he 
made a tour through 
Europe and Asia Mi- 
nor, and oii his return 
he resumed his pas- 
toral charge in Boston, 
where he continued till 
10 Mav. 1845. The freedom with which he ex- 
pressed! his opinions, especially in regard to the 
temperance cause, had given rise to some feel- 
ing oefore his departure for Europe ; and in 1838 
there sprung up between himself and a part of 
his parish a controversy which lasted seven years, 
when, after triumphantly sustaining himself against 
the charges of his adversaries, he requested a dis- 
missal. He then became for four years pastor of a 
Unitarian church in Troy, N. Y., on 1 Aug., 1849, 
was settled over the Congregational church in 
Medford, and resigned, 6 April, 1856. He was a 
zealous reformer, powerfully advocated the temper- 
ance and anti-slavery movements, was the candidate 
of the Liberty party for governor, and in 1850 of 
the Free-soil party for congress. After the civil 
war began, though seventy-six years of age. he went 
into the field as chaplain of a Massachusetts regi- 
ment, but, finding his strength unequal to the dis- 
charge of his duties, he soon afterward resigned, 
and was appointed to a clerkship in the treasury 
department at Washington, which he held till his 
death. Mr. Pierpont was a thorough scholar, a 
graceful and facile speaker, and ranked deservedly 
high as a poet. He published " Airs of Palestine 
(Baltimore, 1816) ; re-issued, with additions, under 
the title "Airs of Palestine, and other Poems" 
(Boston, 1840). One of his best-known poems is 
" Warren's Address at the Battle of Bunker Hill." 
His long poem that he read at the Litchfield county 
centennial in 1851 contains a description of the 
" Yankee boy " and his ingenuity, which has often 
been quoted. He also published several sermons 
and addresses. See Wilson's *' Bryant and his 
Friends'* (New York, 1886). — His cousin, John, 
jurist, b. in Litchfield, Conn., 10 Sept., 1805; d. in 
Vergennes, Vt., 6 Jan.. 1882, received a common- 
school education, studied law in Litchfield law- 
school, and was graduated in 1827. He began 
practice at Pittsford, Vt.. and in 1832 removed to 
Vergennes. He was representative of his town in 
the legislature in 1841, and state senator in 1855-'7. 
In 1857 he was elected associate judge of the su- 
preme court of the state. In 1865 he became chief 
justice of Vermont, which office he held by con- 
tinuous elections till his death. 

PIERRE, surnamed le Picard (pe-air), French 
buccaneer, b. in Abl>eville. France, al>out the year 
1624; d. in Costa Riea, Central America, in 1679. 
He followed the sea for several years, but in 1652, 
his vessel stopping at the island of Tortuga, he was 



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PIERREPONT 



PIERREPONT 



15 



induced to desert and to join the buccaneers. He 
attached himself to the fortune of Jaques Nau, 
called L'Olonnais (g. t\), in 1662, became his most 
trusted lieutenant, participated in the expeditions 
against the Spanish main, and commanded also a 
division of the fleet under Sir Henry Morgan that 
pillaged the Isthmus of Panama. When L'Olon- 
nais proposed to attack Guatemala, Pierre refused 
to accompany him, and, going to the coast of 
Costa Rica, ravaged the Spanish establishments on 
Chagres river, took and burned the city of Veragua. 
but in the interior he was defeated and compelled 
to re-embark with little booty. In the following 
year he attacked the coast of Campeche, and in 
1673 landed at Leogone, pillaging the surrounding 
country. In 1674, with Moyse Van Vin, he at- 
tacked Maracaibo, but without success, and during 
the following years, either alone or in association 
with other chiefs, he pillaged the Bay of Honduras 
and the coasts of Venezuela and Santo Domingo, 
and amassed enormous riches. He purposed to re- 
turn to France, when in a last cruise he was ship- 
wrecked off the coast of Costa Rica and perished 
with all his crew. 

PIERREPONT. or PIER PONT, James, cler- 
gyman, b. in Roxbury, Mass., in 1659 ; d. in New 
Haven, Conn., 14 Nov., 1714. He was the grandson 
of James Pierrepont, of London, who died in Massa- 
chusetts while on a 
visit to his son John, 
who came to this 
country before the 
Revolution and set- 
tled in Roxbury,was 
a representative to 
the general court in 
1672, and died, 30 
Dec, 1690, leav- 
ing James his son. 
James was gradu- 
ated at Harvard in 
1681, and in July, 
1685, became pas- 
tor of the church 
at New Haven. In 
1698 he was one of 
three ministers that concerted the plan of founding 
a college, which took effect in the establishment of 
Yale in 1700. He was one of the original trustees 
of that institution, and it was principally through 
his influence that Elihu Yale was induced to make 
the college the object of his liberal benefact ions. He 
was a member of the synod at Say brook in 1708, for 
the purpose of forming a system that would better 
secure the ends of church discipline and the benefits 
of communion among the churches, and is reputed 
to have drawn up the articles that were adopted as 
the result of the synod which constitute the * 4 Say- 
brook platform." He was thrice married, and his 
daughter by the third wife married Jonathan Ed- 
wards. Among the clergymen whose names be- 
long to the early history of New England he was 
the most distinguished for nobility of character, the 
purity of his aspirations, and the spirituality of his 
temper. Sereno Edwards Dwight, in his life of 
Jonathan Edwards, says that Mr. Pierrepont read 
lectures to the students in Yale college, as profes- 
sor of moral philosophy; but this statement is 
doubted by other authorities. His only publica- 
tion was a sermon that he preached at Boston, in 
Cotton Mather's pulpit, in 1712, entitled "Sundry 
False Hopes of Heaven Discovered and Decryed." 
In 1887 his portrait, which is shown in the illustra- 
tion, was presented to Yale by his descendant, 
Edwards Pierrepont — His grandson, Hezekiah 




J-\*M4X>mA- 



Beers (Pierrepont), merchant, b. in New Haven, 
Conn., in 1768; d. in Brooklyn, N. Y., in 1838, 
was educated for commercial pursuits by his un- 
cle, Isaac Beers, spent several vears in the New 
York custom-house, and then became agent for 
Messrs. Watson and Greenleaf, of Philadelphia, in 
the purchase of the National debt, realizing a for- 
tune thereby. In 1793 he established the commer- 
cial house of Lefflngwell and Pierrepont, in New 
York city, and did a large business in shipping 
provisions to France during the Revolution. The 
seizure of American vessels by England led him to 
abandon the shipment of food. In 1802 he mar- 
ried Anna, daughter of William Constable, a mer- 
chant of New York city, who had been associated 
with Gen. Alexander Macomb in the purchase of 
over 1.000,000 acres of wild land in the northern 
part of New York from the state in 1787. Through 
this marriage he came into possession of about 
500,000 acres of these lands. In 1804 he bought 
the Benson farm of sixty acres on Brooklyn heights, 
with the house that had been Washington's head- 

?uarters during the campaign on Long Island. In 
819 he gave up all other business and thereafter 
devoted himself wholly to the improvement of his 
vast estate. The city-hall, academy of music, 
Brooklyn library, five churches, and many public 
buildings and residences, now cover his old farm. 
— Hezekiah's eldest son, William Constable, b. 
in New York city, 8 Oct., 1803 ; d. in Pierrepont 
Manor, Jefferson co., N. Y., 20 Dec., 1885, was 
educated in mathematics, surveying, and convey- 
ancing, with a special view to taxing the manage- 
ment of his father's property in the northern coun- 
ties. In 1820 he was appointed superintendent and 
director of the agents that were employed in set- 
tling the lands, and opened an office in Jefferson 
county on the site of the present Pierrepont Manor. 
On the death of his father he was given charge by 
will of the lands in Jefferson and Oswego counties, 
and to the day of his death was employed solely in 
their development. He was a profound mathema- 
tician, and numbered among his friends and corre- 
spondents several of the most distinguished schol- 
ars of Europe, including Prof. Piazzi Smyth, as- 
tronomer royal of Scotland, who acknowledged the 
high value of his calculations concerning the great 
pyramid in Egypt In 1840 Mr. Pierrepont was 
elected a member of the legislature, but he declined 
all other political offices. He was a liberal adher- 
ent of the Protestant Episcopal church, building 
and endowing a church edifice near his residence, 
endowing scholarships in the General theological 
seminary, New York city, and Hobart college, 
Geneva, N. Y., building and endowing a church at 
Canaseraga, N. Y., as a memorial to a son, and aid- 
ing the interests of the church in Minnesota. He 
received the degree of LL. D. from Hobart college in 
1871.— Another son, Henry Evelyn, b. in Brook- 
lyn, N. Y., 8 Aug., 1808; d. there, 28 March, 1888, 
after receiving an academic education, spent several 
years in assisting in the management of the estates. 
In 1833 he went to Europe. During his absence the 
village of Brooklyn was incorporated as a city, and 
he was appointed one of the commissioners to pre- 
pare plans for laying out public grounds and streets. 
He made a thorough study of the topography of 
all the larpe cities of Europe, and prepared plans 
that were in substance adopted by the legislative 
commission in 1835. He also submitted plans for 
converting the Gowanus hills into a rural cemetery. 
On his return he employed Major David B. Doug- 
las to work out the details of his cemetery scheme, 
and in 1838 obtained a charter from the legislature 
for the Greenwood cemetery company, with which 



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PIERREPONT 



PIERRON 



(^UXOcUdiwu^tfTif^ 



he has since been actively identified. By his 
lather's will he was charged with the care and de- 
velopment of all the Brooklyn property and the 
wild lands in Franklin, St Lawrence, and Lewis 
counties. On the Brooklyn estate he excavated 
Furroan street, built a retaining wall 775 feet in 
length to sustain the heights, and created five acres 
of wharf property bv erecting a new bulkhead on 
the water-front Mr. Pierrepont was the first 
president of the Brooklyn academy of music, and 
for many years has been active in various Brooklyn 
societies and financial institutions, also in organiza- 
tions of the Protestant Episcopal church. — James's 
great-grandson, Edwards (Pierrepont), jurist b. in 
North Haven, Conn., 4 March, 1817, was graduated 
at Tale in 1887 and at the law-school in 1840, and 
began practice at Columbus, Ohio. In 1845 he re- 
moved to New York 
city, where he be- 
came eminent at the 
bar. In 1857 he was 
elected a judge of 
the superior court of 
the city of New York, 
in place of Chief -Jus- 
tice Thomas J. Oak- 
ley. A speech that 
he made a year and 
a half before the fall 
of Port Sumter, in 
which he predicted 
the civil war, attract- 
ed much attention. 
In October, 1860, he 
resigned his seat on 
the bench and re- 
turned to the practice of law, and in 1862 he 
was appointed by President Lincoln, in conjunc- 
tion with Gen. John A. Dix, to try the prison- 
ers of state that were confined in the various 
prisons and forts of the United States. In 1864 
he was active in organizing the War Democrats 
in favor of the re-election of Abraham Lincoln. 
In April, 1867, he was elected a member of the 
convention for forming a new constitution for the 
state of New York, and one of its judiciary com- 
mittee. He was employed to conduct the prose- 
cution on the part of the government of John 
H. Surratt, indicted for aiding in the murder of 
President Lincoln. Judge Pierrepont fias been en- 
gaged in many celebrated causes, and he was much 
employed by railroads and other corporations. At 
the beginning of the civil war he Was an active 
member of the Union defence committee, and one of 
the three*that were appointed to proceed to Wash- 
ington to confer with the government when all com- 
munication was cut off by way of Baltimore after 
the attack upon the Massachusetts troops. In the 
presidential contests of 1868 and 1872 he was an 
ardent supporter of Gen. Grant, by whom he was 
appointed in 1869 U. S. attorney for the southern 
district of New York, which office he resigned in 
July, 1870. In the autumn of that year he was 
one of the most active members of the committee 
of seventy in opposition to the Tweed ring. In 
May, 1878, Judge Pierrepont was appointed U. S. 
minister to Russia, but declined, and in April, 
1875, he became attorney-general of the United 
States, remaining in the cabinet of President Grant 
until May, 1876, when he was sent as U. S. minister 
to Great Britain. During his term of office as at- 
torney-general he was called upon by the secretary 
of state to give an opinion upon a question of inter- 
national law, in which were discussed the questions 
of natural and acquired nationality. This opinion 



gave him a wide reputation. During Gen. Grant's 
visit to London, Judge Pierrepont urged upon the 
queen's ministers the propriety of according the 
same precedence to him as had been given to the 
ex-ruler of France. This was done, ana other gov- 
ernments followed the example of Great Britain. 
Judge Pierrepont devoted large attention to the 
financial svstem of England. On his return in 1878 
he engaged actively in nis profession, but afterward 
retired and has taken especial interest in the finan- 
cial policy of the country, writing several pam- 
phlets upon the subject In one, issued in 1887, he 
advocated an international treaty and claimed that 
by convention the commercial value of the silver 
dollar might be restored. He has published various 
orations, including one before the alumni of Yale, 
(1874). Judge Pierrepont received the honorary 
degree of LL. D. from Columbian oollege, Wash- 
ington, D. C, in 1871. In 1878 the same degree was 
conferred upon him by Yale. While he was in 
England Oxford gave him that of D. C. L— His 
son, Edward, b. in New York city, 80 June, 1860; 
d. in Rome, Italy, 16 April, 1885, entered Christ 
church, Oxford, while his father was minister to 
Great Britain, and was graduated in June, 1882. 
After spending a summer in travel upon the con- 
tinent ne returned to the United States and en- 
tered Columbia law-school. In May, 1888, accom- 
panied by his father, he journeyed to the Pacific 
coast and travelled far into Alaska, publishing 
on his return "From Fifth Avenue to Alaska 
(New York, 1884), for which he was made a fellow 
of the Royal geographical society of England. In 
the spring of 1884 he was appointed secretary of 
legation at Rome, and upon the resignation of the 
minister, William W. Astor, he was made charge* 
d'affaires, and died while holding this position. 

PIERRON, Jean, French missionary, b. in 
France ; d. there toward the end of the 17th cen- 
tury. He belonged to the Society of Jesus, and 
arriving in Canada on 27 June, 1667, devoted him- 
self to the study of the Mohawk language, and was 
soon able to preach in that dialect He preached 
constantly in the seven Mohawk towns, and his 
success, though temporary, was remarkable. He 
was a skilful artist, and effected more conversions 
by exhibiting vivid pictures, symbolizing the deaths 
and . destinies of a Christian and pagan Indian, 
than by his sermons. In his efforts to gain con- 
verts he followed the Mohawks everywhere, even 
to battle. He drew pictures on cards symbolizing 
the Christian life from the cradle to the grave, ana 
formed with them games which the Indians learned 
by their camp fires. Once he was ordered from 
the council by a chief who wished to perform a 
superstitious ceremony which he knew the mis- 
sionary would not sanction; but Pierron turned 
the insult to his advantage, and, by hints of what 
might happen if he left the Mohawk valley, excited 
the fears of the chiefs, who dreaded a rupture with 
the French. On 26 March, 1670, they assembled 
in the chapel, promised to renounce their god, 
Aireskoi, and to abandon their worship of evil 
spirits and their superstitious dances. The medi- 
cme-men burned their turtle-shell rattles and the 
other badges of their office. There were eighty- 
four baptisms during the year. Christianity made 
rapid progress among the tribes. These results 
were not lasting, however, and when Pierron was 
recalled to govern the mission of St Francis Xavier 
at La Prairie, most of the Mohawks relapsed into 
paganism. He continued his missionary labors up 
to 1679 and perhaps later. He returned to France, 
but nothing is known of his life afterward, or of 
the time of nis death. 



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PIERSON 



PIQOT 



17 



PIERSON, Abraham, clergyman, b. in York- 
shire, England, in 1608 ; d. in Newark, N. J., 9 
Aug., 167$. He was graduated at Cambridge in 
169%, and ordained to the ministry of the estab- 
lished church, but, becoming a non-conformist, 
emigrated to this country in 1639, and united with 
the church in Boston, fie accompanied a party of 
emigrants to Long Island, N. T., a short time after- 
ward, and in 1640 became pastor of the church at 
South Hampton. He removed with a small part of 
his congregation to Branford, Conn., in 1647, or- 
ganized a church there, and was its pastor for 
twenty-three years. His ministry was eminently 
successful, especially in his efforts to evangelize 
the Indians, to whom he preached in their own 
language, also preparing a catechism (1660). He 
served as chaplain to the forces that were raised 
against the Dutch in 1654. In the contentions 
between the colonies of Connecticut and New 
Haven in 1662-'5 he opposed their union, and, 
when it took place, resolved to remove with his 

S»ple out of the colony. He accordingly left 
ranford in June, 1667, and settled in Newark, 
N. J M carrying away the church records, and leav- 
ing the town with scarcely an inhabitant Mr. 
Pierson exercised a commanding yifluence in the 
colony. Gov. John Winthrop, who was his per- 
sonal friend, pronounced him a " godly man," and 
Cotton Mather said of him : *' Wherever he came, 
he shone." He published "Some Helps for the 
Indians in New Haven Colony, to a Further Ac- 
count of the Progress of the Gospel in New Eng- 
land " (1659). — His son, Abraham, educator, b. in 
Lynn, Mass., in 1641 ; d. in KUlingworth, Conn., 7 
March, 1707, was graduated at Harvard in 1668, 
ordained to the ministry the next year, and was 
successively pastor in South Hampton, L. I., Bran- 
ford, Conn., Newark, N. J., and Killingworth, 
Conn. He was one of the ten principal clergymen 
who were elected to " found, form, and govern a 
college in Connecticut" in 1700, and the next year 
was chosen its first president, under the title of 
"rector of Yale," holding office until his death. 
He composed a system of natural philosophy, which 
was used as a manual in that college for years, and 
published an " Election Sermon 7 ' (New Haven, 
1700). A bronze statue of him, by Launt Thomp- 
son, was erected in the grounds of Yale in 1874. — 
The first Abraham's descendant, Hamilton Wil- 
cox, clergyman, b. in Bergen, N. Y., 22 Sept., 1817, 
was graduated at Union college in 1843, and at 
Union theological seminary, New York city, in 
1848, and became an agent of the American Bible 
society in the West Indies. He labored in Ken- 
tucky in 1853-'8, then became president of Cum- 
berland college, Ky., and in 1862-'5 taught freed - 
men and colored troops, and was a secretary of 
the Christian commission. Union college gave him 
the degree of D. D. in 1860. He has published 
** Thomas Jefferson at Monticello, or the Private 
Life of Thomas Jefferson " (New York, 1862) ; " In 
the Brush, or Old-time Social, Political, and Re- 
ligious Life in the Southwest" (1881); edited the 
- American Missionary Memorial " (1858) ; and con- 
tributed to the religious press. 

PIGAFETTA, Francesco Antonio (pe-gah- 
fet'-tah), Italian navigator, b. in Vicenza in 1491 ; 
d. there in 1535. After receiving a good education, 
he was about to enter diplomacy, when he read of 
the expeditions to the New World that had been 
made by the Spanish and Portuguese, and deter- 
mined to become their historian. In 1518 he went 
to Madrid and obtained leave to serve as volunteer 
under Magellan. (?. v.). While awaiting the arrival 
of the navigator in Seville, Pigafetta occupied 
vol. v. — 2 



his time in studying the exact sciences and the 
theory of navigation. He embarked on the ad- 
miral's ship, and kept a diary of events and of his 
personal ooservations. He named the Pehnelche 
Indians, Patagonians, and is responsible for the 
story that they were a race of giants. On the re- 
turn of the expedition in 1522 Pigafetta went im- 
mediately to Valladolid, presented Charles V. with 
a copy of his journal, and received tokens of the 
monarch's satisfaction. He passed afterward to 
Rome, where Pope Clement VII. appointed him 
an honorary officer in his guard, and through 
the pontiff's intercession the grand master of 
Rhodes received Pigafetta into the order on 30 
Oct, 1524. At requests of Clement VII. and the 
grand master, Pigafetta wrote a circumstantial 
relation of Magellan's expedition, of which only 
three copies were made, one for the grand master, 
one for the Lateran library, and one for Louisa of 
Savoy, but this last found its way into the Milan 
library, while the princes received only an abridged 
copy. Pigafetta's narrative is the only account of 
Magellan's expedition, as the history that was 
written J)y D'Anghiera by order of Charles V. was 
destroyed during the storming of Rome by the 
army of the Constable de Bourbon in 1527. until 
the beginning of the 19th century Pigafetta's re- 
lation was only known by the abridged copy of 
Louisa of Savoy, which was published by Antoine 
Fabre under the title "Le voyage et navigation 
faiets par les Espagnols es lies Moluques, des iles 
qu'ils ont trouve" audict voyage, des roys d'icelles, 
ae leur gouvemement et maniere de vivre, avec 
plusieurs autres choses " (Paris, about 1540). Ran- 
uesio translated it into Italian, and published it in 
his »• Voyages " (1568). For nearly three centuries 
the opinion prevailed that the original manuscript 
was written in French, when, in 1798, Amaretti 
discovered in Milan one of the three original copies 
written in a mixture of French, Italian, and Span- 
ish, which he translated into French as "Relation 
du premier voyage autour du raonde, fait par le 
Chevalier Pigafetta sur rescadre de Magellan pen- 
dant les annees 1519-1520, 1521, 1522" (Paris, 
1801). The work ends with a dictionary of the 
dialects of the nations that were visited by Piga- 
fetta, and in particular of the inhabitants of 
Philippine and Molucca islands. The remainder 
of Pigafetta's life is unknown, but the date of his 
death is recorded in the archives of Vicenza. He 
left also a treatise on navigation. 

PIGGOT, Robert, engraver, b. in New York 
city, 20 May, 1795; d. in Sykesville, Md., 28 July, 
1887. An early inclination to drawing determined 
him to study engraving, and with that object he 
went to Philadelphia and became a student under 
David Edwin, whose manner he closely followed. 
Upon reaching his majority, he entered into a 
business arrangement with a fellow-student, Charles 
Goodman, with whom he was associated for sev- 
eral vears, and all the plates he worked upon bear 
the firm-name of Goodman and Piggot Although 
an engraver of no mean ability, ana ardent in his 
love for his art, he soon abandoned it for holy 
orders in the Protestant Episcopal church, ana" 
was ordained by Bishop White, 80 Nov., 1823. He 
held several charges in Pennsylvania and Mary- 
land, and was called to Sykesville, in the latter 
state, in 1869, as rector of Holy Trinity parish, 
where he remained until his death, attending to 
his parochial duties until within four years of his 
decease, and retaining all of his faculties unim- 
paired. He received the degree of D. D. 

PIGOT, Sir Robert, bark, British soldier, b. in 
Stafford, England, in 1720 ; d. there, 1 Aug., 1796. 



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PIKE 



PIKE 



He was major of the 10th foot in 1758, and lieu- 
tenant-colonel in 1764. He commanded the left 
wing of the British force in the battle of Bunker 
Hill, and much of their success in that action was 
due to his bravery and activity. He was promoted 
colonel of the 88th foot for that battle, became 
major-general in 1777, had a command in Rhode 
Island in 1778, and was commissioned lieutenant- 
general the same year. He succeeded to the 
baronetcy in 1788. 

PIKE, Albert, lawyer, b. in Boston, Mass., 29 
Deo, 1809. He entered Harvard in 1826, and after 
a partial course became principal of Newburyport 

grammar-school. 
In March, 1831, 
he set out for 
the partially ex- 
plored regions of 
the west, travel- 
ling by stage to 
Cincinnati, by 
steamer to Nash- 
ville, thence on 
foot to Paducah, 
then by keel-boat 
down the Ohio, 
and by steamer 
up the Missis- 
sippi. In Au- 
gust, 1881, he ac- 

ons as one of a 
party of forty men, nnder Capt Charles Bent, 
from St Louis to Santa Fe". He arrived at Taos 
on 10 Nov., having walked five hundred miles 
from Cimarron river, where his horse ran off in 
a storm. After resting a few days, he went on 
foot from Taos to Santa Fe, and remained there 
as clerk until September, 1882, then joining a 
party of forty-five, with which he went down the 
Pecos river and into the Staked plain, then to 
the head- waters of the Brazos, part of the time 
without food or water. Finally Pike, with four 
others, left the company, and reached Fort Smith, 
Ark., in December. The following spring he 
turned his attention to teaching, and in 1888 he 
became associate editor of the " Arkansas Advo- 
cate." In 1884 he purchased entire control, but 
disposed of the paper two years later to engage in 
the practice of law, for which he had fitted himself 
during his editorial career. In 1889 he contributed 
to "Blackwood's Magazine" the unique produc- 
tions entitled " Hymns to the Gods," wnich he had 
written several yeafs before while teaching in New 
England, and whicih at once gave him an honored 
place among American poets. As a lawyer he at- 
tained a high reputation in the southwest, though 
he still devoted part of his time to literary pur- 
suits. During the Mexican war he commanded a 
squadron in the regiment of Arkansas mounted 
volunteers in 1846-7, was at Buena Vista, and in 
1847, rode with forty-one men from Saltillo to Chi- 
huahua, receiving the surrender of the city of Ma- 
pi mi on the way. At the beginning of the civil 
war he became Confederate commissioner, negotiat- 
ing treaties of amity and alliance with several 
Indian tribes. While thus engaged he was ap- 
pointed brigadier-general, and organized bodies of 
Indians, with which he took part in the battles of 
Pea Ridjre and Elkhorn. In 1866 he engaged in 
the practice of law at Memphis. During 1867 he 
became editor of the "Memphis Appeal," but in 
1868 he sold his interest in the paper and removed 
to Washington, D. C, where he practised his pro- 



fession in the supreme and district courts. He 
retired in 1880, and has since devoted his at- 
tention to literature and Freemasonry.* His works 
include "Prose Sketches and Poems" (Boston, 
1884) ; '* Reports of Cases in the Supreme Court of 
Arkansas " (5 vols., Little Rock, 1840-*5); " Nugae," 
a collection of poems, including the "Hymns to 
the Gods " (printed privately, Philadelphia, 1854), 
and two other similar collections (1878 and 1882). 
He has held high office as a Freemason, and has 
prepared for his order about twenty-five volumes 
of ritualistic and other works. 

PIKE, Austin Franklin, senator, b. in He- 
bron, N. H., 14 Oct., 1819; d. in Franklin, N. H., 
8 Oct., 1886. He was educated in the academies 
of Plymouth, N. H.. and Newbury, Vt., studied 
law under George W. Nesmith in Franklin, was 
admitted to the bar in 1848, and established a 
large practice. Five years afterward he began 
his political career by a successful candidacy for 
the legislature, was re-elected in 1851-2, served in 
the state senate in 1857-'8, and as its presiding 
officer the latter year, and in 1865-'6 was speaker 
of the house. He was a delegate to the National 
Republican conventions in 1856 and 1860, and 
from the former year until his death was an active 
member of that party, being chairman of the Re- 
publican state committee in 1858-'60. He was 
elected to congress in 1872, served one term, and 
was defeated as a candidate for the next canvass, 
as he alleged, by frauds. He subsequently devoted 
himself to his profession for many vears, and took 
high rank at tne state bar. In 1883 the contest 
for the U. S. senatorship in the New Hampshire 
legislature, which continued during more tnan a 
month's balloting, ended in the election of Mr. 
Pike as a compromise candidate. Dartmouth 
gave him the degree of A. M. in 1858. 

PIKE, Frances West Atherton, author, b. in 
Prospect, Me., 17 March, 1819. She was graduated 
at Free street seminary in Portland, Me., in 1837, 
and married the Rev. Richard Pike in 1843. She 
has published "Step by Step" (Boston, 1857); 
"Here and Hereafter "(1858); "Katherine Mor- 
ris" (1864); "Sunset Stories" (6 vols., 1863-'6); 
"Climbing and Sliding" (1866); and "Striving 
and Gaining* (1868). 

PIKE, James Shepherd, journalist, b. in 
Calais, Me., 8 Sept, 1811 ; d. there, 24 Nov., 1882. 
He was educated in the schools of his native town, 
entered mercantile life in his fifteenth year, and 
subsequently became a journalist. He was the 
Washington correspondent and associate editor of 
the New York "Tribune" in 1850-*60, and was 
an able and aggressive writer. He was several 
times a candidate for important offices in Maine, 
and a potent influence in uniting the anti-slavery 
sentiment in that state. In 1801 -'6 he was U. S. 
minister to the Netherlands. He supported Hor- 
ace Greeley for the presidency in 187'i, and about 
that time visited South Carolina and collected 
materials for his principal work, " A Prostrate 
State" (New York, 1876). He also published 
" The Restoration of the Currency " (1868) ; " The 
Financial Crisis, its Evils, and their Remedv n 
(1869); -Horace Greeley in 1872" (1873); "fhe 
New Puritan" (1878); and "The First Blows of 
the Civil War" (1879).— His brother, Frederick 
Augustus, congressman, b. in Calais, Me., 9 Dec.,. 
1817; d. there, 2 Dec, 1886, spent two years at 
Bowdoin, studied law, and was admitted to the bar 
in 1840. He served eight terms in the Maine legis- 
lature, was its speaker in 1860, and was elected 
to congress as a Republican, retaining his seat in 
1861-9, and serving for six years as chairman of 



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PIKE 



PILE 



19 



the naval committee. He was active in his efforts 
for emancipation and for necessary taxation, and 
the closing sentence of his speech in congress in 
1861 — ** Tax, fight, emancipate " — became a watch- 
word of his party. He was in the legislature in 
1870-'l, and was defeated as a candidate of the 
Liberal Republican party in 1872. In 1875 he was 
a member of the Maine constitutional convention. 
He retired from the practice of law after his con- 
gressional service. Mr. Pike was an early and active 
Abolitionist, a friend of education, and for many 
years an eminent member of the bar. — Frederick s 
wife, Mary Hayden Green, b. in Eastport, Me., 
90 Nov., 18^5, was graduated at Charlestown female 
seminary in 1843, and married Mr. Pike in 1846. 
She published her first book — " Ida May," a novel, 
dealing with slavery and southern life among the 
wealthier classes (Boston, 1854) — under the pen- 
name of " Mary Langdon," and 60,000 copies of 
the book were sold in eighteen months. She must 
not be confounded with the writer of a song enti- 
tled "Ida May," published simultaneously with 
the novel, who subsequently issued numerous 
books as the " author of Ida May." Mrs. Pike's 
other works are " Caste," under the pen-name of 
" Sidney A. Story, Jr." (1856), and - Agnes " (1858). 
PIKE, Zebnlon Montgomery, soldier, b. in 
Lamberton. N. J., 5 Jan.. 1779 ; d. in York (now 
Toronto), Canada, 27 April, 1818. His father, 
Zebulon (b. in New Jersey in 1751 ; d. in Lawrence- 
burg, Ind.. 27 July, 1834), was a captain in the 
Revolutionary army, was in Gen. Arthur St Clair's 
defeat in 1791, and was bre vetted lieutenant-colonel 
in the regular army, 10 July, 1812. While the son 
wan a child his father removed with his family to 
Bucks county, Pa., and thence in a few years to 

East on, where the 
boy was educat- 
ed. He was ap- 
pointed an en- 
sign in his fa- 
ther's regiment, 
3 March, 1799, 1st 
lieutenant in No- 
vember, and cap- 
tain in August, 
1806. While ad- 
vancing through 
the lower grades 
of his profession 
he supplemented 
the deficiencies 
of his education 
by the study of 
liatin, French, 
and mathemat- 
ics. After the 
purchase of Louisiana from the French, Lieut. Pike 
was appointed to conduct an expedition to trace the 
Mississippi to its source, and, leaving St Louis. 9 
Aug., loOo, he returned after nearly nine months' ex- 
ploration and constant exposure to hardship, having 
satisfactorily performed this service. In 1806-*7 
he was engaged in geographical explorations in 
Louisiana territory, in the course of which he dis- 
covered M Pike's peak " in the Rocky mountains, 
and reached Rio Grande river. Having been found 
on Spanish territory, he and his party were taken 
to Santa Fe ; but, after a long examination and the 
seizure of his papers, they were released. He ar- 
rived at -Natchitoches, 1 July, 1807, received the 
thanks of the government, and in 1810 published a 
narrative of his two expeditions. He was made 
major in 1808, lieutenant-colonel in 1809, deputy 
quartermaster-general, 8 April, 1812, colonel of the 




15th infantry, 8 July. 1812, and brigadier-general, 
12 March, 1813. Early in 1818 he was assigned to 
the principal army as adjutant- and inspector-gen- 
eral, and selected to command an expedition against 
York (now Toronto), Upper Canada. On 27 April 
the fleet conveying the troops for the attack on 
York reached the harbor of that town, and measures 
were taken to land them at once. Gen. Pike landed 
with the main body as soon as practicable, and, 
the enemy's advanced parties falling back before 
him, he took one of the redoubts that had been 
constructed for the main defence of the place. 
The column was then halted until arrangements 
were made for the attack on another redoubt. 
While Gen. Pike and many of his soldiers were 
seated on the ground, the magazine of the fort 
exploded, a mass of stone fell upon him, and he 
was fatally injured, surviving but a few hours. 

PILAT, Ignatz Anton, landscape-gardener, b. 
in St. Agatha, Austria, 27 June, 1820; d. in New 
York city, 17 Sept., 1870. He received a collegiate 
education at Vienna, and studied at the botanical 
gardens in that city and SchSnbrunn. His first 
work of magnitude was laving out Prince Metter- 
nich's grounds. He remained attached to the im- 
perial botanical gardens in SchOnbrunn from 1843 
till 1858, when he came to this country and became 
chief gardener on Thomas Metcalfs estate near 
Augusta, Ga. He held this post till 1856, when he 
returned to Vienna, and was made director of the 
botanical gardens ; but after a short stay in his na- 
tive land ne returned to New York, and in 1857 
was appointed chief landscape-gardener in Central 
park. In addition to his personal superintendence 
of the entire park, which continued till his death, 
he planned and superintended many improvements 
in the public squares of the city of New York. He 
wrote a work on botany (Vienna), and a small one 
on landscape-gardening (Linz, Austria). 

PILCHER, Elijah Homes, clergyman, b. in 
Athens, Ohio, 2 June, 1810 ; d. in Brooklyn. N. Y., 
7 April, 1887. He was educated at Ohio univer- 
sity, and, entering the ministry of the Methodist 
Episcopal church, held pastorates both in this 
country and in Canada. He represented his de- 
nomination in Michigan four times in the general 
conference of the Methodist Episcopal church, was 
for four years a member of its book committee, and 
aided in establishing the Michigan " Christian Ad- 
vocate," and in founding Albion college, in which 
be was professor of history and belles-lettres. He 
was a regent of Michigan university five years, one 
of the originators of the Agricultural college at 
Lansing, and was secretary of the Detroit confer- 
ence nine years. He was the author of " History of 
Protestantism in Michigan " (Detroit, 1878). 

PILE, William A., soldier, b, near Indian- 
apolis, Ind., 11 Feb., 1829; d. in Monrovia, Cal., 
7 July, 1889. He studied theology, and became a 
clergyman of the Methodist Episcopal church and 
a member of the Missouri conference. He joined 
the National army as chaplain of a regiment of 
Missouri volunteers in 1861, and took command of 
a light battery in 1862. He was subsequently 
placed at the head of a regiment of infantry, pro- 
moted brigadier-general of volunteers, 26 Dec, 
1863, and served till the close of the war, being 
mustered out, 24 Aug., 1865. He was elected to 
congress from Missouri, and served from 4 March, 
1867, till 3 March, 1869, but was defeated as the 
Republican candidate for the next congress. Mr. 
Pile was appointed by President Grant governor of 
New Mexico, served in 1809-'70, and was minister 
resident at Venezuela from 23 May, 1871, till his 
resignation in 1874. 



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PILLING 



PILMORE 



PILLING, James Constant! nt, philologist, b. 
in Washington, D. C., 16 Nov.,1846. He was edu- 
cated at Gonzaga college, in Washington, and in 
1872 became connected with the geological survey 
of the Rocky mountain region under Maj. John 
W. Powell. In this relation he continued until 
1879, and was constantly among the Indian tribes 
of the west, engaged in tabulating the vocabularies 
of their various dialects. He then became chief 
clerk of the bureau of ethnology, and in 1881 was 
appointed to a similar office in the U. S. geological 
survey. Mr. Pilling is a member of numerous 
scientific societies, and, in addition to memoirs on 
ethnological subjects, is the author of ** Bibliogra- 

Shy of the Languages of the North American In- 
ians" (Washington, 1885); M Bibliography of the 



Eskimoan Languages " (1887) ; and " Bibliography 
of the Siouan Languages " (1887), all of which have 
been issued under the auspices of the government 

PILLOW, Gideon Johnson, soldier, b. in 
Williamson county, Tenn., 8 June, 1806 ; d. in Lee 
county, Ark.. 6 Oct, 1878. He was graduated at 
the University of Nashville, Tenn., in 1827, prac- 
tised law at Columbia, Tenn., was a delegate to 
the National Democratic convention in 1844, and 
aided largely in the nomination of his neighbor, 
James K. Polk, as the candidate for president 
In July, 1846, he was appointed brigadier-general 
in command of Tennessee volunteers in the Mexi- 
can war. He served for some time with Gen. 
Zachary Taylor on the Mexican frontier, subse- 
quently joined Gen. Scott at Vera Cms, and took 
an active part in the siege of that city, afterward 
being one of the commissioners that received its 
surrender from the Mexican authorities. At the 
battle of Cerro Gordo he commanded the right 
wing of the American army, and was severely 
wounded. He was promoted to major-general, 1& 
April, 1847, was engaged in the battles of Churu- 
busco, Molino del Key, and Chapultepec, where he 
was wounded. He differed with Gen. Scott in 
regard to the convention of Tacubaya, and the 
differences led to such results that Gen. Pillow 
requested a court of inqujry to trv him on charges 
of insubordination that were made by Scott The 
court was ordered, and he was honorably acquitted. 
After the Mexican war he resumed the practice of 
law in Tennessee, and was also largely engaged in 
planting. In the Nashville southern convention of 
1860 Gen. Pillow took conservative ground, and 
opposed extreme measures. He received twenty- 
five votes for the nomination for the vice-presi- 
dency at the Democratic National convention in 
1852. On 9 May, 1861, he was appointed by Gov. 
Isham G. Harris a major-general in the provisional 
army of the state of Tennessee, and aided largely 
in the organization of its forces. On 9 July, 1861, 
he was made a brigadier-general in the provisional 
Confederate army. He commanded under Gen. 
Leonidas Polk at the battle of Belmont, Missouri, 
7 Nov., 1861, and was second in command under 
Gen. John B. Floyd at Fort Donelson in February, 
1862. He declined to assume the chief command 
and to surrender the forces at this fort so, tuming 
the place over to Gen. Simon B. Buckner, he es- 
caped. He was now relieved from command, but 
subsequently led a detachment of cavalry, and 
served under Beauregard in the southwest. He was 
also chief of conscripts in the western department 

PILL8BURY, Amos, prison-reformer, b. in 
New Hampshire in 1805; d. in Albany, N. Y., 14 
July, 1878. His father was a soldier in the war of 
1812, and was warden of state prisons in New 
Hampshire and Connecticut for many years. The 
son was appointed warden of the state prison of 



Connecticut at Wethersfleld, and held the post for 
many years. After leaving Wethersfleld he was 
warden of prisons in other states for several years, 
and for a short time superintendent of police in 
New York city. The new penitentiary at Albany 
was planned according to his suggestions, and he 
became its superintendent and continued there till 
his death. He was severe and rigorous in his rule, 
but possessed great organizing ability, and caused 
prisons and penitentiaries under his superintend- 
ence to become sources of revenue to the state. He 
was considered a competent authority on questions 
of moderate prison-reform, and in the summer of 
1872 attended the prison congress in London and 
took part in its discussions. 

PILL8BURY, Parker, reformer, b. in Hamil- 
ton, Mass., 22 Sept, 1809. He removed to Henniker, 
N. H., in 1814, and was employed in farm-work till 
1835, when he entered Gilmanton theological semi- 
nary. He was graduated in 1838, studied a year at 
Andover, supplied the Congregational church at 
New London, N. H., for one year, and then aban- 
doned the ministry in order to engage in anti-sla- 
very work. He was a lecturing agent of the New 
Hampshire, Massachusetts, and American anti-sla- 
very societies from 1840 till the abolition of slavery, 
ana edited the " Herald of Freedom *' at Concord, 
N. H., in 1840 and 1845-'6, and the " National Anti- 
Slavery Standard " in New York city in 1866. In 
1868-'70 he was the editor of the u Revolution," a 
woman suffrage paper in New York city. After- 
ward he was a preacher for Free religious societies 
in Salem and Toledo, Ohio, Battle Creek, Mich., and 
other western towns. Besides pamphlets on reform 
subjects, he has published "Acts of the Anti-Slavery 
Apostles" (Rochester, N. Y., 1888). -His brother, 
Oliver, b. in Henniker. N. H., 16 Feb.. 1817; d. in 
Concord, N. H., 22 Feb., 1888, was educated at Hen- 
niker academy, taught in New Jersey in 1839-*47, 
occupying a prominent place among 'the educators 
of the state, returned to New Hampshire with im- 
paired health, and was a farmer for the next seven- 
teen years. He served three terms in the legislature, 
was a state councillor in 1862 and 1863, displaying 
executive ability and energy in business connected 
with the New Hampshire quota of troops, and in 
1869 was appointed trie first insurance commissioner 
of the state, holding the office till his death. 

PILMORE, Joseph, clergyman, b. in Tadmouth, 
Yorkshire, England, 81 Oct, 1739; d. in Philadel- 
phia, Pa., 24 July, 1825. He obtained his education 
in John Wesley's school at Kingswood, and under- 
took the work of an itinerant or lay preacher under 
Wesley's direction. In 1 769 he came to this country 
on a mission to establish Methodism in Philadel- 
phia. He preached from the steps of the state-house 
on Chestnut street, from stands in race-fields, and 
rode the circuits with his library in his saddle-bags, 
holding the first Methodist meeting in Philadelphia 
in a pot-house in Loxley's court, and establishing 
the first church that was owned by the Methodists 
in Philadelphia. It is the present church of St 
George, and was an unfinished building purchased 
from the Germans, which the British seized, when 
they were in possession of the city, and used as a 
cavalry riding-school. After the war of the Revo- 
lution, Mr. Pilmore sought for orders in the Prot- 
estant Episcopal church. He was ordained deacon, 
27 Nov., 1785, by Bishop Seabury, and priest two 
days later, by the same bishop, and became rector 
of three united parishes in the vicinity of Philadel- 
phia. From 1789 till 1794 he served as assistant 
to Rev. Dr. Samuel Magaw. He was then called to 
Christ church, New York city, where he remained 
ten years. In 1804 he succeeded Dr. Magaw in the 



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PIM 



PINCHEIRA 



21 



rectorship of St Paul's church, Philadelphia. He 
received the degree of D. D. from the University of 
Pennsylvania in 1807. Dr. Pilmore bequeathed 
half his fortune to the Protestant Episcopal church, 
and half to the Society of St George, an organiza- 
tion for the aid of English emigrants. He pub- 
lished "Narrative of Labors in South Wales" 
(Philadelphia, 1825), and left in manuscript an ac- 
count of his u Travels and Trials and Preaching " 
in various American colonies. 

PIM, Bedford Clapperton Trevelyan, Brit- 
ish naval officer, b. in Bideford, Devon, 12 June, 
1826 ; d. in London, 1 Oct, 1886. He was the only 
son of a captain in the British navy. He was edu- 
cated at the Royal naval school, went to India in 
the merchant service, and on his return in 1842 
was appointed a volunteer in the royal navy. He 
was employed for several years in the surveying 
service, made a voyage around the world in the 
M Herald " in 1845-V51, and was engaged in the en- 
tire search for Sir John Franklin through Bering 
strait and Baffin bay. He saved the crew of the 
M Investigator," which had been frozen in for three 
years, and was the first man to make his way from 
a ship on the eastern side of the northwest passage 
to one on the western side. He was in active ser- 
vice in the Russian war, and in China, where he was 
wounded six times. He was made a commander, 
19 April, 1868, visited the Isthmus of Suez, and 
studied the question of an interoceanic canal in 
1859, was sent to the West Indies in command of 
the ** Gorgon " in 1860, and employed on the coast 
of Central America to prevent filibustering at- 
tempts on the part of William Walker against 
Nicaragua. He retired on half-pay in 1861, visited 
Nicaragua in 1862 in company with Dr. Berthold 
Seemann, and devoted himself for several years 
to the project of interoceanic railway communi- 
cation across that country and to the promotion of 
mining interests there. He was made a captain, 
16 April, 1868, and was retired in April 1870. He 
afterward studied law, was called to the bar of the 
Inner Temple, 27 Jan., 1878, elected to parliament 
as a Conservative in February, 1874, and retained 
his seat till 1880. At the time of his death he was 
the oldest arctic explorer. On the return of 
Lieut Adolphus W. Greely and his comrades from 
the polar regions, he tendered them a banquet in 
Montreal. He was a member of several scientific 
societies, proprietor of " The Navy," and author of 
44 The Gate of the Pacific " (London, 1863) ; " Dot- 
tings on the Roadside in Panama, Nicaragua, and 
Mosquito," in conjunction with Dr. Berthold See- 
mann (1869); "The War Chronicle " (1878) ; "Es- 
say on Feudal Tenure"; and various pamphlets 
and magazine articles. 

PIMENTEL, Manoel (pe-men-tel), Portuguese 
geographer, b. in Lisbon in 1650; d. there in 1719. 
Be received a fine education and succeeded his 
father as cosmographer, and became in 1718 pre- 
ceptor of the prince that reigned afterward under 
the name of Joseph L He went several times to 
South America to collect materials and documents 
for his works, and was also appointed commissioner 
to determine the limits of the colony of Sacra- 
mento on the river Plate, residing three years in 
the country and preparing a map. His principal 
work is "Arte practica de navegar e roteiro aas 
viagensas costas maritiinas do Brasil, Guinea, 
Angola, India* e ilhas orientaes e occidentals" 
(Lisbon, 1699 ; revised ed., 1712). Navarrette in his 
" Disertacion sobre la historia de la Nautica " and 
Barbosa Machado in his "Bibliotheca Lusitana" 
praise Pimentel as one of the ablest writers of his 
time on the geography of South America. 



PlflA, Ram6n (peen'-yah), Cuban author, b. in 
Havana in 1819; d. there in 1861. He studied in 
his native city, where he was admitted to the bar 
and practised his profession, at the same time cul- 
tivating literature. His comedies. " No quiero ser 
conde, " Las Equivocaciones," and " Dios los jun- 
ta," were performed in Havana with success. In 
1857 he went to Spain, where he published his 
novel, "Geronirao el honrado" (Madnd, 1858), and 
" Historia de un bribon dichoso " (1859), which were 
praised for the purity of their style. His " Com- 
entarios a las leyes Atenienses *' (1860) are consid- 
ered remarkable for learning. 

PINCHBACK, PInckney Benton Stewart, 
governor of Louisiana, b. in Macon, Ga., 10 May, 
1887. He is of African descent In 1846 he was 
sent to school in Cincinnati, Ohio. In 1848 his 
father died, and he became a boatman. In 1862 
he ran the Confederate blockade at Yazoo City and 
reached New Orleans, then in possession of the 
National troops. He enlisted, and was soon de- 
tailed to assist in raising a regiment but owing to 
his race, he was compelled to resign, 8 Sept, 1868. 
He was subsequently authorized by Gen. Nathaniel 
P. Banks to raise a company of colored cavalry. 
In 1867 he organized in New Orleans the 4th ward 
Republican club, became a member of the state 
committee, and was made inspector of customs on 
22 May. He was a member of the Constitutional 
convention of 1867. state senator in 1868, and was 
sent to the National Republican convention of the 
last-named year. He was appointed by President 
Grant in April, 1869, register of the land-office of 
New Orleans, and on 25 Dec., 1870, established the 
New Orleans " Louisianian." The same year he or- 
ganized a company for the purpose of establishing 
a line of steamers on Mississippi river. In March, 
1871, he was appointed by the state board a school 
director for tne city of New Orleans, and on 6 
Dec, 1871, he was elected president pro tempore of 
the state senate, and lieutenant-governor to fill the 
vacancy occasioned by the death of Oscar Dunn. 
He was acting governor during the impeachment 
of Gov. Warrooth from 9 Dec., 1872, to 18 Jan., 
1878. He was nominated for governor in 1872, but 
withdrew in the interest of party peace, and was 
elected on the same ticket as congressman. He was 
chosen to the U. S. senate, 15 Jan., 1878, but after 
three years' debate he was disallowed his seat by a 
vote of 82 to 29, although he was given the pay and 
mileage of a senator. On 24 April, 1873, he was ap- 
pointed a commissioner to the Vienna exposition 
from Louisiana, and in 1877 he was appointed a 
member of the state board of education by Gov. 
Francis F. Nichols. On 8 Feb., 1879, he was 
elected a delegate to the Constitutional conven- 
tion of the state. Mr. Pinchback was appointed 
surveyor of customs of New Orleans in 1882, and 
a trustee of Southern university by Gov. McEnery 
in 1888 and 1885. He was graduated at the law 
department of Straight university, New Orleans, 
and admitted to the bar in April, 1886. 

PINCHEIRA, JoaS Antonio (pin-tchi -e-rah), 
Chilian guerilla, b. in San Carlos about 1801 ; d. 
in Concepcion about 1850. He formed in early life 
with his two brothers and other adventurers a band 
of robbers, which for many years desolated the 
country south of Maule river. In November, 1825, 
Pincheira joined a Spanish force of twenty-five 
men under an officer named Senosain, and un- 
furled the banner of the royalist cause, so that the 
government sent an army against him. Being hard 
pressed, he passsed the Andes and invaded the 
province of Mendoza, the government of which 
made a regular treaty of peace with him. In 1880 



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22 



PINCKNEY 



P1NCKNEY 



the Chilian government resolved to exterminate 
the guerillas, and sent Col. Bulnes with an army 
against them. The latter penetrated into the 
mountain regions and began a regular campaign 
against Pincheira, capturing part of his forces at 
Roble Guacho, 11 Jan., 1832, and on the 14th de- 
feating him near the lagoon of Palanquin, where 
Pincbeira's brother, Pablo, was killed, and the lat- 
ter escaped with only fifty-two men. At last, sur- 
rounded: on all sides, he surrendered, on 11 March, 
under capitulation that insured him a pardon. 
This was strictly kept by the government, and 
Pincheira retired to Concepcion. 

PINCKNEY, Charles Cotesworth, statesman, 
b. in Charleston, S. C, 25 Feb., 1746; d. there, 16 
Aug., 1825. His father, Charles, was chief justice 
of South Carolina in 1752. The son was sent to 
England to be educated at seven years of age, 
studied at West- 
m inster school, and 
was graduated at 
Christ church, Ox- 
ford, read law in 
the Middle Tem- 
ple, and passed 
nine months in 
the Royal military 
academy at Caen, 
France. He re- 
turned tothiscoun- 
try in 1769, settled 
as a barrister in 
Charleston, and be- 
came attorney-gen- 
eral of the prov- 
ince. He was a 
member of the 1st 
Provincial con- 
gress of South 
Carolina in 1775, was appointed by that body a cap- 
tain of infantry, and in December of that year was 
promoted maior. He assisted to successfully de- 
fend Fort Sullivan on 28 June, 1776, became colo- 
nel on 29 Oct., and left the Carolinas to join Wash- 
ington, to whom he was appointed aide-de-camp, 
participating in the battles of the Brandy wine and 
Germantown. He returned to the south in the 
spring of 1778. and took part in the unsuccessful 
expedition to Florida. In January, 1779, he pre- 
sided over the senate of South Carolina. He dis- 
played resolution and intrepidity in the rapid march 
that saved Charleston from the attack of tne British 
under Gen. Augustine Prevost, and in the invasion 
of Georgia his regiment formed the second column 
in the assault on the lines at Savannah, and in the 
second attack on Charleston, in April, 1780, he com- 
manded Fort Moultrie with a force of 300 men. 
The fleet entered the harbor without engaging the 
fort, and he then returned to the city, and aided in 
sustaining the siege. In the council of war that 
was held in the latter part of the month he voted 
*' for the rejection of all terms of capitulation, and 
for continuing hostilities to the last extremity." 
He became a prisoner of war on the surrender of 
the city in May, 1780, and for two years suffered a 
rigorous confinement But ** nothing could shake 
the firmness of his soul." He was ordered into 
closer confinement from the death-bed of his son, 
but he wrote to the commanding British officer: 
"My heart is altogether American, and neither se- 
verity, nor favor, nor poverty, nor affluence can ever 
induce me to swerve from it." He was exchanged 
in February, 1782, and was commissioned brigadier- 
general in 1788, but the war was virtually over, 
and he had no opportunity for further service. He 



Jt? ie, &f+tu>tt<*tjty 



then returned to the practice of his profession, in 
which he won great reputation and large profits. 
He was a member of the convention that framed 
the constitution of the United States in 1787, took 
an active part in its debates, and was the author of 
the clause in the constitution that "no religious 
test shall ever be required as a qualification to any 
office or public trust under the authority of the 
United States." He also moved to strike' out the 
clause that allowed compensation to senators, on 
the ground that that body should be composed of 
persons of wealth, and consequently above the 
temptations of poverty. He became an ardent 
Federalist on the adoption of the constitution, and 
served in the convention that ratified it on the part 
of South Carolina, and in the State constitutional 
convention of 1790. He declined the office of as- 
sociate justice of the U. S. supreme court in 1791, 
the portfolio of war in 1784, and that of state in 
1795, and in 1796 accepted the office of U.S. minis- 
ter to France, resigning his commission of major- 
general of militia, which he had held for several 
years. The Directory refused to receive him, and 
ne was reminded that the law forbade any foreigner 
to stay more than thirty days in France without 
permission. On his refusal to apply, he was re- 
quested to auit the republic. He retired to Am- 
sterdam, ana subsequently returned to America. 
While on this mission he made the famous reply 
to an intimation that peace might be secured witn 
money: "Millions for defence, but not a cent for 
tribute." On his return, war being imminent with 
France, he was commissioned major-general by 
Washington, but second to Alexander Hamilton, 
who had been his junior during the Revolution. 
When his attention was directed to that fact, he 
said : " Let us first dispose of our enemies ; we shall 
then have leisure to settle the question of rank." 
He was a Federalist candidate for the vice-presi- 
dency in 1800, and for the presidency in 1804 and 
1808. In 1801 he was elected first president of the 
board of trustees of the College of South Carolina, 
and for more than fifteen years before his death 
he was president of the Charleston Bible society. 
Charles Chauncey said of him that "his love of 
honor was greater than his love of power, and 
deeper than his love of self." He was third presi- 
dent-general of the Cincinnati. He married the 
sister of Arthur Middleton. Their daughter. Ma- 
ria, published a work in the defence of nullifica- 
tion. — Charles's brother, Thomas, diplomatist, b. in 
Charleston, S.C., 
28 Oct., 1750; d. 
there, 2 Nov., 
1828, accompa- 
nied his brotner 
to England in 
1753, and was ed- 
ucated at West- 
minster and Ox- 
ford. He then 
studied law in 
the Temple, was 
admitted to the 
bar in 1770, 
and, returning to 
Charleston in 
1772, practised 
in that city. 
He joined the 
Continental ar- 
my as a lieuten- 
ant in 1775, was 



yficy*. 



aide-de-camp to Gen. Benjamin Lincoln, and served 
in a similar capacity under Count D'Estaing at the 



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PINCKNEY 



PINE 



23 



siege of Savannah. He participated in the battle 
of Stono Ferry, and as aide to Gen. Horatio Gates 
was wounded and taken prisoner at Camden. He 
saw no further service in the Revolution, and re- 
turned to his profession. He declined the appoint- 
ment of U. S. district judge in 1789, became gover- 
nor in that year, was a member of the legislature 
in 1791, and drew up the act to establish the South 
Carolina court of equity. He was appointed by 
Washington U. S. minister to Great Britain in 1792, 
and on the expiration of his terra in 1794 was sent 
on a mission to Spain, where he arranged the treaty 
of St Ildefonso that secured to the United States the 
free navigation of Mississippi river. He returned 
to Charleston in 1796, was tne Federalist candidate 
in that year for the vice-presidency, and served in 
congress in 1799-1801. At the beginning of the war 
of 1812 he was appointed by President Madison 
major-general, with the charge of the 6th military 
district, and participated in the battle of Horseshoe 
Bend, in which the Creek Indians were finally de- 
feated. He then retired to private life, and did 
much to encourage the development of the agricul- 
tural and mineral resources of the state. He suc- 
ceeded his brother as 4th president-general of the 
Cincinnati.— Charles, statesman, b. in Charleston, 
a C. in 1758; d. there, 29 Oct, 1824, was the 
grandson of William, Charles Cotesworth's uncle. 
His father, Charles, was president of the South 
Carolina convention in 1775, of the senate in 1779, 
and of the council in 1782. The son was educated 
for the bar, and before he was of age was chosen 
to the - provincial legislature. He was taken pris- 
oner at the capture of Charleston, and remained 
such until the close of the war, when he resumed 
his profession. He was elected to the Provincial 
congress in 1785, and subsequently took an active 
part in preparing a plan of government for 
the United States. In 1787 he was a delegate 
to the convention that framed the constitution 
of the United States, and offered a draft of a con- 
stitution, which was referred to the committee of 
detail, submitted, and some of its provisions were 
finally adopted. In 1788 he advocated the ratifica- 
tion of the constitution in the South Carolina 
convention. He was elected governor the next 
year, presided over the state convention by which 
the constitution of South Carolina was adopted in 
1790, was re-elected governor in 1791, and again in 
1796, and in 1798 was chosen to the U. S. senate as 
a Republican. He was a frequent and able speaker 
in that body, and one of the most active promoters 
of Thomas Jefferson's election to the presidency. 
In 1802-'3 he was U. S. minister to Spain, and 
during his residence in that country he negotiated 
a release from the Spanish government of all right 
or title to the territory that was purchased by the 
United States from France. He became governor 
for the fourth time in 1806, and in 1812 strongly 
advocated the war with England, He was a mem- 
ber of congress in 1819-*21, and opposed the Mis- 
souri compromise bill, earnestly warning the south 
of the effects of the measure. This was his last 
public service. Mr. Pinckney was the founder of the 
old Republican party of South Carolina. He pos- 
sessed liberal views on all subjects, advocated the 
abolition of the primogeniture laws, was the prin- 
cipal agent in the removal of the civil and political 
disabilities that had been imposed on Jews in South 
Carolina, and was the first governor of the state 
that advocated the establishment of free schools. 
He was an able political writer, and issued a series 
of addresses to the people under the signature of 
u Republican n (Charleston, 1800) that were in- 
strumental in the election of Jefferson. He also 



published in the same year several papers in de- 
nunciation of the alien and sedition laws that were 
enacted during the administration of the elder 
Adams. Princeton gave him the degree of LL. D. 
in 1787.— Charles's son, Henry Laurens, con- 
gressman, b. in Charlestons. C, 24 Sept, 1794 ; d. 
there, 8 Feb., 1863, was graduated at the College of 
South Carolina in 1812, studied law in the office 
of his brother-in-law, Robert Y. Hayne, and was 
admitted to the bar, but never practised. He 
served in the legislature in 1816- , 32, and was chair- 
man of its committee of ways and means for eight 
years. He was three times intendant, and three 
times mayor of Charleston, and in 1833-7 was a 
member of congress, having been elected as a 
Democrat Dunng the administration of Presi- 
dent Van Buren he was collector of the port of 
Charleston. In 1845-'63 he was tax-collector of the 
parishes of St Philip and St Michael. Mr. Pinck- 
ney was a constant and laborious writer and work- 
er during his public life. He founded the Charles- 
ton "Mercury," the organ of the State-rights 
party, in 1819, was its sole editor for fifteen years, 
and published many orations and addresses. He 
also wrote memoirs of Jonathan Maxcy, Robert Y. 
Hayne, and Andrew Jackson. — Thomas's grandson, 
Charles Cotesworth, clergyman, b. in Charles- 
ton, S. C. 81 July, 1812, was graduated at the 
College of Charleston in 1831, studied at Alex- 
andria theological seminary, Va., and was ordained 
to the ministry of the Protestant' Episcopal church. 
He has since held charges in South Carolina, is a 
popular divine, active in benevolent and educa- 
tional enterprises, and president of the board of 
trustees of the College of Charleston. He re- 
ceived the degree of D. D. from the College of 
Charleston, in 1870. 

PINDAR, John Hothersall, English colonial 
educator, b. in 1794 ; d. in West Malvern, Eng- 
land, 16 April, 1868. He was graduated at Cam- 
bridge in 1816, and was president of Codrington 
college, Barbadoes, W. I., from 1830 till 1835. 
Subsequently he was a canon of Wells cathedral, 
and principal of Wells theological college, which 
latter office he resigned in 1865. He published 
44 The Candidate for the Ministry — Lectures on the 
First Epistle to Timothy " (London, 1887); "Ser- 
mons on the Book of Common Prayer* (1887); 
" Sermons on the Holy Days of the Church " 
(1850) ; and " Meditations for Priests on the Ordi- 
nation Service " (1853). 

PINDAR, Susan, author, b. near Tarry town, 
N. Y., about 1820. Her father, Charles Pindar, a 
Russian by birth, and for a time Russian consul 
to Florida, died in New Orleans. His estate, Pin- 
da/s Vale, adjoined Wolfert's Roost She con- 
tributed numerous poems to the " Knickerbocker 
Magazine." and was the author of " Fireside Fair- 
ies, or Christmas at Aunt Elsie's " (New York, 1849) 
and " Midsummer Fays, or the Holidays at Wood- 
leigh " (1850), which were republished together as 
"Susan Pindar's Story-Book" (1858), and "Le- 
gends of the Flowers" (1851). 

PINE, Robert Edge, artist, b. in London, 
England, in 1730, or, according to some authorities, 
in 1742; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 19 Nov., 1788. 
The earlier date of birth seems the more probable 
from the fact that in 1760 he gained the first prize 
of £100 from the Society for the encouragement 
of the arts for the best historical picture that was 
offered, "The Surrender of Calais," with figures 
as large as life. He was the son of John Pine, 
the skilful artist who published (1733-' 7) the beau- 
tiful edition of Horace with the text engraved 
throughout by himself, and embellished with vig- 



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24 



PINEDA 



PINELO 



nettes, and whose portrait by Hogarth, in the style 
of Rembrandt, is familiar to students of that 
artist's works. From whom the son gleaned his 
art instruction is not known, but doubtless the 
rudiments were instilled by his father. In 1762 
he again took a first prize for his picture of 
M Canute reproving his Courtiers." Both of these 
prize pictures have been engraved. Between these 
two dates he had for a pupil John Hamilton Mor- 
timer (1741-79), which would hardly have been 
the case had he been only between eighteen and 
twenty. Pine devoted himself to historical com- 
position and portraiture, but succeeded best in 
the latter branch of art The most familiar por- 
traits of John Wilkes, whose principles he es- 
poused, and of David Garrick, whose friendship 
he possessed, are from his easel, and have been 
repeatedly engraved. He painted at least four 
different portraits of Garrick, one of which is in 
the National portrait gallery, London. In 1782 
he held an exhibition of a collection of Shake- 
spearian pictures that he had painted, some of 
which were engraved afterward, and found their 
way into Boydell's Shakespeare. The next year, 
or the early part of the following one, Pine brought 
his family to Philadelphia. His object in coming 
to this country was to paint portraits of the emi- 
nent men of the Revolution, with a view of repre- 
senting in several large paintings the principal 
events of the war, but he never carried out nis 
project He brought letters to Francis Hopkin- 
son, and the first portrait he is said to have painted 
after his arrival is the well-known one of that pa- 
triot A letter from this gentleman to Washing- 
ton, explaining Pine's design and asking him to 
sit to the artist for his portrait, drew out the fa- 
mous "In for a penny, in for a pound" letter, 
dated Mt Vernon, 16 May, 1785. Pine's likeness 
of Washington was engraved for Irving's ** Life of 
Washington," but is a weak and unsatisfactory 
picture, as are all of Pine's portraits that were 
painted in this country. He was generously pat- 
ronized by well-known people, doubtless owing to 
his friendly disposition toward the land of his 
adoption, and Robert Morris built a house for him 
in Philadelphia which was adapted for the exhi- 
bition of his pictures and the prosecution of his 
painting. Here he died suddenly of apoplexy. He 
is described as a " very small man, morbidly irri- 
table. His wife and daughters were also very di- 
minutive—they were indeed a family of pipmies." 
After his death his wife petitioned the legislature 
of Pennsylvania to be allowed to dispose of her 
husband's pictures by lottery, which request was 
granted. A large number of them fell into the 
possession of Daniel Bowen, who removed them to 
Boston, where they were destroyed in the burning of 
the Columbian museum. They served before their 
destruction to give to Washington Allston his first 
lessons in color — Pine's strong point as an artist 
He painted portraits of several of the signers of 
the Declaration of Independence, including the 
familiar ones of Robert Morris, George Read, and 
Thomas Stone. A beautiful portrait of Mrs. John 
Jay, by Pine, is in the possession of her grandson, 
John Jay, of New York city. 

PINEDA. Jnaa de (pe-nay'-dah), Spanish 
soldier, b. in Seville about 1520; d. in Nasca, 
Peru, in 1606. He went to Peru at the time of the 
war between the younger Diego de Almagro and 
the royalists, and served under the orders of the 
governors Cristobal Vaca de Castro and Pedro de 
la Gasca. He afterward went to Chili, and, under 
Garcia Hurtado de Mendosa (q. v.), participated in 
the heroic deeds that are celebrated by Alonso de 



Erdlla (q. v.) in his famous poem. In the festivi- 
ties to celebrate the accession of King Philip II. 
in 1558, Pineda had a quarrel with Ercilla, which 
ended in a battle between their followers in a 
church. They were imprisoned and condemned to 
death by Mendoza, but, the whole army opposing 
the sentence, it was changed, and both were exiled 
to Callao. During the voyage Pineda resolved to 
abandon the military career and enter the order 
of San Agustin. which he did after his arrival in 
Lima, 6 April, 1560. He dedicated himself to the 
conversion of the Indians, and in 1571 went as 
vicar to Conchucos, where he worked for the relig- 
ious instruction of the savages. He was president 
of the provincial chapter in 1579, and died in the 
convent of Nasca in Peru. 

PINEL, Jacques (pe-nel'), French buccaneer, 
b. in St Malo in 1640; d. in Capesterre, Guade- 
loupe, in 1698. He followed the sea in his youth, 
but afterward joined the buccaneers in Tortuga, 
and gained both fortune and reputation by daring 
expeditions. In 1675, having obtained a land grant 
in Guadeloupe, he built upon the seaside a fortified 
castle, and excavated the harbor of Capesterre, 
which he made the headquarters of his expeditions. 
He was among the founders of the city of Capes- 
terre, on his land, afforded aid and assistance to the 
colonial authorities, and contributed much toward 
developing the resources of the island. Every sum- 
mer he went on marauding expeditions in the Span- 
ish possessions, and amassed great riches. In 1685 
he carried off from Santo Domingo a noble lady, 
and, having wed her, received letters of nobility 
from Louis XIV. His estate was created a mar- 
quisate, and it was the only one that ever existed 
in the French possessions in South America. His 
descendants are among the wealthiest land-owners 
of the West Indies, and, through alliance with his- 
torical families, are connected with several royal 
houses of Europe. ** Rich as Pinel du Manoir " is 
still a saying in the French West Indies, and it is 
said that he never knew the number of his slaves. 

PINELO, Antonio de Leom (pe-nay'-lo), Pe- 
ruvian historian, b. in Cordova de Tucuman in 
1589 ; d. in Seville about 1675. He was educated 
in the College of the Jesuits of Lima, and, going to 
Spain about 1612, became attorney of the council of 
the Indies, and afterward judge of the tribunal of 
La Contratacion in Seville, succeeding Gil Gon- 
zalez Davila (q. v.) in 1687 in the post of histori- 
ographer of the Indies, which he held till his death. 
As early as 1615 he became much impressed with 
the necessity of collecting methodically all the de- 
crees and ordinances that had been issued either 
by the home government or by the viceroys of 
the American possessions. He communicated his 
scheme to the council, and, receiving encourage- 
ment, began his grand work, of which he published 
the plan m 1628: "Discurso de la importancia, de 
la forma, y de la disposici6n de la colleccidn de las 
leyes de Indies" (Seville, 1628). Having obtained 
the king's approbation and authority to search the 
archives of Madrid and Simancas, and even a 
special royal order for having copies made from all 
documents in the offices of the state secretaries of 
Mexico, Lima, and Quito, he was enabled to pro- 
ceed more speedily with his work, and published an 
abridged first part, "Sumario de la recopilaci6n 
general " (Seville, 1684). By incessant labor Pinel© 
had completed the work in 1645, but its publication 
was deferred till 1680, when Vicente Gonzaga pub- 
lished it under the title " Recopilaci6n general de 
las leyes de las Indias" (4 vols., Madrid, 1680). 
Pinelo's other works are u Epitome de la Biblioteca 
oriental y occidental, nautica y geogrifica" (Mad- 



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PlflEYRO 



PINKERTON 



rid, 1080), which, in a revised edition (8 vols., 1787), 
has become the greatest bibliography of works, 
either manuscript or printed, regarding South 
America ; " Tratado de conftrmaciones reales, que 
se requieren para las Indias Occiden tales " (1680); 
M Cuestion moral: si el chocolate quebranta el 
ayuno ecclesiastico " (1638); " Tablas Cronol6gicas " 
(1645) : " Aparato politico de las Indias Occiden- 
tals " (1658): "Vida de Santo Toribio arzobispo 
de Lima " (1653) ; u El Paraiso en el Nuevo Mundo " 
(1656); and "Acuerdos del Concejo de Indias*' 
(1658). Pinelo left also several manuscripts, some 
of which hare been published since his death. 
These include "Politics de las Indias" (Madrid, 
(1829) ; " Bulario Indico " is a code of the canonical 
laws in force in South America (1829); "Historia 
del Supremo Concejo de las Indias "; "Las ha- 
safias de Chile con su historia'*; **Fundaci6n y 
historia de la ciudad de Lima " ; " Descubrimiento 
y historia de Potosi"; and "Relaci6n de la pro- 
vincia de Quiche y Lacandon." 

PlflEYRO, Enrique (peen-yay'-ro), Cuban au- 
thor, b. in Havana in 1839. He studied in his na- 
tive city, and in 1868 was admitted to the bar. 
After a tour on the European continent he returned 
to Havana, where he founded in 1865 the " Revista 
del Pueblo,** a literary and critical review, and prac- 
tised his profession. In 1869 he emigrated to the 
United States on account of the Cuban insurrection, 
and founded in New York a review under the title 
of " El Mundo Nuevo." He has published " Bio- 
grafia del General San Martin " (New York. 1870) ; 
** Morales Lemus y la Revoluci6n Cubans " (1872) ; 
"Estudios y Conferendas " (1880); and "Poetas 
femosos del Siglo XIX." (Paris, 1868). 

PINGREE, Samuel Everett, governor of Ver- 
mont, b. in Salisbury, N. H., 2 Aug., 1882. The 
family name, formerly written Pengrv, was changed 
by his father to Pingry, and by himself and his 
brothers to Pingree. He was educated at Dart- 
mouth, in the class of 1857, studied law, was ad- 
mitted to the bar in 1859, and began practice at 
Hartford, Vt At the beginning of the civil war 
he assisted in recruiting a company, and went to 
the field as 1st lieutenant. He was promoted cap- 
tain in August, 1861, was disabled by wounds that 
he received at Lee's Mills, and after returning to 
his regiment was commissioned as major, 27 Sept., 
1862. On 15 Jan., 1868; he was promoted lieu- 
tenant-colonel. He took part in the severest fight- 
ing of the Army of the Potomac, and after the 
battle of the Wilderness, where ail the field-officers 
of the 2d Vermont infantry were killed or wounded, 
was placed in command of that regiment He was 
mustered out on 27 July. 1864, and returned to the 
practice of law in Hartford. He was state attorney 
for Windsor county in 1867-*8, and a member of 
the Republican national convention in 1868. In 
1882 he was elected lieutenant-governor, and in 
1884 was chosen governor of the state. 

PINHEIRO, Sylvestre Ferreira (peen-yi'-e- 
ro\ Marquis de, Portuguese statesman, d. in Lis- 
bon, 31 Deo, 1769; d. there in September, 1847. 
He was destined for the church, and entered the 
Oratorians as a novice, but left the convent on ob- 
taining the chair of philosophy in the University 
of Coimbra. His liberal ideas soon excited the op- 
position of the clergy, and he fled in 1797 to Eng- 
land, to escape imprisonment. Afterward he became 
secretary of the Chevalier de Araujo, Portuguese 
minister to Paris, and in 1802 was promoted charge 1 
d'affaires in Berlin, but was dismissed in 1807 on 
request of Napoleon. He immediately rejoined the 
royal family in Brazil, and was appointed a mem- 
ber of the board of trade and assistant secretary of 



state. In 1809 he was sent as minister to Buenos 
Ayres to organize a court of claims and settle the 
boundary between the Spanish and Portuguese 
dominions, but he declined. He became afterward 
a member of the privy council, and wrote several 
memoirs, advocating the enfranchisement of the 
slaves and a parliamentary government for Brazil 
and Portugal. In 1815 he opposed the return of 
Jofio VI. to Lisbon, and after the revolution of 
Perto in 1821 became secretary of foreign relations 
and war. and proposed to the king a plan to quell 
the rebellion. In spite of his strenuous efforts, the 
weak monarch determined to return to Lisbon, ap- 
pointed Dom Pedro regent, and left Bahia in great 
haste. Pinheiro tried to change the king's reso- 
lution, but, all efforts proving unavailing, he ac- 
companied Jofto to Lisbon in 1822. and was secre- 
tary of state till the suppression of the constitu- 
tional government in April, 1824, when he resigned 
and resided in Paris, living till 1884, occupied in 
literary labors. After the expulsion of Dom Mi- 
gnel he returned to Lisbon, but continued to re- 
main in private life till his death. Pinheiro's works 
include •* Memoria sobre os vicios da administrat- 
es/) Portngueza" (Bahia, 1811) ; " Memoria sobre os 
meios de destruir a escravidffo no Brazil " (1812) ; 
" Memoria sobre um governo representative corn- 
mum ao Portugal e ao Brazil " (1814) ; 4 * Synopse de 
codigo do processo civil " (Paris, 1825) ; u Observa- 
c6es sobre a carta constitutional do reino de Por- 
tugal, e la constitucab do imperio do Brazil " (8 
vols., 1881); "Principes de droit public, constitu- 
tionel, administratif et des gens " (1884) ; " Obser- 
vations sur la constitution du Bresil, et la charte 
constitutionelle du Portugal" (1885); and "Pro- 
jecto de codigo para la nacao portugueza " (1889). 

PINILLOS, Clandio M. de (pe-neel'-yos), Count 
of Villanueva, Cuban statesman, b. in Havana in 
October, 1782; d. there in 1858. When very young 
he went to Spain, entered the army, and took part 
in the war against the French in 1808. He was 
sent to Cuba in 1814, and in 1825 appointed general 
superintendent of the finances of the island, filling 
this office during twenty-five years. In 1825 the 
income of Cuba was only $2,000,000, but in 1887 it 
had risen to $87,000,000, which was due in great 
part to his wise measures. He built many public 
schools, hospitals, and roads, and in 1834 contrib- 
uted to the construction of the first railroad in a 
Spanish-speaking country. To his efforts was due 
the creation of a nautical college, an extensive 
chemical laboratory, an aqueduct, and many other 
public institutions, for the scientific, literary, and 
industrial development of Cuba. He is considered 
one of the greatest benefactors of the island. 

PINKERTON, Allan, detective, b. in Glasgow, 
Scotland, 25 Aug., 1819 ; d. in Chicago, 111., 1 Julv, 
1884. He became a Chartist in early manhood, 
came to this country in 1842 to escape imprison- 
ment, and settled in Chicago, 111. He was made 
deputy sheriff of Kane county in 1846, was subse- 
quently deputy sheriff of Cook county, and in 1850 
was appointed the first detective for Chicago. He 
also established Pinkerton's detective agency in 
that year, and from that date till the emancipa- 
tion was largely engaged in assisting the escape 
of slaves. He was the first special U. S. mail agent 
for northern Illinois and Indiana and southern 
Wisconsin, organized the U. S. secret service di- 
vision of the National army in 1861, was its first 
chief, and subsequently organized and was at the 
head of the Secret service department of the Gulf 
till the close of the civil war. He added to his de- 
tective agency in Chicago in 1860 a corps of night- 
watchmen, called Pinkerton's preventive watch, 



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PINKHAM 



PINKNEY 



established offices of both agencies in several other 
cities, and was signally successful in the discovery 
and suppression of crime. While in the employ- 
ment of the Wilmington and Baltimore railroad 
company in 1861, he discovered a plan to assassi- 
nate Abraham Lincoln on his way to his inaugura- 
tion in Washington. Among the cases in which 
he successfully traced thieves and recovered money 
are the robbery of the Carbondale, Pa., bank of 
$40,000, and that of the Adams express companv 
of $700,000, on 6 Jan., 1866, from a train on the 
New York, New Haven, and Hartford railroad, 
and the taking of $300,000 from an express-car on 
the Hudson River railroad. He also broke up 

S,ngs of thieves at Seymour, Ind., and the " Mollie 
aguires " in Pennsylvania. He published about 
fifteen detective stories, the most popular of which 
are "The Molly M aguires and the Detectives" 
(New York, 1877); "Criminal Reminiscences " 
(1878); "The Spy of the Rebellion" (1883); and 
"Thirty Years a Detective" (1884). 

PINKHAM, William Cyprian, Canadian An- 
glican bishop, b. in St. Johns, Newfoundland, 11 
Nov., 1844 He was graduated at St. Augustine's 
college, Canterbury, England, in 1869, ordained 

griest in the established church in 1869, came to 
anada, became chief superintendent of the Prot- 
estant schools of Manitoba in 1871, which office 
he resigned in 1883, and was appointed archdea- 
con of Manitoba in 1882. In 1887 he was made 
bishop of Saskatchewan, and in 1888 he became 
bishop of Saskatchewan and Calgary. 

PINKNEY, William, statesman, b. in Annapo- 
lis, Md., 17 March, 1764 ; - d. in Washington, 25 
Feb., 1822. His father was an Englishman by birth 
and was a loyalist during the American Revolu- 
tion. Young Pinkney 
showed his independ- 
ent spirit as a boy by 
joining the patriotic 
side. Owing to the 
troubled state of the 
times, his early edu- 
cation was imperfect, 
but he made up for 
this deficiency by dili- 
gent application as he 
approached manhood. 
He first chose medi- 
cine as a profession, 
but becoming acquaint- 
ed with Judge Samuel 
Chase, who offered to 
take him as a pupil, he 
began the study of law 
at Baltimore in 1783, 
and three years afterward was admitted to the bar. 
He practised successfully in Harford county. Md., 
for a lew years, and was sent from that district in 
1788 to the State convention that ratified the con- 
stitution of the United States. In the same year 
he was elected to the house of delegates, in which 
he continued to represent Harford county till his 
return to Annapolis in 1792. His speeches in the 
legislature by his natural eloquence and his pure 
and felicitous diction won for him more than a 
local reputation. From 1792 till 1795 he was a 
member of the executive council of Maryland. In 
1796 President Washington appointed him a com- 
missioner on the part of the United States, under 
Jay's British treaty of 1794, to determine the claim 
of American merchants to compensation for losses 
and damages by acts of the English government. 
This was the beginning of his diplomatic career 
abroad. The particular service, involving the con- 



sideration of many nice questions of admiralty law, 
gave employment to Pinkney's best powers. He 
remained in England until 1804, when he returned 
home and resumed the practice of the law in Balti- 
more. The next year he was appointed attorney- 
general of the state of Maryland. In 1806 he was 
again sent to England as commissioner, jointly 
with James Monroe, to treat with the English gov- 
ernment respecting its continued aggression, in 
violation of the rights of neutrals, when Mr. 
Monroe retired in 1807, Pinkney was left as resi- 
dent minister in London, in which post he remained 
until President Madison recalled him in 1811, at 
his own earnest solicitation. On his return to 
Maryland he was elected a member of the state 
senate, and at the close of the year President Madi- 
son appointed him attorney-general of the United 
States. He was an earnest advocate of the war of 
1812, and defended the policy of the government 
both by his pen and sword, being wounded at 
the battle of Bladensburg while leading a com- 
pany of riflemen. In 1814 he resigned his post 
as attorney-general when the law was passed re- 
quiring that officer to reside at the seat of govern- 
ment In 1815 he was elected to congress from 
Baltimore, but he resigned the next year on being 
appointed by President Monroe minister to Russia 
and special envoy to Naples. He remained abroad 
two years, but, feeling the want of his legal income, 
he resigned in 1818, returned to Baltimore, and re- 
sumed the practice of his profession. He was en- 
gaged in most of the chief cases in the supreme 
court of the United States during the next four 
years. In 1820 he was elected to the U. S. senate 
and took an active part in the discussion on the 
admission of Missouri into the Union. He con- 
tinued also his labors in the supreme court, and 
while engaged in his double duties at the bar and 
in the senate he was attacked by the illness that ter- 
minated his life. — William's son, Edward Coate. 
author, b. in London, England, 1 Oct., 1802 ; d. in 
Baltimore, 11 April, 1828, passed the first nine 
years of his life in the British metropolis, at the 
end of which time he was brought by his father to 
the home of the family in Baltimore. Soon after his 
arrival, young Pinkney entered college, but before 
he had completed his studies he was taken away 
and placed in the U. S. navy. After remaining six 
years he resigned on account of a quarrel with 
torn. Rid gel y, his superior officer, whom he chal- 
lenged to fight a duel. The commodore treated 
the challenge as the freak of a boy, and declined to 
notice it This roused the anger of the young 
midshipman, and he posted Ridgely in the streets 
of Baltimore. After leaving the navy, Pinkney 
began the study of the law, and in 18*24 was ad- 
mitted a member of the Baltimore bar. But he 
was known to be a poet, a character which the wis- 
dom of the world has decided to be incompatible 
with those serious studies necessary for eminence 
at the bar. In 1825 he published his exquisite 
poems in a thin volume of about sixty pages. 
They were written between his twentieth and 
twenty-second year. Of these •* The Health " and 
"The Picture Song" are still popular. Extracts 
from them were circulated throughout the United 
States, and established his reputation. As an evi- 
dence of the estimation in which he was held, it is 
sufficient to mention that when it was determined 
to publish biographical sketches of the five greatest 
poets of the country, with their portraits, Edward 
Pinkney was requested to sit for his miniature to 
be used in the proposed volume. Tired of the law, 
which he found even less profitable than poetry, 
Pinkney in 1825 embarked for Mexico, with the 



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PINKNEY 



PINTARD 



27 



intention of joining 1 the patriots, who were fighting 
for the independence of their country. But the 
Mexican navy was full, and while waiting for a 
▼acancy he became involved in a quarrel with a 
native, whom he killed in a duel and was obliged 
to flee the country. He returned to Baltimore dis- 
appointed, discouraged, and almost crushed by 
sickness and sorrow. The year after his return 
from Mexico, Pinkney was appointed professor of 
rhetoric and belles-lettres in the University of 
Maryland. There was no salary attached to the 
post, but it was given to him in recognition of his 
orilliant scholarship. In December, 1827, he was 
chosen editor of tne " Marylander," a political 
newspaper that had been established in the interest 
of John Quincy Adams, at that time president of 
the United States. A few months after taking 
charge of the "Marylander" Pinkney's health, 
which had been declining gradually, failed, and by 
1 April, 1828, he was on his death-bed.— Another 
son, Frederick, b. at sea, 14 Oct., 1804 : d. 13 June, 
1873, was deputy attorney-general of Maryland, 
and assistant editor of the " Marylander." and sub- 
sequently of the " Baltimore Patriot" During the 
civil war" he published poems and songs that be- 
came popular. — William's brother, Nlnian, au- 
thor, b. in Baltimore, Md., in 1776; d. there, 16 
Dec., 1825, entered the U. S. army as lieutenant of 
infantry in 1799, became captain in 1807, was major 
of the 5th infantry, and aide to Gen. James Wil- 
kinson in 1813, became lieutenant-colonel in 1814, 
and commanded the 5th regiment at Lyons' creek, 
for which service he was honorably mentioned in 
the report of the commanding officer. In 1820 
he was promoted colonel. In 1807-'8 he made a 
tour of the south of France, an account of which 
he embodied in a book entitled "Travels in the 
South of Prance and in the Interior of the Prov- 
inces of Provence and Languedoc by a Route never 
before performed" (London, 1809). Leigh Hunt 
said of this book: 4 *It set all the idle world to 
going to Prance to live on the charming banks of 
the Loire."— Ninian's son, Nlnian, surgeon, b. in 
Annapolis, Md., 7 June. 1811 ; d. near Easton, Md., 
15 Dec., 1877. was graduated at St. John's college, 
Annapolis, Md., in 1829, and at Jefferson medical 
college in 1833. He entered the U. S. navy as as- 
sistant surgeon in 1834, became surgeon in 1841. 
was fleet surgeon of the Mississippi squadron in 
1863-'5, and became medical director with the rank 
of commodore in 1871. He received the degree of 
LL. D. from St. John's college in 1873. Dr. Pink- 
ney delivered many addresses, including "Home 
and Foreign Policy of the United States " before 
the house of delegates of Maryland (1855) ; one on 
the presentation of the American flag that was 
hoisted by Cora. Matthew C. Perry in Japan (1853); 
and an address before the societies of St John's 
college (1873).— William's nephew, William, P. E. 
bishop, b. in Annapolis, Md., 17 April, 1810; d. in 
Cockevsville, Md., 4 July, 1883, was graduated at 
St. John's college. Annapolis, in 1827, prepared for 
the ministry, and was ordained deacon in Christ 
church, Cambridge, Md., 12 April, 1835, by Bishop 
Stone, and priest in All Saints' church, Frederick, 
Md., 27 May, 1836, by the same bishop. For a brief 
period he was in charge of the parish in Somer- 
set From that place he removed to Bladensburg. 
where he became rector of St Matthias's church. 
Several years later he accepted the rectorship of 
the Church of the Ascension, Washington, D. C, 
which he held when he was called to the episcopate. 
He received the degree of D. D. from St John's 
college in 1855, and that of LL. D. from Columbian 
university, Washington, D. C, and from William 



and Mary in 1873. Dr. Pinkney was elected assist- 
ant bishop of Maryland, and was consecrated in 
the Church of the Epiphanv, Washington, D. C., 6 
Oct., 1870. On the death of Bishop Whittingham 
in October, 1879, he became bishop of the diocese. 
He published a •* Life " of his uncle, William Pink- 
ney (New York, 1858). and a " Memoir of John H. 
Alexander, LL. D.." which he read before the Mary- 
land historical society (Baltimore, 1867). 

PINNEY, Norman, clergyman, b. in Simsbury, 
Conn., 21 Oct., 1800; d. in' New Orleans, La., 1 
Oct., 1862. He was graduated at Yale in 1823, and 
then studied for the ministry of the Protestant 
Episcopal church under Bishop Thomas C. Brown- 
ell, by whom he was ordained. In 1824 he became 
tutor at Washington (now Trinity) college, and in 
1826 he was made professor of ancient languages, 
which chair he then held for five years. He was 
called to the charge of a church in Mobile in 1831, 
but, becoming a Unitarian, he resigned, and in 
1889 attempted to found a college in that city. 
This project failed on account of his inability to 
secure a satisfactory faculty. In 1852 he was asso- 
ciated with Joseph Rindge' in establishing a large 
boys' school, which was called the Collegiate insti- 
tute of Mobile. Mr. Pinney was a scholar of no 
mean ability. He contributed poetry to periodi- 
cals, and was the author of a series of text-books, 
including " First Book in French " (New York) ; 
u Key to the Same" ; ** Progressive French Reader " ; 
and " Practical French Reader." 

PINTARD, Lewis, merchant, b. in New York 
city, 12 Oct. 1732 ; d. in Princeton, N. J., 25 March, 
1818. He was descended from a French Protestant 
family that fled to this country on the revocation 
of the edict of Nantes. At the a^e of sixteen he 
succeeded his father in a large shipping and com- 
mission business with the East Indies and London. 
During the Revolutionary war he was agent for 
American prisoners, and administered the scanty 
funds that congress was able to supply toward 
mitigating the sufferings of the captives with 
fidelity and economy, for which he received the 
thanks of Gen. Washington. After the war he was 
the chief importer of Madeira wine into the United 
States, and exporter of flaxseed to Ireland, but, 
owing to the failure of his consignee in Dublin, his 
cargoes were seized and bills drawn to the amount 
of £20,000 were sent back protested. He then en- 
gaged in the importation of sugar and molasses 
from the West Indies, which he carried on with 
much success until the interference with American 
vessels by British cruisers in 1812 led to his re- 
tirement. He withdrew to Princeton, N. J., where 
he spent the latter part of his life. Mr. Pintard 
ranked as one of the great merchants of his time, 
and was one of the incorporators of the Chamber 
of commerce, which was established by George ill. 
in 1770 and by the New York legislature in 1784. 
He married Susannah Stockton, sister of Richard 
Stockton, and was connected with many of the best 
families in this country. — His nephew, John, phi- 
lanthropist, b. in New York city, 18 May, 1759 : d. 
there, 21 June, 1844. On the arrival of the British 
troops in New York city he left Princeton college 
and joined the patriot forces, but returned in time 
to receive his degree in 1776. Subsequently he 
served on several military expeditions and then be- 
came deputy commissary of American prisoners in 
New York under his uncle, Louis. In tnis capacity 
it was his duty to examine and relieve the wants of 
the prisoners, and he continued so engaged until 
1781. After peace had been established he turned 
his attention to the shipping business, having in- 
herited a large fortune from his mother, which he 



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28 



PiNTARD 



PINZON 



subsequently lost by engaging with William Duer 
in Alexander Hamilton's scheme for funding the 
national debt In 1787 he was sent to the legisla- 
ture, and for a time he was also translator of the 
French language for the government He edited 
the New York •• Daily Advertiser" in 1802, but he 
soon relinquished it and visited New Orleans on 
business. The knowl- 
__ edge of the province of 

Louisiana tnat he ac- 
quired there led to his 
being called in 1803 by 
Albert Gallatin, then 
secretary of the treas- 
l ury, to express his views 
' as to the natural re- 
sources of this colony, 
and he responded fa- 
vorably. Indeed, his 
exact information con- 
cerning the value of 
the province was be- 
yond doubt the most 
important considera- 
(7^ 1+) yt y ti° n submitted to the 

*/ctfy++ Sw&CksrCi authorities, and the one 
that led to its purchase. 
For many years after 1804 he was first city inspec- 
tor, and (luring the war of 1812, owing to scarcity 
of change, he was authorized by the corporation to 
issue notes of fractional denominations. He was 
secretary of the Mutual assurance company from 
1809 till 1829, and in 1819 he originated the first 
savings bank that was established in New York 
city, serving as its second president from 1823 till 
1842. From 1819 till 1829 he was secretary of the 
New York chamber of commerce, and it was prin- 
cipally through his interest that that body was re- 
established after the war. Mr. Pintard was treas- 
urer of the Sailors' Snuff Harbor in 18 19- '23, and 
he was instrumental in tne purchase of property on 
Staten island, where the home is now located. In 
1804 he was active in founding the New York 
historical society, to which he presented many 
valuable works on colonial history, and he was 
likewise instrumental in establishing the Massa- 
chusetts historical society in 1791, winning the 
title of "father of historical societies" in this 
country. Mr. Pintard was also active in the foun- 
dation of the American Bible society, served as its 
secretary and then as its vice-president, and was 
the first sagamore of the Tammany society. He 
was manager of lotteries in New York city when 
such were fashionable, and it is believed that Co- 
lumbia college received the grant of the Botanic 
gardens, containing twenty acres, by his interven- 
tion and the aid of De Witt Clinton and David 
Hosack. On 19 Feb., 1805, with others, he began 
the efforts that resulted in the present free-school 
system of New York city, and he was also active in 
all the movements that resulted in the building 
and completion of the Erie canal. Mr. Pintard 
projected the plan of streets and avenues that 
is now in existence in the upper part of New York. 
From 1800 till near the close of nis life there were 
few enterprises of public utility that he did not 
further by his pen and purse. Mr. Pintard was 
one of the chief supporters of the General theo- 
logical seminary, devising ways and means for 
its removal from New Haven to New York city, 
and presenting it with manv valuable works. In 
1885 Pintard Hall, one of the dormitories of the 
seminary, was erected in his honor. The degree of 
LL. D. was conferred on him by Allegheny college 
in 1822. He published an account of New Orleans 



in the " New York Medical Repository," and a notice 
of " Philip Freneau " in the ** New York Mirror " 
(1838), and translated the "Book of Common 
Prayer" into French for the Huguenot church in 
New York city, of which he was a vestryman for 
thirty-four years. His version is still used. 

PINTO, Bento Teixeira (peen'-to), Brazilian 
poet, b. in Pernambuco in the first half of the 16th 
century; d. about 1610. He composed and pub- 
lished a poem in eight-line stanzas entitled M rro- 
sopopea," dedicated to Jorge de Albuquerque Co- 
el ho (Rio Janeiro, 1601). This work, which had 
become extremely rare, was reprinted in 1872 by 
the librarian of the Rio Janeiro national and pub- 
lic library from the original copy, which was dis- 
covered in the library, where it had lain neglected. 
In 1601 he also published in Rio Janeiro a " Dia- 
logo sobre as grandezas do Brazil " and a '* Narra- 
tivo de naufragio de Jorge Coelho em su viagem 
de Pernambuco sobre 6 navio Santo Antonio em 
1565," republished in " Historia das tragedias mari- 
timas " (Rio Janeiro. 1852). 

PINTO, Francisco Antonio, Chilian states- 
man, b. in Santiago about 1785 ; d. there in 1858. 
He acquired a good education, and when very 
young was graduated as a lawyer in the University 
of San Felipe. Soon afterward the revolution of 
1810 began, and he took part in the patriotic move- 
ment The following year he went to Buenos 
Ayres as a diplomatic agent and in 1813 he was 
sent to London with a like commission. He served 
in 1817 in the Argentine Republic under the orders 
of Gen. Manuel Belgrano (q. v.\ but in 1821 he 
returned to Chili and went to Peru with the Chilian 
liberating army. On his return to Chili he was 
elected vice-president of the republic ; when Gen. 
Freire resigned the presidency in 1827 Pinto as- 
sumed the executive. He accomplished many re- 
forms, promoted public instruction, and enlarged 
the National library. He resigned on 14 July, 1829, 
and, although in the same year he was re-elected, 
he resigned again in 1830. Afterward he lived in 
retirement for several years, but later he occupied 
the offices of senator and councillor of state. — His 
son, Anlbal, president of Chili, b. in Santiago in 
1824 ; d. in Valparaiso in 1884, studied in the Uni- 
versity of Chili, in 1845 was appointed attache' of 
the Chilian legation in Rome, ana in 1848 promoted 
secretary. On his return to Chili he was called to 
the chair of philosophy and the humanities in the 
university. During the government of Jose Joaquin 
Perez (g. v.) in 1862 he was appointed intendant of 
the province of Conception, and during his long 
administration he embellished the capital and im- 

S roved its hospitals and highways. He was elected 
eputy to congress several times, and in 1869 was 
offered the portfolio of the treasury, which he re- 
fused, not wishing to take part in politics. In 1870 
he was appointed senator, and was one of the prin- 
cipal promoters of the railway that unites the'port 
of Tatcahuano with the province of Ruble, when 
Federico Errazuriz (q. v.) occupied the presidency 
of Chili in 1871, he called Pinto to organize a cabi- 
net; but the latter declined, accepting only the 
portfolio of war and the navy, which he occupied 
three years. In 1876 he was elected president of 
Chili. During his administration the war against 
Peru and Bolivia began in 1879, and by his energy 
the means for its prompt prosecution were for- 
warded to the front On 8 Sept., 1881, he delivered 
the executive to his successor, Domingo Santa 
Maria, and retired into private life. 

PINZON, Martin Alonso (pin-thone'), Spanish 
navigator, b. in Palos de Moguer in 1441 ; d. there 
in 1493. He was descended from a family of sea- 



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PINZON 



PINZON 



20 



men. and became an able pilot, bat retired from 
active service and was the senior partner of the 
firm of Pinion Brothers, ship-builders at Palos de 
Moguer. According to Francis Parkman in his 
•* Pioneers of Prance in the New World," Pinzon 
sailed on board the vessel of one Cousin, a navi- 
gator of Dieppe, in 1488, and they were on the 
coast of Africa when their vessel was forced by 
storms far to the southwest, where they descried an 
unknown land and discovered the mouth of a 
mighty river. On the return voyage Pinion's con- 
duct became so mutinous that Cousin made com- 
plaint to the admiralty, and the offender was dis- 
missed from the maritime service of the town, 
communicating on his return to Spain the discovery 
to Columbus. The same fact is cited by Leon 
Guerin in " Navigateurs Francais," and by Charles 
Estancelin in " Navigateurs Normands." But other 
historians affirm that Pinzon had not navigated for 
years when, being called to Rome on business, he 
heard of the projects of Columbus, and made in- 
auiries at the nofy office. There he learned of the 
dimes and tithes that had been paid to the holy 
tee before the beginning of the loth century by a 
country named Vinland, and saw charts that had 
been made by the Norman explorers, after which 
he resolved to trust Columbus. On his return to 
Spain he was consulted by Queen Isabella's advisers 
on Columbus's schemes, and gave a favorable 
answer, which greatly aided the Genoese navigator, 
and when Columbus obtained permission to arm 
three ships, Pinion provided an eighth of the ex- 
penses. He took command of the caravel "La 
Pinta," but from the first showed his desire to rival 
Columbus, always sailing in advance of the other 
ships and refusing to obey the admiral. When 
land was seen, Pinzon pretended to have been the 
first to discover it, ana a Te Deum was sung on 
board his ship. On 21 Nov., 1492. he separated 
from the expedition off Cuba for the purpose of 
taking possession of the treasures that were to be 
found in that island, according to the natives. 
When he again met Columbus, on his return 
voyage in January, 1498, near Cape Monte Crista 
be attributed his parting company to stress of 
weather, and the admiral feigned to believe his 
excuses. On the homeward journey he separated 
from Columbus again in a storm off the Azores, 
and made all possible sail for the purpose of ar- 
riving before the admiral and claiming the dis- 
covery; but he was carried by a hurricane to 
Galicia, where he was detained several days, and 
asked by letter an audience from the king. He 
arrived in Palos on the evening of the same day 
with the admiral and set out immediately for 
Madrid, but was met on his way by a messenger 
who forbade his appearance at court Anger, envy, 
and resentment shattered his health, and he died a 
few weeks later in Palos de Moguer. — His brother, 
Vicente Yafiez, Spanish navigator, b. in Palos de 
Moguer about 1460; d. there about 1524, provided 
also an eighth of the expenses .for the expedition of 
Columbus, and was appointed commander of the 
caravel -La Nina." Unlike his brother, he was 
always faithful to the admiral, and when the flag- 
ship - 8anta Maria " was wrecked, 24 Dec., 1492, off 
the coast of Hispaniola, he rescued Columbus, who 
embarked upon Pinzon's vessel According to 
Gomara, he accompanied Columbus in his second 
and third voyages to the New World ; but other his- 
torians dispute this. In 1499. having obtained 
a concession for new discoveries, he armed four 
caravels in partnership with his nephew. Arias 
Martin, and sailed from Palos de Moguer, 18 Nov., 
1409. Steering to the southward, he crossed the 



equinoctial line, lost sight of the north star, and 
on 20 Jan., 1500, descried land, being thus the first 
to discover Brazil, and naming the Cape Santa 
Maria de la Consolacion (now Cape St A gust in ho). 
He lauded with a notary and witnesses to take pos- 
session of the country for the king of Spain, but, 
being attacked by warlike Indians, re-embarked, 
and. coasting to the northwest, discovered the 
mouth of the Amazon, which he called Santa Maria 
de la Mar Dulce, and continued to explore the coast 
to the Gulf of Paria. He arrived in Spain on 80 
Sept after a disastrous homeward voyage, in which 
he lost two ships and all his fortune. In 1506 he 
associated himself with Juan Diaz de Sol is (a. v.) 
for the discovery of a passage from the Atlantic to 
the Indian ocean, and after landing on the coast of 
Honduras, in the island of Ouanaja, they entered 
the Gulf of Mexico and discovered Yucatan and 
the Bay of Campeachy, which they called Natividad. 
On his return he was summoned to court to consult 
with Americo Vespucci upon new discoveries to be 
made. Again, in association with Solis, he went 
in 1508 on a new expedition to South America, and 
coasted the shores of Brazil from Cape St Agus- 
tinho to latitude 40* S. He quarrelled with Solis, 
and on their return to Seville in 1509 they were 
not received with favor. Solis was imprisoned, and 
Pinzon escaped punishment only on account of his 
long services. After that time he gave up naviga- 
tion and settled in Palos de Moguer. Pinzon's 
descendants exist in Huelva and Moguer, and they 
have always been navigators. He wrote a relation 
of his explorations, which is preserved among the 
manuscripts in the archives or Simancas. — Another 
brother, Francisco Martin, b. in Palos de Moguer 
about 1402; d. at sea in July, 1500, served as a 
pilot under his brother, Martin Alonso, in the ex- 
pedition of 1492, and was likewise hostile to Co- 
lumbus. After the death of his elder brother he 
became the managing partner of the business firm 
in Moguer, and, having reconciled himself with his 
brother, Vicente Yafiez, he was attached as pilot to 
the expedition of 1499. During the homeward 
journey he commanded one of the two ships that 
went down in a hurricane off Hispaniola, and was 
lost with all his crew. — Their nephew, Arias Mar- 
tin, Spanish navigator, b. in Palos de Moguer in 
1465 ; d. there in 1510, was the only son of an elder 
brother, and was already a pilot of repute at the 
time of the expedition of Columbus. He embarked 
as such on board " La Nifia," was a stanch supporter 
of Columbus during the voyage, and often took 
the admiral's part against Martin Alonso, his 
uncle and former guardian. Arias accompanied 
Columbus also in his second and third voyages to 
America, and in 1499 obtained, with his uncle, 
Vicente Yafiez, permission to make new discoveries. 
Stress of weather separated him for some time from 
the latter, but they Joined again, toward the close 
of January, 1500, off Cape St A gust in ho, and they 
sailed in company to the mouth of the Amazon, 
when they parted again, Vicente steering for the 
Guiana coast, while Arias made sail to the south- 
ward along the coast of Brazil. It is probable 
that he advanced as far as the present Bay of Rio 
Janeiro. In the Gulf of Paria he fell in again with 
Vicente Yafiez. During the following years he 
established a trade between Moguer and Cuba, His- 
paniola, and the other American possessions, in 
which he made a large fortune. In 1507 and 1509 he 
accompanied the expeditions of his uncle, Vicente, 
and Solis, which proved unfortunate. Several his- 
torians assert that Arias Pinzon wrote a narrative 
of his travels which is preserved among the manu- 
scripts of the Escorial ; but this has not been proved. 



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PIPER 



PISON 



PIPER, Richard Upton, physician, b. in Stra- 
tham. N. H., 3 April, 1818. He was graduated at 
Dartmouth medical school in 1840, and now (1888) 
practises his profession in Chicago, 111. Besides 
contributing to various medical periodicals, he has 
published a treatise on " Operative Surgery,'* illus- 
trated with about 2,000 drawings by the author 
(Boston, 1852), and " The Trees of America " (4 
parts, 1857, incomplete). He also drew the illus- 
trations for Maclise's " Surgical Anatomy." 

PIRES, Francisco (pee-ravs), Brazilian mis- 
sionary, b. in Celorico, Portugal, about 1520 ; d. in 
Bahia, Brazil, in 1586. He became a Jesuit in 1548, 
afterward went to Brazil as a missionary, and was 
for several years rector of the College of Bahia 
He wrote " Cartas Annuas aos Padres da Provincia 
de Portugal escriptas na Bahia a 17 de Setembro, 
1552" (Italian translation, Venice, 1559) and 
" Cartas escriptas da Capitania do Espirito Santo 
ao P. Manoel de Nobrega em o anno de 1658," also 
published in Italian (1562). 

PIRTLE, Henry, jurist, b. in Washington 
county, Kv., 5 Nov., 1798 ; d. in Louisville, Ky., 28 
March, 1880. His parents were among the early set- 
tlers in Kentucky. The son received a good English 
education, working at intervals on his father's 
farm, studied law, and after practising five years 
in Harford, Ohio county, removed in 1825 to Louis- 
ville. A few months later he was appointed a 
judge of the general court to fill a vacancy, which 
post he resigned ia 1882 and engaged in active 
practice. He was again appointed in 1842, but 
again resigned in a few days, at the close of the 
pending term of court In 1840 he was elected to 
the state senate, and while chairman of the com- 
mittee on Federal relations he made a report that 
condemned certain state-rights resolutions of the 
South Carolina and Virginia legislatures. The 
same construction of the constitution that was 
made in this report was laid down several days 
later by the U. S. supreme court. Judge Pirtle 
was chancellor of the Louisville chancery court and 
professor of constitutional law, equity, and commer- 
cial law in the University of Louisville in 1846-'68. 
He published " Digest of the Decisions of the Court 
of Appeals of Kentucky " (2 vols., Louisville, 1882). 

PI$E, Charles Constant! ne, clergyman, b. in 
Annapolis, Md., in 1802; d. in Brooklyn, N. Y., 26 
May, 1866. After graduation at Georgetown col- 
lege, D. C, he entered the College of the propa- 
fanda, Rome, but was obliged to leave, owing to 
is father's death, and completed his theological 
course in Mount St. Mary's seminary, Emmetts- 
burg, at the same time teaching classes in rhetoric 
and poetry. He was ordained there in 1825, and 
appointed to a mission in Frederick, Md., but 
was transferred soon afterward to the cathedral at 
Baltimore. After doing missionary work for sev- 
eral years his health failed, and he went to Italy. 
He had already become recognized as the pioneer 
of Roman Catholic literature in the United States, 
and at Rome received the degree of D. D., and was 
made a knight of the Holy Roman Empire. On 
his return he was attached to St. Patricks church 
in Washington. He was an intimate friend of 
Henry Clay, and, partly through the influence of 
the latter, was appointed chaplain of the U. S. sen- 
ate, being the only Roman Catholic priest that ever 
held that office. 'The same statesman offered Dr. 
Pise a chair in Transylvania university ; but he pre- 
ferred active missionary work. He removed to 
New York on the invitation of Bishop Dubois, and 
was connected with several churches in the city, 
also attaining a reputation as a lecturer and 
preacher. He purchased Emmanuel church, Brook- 



lyn, which became the Roman Catholic church of 
St. Charles Borromeo, and he assumed the pastor- 
ate of it in 1849. His works are " Father Row- 
land," a tale in answer to " Father Clement " (Bal- 
timore, 1829) ; " Indian Cottage, a Unitarian Story " 
(1829); " History of the Church from its Establish- 
ment to the Reformation" (5 vols., 1830); "The 
Pleasures of Religion, and other Poems (Phila- 
delphia, 1888) ; " Hone Vagabunde." an account of 
his travels in Ireland ; " Alethia, or Letters on the 
Truth of the Catholic Doctrines " (New York, 1848) ; 
" The Acts of the Apostles," a poem (1845) : " Zeno- 
sius, or the Pilgrim Convert A (1845) ; " Letters to 
Ada " ; " Lives of St Ignatius and his First Com- 
panions" (1845); "Notes on a Protestant Cate- 
chism"; "The Catholic Bride." translated from 
the Italian (Baltimore, 1848); and "Christianity 
and the Church " (1850). 

PISKARET, Simon, Algonquin chief, b. in Ot- 
tawa, Canada, in 1602 ; d. near Three Rivers in 
March, 1646. He was champion of the Algonquins, 
and his marvellous exploits are still recounted 
among the northwestern Indians. At first he was 
an enemy of the Jesuits, but he became a Christian 
in 1642, in the hope of gaining French favor, and 
soon afterward was really a convert. His conver- 
sion aided the French colonization of Canada, and 
secured a momentary peace between the French 
and the Indian allies and the Six Nations. This 
was brought about in the following manner, ac- 
cording to Parkman in his " Jesuits in North 
America " : In the spring of 1645 Piskaret, with 
six other converted Indians, set out on a war- 
party, and, after killing fourteen Iroquois, made 
two prisoners, whom, owing to the instructions of 
his Jesuit teacher, he treated with unexampled for- 
bearance. He led them to Sillerv, and presented 
them to Gov. Montmagny, and they were after- 
ward conveyed to Three Rivers, where Champleur, 
the commandant, after clothing and equipping 
them, sent them home. The Mohawks ielt this 
kindness deeply, and on 5 July following they 
sent an embassy to Three Rivers, led by the chief 
Kiotsatou. The result was that, on 17 Sept, a 
grand council was held at Three Rivers by Gov. 
Montmagny, the Jesuit superiors, and representa- 
tives of various tribes, at which a general peace was 
concluded, and, although it lasted scarcely a year, 
it had valuable results for the colonization of 
Canada. Piskaret now followed agriculture in 
his domain near Three Rivers. He was killed by 
surprise by a party of Mohawks toward the close 
of March, 1646, when peace was partially broken. 

PISON, Wlllem (pe'-son), Dutch naturalist, b. 
in Leyden in 1596 ; d. there in 1681. He studied 
medicine and practised his profession successively 
in Leyden ana Amsterdam. In 1687 he followed 
Prince Maurice de Nassau-Siegen {q. v.) to Brazil. 
With the help of two German students, one of 
whom was George Marggraff (q. v.), he explored that 
country, and, discovering the ipecacuanha-tree, pop- 
ularized its use in medicine. Returning to Leyden 
in 1645 with a fine collection, which he presented 
to the city, he showed his manuscript to Jean de 
Laet, who inserted in his " Historia naturalis Brasi- 
lia?" (Leyden, 1648) Pison's treatise "De Medi- 
cine Brasiliensi, Libri IV." After the death of 
Prince Maurice, Pison entered the service of the 
Elector of Brandenburg, but, returning later to 
Holland, he published a revised edition of his 
former work with many additions, under the title 
of ** De Indie utriusque re naturali et medicini, 
Libri XIV " (Amsterdam, 1658). Plumier dedicated 
to Pison a plant of the Nictaginei family, arbor 
spinis horrida Pisonia. 



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PITCHLYNN 



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PITCAIRN, John, British soldier, b. in Fife- 
shire, Scotland, about 1740 ; d. in Boston. Mass., 17 
June, 1775. He became captain of marines on 10 
Jan., 1765, and major in April, 1771, and was 
stationed for several years in Boston, where he is 
said to have been the only British officer that dealt 
fairly with the people in their disputes with the 
soldiery. He took part in the expedition that was 
despatched by Gen. Gage to Lexington on the 
morning of 19 April. 1775, and was sent in advance 
with six companies with orders to press on to Con- 
cord and secure the two bridges there. At Lexing- 
ton he found the local militia drawn up and 
ordered them to disperse. The skirmish that fol- 
lowed, which is known as the battle of Lexington, 
was begun by the British, according to the received 
account. The statement that Pitcairn began it by 

giving the order to fire is adopted as the true one 
y George Bancroft in his " History of the United 
States," Dut other accounts say that there was des- 
ultory firing before the order. Pitcairn insisted 
till his death that the minute-men had fired first 
Later, in the retreat from Concord to Boston, Pit- 
cairn was obliged to abandon his horse and pistols. 
At the battle of Bunker Hill he was the first to 
ascend the redoubt in the third and final assault, 
crying, as he did so, " Now for the glory of the 
marines," but he was shot by a negro soldier in the 
last volley that was fired by the provincials. He 
was carried by his son to a boat and conveyed to 
Boston, where he died shortly afterward/ his 
widow was given a pension of £200 by the British 
government Pitcairn left eleven children, of whom 
the eldest David, became an eminent physician in 
London, and died in 1809. 

PITCHER, Nathaniel, governor of New York, 
b. in Litchfield, Conn., in 1777 ; d. in Sandy Hill, 
N. Y., 25 May, 1886. He removed early in life to 
Sandy Hill, N. Y., and was a member of the legis- 
lature of that state in 1806 and 1815-'17, and of the 
State constitutional convention in 1821. He was 
elected to congress as a Democrat, holding his seat 
in lSl9-*2S t was chosen lieutenant-governor of New 
York in 1826, and, by the death of Gov. De Witt 
Clinton, became governor in February, 1828, serv- 
ing till January, 1829. He was afterward again in 
congress in 1881- 3.— His brother, Zlna, physician, 
b. in Sandy Hill, N. Y., 12 April, 1797; d. in De- 
troit, Mich., 5 April, 1872, received an academical 
education, and in 1822 was graduated in medicine 
at Middlebury college, Vt He was appointed 
assistant surgeon in the U. S. army on 8 May of 
that year, and surgeon with rank of major on 13 
July, 1882, but resigned on 31 Dec, 1886, after see- 
ing service in the south, southeast, and southwest. 
In 1885 he was president of the army medical board, 
and from 2 Feb. till 81 Aug., 1889, he served again 
as assistant surgeon. Meanwhile he had removed 
to Detroit where he practised till his death, attain- 
ing note in his profession. He was a regent of the 
University of Michigan in 1887-52, took an active 
part in organizing the medical department of that 
institution, and was afterward given the honorary 
title of emeritus professor there. Dr. Pitcher was 
a member of many professional bodies, and at one 
time served as president of the American medical 
association. He was for several years an editor of 
the " Peninsular Journal," and published various 
addresses, reports, and contributions to profes- 
sional journals. While he was in the army, sta- 
tioned on the northern frontier, he studied the 
habits, diseases, and remedies of the Indians, and 
he was the contributor of an article on practi- 
cal therapeutics among the Indians to Henry R. 
Schoolcraft's work on the aborigines. 



PITCHER, Thomas Gamble, soldier, b. in 
Rockport, Spencer co.. Ind., 23 Oct., 1824. He was 
graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1845, 
and assigned to the 5th infantry, with 'which he 
served in the military occupation of Texas. He 
was transferred to the 8th infantry in 1846, and 
during the war with Mexico took part in the en- 
gagements at Vera Cruz, Cerro Gordo, San An- 
tonio, Contreras, and Churubusco, for which he 
was brevetted 1st lieutenant, Molino del Rev. Cha- 
pultepec, and the capture of the city of Mexico. 
He was promoted to 1st lieutenant, 26 June, 1849, 
and was on duty at posts in Texas and Arkansas 
till the civil war, serving as depot-commissary at 
San Antonio in 1857-1). and receiving his promo- 
tion to a captaincy, 19 Oct., 1858. He served in 
defence of Harper's Ferry in June, 1862, and in the 
Virginia campaign of that year, being brevetted 
major for services at Cedar Mountain, where he 
was severely wounded. He was commissioned 
brigadier-general of volunteers on 29 Nov., 1862, 
but was disabled by his wound till 10 Jan., 1863. 
He was on duty as commissary and provost-mar- 
shal during the rest of the war, attaining the rank 
of major on 19 Sept, 1868, and receiving all the 
brevets up to and including brigadier-general in 
the regular army on 13 March, 1865. He was made 
colonel of the 44th infantry, 28 July, 1866, served 
as superintendent of the U. S. military academy 
from 28 Aug. of that year till 1 Sept, 1871, and 
was governor of the Soldiers' home at Washington, 
D. C, in 1871-7. He was then on special duty or 
leave of absence till his retirement on 28 June, 
1878, " for disability contracted in the line of duty." 
From 1 March, 1880, till 15 Oct, 1887, he was 
superintendent of the New York state soldiers' 
and sailors' home. 

PITCHLYNN, Peter P., Choctaw chief, b. in 
Hush-ook-wa (now part of Noxubee county, Miss.), 
30 Jan., 1806; d. in Washington, D. C, in January, 
1881. His father was a white man, bearing Gen. 
Washington's commission as an interpreter, and 
his mother was a Choctaw. He was brought up 
like an Indian boy, but manifesting a desire to be 
educated, he was sent 200 miles to school in Ten- 
nessee, that being the nearest to his father's log- 
cabin. At the end of the first quarter he returned 
home to find his people engaged in negotiating a 
treaty with the general government As he con- 
sidered the terms of this instrument a fraud upon 
his tribe, he refused to shake hands with Gen. 
Andrew Jackson, who had the matter in charge on 
behalf of the Washington authorities. He after- 
ward attended the Columbia, Tenn., academy, and 
was ultimately graduated at the University of 
Nashville. Although he never changed his opinion 
regarding the treaty, he became a strong friend of 
Gen. Jackson, who was a trustee of the latter in- 
stitution. After graduation he returned to Missis- 
sippi, became a farmer, and married, being the first 
Choctaw to depart from the practice of polygamy. 
He also did good service in the cause of temper- 
ance, in recognition of which he was made a mem- 
ber of the national council. His first proposition 
in that body was to establish a school, and, that the 
students might become familiar with the manners 
and customs of white people, it was located near 
Georgetown, Ky., rather than within the limits of 
the Choctaw country. Here it flourished for many 
years, supported by the funds of the nation. In 
1828 he was appointed the leader of an Indian 
delegation sent oy the U. S. government into the 
Osage country on a peace-making and exploring 
expedition, preparatory to the removal of the Choc- 
taws, Chickasaws, and Creeks beyond the Missis- 



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32 



PITKIN 



PITKIN 



sippi. Six months were occupied in the journey, 
and the negotiations were every way successful, 
Pitchlynn displaying no little diplomatic skill and 
courage. He emigrated to the new reservation 
with his people and built a cabin on Arkansas 
river. He was an admirer of Henry Clay, whom he 
met for the first time in 1840. He was ascending 
the Ohio in a steamboat when Mr. Clay came on 
board at Maysville. The Indian went into the 
cabin and found two farmers earnestly engaged in 
talking about their crops. After listening to them 
with great delight for more than an hour, he re- 
turned to his travelling companion, to whom he 
said : " If that old farmer with an ugly face had 
only been educated for the law, he would have 
made one of the greatest men in this country." 
He soon learned that the " old farmer " was Henry 
Clay. At the beginning of the civil war in 1861 
Pitchlynn was in Washington attending to public 
business for his tribe, ana assured Mr. Lincoln that 
he hoped to keep his people neutral ; but he could 
not prevent three of his own children and many 
others from Joining the Confederates. He himself 
remained a Union man to the end of the war, not- 
withstanding the fact that the Confederates raided 
his plantation of 600 acres and captured all his 
cattle, while the emancipation proclamation freed 
his 100 slaves. He was a natural orator, as his ad- 
dress to the president at the White House in 1855, 
his speeches before the congressional committees 
in 1868, and one delivered before a delegation of 
Quakers at Washington in 1869, abundantly prove. 
According to Charles Dickens, who met him while 
on his first visit to this country, Pitchlynn was a 
handsome man, with black hair, aquiline nose, 
broad cheek-bones, sunburnt complexion, and 
bright, keen, dark, and piercing eyes. He was 
buried in the Congressional cemetery at Washing- 
ton with masonic honors, the poet,' Albert Pike, 
delivering a eulogy over his remains. See Charles 
Dickens's *• American Notes" and Charles Lan- 
raan's " Recollections of Curious Characters " (Edin- 
burgh, 1881): 

PITKIN, William, lawyer, b. near London, 
England, in 1685 ; d. in East Hartford, Conn., 16 
Dec, 1694. He received an excellent English edu- 
cation, studied law, and settled in Hartford about 
1659, where he taught, bought a tract of land on 
the east side of Connecticut river, and engaged 
largely in planting. On 9 Oct, 1662, he was ad- 
mitted a freeman, and in that year was also made 
prosecutor for the colony, became attorney for the 
colony by appointment of the king in 1664, was 
deputy in 1675 and treasurer in 1676-7, and in 
1076 he went with Maj. John Talcott to nego- 
tiate peace with the Narragansett and other Indian 
tribes. From 1665 till 1690, with the exception of 
a brief period, he was a member of the general 
court, and occasionally served as commissioner 
from this colony to the United Colonies. In 1690 
he was elected a member of the colonial council, 
which office he held until his death. In 1693 be 
was appointed with Samuel Chester and Capt. 
William Whiting to a commissioner to run the 
division-line between Connecticut and the Massa- 
chusetts colonies, and in that year he was sent by 
the colony to Gov. Benjamin Fletcher, of New 
York, to negotiate terms respecting the militia until 
Gov. Winthrop's return from England, whither he 
had gone for the same purpose. He laid out with 
John Crow the first Mam and other streets of Hart- 
ford on the east side of the river. He owned a full- 
ing-mill near Burnside, which was burned in 1690, 
and the locality became known as Pitkin's falls. 
Many of his descendants held important places in 



the civil, political and military affairs of the col- 
ony. He married Hannah, daughter of Oziae 
Goodwin, the progenitor of the Goodwin family of 
Connecticut, who came to this country with Dr. 
Thomas Hooker.— Their son, William, jurist b. 
in Hartford, Conn., in 1664; d. there, 5 April, 1728, 
was a member of the committee of war that was 
appointed with plenary power to send troops into 
Massachusetts and the frontier towns of Connecti- 
cut, and that ordered, on 1 Jan., 1704, 400 men to 
be in readiness for any sudden occurrence. He 
studied law with his father, and was judge of the 
county and probate courts and of the court of as- 
sistants from 1702 till 1711 when the superior 
court was established in place of the court of as- 
sistants, and of which he was chief justice in 1713. 
This office was held by four successive generations 
of William Pitkins. He was said to have been apt 
in repartee as well as argument, and once, when a 
lawyer named Eels, in summing up a case, said, 
41 The court will perceive that the pipkin is cracked," 
Mr. Pitkin's reply was: "Not so much cracked, 
your honor, but he will find it will do to stew eels 
in yet" In 1697 he was elected one of the council 
of the colony, serving until his death. He was one 
of the commissioners to receive the Earl of Bello- 
mont on his arrival in New York, was a commis- 
sioner of war in 1706-7, one of a committee to 
prepare the manuscript laws of the colony in 1709, 
and again to revise the said laws. In 1718 he was 
appointed one of a committee of three to build the 
first state-house in Hartford, and one of a commit- 
tee to prepare a map of the course of the Connecti- 
cut river from the * 4 mouth of it to the north bounds 
of the colony, to be inserted in the plan of the 
colony now ordered to be drawn." In 1706 he 
built two fulling-mills at Pitkin's falls, in connec- 
tion with which he conducted a large business in 
clothing and woollens, which was continued by his 
sons. — The second William's son, William, gov- 
ernor of Connecticut, b. in Hartford, Conn., 80 
April, 1694; d. in East Hartford, Conn., 1 Oct, 
1769, was chosen town-collector in 1715, served in 
the colonial assembly from 1728 till 1784, was made 
captain of a " train band " in 1780, and rose to colo- 
nel in 1789. He was elected to the council in 1784, 
appointed chief justice of the supreme court in 
1741, holding this office until 1766. From 1754 
till 1,766 he was lieutenant-governor of Connecti- 
cut, and was the first to resist the stamp-act passed 
in 1765. He was one of the delegates to the Colo- 
nial convention in Albany on 19 June, 1754, and 
also one of a committee, of which Benjamin Frank- 
lin was chairman, to prepare the plan of union that 
was adopted. lie was governor of Connecticut 
from 1766 till 1769, being elected by so great a ma- 
jority "that the votes were not counted." His 
urbanity and courtesy of manner were long remem- 
bered, and a " Sstire on the Governors of Connecti- 
cut," published in 1769, mentions him as •* bowing, 
and scraping, and continual hand-shaking." — His 
brother, Joseph, b. in 1696; d.in 1762, was justice 
of the peace, represented the town in the general 
assembly for twenty years, and was jud$e of the 
county court in 1785. He was captain in the 3d 
militia company and became colonel of the 1st regi- 
ment in 1757. He mustered the company raised for 
the expedition against Crown Point, which was led 
there by his brother, John, b. in 1707; d. in 1790, 
who also served in the legislature, and presented 
with others a memorial to incorporate the town of 
East Hartford, which was effected in 1788.— The 
third William's son, William, jurist, b. in Hart- 
ford in 1725 ; d. there, 12 Dec., 1789, was major of 
the 1st regiment of the colonial forces that were 



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98 



raised for the expedition against Canada under 
Gen. Abercrombie in 1758, and was a member of 
the council of safety during the greater part of the 
Revolutionary war. He was appointed colonel in 
1762 and was a member of the council from 1766 
till 17B5. In 1784 he was elected to congress. He 
was chief justice of the state supreme court for 
nineteen yean, and was a delegate to the conven- 
tion for the ratification of the constitution of the 
United States in 1788. He was connected with 
large manufacturing interests in East Hartford, 
and in 1775 began to manufacture gunpowder for 
the Revolutionary war in the same mills owned by 
his grandfather. This was the first powder-mill in 
the state. — Another son, George, b. in 1709 ; d. in 
1806, was clerk of the superior and supreme courts 
for many years, was commissioned captain in 1768. 
lieutenant-colonel in 1774, colonel in 1775, and 
commanded the 4th regiment of minute-men, with 
which he marched to Boston on hearing of the 
battles of Concord and Lexington. — Georges broth- 
er, Timothy, clergyman, b. 18 Jan., 1727; d. 8 
July, 1812, was graduated at Tale in 1747, was tutor 
there in 1750-1, and a fellow of the corporation 
from 1777 till 1804. He studied theology and was 
installed pastor of the Congregational church in 
Farmington, Conn., in 1752. At the one hun- 
dredth anniversary of the church in Farmington, 
Rev. Noah Porter said that, while pastor of that 
church and afterward, Rev. Mr. Pitkin "walked 
with dignity ap the centre aisle in flowing coat and 
venerable wig, with his three-cornered hat in hand, 
bowing to the people on either side." — The third 
William's grandson, Tlmothv, lawyer, b. in Farm- 
ington, Conn., 21 Jan., 1766; d. in New Haven, 
-ConiL, 18 Dec, 1847, was the son of Rev. Timothy 
Pitkin. He graduated at Tale in 1785, devoted 
much time to astronomy, calculating the eclipses 
of 1800, studied law, was admitted to the bar, served 
in the legislature for several years, and was speaker 
of the house during five successive sessions. He was 
elected to congress as a Federalist, serving from 2 
Dec, 1806, till 8 March, 1819, and during his term 
was esteemed good authority on the political his- 
tory of the country. Tale save him tne degree of 
LL. D. in 1829. He was the author of " Statisti- 
cal View of Commerce of the United States of 
America" (Hartford, 1816; 8d ed., New Haven, 
1885) and "A Political and Civil History of the 
United States of America from the Tear 1768 to 
the Close of Washington's Administration " (2 vols., 
New Haven, 1828). He left in manuscript a contin- 
uation of this work to the close of his own political 
life— The second William's descendant through his 
eon Joseph, Frederick Walker, governor of Colo- 
rado, b. in Manchester, Conn., 81 Aug., 1887 ; d. in 
Pueblo, CoL, 18 Dec 1886, was graduated at Wes- 
leyan university, Middletown, Conn., in 1858, and 
at Albany law-school in 1859. In 1860 he went to 
the west and began to practise in Milwaukee, Wis. 
His health became impaired, and he went to Eu- 
rope, whence in 1878 he was brought home in a 
dying condition, but removed to Colorado and en- 
gaged in rough labor in the mines, regaining suffi- 
cient health to resume his practice He also entered 
politics, and in 1878 was elected governor of Colo- 
rado, and re-elected to this office in 1880 as a Re- 
publican. He was prompt and fearless during the 
riots at Leadville, his energetic action preventing 
the loss of many lives and the destruction of much 
valuable property. He was urged to become a can- 
didate for XL a senator in 1888, but declined. The 
town and county of Pitkin, Col., were named in his 
honor. A genealogy of the Pitkin family was pub- 
lished by Albert P. Pitkin (Hartford, 1887). 

VOL. V.— S 



PITMAN, Benn, stenographer, b. in Trow- 
bridge, Wiltshire, England, 22 July, 1822. He was 
educated in his native town, and in 1887 assisted 
his brother in perfecting the letter's system of pho- 
nography. From 184S till 1852 he lectured on the 
system throughout Great Britain, and had a large 
share in compiling his brother's text-books. At 
Isaac's request he came to the United States in 
January, 1858, to give instruction in phonography, 
and settled at Cincinnati, where he nas since re- 
sided. In 1855 he discovered the process of pro- 
ducing relief copper-plates of engraved work by 
the galvanic process known as electrotypes, for 
which he was awarded a silver medal by the Cin- 
cinnati mechanics' institute in 1856. Tne follow- 
ing year he succeeded, in connection with Dr. J. B. 
Burns, in producing stereotype plates by the gela- 
tine process in photo-engraving. From his arrival 
in this country until 1878 Mr. Pitman was chiefly 
engaged in reporting. In 1865-'7 he acted as the 
official stenographer during the trials of the assas- 
sin of President Lincoln, the " Sons of Liberty," 
the " Ku-Kluz Klan," and other similar government 
prosecutions. He also edited and compiled the 

Srinted reports of these trials. In 1878 he aban- 
oned reporting and became connected with the 
school of design, now the art academy, of the Uni- 
versity of Cincinnati His object was to secure the 
development of American decorative art and to 
open up a new profession for women. The display 
of wood-carving and painting on china sent to the 
Philadelphia centennial exhibition was the first 
attempt to give the public an idea of what had 
been accomplished. Over one hundred pieces were 
exhibited, including elaborately decorated cabinets, 
base-boards, bedsteads, doors, casings, mantels, pic- 
ture-frames, and book-cases — all the work of girls 
and women. Mr. Pitman still (1888) lectures and 
teaches in the same institution. Besides many ele- 
mentary books of instruction on phonography, he 
has published " The Reporter's Companion^' (Cin- 
cinnati, 1854); "The Manual of Phonography," 
of which 250,000 copies have been issued (1855); 
"Trials for Treason at Indianapolis" and "The 
Assassination of President Lincoln, and the Trial 
of the Conspirators " (1865) ; and, with Jerome B. 
Howard. " Tne Phonographic Dictionary " (1888). 

PITMAN, Marie J., author, b. in Hartwick, 
Otsego co., N. T., 17 March, 1850. She is the 
daughter of Lucius D. Davis, now (1888) editor of 
the Newport, R. I., " Daily News," was educated by 
private tutors, and in 1866 married Theophilus T. 
Pitman. Her pen-name is " Margery Deane," and 
she has written many children's stories and sketches 
of travel, is the Newport correspondent of the Bos- 
ton " Transcript " and other journals, and is the au- 
thor of " Wonder World," translations (New York, 
1878}, and "European Breezes" (Boston, 1880). 

PlTOU, Louis Ange, French author, b. in Chft- 
teaudun, France, in 1769 ; d. in France about 1828. 
He entered the priesthood, but after the beginning 
of the French revolution he abandoned his profes- 
sion. He was a zealous royalist, was arrested six- 
teen times, and finally transported to Guiana under 
the Directory. Shortly after his arrival at Cayenne 
he escaped, and after many adventures among the 
natives he returned to France. He engaged in 
new conspiracies under the consulate, and was a 
few years in prison. He published " Relation de 
mon voyage a Cayenne et chez lee anthropo- 
phages '' (Paris, 1805). This work, although full of 
inaccuracies, excited the public curiosity, and a 
second enlarged edition was published (2 vols^ 
1808). After the return of the Bourbons, Pitou re- 
ceived a small pension. 



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PITT 



PITTS 



PITT, William, English statesman, b. in 
Hayes. Kent, 28 May, 1759 ; d. in Putney, Surrey, 
23 Jan., 1806. He was the second son of the Earl 
of Chatham (q. v.), and was educated at Cambridge. 
His entire training was directed toward making 
him a parliamentary orator. He studied law at 
Lincoln's Inn, and in 1780 became a member of 
parliament for the borough of Appleby. His first 
speech, on 26 Feb., 1781, was in favor of Edmund 
Burke's plan of economical reform, and made a 
great impression. When explaining the principles 
and conauct of his father on American affair?, and 
referring to Lord Westcote, he said : *• A noble lord 
has called the American war a holy war. I affirm 
that it is a most accursed war, wicked, barbarous, 
cruel, and unnatural ; 
conceived in injustice, 
it was brought forth 
and nurtured in fol- 
ly; its footsteps are 
marked with slaugh- 
ter and devastation, 
while it meditates de- 
struction to the mis- 
erable people who are 
the devoted objects 
of the resentments 
which produced it 
Where is the English- 
man who can refrain 
from weepingon what- 
^ ever side victory may 

&6' s/ be declared !" The 

r/VL>$r voice was listened to 

as that of Chatham 
"again living in his son with all his virtues and 
all his talents." In the next session Pitt distin- 
guished himself more brilliantly, and on the rise 
of the Rockingham ministry he was offered the 
office of vice-treasurer of Ireland, which he de- 
clined. At the age of twenty-three he was the 
only member of his party in the house of commons 
that had the courage and eloquence to confront 
Burke, Fox. and the other great orators of the op- 
position. He became chancellor of the exchequer, 
and in 1783 prime minister. He secured the pas- 
sage of important bills, and negotiated the treaty 
of peace with the United States, but enforced the 
navigation acts of England against America with 
much severity. Owing to current events, his min- 
istry became enfeebled, and vet, notwithstanding 
his failure in foreign expeditions, Pitt's extraordi- 
nary genius as a parliamentary leader gave him 
absolute control of the house of commons and over- 
came opposition. He resigned his office in March, 
1801, and lived in retirement. In May, 1803, when 
the ambitious designs of Napoleon forced England 
to break the peace of Amicus, he appeared in par- 
liament to deliver a speech in favor of the war. In 
the next year he was recalled to the ministry. He 
became ill with anxiety and grief at the success of 
Napoleon, and the surrender of the Austrian army 
at Ulm gave him a shock from which he never re- 
covered. He died soon after hearing of the battle 
of Austerlitz, 2 Dec, 1805. Parliament gave him 
the honor of a public funeral, and buried nim near 
his father's remains in Westminster abbey. See 
44 Life of William Pitt," by Lord Stanhope (4 vols., 
London, 1861-'2). 

PITTA, Sebastiao da Rocha (pit-tan), Bra- 
zilian historian, b. in Bahia, 3 May, 1660; d. in 
Paraguassu, 2 Nov., 1738. He studied in the Jesuit 
college of Bahia, and there took the degree of 
master of arts. At the age of sixteen he went 
to Portugal, and was graduated in theology at 



Coimbra university. On his return to Brazil he- 
wrote in Castilian a romance in imitation of the 
"Palmeirim de Inglaterra," and composed verses 
of some merit He resolved to write the history of 
Brazil, and went to Lisbon to obtain further data, 
where, in order to secure more material, he studied 
French, Italian, and Dutch. After devoting half 
of his life to the work, he published his •' Historia 
da America Portugueza desde su descobrimento 
at£ 1724" (Rio Janeiro, 1730). 

PITTENGER, William, soldier, b. in Knox- 
ville. Jefferson co., Ohio, 31 Jan., 1840. He stud- 
ied in the county schools until he had reached the 
age of sixteen, and enlisted as a private in the 2d 
Onio volunteer infantry on 17 April, 1861. He- 
served in the battle of 6ull Run, and took part in 
the noted Andrews railroad raid which began on 
7 April, 1862. He escaped execution as a spy. was 
imprisoned until 18 March, 1863, received a medal 
of nonor, was promoted lieutenant, and returned 
to the army, in which he served until impaired 
health forced him to resign in August, 1863. In 
1864 he entered the Pittsburg conference of the 
Methodist Episcopal church, and in 1870 was trans- 
ferred to the New Jersey conference, in which he now 
(1888) labors. Since 1878 he has been a professor 
in the National school of elocution and oratory in 
Philadelphia. He is the author of 4i Daring and 
Suffering, a History of the Great Railroad Adven- 
turers" (Philadelphia, 1863; enlarged ed.. New 
York, 1887) ; *' Oratory, Sacred and Secular " (Phila- 
delphia, 1881); and * 4 Extempore Speech" (1882). 

PITTS, Edmund Levi, lawyer, b. in Yates, 
Orleans co., N. Y., 23 May, 1839. After receiving 
an education at Yates academy he was graduated at 
the State and national law-school in Poughkeepsie, 
N. Y., in 1860. He was a member of the assembly 
from 1864 till 1868, its speaker in 1867, and from 
1860 till 1873 was U. S. assessor of internal reve- 
nue. He was a state senator from 1880 till 1887, 
serving as president pro tempore in 1886-'7. 

PITTS, John, merchant, b. in England in 1668. 
His father, Baruth Pitts, was mayor of Lyme 
Regis, England. The son emigrated to Boston in 
1694, became a merchant, and held several offices 
under the city. Sinibert painted portraits of him 
and his wife. — His son, James, o. in Boston in 
1712; d. in 1776, was graduated at Harvard in 
1731, and succeeded to his father's business and 
fortune. He married Elizabeth Bowdoin, sister of 
Gov. James Bow- 
doin, in 1732, and 
was a member of 
the king's council 
from 1766 till 1775. 
On the death of 
Gov. Bowdoin, Mr. 
Pitts became his ex- 
ecutor. He and his 
wife and their six 
sons took an active 
part in the Revolu- 
tion. His house, 
which stood on the 
spot that is now oc- 
cupied by the How- 
aru athemeum, was 
a resort of the 
Adamses and other 
patriots. In 1770, 
with Royal Tyler 

and Samuel Dexter, he was instrumental in persuad- 
ing Gov. Hutchinson to comply with the popular 
demand for the removal of the troops from Boston. 
He was for many years treasurer of the Society for 




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propagating Christian knowledge among the In- 
dians. Blackburn painted portraits of both James 
and his wife. — James's eldest son, John, b. in Bos- 
ton in 1788 ; d. in Tyngsboro in 1815, was gradu- 
ated at Harvard in 1757, was selectman of Boston 
from 1773 till 1778, represented the city in several 

frovincial congresses, was speaker of the house in 
778, and afterward state senator.-— Another son, 
Lendall, b. in Boston in 1737 ; d. in 1787, was a pa- 
triot and principal leader of the Boston ** tea party." 
—James's grandson, Thomas, soldier, b. in Bos- 
ton in 1779; d. in 1836, was commissioned lieuten- 
ant of light artillery in 1808, and captain in 1801), 
and served through the war of 1812. 

PITZER, Alexander White, clergyman, b. in 
Salem, Roanoke co., Va., 14 Sept., 1834. He was 
graduated at Hampden Sidney in 1854, and at 
Danville theological seminary, Ky., in 1857, after 
which he was pastor of Presbyterian churches in 
Leavenworth, Kan., Sparta, Ga., and Liberty, Va., 
and in 1868 organized in Washington, D. C., the 
Central Presbyterian church, of which he is now 
(1888) pastor. Since 1875 he has been also professor 
of biblical history and literature in Howard uni- 
versity in that city. He was a member of the 
Prophetic convention in New York city in 1878, 
and assisted in drafting and reported the doctrinal 
testimony adopted by the conference. He has 
taken an active part in promoting the union of the 
northern and southern divisions of his church. He 
received the degree of D. D. from Arkansas college 
in 1876. In addition to numerous contributions 
to denominational literature, he is the author of 
** Ecce Deus Homo," published anonymously (Phila- 
delphia, 1867); " Christ, Teacher ot Men * (1877); 
and "The New Life not the Higher Life" (1878). 

PIZARRO, Francisco (pe-thar'-ro), Spanish 
soldier, b. in Trujillo, Estremadura, in 1476; d. in 
Lima, Pent, 26 June, 1541. He was a natural son 
of Gonzalo Pizarro, a colonel of infantry, and, al- 
though he was afterward recognized by his father, 
he received no education, ana was unable to write 
his own name. According to Francisco Gomara. 
he was in his youth a swineherd, until he ran away 
and joined some adventurers that were going to 
Hispaniola, while Garcilaso and Pizarro's descend- 
ants, in a memorial to the king, affirm that he 
served with his father in Italy. Although it is 
said that in later years he learned to read imper- 
fectly, ho never was able to write, and was author- 
ized "by a special imperial decree to sign his name 
with a stamp. In His|»aniola he joined in Novem- 
ber. 150!), the expedition of Alonso dc Ojcda (q. v.) 
to Nueva Andalucia, and, when the latter went in 
quest of rc-enforccmcnts and provisions, he left 
Pizarro in command of the new colony of San Se- 
bastian, promising to return in fifty da vs. At the 
expiration of that time Pizarro, forced by neces- 
sity, killed the horses for provisions anil almndoncd 
the colony, but in Carthagcna met the expedition 
of Martin* Fernandez do Kneiso (q. c.), with whom 
he returned to Darien, ami took jwirt in the foun- 
dation of the colony of Santa Maria dc la Antigua. 
He also accompanied Vasco Nuficz dc Balboa in 
the expedition on which they discovered the Pacific 
ocean. Podrarias-Davilii sent him in 1515 with an 
expedition across the isthmus to explore the Pearl 
islands, and in 1517 ordered him to arrest Hall>oa. 
Later ho accompanied the governor on his ex- 
pedition to Veragua, and served creditably in the 
campaign against the cacique Crraca. In recom- 
pense he received a grant of land and Indians near 
the site of Panama, and settled on his possessions, 
which he cultivated with his Indian slaves. The 
expedition of Pascual do Andagoya brought the 



first news of a rich empire to the south, and 
Pizarro conceived the project of conquering it. 
He formed a partnership with Diego dc Almagro 
and Fernando de Luque, and, by lending Pedrarias 
some money for his 
expedition to Nica- 
ragua, the partners 
obtained permis- 
sion to form an 
expedition. In No- 
vember, 1524, Pi- 
zarro left Panama 
with eighty adven- 
turers, and some 
time afterward 
Almagro followed 
with sixty men. 
Both continued 
along the coast to 
the southward, but 
in their attempts to 
penetrate to the in- 
terior they met with a determined resistance, lost 
many men, and, after sustaining terrible hardships, 
returned to Panama with news of the riches of Peru.- 
Pedrarias, after much difficulty, permitted them to 
arrange for another expedition ; but the mishaps of 
the first voyage frightened many adventurers, and 
thev could enlist only 160 men. ' They sailed again 
in March, 1526, and, entering San Juan river, cap- 
tured an Indian town with abundant provisions 
and $15,000 in pold, with which Almagro returned 
to Panama, while Pizarro remained, and sent his 
pilot, Bartolomc Ruiz, to explore the southern 
coast. Pedro de los Rios, who had succeeded Pe- 
drarias as governor, refused to permit any further 
enlistment, and sent a vessel to bring the expedi- 
tion back. But Pizarro, who, with the small rem- 
nant of his force, had retired licfore the warlike 
Indians to the island of Kl Gallo, refused to obey, 
and. drawing a line in the sand with his sword, in- 
vited those tnat wished to follow him to glory and 
riches to pa*s the line. Only thirteen followed 
him, and with these he remained till he was ioincd 
by a force under Bartolomc Ruiz, which had been 
despatched by his associates under the pretext of 
obliging him to return to Panama. He now en- 
tered upon an exploration of the coast farther 
south, landed in Tumbcz, Paita, and Sana, obtained 
presents of gold, llamas, silver tankards, and other 
samples of the productions of Peru, and hearing of 
the death of Huaina Capac, and seeing the insuffi- 
ciency of his small forces to suIkIuo this immense 
empire, returned to Panama toward the end of the 
year 1527. As the governor still refused to permit 
another expedition to set sail, the ass<K-iates resolved 
to send Pizarro to Spain, and in 1528 he left Nom- 
bre de Dios, carrying some Indians that he had 
brought from Peru, together with llamas gold and 
silver plate, and other presents for the court. On 
his arrival in Seville he was arrested for a debt on 
request of Knciso ; but he wa* set at liberty by ordei 
of the emperor, and ordered to appear at court in 
the city of Toledo, where he was well received. On 
26 July, 1520, he obtained from the queen-regent a 
commission that granted him the right of conquest 
of Peru, with the title of governor and captain- 
general for life of all the country to be discovered, 
and a salary of 725,000 maravedis on condition 
that he should raise a force of 250 men for the 
conquest. Ilernan Cortes, whom he met at court, 
gave him some aid, but without lieing able to raise 
the whole force that was mimed in his commission. 
Pizarro sailed in January. 1580, with a few adven- 
turers and four of his" brot hers, for Norabre de 



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Dios. After a disagreement with Almam, who 
thought himself neglected, Pixarro yielded him the 
title of adelantado ; bat after nine months of un- 
ceasing efforts he could gather only 180 men and 
27 horses, with which he sailed in January, 1581, 
for Tumbez, while Almagro remained to collect 
further forces. He was joined in Tumbez by 180 
men, with whom came Hernando de Soto and 
Sebastian de Velalcaxar (q. v.). In June, 1582, he 
founded in the valley of Piura the town of San 
Miguel, and, after leaving a garrison, he continued 
his march southward, on 24 Sept, with 110 infantry 
and 00 cavalry, and on 15 Nov. they entered the 
beautiful valley of Cajamarca. Next day they met 
the emperor Atahualpa, whom they made a captive 
bv surprise, and the Peruvian irmr fled in dismay. 
TTie inoa offered as a ransom to nil with sold the 
apartment in which he was confined, and the orna- 
ments of the temples and palaces were brought and 
melted so that, after separating one fifth for the 
emperor and two large amounts for the garrison 
of San Miguel and for Almagro's followers, every 
one of Pizarro's cavalrymen obtained for his share 
882 marks of silver ana 8,800 weights of gold, and 
every foot-soldier half that amount The total 
was more than $17,000,000. Notwithstanding this, 
Atahualpa was kept a prisoner, and, under pretext 
of having killed his brother Huascar, he was con- 
demned to death and executed on 29 Aug., 1588. 
Pixarro now marched on Cuxco, the ancient capital 
of the incas, and entered it on 15 Nov., proclaim- 
ing Manco Tupanqui (o. v.) inca. He determined 
to build the new capital of his possessions near the 
sea, and selected the beautiful valley of the river Ri- 
mac, where, on 6 Jan., 1585, he founded Los Reyes, 
now called Lima, probably a corruption of the 
name of the river.. Shortly afterward: disputes be- 
tween Pixarro and Almagro began over their re- 
spective powers; but they were amicably arranged, 
and. to avoid further difficulties, Almagro set out 
on 8 July. 1585, for the conquest of Chili During 
the Utters absence the Indians rose and besieged 
Cuxco for a long time, but on his return they 
retired. Meanwhile a royal decree had arrived ap- 
pointing Almagro governor of the southern part 
of the country under the name of Nueva Toledo, 
and there were new differences between the two 
conquerors about the possession of Cuxco, which 
both believed to be included in the limits of their 
respective governments. Almagro was finally de- 
feated and captured bv Hernando Pixarro, and 
executed on* 8 July, 1588, it is said with the secret 
acquiescence of his former partner. When these 
occurrences were reported at aourt by two commis- 
sioners, who had been sent by Almaafro's partisans, 
the emperor decided in 1540 to sena out Cristoval 
Vaca de Castro as a commissioner to investigate 
Pizarro's conduct; but before his arrival the feud 
between Pixarro and Almagro's followers had cul- 
minated. On a Sunday morning twenty-one of 
Almagro's partisans, who were called Chilenos in 
Lima, penetrated into the governor's palace, and, 
after a desperate affray, in which Pixarro killed 
three of their number, assassinated him and pro- 
claimed Almagro's son governor. When the con- 
spirators returned to drag Pizarro's body through 
tne streets, it had already been removed and se- 
cretly buried by a friend, and later, bv King Phil- 
ip's orders, it was buried in the cathedral of Lima. 
Pixarro was not married, but had two children bv 
the Indian princess Ines Huavllas Nusta, Atahual- 
pa's sister { a son, who died in infancy, and a daugh- 
ter, Beatrix, who married her uncle, Hernando, in 
1551, and whose descendants inherited her father's 
riches and his title of marquis of the conquest 



Pixarro was tall and of commanding presence, pos- 
sessing extreme courage and fortitude, but cruel, 
cunning, and perfidious. He was grasping in the 
acquisition of money, yet liberal in its use, and he 
not only gave largely to his followers, but spent part 
of the vast treasure, of which he robbed the incas, 
in public buildings and improvements. — His half- 
brother, Gonxalo, b. in Trujillo in 1506; d. in 
Cuxco, Peru, 10 April, 1548, served in boyhood 
with his father in tne Italian war in 1521-'5, and, 
although wholly uneducated, was thoroughly con- 
versant with the art of war. He went to Peru with 
his brother in 1581, and did good service in the 
conquest, especially in the campaign of Charcas, in 
the siege of Cuxco Dy Manco Tupanqui, and in the 
defence of that city against Almagro. by whom he 
was taken prisoner, but escaped a few days after 
the lattera march from Cuxco. In 1589 he was 
appointed governor of Quito, and he soon resolved 
to explore the eastern slope of the Andes, where 
the popular belief located the famous *• El Dorado ** 
and the country of the cinnamon-tree. Early in 
1540 he left Quito with an army of 250 soldiers and 
4,000 auxiliary Indians, and, after innumerable 
hardships, reached Napo river, whence he de- 
spatched Francisco de Orellana (q. v.) on an explora- 
tion which resulted in the discovery of Amazon 
river. Having awaited in vain the return of Orel- 
lana, he began the homeward journey, and after 
terrible privations reached Quito in June, 1542, 
with only eighty half-starved Spaniards on foot 
and less 'than half of his Indians. There he re- 
ceived the news of his brother's assassination, and 
retired to his commandery of Charcas, not taking 
part in public life during the short administration 
of Vaca de Castro. But when, in 1544, the viceroy 
Blasco Nufiez-Vela (q. v,\ appeared with the im- 
perial decree that forbade the personal servitude 
of the Indians, Gonxalo, fearing to lose the advan- 
tages of the conquest went to Cuzco and was pro- 
claimed by the Spanish colonists supreme justice 
and captain-general of Peru. At the head of the 
army he marched against the viceroy, who aban- 
doned Lima, and the city was occupied by Gon- 
xalo, 24 Oct, 1544. After various encounters he 
met the royalist troops at Afiaquito, near Quito, 
where Nufiex was defeated and slain, 18 Jan., 1548, 
and for a time Pizarro was undisputed master of 
Peru, until the new royal commissioner, Pedro de 
la Gasca (q. v.), appeared in June, 1547, when, by 
suspension of the royal decree regarding the In- 
dians and a general amnesty, Gasca succeeded in 
causing the defection of many of Gonzalez's fol- 
lowers. When the two armies met at last in Xa- 
Suixagnana. 8 April, 1548, Garcilaso de la Vega, the 
der, and many others went over to the royalists, 
who gained an easy victory. Gonzalo was taken 
prisoner, condemned to death, and beheaded in 
Cuxco two days afterward. — Another brother, Her- 
nando, the only legitimate son of Col. Pixarro and 
his wife, Isabel de Vargas, b. in Trujillo in 1474 ; 
d. there in 1578, received a fair education, and 
served with his father in Italy under Gonxalo de 
Cordova in 1502-'8, and in 1512 in Navarre under 
the Duke of Najera. In 1580 he came to Peru with 
his brother Francisco and took an important part 
in the conquest ; but from the first he showed great 
hatred of Almagro, so that his brother sent him. in 
1588, to Spain with the royal share of the booty. He 
was well received, made a knight of Santiago, and 
empowered to equip an expedition in Seville, with 
which he returned early in 1585 to Peru. There he 
was appointed governor of Cuzco, which he de- 
fended: from March till August, 1536, against Man- 
co Yupanqui arid his warriors. When the city was 



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captured by Almagro, 8 April, 1587, Hernando was 
Uken prisoner; but he was released a few months 
afterward on conditions which he broke as soon as 
he was at liberty, and took the command of the 
troops against Almagro, whom he defeated at Sa- 
linas and ordered his execution. Bat he was ac- 
cused at court, and, in order to obtain his justifica- 
tion, sailed in the beginning of 1589 with a large 
quantity of gold as a gift for the crown to Spain. 
He was coldly received at court, and, although the 
council of the Indies did not pronounce a final 
sentence regarding his accusation by Almagro's 
executor, Diego de Alvarado, he was imprisoned in 
1540 in the fortress of Medina del Campo, where 
he was kept till 1568, although not in rigid seclu- 
sion, so that he married his niece in 1551. After 
his release he retired to his native city, where he 
died at the age of 104 years.— Another brother, 
Joan, a natural son of Col. Pizarro by the same 
mother as Oonzalo, b. in Truiillo about 1500 ; d. in 
Cuxco in July, 1536, came with his brothers to Peru 
in 1531, and even in Panama began to show enmity 
to Almagro. When the army, after the death of 
Atahualpa, penetrated into the interior, Juan com- 
manded the van-guard, and was the first to discover 
the rich valley oiJauja. When Francisco Pizarro 
despatched Almagro against Alvarado in 1584, and 
marched with re-enforcements toward the coast, he 
left Juan as commander of the garrison in Cuzco, 
where, by his oppression of Manco Yupanqui, for 
the purpose of obtaining gold from him, he gave 
the first cause for the rebellion of that chieftain, 
who fled to the mountains, but was captured again 
by Juan and imprisoned. In 1585 ne marched 
against the Indians of Condesuyos, who had assas- 
sinated some Spaniards. While he was on this ex- 
pedition his brother Hernando returned, and was 
appointed by Francisco vice-governor and chief 
justice of Cuxco, and Juan served under him. Her- 
nando, against the advice of his brothers, set Man- 
co Yupanqui at liberty, and the inca soon rose in 
rebellion and besieged Cuzco. When the supreme 

Eriest, Villac-Uma, bad captured the citadel, whence 
e seriously interfered with the safety of the Span- 
ish headquarters, Juan, whose dauntless courage 
was generally acknowledged, was ordered by Her- 
nando to the assault of the fortress, and in the at- 
tack he was mortally wounded by a stone. He was 
buried in the Church of Santo Domingo, which 
had been principally endowed by him and built on 
the site of the Temple of the Sun, which was as- 
signed to him after the capture of Cuzco. 

PIZARRO. Jose Alfonso, Marquis of Villar. 
Spanish naval officer, b. in Murcia m 1689 ; d. in 
Madrid in 1762. He entered, in his youth, the 
naval service of the knights of Malta, and after- 
ward served in the Spanish navy, attaining the 
rank of rear-admiral When the government 
heard of the expedition of the English admiral, 
George Anson, to the Pacific, a fleet of two ships 
of the line and four frigates, with a regiment of 
infantry for Chili, was despatched under Pizarro's 
command in October, 1740, and arrived, 5 Jan., 
1741, in the river Plate. Hearing that Anson was 
refitting in Santa Catharina for entering the Pa- 
cific by the Strait of Lemaire, Pizarro sailed at once 
to intercept him, but lost one ship and one frigate 
in a storm, was obliged to put back for repairs, and 
on the second attempt, with two vessels, was again 
dismasted, and returned to Montevideo. Thence 
he despatched the frigate " Esperauza" to the Pa- 
cific, and passed across the Andes to Peru, where 
for some time he exercised the functions of naval 
commander-in-chief. After the peace with Eng- 
land, Pizarro left the frigate on the Pacific station 



and returned overland to Montevideo, where he 
found his flag-ship, the " Asia," refitted, and sailed 
in her for Europe in November, 1745. Part of the 
crew consisted of Indians from the pampas, who one 
night rose on the Spaniards, and, after killing the 
watch on deck, had gained possession of the vessel, 
when Pizarro succeeded in killing the ringleader, 
and in the confusion drove the mutineers into the 
sea. On his arrival at Cadiz in January, 1746, he 
was promoted vice-admiral, and in 1749 was ap- 
pointed viceroy of New Granada; but he resigned 
in 1758 and returned to Spain. 

PLACIDE, Henry, actor, b. in Charleston, 
S. C, 8 Sept, 1799; d. near Babylon, L. I., 28 Jan., 
1870. His father, Alexander, was a French va- 
riety performer, who appeared at Sadler's Wells 
theatre, London, 
and came to this 
country in 1792. 
For many years he 
was a professional 
itinerant, but he 
became lessee of 
the playhouse in 
Charleston, S. C, 
and in 1811 was one 
of the managers of 
the Richmond, Va., 
theatre, when it was 
destroyed by fire, 
with the loss of 
many lives. Henry 
appeared as a child, 
under his father's 

direction, at the +~[D **V)0 'J 

Charleston theatre, /VJlWtVA J CCLCUOUL 
and in 1814 was J 

seen at the Anthony street playhouse in New York 
city. Thereafter he became attached to various 
travelling companies, playing occasionally in some 
of the southern cities. On 2 Sept, 1 823, he appeared 
at the New York Park theatre as Zckiel Homespun 
in " The Heir at Law," and for about twenty-five 
years, with slight interruptions, he remained at- 
tached to that establishment He made a few 
brief visits to other cities, and in 1888 played at 
the Haymarket theatre in London. Being disap- 
pointed by his reception, he soon returned, and 
after the destruction of the Park theatre by fire in 
1848 played only occasionally at Burton's theatre 
and the "Winter garden. His final performances 
were in 1865, after which he retired to his country 
home. There was never a more conscientious 
American actor, nor one who filled a wider range 
of characters. Besides being a comedian, Placide 
was also a good buffo singer ; but his manner was 
somewhat hard, and his Shakespearian interpreta- 
tions often lacked unction and raciness. He was 
an artist of remarkably good average performances 
and the greatest of New York favorites, but never 
rose to distinction in any particular character. 
The portrait of Placide represents him as Dromio 
in the " Comedy of Errors.' —His brother, Thomas, 
actor, b. in Charleston, S. C, in 1808 ; d. in Tom's 
River, N. J., 20 July, 1877, was attached in his 
youth to several minor playhouses in subordinate 
parts, but his real dibut was made at the Chatham 

Srden theatre in New York city in 1828 as Andrew 
,ng in "Love, Law, and Physic." For several 
years he was connected with the Park theatre, and 
he afterward led a roving life. From 1850 until 
1854 he managed the Varieties theatre in New Or- 
leans, La., and in 1855 he joined the company at 
Wallack's theatre, New York city. A little later 
he retired from the stage. Thomas Placide was a 



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boisterous performer, who never rose to prominence. 
His best parts were servants and footmen. In voice, 
look, ana action the brothers were much alike, but 
as artists they were widely distinct This was 
strongly manifested when thev appeared as the 
two Dromios in the " Comedv of Errors." 

PLAISTED, Harris Merrill, soldier, b. in 
Jefferson, N. H., 2 Nov., 1828. He worked on a 
farm and taught during his early manhood, and 
was graduated at Waterville college (now Colby 
university) in 1858, and at Albany law-school in 
1855. He was then admitted to the bar and began 
practice in Bangor, Me., in, 1856. He entered the 
National volunteer service m 1861 as lieutenant- 
colonel, was commissioned colonel in 1862, partici- 
pated in McClellan's peninsular campaign, com- 
manded a brigade before Charleston, and served 
with Grant before Richmond. He received the 
brevet of brigadier-general of volunteers in Feb- 
ruary, 1865, and that of major-general of volunteers 
in March of the same year. He resumed his pro- 
fession after the peace, was a delegate to the Na- 
tional Republican convention in 1868, and attorney- 
general of Maine in 1873-75. He went to congress 
as a Republican in 1874 to fill a vacancy, served one 
term, declined re-election, and was governor of 
Maine in 1881-*8. -Since 1884 he has edited and 
published " The New Age/'in Augusta, Me. 

PLASSMANN, Ernst, artist, b. in Sondern, 
Westphalia, 14 June, 1828; d. in New Tork city, 
28 Nov., 1877. At the age of twenty he began 
to study art under Munstermann, and he con- 
tinued his studies at Aix-la-Chapelle, Cologne, and 
Paris. In the last-named place he remained about 
four years, being employed most of the time in the 
studio of Michel Lienard. In 1858 he went to New 
York, where, the following year, he opened " Plass- 
mann's School of Art," which he carried on until 
his death. The " Verein fur Kunst und Wissen- 
schaft " was founded by him in 1858. His princi- 
pal works in sculpture, all in New Tork city, are 
the figure of Tammany on Tammany hall (1869) ; 
the group on the freight-depot of the New Tork 
Central railroad (1870); the statue of Benjamin 
Franklin in Printing-House square (1870-'l) ; and 
the figures of Franklin and Guttenberg on the 
"Staats-Zeitung" building, modelled about 1878. 
He executed also many models for statuettes and 
ornamental metal-work, and gained several medals 
at the American institute for his work in wood- 
carving and plaster models. He published " Mod- 
ern Gothic Ornaments," with 83 plates (New Tork, 
1875), and " Designs for Furniture " (1877). Of the 
latter, only three parts were published. 

PLATER, George, statesman, b. in St Mary's 
county, Md., in 1786; d. in Annapolis, Md., 10 
Feb., 1792. He was graduated at William and 
Mary in 1758, studied law, and won reputation at 
the bar of Maryland. When the troubles with the 
mother country began he took an early and active 
part in resisting the encroachments of the British 
government upon the rights of the colonies. He 
was chosen a member of the Maryland convention 
that assembled at Annapolis, 8 May, 1776, and one 
of whose first public acts was the election of a com- 
mittee, on 24 May, for the purpose of inviting 
Robert Eden, the royal governor, to vacate. On 2o 
May Plater was appointed oneofthecouncil of safety, 
a body created for the express purpose of preparing 
the state for the conflict that was every aay grow- 
ing more imminent He represented St. Mary's 
county in the Maryland convention at ' Annapolis, 
14 Aug., 1776,' and on the 17th of the same month 
was chosen one of the committee " to prepare a 
declaration and charter of rights and a form of 



government " for the state of Maryland. From 
1778 till 1781 he was a member of the Continental 
congress from Maryland, and he was president of 
the Maryland convention that, on 28 April, 1788, 
ratified the constitution of the United States. In 
1792 he was elected governor of Maryland. 

PLATT, Charles Adams, artist, b. in New Tork 
city, 16 Oct, 1861. He studied at the Art league 
and the National academy, New Tork, during 
1878-'80, and in 1884-'5 under Boulanger and Le- 
febvre in Paris. He has given much attention to 
etching, in which branch of art he has been very 
successful. His works include " Interior of Fish- 
houses," ** Fishing Boats," and " Provincial Fishing 
Village " (1882) ; - Old Houses near Bruges " (1888) ; 
"Deventer, Holland " (1885) ; "Quai des Orttvres, 
Paris" (1886); and "Dieppe" (1887). He paints 
also in oil and in water-color, and has exhibited at 
the Salon, the National academy, New Tork, and 
the American water-color society. 

PLAfT, Franklin, geologist, b. in Philadel- 
phia, Pa., 19 Nov., 1844. He was educated at the 
University of Pennsylvania, but left in 1862, before 
graduation, and in 1868 served in the 82d Pennsyl- 
vania Gray reserve regiment In 1864 he was ap- 
pointed to the U. S. coast survey, and assigned to 
surveying work with the North Atlantic squadron 
during that year. He then was appointed on the 
staff of Gen. Orlando M. Poe, chief engineer of the 
military division of the Mississippi, and was en- 
raged in this duty until the surrender of Gen. Joseph 
E. Johnston's army in April, 1865. Subsequently, 
in July, 1874, he was appointed assistant geologist 
of Pennsylvania, which post he held until May, 
1881, after which he became president of the Roch- 
ester and Pittsburg coal and iron company. Mr. 
Piatt is a member of scientific societies, to whose 
transactions he has contributed frequent papers on 
geology and kindred subjects. He prepared nine 
volumes of the reports of the geological survey of 
Pennsylvania. Those that were his exclusive work 
are *' On Clearfield and Jefferson Counties " (Har- 
risburg, 1875); "Coke Manufacture" (1876); "On 
Blair County " (1880) ; and ** The Causes, Kinds, and 
Amount of Waste in Mining Anthracite " (1881). 

PLATT,Orrllle Hitchcock,senator,b. in Wash- 
ington, Conn., 19 July, 1827. He was educated in the 
public schools, was admitted to the bar in 1849, and 
began practice in Meriden, Conn. He was clerk of 
the state senate in 1855-*6, secretary of state in 
1857, state senator in 1861-'2, and a member of the 
legislature in 1864-'9, serving as speaker in the lat- 
ter year. He was elected to the U. S. senate as a Re- 
publican in 1878, and was re-elected in 1884 for the 
term that will end in March, 1891. Mr. Piatt has 
been an earnest advocate of the abolition of secret 
executive sessions of the senate. Tale gave him 
the degree of LL. D. in 1887. 

PLATT, Thomas Collier, senator, b. in Owego, 
N. T., 15 July, 1888. He left Tale in his sophomore 
year in 1858 on account of failing health, but re- 
ceived the honorary degree of M. A. in 1876 from 
that college. He entered mercantile life, became 
president of the Tioga, N. T.. National bank, and 
engaged in the lumber business in Michigan. He 
was elected to congress as a Republican in 1872. re- 
elected in 1874, and on 18 Jan., 1881, was chosen U. S. 
senator to succeed Francis Kernan. but resigned, 
16 May of the same year, with his colleague, Roscoe 
Conkling (o. v.), on account of a disagreement with 
the executive regarding New Tork appointments. 
He returned home, was a candidate for re-election, 
and after an exciting canvass was defeated. He be- 
came secretary and a director of the United States 
express company in 1879, and since 1880 has been 



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PLEASONTON 



its president He was appointed commissioner of 
quarantine of New York city in 1880, became 
president of the board, and held office till 14 Jan., 
1888, when he was removed by proceedings insti- 
tuted on account of his alleged non-residence in 
New York city. He was a member of the National 
Republican conventions in 1876, 1880, and 1884, 
ana for several years of the Republican national 
•committee. He is now (1888) president of the 
Southern Central railroad. 

PLATT, William Henry, clergyman, b. in 
Amenia, Dutchess oo M N. Y., 16 April, 1821. He 
received a good education, was admitted to the 
bar in 1840, and for four years practised in Ala- 
bama. He was ordained deacon in the Protestant 
Episcopal church in 1861, and priest in 1862, held 
rectorships in Selma, Ala., Petersburg, Va., Louis- 
ville, Ky.. and San Francisco, CaL, and became 
rector of St Paul's church, Rochester, N. Y., in 
1882. William and Mary gave him the degree of 
D. D. in 1878. and also that of LL. D. Dr. Piatt's 
publications include "Art Culture" (New York, 
1878) ; ** Influence of Religion in the Development 
of Jurisprudence" (1877); "After Death, whatl" 
{San Francisco, 1878); "Unity of Law or Legal 
Morality " (1879) ; " God out, and Man in," a reply 
to Robert G. Ingersoll (Rochester, 1888) ; and " The 
Philosophy of the Supernatural." 

PLATT, Zephanlah, member of the Continental 
oongress, b. in Dutchess county, N. Y., in 1740; d. 
in Plattsburg, N. Y., 12 Sept, 1807. He received a 
-classical education, studied law, and practised. He 
was a delegate from New York to the Continental 
•congress in 1784-'6\ and was judge of the circuit 
court for many years. He was one of the origina- 
tors of the EHe canal, and founded the town of 
Plattsburg.— His son, Jonas, jurist, b. in Pough- 
keepsie, N. Y^ 80 June, 1769; d. in Peru, Clinton 
<xCN. Y., 22 Feb., 1884, was educated in the public 
schools, admitted to the bar in 1790, and the next 
vear settled in Whitesboro, N. Y. He was a mem- 
Der of the assembly in 1796, of congress in 1796- 
1801, and of the state senate in 181<Pl3. He was 
an unsuccessful candidate for governor in 1810, a 
member of the council in 1818, and in 1814-'23 a 
justice of the New York supreme court He then 
engaged in practice in Utica, and subsequently in 
New York city.— Another son. Zephanlah, jurist, 
b. in Plattsburg, N.Y., in 1796; d. in Aiken, a O, 
20 April, 1871, removed to Michigan in early life, 
studied and subsequently practised law, ana was 
Appointed by the U. S. government its attorney to 
settle its claims on the Pacific coast He was state 
attorney-general for several years, and took high 
rank at the bar. He removed to South Carolina at 
the close of the civil war, and from 1868 until his 
death was judge of the 2d circuit 

PLAZA, Manuel (plah'-thah), Peruvian mis- 
sionary, b. in Riobamba, 1 Jan., 1772 ; d. in Lima 
about 1845. He entered the Franciscan convent of 
Quito, was ordained priest at the age of twenty- 
three years, and immediately afterward set out as a 
missionary for the river Napo. After a year he 
went to the missions of Ucayali and settled in 
Sarayacu, where he soon gained the esteem of the 
Indians and founded two new villages. There he 
remained till 1814, when the viceroy, Jose de Abas- 
oal, fearing the success of the revolution, appointed 
him to open another outlet to Europe by way of 
Comas and Cbanchamayo. He explored tne coun- 
try three months, and, after giving an account of 
his commission to the viceroy, returned to Sarayacu 
and continued his missions till 1821, when the 
Spanish missionaries fled to Brazil, and he was left 
alone among the savages. He suffered greatly till 



1828, when he found his way to Quito, and was 
well received by the bishop and Gen. Bolivar, who 

Crovided him with abundant means, and ordered 
im to return to his missions. After an explora- 
tion of the rivers of the interior by a Peruvian 
commission, the government resolved to assist the 
efforts of Father Plaza, and the latter came to 
Lima in 1845. Congress, on 24 May, passed an act 
that provided a yearly subvention for the missions, 
and Plaza planned to return in 1846, but died be- 
fore he could make the journey, and his manu- 
scripts were lost. 

PLAZA, Nicanor (plah'-thah), Chilian sculptor, 
b. in Santiago in 1844. He entered the academy 
of sculpture of the University of Chili in 1858, and 
in 1868 the government sent him to Europe 
to study. In 1866 he' opened a studio in Pans, 
where he exhibited his " Susannah,'* •* Hercules," 
and "Caupolican" in 1867. In 1871 he was ap- 
pointed director of the Academy of sculpture of 
Santiago. In that city he executed many works 
that relate to the history of his country, some of 
which are erected in the public places of Santiago. 
In 1872, at the exposition of Santiago, he received 
a gold medal. In 1874 he was sent to Europe on 
an artistic mission, and during the first months of 
his stay there he executed a statue of Andres Bello, 
which was erected in 1882 in Santiago, in the 
square of the national congress. He also made a 
statue of Domingo Eyzaguirre. 

PLEASANTS, James, senator, b. in Gooch- 
land county, Va., 24 Oct, 1769 ; d. at his residence, 
" Contention," Goochland county, Va., 9 Nov., 1889. 
He was a first cousin of Thomas Jefferson. He 
was educated by private tutors, studied law, was 
admitted to the bar of his native county, and en- 
joyed an extensive practice, especially as an advo- 
cate. He was a member of the legislature in 1796, 
having been elected as a Republican, clerk of the 
house in 1 80S-' 11, and from the latter date till 
1819 was in congress. He then became U. S. sena- 
tor, served in 1819-*22, when he resigned, and was 
governor of Virginia for the succeeding three years. 
During his term of office, in 1824, Lafayette visited 
Virginia. He was a delegate to the Virginia con- 
stitutional convention in 1829-'80, and subse- 
quently declined the appointment of judge of the 
circuit court and of the Virginia court of appeals. 
The county of Pleasants, now W. Va., is named in 
his honor. John Randolph of Roanoke said of 
him : " James Pleasants never, made an enemy nor 
lost a friend." — His son, John Hampden, jjour- 
nalistb. in Goochland county, Va., 4 Jan., 1797: 
d. in Richmond, Va., 27 Feb., 1846, was educated 
at William and Mary college, and was admitted to 
the bar at an early age, but abandoned law for 
journalism, and founded and became editor of the 
Lynchburg •* Virginian." He subseguently re- 
moved to Richmond, Va., and in 1824 founded the 
44 Constitutional Whig and Public Advertiser," and 
was its chief editor for twenty-two years. He was 
killed in a duel with Thomas Ritchie, Jr., of the 
44 Richmond Enquirer," a Democratic organ. Mr. 
Pleasants was a brilliant editor and paragraphist, 
and his journal was the principal exponent of the 
Whig party in Virginia. His brother Whigs 
erected a monument to his memory, on which his 



ated at tne U. S. military academy in 1826, and then 
served on garrison duty at the Artillery school for 

S notice in Fortress Monroe, and on topographical 
uty until 80 June, 1880, when he resigned from 
the army. After studying law, he was admitted to 



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PLEASONTON 



PLES8IS 



the bar, and he has since practised in Philadelphia. 
He has served in the Pennsylvania militia, holding 
the rank of brigade-major in 1888, and becoming 
oo.onel in 1885, and he was wounded daring the 
conflict with armed rioters in Southwark, Pa., on 
7 Julv, 1844. During the political disturbances in 
Hamsburg, Pa-, in 1838-'9, he was assistant adju- 
tant-general and paymaster-general of the state. 
On 10 May, 1861, ne was appointed brigadier-gen- 
eral of Pennsylvania militia, and charged with the 
organization and subsequent command daring the 
civil war of a home-guard of 10,000 men, including 
cavalry, artillery, and infantry, for the defence of 
Philadelphia. In 1889-'40 he was president of the 
Harrisburg, Portsmouth, Mountjoy, and Lancaster 
railroad company. He has devoted his leisure to 
the cultivation of a farm near Philadelphia, where, 
as early as 1861, he began to experiment on the 
action of different colored rays upon vegetable and 
animal life. He claimed to have demonstrated 
that the blue rays of the sun were especially stimu- 
lating to vegetation. His experiments were subse- 
quently applied to animals, and afterward to in- 
valids, ana wonderful cures were said to have been 
wrought. The public became interested in his ex- 
periments, and for a time a so-called M blue-glass 
craze" prevailed, culminating in 1877-8. Gen. 
Pleasonton published many papers in advocacy of 
his theories, and a book entitled " Influence of the 
Blue Ray of the Sunlight and of the Blue Color 
of the Sky in Developing Animal and Vegetable 
Life, in Arresting Disease" (Philadelphia, 1876). 
— His brother, Alfred, soldier, b. in Washington, 
D. C, 7 June, 1824, was graduated at the U. S. 
military academy in 1844, served in the Mexican 
war, and was bre- 
vetted 1st lieuten- 
ant for " gallant 
and meritorious 
conduct in the bat- 
tles of Palo Alto 
and Resaca de la 
Palma." He sub- 
sequently, was on 
frontier duty with 
his company, and 
was commissioned 
1st lieutenant in 
1849, and captain 
in 1856. He was 
acting assistant ad- 
*S JZff v -f - jutant -general to 
iSV-^^m^cnts&n&Jbito. William S. 
Harney during the 
Sioux expedition, and his adjutant-general from 
1866 till 1860 in the campaign against the Seminoles 
in Florida, and the operations in Kansas, Oregon, 
and Washington territory. He commanded his 
regiment in its march from Utah to Washington 
in the autumn of 1861, was commissioned major of 
the 2d cavalry in February, 1862, served through 
the Virginia peninsular campaign, became briga- 
dier-general of volunteers in July of that year, and 
commanded the division of cavalry of the Array of 
the Potomac that followed Lee's invading army 
into Maryland. He was engaged at Boonesborough, 
South Mountain, Antietam, and the subsequent 
pursuit, engaged the enemy frequently at Freder- 
icksburg, and stayed the further advance of the 
enemy at Chancellorsville. On 2 May, when Jack- 
son's Confederate corps was coming down upon the 
right flank of Hooker's army, and had already 
routed Howard's corps. Gen. Pleasonton, by his 
quick and skilful action, saved the army from a 
serious disaster. Ordering the 8th Pennsylvania 



cavalry to charge boldly into the woods in the face- 
of the" advancing host (see Kbbnan, Peter), he de- 
layed Jackson's progress a few minutes — just long 
enough to throw into position all the artiUery that 
was within reach. He ordered the guns loaded 
with grape and canister, and depressed enough to 
make the shot strike the ground naif wav between 
their line and the edge of the woods. When the 
Confederate column emerged, it met such a storm 
of iron as no troops could pass through. About 
this time Jackson fell, and before any new manoeu- 
vres could be undertaken darkness put an end to 
the day's work. He received the brevet of lieu- 
tenant-colonel for Antietam in 1862, was promoted 
major-general of volunteers in June, 1863, partici- 
pated in the numerous actions that preceded the 
battle of Gettysburg, was commander-in-chief of 
cavalry in that action, and was brevetted colonel, 
2 July, 1868. He was transferred to Missouri in 
1864, drove the forces under Gen. Sterling Price 
from the state, and in March, 1866, was brevetted 
brigadier-general in the U. S. army for gallant and 
meritorious conduct in that campaign, and major- 
general for services throughout the civil war. He 
resigned in 1868, was U. S. collector of revenue for 
several years, and subsequently president of the 
Terre Haute and Cincinnati railroad. In May, 
1888, he was placed on the retired list, with the 
rank of colonel, U. S. A. 

PLEE, Augaste, French botanist, b. in Pointe 
a Pitre, Guadeloupe, in 1787 ; d. in Fort Royal, 
Martinique, 17 Aug., 1826. He occupied a high 
official post, but was devoted to natural history, 
and embarked in 1819 for South America, charged 
by the government with the mission of exploring 
the continent as a botanist. After travelling ex- 
tensively, and forming numerous collections of 
Slants, he fell sick and returned to Martinique. 
[is principal works are "Le jeune botaniste, ou 
entretiens d'un pere avec son flls sur la botanique 
et la physiologic v£g6tale, etc." (2 vols., Paris, 
1812); and a "Journal de vovage du botaniste 
August* Plee, a travers les Antilles, les Guyanes et 
le Bresil " (2 vols., Paris, 1828). The administra- 
tion of the Paris museum published in 1830 a 
catalogue of Plee's collection in 8 vols. 

PLESSIS. Francis Xavier, Canadian clergy- 
man, b. in Quebec, 16 Jan., 1694. He became a 
member of the Society of Jesus, and was engaged 
on the Indian missions. He wrote " Avis et pra- 
tiques pour profiter de la mission et en conserver le 
fruit a l'usage des missions du Per© du Plessis de la 
Compagnie de Jesus" (8 vols., Paris, 1742) and 
" Lettre au sujet des calomnies publiees par l'au- 
teur des nouvelles ecclesiastiques (1746). 

PLESSIS, Joseph Octave, Canadian R. C. 
bishop, b. near Montreal, Canada, in 1768 ; d. in 
Quebec, 4 Dec., 1826. He studied classics in the 
College of Montreal, but refused to continue his 
education, and his father, who was a blacksmith, 
set him to work at the forge. After a short experi- 
ence at manual labor, he consented to enter the 
Petit seminaire of Quebec in 1780. On finishing 
his course he taught belles-lettres and rhetoric in 
the College of Montreal, and, notwithstanding his 
youth, became secretary to Bishop Briand. He was 
ordained priest on 29 Nov., 1786. Shortly after his 
ordination he was made secretary to Bishop Hubert, 
and he exercised so much influence over this prel- 
ate that he really filled the functions of coadjutor- 
bishop. In 1792 he was appointed cure* of Quebec 
Bishop Denault named him his grand vicar in 1797, 
and at the same time announced his intention of 
choosing him for coadjutor. The popularity of 
Plessis with the French Canadians excited the noa- 



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41 



tility of the English party, and Gen. Prescott, the 
governor of the province, opposed the appointment, 
Eat he finally yielded to the demands of public 
opinion. Plessis was consecrated bishop in the 
cathedral of Quebec on 25 Jan., 1801, in presence 
of the governor and officials of the province. The 
death of Bishop Denault raised him to the episcopal 
tee of Quebec in 1806. He began his administration 
under difficult circumstances. Efforts were made 
to appropriate the property of the Jesuits and of 
the Seminary of Montreal to the uses of the state, 
to organise an exclusively Protestant system of 
public instruction, and to give a power of veto on 
the nomination of priests and the erection of par- 
ishes to the English crown. An unsuccessful 
attempt was made to prevent him from taking 
the oath of allegiance in his capacity of bishop 
of Quebec In 1810 Gov. Craig sent a messenger 
to England to complain of the bishop's oonduct ; 
but the authorities adopted a conciliatory policy, 
Craig was recalled, ana Sir George Prevost was 
sent to replace him. The new governor had 
several interviews with the bishop, who refused to 
make any concessions, and finally all his demands 
in behalf of the Roman Catholic church in Canada 
were conceded. The part that he took during the 
war of 1812 in exciting the loyaltv and warlike 
spirit of the French Canadians gained him the 
good-will of England. He received letters from the 
government recognizing his title and jurisdiction 
as Roman Catholic bishop of Quebec, and granting 
him a pension of a thousand louis a year with a 
seat in the legislative council. Bishop Plessis was 
the first to introduce the gospel into the vast terri- 
tory of Red river, and founded religious and edu- 
cational institutions in Upper Canada and the 
provinces along the Gulf of St Lawrence. His 
great work was the organisation of his church in 
Canada. In 1818 he was nominated archbishop of 
Quebec, and the rest of British America was formed 
into four suffragan sees. In the legislative council 
he was an ardent defender of the religious and civil 
rights of his co-religionists, and in 1822, when the 
English government tried to force a union between 
Upper and Lower Canada, his energetic resistance 
counted for much in the failure of the plan. The 
reformation and development of Canadian educa- 
tion formed the great end of his life. He resisted 
successfully efforts to weaken the force of French- 
Canadian nationality through the medium of a 
system of popular education. The colleges of 
Nicolet and St. Hyacinth were founded through 
his encouragement, and schools and academies were 
esta bli s h ed m every direction. He spent his time and 
income in searching out young men and educating 
them at his own* expense. Some of the most emi- 
nent men of Canada owed their training to him. 
The passage of the education law of 1824 was to a 
neat extent his work, and his correspondence with 
Lord Bathurst on this subject proves him a man of 
great diplomatic force. 

PLE&YS, or PLESSIS, Paclflcus du, French 
missionary, b. in France in the latter part of the 
16th century ; d. in Quebec in the first part of the 
17th. He was one of the four Recollet mission- 
aries that accompanied Champlain to Canada in 
1615, and was employed to instruct the children of 
the French and Indians that had settled at Three 
Rivers. His influence over the Indians enabled 
him to render a great service to the French colony. 
In 1618 a conspiracy was formed to cut off all the 
French, and 800 Indians as s e mbled near Three 
Rivers to carry out the plot Brother Pacificus 
was warned by a friendly savage. He gained over 
same of the chiefs, and with their help prevailed 



on the others to agree to a treaty of peace, which 
he undertook to negotiate with Champlain. He 
sailed with the latter for France the same year, but 
afterward returned to Canada. His body was dis- 
covered near the vault of Champlain in 1866. 

PLEVILLE LE PELET, Georges Be««(play- 
veel), French naval officer, b. in Granville, 26 June, 
1726 ; d. in Paris, 2 Oct, 1806. He ran away from 
school when he was twelve years old, and enlisted 
as a cabin-boy at Havre, under the name of Du 
Vivier, on a ship bound for the Newfoundland 
fisheries. At the beginning of the war of 1742 he 
joined a privateer as lieutenant, and did good ser- 
vioe off th« coast of Canada. In 1746 he was taken 
prisoner by the English near Louisburg, but he 
was soon released and entered the royal navy as 
sub-lieutenant under his uncle, Commander Tilly 
Le Peley. During the war of 1765 he was again 
employed in Canadian waters, and, as commander 
of the brig " Hirondelle," forced three ships to sur- 
render in 1759. after a desperate action. In 1770, 
being stationed in Marseilles, he saved an English 
frigate which had grounded on a sand-bank in a 
hurricane. The English admiralty presented him 
with a purse of $10,000, and when afterward, dur- 
ing the war of American independence, his two 
sons were captured by the English, the admiralty 
issued orders to release them, In 1778 he became 
second captain of the " Languedoc," the flag-ship of 
Admiral oVEstaing, and during the gale that dis- 
persed the French fleet off Newport he saved his 
vessel After serving creditably in the attack on 
St Lucia, and participating in the capture of St 
Vincent and Grenada in the West Indies, he urged 
D'Estaing, whose confidence he had gained, to 
utilize the momentary French superiority on the 
sea in undertaking some great enterprise for the 
American cause, and was cnarged with convoying 
captured English vessels to the United States. The 
Baltimore merchants were so satisfied with their 
dealings with him that, after the siege of Savan- 
nah, when D'Estaing opened negotiations for a loan 
of $60,000 to repair his vessels, they consented to 
advance the sura upon the personal security of 
Pleville le Peley. This conduct is the more mem- 
orable when it is remembered that Lafayette, the 
acknowledged owner of a large fortune, was able 
to raise only $10,000 in 1781 from those same mer- 
chants. In the assault on Savannah, 9 Oct, 1779, 
he commanded a companv, and was conspicuous 
in his efforts to reform the column when it lost 
its way in a swamp and became exposed to the 
British batteries. In 1780 he servea under De 
Guichen, and he fought also at Torktown under 
De Grasse in October, 1781. After the defeat 
of that admiral, 12 April, 1782, he rejoined Vau- 
dreuilles, and served under him till the conclusion 
of the campaign. He was promoted commodore in 
1788, and employed in several cruises in North 
America. Adopting in 1789 the principles of the 
French revolution, he was appointed minister 
plenipotentiary to Anoona in 1795, and afterward 
given a like mission to Corfu. In 1797 he was pro- 
moted rear-admiral, and in March, 1798, vice- 
admiral. He held also the naval portfolio from 
April till July, 1798, was created a senator in 1799, 
and given the grand oross of the order of the Legion 
of honor by Napoleon in 1804. 

PLUMB, Joseph, pioneer, b. in Paris, Oneida 
oo., N. Y., 27 June, 1791 ; <L in Cattaraugus, N. Y„ 
25 May, 1870. He settled in Fredonia, N. Y., in 
1816, and after removing to New York city, and 
subsequently to Ithaca and Geneva, he finally 
established himself in Gowanda, Erie oo., N. Y., on 
the border of the Cattaraugus reservation of Seneca 



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PLUMER 



Indians. He was active in benevolent and educa- 
tional enterprises in behalf of this tribe, and 
organized the first school and church in that 
community. He was a founder of the Liberty 
party in 1840, and its candidate for lieutenant- 
governor in 1844. He owned the land upon which 
the town of Cattaraugus was built, and disposed of 
it on condition that no intoxicating liquors should 
be sold thereon. In one case the matter was carried 
to the court of appeals, and, after years of litigation, 
was decided in 1869 in favor of Mr. Plumb, the 
court sustaining the temperance restriction. He 
was an early member of the anti-slavery party, 
and declined a nomination to congress in 1852, and 
the office of circuit judge. See his " Memorial " 
(printed privately, 1870).— His son, Edward Lee, 
diplomatist, b. in Gowanda, N. Y., 1? Julv, 1827, 
has been secretary of legation and charge* d'affaires 
in Mexico, consul-general at Havana, and was the 
agent in procuring the charter of the International 
railway of Mexico. 

PLUMB, Joslah Burr, Canadian statesman, b. 
in East Haven, Conn., 25 March, 1816: d. in Niag- 
ara, Ont, 12 March, 1888. His father was rector 
of the Episcopal church at East Haven. The son 
was for many years manager of the State bank at 
Albany. N. Y., and a director in several banks in 
Buffalo and Oswego. He was one of a committee 
that was appointed by the Democrats of New York 
state to confer with the slave states on the north- 
ern border, with a view to prevent the civil war. 
He subsequently removed to Canada, and was 
elected to the Dominion parliament for Niagara 
in 1874, being an active debater on the Conserva- 
tive side. He was unseated on petition the same 
year, and re-elected shortlv afterward for the same 
constituency. Through the disqualification of his 
opponent, who received the majority of votes, he 
was declared elected again in 1878. In 1877-8 
he accompanied Sir John Macdonald during his na- 
tional polity campaign, rendering efficient service 
to his partv. He was an unsuccessful candidate for 
North Wellington in 1882, and was called to the 
senate, 6 Feb., 1883. He presided over the senate 
during most of the session of 1886, owing to the 
illness of Sir Alexander Campbell, and was ap- 
pointed speaker of that body in April, 1887, which 
office he held at the time of his death. 

PLUMB, Preston B., senator, b. in Delaware 
county, Ohio, 12 Oct., 1837. After receiving a 
common-school education he became a printer, and 
in 1856 removed to Kansas. He studied law, was 
admitted to the bar in 1861, was a member of the 
legislature in 1862, subsequently reporter of the 
Kansas supreme court, and in the latter part of 
that year entered the National army as a lieuten- 
ant. He served throughout the civil war, and at- 
tained the rank of lieutenant-colonel. He was 
again in the legislature in 186 7- '8, was its speaker 
the latter year, and in 1876 was elected U. S. sena- 
tor as a Republican. He was re-elected for the 
term that will end in 1889. Mr. Plumb has edited 
and adapted a work entitled " Practice before Jus- 
tice Courts in Kansas " (New York, 1875). 

PLUMER, William (plum'-mer), senator, b. in 
Newburyport, Mass., 25 June, 1759 ; d. in Epping, 
N. H., 22 June, 1850. His ancestor, Francis, emi- 
grated from England in 1634, and was one of the 
original grantees of Newbury. William removed 
to Epping, N. H., at eight years of age, received an 
academical education, was admitted to the bar in 
1787, and soon established a reputation as an ad- 
vocate. He also took an active part in state poli- 
tiV>5. was solicitor for Rockingham county for many 
' -1 ;n tft .v'l-luturc for eight terms, dur- 



ing two of which he was speaker, and was president 
of the state senate in 1810-'ll. In 1792 ne was a 
member of the New Hampshire constitutional con- 
vention, and was active in the revision of the stat- 
utes. He was elected U. S. senator in 1802 to fill 
the vacancy occasioned by the resignation of James 
Sheaf e, served till 1807, and was governor of New 
Hampshire in 1812-'16, and again in 1817-18. He 
was a presidential elector in 1820, casting the only 
vote in opposition to the re-election of President 
Monroe, to whom he objected on account of his 
financial embarrassments. This was his last pub- 
lic service. For the remaining thirty years of his 
life he devoted himself to literary pursuits, and 
contributed regularly to the press unaer the signa- 
ture of ** Cincinnatus." He published *' Appeal to 
the Old Whigs " (Washington, 1805) and " Address 
to the Clergy " (1814), and left valuable historical 
and biographical manuscripts. See his life, by his 
son, with a memoir of the latter, edited by Andrew 
P. Peabody (Boston, 1857).— His son, William, 
congressman, b. in Epping, N. H., 9 Oct, 1789; d. 
there, 18 Sept., 1854, was graduated at Harvard in 
1809, studied law under his father, and was ad- 
mitted to the bar in 1812. He was U. S. commis- 
sioner of loans in 1816-'17. a member of the legis- 
lature in 1818, and was elected to congress as a 
Democrat, serving by re-election from 1819 till 
1825. He was an ardent Abolitionist, and delivered 
several speeches in congress in opposition to the 
admission of Missouri into the Union as a slave 
state. He was in the New Hampshire senate in 
1827-8, and declined a re-election in 1830, and the 
appointment of district attorney. He subsequently 
devoted himself to literary pursuits, and his last 
public service was as a member of the State consti- 
tutional convention in 1850. Mr. Plumer was an 
accomplished speaker and writer. He gave much 
time to historical and biographical research, and 
was an active member of the New England historic- 
genealogical society. Two volumes of his poems 
were printed privately (Boston, 1841 and 1848), and 
he published "Lyrica Sacra" (1845) and "Pas- 
toral on the Story of Ruth" (1847), and, in part, 
edited the life of his father, mentioned above. 

PLUMER, William Swan, clergyman, b. in 
Griersburer (now Darlington), Beaver co., Pa., 25 
July, 180fc: d. in Baltimore, Md., 22 Oct, 1880. 
He was graduated at Washington college, Va., in 

1825, studied at Princeton theological seminary in 

1826, was ordained the next year, and organized 
the first Presbyterian church in Danville, Va., in 

1827, He then removed to Warrenton, N. C, 
where he also organized a church, and afterward 

S reached in Raleigh, Washington, and New Berne, 
r. C, and in Prince Edward and Charlotte coun- 
ties, Va. He was pastor of a church in Petersburg, 
Va., in 1831-'4. and in Richmond in 1835-'46. He 
founded the *• Watchman of the South," a religious 
weekly, in 1837, and for eight years was its sole 
editor. In 1838 he was instrumental in establish- 
ing the Deaf, dumb, and blind institution in 
Staunton. Va. He was pastor of churches in Bal- 
timore. Md., in 1847-54, and in Alleghany, Pa., in 
1 855-' 62, at the same time serving as professor of 
didactic and pastoral theology in Western theologi- 
cal seminary there. He resided in Philadelphia fi>r 
the next three years, was in charge of a Presbvte- 
rian church in Pottsviile, Pa., in 1865-'6, and at 
that date became professor of didactic and polemic 
theologv in the Theological seminary in Columbia, 
S. C. fie was transferred to the chair of historic, 
casuistic, and pastoral theology in 1875, and held 
that office until a few months previous to his 
death. He was moderator of the general assembly 



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PLUMSTED 



48 



of the Presbyterian chnrch in 1888, and of the 
southern branch of that body in 1871. He received 
the degree of D. D. from Princeton, Lafayette, and 
Washington colleges in 1888, and that of LL. D. 
from the University of Mississippi in 1857. Dr. 
Plumer was an interesting figure in the history of 
the Presbyterian church. He was not an orator, 
but he exercised a strong personal influence over 
his audiences, and possessed a gift for teaching. 
His writings were practical, didactic, and of the 
extreme CaJvinistic school They include '•Sub- 
stance of an Argument against the Indiscriminate 
Incorporation of Churches and Religious Societies" 
(New York, 1847); "The Bible True, and Infidelity 
Wicked "(1848); "Plain Thoughts for Children '' 
(Philadelphia, 1849); "Short Sermons to Little 
Children * (1850); "Thoughts Worth Remember- 
ing " (New York, 1860); "The Saint and the Sin- 
ner " (Philadelphia, 1851); -The Grace of Christ" 
(1858) ; " Rome against the Bible, and the Bible 
against Rome" (1854); "Christ our Theme and 
Glorv" (1855); "The Church and her Enemies" 
(1856); " The Law of God as contained in the Ten 
Commandments " (1864) ; " Vital Godliness " (New 
York, 1865) ; " Jehovah Jireh " (Philadelphia, 1866) ; 
"Studies in the Book of Psalms" (1866); "The 
Rock of Our Salvation " (1867) ; " Words of Truth 
and Love" (1868); "Commentaries on the Epistle 
to the Romans'* (1870); "Commentaries on the 
Epistle to the Hebrews " (1870) ; more than fifty 
tracts that were published by religious societies ; 
and many occasional sermons. 

PLUMIER, Charles, French botanist b. in 
Marseilles, Prance, in 1646 ; d. in Santa Maria, near 
Cadiz, Spain, in 1704. He entered the order of 
Minimes in 1662, and devoted himself to the phys- 
ical sciences, mathematics, and painting. He at- 
tended botanical lectures in Rome, and was 
selected by the government in 1689 to accompany 
Surian to the ranch possessions in the Antilles. 
The two botanists quarrelled at the end of eighteen 
months, and Plumier published his results sepa- 
rately on his return to France. Owing to the inter- 
est that was excited among scientists, the king sent 
him on a second mission to the same colonies. Its 
success induced him to make a third voyage, on 
which he visited Guadeloupe and Santo Domingo, 
as well as Martinique. He also went to the neigh- 
boring coast of the main-land, where he made many 
valuable collections. He sailed for Santa Maria, 
intending to embark at that port for Peru, but was 
attacked by pleurisy shortly after landing. Plumier 
rendered great services to the natural sciences, and 
particularly to botany. His works are " Descrip- 
tion dee plantes de 1'Amerique" (Paris, 1698); 
•* Nova plantarum Americanarum genera " (1708) ; 
and"Traite des fougeresde l'Ameriques" (1705). 
Plumier also published some other works, and left 
an immense collection of manuscripts, which are in 
the library of Paris and in that of the Jardin des 
Plantes. Among them are '* Botanographia Ameri- 
cana," " Descriptiones plantarum ex America," 
"De naturalibus Ant ilia rum," "Solum, salum 
Americanum, sen plantarum, piscium, volucrum- 
que insults An til lis et San- Dominicans naturalium 
icones et descriptiones," "Poissons de l'Ame- 
rique," and " Ornithojjrraphia Americana, quadru- 
pedia et volatilia continent" There are altogether 
more than 4^00 designs of plants and more than 
1,200 of other objects in natural history, drawn by 
Plumier. probably a larger number than were exe- 
cuted by any other artist Several dissertations by 
Plumier were published in scientific periodicals. 
In the "Journal des savants" of 1694, and in the 
"Memoires de Trevoox" of September, 1708, he 



gave the first correct accounts of the origin of 
cochineal. The name Plumeria was given by 
Tournefort to a class of trees in the West indies. 

PLUMLEY, Benjamin Bosh, author, b. in 
Newton, Bucks co., Pa., 10 March, 1816 ; d. in Gal- 
veston, Tex., 9 Dec., 1887. He was earlv associated 
with William Llovd Garrison in abolition move- 
ments, subsequently engaged in literary pursuits, 
and contributed prose and poetical sketches to the 
magazines. During the civil war he served On the 
staff of Gen. John C. Fremont, and subsequently 
he was on that of Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks. He 
afterward settled in Galveston, Tex. His works in 
manuscript, to be issued in book -form, include 
" Kathaleen McKinley, the Kerry Girl," " Rachel 
Lockwood," "Lavs of the Quakers," which ap- 
peared in the "Knickerbocker"; and "Oriental 
Ballads," in the " Atlantic Monthly." 

PLUMMER, Joseph B, soldier, b. in Barre. 
Mass., 10 Aug., 1820; d. near Corinth, Miss., 9 
Aug., 1862. He was graduated at the U. a mili- 
tary academy in 1841, served in Florida, on the 
western frontier, and in the Mexican war, became 
lieutenant in 1848, and captain in 1852. He ren- 
dered important service to Gen. Nathaniel Lyon 
in the capture of Camp Jackson, Mo., and was 
severely wounded at Wilson's Creek in August, 
1861. He became colonel of the 11th Missouri vol- 
unteers in September of that year, defeated the 
Confederates at Fredericktown, Mo., on 12 Oct, 
and was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers 
the next day. He subsequently participated in the 
battles of New Madrid and Island No. 10. He be- 
came major of infantry in April, 1862, served in 
the Mississippi campaign, at the siege and battle 
of Corinth, and in pursuit of the enemy to Boon- 
ville from 1 till 11 June. His death was the re? 
suit of exposure in camp. 

PLUMSTED, Clement, mayor of Philadelphia, 
b. in 1680; d. in Philadelphia, 26 May, 1745. He 
is believed to have been a native of Norfolk, Eng- 
land, and this belief is supported by the fact that 
his son William had marked on his silver the crest 
that was granted to Nathaniel Plumsted, of that 
county, in the 15th year of Queen Elizabeth. He 
was no doubt a kinsman, perhaps a son, of Clement 
Plumsted, citizen and draper of London, who was 
amongthe proprietors of East Jersey, associated 
with William Tenn. He came to Philadelphia 
about the time he attained his majority, became a 
merchant, and was nearly all his life one of the 
wealthiest citizens. He was made a common 
councilman in 1712, afterward became an alder- 
man, and in 1728 succeeded James Logan as mavor, 
to which office he was again chosen in 1786 and in 
1741. He was commissioned in 1717 one of the 
justices of the court of common pleas, quarter 
sessions, and orphans' court, and was continued by 
subsequent appointments until his death. From 
1727 till his death he was an active member of the 
provincial council, and in 1780 became a master in 
chancery. In company with David French and 
two gentlemen from Maryland, he was commis- 
sioned by the English court of chancery in 1740 to 
examine witnesses in Pennsylvania and the Lower 
counties in the case of Penn v$. Lord Baltimore. 
He was the intimate friend of Andrew Hamilton, 
and was concerned with him in extensive and prof- 
itable land speculations, and, no doubt, through 
Hamilton's influence, Plumsted, although a Quak- 
er, came to show little sympathy with tne " Norris 
party," as the stricter Friends came to be called, in 
the bitter contests between this party and the 
governor. In 1727 he was one of those that pur- 
chased the Durham tract in Bocks county, ra^ 



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PLYMPTON 



POE 



formed a stock-company for the manufacture of 
iron, and built the Durham furnace, where the 
manufacture has since been continued. The prop* 
erty was purchased in 1864 by Edward Cooper and 
Abram S. Hewitt By his will he left £50 to be 
divided between ten poor housekeepers, five of 
them to be Friends and five of other denomina- 
tions. He also gave five shillings to every poor per- 
son in the almshouse. — His son, William, mayor 
of Philadelphia, b. in Philadelphia, 7 Nov., 1706: 
d. there, 10 Aug., 1765, became nis father's partner 
in business, and continued in trade after the let- 
ter's death. In 1789 he was chosen to the city 
council. In 1741, on his return from a voyage to 
England, it being suggested that he should be 
called to the provincial council, Gov. Thomas 
wrote to William Penn : " Will Plumsted is a very 
worthy young man, but as his father is in the coun- 
cil he will be always looked upon as under his in- 
fluence, and so can give no reputation to the board. 
Besides, it is both your brother's opinion and mine 
that he would not accept of it." On the death of 
Peter Evans, a lawyer of the Inner Temple, in 
1745, the office of register-general for the province 
became vacant, and, at Clement Plumsted s solici- 
tation, it was {riven to William, who held the of- 
fice until his death. He was also many years a 
county judge. When about middle age he re- 
nounced Quakerism. In 1748 he was a subscriber 
to the Dancing assembly, the first that was held in 
Philadelphia. Subsequently he became one of the 
founders of St. Peter s church, and in 1761, when 
its house for worship was finished, he was elected 
a vestryman, and became the first accounting 
warden. He was one of the original trustees of the 
college that has since grown to be the University of 
Pennsylvania, He was three times chosen mayor 
of Philadelphia— in 1750, 1754, and 1755— and at 
the end of the first term gave to the city £75 in- 
stead of giving the entertainment that was expected 
from a retiring mayor. In 1757, although he re- 
sided at that time m the city of Philadelphia, he 
was chosen a member of the assembly from North- 
ampton county. His daughter, Elizabeth, a lady of 
noted beauty, became the wife of Andrew Elliott, 
and his granddaughter, Elizabeth, daughter of 
Andrew and Elizabeth (Plumsted) Elliott, became 
ladv of the bed-chamber to the queen of England, 
ana wife of William Schaw Cathcart, who was cre- 
ated Earl Cathcart in 1814. 
PLYMPTON, George Washington, civil en- 
neer, b. in Waltham, Mass., 18 Nov., 1827. He 
[earned the machinist's trade, and then was gradu- 
ated with the degree of C. E. at Rensselaer 
polytechnic institute in 1847. For a time he re- 
mained at the institute as instructor in mathemat- 
ics, but in 1850 he turned his attention to profes- 
sional work in New York state, and later in Cleve- 
land, Ohio, and in 1852 he held the chair of 
engineering and architecture in Cleveland univer- 
sity. In 1853-'5 he taught mathematics in the 
State normal school in Albany, N. Y., and in 
1857-U he had charge of physics and engineering 
in the Normal school in Trenton, N. J. He was 
called in 1868 to the chair of physical science in 
the Brooklyn polytechnic institute, and in 1860 
was appointed to that of physics and engineering 
at Cooper Union, New York city, from which he 
was advanced in 1879 to the post of director of the 
Cooper Union night-school In 1844-'5 he was 

{irofessor of chemistry and toxicology in the Long 
Bland college hospital, and in 1867-8 he was chief 
engineer of the water board of Bergen, N. J., hav- 
ing charge of the drainage of that place. Prof. 
Plympton was appointed commissioner of electrical 



gin< 
leai 



subways of Brooklyn, and has been very prompt 
in placing the wires underground. He received 
the honorary degree of A. M. in 1854 from Hamil- 
ton college, and in 1877 that of M. D. from the 
Long Island college hospital He is a member of 
the American society of civil engineers, and of 
other scientific associations. From 1870 till 1886 
he edited " Van Nostrand's Engineering Magazine," 
and he has published " The Blowpipe, a Guide to 
its Use in the Determination of Salts and Minerals " 
(Cincinnati, 1858) ; •• The Star Finder, or Plani- 
sphere with a Movable Horizon " (New York, 1878) ; 
" The Aneroid, and how to use it " (1880); and a 
translation of Jannettaz's " Guide to the Determi- 
nation of Rocks " (1877). 

PLYMPTON, Joseph, soldier, b. in Sudbury, 
Mass., 24 March, 1787 ; d. on Staten island, N. Y., 
5 June, 1860. He was appointed lieutenant in the 
4th infantry at the beginning of the war with 
Great Britain in 1812, and served on the northern 
frontier until 1815. He became captain in 1821, 
major in 1840, and in 1842 commanded during an at- 
tack on the Seminole Indians near Dunn's lake, Fla. 
He became lieutenant-colonel in 1846, led his regi- 
ment through the campaign under Gen. W infield 
Scott in Mexico, received the brevet of colonel for 
gallant service at the battle of Cerro Gordo, and 
was mentioned in the official report for bravery at 
that of Contreras. In 1858 he was promoted colo- 
nel of the 1st U. S. infantry. 

POE, Edgar Allan, author, b. in Boston, Mass., 
19 Jan., 1809 ; d. in Baltimore, Md., 7 Oct., 1849. 
His great-grandfather, John, who came from the 
north of Ireland to Pennsylvania about 1745, was 
a descendant of one of Cromwell's officers. John's 
son, David, was an ar- 
dent patriot, served in 
the Revolution and the 
war of 1812, and was 
commonly given the 
title of general. His 
son, of the same name, 
was educated for the 
law, but went upon the 
stage, and in 1805 mar- 
ried Elizabeth Arnold, 
an actress. Edgar was 
born while his parents 
were regular members 
of the company at the 
Federal street theatre, 
Boston. He was left 
an orphan in early 
childhood, and adopt- 
ed by John Allan, a 
wealthy tobacco merchant in Richmond, Va., whose 
young childless wife had taken a fancy to the 
boy. In Mr. Allan's house he was brought up in 
luxury. He was precocious, and could read, draw, 
dance, and declaim poetry at six years of age. In 
1815 ne accompanied the Allans to England, and 
was placed at a school in Stoke Newington, which 
he afterward described in his tale of '* William 
Wilson." Here he remained five years. On his 
return to Richmond he attended a private school 
in that city, where he was a bright student and 
active in out-door sports, one of his feats being a 
swim of six miles against the tide and in a not 
June sun. But he had few companions, and kept 
much to himself. In his fifteenth year he became 
warmly attached to the mother of one of his school- 
mates. She was his confidant and friend, and 
when she died a few months later the boy visited 
her grave nightly for a long time. To this inci- 
dent Foe was wont to ascribe much influence over 




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POB 



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his mind. On 14 Feb., 1826, he was matriculated 
at the University of Virginia, where, though a fair 
student, he spent much time at the gaming-table, 
but he was not expelled by the faculty, as has been 
said, nor was he even admonished by them. He 
had incurred heavy gambling debts, which his fos- 
ter-father refused to pay, and taking the boy from 
college at the end of the first year, ne placed him 
in hu own counting-room ; but shortly afterward 
Poe left Richmond to seek his fortune. He first 
went to Boston, where, about midsummer of 1827, 
he made his first literary venture, the publication 
of M Tamerlane and other Poems," which he said in 
the preface had been written in 1821-2. But his 
means were soon exhausted, and on 26 May, 1828, 
he enlisted as a private in the U. S. army, under 
the name of Edgar A. Perry. He won the good- 
will of his superiors, and on 1 Jan., 1829, was pro- 
moted sergeant-major for merit, but a little later 
he made his whereabouts known to Mr. Allan, who, 
with others, procured his discharge and appoint- 
ment to a caaetship at the U. S. military academy. 
Before the latter had been obtained Poe published 
a new edition of his poems with some additions, 
entitled " Al Aaraaf, Tamerlane, and Minor Poems " 
(Baltimore, 1829), which, like the first, possessed 
little merit, and met with no favor. On 1 July, 
1880, he entered on his cadetship at West Point, 
and at the end of the first half-year stood third in 
French and seventeenth in mathematics in a class 
of eighty-seren, but he became dissatisfied, and, as 
his foster-father refused to sanction his resigna- 
tion, he purposely neglected his duties and was 
cashiered early in 1881. Before this he had ob- 
tained the subscriptions of his fellow-students to a 
third collection of " Poems " (New York, 1881), 
which met with nothing but ridicule. 

He now sought literary employment in Baltimore, 
but with little success till in 1888 he was awarded 
a prise of $100, which had been offered by the Bal- 
timore M Saturday Visitor," for his tale " A Manu- 
script found in a Bottle," the judges being Dr. 
James H. Miller, John H. B. Latrobe, and John P. 
Kennedy. A prise of $50 for the best poem was 
also won by his M Coliseum." but it was ruled out 
as being by the author of the successful tale. Poe 
had been in destitution, but he was relieved by 
Mr. Kennedy, who also procured him literary work, 
and on Kennedy's recommendation he was engaged 
as editor of the " Southern Literary Messenger at 
Richmond. Here he wrote some of his best tales, 
developing the gloomy and mystical vein for which 
he afterward became noted, but he gained more 
attention by his trenchant criticisms, which made 
him unpopular, especially in New York. While 
here he also became engaged to his cousin, Virginia 
Clemm, then a girl of thirteen years, and on 22 
Sept, 1885, he obtained a marriage license in Bal- 
timore, but the ceremony was not performed pub- 
licly till the following year. His prospects were 
now excellent, but in January, 1887, he resigned 
his post and went to New York. This, as well as 
the sudden termination of Poe's other editorial 
engagements, has been the subject of much con- 
troversy, some authorities saying that his dissipated 
habits were the cause, and others ascribing it to 
feeble health or to an invitation that he received 
from Dr. Francis L. Hawks to become a contribu- 
tor to the newly established " New York Review." 
He furnished only one article for this, a review of 
a book of travels, and then worked on his " Narra- 
tive of Arthur Gordon Pym," a tale of adventure 
in antarctic regions, which had been partially pub- 
lished in the - Messenger" (New* York, 1888> At 
this time the principal income of the family was 



obtained from the boarders that Mrs. Clemm, Poe's 
mother-in-law, received. Among these was Will* 
iam Gowans, the bibliophile, who has testified to 
Poe's uniformly sober and courteous demeanor. 
In the summer of 1888 he went to Philadelphia 
and compiled the " Conchologist's First Book" 
(Philadelphia, 1889), which has raised against him 
many charges of plagiarism. It was said during 
his lifetime that the text-book was a simple reprint 
of Capt. Thomas Brown's " Conchology, an Eng- 
lish work ; but this is untrue. It has recently be- 
come known that it was condensed and otherwise 
altered from Thomas Wyatt's "Manual of Con- 
chology," at the desire of the author, whose pub- 
lishers declined to issue a smaller edition of his 
work. In July, 1889, he became associate editor 
of William E. Burton's " Gentleman's Magazine " 
in Philadelphia, and shortly afterward he issued a 
collection of his prose stories, entitled *' Tales of 
the Grotesque ana the Arabesque " (2 vols., Boston, 
1889). Though these contain some of his finest 
work, he received nothing from them but the copy- 
right and twenty copies for private distribution, 
and the sale was small. His connection with the 
M Gentleman's Magazine " lasted until the follow- 
ing year, when he quarrelled with Burton. Poe 
had previously issued the prospectus of a new 
periodical, " The Penn Magazine," but it was at 
first postponed temporarily by his illness, and 
then indefinitely by his engagement as editor-in- 
chief of "Graham's Magazine," which had been 
formed bv the purchase of the " Gentleman's " bv 
George K. Graham and its consolidation witn 
Graham's " Casket" About this time he began to 
take an interest in unravelling difficult problems. 
He had asserted in an article on " Cryptography " 
that human ingenuity could construct no crypto- 

Oh that could not be solved. The result was 
compositions of this kind were sent to him 
from all parts of the country, and he solved all 
that he received, to the number of more than 100. 
Not long afterward he wrote his tale " The Gold- 
Bug," which was founded on the solution of a 
cryptograph, and for which he obtained a prize of 
$100 that had been offered by the " Dollar Maga- 
zine." In May, 1841, he published a prediction of 
the plot of "Barnaby Rudge" from the introduc- 
tory chapters, which is said to have caused Dickens 
to ask roe if he was the devil. In April he had 
published his " Murders in the Rue Morgue," the 
model of many subsequent detective stones. The 
tale was afterward stolen by two rival French 
journals, and a libel suit followed, in the course of 
which the true author was discovered. This was 
the beginning of Poe's popularity in France, which 
became wide and lasting. Meanwhile he continued 
his critical articles, which, if not always correct, 
and often apparently spiteful and colored by Poe's 
peculiar ideas concerning the literary art, were 
certainly independent 

During his stay in Philadelphia, Poe's wife, who 
had been always delicate, ruptured a blood-vessel 
in singing, and she never fully recovered. To his 
anxiety for her Poe attributed his failure to with- 
stand his appetite for stimulants. However this 
may be, his nabits grew more and more irregular, 
ana in the spring of 1842 he lost the editorship of 
44 Graham's.* He had not abandoned the scheme 
of issuing a magazine of his own, and early in 1848 
appeared the prospectus of " The Stylus," In which 
Poe was to be associated with Thomas C. Clarke. 
This was subsequently abandonee), and, after doing 
some desultory literary work, delivering a few lec- 
tures, and suffering much from poverty. Poe re- 
turned with his wife and her mother to New York 



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46 



POE 



POE 



in April, 1844. His first publication here was his 
41 Balloon-Hoax," a circumstantial account of a 
balloon- voyage over the Atlantic, which appeared 
in the news columns of the •* Sun." He soon be- 
came connected with the ** Evening Mirror," in 
which, on 29 Jan., 1845, first appeared his poem of 
"The Raven," from the advance sheets of the 
" Whig Review " for February. The popularity of 
this was immediate and wide-spread. In April, 
becoming dissatisfied with work on a daily paper, 
he withdrew, and soon afterward was associated 
with Charles F. Briggs in the management of the 
44 Broadway Journal, a newly established weekly. 
His connection with this was marked by a series 
of harsh criticisms of the poet Longfellow, whom 
he accused of gross plagiarism. Poe afterward be- 
came sole editor of tne * 4 Journal," and was endeav- 
oring to get it entirely under his control when 
financial troubles caused its suspension in Decem- 
ber, 1845. In October of that year he was invited 
to deliver an original poem before the Boston 
lyceum, and in response read " Al Aaraaf," one of 
his earliest efforts. There was much dissatisfaction, 
and Poe on his return to New York asserted in his 
44 Journal " that his action had been intentional, 
and that he had thought that the poem " would 
answer sufficiently well for an audience of tran- 
scendentalists." The incident was the cause of 
much unfavorable comment. At the close of this 
year Poe issued a new collection of his poems, 
44 The Raven and other Poems" (New York, 1845). 
Early in 1846 he removed to a cottage in Fordham, 
now a part of New York city. His chief work at 
this time was a series of papers in 4t Godey's Lady's 
Book " on 44 The Literati of New York.* One of 
these, on Dr. Thomas Dunn English, provoked a 
reply of such a nature that Poe sued the * 4 Mirror," 
in which it appeared, and recovered $225 and costs. 
For several weeks before this he had been ill. His 
constitution had been shattered by overwork, dis- 
appointment, and the use of stimulants, and before 
the end of the year the family was reduced to such 
poverty that a public appeal was made in its be- 
half. On 30 Jan., 1847, Mrs. Poe died, but, after 
his life had been endangered, Poe partially re- 
covered before the following summer. He tried to 
revive his plan of a new magazine, this time to be 
called * 4 Literary America," and to aid it lectured, 
on 8 Feb., 1848, in the New York society library 
on the " Cosmogony of the Universe." a subject on 
which he had speculated during his recovery. The 
lecture was elaborated into ** Eureka, a Prose 
Poem " (New York, 1848}, which he considered his 
greatest work, but this judgment was not that .of 
the public nor of his critics. Its physical and 
metaphysical speculations have little value, and its 
theology is a mixture of materialism and pantheism. 
Shortly after this Poe entered into a conditional 
engagement of marriage with Mrs. Sarah Helen 
Whitman, of Providence, R. I., but it was broken 
off. His health was still feeble, but he now pre- 
pared for a southern trip, during which he lectured 
several times and canvassed for his proposed maga- 
zine. While he was in Richmond ne offered mar- 
riage to a widow of whom he had been enamored in 
youth, and was accepted. Shortly afterward, prob- 
ablv on 80 Sept., 1849, he set out for the north to 
maxfi arrangements for the wedding. Of his move- 
ments after this nothing is known with certainty. 
On 8 Oct., the day of a municipal election, he was 
found unconscious in Baltimore in a liquor-saloon 
that had been used as a polling-place, and was 
removed to a hospital, where he died of delirium 
tremens. It has been reported that he had dined 
with some old military friends, became intoxicated, 



and in this state was found by politicians, who 
drugged him and made him vote at several places. 

Foe's personal appearance was striking. He was 
erect, with a pale face, and an expression of melan- 
choly. His conversation is said to have been fas- 
cinating. His tales and poems, though the ability 
and power that they display are universally ac- 
knowledged, have been very differently estimated. 
The former have been praised for their artistic 
construction, their subtle analysis, and their vivid 
descriptions, and condemned for their morbid sub- 
jects and absence of moral feeling. The poems are 
admired for melody and for ingenious versification, 
and objected to because they appeal to the imagina- 
tion and not to the intellect. The author's theory 
of poetry, which he finally formulated in his lec- 
ture on 4 * The Poetic Principle," was peculiar, inas- 
much as he contended that beauty was its sole 
object. He asserted that a " long poem is a con- 
tradiction in terms." Says his latest biographer : 
44 In his prose tales he declares repeatedly that he 
meant not to tell a story, but to produce an effect. 
In poetry he aimed not to convey an idea, but to 
make an impression. He was not a philosopher nor 
a lover; he never served truth nor knew passion ; 
he was a dreamer, and his life was, warp and woof, 
mood and sentiment, instead of act and thought" 

The first collection of Poe's works was that by 
Rufus W. Griswold, preceded by a memoir (3 vols., 
New York, 1850; 4 vols., 1856). There are also 
several British editions, of which two of the latest 
are those with memoirs by Richard Henry Stod- 
dard (London, 1873) and John H. Ingram (4 vols., 
Edinburgh, 1874). There is a later American edi- 
tion with the sketch by Ingram (4 vols., New York, 
1876) ; a * 4 Diamond " edition in one volume, with 
a sketch by William Fearing Gill (Boston, 1874); 
and a limited edition with the memoir by Stoddard 
(8 vols., New York, 1884). Several volumes of his 
tales have been translated into French by Charles 
Baudelaire and William Hughes. There have ap- 
peared also collections of his poems, with memoirs, 
respectively, by James Hannay (London, 1852) ; Ed- 
mund F. Blanchard (1857) ; and Charles F. Briggs 
(New York, 1858); and many illustrated editions 
of single poems, notably of "The Raven." The 
memoir by Griswold contains errors of fact, and is 
written in a hostile spirit Its accusations have 
been replied to by Mrs. Sarah Helen Whitman in 
44 Edgar A. Poe and his Critics" (New York, 1859) 
and by William Fearing Gill in his " Life of Edgar 
Allan Poe " (1877). There is also a life by Eugene 
L. Didier (1876), and various magazine articles, in- 
cluding one in " Scribner's Monthly " for October, 
1875, by Francis G. Fairfield, in which he attempts 
to show that Poe's peculiarities were due to epilepsy. 
The latest and most impartial biography is that by 
George E. Woodberry in the " American Men of 
Letters " series (Boston, 1885). 

On 17 Nov., 1875, a monument, erected by the 
school-teachers of Baltimore, was publicly dedicated 
to Poe's memory in that city. It is of Italian mar- 
ble in the form of a pedestal eight feet in height, 
and bears a medallion of the poet A memorial 
volume containing an account of the dedication 
ceremonies was issued by Sarah S. Rice and Will- 
iam Hand Browne (Baltimore, 1877). In May, 
1885, the actors of the United States erected in the 
Metropolitan museum, New York city, a memorial 
to Poe, at whose dedication an address was made 
by Edwin Booth, and William Winter read a poem. 
Inhere has recently been discovered a large amount 
of manuscript material relating to Poe, including 
a life by Dr.Thomas Holley Chi vers, which may be 
published at some future time. 



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POB 



POBY 



47 



POE, Orlando Metcalfe, soldier, b. in Navarre. 
Stark co., Ohio, 7 March, 1832. He was graduated 
at the U. S. military academy in 1856, and assigned 
to the topographical engineers. He became 1st 
lieutenant in 1860, and was on lake survey duty 
till the beginning of the civil war, when he en- 
gaged in the organization of Ohio volunteers. He 
was chief topographical engineer of the Depart- 
ment of the Ohio from 13 May till 15 June, 1861, 
being engaged in reconnoissances in northern Ken- 
tucky and western Virginia, participated in the 
battle of Rich Mountain, on the staff of Gen. 
George B. McClellan. He became colonel of the 
2d Michigan volunteers in September, 1861, was in 
command of his regiment in the defences of Wash- 
ington, and took part in the principal battles of the 
Virginia peninsular campaign. He was appointed 
brigadier-general of volunteers, 29 Nor., 1862, was 
engaged at Fredericksburg, commanded a divis- 
ion of the 9th army corps from February to 
March, 1863. and became captain of U. S. engi- 
neers in that month, and subsequently chief engi- 
neer of the 23d corps of the Army of the Ohio. 
He occupied a similar post in the array of Gen. 
William T. Sherman in the invasion of Georgia, 
the march to the sea, and through the Carol inas, 
until the surrender of Gen. Joseph E. Johnston. 
He received the brevet of major for gallant service 
at the siege of Knoxvillo on 6 July, 1864, that of 
lieutenant-colonel for the capture of Atlanta on 
1 Sept., 1864, and that of colonel for Savannah on 
21 Dec., 1864. In March, 1865, he was bre vetted 
brigadier-general for " gallant and meritorious ser- 
vice in the campaign terminating in the surrender 
of the insurgent army under Gen. Joseph E. John- 
ston." He was engineer secretary of the U. S. 
light-house board in 1865-70, commissioned major 
in the latter year, constructed the light-house on 
Spectacle reef, Lake Huron, in 1870-'3, and be- 
came a member of the light- house board in 1874. 
He was aide-de-camp to (Jen. William T. Sherman 
in 1873-'84, and at the same time was in charge of 
the river and harbor works from Lake Erie to 
Lake Superior. In 1882 he was commissioned lieu- 
tenant-colonel of engineers. 

POEPPItt, Ednard (pup-nig), German natu- 
ralist, b. in Plauen, Saxony, 10 July, 1797; d. in 
Leipsic, 4 Sept., 1868. He received his education 
in Leipsic, and, after obtaining a medical degree, 
was given by the rector of the university a botani- 
cal mission to North and South America. He re- 
turned to Germany toward the close of 1832 with 
valuable collections in zoology and botany, and 
was appointed in the following year professor of 
zoology in the University of Leipsic, which post he 
held till his death. He also contributed to the es- 
tablishment of a scientific museum in the latter 
city, and bequeathed to it his collections. He pub- 
lished "Iteise nach Chili, Peru, und auf dem 
Amazonen-Flusse" (2 vols., Leipsic, 1835); "Nova 

genera ac Species plantarutn quas in regno, Chi- 
ensi, Peruviano, ac Terra Amazonica. anni 1827- 
1832 lectarum " (3 vols., 1835-45) ; " lteise nach den 
Vereinigten Staaten" (1837): and •• Landschaft- 
liche Ansichten und crliUiternde Darstellungen " 
(1839). Poeppig also wrote most of the American 
articles for the " Allgemeine Encyclopaedic," edited 
by Ersch and GiUber. 

POEY, Felipe (Pp'-ay), Cuban naturalist, b. in 
Havana, 26 May, 1799. He is of French and Span- 
ish parentage. He made his preparatory studies in 
his native city, and concluded them in the Univer- 
sity of Madrid, where ho was graduated in law. 
Having a taste for natural history, he gradually 
abandoned his practice as a lawyer, and began the 




^AjlaXC^ 



study of mollusks, insects, and fishes. In 1825 he 
sailed for Cuba, and thence, with a collection of 
specimens, for Paris. There he aided in found- 
ing, in 1827. the "Societe entomologique," and 
contributed notes and drawings to the " Histoiro 
naturelle des poissons." 
In 1833 he returned to 
Havana and devoted him- 
self to the study of natu- 
ral history, making draw- 
ings of specimens with 
his associate, Juan Gund- 
lach (g. v.), and discover- 
ing many new species 
which are included in 
Pfeiffer's " Monographia 
Heliceorum Vivcntium." 
In 1842 Poey was appoint- 
ed professor of compara- 
tive anatomy and zoology 
in the University of Ha- 
vana, and from 1851 till 
1860 he published at in- 
tervals his " Historia Na- 
tural de la Isla de Cuba" 
(2 vols., 1860). In 1863 he was appointed to the 
chair of botany, mineralogy, and geology, and from 
1868 till 1875 he published in the "Repertorio 
Fisico- Natural de la Isla de Cuba." and reprinted in 
the " Anales de la Sociedad de Historia Natural de 
Madrid," his great work under the title " Synopsis 
Piscicum Cubensium," or "Catalogo razonado de 
los Peces Cubanos," an atlas of 10 volumes with 
more than 1,000 illustrations drawn by himself, and 
the description of about 800 tropical American 
fishes. This work was purchased by the Spanish 
government, placed in the " Biblioteca de Ciencias 
Naturales " at Madrid, and exhibited by the gov- 
ernment in the exposition of Amsterdam in 1883, 
receiving a gold medal and honorable mention. In 
1873 Poey was appointed professor of philosophy 
and belles-lettres, and he has held all his chairs in 
the university till the present time (1888), notwith- 
standing his advanced age. He is a member of 
almost every scientific society in Europe and 
America, and many of his new specimens in life- 
size drawings are to be found in the U. S. national 
museum, the U. S. museum of comparative zoology, 
and the Spanish museum of Madrid. His other 
works, besides the two mentioned above, are 
" Centurie des Lepidoptcres de Hie de Cuba " (Paris, 
1832); "Geografla Universal" (Havana, 1836); 
"Corona Poeyana " (1844) ; "Geografla de Cuba" 
(19 editions); "Cartilla de Geografia" (1855); 
and "Cartilla de Mineralogia" (1878). He has 
contributed for more than sixty years many 
papers on natural history to the French, Spanish, 
and Cuban scientific press, and some of his papers 
occur in the proceedings of the Academy of natu- 
ral science of Philadelphia, the annals of the New 
York lyceum, and other American scientific publi- 
cations. He also wrote poems, of which "El Ar- 
royo " and ** A Silvia " are best known. — His son, 
Andres, meteorologist, b. in Havana in 1826, was 
educated in his native city and in Paris. In 1848 
he began to contribute to scientific publications, 
especially on meteorology and natural philosophy. 
To his efforts was due the creation of a meteoro- 
logical olttcrvatory at Havana, and during the 
reign of Maximilian he was director of an estab- 
lishment of the same kind in Mexico. He has 
written much in Spanish, French, and English on 
scientific subjects. Among his writings are " Tra- 
tado de Mcteorologia," ** Alemoria sobre los hura- 
cancs de las Autillas," and " Memoria sobre las 



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POHL 



POINSETT 



granizadas en Cuba H (Havana, 1860-2); "Cuban 
Antiquities." read before the American ethnological 
society ; M Tableau ohronologique de* tremblements 
de terre/* " Travaux sur la me*te7>rologie et la phi- 
sique du globe," M Mlmoires sur les tempe'tes elec- 
tnques," and " Le positivisme " (Paris, 1876). The 
last is an exposition of the principles of Auguste 
Comto's philosophical system, of which the author 
is an ardent follower. 

POHL, Johann Emanuel, Austrian botanist, 
b. in Vienna, Austria, in 1784; d. there, 22 May, 
1884. He was educated as a physician, and then 
devoted his attention to botany. In 1817 he ac- 
companied the Archduchess Leopoldine to Brazil on 
the occasion of her marriage to Dom Pedro I., and 
then spent four years in exploring that country 
under orders from his government On his return 
to Vienna he was appointed curator of the Brazil- 
ian museum. His works include " Tentamen flone 
Bohemiew" (2 vols., Prague, 1814); "Expositio 
anatomies organi auditus per classes animalium " 

S (Henna, 1819); "Plantarum Brasilia ioones et 
ascriptiones'' (2 vols., 1827- , 81); "Beitrlge xur 
Oebirsskunde Brasiliens " (1882) ; " Brasiliens vor- 
zuglicnste Insekten " (1882) ; and " Reise ins inner* 
Brasilien ,, a882). 

POINDEXTER, George, senator, b, in Louisa 
county, Va., in 1779 ; d. in Jackson, Miss., 5 Sept, 
18S8. He was of Huguenot ancestry. He was left 
an orphan early in life, and became a lawyer in 
Milton, Va., but in 1802 removed to Mississippi 
territory, where he soon attained note, both at the 
bar ana as a leader of the Jeffersonian party. In 
1808 he was appointed attorney-general of the ter- 
ritory, and in this capacity he conducted the prose- 
cution of Aaron Burr when the latter was arrested 
by the authorities in his first descent to New Orleans. 
His violent denunciations of Federalists resulted in 
a challenge from Abijah Hunt, one of the largest 
merchants in the southwest, whom Poindexter 
killed in the duel that followed. Poindexter was 
accused by his enemies of firing before the word 
was given, and bitter and prolonged controversies 
followed, but the charge was never substantiated, 
He became a member of the territorial legislature 
In 1806, and in 1807 was chosen delegate to con- 
gress, where he won reputation as an orator. Here 
he remained till 1818, when, notwithstanding the 
remonstrance of the majority of the territorial bar, 
he was appointed U. S. judge for the district of 
Mississippi. This office, contrary to general expec- 
tation, he administered firmly and impartially, do- 
ing much to settle the controversies that had arisen 
from conflicting land grants, and to repress the 
criminal classes. He had assisted to prepare the 
people of the territory for the war of lol2, and 
when the British invaded Louisiana he joined 
Jackson and served as a volunteer aide at the bat- 
tle of New Orleans. During this service a soldier 
brought to him a piece of paper bearing the British 
countersign "Beauty ana Booty," which he had 
found on the field. Poindexter took it to Jackson, 
and it was the cause of much excitement through 
the country. The Federalists subsequently claimed 
that the paper had been forced by Poindexter. He 
was active in the Mississippi constitutional conven- 
tion of 1817, being chairman of the committee that 
was appointed to draft a constitution for the new 
state, and, on its admission to the Union in that 
year, was elected its first representative in congress, 
serving one term. Here, in 1819, he made his best- 
known speech, defending Gen. Jackson's conduct 
in the execution of Arbuthnot and Ambrister, and 
in the occupation of the Spanish ports in Florida 
(see Jackson), and it was largely due to his efforts 



that Jackson was not censured by congress. At 
the end of his term he was elected governor of 
Mississippi, notwithstanding attempts to show that 
he had been guilty of gross cowardice at New 
Orleans. While he held this office the legislature 
authorized him to revise and amend the statutes, 
and the result was the code that was completed in 
1822 and published as '* Revised Code of the Laws 
of Mississippi n (Natchez, 1824). In 1821 he re- 
sumed his practice at the bar, which he continued 
till his appointment to the U. S. senate in Novem- 
ber, 1880, in place of Robert H. Adams, deceased. 
He was subsequently elected to fill out the term, 
and served till 1885. Here he gradually became 
estranged from Jackson, occupying, as he con- 
tended! a middle ground between Henry Clay and 
John C. Calhoun, but his views were practically 
those of the latter. He especially resisted the ap- 
pointment of the president's personal friends to 
office in Mississippi, and he also voted for Clay's 
resolution of censure. The breach widened, and 
Jackson finally suspected Poindexter of complicity 
in the attempt that was made on his life at the 
capitol. In 1885 he removed to Louisville, Ky M 
but'was disappointed in his hopes of political pro- 
motion there, and, after being commissioned by 
President Tyler to investigate frauds in the New 
York custom-house, returned to Mississippi, where 
he affiliated with his old political friends. Poin- 
dexter had more than ordinary ability, but his 
career was marred by violent personal controver- 
sies and by dissipation, and he was embittered by 
domestic troubles and by the unpopularity that his 
opposition to Jackson aroused against him in Mis- 
sissippi See a *• Biographical Sketch" of him 
(Washington, 1885). 

POINSETT, Joel Roberto, statesman, b. in 
Charleston. S. C., 2 March, 1779; d. in Statesburg, 
S. €., 12 Dec., 1851. He was of Huguenot de- 
scent, and the last of his family. He was educated 
at Timothy Dwight's school in Greenfield, Conn*, 
anjl in England, and 
then studied medicine 
at .Edinburgh uni- 
versity, and military 
science at Woolwich 
academy. His father 
induced him to aban- 
don his intention of 
entering the army and 
become a student of 
law, but feeble health 
obliged him to go 
abroad again, and he 
travelled widely in 
Europe and Asia. 
While he was in St. 
Petersburg the czar 
offered him a commis- 
sion in the Russian 

army. On his return to the United States in 1809 
he asked President Madison for military employ- 
ment, and the latter was about to make him quar- 
termaster-general of the army, but the secretary of 
war objected, and Mr. Poinsett was sent by the 
government to South America to inquire into the 
condition of the inhabitants of that continent and 
their prospects of success in their struggle with 
Spain for independence. While he was in Chili the 
Spanish authorities of Peru, hearing that war had 
begun between Spain and the United States, seized 
several American merchant vessels, and then, in- 
vading Chilian territory, captured others at Tal- 
cahuano. Poinsett put himself at the head of a con- 
siderable force that was placed at his disposal by the 




LA#./£asr 



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POINTIS 



POLAND 



Bepublican government of Chili, and, attacking the 
Spaniards, retook the ships. He was at Valparaiso 
doling the fight between the "Essex" and the 
" Phoebe" and ** Cherub" (see Porter, David), and 
wished to return home at once to enter the army, 
but the British naval authorities refused to let him 
go by sea, and, after crossing the Andes in April 
and meeting with various delays, he reached the 
United States after the declaration of peace. On 
his return he was elected to the South Carolina 
legislature, where he interested himself in projects 
of internal improvement, and secured the construc- 
tion of a road over the Saluda mountain. He was 
afterward chosen to congress as a Federalist, and 
served two terms in 1821-'5, advocating the cause 
of the South American republics and that of 
Greek independence. In 1822 he discharged an 
important special mission to Mexico during the 
reign of Iturbide, and in 1825 he returned to that 
country as U. S. minister. During his term of 
office, which lasted till 1820, he negotiated a treaty 
of commerce, and maintained his independence 
with spirit and courage in the midst of many revo- 
lutionary outbreaks. He was accused by the Church 
party of interfering against them, but justified his 
course in a pamphlet after his return. At the 
request of Freemasons in Mexico he sent for char- 
ters for their lodges to the Grand lodge of New 
York, and he was consequently accused of intro- 
ducing Masonry into the country. On his return 
to his native state he became the leader of the 
Union party there in the struggle against nullifi- 
cation, opposing it by his speeches and in the pub- 
lic press, and has been credited with the military 
organisation of the supporters of the National gov- 
ernment in Charleston, lie was authorized by 
President Jackson to obtain arms and ammunition 
from the government supplies in the harbor, and it 
was said by some that he had been secretly com- 
missioned a colonel During Van Huron's admin- 
istration he held the portfolio of war in the cabi- 
net. In this office he improved the field-artillery 
of the army, and in 1840 strongly recommended 
that congress should aid the states in reorganiz- 
ing their militia. This was his last public office, and 
he afterward lived in retirement He was an ear- 
nest opponent of the Mexican war. Poinsett was the 
author of various essays and orations on manufac- 
turing and agricultural topics, and of a discourse 
on the ** Promotion of Science " (in 1841) at the 
first anniversary of the National institution, to 
which he gave a valuable museum. He took much 
interest in botany, and the ** l'oinscttia Pulcher- 
rina," a Mexican flower, which he introduced into 
this country, was named for him. He was also the 
founder of an academy of fine arts at Charleston, 
which existed for several years, and published 
** Notes on Mexico, made in 1822. with an Histori- 
cal Sketch of the Revolution " (Philadelphia, 1824). 
He left a mass of correspondence and other papers, 
which remain unpublished. Columbia gave him 
the degree of LL. t>. in 1825. A portrait of Poin- 
sett, bv John Wesley Jarvis, was presented to the 
city of Charleston by William Courtenav in 1887. 

POINTIS, Jean Bernard Louis Desiean 
Ipwan-tee). Baron de, French naval officer, b. in 
Brittany in 1645 ; & in Champigny, near Paris, 24 
April, 1707. He entered the navy when he was 
sixteen years old, and was promoted chef d'excadre 
in 1093. In 1006 he presented a memoir to Louis 
XIV., in which he proposed an attack on Cartha- 
gena, and was authorized to form a company which 
Khould provide for the expenses of the expedition 
in consideration of receiving half the profits. He 
smiled from Brest, Jan., 1007, and was joined in 



Santo Domingo by Ducasse, the governor of Tor- 
tuga, at the head of 600 buccaneers. He arrived 
off Carthagena on 12 April, and, landing three 
miles from the city, summoned it to surrender; but 
the Spaniards refused, and the French were driven 
back in several attacks. But, after the storming of 
the fort of Boca Chica and several other important 
points of defence, the city capitulated on condition 
that the buccaneers should not enter. Booty 
amounting to $15,000,000 was secured by Pointis, 
who also imposed upon the city a ransom of $600,- 
000. Ducasse, beinjr. appointed governor, left the 
buccaneers in garrison at Boca Chica; but they 
learned that Pointis tried to keep them out of 
their share of the plunder, and, although Ducasse 
restrained them for some time, they finally entered 
Carthagena, and pillaged and burned for three 
days, committing all kinds of atrocities. After de- 
stroying the fortifications of the place, the French 
re-embarked on 1 June, and, defeating two English 
fleets, anchored in Brest, 29 Aug., 1697. A medal 
was struck in commemoration of the expedition. 
Pointis afterward commanded a fleet, and besieged 
Gibraltar in 1704-'5, but retired from active service 
toward the close of the latter year. He published 
" Relation de l'expedition de Carthagene faite par 
les Francois en 1607" (Amsterdam, 1698). The 
historian of the filibusters, Charlevoix, speaks with 
praise of Pointis as a humane and just commander, 
but he deplores his severity with the buccaneers, as 
it caused the latter to distrust France, which had 
often checked their tendency to commit useless 
cruelties, but was thenceforth unable to do so. 

POIRIER, Pascal, Canadian senator, b. in. 
Shediac, New Brunswick, 14 Feb., 1852. He is of 
Acadian descent. He completed his course of 
studies at St. Joseph's college, Memramcook, 
studied law, and was admitted to the bar of Que- 
bec in 1876. In 1872 Mr. Poirier was appointed 
postmaster of the Dominion parliament, which 

Che held till his appointment to the senate, 
ch, 1885. At an early age he contributed to 
the press, both French and English, and he has pub- 
lished " L'Origine des Acadiens " (Montreal, 1874). 

POISSON, Modest Jules Adolphe, Canadian 
author, b. in Gentilly, province of Quebec, 14 March, 
1840. He was educated at the Serai nary of Quebec, 
studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1878. 
Since that vear he has liecn registrar of Arthabasca 
county. lie is the author of " Chants Canadians " 
(Quebec, 1880), and has frequently contributed to 
French Canadian periodicals. 

POLAND, John Scram, soldier, b. in Prince- 
ton, Ind., 14 Oct., 1836. He was graduated at the 
U. S. military academy in 1861, and appointed 1st 
lieutenant of the 2d infantry on 6 July, 1861. Sub- 
sequently he served with the Anny of the Poto- 
mac, engaging in the battle of Bull Run, and with 
that army in the following campaigns, until after 
the battle of Gettysburg, when ne was on duty in 
tho defences of Washington. Meanwhile he had 
been promoted captain, and had received the bre- 
vets of major and lieutenant-colonel In 1865 he 
was assigned to the U. 8. military academy, where 
he remained for four years as assistant professor of 
geography, history, ethics, and drawing. During 
the ten years that followed he served principally 
on frontier duty, becoming, on 15 Dec, 1880, major 
of the 18th infantry, and in 1881-'6, he was chief 
of the department of law at the U. 8. infantry and 
cavalry school in Leavenworth, Kansas, where he 
was also in charge in 1881-*8 of tho department of 
military drawing. On 1 March, 1886, no was pro- 
moted lieutenant-colonel of the 21st infantry. Col. 
Poland has published " Digest of the Military Laws 



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of the United States from 1861 to 1868" (Boston, 
1868) and " The Conventions of Geneva of 1864 
and 1868, and St Petersburg International Com- 
mission " (Leavenworth, 188o). 

POLAND, Loke Potter, jurist b. in Westford, 
Vt, 1 Nov., 1815: d. in Waterville, Vt, 2 July, 
1887. He attended the common schools, was em- 
ployed in a country store and on a farm, taught 
at Morristown, Vt, studied law, and was admitted 
to the bar in 1886. He was a member of the State 
constitutional convention in 1843, and prosecuting 
attorney for the county in 1844- , 5. In 1848 he was 
the Free-soil candidate for lieutenant-governor, 
and in the same year he was elected a judge of the 
Vermont supreme court He was re-elected each 
successive year, becoming chief justice in 1860, un- 
til he was appointed in November, 1865, on the 
death of Jacob Col lamer, to serve out his unexpired 
term in the U. S. senate. On its conclusion he en- 
tered the house of representatives, and served from 
1867 till 1875. While in the senate he secured 
the passage of the bankrupt law, besides originat- 
ing a bill for the revision and consolidation of the 
statutes of the United States. As chairman of the 
committee on revision in the house, he superin- 
tended the execution of his scheme of codification. 
He was chairman of the committee to investigate 
the outrages of the Ku-Klux Klan, and of the in- 
vestigation committee on the Credit mobilier trans- 
actions ; also of one on the reconstruction of the 
Arkansas state government Several times, while 
serving on the committee on elections, he came into 
conflict with other Republicans on questions re- 
garding the admission of Democratic members 
from the south. He was chairman of the Vermont 
delegation to the Republican national convention 
of 1876, and presented the name of William A. 
Wheeler for the vice-presidency, for which office he 
himself had been brought forward as a candidate. 
Mr. Poland was a representative in the state legis- 
lature in 1878. He was elected to congress again 
in 1882,and served from 1888 till 3 March, 1885. 

POLETTE, Antoine, Canadian jurist, b. in 
Pointe-aux-Trembles, Quebec, 25 Aug., 1807; d. in 
Three Rivers, 6 Jan., 1887. He studied law, be- 
came an advocate in 1828, entered parliament in 
1848, and was appointed queen's counsel in 1854 
He was made a commissioner for consolidating the 
laws in 1856, and in 1860 puisne judge of the su- 
preme court of Quebec, which post he held till he 
retired in 1880. He was a royal commissioner in 
the Canadian Pacific railway inquiry of 1873. 
POLHEMUS, Abraham, clergyman, b. in*As- 
toria. Long Island, 
N. Y.,in 1812; d. in 
Newburg, N. Y., in 
October, 1857. His an- 
cestor, Rev. Johannes 
T. Polhemus, a native 
of Holland, came to 
this country in 1654. 
Abraham was gradu- 
ated at Rutgers in 
1831, and at New 
Brunswick theologi- 
cal seminary in 1835, 
and was pastor in 
Hopewell, N. Y., till 
1857, and in Newark, 
N. J., from May of 
that year till' his 
death. Mr. Polhemus 
was very popular in 
the community in which he lived, and was clear 
and logical as a pulpit orator. He published an 



" Address before the Alumni of Rutgers College " 
(1852). A " Memorial/' containing twelve of his 
sermons, the address at his installation in Newark, 
by Dr. David H. Riddle, and his funeral discourse, 
by Dr. John Forsyth, chaplain, U. S. A., was print- 
ed after his death. 

POLIGNAC. Camllle Arm and Jules Marie 
(po-leen-vak), Count de, soldier, b. in France, 6 Feb., 
1832. He is a descendant of the Duchess of Poli- 
gnac, a favorite of Marie Antoinette. At the begin- 
ning of the civil war he came to this country, offered 
his services to the Confederate government and 
was made brigadier-general on 10 Jan., 1862, and 
attached to the Army of Tennessee. Subsequently 
he was given command of a division and commis- 
sioned major-general on 13 June, 1864. During the 
Franco-Prussian war of 1870-'l he served witn his 
countrymen, and he has since been engaged in 
journalism and in civil engineering. On several 
occasions he has been sent to Algiers in charge of 
surveying expeditions by the French government, 
and his work has received special recognition. 

POLK, James Knox, eleventh president of the 
United States, b. in Mecklenburg county, N. C, 2 
Nov., 1795; d. in Nashville, Tenn., 15 June, 1849. 
He was a son of Samuel Polk, whose father, E«e- 
kiel, was a brother of Col. Thomas (g. v.), grandson 
of Robert Polk, or Pollock, who was born in Ire- 
land and emigrated to the United States. His 
mother was Jane, daughter of James Knox, a resi- 
dent of Iredell county, N. C, and a captain in the 
war of the Revolution. His father, Samuel, a 
farmer, removed in the autumn of 1806 to the rich 
valley of Duck river, a tributary of the Tennessee, 
and made a new home in a section that was erected 
the following year into the county of Maury. Be- 
sides cultivating the tract of land he had pur- 
chased, Samuel at intervals followed the occupa- 
tion of a surveyor, acquired a fortune equal to ftis 
wants, and lived until 1827. His son James was 
brought up on the farm, and not only assisted in 
its management, but frequently accompanied his 
father in his surveying expeditions, during which 
they were often absent for weeks. He was in- 
clined to study, often busied himself with his fa- 
ther's mathematical calculations, and was fond of 
reading. He was sent to school, and had succeeded 
in mastering the English branches when ill health 
compelled his removal He was then placed with a 
merchant, but having a strong dislike to commer- 
cial pursuits, he obtained permission to return home 
after a few weeks* trial, and in July, 1818, was given 
in charge of a private tutor. In 1815 he entered 
the sophomore class at the University of North 
Carolina, of which institution his cousin, William 
(q. v.), was a trustee. As a student young Polk was 
correct, punctual, and industrious. At his gradua- 
tion in 1818 he was officially acknowledged to be 
the best scholar in both the classics and mathemat- 
ics, and delivered the Latin salutatory. In 1847 
the university conferred upon him the degree of 
LL. D. In 1819 he entered the law-office of Felix 
Grundy, who was then at the head of the Tennessee 
bar. While pursuing his legal studies he attracted 
the attention of Andrew Jackson, who soon after- 
ward was appointed governor of the territory of 
Florida. An intimacy was thus begun between the 
two men that in after-years greatly influenced the 
course of at least one of them. In 1820 Mr. Polk 
was admitted to the bar, and established himself at 
Columbia, the county-seat of Maury county. Here 
he attained such immediate success as falls to the 
lot of few, his career at the bar only ending with 
his election to the governorship in 1839. At times 
he practised alone, while at others he was associated 



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successively with several of the leading practition- 
ers of the state. Among the latter may be men- 
tioned Aaron V. Brown and Gideon J. Pillow. 

Brought up as a Jeffersonian, and early taking 
an interest in politics, Mr. Polk was frequently 
heard in public as an exponent of the views of his 
party. So popular was his style of oratory that his 
services soon came to be in great demand, and he 
was not long in earning the title of the •* Napoleon 
of the Stump." He was, however, an argumenta- 
tive rather than a rhetorical speaker, and convinced 
his hearers by plainness of statement and aptness 
of illustration, ignoring the ad-captandum effects 
usually resorted to in political harangues. His 
first public employment was that of chief clerk to 
the Tennessee house of representatives, and in 1828 
he canvassed the district to secure his own election 
to that body. During his two years in the legisla- 
ture he was regarded as one of its most promising 
members. His ability and shrewdness in debate, 
his business tact, combined with his firmness and 
industry, secured for him a high reputation. While 
a member of the general assembly be obtained the 
passage of a law to prevent the then common prac- 
tice of duelling, and, although he resided in a com- 
munity where that mode of settling disputes was 
generally approved, he was never concerned in an 
** affair of honor," either as principal or as second. 
In August, 1825, he was elected to congress from 
the Duck river district, in which he resided, by a 
flattering majority, and re-elected at every succeed- 
ing election until 1889, when he withdrew from the 
contest to become a candidate for governor. On 
taking his seat as a member of the 19th congress, 
he found himself, with one or two exceptions, the 
youngest member of that body. The same habits 
of laborious application that had previously charac- 
terized him were now displayed on the floor of the 
house and in the committee-room. He was promi- 
nently connected with every leading question, and 
upon all he struck what proved to be the kev- 
note for the action of his party. During the whole 
period of President Jackson's administration he 
was one of its leading supporters, and at times, on 
certain issues of paramount importance, its chief 
reliance. His maiden speech was made in defence 
of the proposed amendment to the constitution, 

Siring the choice of president and vice-president 
irectly to the people. It was distinguished by 
clearness and force, copiousness of research, wealth 
of illustration, and cogency of argument, and at 
once placed its author in the front rank of con- 
gressional debaters. During the same session Mr. 
Folk attracted attention by his vigorous opposi- 
tion to the appropriation for the Panama mission. 
President Aaams had appointed commissioners to 
attend a congress proposed to be held at Panama 
by delegates appointed by different Spanish- Ameri- 
can states, which, although they nad virtually 
achieved their independence, were still at war with 
the mother-country. Mr. Polk, and those who 
thought with him, contended that such action on 
the part of this government would tend to involve 
us in a war with Spain, and establish an unfor- 
tunate precedent for the future. In December, 
1827, he was placed on the committee on foreign 
affairs, and some time afterward was also ap- 
pointed chairman of the select committee to which 
was referred that portion of the message of Presi- 
dent Adams calling the attention of congress to 
the probable accumulation of a surplus in the 
treasury after the anticipated extinguishment of 
the national debt As the head of the latter com- 
mittee, he made a report denying the constitu- 
tional power of congress to collect from the people 



for distribution a surplus beyond the wants of the 
government, and maintaining that the revenue 
should be reduced to the requirements of the pub- 
lic service. Early in 1888, as a member of the 
ways and means committee, he made a minority re- 
port unfavorable to the Bank of the United States, 
which aroused a storm of opposition, a meeting of 
the friends of the bank being held at Nashville. 
During the entire contest between the bank and 
President Jackson, caused by the removal of the 
deposits in October, 1888, Mr. Polk, now chairman 
of the committee, supported the executive. His 
speech in opening the debate summarized the 
material facts and arguments on the Democratic 
side of the question. George McDuffle, leader of 
the opposition, bore testimouy in his concluding 
remarks to the boldness and manliness with which 
Mr. Polk had assumed the only position that could 
be judiciously taken. Mr. Polk was elected speaker 
of the house of representatives in December, 1835, 
and held that office till 1889. He gave to the ad- 
ministration of Martin Van Buren the same un- 
hesitating support he had accorded to that of 
President Jackson, and, though taking no part in 
the discussions, he approved of the leading meas- 
ures recommended by the former, including the 
cession of the public lands to the states, the pre- 
emption law, and the proposal to establish an in- 
dependent treasury, and exerted his influence to 
secure their adoption. He was the speaker during 
five sessions, ana it was his fortune to preside over 
the house at a period when party feelings were 
excited to an unusual degree. Notwithstanding 
the fact that during the first session more appeals 
were taken from his decisions than were ever known 
before, he was uniformly sustained by the house, 
and frequently by leading members of the Whig 
party. Although he was opposed to the doctrines 
of the anti-slavery reformers, we have the testimony 
of their leader in the house, John Quincy Adams, 
to the effect that Speaker Polk uniformly extended 
to him " every kindness and courtesy imaginable." 
On leaving congress. Mr. Polk became the candidate 
of the Democrats of Tennessee for governor. They 
had become disheartened by a series of disasters 
and defeats caused primarily by the defection of 
John Bell and Judge Hugh L. White. Under 
these circumstances it was evident that no one but 
the strongest man in the party could enter the 
canvass with the slightest prospect of success, and 
it was doubtful whether even he could carry off 
the prize. On being asked, Mr. Polk at once cheer- 
fully consented to allow his name to be used. He 
was nominated in the autumn of 1888, but, owing 
to his congressional duties, was unable fairly to 
enter upon the canvass until the spring of 1839. 
His opponent was Newton Cannon, also a Demo- 
crat, who then held the office. The contest was 
spirited, and Mr. Polk was elected by over 2,500 
majority. On 14 Oct. he took the oath of office. 
In his inaugural address he touched upon the rela- 
tions of the state and Federal governments, de- 
clared that the latter had no constitutional power 
to incorporate a national bank, took strong ground 
against the creation of a surplus Federal revenue 
by taxation, asserted that "the agitation of the 
Abolitionists can by no possibility produce good to 
any portion of the Union, but must, if persisted in, 
lead to incalculable mischief/' and discussed at 
length other topics, especially bearing upon the 
internal policy of Tennessee.' In 1841 Mr. Polk 
was again a candidate for the governorship, al- 
though his defeat was a foregone conclusion in 
view of the political whirlwind that bad swept over 
the country in 1840 and resulted in the election of 



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William Henry Harrison to the presidency. In 
Tennessee the Harrison electoral ticket had re- 
ceived more than 12,000 majority. Although to 
overcome this was impossible, Mr. Polk entered 
upon the canvass with his usual energy and ear- 
nestness. He could not secure the defeat of James 
C. Jones, the opposing Whig candidate, one of the 
most popular members of nis party in the state, 
but he did succeed in cutting down the opposition 
majority to about 3,000. In 1843 Mr. Polk was 
once more a candidate : but this time Gov. Jones's 
majority was nearly 4,000. 

In 1839 Mr. Polk had been nominated by the 
legislature of Tennessee as its candidate for vice- 
president on the ticket with Martin Van Buren, 
and other states had followed the example: but 
Richard M. Johnson, of Kentucky, seemed to be 
the choice of the great body of the Democratic 
party, and he was accordingly nominated. From 
the aate of Van Buren's defeat in 1840 until within 
a few weeks of the meeting of the National Demo- 
cratic convention at Baltimore in 1844, public 
opinion in the party undoubtedly pointed to his 
renomination, but when in April of the latter year 
President Tyler concluded a treaty between* the 
government of the United States and the republic 
of Texas, providing for the annexation of the lat- 
ter to the Union, a new issue was introduced into 
American politics that was destined to change 
not only the platforms of parties, but the future 
history and topography of the country itself. On 
the question whether Texas should be admitted, 
the greatest divergence of opinion among public 
men prevailed. The Whig party at the north op- 

uld 



annexation, on the grounds that it won 
> an act of bad faith to Mexico, that it would in- 
volve the necessity of assuming the debt of the 
young republic, amounting to ten or twelve mil- 
lions of dollars, and that it would further increase 
the area of slave territory. At the south the 
Whigs were divided, one section advocating the 
new policy, while the other concurred with their 
party friends at the north on the first two grounds 
of objection. The Democrats generally favored 
annexation, but a portion of the party at the north, 
and a few of its members residing* in the slave- 
states, opposed it. Mr. Van Buren and Mr. Clay 
agreed very nearly in their opinions, being in favor 
of annexation if the American people desired it, 
provided that the consent of Mexico could be ob- I 
tained, or at least that efforts should be made to | 
obtain it. In this crisis Mr. Polk declared his \ 
views in no uncertain tones. It being understood | 
that he would be a candidate for vice-president, a j 
letter was addressed to him by a committee of the 
citizens of Cincinnati, asking for an expression of 
his sentiments on the subject. In his reply, dated 
22 April, 1844, he said: "I have no hesitation in 
declaring that I am in favor of the immediate re- 
annexation of Texas to the government and terri- 
tory of the United States. The proof is fair and 
satisfactory to my own mind that Texas once con- 
stituted a part of the territory of the United 
States, the title to which I regard to have been as 
indisputable as that to any portion of our territory." 
He also added that " the country west of the Sabine, 
and now called Texas, was [in 1819] most unwisely 
ceded away '* ; that the people and government of 
the republic were most anxious for annexation, and 
that, if their prayer was rejected, there wa^ danger 
that she might become "a dependency if not a 
colony of Great Britain." This letter, stronglv in 
contrast with the hesitating phrases contained in 
that of ex-President Van Buren of 20 April on the 
same subject, elevated its author to the presi- 



dency. When the Baltimore convention met on 
27 May, it was found that, while Mr. Van Buren 
could not secure the necessary two-third vote, his 
friends numbered more than one third of the dele- 
gates present, and were thus in a position to dictate 
the name of the successful candidate. As it was 
also found that they were inflexibly opposed to 
Messrs. Cass, Johnson, Buchanan, and the others 
whose names had been presented, Mr. Polk was in- 
troduced as the candidate of conciliation, and 
nominated with alacrity and unanimity. George 
M. Dallas was nominated for vice-president In 
his letter of acceptance, Mr. Polk declared that, if 
elected, he should enter upon " the discharge of 
the high and solemn duties of the office with the 
settled purpose of not being a candidate for re- 
election. After an exciting canvass, Mr. Polk was 
elected over his distinguished opponent, Henry 
Clay, by about 40,000 majority, on the popular 
vote, exclusive of that of South Carolina, whose 
electors were chosen by the legislature of the state ; 
while in the electoral college he received 175 votes 
to 105 that were cast for Mr. Clay. 

On 4 March, 1845, Mr. Polk was inaugurated. 
In his inaugural address, after recounting the 
blessings conferred upon the nation by the Federal 
Union, he said: "To perpetuate them, it is our 
sacred duty to preserve it. Who shall assign limits 
to the achievements of free minds and free hands 
under the protection of this glorious Union f No 
treason to mankind, since the organization of so- 
ciety, would be equal in atrocity to that of him 
who would lift his hand to destroy it He would 
overthrow the noblest structure of human wisdom 
which protects himself and his fellow-man. He 
would stop the progress of free government and 
involve his country either in anarchy or in despo- 
tism/' In selecting his cabinet, the new president 
was singularly fortunate. It comprised several of 
the most distinguished members of the Democratic 
party, and all sections of the Union were repre- 
sented. James Buchanan, fresh from his long ex- 
perience in the senate, was named secretary of state ; 
Kobert J. Walker, also an ex-senator and one of the 
best authorities on the national finances, was secre- 
tary of the treasury; to William L. Marcy, ex- 
eovernor of New York, was confided the war port- 
folio ; literature was honored in the appointment 
of George Bancroft as secretary of the navy ; Cave 
Johnson, an honored son of Tennessee, was made 
postmaster-general; and John Y. Mason, who had 
r>ecn a member of President Tyler's cabinet was 
first attorney-general and afterward secretary of 
the navy. When congress met in the following 
December there was a Democratic majority in both 
branches. In his message the president condemned 
all anti-slavery agitation, recommended a sub- 
treasury and a tariff for revenue, and declared that 
the annexation of Texas was a matter that con- 
cerned only the latter and the United States, no 
foreign country having any right to interfere. 
Congress was also informed that the American 
army under Gen. Zachary Taylor had been ordered 
to <>ecupy, and had occupied, the western bank of 
Nueces river, beyond which Texas had never 
hitherto exercised' jurisdiction. On 29 Dec., Texas 
was admitted into the Union, and two days later 
an act was passed extending the United States 
revenue system over the doubtful territory beyond 
the Nueces. Even these measures did not elicit a 
declaration of war from the Mexican authorities, 
who still declared their willingness to negotiate 
concerning the disputed territory between the 
Nueces and the Rio Grande. These negotiations, 
however, came to nothing, and the president, in 



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accordance with Gen. Taylor's suggestion, ordered 
a forward movement, in obedience to which that 
officer advanced from his camp at Corpus Christi 
toward the Rio Grande, and occupied the district 
in debate. Thus brought face to face with Mexican 
troops, he was attacked early in May with 6,000 
men by Gen. Arista, who was badly beaten at Palo 
Alto with less than half that number. The next 
day Taylor attacked Arista at Resaca de la Pal ma, 
and drove him across the Rio Grande. 

On receipt of the news of these events in Washing- 
ton, President Polk sent a message to congress, in 
which he declared that Mexican troops had at last 
shed the blood of American citizens on American 
soil, and asked for a formal declaration of war. A 
bill was accordingly introduced and passed by 
both houses, recognizing the fact that hostilities 
had been begun, and appropriating $10,000,000 for 
its prosecution. Its preamble read as follows: 
** Whereas, by the act of the republic of Mexico, a 
state of war exists between that government and the 
United States." The Whigs protested against this 
statement as untrue, alleging that the president 
had provoked retaliatory action by ordering the 
army into Mexican territory, and Abraham Lincoln 
introduced in the house of representatives what be- 
came known as the " spot resolutions," calling upon 
the president to designate the spot of American 
territory whereon the outrage had been committed. 
Nevertheless, the Whigs voted for the bill and gen- 
erally supported the war until its conclusion. On 
8 Aug. a 'second message was received from the 
president, asking for money with which to pur- 
chase territory from Mexico, that the dispute might 
be settled by negotiation. A bill appropriating 
$2,000,000 for this purpose at once brought up the 
question of slavery extension into new territory, 
and David Wilmot, of Pennsylvania, in behalf of 
many northern Democrats, offered an amendment 
applying to any newly acquired territory the pro- 
vision of the ordinance of 1781, to the effect that 
"neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall 
ever exist in any part, of said territory except for 
crime, whereof the party shall first be duly con- 
victed/' The Whigs and northern Democrats 
united secured its passage, but it was sent to the 
senate too late to be acted upon. 

During the same session war with England re- 
garding the Oregon question seemed imminent. 
By the treaties of 1803 with France, and of 1819 
with Spain, the United States had acquired the 
rights of those powers on the Pacific coast north 
of California. The northern boundary of the ceded 
territory was unsettled. The United States claimed 
that the line of 54° 40' north latitude was such 
boundary, while Great Britain maintained that it 
followed the Columbia river. Bv the convention 
of 1827 the disputed territory had been held joint- 
ly by both countries, the arrangement being ter- 
minable by either country on twelve months' no- 
tice. The Democratic convention of 1844 had de- 
manded the reoccupation of the whole of Oregon 
up to 54° 40', " with or without war with Eng- 
land," a demand popularly summarized in the 
campaign rallying-cry of •* Fifty - four - forty or 
fight ! " The annexation of Texas having been ac- 
complished, the Whigs now began to urge the 
Democrats to carry out their promise regarding 
Oregon, and, against the votes of the extreme 
southern Democrats, the president was directed to 
give the requisite twelve months' notice. Further 
negotiations ensued, which resulted in the offer by 
Great Britain to yield her claim to the unoccupied 
territory between the 49th parallel and Columbia 
river, and acknowledge that parallel as the north- 



ern boundary. As the president had subscribed to 
the platform of the Baltimore convention, he threw 
upon the senate the responsibility of deciding 
whether the claim of the United States to the 
whole of Oregon should be insisted upon, or the 
compromise proposed by her majesty's government 
accepted. Tne senate, by a vote of 41 to 14, de- 
cided in favor of the latter alternative, and on 15 
June, 1846, the treaty was signed. 

Two other important questions were acted upon 
at the first session of the 39th congress, the tariff 
and internal improvements. The former had been 
a leading issue in the presidential contest of 1844. 
The act of 1842 had violated the principles of 
the compromise bill of 1833, and the opinions of 
the two candidates for the presidency, on this 
issue, were supposed to be well defined previous to 
the termination of their congressional career. Mr. 
Polk was committed to the policy of a tariff for 



revenue, and Mr. Clay, when the compromise act 
was under discussion, had pledged the party favor- 
able to protection to a reduction of the imports 
to a revenue standard. Previous to his nomina- 
tion, Mr. Clay made a speech at Raleigh, N. C, in 
which he advocated discriminating duties for the 

f>rotection of domestic industry. This was fol- 
owed by his letter in September, 1844. in which 
he gave in his adhesion to the tariff of 1842. 
Probably alarmed at the prospect of losing votes 
at the south through his opposition to the annexa- 
tion of Texas, and seeing defeat certain unless he 
could rally to his support the people of the north, 
Mr. Clay made one concession after another, until 
he had virtually abandoned the ground he occu- 
pied in 1833, and made himself amenable to his 
own rebuke uttered at that time : ** What man," 
he had then asked, M who is entitled to deserve the 
character of an American statesman, would stand 
up in his place in either house of congress and 
disturb the treaty of peace and amity!" Mr. 
Polk, on the other hand, had courted criticism by 
his Kane letter, dated 19 June, 1844, which was 
so ambiguously worded as to give ground for the 
charge that his position was identical with that 
held by Henry Clay. In his first annual message, 
however, he explained his views with precision and 
ability. The principles that would govern his ad- 
ministration were proclaimed with great boldness, 
and the objectionable features of the tariff of 1842 
were investigated and exposed, while congress was 
urged to substitute ad valorem for specific and 
minimum duties. " The terms ' protection to 
American industry,' " he went on to say, ** are of 
popular import, but they should apply under a 
just system to all the various branches of industry 
in our country. The farmer, or planter, who toils 
yearly in his fields, is engaged in 4 domestic indus- 
try,' and is as much entitled to have his labor 
4 protected ' as the manufacturer, the man of com- 
merce, the navigator, or the mechanic, who are 



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engaged also in ' domestic industry ' in their dif- 
ferent pursuits. The joint labors of all these 
classes constitute the aggregate of the ' domestic 
industry ' of the nation, and they are equally en- 
titled to the nation's * protection. No one of them 
can justly claim to be the exclusive recipients of 
* protection/ which can only be afforded by increas- 
ing burdens on the 4 domestic industry ' of others." 
In accordance with the president's views, a bill 
providing for a purely revenue tariff, and based on 
a plan prepared Dy Sec Walker, was introduced in 
the house of representatives on 15 June. After an 
unusually able discussion, a vote was reached on 8 
July, when the measure was adopted by 114 ayes to 
96 nays. But it was nearly defeated in the senate, 
where the vote was tied, and only the decision of 
Vice-President Dallas in its favor saved the bill. 
The occasion was memorable, party spirit ran high, 
and a crowded senate-chamber hung on the lips of 
that official as he announced the reasons for his 
course. In conclusion he said : ** If by thus acting 
it be my misfortune to offend any portion of those 
who honored me with their suffrages, I have only 
to say to them, and to my whole country, that I 
prefer the deepest obscurity of private life, with an 
unwounded conscience, to the glare of official emi- 
nence spotted by a sense of moral delinquency ! " 

Regarding the question of internal improve- 
ments, Mr. Polk's administration was signalized by 
the struggle between the advocates of that policy 
and the executive. A large majority in botn 
houses of congress, including members of both 
parties, were in favor of a lavish expenditure of 
the public money. On 24 July, 1846, the senate 
passed the bill known as the river-and-harbor im- 
provement bill precisely as it had passed the house 
the previous March, but it was vetoed by the presi- 
dent in a message of unusual power. The au- 
thority of the general government to make internal 
improvements within the states was thoroughly 
examined, and reference was made to the corrup- 
tions of the system that expended money in par- 
ticular sections, leaving other parts of the country 
without government assistance. Undaunted by the 
opposition of the executive, the house of representa- 
tives, on 20 Feb., 1847, passed, by a vote of 89 to 
72, a second bill making appropriations amounting 
to $600,000 for the same purpose. It was carried 
through the senate on the last day of the second 
session. Although the president could have de- 
feated the objectionable measure by a "pocket veto,*' 
in spite of the denunciations with which he was 
assailed by the politicians and the press, he again 
boldly met the question, and sent in a message 
that, for thoroughness of investigation, breadth of 
thought, clearness and cogency of argument, far 
excels any of the state papers to which he has put 
his name. 

The conflict between the friends and opponents 
of slavery was also a prominent feature of Presi- 
dent Polk's administration, and was being con- 
stantly waged on the floor of congress. During 
the second session of the 89th congress the house 
attached the Wilmot proviso to a bill appropriat- 
ing $8,000,000 for the purchase of territory from 
Mexico, as it had been appended to one appro- 
priating $2,000,000 for the same purpose at the 
previous session. The senate passed the bill with- 
out the amendment, and the house was compelled 
to concur. A bill to organize the territory of Ore- 
gon, with the proviso attached, passed by the latter 
body ,was not acted upon by the senate. A motion 
made in the house of representatives by a southern 
member to extend the Missouri compromise-line 
of 86° 80' to the Pacific was lost by a sectional 



vote, north against south, 81 to 104. A treaty 
of peace having been signed with Mexico, 2 Feb., 
1848, after a series of victories, a bill was passed 
by the senate during the first session of the 80th 
congress, establishing territorial governments in 
Oregon, New Mexico, and California, with a pro- 
vision that all questions concerning slavery in those 
territories should be referred to the U. S. supreme 
court for decision. It received the votes of the 
members from the slave-states, but was lost in 
the house. A bill was finally passed organizing 
the territory of Oregon without slavery. During 
the seoond session a bill to organize the territories 
of New Mexico and California with the Wilmot 
proviso was passed by the house, but the senate 
refused to consider it Late in the session the 
latter body attached a bill permitting such organi- 
zation with slavery to the general appropriation 
bill as a " rider," but, as the house objected, was 
compelled to strike it off. In his message to con- 
gress approving the Oregon territorial bill Mr. 
Polk said : " I have an abiding confidence that the 
sober reflection and sound patriotism of all the 
states will bring them to the conclusion that the 
dictate of wisdom is to follow the example of those 
who have gone before us, and settle this dangerous 
question on the Missouri compromise or some other 
equitable compromise which would respect the 
rights of all, and prove satisfactory to the different 
portions of the Union." President Polk was not 
a slavery propagandist, and consequently had no 
pro-slavery policy. On the contrary, in the settle- 
ment of the Oregon question, he did all in his 
power to secure the exclusion of slavery from that 
territory, and, although the final vote was not 
taken until within a few days after his retirement, 
the battle was fought and the decision virtually 
reached during his administration. 

Mr. Polk, in a letter dated 19 May, 1848, reiterated 
his decision not to become a candidate again for 
the presidency, and retired at the close of his term 
of office to his home in Nashville with the inten- 
tion not to re-enter public life. His health, never 
robust, had been seriously impaired by the un- 
avoidable cares of office and his habit of devoting 
too much time and strength to the execution or 
details. Within a few weeks after his permanent 
return to Tennessee he fell a prey to a disease that 
would probably have only slightly affected a man 
in ordinary health, and a few hours sufficed to 
bring the attack to a fatal termination. Thus 
ended the life of one of whose public career it may 
still be too soon to judge with entire impartiality. 
Some of the questions on which he was called 
upon to act are still, nearly forty vears after his 
death, party issues. Mr. Polk evidently believed 
with Mr. Clay that a Union all slave or all free 
was an impossible Utopia, and that there was no 
good reason why the north and the south should 
not continue to live for many years to corneas they 
had lived since the adoption of the constitution. 
He deprecated agitation of the slavery question by 
the Abolitionists, and believed that the safety of 
the commonwealth lay in respecting the compro- 
mises that had hitherto furnished a modus vivendi 
between the slave and the free states. As to the 
annexation of Texas and the war with Mexico, his 
policy was undoubtedly the result of conviction, 
sincerity, and good faith. He believed, with John 
Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson, that Texas 
had been unwiselv ceded to Spain in 1819, and that 
it was desirable, from a geographical point of view, 
that it should be re-annexed, seeing tnat it formed 
a most valuable part of the valley of the Missis- 
sippi. Ee was also of opinion that in a military 



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point of view its acquisition was desirable for the 
protection of New Orleans, the great commercial 
mart of the southwestern section of the Union, 
which in time of war would be endangered by the 
close proximity of a hostile power having control 
of the upper waters of Red river. Holding these 
views and having been elevated to the presidency 
on a platform that expressly demanded: that they 
should be embodied in action, and Texas again 
made a part of the national domain, he would have 
indeed been recreant to his trust had he attempted 
to carry out as president any policy antagonistic 
to that he had advocated when a candidate for that 
office. The war in which he became involved in 
carrying out these views was a detail that the 
nation was compelled to leave largely to his judg- 
ment The president believed that the representa- 
tions and promises of the Mexican authorities 
could not be trusted, and that the only argument 
to which they would pay attention was that of 
force. Regarding his famous order to Gen. Taylor 
to march toward the Rio Grande, it was suggested 
by that officer himself, and for his gallant action 
in the war the latter was elected the successor of 
President Polk. The settlement of the Oregon 
boundary-line was made equally obligatory upon 
the new president on taking office. He offered 
Great Britain the line that was finally accepted; 
but when the British minister hastily rejected the 
offer, the entire country applauded his suggestion 
to that power of what the boundary might pos- 
sibly be in case of war. 

But whatever the motives of the executive as to 
Texas and Oregon, the results of the administra- 
tion of James KL Polk were brilliant in the extreme. 
He was loyally upheld by the votes of all parties in 
congress, abundantly supplied with the sinews of 
war, and seconded by gallant and competent offi- 
cers in the field. For $15,000,000, in addition to 
the direct war expenses, the southwestern boundary 
of the country was carried to the Rio Grande, while 
the provinces of New Mexico and Upper California 
were added to the national domain. What that 
cession meant in increased wealth it is perhaps 
even yet too soon to compute. Among the less 
dazzling but still solid advantages conferred upon 
the nation during Mr. Polk's term of office was the 
adoption by congress, on his recommendation, of 
the public warehousing system that has since 
proved so valuable an aid to the commerce of the 
countrv ; the negotiation of the 85th article of the 
treaty with Grenada, ratified 10 June, 1848, which 
secured for our citizens the right of way across the 
Isthmus of Panama; the postal treaty of 15 Dec., 
1848, with Great Britain, and the negotiation of 
commercial treaties with the secondary states of 
the Germanic confederation by which reciprocal 
relations were established and growing markets 
reached upon favorable terms. 

Mr. Bancroft, the only surviving member of 
Polk's cabinet, who has revised this article, in a 
communication to the senior editor of the " Cyclo- 
pedia," dated Washington, 8 March, 1888, says: 
"One of the special qualities of Mr. Polk's mmd 
was his clear perception of the character and doc- 
trines of the two great parties that then divided 
the country. Of all our public men — I say, dis- 
tinctly, of all — Polk was the most thoroughly con- 
sistent representative of his party. He had no 
equal Time and again his enemies sought for 
grounds on which to convict him of inconsistency, 
but so consistent had been his public career that 
the charge was never even made. Never fanciful 
or extreme, he was ever solid, firm, and consistent. 
His administration, viewed from- the standpoint of 



results, was perhaps the greatest in our national 
history, certainly one of the greatest. He succeeded 
because he insisted on being its centre, and in over- 
ruling and guiding all his secretaries to act so as 
to produce unity and harmony. Those who study 
his administration will acknowledge how sincere 
and successful were his efforts, as did those who 
were contemporary with him." 

Mr. Polk, who was a patient student and a clear 
thinker, steadfast to opinions once formed, and not 
easily moved by popular opinion, labored faithfully, 
from his entrance into public life until the day when 
he left the White House, to disseminate the political 
opinions in which he had been educated, and which 
commended themselves to his judgment. His pri- 
vate life was upright and blameless. Simple in his 
habits to abstemiousness, he found his greatest 
happiness in the pleasures of the home circle rather 
than in the gay round of public amusements. A 
frank and sincere friend, courteous and affable in 
his demeanor with strangers, generous and benevo- 
lent, the esteem in which he was held as a man and 
a citizen was quite as high as his official reputation. 
In the words of his friend and associate in office, 
Vice-President Dallas, he was " temperate but not 
unsocial, industrious but accessible, punctual but 
patient, moral without austerity, and devotional 
though not bigoted." See " Eulogy on the Life and 
Character of the Late James K. Polk," by George 
M. Dallas (Philadelphia, 1849) ; " Eulogy on the Life 
and Character of James Knox Polk, by A. O. P. 
Nicholson (Nashville, 1849); "James Knox Polk," 
by John S. Jenkins (Buffalo, 1850) ; and "History 
or the Administration of James K. Polk," by Lu- 
cien B. Chase (New York, 1850).— His wife, Sarah 
Childress, b. near Murfreesboro, Rutherford co., 
Tenn., 4 Sept, 1803, is the daughter of Joel and 
Elizabeth Childress. Her father, a farmer in easy 
circumstances, sent 
her to the Moravian 
institute at Salem, 
N. C, where she 
was educated. On 
returning home she 
married Mr. Polk, 
who was then a 
member of the legis- 
lature of Tennessee. 
The following year 
he was elected to 
congress, and dur- 
ing his fourteen ses- 
sions in Washing- 
ton Mrs. Polk*s 
courteous manners, 

sound judgment, j - /) (7) jj 
and many attain- JBPaa^cuA. f. s/4~vy£~- 
ments gave her a 

high place in society. On her return as the wife 
of the president, having no children, Mrs. Polk 
I devoted herself entirely to her duties as mistress 
of the White House. She held weekly receptions, 
and abolished the custom of giving refreshments 
to the guests. She also forbade dancing, as out of 
keeping with the character of these entertain- 
ments. In spite of her reforms, Mrs. Polk was 
extremely popular. " Madam," said a prominent 
South Carolinian, at one of her receptions, " there 
is a woe pronounced against you in the Bible." On 
her inquiring his meaning, he added : " The Bible 
says, * Woe unto you when all men shall speak well 
of you.'" An English lady visiting Washington 
thus described the president's wife: "Mrs. Polk 
is a very handsome woman. Her hair is very 
black, and her dark eyes and complexion remind 



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POLK 



POLK 



one of the Spanish donnas. She is well read, has 
much talent for conversation, and is highly popu- 
lar. Her excellent taste in dress preserves the 
subdued though elegant costume that characterises 
the lady." Mrs. Polk became a communicant of 
the Presbyterian church in 1884, and has main- 
tained her connection with that denomination un- 
til the present time (1888). Since the death of her 
husband she has resided at Nashville, in the house 
seen in the illustration and known as " Polk Place." 
In the foreground is seen the tomb of her husband. 
—President Polk's brother, William Hawkins, 
lawyer, b. in Maury county.Tenn., 24 May, 1815 ; 
d. in Nashville. Term., 16 Dec., 1862, was gradu- 
ated at the University of Tennessee, admitted to 
the bar in 1839. and began to practise at Colum- 
bia, Maury co., Tenn. He was elected to the legis- 
lature in 1841 and again in 1848. In 1845 he 
was appointed minister to Naples, holding the 
office from 13 March of that Year till 81 Aug., 
1847, when he was commissioned major of the 3d 
dragoons, and saw service in Mexico. He resigned, 
20 July, 1848. He was a delegate to the Nashville 
convention of 1850, and was chosen a member of 
the 32d congress as a Democrat, serving from 1 
Dec, 1851, till 3 March, 1858. Maj. Polk was a 
strong opponent of secession in 1861. 

POLK, Thomas, patriot, b. about 1732 ; d. in 
Charlotte, N. C, in 1798. He was the great-grand- 
son of Robert Polk, or Pollock, who emigrated to 
this country from Ireland and settled in Maryland. 
Thomas's father, William, removed from Maryland 
to Pennsylvania, while the former, in 1753, left his 
parents, and, travelling through Maryland and Vir- 

S'mia, made his home in Mecklenburg county, N. C. 
y enterprise and industry he acquired a large 
tract of land, which enabled him to keep his family 
in comfort. Personal qualities made Polk a leader 
in the Scotch-Irish settlement in which he lived, 
and in 1769 he was chosen a member of the pro- 
vincial assembly, where he procured the passage of 
an act to establish Queen's college in the town of 
Charlotte. In 1771 he was again a member of the 
assembly, and thenceforward he took an active 
part in the movements that resulted in the Revolu- 
tion. At the date of the Mecklenburg convention 
in May, 1775, he was delegated to issue a call for 
the convention whenever, in his opinion, such ac- 
tion was necessary. After the resolutions had been 
adopted, Polk read them from the steps of the 
court-house to the people. He was subsequently a 
member of the committee that on 24 Aug., 1775, 
prepared a plan for securing the internal peace and 
safety of the provinces. A few months later he 
was appointed colonel of the second of two bat- 
talions of minute-men in the Salisbury district 
Soon afterward the South Carolina Tories attacked 
Gen. Andrew Williamson and drove him into a 
stockade fort at Ninety-Six, but were defeated, 
with the assistance of 700 militia from North Caro- 
lina under CoL Polk and CoL Griffith-Rutherford. 
By the Provincial congress held at Halifax, N. C, 
4 April, 1776, Polk was made colonel of the 4th 
regiment, which formed part of a force that under 
Brig.-Gen. Nash joined the army under Washing- 
ton. In November, 1779, the North Carolina 
troops were sent to re-enforce the southern army 
under Gen. Benjamin Lincoln at Charleston. Af- 
ter the fall of the latter city Gen. Horatio Gates 
offered Polk the double office of commissary-general 
for North Carolina and commissary of purchase 
for the army, which he accepted. His duties as 
commissary brought him into antagonism with 
Gates, on a question of supplying the militia with 
rations. Gen. Gates suggested that he be ordered 



to Salisbury to answer for his conduct. Polk of- 
fered his resignation, but it was not at first accepted. 
Afterward he became district commissary. After 
the action at Cowan's Ford, Gen. Greene offered the 
command of the militia of Salisbury district to CoL 
Polk, with the commission of brigadier-general, 
but, in spite of a personal request by Gen. Greene, 
the latter was not confirmed by the governor and 
council, and Col. Polk was superseded in May, 
1781. After the Revolution he engaged in the 
purchase, from the disbanded soldiers, of land 
warrants that had been issued to them by the state 
for their services, and died possessed of ** princely 
estates," which his sons inherited but did not im- 
prove. — His son, William, patriot, b. in Mecklen- 
burg county, N. C, 9 Julv, 1758 ; d. in Raleigh, N. C, 
4 Jan., 1834, entered Queen's college, Charlotte, 
N. C, where he remained until the beginning of 
the Revolutionary war. In April, 1775, while he 
was yet a student, he was appointed a 2d lieuten- 
ant and assigned to the 3d South Carolina regi- 
ment His company and another were at once or- 
dered to South Carolina to keep the Tories in 
check, and Polk afterward commanded several ex- 
peditions. During one of these he made CoL 
Thomas Fletcher, a noted Tory leader, a prisoner, 
and subsequently, in attempting to capture a party 
of loyalists in December, 1775, he was severely 
wounded. On 26 Nov., 1776, he was elected major 
of the 9th regiment of North Carolina troops, with 
which he joined the army under Washington. 
Mai. Polk was in the battles of the Brandywine 
and Germantown. Near the close of the latter ac- 
tion, October, 1777. he was again wounded. The 
following March, through the consolidation of the 
nine North Carolina regiments into four, Polk lost 
his command. Returning to the south, he was 
given a position on the staff of Gen. Richard 
Caswell, and was present at the battle of Camden. 
He next fought under Gen. William Davidson, and 
was sent as an envoy to Gov. Thomas Jefferson, of 
Virginia. On his return he joined Gen. Andrew 
Pickens, was promoted lieutenant-colonel of the 
4th South Carolina cavalry, attached to the com- 
mand of Gen. Thomas Sumter,, and saw much 
active service, notably at the battle of Eutaw 
Springs. He remained on duty in that section 
until the end of the war. In 1783 Col. Polk was 
appointed by the legislature surveyor-general of 
the •* middle district, now a part of Tennessee, and 
took up his residence at French Lick fort, which 
occupied the site of the city of Nashville. He re- 
mained there until 1786, and was twice chosen a 
member of the house of commons from Davidson 
county. During this period all field operations by 
the surveyors were rendered impracticable by the 
hostile attitude of the Indians. The following 
year he was elected to the general assembly from 
nis native county, which he continued to represent 
until he became supervisor for the district of North 
Carolina. This office he retained for seventeen 
years, until the internal revenue laws were repealed. 
From 1811 till 1819 he served first as director and 
subsequently as president of the State bank of 
North Carolina, and then resigned in order to de- 
vote more of his time and personal attention to his 
lands in Tennessee, which comprised an area of 
100,000 acres. On 25 March, 1812, he was ap- 
pointed by President Madison, with the consent of 
the senate, a brigadier-general in the regular army. 
This commission he declined on personal and politi- 
cal grounds, being a Federalist and not approving 
the policy of the administration. When Lafayette 
returned to the United States in 1824, Polk was 
named one of the commissioners to receive him in 



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behalf of his native state. Referring to William 
Polk's influence on the rising fortunes of the state 
of Tennessee, it has been said that as " the personal 
friend and associate of Andrew Jackson he greatly 
advanced the interests and enhanced the wealth 
of the hero of New Orleans by furnishing him 
information, taken from his field notes as a sur- 
veyor, that enabled Jackson to secure valuable 
tracts of land in the state of Tennessee; that 
to Samuel Polk, father of the president, he gave 
the agency for renting and selling portions of his 
(William's) estate ; and that, as first president of 
the Bank of North Carolina, he made Jacob John- 
son, the father of President Andrew Johnson, its 
first porter : so that of the three native North Caro- 
linians who entered the White House through the 
gate of Tennessee, all were indebted for benefac- 
tions and promotion to the same individual." At 
his death Col. Polk was the last surviving field- 
officer of the North Carolina line. — William's son, 
Leonidaa, P. E. bishop, b. in Raleigh, N. C, 10 
April, 1806 ; d. on Pine mountain, Ga., 14 June, 
1864, was educated at the University of North Caro- 
lina, and at the 
U. S. military 
academy, where 
he was gradu- 
ated in 1827,and 
at once brevet- 
ted 2d lieuten- 
ant of artillery. 
Having, in the 
mean time, been 
induced bv Rev. 
(afterward Bish- 
op) Charles P. 
Mcllvaine, then 
chaplain at the 
academy, to 
study for the 
ministry, he re- 
signed his com- 
mission the fol- 
lowing Decem- 
ber, was made 
deacon in the Protestant Episcopal church in 1880, 
and ordained priest in 1831. He served in the Mon- 
umental church, Richmond, Va., as assistant for a 
year, when, his health failing, he went to Europe 
to recuperate. Soon after his return he removed 
to Tennessee, and became rector of St. Peter's 
church, Columbia, in 1838. In 1884 he was clerical 
deputy to the general convention of the Episcopal 
church, and in 1835 a member of the standing 
committee of the diocese. In 1838 he received the 
degree of S. T. D. from Columbia, and the same 
year he was elected and consecrated missionary 
bishop of Arkansas and the Indian territory south 
of 36 30', with provisional charge of the dioceses 
of Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana, and the 
missions in the republic of Texas. These charges 
he held until 1841, when he resigned all of them 
with the exception of the diocese of Louisiana, of 
which he remained bishop until his death, intend- 
ing to resume his duties after he had been released 
from service in the field. In 1856 he initiated the 
movement to establish the University of the South, 
and until 1860 was engaged with Bishop Stephen 
Elliott, and other southern bishops, in perfecting 

flans that resulted in the opening of that institu- 
ion at Sewanee, Tenn. At the beginning of the 
civil war he was a strong sympathizer with the 
doctrine of secession. His birth, education, and 
associations were alike southern, and his property, 
which was very considerable in land and slaves, 




oSn&%L 



aided to identify him with the project of establish- 
ing a southern confederacy. His familiarity with 
the valley of the Mississippi prompted him to urge 
upon Jefferson Davis ana the Confederate authori- 
ties the importance of fortifying and holding its 
strategical points, and amid the excitement of the 
time the influence of his old military training be- 
came uppermost in his mind. Under these cir- 
cumstances the offer of a major-generalship by 
Davis was regarded not unfavorably. He applied 
for advice to Bishop William Meade, of Virginia, 
who replied that, his beinp an exceptional case, he 
could not advise against its acceptance. His first 
command extended from the mouth of Red river, 
on both sides of the Mississippi, to Paducah on the 
Ohio, his headquarters being at Memphis. Under 
his general direction the extensive works at New 
Madrid and Fort Pillow, Columbus, Ky., Island No. 
10, Memphis, and other points, were constructed. 
On 4 Sept, Gen. Polk transferred his headquarters 
to Columbus, where the Confederates had massed 
a large force of infantry, six field-batteries, a siege- 
battery, three battalions of cavalry, and three 
steamboats. Opposite this place, at Belmont, Mo., 
on 7 Nov., 1861, the battle of Belmont was fought. 
Gen. Polk being in command of the Confederate 
and Gen. Grant of the National troops. The Con- 
federates claimed a victory. Gen. Polk remained 
at Columbus until March, 1862, when he was or- 
dered to join Johnston's and Beauregard's army at 
Corinth, Miss. As commander of the 1st corps, he 
took part in the battle of Shiloh. Tenn., and in the 
subsequent operations that ended with the evacua- 
tion of Corinth. In September and October he 
commanded the Army of Mississippi, and fought 
at the battle of Perry v ill e, during the Confederate 
invasion of Kentucky. In the latter part of Octo- 
ber and November he was in command of the 
armies of Kentucky and Mississippi and conducted 
the Confederate retreat from the former state. In 
October he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant- 
general, and commanded the right wing of the 
Army of Tennessee at the battle of Stone river. 
In the Chickaroauga campaign, he also led the right 
wing. According to the official report of Gen. 
Braxton Bragg, it was only through Polk's disobe- 
dience of orders at Chickamauga that the National 
army was saved from annihilation. He was ac- 
cordingly relieved from his command, and ordered 
to Atlanta. Subsequently Jefferson Davis, with 
Gen. Bragg's approval, offered to reinstate him, 
but he declined. He was then appointed to take 
charge of the camp of Confederate prisoners that 
had been paroled at Vicksburg and Port Hudson. 
In December, 1863, he was assigned to the Depart- 
ment of Alabama, Mississippi, and East Louisiana, 
in place of Gen. Joseph E. Johnston, who was as- 
signed to the Army of Tennessee. By skilful dis- 
positions of his troo|)s he prevented the junction 
of the National cavalry column under Gen. William 
Sooy Smith with Gen. Sherman's armv in southern 
Mississippi. Gen. Polk's prestige being restored, 
he was ordered to unite his command (the Army 
of Mississippi) with the army of Gen. Joseph E. 
Johnston, who opposed the march of Sherman to 
Atlanta. After taking part in the principal en- 
gagements that occurred previous to the middle of 
June, he was killed by a cannon-shot while recon- 
noitring on Pine mountain, near Marietta, Ga 
His biography is in course of preparation (1888) 
by his son, Dr. William M. Polk, of New York. 
— Leonidas's son, William Mecklenburg, physi- 
cian, b. in Ashwood, Maury co., Tenn., 15 Aug., 
1844, was graduated at Virginia military institute, 
Lexington, Va, 4 July, 1864, and at the New York 



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POLLARD 



college of physicians and surgeons in 1860. He 
entered the Confederate army in April, 1861, as a 
cadet of the military institute, was commissioned 
1st lieutenant in Scott's battery of artillery in 1862, 
and in 1868 was promoted assistant chief of artil- 
lery in his fathers corps. Army of the Tennessee. 
In March, 1865, he was made captain and adjutant 
in the inspector-general's department. After his 
graduation as a physician he practised in New York 
city, and from 1875 till 1879 he was professor of 
therapeutics and clinical medicine in Bellevue col- 
lege. He then accepted the chair of obstetrics and 
the diseases of women in the medical department 
of the University of the city of New York, which 
he still (1888) holds. He is also surgeon in the 
department of obstetrics in Bellevue hospital Dr. 
Polk has contributed to medical literature " Origi- 
nal Observations upon the Anatomy of the Female 
Pelvic Organs," " On the Gravid and Non-Gravid 
Uterus," and "Original Observations upon the 
Causes and Pathology of the Pelvic Inflammations 
of Women."— Leonidas's brother, Thomas Gil- 
christ, lawyer, b. in Mecklenburg county, N. C, 
22 Feb., 1790; d. in Holly Springs, Miss., in 1869, 
was graduated at the University of North Caro- 
lina in 1810, and at the law-school at Litchfield, 
Conn., in 1818. He soon after began to practise 
his profession, and for several years was a mem- 
ber of the lower branch of the North Carolina 
legislature. He was also at one time in command 
of the militia. In 1889 he removed to Tennessee, 
where he purchased a large plantation. Being a 
stanch Whig in politics, he took an active part in 
the presidential campaign of 1844 in support of 
Henry Clay, and against his relative, James K. Polk. 
— William s grandson, Lucius Eugene, soldier, b. 
in Salisbury, N. C, 10 July, 1838, was the son of 
William J. Polk. He was graduated at the Uni- 
versity of Virginia in 1852. At the beginning of 
the civil war he entered the Confederate army as a 
private under Gen. Patrick R. Cleburne, but was 
soon commissioned 1st lieutenant, and as such 
fought at Shiloh, where he was wounded. He was 
rapidly promoted until he was made brigadier- 
general in December. 1862, and joined his brigade 
in time to take part in the battle of Murfreesboro, 
where his command made a charge, for which he 
was complimented by Gen. Braxton Bragg in his 
report of the engagement Gen. Polk was also 
present at Ringgold gap. Ga., in 1868, and at 
many other actions. At Kenesaw mountain, Ga., 
in the summer of 1864, he was severely wounded 
by a cannon-ball and disabled for further service. 
He then retired to a plantation in Maury county, 
Tenn., where he has since resided. In 1884 he was 
a delegate to the National Democratic convention 
at Chicago, and he is at present (1888) a member of 
the senate of the state of Tennessee, having been 
elected on 1 Jan., 1887. 

POLK, Trnsten, senator, b. in Sussex county, 
Del., 29 May, 1811 ; d. in St Louis, Mo., 16 April, 
1876. He was graduated at Yale in 1831, and then 
began the study of law in the office of the attorney- 
general of Delaware, but completed his course at 
Yale law-school. In 1885 he removed to St Louis, 
Mo., and, establishing himself there in the practice 
of his profession, soon rose to a high place at the 
bar. He was a member of the State constitutional 
convention in 1845, and in 1848 a presidential 
elector. He was elected governor of Missouri as a 
Democrat in 1856, and soon after his accession to 
office was chosen U. S. senator, serving from 4 
March, 1857, until his expulsion for disloyalty on 
10 Jan., 1862. Meanwhile he had joined the Con- 
federate government and filled various offices of 



responsibility within its jurisdiction. In 1864 he 
was taken prisoner, and after his exchange held 
the office of military judge of the Department of 
Mississippi At the close of the war ne returned 
to St Louis, and there devoted himself to the prac- 
tice of his profession until his death. 

POLLARD, Edward Albert, journalist, b. in 
Nelson county, Va., 27 Feb., 1828; d. in Lynch- 
burg, Va., 12 Dec, 1872. He was graduated at the 
University of Virginia in 1849, and studied law at 
William and Mary, but finished his course in Balti- 
more. Mr. Pollard then emigrated to California 
and took part in the wild life of that country as a 
journalist until 1855, after which he spent some time 
in northern Mexico and Nicaragua, and then re- 
turned to the eastern states. Subsequently he 
went to Europe, and also travelled in China and 
Japan. During President Buchanan's adminis- 
tration he became clerk of the judiciary commit- 
tee in the house of representatives, and he was 
an open advocate of secession in 1860. At the be- 
ginning of the civil war he was without political 
employment and was studying for the Protestant 
Episcopal ministry, having been admitted a candi- 



date for holy orders by Bishop William Meade, 
From 1861 till 1867 he was principal editor of the 
" Richmond Examiner," ana, while an earnest ad- 
vocate of the Confederate cause during the war, he 
was nevertheless a merciless critic of Jefferson 
Davis. Toward the close of the war he went to 
England in order to further the sale of his works, 
and was then captured, but, after a confinement of 
eight months at Fort Warren and Fortress Monroe, 
was released on parole. In 1867 he began the pub- 
lication in Richmond of "Southern Opinion," 
which he continued for two years, and also in 1868 
established " The Political Pamphlet," which ran 
for a short time during the presidential canvass of 
that year. Mr. Pollard then made his residence in 
New York and Brooklyn for several years, often 
contributing to current literature. His books in- 
clude '* Black Diamonds Gathered in the Darkey 
Homes of the South " (New York, 1859); " Letters 
of the Southern Spy in Washington and Else- 
where" (Baltimore, 1861); "Southern History of 
the War" (8 vols., Richmond, 1862-'4; 4th vol., 
New York, 1866); "Observations in the North: 
Eight Months in Prison and on Parole" (Rich- 
mond, 1865) ; " The Lost Cause : A New Southern 
History of the War of the Confederates" (New 
York, 1866 ; written also in French for Louisiana, 
1867); "Lee and his Lieutenants" (1867); "The 
Lost Cause Regained " (1868); "Life of Jefferson 
Davis, with the Secret History of the Southern 
Confederacy " (1869) ; and " The Virginia Tourist " 
(Philadelphia, 1870).— His wife, Marie Antoinette 
Nathalie Granler-Dowell,b. in Norfolk, Va., mar- 
ried James R. Dowell, from whom she separated 
during the civil war on account of political differ- 
ences. She then made her way, with great diffi- 
culty, through the lines of the armies, to her broth- 
er's residence in New Orleans, and later returned 
to Richmond, where she met Mr. Pollard, whom she 
married after the war. Subsequent to the death of 
Mr. Pollard, she became a public speaker, and in 
this capacity she canvassed California for the Demo- 
cratic presidential ticket in 1876. She has also 
lecturea on the Irish and Chinese questions, advo- 
cating greater liberty to these people, and has been 
active in the temperance movement, holding the 
office of deputy grand worthy patriarch of the 
states of New York and New Jersey. Besides con- 
tributions to the newspapers, she has published oc- 
casional poems. — His brother, Henry Rives, edi- 
tor, b. in Nelson county, Va., 39 Aug., 1888 ; d. in 



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POLLARD 



POLVEREL 



59 



Richmond, Va., 24 Not., 1868, was educated at 
Virginia military institute, and at the University 
of Virginia. Later he published a newpaper in 
Leavenworth, Kansas, during the troubles in that 
territory, and thence went to Washington, where 
he was employed in the post-office department. 
At the beginning of the civil war he was news edi- 
tor of the " Baltimore Sun," but removed to Rich- 
mond, where he became one of the editors of the 
** Richmond Examiner." A f ter t he war he was asso- 
ciated in the founding of " The Richmond Times," 
and for a time was one of its staff. In 1866 he re- 
vived the '* Richmond Examiner," and controlled 
its editorial column > until 1867, when he disposed 
of his interest. 1:1 «• then established, with his 
brother, "Southern Opinion," of which he contin- 
ued until his death one "f the editors and proprie- 
tors. Mr. Pollard was sb-it at and killed from an 
upper window on the opposite side of the street by 
James Grant, who felt hinuvlf aggrieved by an ar- 
ticle that was published in Pollard's paper. 

POLLARD, Josephine, author, b. in New York 
city about 1840. She was educated in her native 
city, early devoted herself to literature, and ac- 
quired reputation as a hymn-writer, her best-known 
production being " Outside the Gate." Her prose 
writings include sketches that have been published 
in "Harper's Magazine" and other periodicals. 
Miss Pollard has written "The Gipsy Books" (6 
vols., New York, 1873-'4) and " A Piece of Silver" 
(1876). She has contributed the text to " Decora- 
tive Sisters" (New York, 1881); "Elfin Land" 
(1882) ; " Boston Teaparty " (1882) ; " Songs of Bird 
Life " Vl885) ; " Vagrant Verses " (1886) ; and, with 
John H. Vincent, "The Home Book" (1887). 

POLLOCK, James, b. in Milton, Pa., 11 Sept, 
1810; d. in Lock Haven, Pa., 19 April, 1890. He 
was graduated at Princeton, and, after studying 
law, was admitted to the bar in 1838, and opened 
an office in Milton. In 1835 he was chosen district 
attorney for his county, after which he held vari- 
ous minor offices. He was elected to congress as a 
Whig, and served from 23 April, 1844, to 3 March, 
1849, during which time he was an active member 
of several committees. On 28 June, 1848, he in- 
troduced a resolution calling for the appointment 
of a special committee to inquire into the neces- 
sity and practicability of building a railroad to 
the Pacific coast As chairman of that committee 
he made a report in favor of the construction of 
such a road. This was the first favorable official 
act on this subject on the part of congress. In 
1850 he was appointed president-judge of the 8th 
judicial district of Pennsylvania, and in 1854 he 
was elected governor of Pennsylvania as a Union- 
Republican. During his administration the whole 
line of the public works between Philadelphia and 
Pittsburg was transferred to the Pennsylvania 
railroad company. By this and other means he 
reduced the state debt by nearly $10,000,000, and 
this soon led to the removal of state taxation. He 
convened the legislature in extraordinary session 
during the financial crisis of 1857, and, acting on 
his wise suggestions, laws were enacted whereby 
public confidence was restored and the community 
was saved from bankruptcy. On the expiration of 
his term of office he resumed his law-practice in 
Milton. He was a delegate from his state to the 
Peace convention in Washington in 1861, and after 
the inauguration of President Lincoln he was ap- 
pointed director of the U. S. mint in Philadelphia, 
which place he then held until October, 1866. By 
his efforts, with the approval of Salmon P. Chase, 
then secretary of the treasury, the motto " In God 
we trust " was placed on the National coins. In 



1869 he was reinstated as director of the mint, 
which place he then filled for many years. In 1880 
he was appointed naval officer of Philadelphia, but 
resigned in 1884, and resumed the practice or his 
profession. Gov. Pollock was very active in vari- 
ous movements tending to promote educational 
and religious reforms. He received the honorary 
degree of LL. D. from Princeton in 1855, and from 
Jefferson college. Pa., in 1857. 

POLLOCK, Oliver, merchant, b. in Ireland in 
1787; d. in Mississippi, 17 Dec., 1828. He came to 
this country with his father, and settled in Cum- 
berland county, Pa. He engaged in business in 
1762 at Havana, Cuba, where he became intimate 
with Gov.-Gen. O'Reilly, and, when the latter was 
made governor of Louisiana by the king of Spain, 
Pollock moved to New Orleans. By a wise and 
generous action, during the scarcity of provisions 
in that city, he gained a reputation that made him 
able to be of great use to the Americans in New 
Orleans. When the Revolutionary war opened, 
Pollock was in possession of large wealth and much 
political influence. In 1777 the secret committee 
of the United States appointed him " commercial 
agent of the United States at New Orleans," which 
post he held until the close of the war with great 
credit to himself and greater good to the United 
States. He became to the west what Robert Mor- 
ris was to the east His fortune was pledged to 
his country. To his financial aid the United States 
owes the success of Gen. George Rogers Clarke in 
the Illinois campaign of 1778. During that year 
he borrowed from the royal treasury, through Gov. 
Galvey, $70,000, which he spent for Clarke's expe- 
dition and the defence of the frontier. But the 
poverty of the United States involved him, as it 
did Morris, in severe losses. In 1788 he was ap- 
pointed U. S. agent at Havana, where he was im- 
prisoned in 1784 for the debts of the United States, 
amounting to $150,000. Being released Qnparole, 
he returned to this country in 1785. In 1791 con- 
gress discharged this debt but failed to remunerate 
Pollock for his services. He retired to Cumberland 
county, Pa., in 1791, impoverished. In 1797, 1804, 
and 1806 he was nominated for congress ; but, al- 
though be received the popular vote of his county, 
he was not elected. In loOO he was an inmate of 
the debtors' prison in Philadelphia, but within a 
few years he accumulated property again, and in 
1815 he moved to Mississippi, where he died. He 
was a member of the Friendly Sons of St. Patrick 
and the Hibernian society of Philadelphia. See a 
sketch of him bv Rev. Horace E. Hayden (1888). 

POLVEREL, Etienne, French revolutionist b. 
in Bearn, France in 1742 ; d. in Paris, 6 April, 1795. 
He was a lawyer,and was sent as deputy to the states- 
general in 1789. He belonged to the extreme party 
in the revolution, and was appointed public prose- 
cutor in 1791. In 1792 he was sent with two other 
commissioners, to Santo Domingo to reorganize 
the colony. The three commissioners were invested 
with arbitrary power, and soon adopted measures 
that led to a war of extermination between the whites 
and negroes. The French colonists that escaped 
from the island accused the commissioners of cruel 
and arbitrary acts, while they in turn accused the 
whites of conspiring to deliver Santo Domingo to 
the English. The acquittal by the revolutionary 
tribunal of Gen. d'Esparbes, whom they had sent 
to France as a criminal, created more enemies, who 
accused them of being friends of the Girondists. 
An order for the arrest of Polverel was sent out 
in 1793, but owing to the distance of the island 
and the difficulty of communications, he was not 
brought to Paris until after the fall of Robespierre. 



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POMBO 



POMEROY 



Although he was set at liberty, the opposition of 
the colonists prevented him from obtaining a bill 
of indemnity for his actions in Santo Domingo. 

POMBO, Manuel de (pora'-bo) t Colombian 
patriot, b. in Popayan in 1769 ; d. there in 1829. 
He studied in the College of Rosario, in Bogota, 
and was graduated there in law in 1790. In the 
next year he went to Spain to practise, and in 1799 
he returned to Colombia as judge of the tribunal 
of commerce of Carthagena. In 1807 he was ap- 
pointed superintendent of the mint of Bogota, and 
when the revolution began in 1810 he was elected 
by the people on 20 June a member of the munici- 
pal corporation. He was an ardent patriot, de- 
fended nis ideas in the press, and published in 1812 
his ** Carta 4 Jose* Maria Blanco, satisfaciendo 4 los 
principios sobre que impugna la independence ab- 
solute de Venezuela,'* which became famous. After 
the arrival of Gen. Pablo Morillo (q. v.) in 1815, 
Pombo was imprisoned, and, on account of his 
revolutionary writings, condemned to death by the 
military tribunal. The influence of his wife, who 
belonged to a powerful family of Spain, saved his 
life, and he was sent as a prisoner to the peninsula. 
The constitutional revolution in 1820 liberated him, 
and in 1822 he returned to Colombia and was ap- 
pointed inspector of the mint in Popayan, in which 
employ he died. Pombo was an excellent linguist 
ana geographer. He wrote "Gramatica Latina" 
(Bogota, 1826) : " Compendio de Geograf ia " (1827) ; 
and an exhaustive " Historia de los paises, que for- 
maron el antiguo virevnato de Nueva Granada," 
the manuscript of which disappeared shortly after 
his death, and has not yet been recovered. 

POMEROY, Benjamin, clergyman, b. in Suf- 
field, Conn., 19 Nov., 1704 ; d. in Hebron, Conn., 
22 Dec., 1784. He was graduated at the head of 
his class at Yale in 1733, and he and his classmate, 
Eleazer Wheelock, who became his brother-in-law, 
were the first to remain there after graduation 
as recipients of the scholarships that had been 
founded bv Bishop Berkeley for superior attain- 
ments in the classics. In the mean time he studied 
theology, and in 1734 began to preach in Hebron, 
where lie was ordained pastor on 16 Dec, 1735. He 
identified himself with the great revival of 1740, 
and labored earnestly to promote it In June, 
1742, he was accused before the general assembly 
of disorderly conduct, and with James Davenport 
(q. v.) was tried in Hartford ; but he was dismissed 
as " comparatively blameless." He was again called 
to answer charges of violating the law that had been 
passed to correct disorders in preaching, was found 
guilty, and compelled to bear the costs of the prose- 
cution. About this time he preached in the parish 
of Colchester without the permission of the resi- 
dent minister, and was in consequence deprived of 
his salary for seven years. During the French 
and Indian war he was chaplain to the American 
army, and he filled a like office during the Revo- 
lutionary war. He was active in the movement 
that led to the founding of Dartmouth college, 
becoming one of its first trustees, and in 1774 ne 
received the degree of D. D. from that college. 

POMEROY, John Norton, lawyer, b. in 
Rochester, N. Y., 12 April, 1828; d. in San Fran- 
cisco, Cal., 15 Feb., 1885. He was graduated at 
Hamilton college in 1847, and, after studying law, 
was admitted in 1851 to the bar. For several years 
thereafter he followed his profession in Rochester, 
but in 1864 he came to New York city and accepted 
the chair of law in the University of the city of 
New York, becoming dean of the legal faculty, and 
also for a time delivering lectures on political sci- 
ence. In 1869 he returned to Rochester and con- 



tinued the practice of law until 1878, when he was 
called to the professorship of law in the University 
of California, which chair he held until his death. 
In 1865 he received the degree of LL.D. from 
Hamilton. Prof. Pomeroy was a frequent con- 
tributor to " The Nation,'' the " North American 
Review," and the "American Law Review" on 
topics connected with international law, general 
jurisprudence, and social science, and in 1884-'5 he 
edited the ** West Coast Reporter." He prepared 
editions, with notes, of "Sedgwick's Statutory 
and Constitutional Law" (New York, 1874) and 
"Archbold's Criminal Law*' (1876), and was the 
author of "An Introduction to Municipal Law" 
(1865); "An Introduction to the Constitutional 
Law of the United States," which is used as a text- 
book at the U. S. military academy and other col- 
leges (Boston, 1868); "Remedies and Remedial 
Rights according to the Reformed American Pro- 
cedure " (Boston, 1876) ; " A Treatise on the Spe- 
cific Performance of Contract " (New York, 1879) ; 
" A Treatise on Equity Jurisprudence " (San Fran- 
cisco, 1883) ; and " A Treatise on Riparian Rights " 
(St Paul. 1884). 

POMEROY, Marcus Mills, journalist, b. in 
Elmira, N. Y., 25 Dec., 1833. He early determined 
to be a printer, and subsequently turned his atten- 
tion to journalism, founding his first paper in Corn- 
ing^. Y., in 1854 From 1857 till 1864 he resided 
in Wisconsin, and there published the " La Crosse 
Democrat" He removea to New York in 1868, 
and founded " Brick Pomeroy's Democrat," which 
gained a large circulation by its sensational char- 
acter. In 1875 he settled in Chicago, but later re- 
turned to New York, where, in 1887, he merged the 
" Democrat " into " Pomeroy's Advance Thought," 
which he now (1888) edits. He has published 
"Sense" (New York, 1868); "Nonsense" (1868); 
" Gold Dust " (1872) ; " Brick Dust " (1872) ; " Our 
Saturday Nisht " (1873) ; " Home Harmonies n 
(1874) : and "Perpetual Money " (1878). 

POMEROY, Samuel Clarke, senator, b. in 
Southampton, Mass., 8 Jan., 1816. He was edu- 
cated at Amherst and then spent some time in 
New York. Subsequently he returned to South- 
ampton, and, besides holding various local offices, 
was a member of the Massachusetts legislature in 
1852-'3. He was active in organizing the New 
England emigrant aid company, of which he was 
financial agent. In 1854 he conducted a colony to 
Kansas, and located in Lawrence, making the first 
settlement for that territory. Afterward he re- 
moved to Atchison, where he was mayor in 1859. 
He was conspicuous in the organization of the ter- 
ritorial government and participated in the Free- 
state convention that met in Lawrence in 1859. 
During the famine in Kansas in 1860-'l he was 
president of the relief committee. Mr. Pomeroy 
was a delegate to the National Republican conven- 
tions of 1856 and 1860. He was elected as a Re- 
publican to the U. S. senate in 1861, and re-elected 
in 1867. He was candidate for a third term in 
1873, but charges of bribery were suddenly pre- 
sented before the Kansas legislature, and in conse- 
quence he failed of election. A committee chosen 
by the legislature reported the matter to the U. S. 
senate, which investigated the case, and a majority 
report found the charges not sustained. The mat- 
ter then came before the courts of Kansas, and 
after some months' delay the district attorney en- 
tered a nolle prosequi, stating to the court that he 
had no evidence upon which he could secure con- 
viction. Mr. Pomerov then made Washington his 
place of residence. lie is the author of numerous 
speeches and political pamphlets. 



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POMEROY 



PONCE DE LEON 



61 



POME BOY, Seth, soldier, b. in Northampton, 
Man., 30 May, 1706; d. in Peekskill, N. Y., 19 
Feb.. 1777. He was an ingenious and skilful me- 
chanic, and followed the trade of a gunsmith. 
Early in life he entered the military service of the 
colony, and in 1744 he held the rank of captain. 
At the capture of Louisburg in 1745 he was a 
major, ana had charge of more than twenty 
smiths, who were engaged in drilling captured 
cannon. In 1755 he was lieutenant -colonel in 
Ephraim Williams's regiment. On the latter's 
death he succeeded to the command of the force 
that defeated the,, French and Indians under Baron 
Dieskau, and his regiment was the one that suf- 
fered most in gaining the victory of Lake George. 
CoL Pomeroy was an ardent patriot, and in 1774-'5 
served as a delegate to the Provincial congress, by 
which he was elected a general officer in October, 
1774. and brigadier-general in February, 1775. At 
the beginning of the Revolutionary war he pre- 
sented himself as a volunteer in the camp of Gen. 
Artemas Ward at Cambridge, Mass., from whom he 
borrowed a horse, on hearing the artillery at Bun- 
ker Hill, and, taking a musket, set oil at full 
speed for Charlestown. Reaching the Neck, and 
finding it enfiladed by a heavy fire from the " Glas- 
gow " ship-of-war, he began to be alarmed, not for 
Eis own safety, but for that of Gen. Ward's horse. 
Too honest to expose the borrowed steed to the 
** pelting of this pitiless storm," and too bold to 
shrink from it, he delivered the horse to a sentry, 
shouldered his gun, and marched on foot across the 
Neck. On reaching the hill, he took a station at 
the rail-fence in the hottest of the battle. He was 
soon recognized by the soldiers, and his name rang 
with shouts along the line. A few days later he 
received the appointment of senior brigadier-gen- 
eral among the eight that were named by congress, 
but as this action caused some difficulty in the ad- 
justment of rank, he declined it, and soon after- 
ward retired to his farm. During 1776, when New 
Jersey was overrun by the British, he headed a 
force of militia from his neighborhood, and marched 
to the rescue of Washington. He reached the 
Hudson river, but never returned. 

POMEROY, Theodore Medad, lawyer, b. in 
Cavuga, N. Y., 31 Dec., 1824. He was graduated 
at 'Hamilton in 1842, and then studied law. Set- 
tling in Auburn, he practised his profession in that 
city, and was in 1850-'6 district attorney for Ca- 
yuga county. In 1857 he was elected a member of 
the lower branch of the New York legislature. He 
was then sent to congress as a Republican, and 
served, with re-elections, from 4 March, 1861, till 
3 March, 1869. On the resignation of Schuyler 
Colfax from the speakership Mr. Pomeroy was 
elected on 3 March, 1869, to fill the vacancy. Sub- 
sequently he resumed the practice of his profession 
in Auburn, and engaged in banking business. 

POM ROT, Rebecca Rosslgnol, nurse, b. in 
Boston, Mass., 16 July, 1817 ; d. in Newton, Mass., 
24 Jan., 1884. She was the daughter of Samuel 
Holliday, and on 12 Sept, 1836, married Daniel F. 
Pomroy. Sickness in ner own family for nearly 
twenty years made her an accomplished nurse, and 
when her only surviving son enlisted in the National 
army she offered her services to Dorothea L. Dix 
(q. v.\ She was at once called to Washington, and 
in September, 1861, assigned to duty in George- 
town hospital, but was soon transferred to the hos- 
pital at Columbian university. Early in 1862 she 
was called to the White House at the time of the 
death of Willie Lincoln, and nursed u Tad," the 
youngest son, then very ill, and Mrs. Lincoln, un- 
til both were restored to health. President Lincoln 



said to her at that time : " Tell your grandchildren 
how indebted the nation was to you m holding up 
my hands in time of trouble." Mrs. Pomroy re- 
turned to the hospital and continued in her work, 
gaining a high reputation. In 1864, when the 
president's life was threatened and Mrs. Lincoln 
was suffering from injuries that she had received 
in a fall from her carriage, Mrs. Pomroy again went 
to the White House. Later in the year she spent 
some time at the West hospital in Baltimore, but 
ultimately returned to the hospital at Columbian 
university. Refusing advantageous offers to go 
elsewhere, she remained at her post until the close 
of the war, and then, stricken with typhoid fever, 
was an invalid for several years. She oecame ma- 
tron in 1867 of a reformatory home for girls at 
Newton Centre, Mass., and then of the Newton 
home for orphans and destitute girls, which, since 
her death, has become the Rebecca Pomroy home. 
See " Echoes from Hospital and White House," by 
Anna L. Bovden (Boston, 1884). 

PONCE 1>E LEON, Juan (pon'-thay-day-lay'- 
one), Spanish officer, b. in San Servas, province of 
Campos, in 1460 ; d. in Cuba in July, 1521. He was 
descended from an ancient family of Aragon, was in 
his youth page of the infante, afterward Ferdinand 
VII., and served with credit against the Moors of 
Granada. According to some authorities, he accom- 
panied Columbus in his second voyage to Hispani- 
ola in 1493, but 
Washington Ir- 
ving and other 
modern histo- 
rians say that 
he onlv sailed 
in 1502 with 
Nicolas de 
Ovando (q. v.), 
who was ap- 
pointed govern- 
or of that isl- 
and. He took 
an active part 
in the pacifica- 
tion of the 
country, and 
became govern- 
or of the east- 
ern part, or pro- 
vince of Hi- 
guey, where the 
natives had fre- 
quent inter- 
course with 
those of the isl- 
and of Byrin- 
quen (Porto Rico). From them he acquired infor- 
mation about that island, and hearing that it con- 
tained abundance of gold, he obtained permission to 
conquer it. In 1508 he sailed with eighty Spanish 
adventurers and some auxiliary Indians, and in a 
few days he landed in Borinquen, where he was well 
received by the natives. The principal cacique, 
Aguainaba (q. v\ accompanied him to all parts of 
the island, and Ponce collected many samples of 

f;old, and was astonished at the fertility of tne soil, 
n 1509 he returned to Hispaniola to report, and in 
quest of re-enforcements, but the new governor, 
Diego Columbus, gave the command of the expedi- 
tion to Diego Ceron, and sent Ponce as his lieuten- 
ant The latter, through his protector, Ovando, in 
the court of Spain, claimed the appointment of 
governor of Borinquen, and in 1510 ne obtained it. 
He sent Ceron to Hispaniola, began the construc- 
tion of the first city, calling it Caparra, and sent his 




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POND 



POND 



lieutenant, Cristoval de Sotomayor, to found an- 
other city in the southwest near the Bay of Guanioa. 
Soon he began to distribute the Indians among his 
officers, as had been done in Hispaniola, and Agu- 
ainabo*s brother and successor, of the same name, 
began a war of extermination against the invaders. 
He was defeated in successive encounters, and the 
natives called the Caribs of the lesser Antilles to 
their help, but Ponce conquered the whole island. 
In the beginning of 1512 Ponce was deprived of 
his government, and, broken in health by wounds, 
resolved to go in search of the fountain of eternal 
vouth, which, according to the reports of the na- 
tives, existed in an island called BuninL He gath- 
ered many of his former followers and other adven- 
turers, sailed on 8 March, 1512, with three caravels 
from the port of San German, and visited several 
of the Bahama islands, but was told that the land 
in question lay farther west On 27 March he 
landed in latitude 80° N., a little to the north of 
the present city of St. Augustine, on a coast which, 
on account of the abundant vegetation, he called 
Florida island. He sailed along the coast to a 
cape, which he called Corrientes, but, disappointed 
in his search for the fountain of youth, returned to 
Porto Rico on 5 Oct and sailed for Spain, where 
he obtained for himself and his successors the title 
of adelantado of Bimini and Florida. In 1515 he 
returned with three caravels from Seville and 
touched at Porto Rico, where, finding that the 
Caribs had nearly overpowered the Spanish garri- 
son, he remained to expel them, and founded in the 
south of the island the city of Ponce. In March, 
1521, he made a second attempt to conquer Florida, 
and, sailing with two ships from San German, 
reached a point about fifty miles to the south of his 
former landing-place. He began to explore the in- 
terior, but found a warlike people, and, after many 
encounters with the natives, was obliged to re-em- 
bark, with the loss of nearly all his followers. Not 
desiring to return after his defeat to Porto Rico, he 
retired to the island of Cuba, where he died shortly 
afterward, in consequence of a wound from a poi- 
soned arrow. His remains were subsequently trans- 
ported to the city of San Juan de Porto Rico, and 
rest in the church of San Jose. A monument has 
been erected to his memory recently in that city. 
His autograph, which it is believed has never be- 
fore appeared in America, was obtained from Spain 
through the courtesy of Gen. Meredith Read. 

POND, Enoch, clergyman, b. in Wrentham, 
Norfolk co., Mass., 29 July, 1791 ; d. in Bangor, 
Me., 21 Jan., 1882. He was graduated at Brown in 
1813, studied theology with Dr. Nathaniel Emmons, 
was licensed to preach in June, 1814, and ordained 
pastor of the Congregational church in Ward (now 
Auburn), Mass., 1 March, 1815. There he remained 
until 1828, when he was dismissed at his own re- 
quest, to become the editor of " The Spirit of the 
Pilgrims," a monthly publication that had just 
been established at Boston in the interest of ortho- 
dox Congregationalism. After editing five volumes, 
he became, m September, 1882, professor of syste- 
matic theology in the seminary at Bangor, Me. In 
1856 he resigned to become president, professor of 
ecclesiastical history, and lecturer on pastoral 
duties in the same institution. In 1870 he was 
made emeritus professor, retaining the presidency. 
In 1835 he received the degree of D. D. from Dart- 
mouth college. Dr. Pond's first publication was a 
review of a sermon against " Conference Meetings," 
issued by Dr. Aaron Bancroft, of Worcester, Mass. 
(1813), which led to a reply and rejoinder. The 
same year he reviewed " Judson on Baptism." He 
published a volume of "Monthly Concert Lec- 



tures'* (1824); a "Memoir of President Samuel 
Davies" (1829); "Memoir of Susanna Anthony" 
(1880); "Murray's Grammar Improved" (Wor- 
cester, 1832); "Memoir of Count Zinzendorf" 
(1839); "Wickliffe and his Times " (Philadelphia, 
1841); "Morning of the Reformation " (1§42); 
" No Fellowship with Romanism " and " Review of 
Second Advent Publications " (1848) ; " The Mather 
Family" 1844); "Young Pastor's Guide" (Port- 
land, 1844); "The World's Salvation" (1845); 
•• Pope and Pagan " (1846) ; " Probation " ; " Sweden- 
borgianism Reviewed" (1846; new ed., entitled 
" Swedenborgianism Examined," New York, 1861) ; 
" Plato, His Life, Works, Opinions, and Influence " 
(1846) ; " Life of Increase Mather and Sir William 
Phipps" (1847); "The Church" (1848; 2d ed., 
1860); "Review of Bushnell's *God in Christ'" 
(1849); "The Ancient Church" (1851); "Memoir 
of John Knox " (1856); " The Wreck and the Res- 
cue, a Memoir of Rev. Harrison Fairfield " (1858) ; 
" Prize Essay on Congregationalism " (1867) ; and 
" Sketches of the Theological History of New Eng- 
land " (1880). His college lectures have been print- 
ed under the titles " Pastoral Theology " (Andover, 
1866); "Christian Theology " (Boston, 1868); and 
" History of God's Church" (1871). He edited John 
Norton's " Life of John Cotton " (Boston, 1882). 

POND, Frederick Eugene, author, b. in Pack- 
waukee, Marquette co., Wis., 8 April, 1856. He 
received a common-school education, and early 
turned his attention to sporting matters. He was 
among the first to urge the organization of a Na- 
tional sportsman's association, and in 1874 was the 
prime mover in forming the Wisconsin sportsman's 
association for the protection of fish and game 
From 1881 till 1886 he was field-editor of the New 
York " Turf, Field, and Farm," with the exception 
of six months in 1883, when he was associate editor 
of the " American Field," of Chicago, 111., and he 
is now (1888) editor of ** Wildwood's Magazine " in 
the latter city. On 31 Jan., 1882, he nearly lost his 
life in the fire that destroyed the " World " build- 
ing in New York city. Under the pen-name of 
" Will Wildwood " he has published " Handbook 
for Young Sportsmen" (Milwaukee, 1876); "Me- 
moirs of Eminent Sportsmen " (New York, 1878) ; 
and "The Gun Trial and Field Trial Records of 
America " (1885). He has edited Frank Forester's 
" Fugitive Sporting Sketches " (Milwaukee, 1879) ; 
the same author's " Sporting Scenes and Charac- 
ters" (Philadelphia. 1880); and Isaac McLellan's 
"Poems of the Rod and Gun" (New York, 1886). 
He has also written an introduction to " Frank 
Forester's Poems," edited by Morgan Herbert (1887). 

POND, George Edward, journalist, b. in Bos- 
ton, Mass., 11 March, 1837. He was graduated at 
Harvard in 1858, and served in the National army 
in 1862-'3. From earlv in 1864 till r808. and sub- 
sequently, he was associate editor of the New York 
" Armv and Navy Journal." He was afterward an 
editorial writer on the New York "Times," and 
edited the Philadelphia " Record " from 1870 till 
1877. Since the latter date he has been engaged 
in writing for the press. For nearly ten years he 
wrote the " Driftwood " essays, which were pub- 
lished in the " Galaxy " magazine under the signa- 
ture of "Philip Quilibet." They were begun in 
May, 1868. He contributed the account of the en- 
gagement between the " Monitor " and the " Merri- 
mac" to William Swinton's "Twelve Decisive 
Battles," and also wrote "The Shenandoah Valley 
in 1864 " (New York, 1883) in the series of " Cam- 
paigns of the Civil War." 

POND, Samuel William, missionary, b. in 
Washington, Litchfield co., ConiL, 10 April, 1808. 



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POND 



PONTGRAVfi 



He received a common-school education, and in 
1881 became a professing Christian. In May, 1884, 
in advance of ail other organized effort on the part 
of the churches, and having no connection with 
any society, he and his brother, Gideon Holuster 
(b. in June, 1810 ; d. in January, 1878), entered the 
Dakota country, now the state of Minnesota, and 
began to labor as missionaries to the Indians of 
that tribe and the garrison at Fort Snelling. Re- 
turning to Connecticut, Samuel was ordained a 
minister of the Congregational church, 7 March, 
1837, and the following October became connected 
with the American board. He was subsequently 
stationed in Minnesota at Lake Harriet, Fort Snell- 
ing, Oak Grove, and Prarieville, being released from 
the service of the board in September, 1854. He 
has since held pastorates in various parts of the 
same state, where be still (1888) resides. The Pond 
brothers were the first to reduce the Dakota lan- 
guage to writing. They also collated the majority 
of the words contained in the Dakota dictionary 
br Rev. Stephen R. Riggs (a. vX They had pre- 
viously studied Hebrew, Greek, Latin, French, and 
German. He has published, in connection with his 
brother, " The History of Joseph in the Language 
of the Dakota, or Sioux, Indians, from Genesis" 
(Cincinnati, 1889); "Wowapi lnonpa, the Second 
Dakota Reading Book" (Boston, 1842) ; and other 
translations into the same language. He is also the 
author of M Indian Warfare in Minnesota " in the 
** Collections " of the historical society of that state. 

POND, William Adams, music-publisher, b. in 
Albany, N. Y., 6 Oct, 1824; d. in New York city, 
12 Aug., 1885. He was educated in private schools 
in New York city, and at an early age entered his 
father's music business. He became well known as 
a publisher, and at the time of his death was presi- 
dent of the United States music publishers' asso- 
ciation. Col. Pond performed some military ser- 
vice as an officer during the civil war, and was 
for many years colonel of the Veteran corps of the 
7th New York regiment. 

PONS, Francois Raymond Joseph de, French 
traveller, b. in Souston, Santo Domingo, in 1751 ; 
d. in Paris about 1812. He studied in Paris, be- 
came a lawyer, and was elected member of the 
Academic society of sciences. He went to Caracas, 
in South America, where he acted as agent of the 
French government till the revolution, and then to 
England, where he spent several years in preparing 
his works for publication. He appears to have 

Ejd a second visit to America during this time, 
e returned to France in 1804, and. although he 
was not employed by the imperial government, his 
advice was constantly sought in matters relating 
to the colonial possessions of France. He wrote 
M Les colonies franchises"; "Observations sur la 
situation politique de St. Domingue " (1792) ; " Voy- 
age a la partie orientale de la terre ferme, dans 
l'Amenque mendionale, fait pendant les annees 
1801, 1808, 1804 " (1806) ; and M Perspective des rap- 
ports politique* et oommerciaux de la France dans 
les deux Inaes, sous la dynastic regnante" (1807). 

PONTBRIAND, Henry Mary Dn Breil de 
foom-bre-ong), Canadian Bishop, b. in Vannes, 
France, in 1700; d. in Montreal, Canada, in 1760. 
He was consecrated bishop of Quebec in Paris in 
1741, and arrived in Canada the same year, with 
several priests. After entering Quebec, he found 
himself engaged in a lawsuit with the nuns of 
the general hospital, who claimed the episcopal 
palace as part of the legacy that Saint- Valier, sec- 
ond bishop of Quebec, had left them. He ob- 
tained a royal decree confirming the possession of 
the palace to the bishops of Quebec, which was 



followed by another prohibiting religious congre- 
gations from holding lands in mortmain, and in 
1744 by a letter from the minister, Maurepas. en- 
joining him to suppress a portion of the holidays 
observed by the Canadian people ; but he paid no 
attention to either. After the capture of Quebec by 
the English in 1759, he regulated the affairs of his 
church as far as possible, appointed a vicar-general, 
recommended his clergy to submit to the new order 
of things and observe the terms of the capitulation, 
and then retired to Montreal. He was not able to 
survive the grief which the capture of Quebec 
caused him. and died after a few days' illness. 

PONTEYfiS-tilEN, Henry Jean Baptlste 
(pont-vay), Viscount de, commonly known as 
Count de PontrvAs, French naval officer, b. in 
Aix, Provence, in 1740 ; d. in Fort Royal, Martin- 
ique, 23 July, 1790. He entered the navy as a mid- 
shipman in 1755, and served in Canada during the 
war of 1756-'68. He was attached afterward to 
the station of Martinique, and in 1776 employed to 
make soundings along the Newfoundland banks 
and the coast of St. Pierre and Miquelon islands, 
preparing charts of those regions. When France 
took part in the war for American independence 
he was on duty at Brest, but, requesting to be em- 
ployed in more active service, he was appointed to 
the command of a division, with which he de- 
stroyed the English establishments and forts on 
the coast of Guinea between the river Gambia and 
Sierra Leone. Upon his return he was promoted 
" chef d'escadre, and charged with escorting a 
convoy of eighty sail to the United States. After- 
ward he participated in the engagements with Lord 
Byron, assisted Bouille* at the capture of Tobago, 
was with De Grasse at Yorktown in October, 1781, 
and served under De Vaudreuilles till the con- 
clusion of the campaign. He commanded the sta- 
tion of the Leeward islands in 1784-'90, became in 
January, 1790, governor pro tempore of Martin- 
ique, and during his short administration not only 
promoted the best interests of the colony, but ap- 
peased all the troubles that had been provoked by 
the French revolution, leaving Martinique at his 
death in a state of perfect tranquillity, while all the 
other French possessions in the West Indies were 
in insurrection. By public subscription his statue 
was erected in one of the squares of Fort Royal. 

PONTGBA V % Sieurde (pong-grah-vay), French 
sailor, b. in St Malo, France, in the latter half of 
the 16th century ; d. there probably in the first half 
of the 17th. He was one of the most enterprising 
merchants in St. Malo, and a skilful navigator. 
He had made several voyages to Tadousac, Cana- 
da, and believed that the development of the fur- 
trade would lead to great wealth, especially if it 
were under the control of a single person. With 
this object be proposed to Chauvin, a sea-captain, 
to obtain exclusive privileges from the court in con- 
nection with this branch of commerce, and, on the 
latter's success, Pontgrave* equipped several vessels 
and sailed with him for Canada in 1599. He wished 
to form a settlement at Three Rivers, but, Chauvin 
objecting, he returned to France in 1600. In 1603 
the king granted him letters-patent to continue his 
discoveries in Canada and establish colonies, and 
the merchants of Rouen fitted out an expedition 
under his direction. He sailed on 15 March, Sam- 
uel Cham plain being on board one of his ships, 
and he accompanied Chain pi sin in his voyage up 
St. Lawrence nver. He sailed again to Canada the 
same year, commanding a ship under De Monte, 
and later was appointed to transfer the latter colo- 
ny to Port Royal in Acadia. Pontgrav6 devoted 
himself to the welfare of the new settlement, and 



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64 



PONTIAC 



POOK 



did much to render it successful, though he was 
displaced in his office. He returned to France, but 
was sent out in 1608 to establish a trading-post at 
Tadousac in conjunction with Cham plain. He 
returned with the latter in September, 1609, and 
two vessels were fitted out, one of which was con- 
fided to Pontgrave\ who reached Canada in April 
He was again in France early in 1613, and com- 
manded the vessel in which Champlain sailed from 
France in March. After reaching Montreal he 
separated from the latter, and descended to Quebec 
He is said by Charlevoix to have returned to 
France in the following year, but this is doubtful. 
He had charge of the interests of the Sieur de Caen 
for some time in Quebec, but ill health obliged him 
to go to France in 1623. " This was a real loss to 
New France," says Charlevoix, •' which owes much 
to him." He was in Quebec in 1628 in the interest 
of De Monte and his society, and counselled resist- 
ance to the English. 

PONTIAC, chief of the Ottawas, b. on Ottawa 
river about 1720; d. in Cahokia, 111., in 1769. He 
was the son of an Ojibway woman, and, as the Ot- 
tawas were in alliance with the Ojibway 8 and Pot- 
tawattamies, he became the principal chief of the 
three tribes. In 1746, with his warriors, he de- 
fended the French at Detroit against an attack by 
some of the northern tribes, and in 1755 he is be- 
lieved to have led the Ottawas at Braddock's de- 
feat. After the surrender of Quebec, Maj. Robert 
Rogers, of New Hampshire, was sent to take pos- 
session of the western forts, under the treaty of 
Paris, but in November, 1760, while encamped at 
the place where the city of Cleveland now stands, 
he was visited by Pontiac, who objected to his fur- 
ther invasion of the territory, finding, however, 
that the French had been driven from Canada, he 
acquiesced in the surrender of Detroit, and per- 
suaded 400 Detroit Indians, who were lying in am- 
bush, to relinquish their design of cutting off the 
English. While this action was doubtless in good 
faith, still he hated the English and soon began to 
plan their extermination. In 1762 he sent messen- 
gers with a red-stained tomahawk and a wampum 
war-belt, who visited every tribe between the Otta- 
wa and the lower Mississippi, all of whom joined 
in the conspiracy The end of May was deter- 
mined upon as the time when each tribe was to 
dispose of the garrison of the nearest fort, and 
then all were to attack the settlements. A great 
council was held near Detroit on 27 April, 1763, 
when Pontiac delivered an oration, in which the 
wrongs and indignities that the Indians had suf- 
fered at the hands of the English were recounted, 
and their own extermination was prophesied. He 
also told them of a tradition, which he could hard- 
ly have invented, that a Delaware Indian had been 
admitted into the presence of the Great Spirit, who 
told him his race must return to the customs and 
weapons of their ancestors, throw away the imple- 
ments they had acquired from the white man, ab- 
stain from whiskey, and take up the hatchet 
X'nst the English, " these dogs dressed in red, 
have come to rob you of your hunting-grounds 
and drive away the game." The taking of Detroit 
was to be his special task, and the 7th of May was 
appointed for the attack ; but the plot was disclosed 
to the commander of the post by an Indian £irl, 
and in consequence Pontiac found the garrison 
prepared. Foiled in his original intention, on 12 
May he surrounded Detroit with his Indians ; but 
he was unable to keep a close siege, and the garri- 
son received food from the Canadian settlers. The 
latter likewise supplied the Indians, in return for 
which they received promissory notes drawn on 



birch-bark and signed with the figure of an otter, 
all of which it is said were subsequently redeemed. 
Supplies and re-enforcements were sent to Detroit 
by way of Lake Erie, in schooners ; but these were 
captured by the Indians, who compelled the pris- 
oners to row them to Detroit in hope of taking the 
garrison by stratagem, but the Indians, concealed 
in the bottom of the boat, were discovered before a 
landing could be effected. Subsequently another 
schooner, filled with supplies and ammunition, 
succeeded in reaching the fort, and this vessel the 
Indians repeatedly tried to destroy by means of 
fire-raft*. The English now believed themselves 
sufficiently strong to make an attack upon the In- 
dian camp, and 250 men, on the night of 31 July, 
set out for that purpose ; but Pontiac had been ad- 
vised of this intention by the Canadians, and, wait- 
ing until the English had advanced sufficiently, 
opened fire on them from all sides. In this fight, 
which is known as that of Bloody Bridge, 59 of the 
English were killed or wounded. A desultory 
warfare continued until 12 Oct., when the siege 
was raised and Pontiac retired into the country 
that borders Maumee river, where he vainly en- 
deavored to organize another movement Although 
Pontiac failed in the most important action of the 
conspiracy, still Fort Sandusky, Fort St Joseph, 
Fort Miami, Fort Ouatanon, Mackinaw, Presque 
Isle, Fort Le Bceut and Fort Venango were taken 
and their garrisons were massacred, while unsuc- 
cessful attacks were made elsewhere. The English 
soon sent troops against the Indians, and succeeded 
in pacifying most of the tribes, so that, during the 
summer of 1766, a meeting of Indian chiefs, includ- 
ing Pontiac, was held in Oswego, where a treaty 
was concluded with Sir William Johnson. Al- 
though Pontiac's conspiracy failed in its grand ob- 
ject, still it had resulted in the capture and de- 
struction of eight out of the twelve fortified posts 
that were attacked, generally by the massacre of 
their garrisons, it had destroyed several costly 
English expeditions, and had carried terror and 
desolation into some of the most fertile valleys on 
the frontiers of civilization. In 1769 a Kaskaskia 
Indian, being bribed with a barrel of liquor and 
promise of additional reward, followed Pontiac 
into the forest and there murdered him. See Fran- 
cis Parkman's " History of the Conspiracy of Pontiac 
and the War of the North American Tribes against 
the English Colonies after the Conquest of Can- 
ada" (Boston, 1851), also Franklin B. Hough's 
" Diary of the Siege of Detroit in the War with 
Pontiac" (Albany, I860). 

POOK, Samuel Moore, naval constructor, b. in 
Boston, Mass., 15 Aug., 1804; d. in Brooklyn, N. Y., 
2 Dec., 1878. He was educated in the Boston pub- 
lic schools, and from 1841 till his retirement 15 
Aug., 1866, was naval constructor in the U. S. navy. 
Among other vessels, he built the sloops-of-war 
"Preble" and "Saratoga," the frigates "Congress" 
and "Franklin," and the steamers "Merrimack" 
and "Princeton." He was also active in fitting 
out the fleet of Admiral Dupont and others during 
the civil war. Mr. Pook was the inventor of nu- 
merous devices connected with his profession, and 
wrote "A Method of comparing the Lines, and 
Draughting Vessels propelled by Sail or Steam," 
with diagrams (New York, 1866).— His son, Samuel 
Harti, naval constructor, b. in Brooklyn, N. Y., 17 
Jan., 1827, was graduated at Portsmouth academy, 
N. H., in 1842, became a naval architect, and on 17 
May, 1866, was appointed constructor in the U. S. 
navy. He has bunt many merchant ships, includ- 
ing the well-known clipper " Red Jacket." When 
the introduction of iron-clad vessels into the navy 



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POOL 



POOR 



65 



was proposed he was one of the party that called on 
Sec. Gideon Welles to advocate them, and he was 
made superintendent of the first that was built 

POOL, John, senator b. in Pasquotank county, 
N. O, 16 June, 1826; d. in Washington, D. C, 18 
Aug., 1884. He was graduated at the University 
of North Carolina in 1847. and admitted to the 
bar in the same year. He was chosen to the state 
senate in 1856 and 1858, and in 1860 was the Whig 
candidate for governor of the state. After being 
returned to the state senate in 1864 as a peace can- 
didate, and again in 1865, he was a member of the 
State constitutional convention of the latter year, 
and was chosen to the U. S. senate, but not ad- 
mitted. In 1868 he was re-elected, and he then 
served till the expiration of his term in 1878. 

POOLE, Pitch, journalist, b. in Dan vers, Mass., 
13 June, 1808; & in Peabody, Mass., 19 Aug., 
1878. He received a common-school education, 
was connected with the press for many years, and 
edited the Dan vers " Wizard " from its establish- 
ment in 1859 till 186a Mr. Poole was the founder 
of the Mechanics* institute library, which afterward 
became the Peabody institute, and he was its li- 
brarian from 1856 till his death. He was in the 
legislature in 1841-*2, and held several local offices. 
He was the author of numerous satirical ballads 
that attained popularity, the best known of which 
was " Giles Corey's Dream/' 

POOLE, William Frederick, librarian, b. in 
Salem. Mass., 24 Dec, 1821. He is descended in 
the eighth generation from John Poole, who came 
from Reading, England, was in Cambridge, Mass., 
in 1682, and became 
the chief proprietor 
of Reading, Mass., in 
1635. He was gradu- 
ated at Yale in 1849, 
and while in college 
was librarian of the 
"Brothers in Unity" 
literary society, and 
prepared an index to 
periodical literature 
containing 154 pages, 
which was published 
in 1848. During his 
senior year he pre- 
pared a new edition of 
521 pages, which was 
published in 1853, and 
followed in 1882 by 
a third edition of 1,469 pages, prepared with the 
co-operation of the American library association 
and the Library association of the United King- 
dom. He was assistant librarian of the Boston 
athenaeum in 1851, and in 1852 became librarian of 
the Boston mercantile library, where he remained 
four years, and printed a dictionary catalogue of the 
library on the ** title-a-line " principle, which has 
since been followed widely. From 1856 till 1869 
he was librarian of the Boston athenaeum. He or- 
ganized the Bronson library, Waterbury. Conn., in 
1869, the Athenaeum library at St. Johnsburv, Vt., 
and did similar work at Newton and East fiamp- 
ton. Mass., and in the library of the U. S. naval 
academy at Annapolis. He began, in October, 1869, 
as librarian, the organization of the public library 
of Cincinnati, and in January, 1874, the organization 
of the Chicago public library. He resigned this 
position in August, 1887, and is now (1888) en- 
gaged in the organization of the library in Chi- 
cago founded by Walter L. Newberry. Mr. Poole 
has devoted much attention to the study of Ameri- 
can history, and is president of the American his- 
vol. v. — 5 




/7tf7£^ 



torical association, and a member of many other 
similar societies. He was president from 1885 till 
1887 of the American library association, and vice- 
president of the international conference of libra- 
rians in London in 1877. He has published many 
papers on library and historical topics, including 
the construction of buildings and the organization 
and management of public libraries. These in- 
clude " Cotton Mather and Salem Witchcraft," the 
chapter on " Witchcraft " in the •* Memorial History 
of Boston," "The Popham Colony," "The Ordi- 
nance of 1787," and "Anti-Slavery Opinions be- 
fore 1800." He edited " The Owl," a literary month- 
ly, in 1874-'5 in Chicago, and since 1880 has been 
a' constant contributor to •* The Dial." 

POOLE Y, Jame9 Henry, physician, b. in Cha- 
teris, Cambridgeshire, England, 17 Nov., 1839. He 
was brought to this country in early childhood, 
and graduated at the New York college of phy- 
sicians and surgeons in 1860. After service as an 
assistant surgeon in the regular army in 1861-'3 he 
practised in Yonkers, N. Y., till 1875, when he re- 
moved to Columbus, Ohio. He is a member of 
many professional societies, was a delegate to the 
International medical congress of 1876, and pro- 
fessor of surgery in Starling medical college, Onio, 
from 1875 till 1880. Since 1883 he has held the 
chair of surgery in Toledo medical college. He 
has edited the *• Ohio Medical and Surgical Jour- 
nal " since 1870, and has been a voluminous con- 
tributor to surgical literature. Several of his arti- 
cles have been reprinted in pamphlet-form, includ- 
ing "Three Cases of Imperforate Anus" (1870); 
"Remarks on the Surgery of Childhood " (1872) ; 
and " Gastrotomy and Gastrostomy " (1875). 

POOR, Charles Henry, naval officer, b. in Cam- 
bridge, Mass., 11 June, 1808; d. in Washington, 
D. C., 5 Nov., 1882. He entered the navy as a 
midshipman, 1 March, 1825, and was promoted 
lieutenant, 22 Dec., 1835, commander, 14 Sept., 
1855, captain, 16 July, 1862, and commodore, 2 
Jan., 1863. After serving with different squadrons, 
and in the Washington and Norfolk navy-yards, 
he was given command of the " St Louis, of the 
home squadron, in 1860-'l, and in the latter year 
had charge of an expedition that was sent to re- 
enforce Fort Pickens. During 1861-*2 he was in 
command of the frigate " Roanoke," of the North 
Atlantic blockading squadron. He was ordered to 
use the steamer "Illinois" as a ram against the 
" Merrimac." but did not have an opportunity to 
test its strength. He subsequently passed the 
Confederate batteries under fire in the " Roanoke," 
while proceeding from Hampton Roads toward New- 
port News, to assist the "Congress" and "Cumber- 
land." From 1863 till 1865 he was in command of 
the sloop-of-war *• Saranac," of the Pacific souadron, 
and compelled the authorities at A spin wall to re- 
lease a IT. S. mail-steamer that had been detained 
there until she should pay certain illegal dues. He 
also obliged the authorities at Rio Hacha, New 
Granada, to hoist and salute the American flag 
after it had been insulted. In 1866-'8 he was in 
charge of the naval station at Mound City. 111., and 
he was made rear-admiral, 20 Sept., 18o8. After 
serving as commandant of the Washington navy- 
yard in 1869, and commanding the North Atlantic 
squadron in 1869-'70, he was retired on 9 June, 
1870. In 1871-'2 he was a member of the retiring- 
board. Admiral Poor saw twenty- three years and 
six months of 6ea-service, and was employed four- 
teen years and five months in shore duty. 

POOR, Daniel, missionary, b. in Dan vers, Essex 
co., Mass., 27 June, 1789 ; d. in Manepy, Ceylon, 3 
Feb., 1855. He was graduated at Dartmouth in 



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POOR 



PQORE 



1811, and at Andover theological seminary in 1814. 
He was ordained in the Presbyterian church at 
Newburvport, Mass., in June, 1815, and in the fol- 
lowing October sailed with his wife and four other 
missionaries for Ceylon, where be arrived in March, 
1816, and organized a mission-school. He went 
to Matura, southern India, in 1836, organised thirty- 
seven schools, which he visited in succession, and 
frequently addressed from horse-back crowds of 
adult natives. Impaired health compelled his re- 
turn to the United States in 1849, where he spent 
two years in addressing meetings on missionary 
work. Returning to Ceylon in 1851, be settled at 
Manepr, and labored incessantly until an epidemic 
of cholera terminated his labors. Dr. Poor took 
high rank as a scholar, and he was peculiarly quali- 
fied to labor among the religious Beets of India and 
Ceylon. He was given the degree of D. D. by 
Dartmouth in 1885. He published numerous re- 
ligious, temperance, and other tracts in the Tamil 
and English languages, and was a contributor to 
the " Bibliotheca Sacra."— His son, Daniel War- 
ren, clergyman, b. in Tillipally, Ceylon, 21 Aug., 
1818, was graduated at Amherst in 1887, and at 
Andover theological seminary in 1842. He was 
pastor of Presbyterian churches at Fairhaven, 
Mass., in 1848-'8, Newark, N. J., in 184&-*69, and 
Oakland, CaL, in 1 869-' 72. In 1871 he was ap- 
pointed professor of ecclesiastical history and church 
government in San Francisco theological seminary, 
and he held the chair until 1876, when he became 
corresponding secretary of the Presbyterian board 
of education at Philadelphia. Dr. Poor organized 
the church of which he was pastor in Newark, 
and was also instrumental in building up three 
German churches within the bounds of his presbv- 
tery, and in organizing one in Philadelphia, fie 
was also active in founding the German theologi- 
cal school at Bloomfleld, N. J. He received tne 
degree of D. D. from Princeton in 1857. Besides 
occasional sermons and pamphlets, he has published 
** Select Discourses from the French and German," 
with Rev. Henry C. Fish (New York, 1858), and, 
with Rev. Conway P. Wing, " The Epistles to the 
Corinthians," from the German of Lange (1868). 

POOR, Enoch, soldier, b. in Andover, Mass., 21 
June, 1786; d. near Hackensack, N. J., 8 Sept, 
1780. He was educated in his native place, and 
removing to Exeter, N. H., engaged in business 
there until the bat- 
tle of Lexington, 
when the New 
Hampshire assem- 
bly resolved to 
raise 2,000 men. 
Three regiments 
were formed, and 
the command of 
one of them was 
given to Poor. Af- 
ter the evacuation 
of Boston he was 
sent to New York, 
and was afterward 
ordered to join the 
disastrous Cana- 
<*dP S && m dian expedition 

fe? <ri&GSl cf&-07*' with his regiment. 

On the retreat from 
Canada the Americans concentrated near Crown 
Point, and Col. Poor was actively occupied in 
strengthening the defences of that post until a 
council of general officers advised its evacuation, 
which was accordingly ordered by Gen. Philip 
Schuyler. Against this step twenty-one of the 



field-officers, headed by Poor, John Stark, and 
William Maxwell, sent m a written remonstrance. 
Gen. Washington, on being appealed to. while re- 
fusing to overrule Gen. Schuyler's action, concurred 
distinctly in the views of the remonstrants as to 
the impolicy of the measure. On 21 Feb., 1777, 
Poor was commissioned brigadier-general, and he 
held a command in the campaign against Bur- 
goyne. In the hard-fought but indecisive engage- 
ment at Stillwater. Gen. Poor's brigade sustained 
more than two thirds of the whole American loss 
in killed, wounded, and missing. At the battle of. 
Saratoga, Poor led the attack. The vigor and gal- 
lantry of the charge, supported by an adroit and 
furious onslaught from Col. Daniel Morgan, could 
not be resisted, and the British line was broken. 
After the surrender of Burgoyne, Poor joined 
Washington in Pennsylvania, and subsequently 
shared in the hardships and sufferings of the army 
at Valley Forge. During the dreary winter that 
was spent by the Revolutionary army in that en- 
campment, no officer exerted himself with greater 
earnestness to obtain relief. He wrote urgently 
to the legislature of New Hampshire : " I am every- 
day," he said, referring to his men, "beholding 
their sufferings, and am every morning awakened 
by the lamentable tale of their distresses. ... If 
they desert, how can I punish them, when they 
plead in justification that the contract on your 
part is broken f " Gen. Poor was among the first to 
set out with his brigade in pursuit of the British 
across New Jersey in the summer of 1778, and 
fought gallantly under Lafayette at the battle of 
Monmouth. In 1779 he commanded the second 
or New Hampshire brigade, in the expedition of 
Gen. John Sullivan against the Indians of the Six 
Nations. When, in August, 1780, a corps of light 
infantry was formed composed of two brigades, the 
command of one of them was given, at the request 
of Lafayette, to Gen. Poor ; but he survived his ap- 
pointment only a few weeks, being stricken down 
oy fever. In announcing his death, Gen. Washing- 
ton declared him to be " an officer of distinguished 
merit, who, as a citizen and a soldier, had every 
claim to the esteem of his country." In 1824, when 
Lafayette visited New Hampshire, at a banquet in 
his honor, he was called upon by a gray-haired 
veteran for a sentiment. Lifting his glass to hia 
lips, and after a few explanatory words, he gave : 
"Light-infantry Poor and Yorktown Scammel." 
He had seen the latter mortally wounded at the 
battle of Yorktown. Both men were New Eng- 
landers. Gen. Poor was buried in Hackensack^ 
where a fine monument marks his grave. 

POOR, John Alfred, journalist, b. in Andover, 
Oxford co.. Me., 8 Jan., 1808 ; d. in Portland, Me., 
5 Sept., 1871. He studied law, was admitted to 
the bar, and practised at Bangor, but afterward re- 
moved to Portland. In the latter city he was for 
several years editor of the "State of Maine," a 
daily paper, and he subsequently served in the 
legislature. He was the first active promoter of 
the present railroad system of his native state, 
originated the European and North American line, 
and was president of the proposed Portland, Rut- 
land and Oswego road. He was an active member 
of the Maine historical society, under whose au- 
spices he published •• A Vindication of the Claims 
of Sir Ferdinando Gorges as the Founder of English 
Colonization in America " (New York. 1862). He 
also delivered the address at the commemoration, 
on 15 Aug., 1858, of the founding of the Popham 
colony at the mouth of the Kennebec (1868). 

POORE, Benjamin Perley, journalist, b. near 
Newburyport, Mass., 2 Nov., 1820 ; d. in Washing- 



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ton, D. C, 80 Mar, 1887. He was descended from 
John Poore, an English yeoman, who came to this 
country and, in 1650, purchased " Indian Hill 
Farm, the homestead, which still remains in the 
family. When Perley was eleven years of age he 
was taken by his father to England, and there saw 
Sir Walter Scott, Lafayette, and other notable peo- 
ple. Leaving school after his return, he served an 
apprenticeship in a printing-office at Worcester, 
Maa&, and had edited the Athens, Ga., " Southern 
Whig," which his father purchased for him, for two 

Esars before he was twenty. In 1841 he visited 
urope again as attache" of the American legation 
at Brussels, remaining abroad until 1848. During 
this period he acted in 1844-*8 as the historical 
agent of Massachusetts in France, in which capacity 
he filled ten folio volumes with copies of important 
documents, bearing date 1492-1780, illustrating 
them by engraved maps and water-color sketches. 
He was also the foreign correspondent of the Bos- 
ton M Atlas** during his entire stay abroad. After 
editing the Boston " Bee " and u Sunday Sentinel,** 
Mr. Poore finally entered in 1854 upon his life- 
work, that of Washington correspondent His let- 
ters to the Boston "Journal ** over the signature of 
M Perley,** and to other papers, gained him a 
national reputation by their trustworthy character. 
For several years he also served as clerk of the 
committee of the U. S. senate on printing records. 
He was interested in military matters, had studied 
tactics, and during his editorial career in Boston 
held several staff appointments. About the same 
time he organised a battalion of riflemen at New- 
bury that formed the nucleus of a company in the 
8th Massachusetts volunteers, of which organisa- 
tion Mr. Poore served as major for a short time 
during the civil war. He was also in 1874 com- 
mander of the Ancient and honorable artillery 
com pan v of Boston, and had made a collection of 
materials for its projected history. Maj. Poore's 
vacations were spent at Indian ' Hill, where the 
farm-house contained sixty rooms filled with his- 
torical material, of which its owner was an indus- 
trious collector. During thirty years of Washing- 
ton life he made the acquaintance of many emi- 
nent men, and his fund of reminiscences was large 
and entertaining. He told good stories, spoke well 
after dinner, and was much admired in society. 
Among his publications were u Campaign Life of 
Gen. Zachary Taylor,** of which 800.000 copies 
were circulated, and "Rise and Fall of Louis 
Philippe ** (Boston, 1848) ; " Early Life of Napoleon 
Bonaparte** (1851); "Agricultural History of Es- 
sex County, Mass.**; "The Conspiracy tfriai for 
the Murder of Abraham Lincoln ** (1865) ; " Fed- 
eral and State Charters** (2 vols^ 1877); "The 
Political Register and Congressional Directory** 
(1878); "Life of Burnside ** (1882) ; and "Perley*s 
Reminiscences of Sixty Years in the National Me- 
tropolis** (Philadelphia, 1886}. As secretary of 
the U. S. agricultural society, ne became the editor 
of its "Journal** in 1857. He began to edit the 
Congressional directory in 1867, supervised the 
indices to the " Congressional Record,'* and brought 
out the annual abridgment of the public docu- 
ments of the United States for many vears. By 
order of congress he compiled "A descriptive 
Catalogue of the Government Publications of the 
UnitM State*, 1774-1881** (Washington, 1885), 
and a iso made a compilation of the various treaties 
negotiated by the United States government with 
different countries. 

POPE, Albert Augustus, manufacturer, b. in 
Boston, Mass., 20 May, 1848. He was educated at 
public schools, but even as a boy was compelled to 



earn his own living. In 1862 he was commissioned 
2d lieutenant in the 85th Massachusetts regiment, 
with which he continued until the close of the war. 
when he was mustered out with the brevet rank of 
lieutenant-colonel. Soon afterward he became head 
of a shoe-finding business. In 1877 he began to 
take an interest in bicycles, and during that year 
ordered eight from Manchester, England. Subse- 
quently he became actively engaged in their manu- 
facture, and it is chiefly due to his enterprise that 
most of the improvements of the bicycle in this 
country have been brought about Col Pope was 
instrumental in founding " Outing,** a journal that 
for several years was published by him. — His twin 
sisters, Emily Frances and Caroline Aurnsta, 
physicians, b. in Boston, Mass., 18 Feb., 1846, were 
graduated at the Brookline high-school, and at the 
New England medical college in 1870. Subse- 
quently they devoted some time to hospital study 
in London and Paris, and on their return became 
attached to the New England hospital for women 
and children. In 1878 they established themselves 
in general practice, in which they have been suc- 
cessful. Both are members of the New England 
hospital medical society, and of the Massachusetts 
medical society, and, with Emily L. Call, they pre- 
pared "The Practice of Medicine in the United 
States" (Boston, 1881). 

POPE. Charles Alexander, surgeon, b. in 
Huntsville, Ala,, 15 March, 1818; d. in Paris, Mon- 
roe co., Mo., 6 July, 1870. He was educated at the 
University of Alabama, and studied medicine at 
Cincinnati medical college and at the University 
of Pennsylvania, where he was graduated in 1889. 
He spent the next two years in study in France 
and Germany, and on his return began to practise 
in St Louis, Mo., where he soon took high rank. 
He became professor of anatomy, and afterward of 
surgery, in St Louis university, aided in organiz- 
ing St Louis medical college, and was president of 
the American medical association in 1858. He also 
took an active part in promoting the cause of edu- 
cation generally. Soon after the close of the civil 
war he gave up practice and retired to Paris, Mo., 
where he resided until his death. 

POPE, Franklin Leonard, electrical engineer, 
b. in Great Barrington, Mass., 2 Dec., 1840. He 
was educated in his native town, became a tele- 
graph operator in 1857, in 1862 was made as- 
sistant engineer of the American telegraph com- 
pany, and in 1864 filled a similar office in the 
Kusso-American telegraph company. In associa- 
tion with George Blenkinsop, of Victoria, British 
Columbia, he made, while in that service in 1866, 
the first exploration of the extensive region be- 
tween British Columbia and Alaska, about the 
sources of Skeena, Stickeen, and Yukon rivers. 
Subsequently he settled in New York city, where 
he has since been engaged chiefly as an electrical 
engineer and expert With Thomas A. Edison he 
invented in 1870 the one-wire printing telegraph, 
known as the " ticker,*' which is employed in large 
cities for telegraphing exchange quotations. He also 
invented in 1872 the rail-circuit for automatically 
controlling electric block signals, now used on the 
principal railroads of the United States, and he 
has patented other improvements relating to rail- 
way and telegraphic service. In 1885 he was 
elected president of the American institute of 
electrical engineers. Mr. Pope has since 1884 been 
the editor of " The Electrical Engineer,** and, be- 
sides articles in the technical, historical, and popu- 
lar periodicals, is the author of " Modern Practice 
of the Electric Telegraph** (New York, 1871) and 
" Life and Work of Joseph Henry ** (1879). 



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POPE, James Colledre, Canadian statesman, 
b. in Bedeque, Prince Edward island, 11 June, 
1826 ; d. in Summerside, Prince Edward island, 18 
Mar, 1885. He was educated in his native place 
ana in England, engaged in business in early man- 
hood, and Decaine successful as a merchant, ship- 
builder, and ship-owner. In 1857 Mr. Pope became 
a member of the Prince Edward island assembly, 
and, except during a few months in 1878, when he 
sat in the Dominion parliament, held his seat un- 
til August, 1876, when he was defeated. He became 
a member of the executive council of Prince Ed- 
ward island in 1857, and was premier of that 
province in 1865-'7, 1870-'l, and from April till 
September, 1878. The construction of the Prince 
Eaward island railway, and the negotiations that 
resulted in securing better terms to the colony on 
its entering the Dominion, were achievements of 
his administration. He was elected to the Cana- 
dian parliament in November, 1876, re-elected in 
1878, and became minister of marine and fisheries 
in October of the latter year. He held this port- 
folio till May, 1882, when he resigned in conse- 
quence of failing health. 

POPE, John, senator, b. in Prince William 
county, Va., in 1770 ; d. in Springfield, Washing- 
ton co., Ky., 12 July, 1845. He was brought to 
Kentucky in boyhood, and, having lost his arm 
through an accident, was compelled to abandon 
farm work, and after studying law was admitted to 
the bar. He first settled in Shelby county, but 
afterward removed to Lexington, Ky. He was for 
several years a member of the state house of repre- 
sentatives, and in 1801 was a presidential elector on 
the Jefferson ticket He was elected to the U. S. 
senate as a Democrat, and served from 26 Oct, 1807, 
till 8 March, 1818, acting as president pro tempore 
in 1811. From 1829 till 18&5 he was territorial 
governor of Arkansas. On his return to Ken- 
tucky he practised his profession at Springfield 
until he was elected to congress, and twice re-elect- 
ed, serving from 4 Sept, 1887, till 8 March, 1848. 
He was an independent candidate for a seat in the 
succeeding congress, but was defeated. 

POPE, John, naval officer, b. in Sandwich, 
Mass., 17 Dec., 1798; d. in Dorchester, Mass., 14 
Jan., 1876. He was appointed from Maine to the 
navy as midshipman, 80 May, 1816, and was pro- 
moted lieutenant, 28 April, 1826, commander, 15 
Feb.. 1848, and captain, 14 Sept, 1855. As lieuten- 
ant he saw service in the frigate " Constitution," 
of the Mediterranean squadron, and subsequently 
in the West India and Brazil squadrons. He com- 
manded the brig " Dolphin " on the coast of Africa 
in 1846-7, and the " Vandalia" in the East Indies 
in 1858-'6. He had charge of the Boston navy- 
yard in 1850, and of the Portsmouth navy-yard in 
1858-'60. In 1861 he commanded the steam-sloop 
** Richmond," of the Gulf squadron. He was a 

K rise-commissioner in Boston in 1864-'5, and light- 
ouse inspector in 1866-U On 21 Dec., 1861, he 
was placed on the retired list, and he was promoted 
commodore, 16 July, 1862. Com. Pope passed 
twenty-one years at sea, and was for seventeen 
years and eleven months engaged in shore duty. 

POPE, John Henry, Canadian statesman, d. in 
the Eastern Townships, Quebec, in 1824; d. in Ot- 
tawa, Canada, 1 April, 1889. He was educated in 
Compton, and then engaged in farming. He repre- 
sented Compton in the Canada assembly from 1857 
till the union, and was elected in 1867, 1872, 1874, 
and 1878 for that constituency, by acclamation, 
to the Dominion parliament He was re-elected 
in 1882 and in February, 1887. Mr. Pope became 
a member of the privy council of Canada, and was 



minister of agriculture from October, 1871, till 
November, 1878, when he retired with the govern- 
ment on the Pacific railway question. He was re- 
appointed minister of agriculture in 1878, and 
minister of railways and canals in September, 
1885. During the summer of 1880 he visited Eng- 
land in company with Sir John A. Macdonald and 
Sir Charles Tupper, and took an active part in the 
negotiations that resulted in the Pacific railway 
contract, which was afterward ratified by the Cana- 
dian parliament Mr. Pope was president of the 
International railway of Maine and of the Comp- 
ton colonization society. 

POPE, John Hunter, physician, b. in Wash- 
ington, Wilkes co., Ga., 12 Feb., 1845. He received 
his medical education at the universities of Lou- 
isiana and Virginia, and was graduated at the lat- 
ter institution in 1868. He began to practise at 
Milford, Ellis co., Tex., in 1869, but in 1870 re- 
moved to Marshall, in the same state, where he 
has since resided. Previous to studying medicine 
he was a private soldier in the Confederate army 
from 1862 till 1865. From 1874 till 1875 he was 
secretary of the Harrison county medical associa- 
tion, ana in 1876-*7 he was first vice-president of the 
Texas state medical association. In 1877 he was 
appointed a member of the State board of medical 
examiners for the 2d judicial district He has pub- 
lished a ** History of Epidemic of Yellow Fever at 
Marshall, Texas ft (1878) ; " Report on Climatology 
and Epidemics of Texas " (1874) ; and *' Report on 
the Science and Progress of Medicine " (1875). 

POPE, Nathaniel, jurist b. in Louisville, Ky., 
5 Jan., 1784; d. in St Louis, Mo., 28 Jan., 1850. He 
was graduated at Transylvania college. Ky., in 
1806, studied law, was admitted to the bar, and be- 
gan to practise at St Genevieve, Mo. He removed 
to Vandalia, and afterward to Springfield, 111. He 
was made secretary of the territory, 28 Feb., 1809, 
and subsequently he was chosen delegate to the 
14th congress, taking his seat, 2 Dec., 1816. He was 
re-elected, and served until 4 Dec, 1818. He was 
register of the land-office at Edwardsville, 111., in 
1818, and the same vear was appointed U. S. judge 
for the district of Illinois, which office he held un- 
til his death. It was due to the action of Judge 
Pope in congress that the northern boundary of 
Illinois was moved from the southern extremity of 
Lake Michigan to 42° 80/, thus adding the terri- 
tory now included in the thirteen northern coun- 
ties, and giving the new state its greatest lake 
port and the site of its most populous city. Pope 
county was named after him. — His son, John, 
soldier, b. in Louisville, Ky., 16 March, 1822, 
was graduated at the U. S. military academy 
in 1842, and made brevet 2d lieutenant of en- 
gineers. He served in Florida in 1842-'4, and 
assisted in the survey of the northeast boundary- 
line between the United States and the British 
provinces. He was made 2d lieutenant 9 May, 
1846, and took part in the Mexican war, being 
brevetted 1st lieutenant for gallantry at Monte- 
rey, and captain for his services in the battle of 
Buena Vista. In 1849 he conducted the Minnesota 
exploring expedition, which demonstrated the 
practicability of the navigation of the Red river 
of the north by steamers, and in ISSl-'S he was 
engaged in topographical engineering service in 
New Mexico. Tne six years following he had 
charge of the survey of the route for the Pacific 
railroad, near the 82d parallel, and in making ex- 
periments to procure water on the Llano Estacado, 
or " Staked Plain," stretching between Texas and 
New Mexico, by means of artesian wells. On 1 
July, 1856, he was commissioned captain for four- 



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>£t^r^^e— 



teen years' continuous service. In the political 
campaign of 1860 Capt Pope sympathized with 
the Republicans, and in an address on the subject 
of *' Fortifications/' read before a literary society 
at Cincinnati, he criticised the policy of President 
Buchanan in unsparing terms. For this he was 
court-martialed, but, 
upon the recommen- 
dation of Postmaster- 
General Joseph Holt, 
further proceedings 
were dropped. He 
was still a captain of 
engineers when Sum- 
ter was fired upon, 
and he was one of the 
officers detailed by 
the war department 
to escort Abraham 
Lincoln to Washing- 
ton. He was made 
brigadier - general of 
volunteers, 17 Mav, 
1861, and placed in 
command first of the 
district of northern, and afterward of southwestern 
and central, Missouri. Gen. Pope's operations in 
that state in protecting railway communication and 
driving out guerillas were highly successful. His 
most important engagement was that of the Black- 
water, 18 Dec, 1861, where he captured 1,800 pris- 
oners, 1,000 stand of arms, 1,000 horses, 65 wagons, 
two tons of gunpowder, and a large quantity of 
tents, baggage, and supplies. This victory forced 
Gen. Sterling Price to retreat below the Osage 
river, which he never again crossed. He was next 
intrusted by Gen. Henry W. Halleck with the com- 
mand of the land forces that co-operated with Ad- 
miral Andrew H. Footc's flotilla in the expedi- 
tion against New Madrid and Island No. 10. He 
succeeded in occupying the fonner place, 14 March, 
1862. while the latter surrendered on the 8th of 
the following month, when 6,500 prisoners, 135 
cannon, and 7,000 small arms, fell into his hands. 
He was rewarded for the capture of New Madrid 
by a commission as major-general of volunteers. 
As commander of the Army of the Mississippi, he 
advanced from Pittsburg landing upon Corinth, 
the operations against that place occupying the 
perioa from 22 April till 30 May. After its evacu- 
ation he pursued the enemy to Baldwin, Lee co., 
Miss. At the end of June he was summoned to 
Washington, and assigned to the command of the 
Army of Virginia, comprised of Fremont's (after- 
ward Sigel's), Banks's, and McDowell's corps. On 
14 July he was commissioned brigadier-general in 
the regular army. On 9 Aug. a division of his 
army, under Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks, had a severe 
engagement with the Confederates, commanded by 
Gen. Thomas J. Jackson, at Cedar mountain. For 
the next fifteen days Gen. Pope, who had been re- 
enforced by a portion of the Army of the Potomac, 
fought continuously a greatly superior force of the 
enemy under Gen. Robert E. Lee, on the line of the 
Rappahannock, at Bristow station, at Grove ton, at 
Manassas junction, at Gainesville, and at German- 
town, near Chantillv. Gen. Pope then withdrew 
his force behind Difficult creek, between Flint hill 
and the Warrenton turnpike, whence be fell back 
within the fortifications of Washington, and on 8 
Sept. was. at his own request, relieved of the com- 
mand of the Army of Virginia, and was assigned 
to that of the Department of the Northwest, where 
in a short time he completely checked the outrages 
of the Minnesota Indians. He retained this com- 



mand until 80 Jan., 1865. when he was given 
charge of the military division of the Missouri, 
which, in June following, was made the Department 
of the Missouri, including all the northwestern 
states and territories. From this he was relieved 
6 Jan., 1866. He has since had command suc- 
cessively of the 3d military district, comprising 
Georgia. Alabama, aud Florida, under the first 
Reconstruction act. 1867-*8: the Department of 
the Lakes. 1808- "70: the Department of the Mis- 
souri, headquarters at Fort Leavenworth. Kansas, 
18T0-*84: and the Military Department of the Pa- 
cific from 1884 until he was retired. 16 March, 1886. 
In Washington, in December. 1862, he testified be- 
fore a court-martial, called for the trial of Gen. 
Fitz-John Porter (a. i\), who had been accused by 
him of misconduct before the enemy at the second 
battle of Manassas or Bull Run. Gen. Pope was bre- 
vetted major-general, 18 March, 1865, " for gallant 
and meritorious services" in the capture of island 
No. 10, and advanced to the full rank, 26 Oct, 
1882. The fullest account of his northern Virginia 
campaign is to be found in the report of the con- 
gressional committee on the conduct of the war 
(Supplement, part xu, 1865). Gen. Pope is the au- 
thor of ** Explorations from the Red River to the 
Rio Grande, in " Pacific Railroad Reports," vol. 
iii., and the " Campaign of Virginia, of July and 
August. 1862" (Washington, 1865). 

POPE, Richard, Canadian author, b. in Toronto, 
19 Oct., 1827. He was called to the bar of Lower 
Canada in 1855, and was assistant editor of the 
Lower Canada " Law Reports " in 1855-'60. After 
serving as commissioner for the Chaudiere gold- 
mining association from 1866 till 1871 he was clerk 
in the department of public works, and private 
secretary to the minister from 1872 till 187&, when 
he was appointed clerk of the crown in chancery. 
He is a major in the Canadian militia, and organ- 
ized the Quebec volunteer rifle association. Mr. 
Pope won the first prise medal of the Literary and 
historical society of Quebec for the best " Essay on 
Canada " (Quebec, 1858), and is also the author of 
•• Canadian Minerals and Mining Interest " (1857) ; 
44 Gold Fields of Canada" (1858) ; and " Notes on 
Emigration and Mining and Agricultural Labor 
in Canada" (1859). 

POPHAM, George, colonist, b. in Somerset- 
shire, England, about 1550 ; d. in Maine, 5 Feb., 
1608. He became associated with Sir Ferdinando 
Gorges (y. v.) as one of the patentees of an exten- 
sive territory in what is now the state of Maine, 
and sailed from Plvmouth, 31 May, 1607, with two 
ships and one hundred men. Popham was in com- 
mand of one ship, and Raleigh Gilbert, a nephew 
of Sir Walter Raleigh, of the other. On 15 Aug., 
1607, they landed at the mouth of the Sagadahoc 
or Kennebec river. After listening to a sermon, 
and the patent laws, the company proceeded to 
build a storehouse, with a fort, which they called 
Fort George. This was the first English settlement 
in New England. The ships sailed on the home 
voyage on 5 Dec., leaving a colony of forty-five 
persons, Popham being president and Gilbert ad- 
miral. After Popham s death the colonists, having 
become discouraged, returned to England. — His 
brother, Sir John, b. in Somersetshire in 1531 ; d. 
10 June, 1607, became lord chief justice about 1592, 
and was active in colonization schemes.— Sir Fran- 
cis, supposed to be a son of Sir John, and named 
as a patentee of New England, was a member of 
parliament in 1620. 

POPKIN, John Snelllng, clergyman, b. in 
Boston, Mass., 19 June, 1771; d. in Cambridge, 
Mass., 2 March, 1852. His ancestors, of Welsh 



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PORCALLO DE FIGUEROA 



PORTALES 



descent, eame to this country from Ireland, and 
his father, John, was a lieutenant-colonel in the 
Revolutionary army. He was graduated in 1792, 
with the first honors, at Harvard, where he was 
tutor in Greek in 1795-'8, after teaching in Woburn 
and Cambridge. He had also studied theology, 
was licensed to preach in 1798, and on 16 July, 
1799, was ordained pastor of the Federal street 
church in Boston, where he remained till 1802. He 
was pastor at Newbury in 1804-'15, then professor 
of Greek at Harvard on the college foundation till 
1826, and Eliot professor of Greek literature, to 
succeed Edward Everett, till 1833. From the latter 
date till his death he lived in retirement in Cam- 
bridge. Harvard gave him the degree of D. D. in 
1815, and he was a member of the American acade- 
my of arts and sciences. Dr. Popkin left the Uni- 
tarian faith for the orthodox Congregational, and 
finally became an Episcopalian. He was a profound 
Greek scholar. He edited the fourth American 
edition of Andrew Dalzel's "Collectanea Graeca 
Maiora " (2 vols., Cambridge. 1824), and was the 
author of various occasional sermons, a Greek gram- 
mar (1828), and " Three Lectures on Liberal Edu- 
cation " (1836). These last, with selections from 
other lectures, extracts from his sermons, and 
a memoir by Cornelius C. Felton, appeared after 
his death (1852). 
PORCALLO DE FIGUEROA,. Vasco (por-cal'- 

50), Spanish soldier, b. in Caceres, Spain, in 1494 ; 
. in Puerto Principe, Cuba, in 1550. He went to 
Cuba when very young and served under Diego 
Velasquez, the conqueror and first governor of the 
island. He was the founder of several cities, among 
others Remedios and Puerto Principe. Velasquez 
selected him to command the expedition that he 
intended to send against Cortes, out Porcallo de- 
clined. In 1589 he accompanied Fernando de Soto 
in his expedition to Floriaa, but he soon returned 
to Cuba, and afterward resided in Puerto Principe. 
PORCH ER, Francis Peyre, physician, b. in 
St John's, Berkeley, S. C, 14 Dec., 1$25. He was 
graduated at South Carolina college in 1844 and at 
the Medical college of the state of South Carolina 
in 1847, where he now holds the chair of materia 
medica and therapeutics. On graduating he settled 
in Charleston, where he has since continued in the 
active practice of his profession, also holding the 
appointments of surgeon and physician to the ma- 
rine and city hospitals. During the civil war he was 
surgeon in charge of Confederate hospitals at Nor- 
folk and Petersburg, Va. Dr. Porcher was president 
of the South Carolina medical association in 1872, 
and, besides holding memberships in other societies, 
is an associate fellow of the Philadelphia college of 
physicians. He was one of the editors of the 
44 Charleston Medical Journal and Review," having 
charge of the publication of five volumes of the 
first series (1850-V5), and more recently of four vol- 
umes of the second series (1873-*6). Dr. Porcher 
was an enthusiastic botanist and has devoted con- 
siderable attention to that subject. Besides numer- 
ous fugitive contributions to the medical journals, 
and articles in medical works, he has published ** A 
Medico-Botanical Catalogue of the Plants and Ferns 
of St. John's, Berkeley, South Carolina " (Charleston, 
1847) ; •* A Sketch of the Medical Botany of South 
Carolina " (Philadelphia, 1849); "The Medicinal, 
Poisonous, and Dietetic Properties of the Crypto- 
gamic Plants of the United States "(New York, 
1854) ; " Illustrations of Disease with the Micro- 
scope, and Clinical Investigations aided by the 
Microscope and by Chemical Reagents" (Charleston, 
1861); and * 4 Resources of the Southern Fields and 
Forests, Medical, Economical, and Agricultural," 



published by order of the surgeon-general of the 
Confederate states (Richmond, 1863 ; new and re- 
vised ed., Charleston, 1869). 

PORET DE BLOSSE V ILLE, Jules Alphons* 
Rene* (po-rav), Baron, French navigator, b. in 
Rouen, 29 July, 1802 ; d. in the Arctic ocean about 
February, 1834. He entered the navy as a volun- 
teer in 1818, served in the West Indies and South 
America, and in 1838 was appointed commander 
of the brig ,4 La Liloise" and sent to the Arctic 
ocean. Sailing from Brest in May, 1883, he visited 
Iceland and Greenland, where he made astronomi- 
cal observations, and prepared a valuable chart of 
the western coast of the latter country. He had 
reached latitude 83° N. when he was imprisoned by 
the ice-fields, and sent news to France by a whaler. 
This was the last that was heard of him, and several 
French and English expeditions failed to find traces 
of him. The expedition of " La Recherche et l'A ven- 
ture " ascertained through Esquimaux that Poret 
advanced farther than latitude 84° N., and it is 
supposed that his death was similar to that of Sir 
John Franklin. His works include 44 Histoire des 
d&ouvertes faites a di verses epoques par les navi- 
gate urs " (Paris, 1826), and *• Histoire des explora- 
tions de l'Araenque du Sud " (1832).— His brother. 
Viscount Beniqne Ernest, b. in Rouen, 19 Jan., 
1799 ; d. in 1882 ; was the author or translator of 
several American novels, including " John Tanner, 
ou 80 annees dans les deserts de l'Amerique du 
Nord " (Paris, 1839). 

PORREZ, Martin de, clergyman, b. in Lima 
in 1579 ; d. there in 1689. He was an illegitimate 
son, his father being a nobleman and his mother a 
ne^ress. His youth was neglected, but he gave 
evidence of so manv virtues that his father deter- 
mined to recognize him. He was then educated, and, 
as his tastes lav in the direction of surgery, was 
enabled to study that profession. He was noted 
for his care of the poor, whom he attended without 
fee ; but the respect that this gained him in Lima 
alarmed his humility, and he determined to retire 
from the world. He joined the Dominicans in 
1602, taking the lowest rank in the order— that of 
oblate brother. He was charged with the care of 
the sick after his reception, and when a plague 
broke out in Lima he was constant in his attend- 
ance on its victims. The ravages of this epidemic 
in one of the suburbs obliged his superiors to 
send him thither, and he set out at once. Some 
of the cures he performed were considered miracu- 
lous, and he was summoned back to Lima. The 
rest of his life was spent in caring for the sick. 
It was believed in Peru that he had restored 
manv to life by supernatural agencies. After his 
death, the chapter, university, and religious com- 
munities of Lima demanded that he should be 
honored on the altars of the church, and, after an 
examination that lasted during the reign of Cle- 
ment X., he was beatified under Gregory XVI. 

PORRO, Francis, clergyman, d. about 1802. He 
was a member of the order of Franciscans, and be- 
longed to the convent of the Holy Apostles in Rome. 
Bishop Portier, when he was at Rome in 1829, saw 
a portrait of Porro as bishop of New Orleans. It 
was supposed that he was consecrated in 1802, and 
died on the eve of his departure for Louisiana. It 
is now believed that he was never consecrated, as it 
was known at Rome that the Spanish government 
was not likely to retain possession of Louisiana, in 
which case it was doubtful whether the diocese 
could support a bishop. See Archbishop Spalding's 
44 Life of Bishop Flaget." 

PORTALES, Diego Jos* Victor (por-tah'-les), 
Chilian soldier, b. in Santiago in June, 1793 ; d. in 



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Valparaiso, 6 June, 1887. He acquired his educa- 
tion in the College of San Carlos, and in, 1817 ob- 
tained theplace of assayer of the mint, but went to 
Peru in 1828 and entered commerce. He returned 
to Chili in 1824, and, being discontented on account 
of heavy losses in a contract with the Chilian gov- 
ernment, from whom he had obtained the monopoly 
of tobacco, joined the opposition, attacking the 
government in the paper "El Hambriento" in 
1827. In April, 1880, he was appointed by the 
general junta minister of the interior, foreign 
affairs, war, and the navy ; but, on account of politi- 
cal disturbances, he resigned his charges in 1881, 
and retired to Valparaiso, where he engaged again 
in business. On 17 Aug., 1882, he was elected vice- 
president of the republic, and at the end of the 
same year he was appointed governor of Valparaiso, 
where he organized the civic militia. In September, 
1885, President Prieto appointed him again min- 
ister of war. When in 1886 the Peru-Bolivian con- 
federation was established, Portales strongly op- 
posed it Owing to his efforts, in October of that 
year a Chilian fleet left Valparaiso for Callao under 
Admiral Blanco Encalada {g. v.), to protest against 
the confederation, and, not receiving a satisfactory 
answer, the Chilian government declared war on 
11 Nov., 1886. Meanwhile, Portales was organizing 
an expeditionary force in Quillota, giving the com- 
mand of one of the best regiments to Col. Jose 
Antonio Vidaurre, who was his special favorite. 
Soon afterward a mutiny, led by Vidaurre and 
other officers, was organized, while Portales was at 
Valparaiso, and when the latter returned to Quillota 
and was reviewing his troops, he was made a pris- 
oner by Vidaurre. The mutineers marched on 
Valparaiso, but they encountered a determined 
resistance from the civic militia. Portales was left 
under custody of a lieutenant, who, seeing the de- 
feat of his party, ordered him to be shot. In Sep- 
tember, 1861, a statue of Portales was erected in 
front of the mint in Santiago. 

PORTER, Albert 6, governor of Indiana, b. 
in Lawrenceburg, Ind., 20 April, 1824. He was 
graduated at Asburv university, Ind., in 1848, 
studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1845, and 
began to practise in Indianapolis, where he was 
councilman and corporation attorney. In 1858 he 
was appointed reporter of the supreme court of 
Indiana. He was elected to congress as a Republi- 
can, holding his seat from 5 Dec., 1859, till 8 March. 
1868, and serving on the judiciary committee and 
on that on manufactures. He was a nominee for 
presidential elector on the Hayes ticket in 1876. 
On 5 March, 1878, he was appointed first comp- 
troller of the U. S. treasury, but he resigned to 
become governor of Indiana, which office he held 
from 1881 till 1884 He has published " Decisions 
of the Supreme Court of Indiana " (5 vols, Indian- 
apolis, 1858-'6), and has now (1888) in preparation 
a history of Indiana. 

PORTER, Alexander, jurist, b. near Armagh, 
County Tyrone, Ireland, in 1796 ; d. in Attakapas, 
I*., 13 Jan., 1844. His father, an Irish Presbyte- 
rian clergyman and chemist, while lecturing in 
Ireland during the insurrection of 1798, fell under 
suspicion of being an insurgent spy, and was seized 
ana executed. His son came to this country in 
1801 with his uncle, and settled in Nashville, Tenn., 
where, after serving as clerk, he studied law, and 
was admitted to the bar in 1807. By the advice 
of Oen. Andrew Jackson, he removed to St. Mar- 
tinsville, La., and was elected to the State consti- 
tutional convention of 1811. In 1821-88 he was 
judge of the state supreme court, and rendered 
•ernoe by establishing with others a new system 



of jurisprudence. He was elected a U. S. senator 
as a Whig, in place of Joseph S. Johnston, deceased, 
serving from 6 Jan., 1884, till 5 Jan., 1887, and 
during his term voted to censure President Jack- 
son for the removal of the deposits from the U. S. 
bank, and favored John C. Calhoun's motion to 
reject petitions for the abolition of slavery in the 
District of Columbia. In March, 1886, he made 
an elaborate reply to a speech of Thomas H. Ben- 
ton upon the introduction of his " expunging 
resolutions." He also opposed Benton's bill for 
compelling payments for public lands to be made 
in specie, and advocated the division of surplus 
revenue among the states, and the recognition of 
tl;e independence of Texas. He was again elected 
to the senate in 1848, and served till his death. 
For many years before his death he resided on his 
estate, " Oak Lawn," of 5,000 acres, on Bayou Teche, 
and the large mansion, where Henry Clay was a 
frequent visitor, is still (1888) standing in the cen- 
tre of an extensive park. 

PORTER, Andrew, soldier, b. in Worcester, 
Montgomery co., Pa., 24 Sept., 1748; d. in Harris- 
burg, Pa., 16 Nov., 1818. His father, Robert, emi- 
grated to this country from Londonderry, Ireland, 
in 1720, settled 
in Londonderry, 
N. H., aud af- 
terward bought 
land in Mont- 
gomery county, 
Pa. In early 
years the son 
manifested a tal- 
ent for mathe- 
matics, and un- 
der the advice of 
Dr. David Rit- 
tenhouseopened, 
in 1767, an Eng- 
lish and mathe- 
matical school in 
Philadelphia, in 
which he taught 
until 19 June, 
1776, when he 
was appointed by congress a captain of marines 
and ordered to the frigate " Effingham." He was 
soon transferred to the artillery, in which he 
served with efficiency. He was captain until 18 
March, 1782, and then became major, lieutenant- 
colonel, and colonel of the 4th Pennsylvania artil- 
lery, which post he held at the disbanding of the 
army. He participated in the battles of Newton, 
Princeton, brandywine, and Germantown, where 
nearly all his company were killed or taken prison- 
ers, and where he received on the field personal 
commendation from Gen. Washington for nis con- 
duct in the action, and at his request he was sent 
to Philadelphia to prepare material for the siege 
of Yorktown. In April, 1779, he was detached 
with his company to join Gen. John Sullivan's 
expedition against the Indians, and suggested to 
Gen. James Clinton the idea of damming the out- 
let of Otsego lake, by which means the water was 
raised sufficiently to convey the troops by boats to 
Tioga point. In 1788 he retired to the cultivation 
of his farm, and declined the chair of mathematics 
in the University of Pennsylvania, saying that "as 
long as he commanded men he would not return 
to flogging boys." In 1784-7 he was engaged as 
commissioner to run the boundary-lines of Penn- 
sylvania, and he was also interested in the com- 
pletion of the western termination of the Mason 
and Dixon line, although he was not a commis- 



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doner. He was made brigadier-general of Penn- 
sylvania militia in 1801, was subsequently major- 
general, and in 1809 appointed surveyor-general, 
and held this post until his death. Owing to the 
infirmities of age he declined the offices of briga- 
dier-general in the U. S. army and secretary of 
war in President Monroe's cabinet, which were 
offered him in 1812-'13.— His son, David Bitten- 
house, governor of Pennsylvania, b. near Norris- 
town, Montgomery co., Pa., 81 Oct, 1788; d. in 
Harrisburg, Pa., 6 Aug., 1867, was educated at 
Norristown academy, and, when his father was ap- 
pointed surveyor-general, became the tatter's sec- 
retary. He studied law, but abandoned it, owing 
to impaired health, and removed to Huntingdon 
county, where he engaged in the manufacture of 
iron, was interested in agriculture, and introduced 
a fine stock of cattle and horses into the country. 
He served in the legislature in 1819, was made 
prothonotary in 1821, state senator in 1836, and 
governor of Pennsylvania in 1888, under the new 
organization that went into effect in that year, 
and held this office until 1845. During his term 
the first great discussion upon the introduction of 
railroads took place in the state. He was active 
in suppressing riots in Philadelphia in 1844, and 
received a resolution of thanks from the city. 
Afterward he engaged in the manufacture of iron, 
and erected in Harrisburg the first anthracite fur- 
nace in that part of the state. — Another son, 
George Bryan, governor of Michigan, b. in Nor- 
ristown, Pa., 9 Feb., 1791 ; d. in Detroit, Mich., 18 
July, 1884, was graduated at the Litchfield law- 
school, Conn, practised law in Lancaster, Pa., 
served in the legislature, and was appointed in 
1882 governor of Michigan territory, wnich office 
he held until his death. — Another son, James 
Madison, jurist, b. in Selma, Pa., 6 Jan.. 1798 ; d. 
in Easton, Pa., 11 Nov., 1862, served as a volunteer 
in the war of 1812, studied law, was admitted to 
the bar in 1813, and settled in Easton, where he 
practised with success. He was a member of the 
Constitutional convention of Pennsylvania in 1838, 
and took an active part in its proceedings. He 
was appointed secretary of war in 1843, but was 
rejectee! by the senate, and returned to the practice 
of law in Easton. Mr. Porter was a founder of 
Lafayette college, Easton, in 1826, president of its 
board of trustees for twenty-five years, and lectured 
there on jurisprudence ana political economy. He 
served as president judge of the judicial districts 
in his county. — David Rittenhouse's son, William 
Augustus, jurist, b. in Huntingdon county, Pa., 
24 May, 1821 ; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 28 June, 
1886, was graduated at Lafayette college in 1839, 
studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1842, and 
became district attorney of Philadelphia. He was 
sheriff of that city in 1843, and solicitor in 1856. In 
1858 he was appointed judge of the supreme court 
of Pennsylvania, and in 1874 he became a judge of 
the court of Alabama claims in Washington, D. C. 
Jefferson college gave him the degree of LL. D. in 
1871. He was a contributor to the " American 
Law Magazine " and •* Law Journal," and published 
an " Essav on the Law pertaining to the Sheriff's 
Office " (1&49) ; and the " Life of Chief-Justice John 
B. Gibson " (Philadelphia, 1855).— Another son of 
David Rittenhouse, Horace, soldier b. in Hunting- 
don, Pa., 15 April, 1837, was educated in his native 
state, and afterward entered the Lawrence scien- 
tific school of Harvard, and while there was ap- 
pointed to the U. S. military academy, and gradu- 
ated in 1860. He was several months instructor of 
artillery at West Point, and was ordered to duty 
in the south at the beginning of the civil war. 



He was chief of artillery, and had charge of the 
batteries at the capture of Fort Pulaski, and par- 
ticipated in the assault on Secessionville, where he 
received a slight wound in the first attempt to 
take Charleston. He was on the staff of Gen. Mc- 
Clellan in July, 1862, and served with the Army of 
the Potomac until after the engagement at Antie- 
tam. In the beginning of the next year he was 
chief of ordnance on Gen. Rosecrans s staff, and 
went through the Chickamauga campaign with 
the Army of the Cumberland. When Grant had 
taken command in the east, Porter became aide- 
de-camp on his staff, with the rank of lieutenant- 
colonel, and later as colonel. He accompanied him 
through the Wilderness campaign and the siege of 
Richmond and Petersburg, and was present at the 
surrender at Appomattox. Afterward he made a 
series of tours of inspection, by Grant's direction, 
in the south and on the Pacific coast He was 
brevetted captain, major, and lieutenant-colonel 
for gallant and meritorious services at the siege 
of Fort Pulaski, the Wilderness, and Newmarket 
Heights respectively, and colonel and brigadier- 
general, U. S. army, for gallant and meritorious 
services during the war. He was assistant secre- 
tary of war while Grant was secretary ad interim, 
served as secretary to Grant during his first presi- 
dential term, and continued to be his intimate 
friend till the latter's death. He resigned from 
the army in 1873, and has since been interested in 
railroad affairs, acting as manager of the Pullman 
palace-car company and as president and director 
of several corporations. He was largely interested 
in building the West Shore railroad, of which he 
was the first president. Gen. Porter is the inventor 
of a water-gauge for steam-boilers and of the 
ticket-cancelling boxes that are used on the ele- 
vated railways in New York city. He has de- 
livered numerous lectures and addresses, made a 
wide reputation as an after-dinner speaker, has 
contributed frequently to magazines, and is the 
author of a book on " West Point Life " (New 
York, 1866). — George Bryan's son, Andrew, sol- 
dier, b. in Lancaster, Pa., 10 July, 1820; d. in 
Paris, France, 3 Jan., 1872, entered the U. S. mili- 
tary academy in 1836, but left in the following 
year. He was appointed 1st lieutenant of mounted 
rifles on 27 May, 1846, and served in the Mexican 
war. becoming captain on 15 May. 1847, and re- 
ceiving the brevet of major for gallant and meri- 
torious conduct at Contreras and Churubusco, and 
that -of lieutenant - colonel for Chapultepec, 13 
Sept., 1847. Afterward he served in Texas and in 
the southwest, and in 1860 was in command of 
Fort Craig. Va. At the opening of the civil war 
he was ordered to Washington, and promoted to 
command the 16th infantry. He had charge of a 
brigade at Bull Run, and, when Col. David Hun- 
ter was wounded, succeeded him in the command 
of the 2d division. On 17 May, 1861, he was ap- 
pointed brigadier-general of volunteers. Subse- 
auently he was provost-marshal-general for the 
Army of the Potomac, but after Gen. George B. 
McClellan's retreat from the Chlckahominy to 
James river he was relieved from duty with this 
army. In the autumn of 1862 he was ordered to 
Harrisburg, Pa., to assist in organizing and for- 
warding: troops, and in November of that year he 
was assigned to command in Pennsylvania, and 
charged with the duties of provost-marshal-gen- 
eral of Washington, where he was active in restor- 
ing order in the city and surrounding district He 
was mustered out on 4 April, 1864, and, owing to 
impaired health, resigned his commission on 20 
April, after which he travelled in Europe. 



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PORTER, Benjamin Curtis, artist, b. in Mel- 
rose, Mass., 27 Aug.. 1843. He has had no regular 
art instruction. For some years he gave much 
attention to figure-painting, accomplishing some 
notable work in that line, but subsequently he 
devoted himself entirely to portraiture, in 186? he 
first exhibited at the Academy of design, New York, 
and he was elected an associate in 1878 and acade- 
mician in 1880. He has made several trips to 
Europe, visiting and studying in England, Hol- 
land, France, and Italy. Besides his studio in 
Boston, he has had another for several years in 
New York during the winter. His works include 
" Henry V. and the Princess Kate " (1888) ; " The 
Mandolin-Player" and "Cupid with Butterflies" 
(1874); "The Hour-Glass" (1876); " Portrait of 
Lady, with Dog," in the Corcoran gallery, Wash- 
ington (1876) ; " Portrait of Boy with Dog " (1884) ; 
and numerous other portraits. 

PORTER, Benjamin Fickling, lawyer, b. in 
Charleston. S. C, in 1808. He was self-educated, 
and was admitted to the bar of Charleston at an 
early age, but afterward studied medicine, and 
practised in Alabama, where he removed in 1880. 
He returned to the law, was chosen to the legisla- 
ture in 1882, and became reporter of the state in 
1885. In 1840 he was elected to the bench, but 
doubted the constitutionality of his election and 
declined the office. He was frequently an orator 
on public occasions, contributed to periodicals, 
translated the "Elements of the Institutes" of 
Heineccius, and published "Reports of Supreme 
Court of Alabama " (9 vols., Tuscaloosa, 1885-'40) ; 
" Office of Executors and Administrators " (1842) ; 
and a collection of poems (Charleston). 

PORTER, David, clergyman, b. in Hebron, 
Conn., 27 May, 1761 ; d. in Catskill, N. Y., 7 Jan., 
1851. He served ten months in the Revolutionary 
army, was graduated at Dartmouth in 1784, and 
taught in Portsmouth, N. H., where he studied 
theology, and was licensed to preach. From 
1787 till 1808 he was pastor of a Congrega- 
tional church in Spencertown, N. Y., and from 
1803 till 1881 he had charge of the 1st Presby- 
terian church in Catskill, N. Y. Williams gave 
him the degree of D. D. in 1811. Dr. Porter pub- 
lished nine sermons (1801-*28), and " A Dissertation 
on Christian Baptism " (1809). 

PORTER, David, naval officer, b. in Boston, 
1 Feb., 1780; <L in Pera, near Constan- 
tinople, Turkey. 3 
March, 1848. Five 
generations of this 
family have served 
in the navy. His 
grandfather, Alex- 
ander, commanded 
a Boston merchant- 
ship, giving his aid 
to the colonies, and 
his father, Capt. Da- 
vid, with his brother 
Samuel, command- 
ed vessels commis- 
sioned by Gen. Wash- 
ington in the Conti- 
nental navy for the 
capture of snips car- 
rying stores to the 
British army, which 
was a perilous ser- 
vice, the patriots 
often fighting their 
In 1778 Capt David 
"Delight," of 6 guns, 




way to escape from the foe. 
Porter commanded the sloop 



fitted out in Maryland, and was active against the 
enemy, and in 1780 commanded the " Aurora," of 10 
guns, equipped in Massachusetts, but was captured 



which ne resided in Boston until he was appointed 
by Gen. Washington a sailing-master in the navy, 
having charge of the signal-station on Federal 
Hill, Baltimore, Md. One of his two sons, John, 
entered the naval service in 1806, and died in 1881, 
having attained the rank of commander. His other 
son, David, made voyages to the West Indies, and 
was twice impressed by British ships-of-war, but 
escaped and worked his passage home. On 16 
April, 1798, he was appointed midshipman in the 
U. S. frigate " Constellation," and participated in 
her action with the French frigate " Insurgente," 
on 9 Feb., 1799, receiving a prize for his service. 
He became lieutenant on 8 Oct., 1799, and served 
on the West India station. In January, 1800, his 
schooner, the "Experiment," while becalmed off 
the coast of Santo Domingo, with several merchant- 
men under her protection, was attacked by ten pic- 
aroon barges, but after a conflict of seven hours, 
in which Lieut. Porter was wounded, they with- 
drew. Subsequently this vessel had several suc- 
cessful affairs with privateers and captured the 
French schooner "Diane," of 14 guns and 60 
men. In August, 1801, the schooner " Enter- 
prise," of 12 guns, to which Porter was attached, 
fell in, off Malta, with a Tripolitan cruiser of 14 
guns, which surrendered after an engagement of 
three hours. While attached to the frigate " New 
York" he commanded a boat expedition which 
destroyed several feluccas in the harbor of Tripoli, 
and was again wounded. In October, 1808, he was 
captured in the frigate " Philadelphia" and im- 

Snsoned in Tripoli until peace was proclaimed. 
»n 20 April. 1806, he became master-commandant, 
and he was made captain on 2 July, 1812. At the 
beginning of the war of 1812 he sailed from New 
York in command of the frigate " Essex," of 82 
guns, carrying a flag with the words "Free- 
Trade and Sailors' Rights," and in a short cruise 
captured several British merchantmen and a 
transport that was bearing troops to Halifax. On 
13 Aug., 1812, he was attacked by the British 
armed ship " Alert," which, after an action of eight 
minutes, surrendered in a sinking condition. This 
was the first British war-vessel that was captured 
in the conflict. On 11 Dec he also took, near the 
equator, the British government packet " Nocton," 
with $50,000 in specie on board. He cruised in 
the South Atlantic and upon the coast of Brazil 
until January, 1813, when he determined to destroy 
the English whale-fishery in the Pacific, and sailed 
for Valparaiso, where he learned that Chili had be- 
come an independent state, and that the viceroy 
of Peru had sent out cruisers against those of the 
Americans. After refitting he went to sea, and on 
25 March captured the Peruvian privateer " Nerey- 
da," of 19 guns, which had taken two American 
whale-ships and had their crews on board as pris- 
oners. The latter were transferred to the " Essex," 
and the armament and ammunition of the " Nerey- 
da " were thrown overboard, when she was released. 
One of her prizes was recaptured shortly afterward 
and restored to her commander. After this Capt. 
Porter cruised about ten months in the Pacific, 
capturing a large number of British whaling-ships. 
The British loss was about $22600,000, with 400 
prisoners, and for the time the British whale-fish- 
eries in the Pacific were destroyed. The captured 
" Georgiana " was converted into a vessel of war 



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«01ed the "Essex Jr.," and cruised with the "Es- 
sex," under the command of Lieut John Downes. 
Having heard that the British government had 
sent out vessels under Capt James Hillyar, with 
orders to take the u Essex," Capt. Porter sailed to 
the Marquesas islands to refit, and on his way cap- 
tured other English vessels. He anchored in the 
Bay of Nukahivah, where the "Essex" was the 
first to carry the American flag, and named it 
Massachusetts bay. He assisted in subduing the 
hostile natives, and on 19 Nov., 1813, took posses- 
sion of the island in the name of the United States. 
On 3 Feb\, 1814, the " Essex" and the " Essex Jr." 
arrived at Valparaiso. On 8 Feb. the British frig- 
ate ** Phoebe," commanded by Capt James Hillyar, 
a personal friend of Capt Porter, and her consort 
the " Cherub," also arrived and anchored near the 
" Essex," and, after obtaining supplies, cruised oft* 
Valparaiso for six weeks. Porter determined to es- 
cape, and made sail for the open sea ; but a heavy 
squall disabled the " Essex," which was forced to 
return to harbor. The enemy, disregarding the 
neutrality of the harbor, followed, took position 
under her stern, and opened fire on 28 March, 1814. 
The " Essex " was of 860 tons, mounting 32 guns, 
with a crew of 255, while the " Phoebe " was of 960 
tons, mounting 53 guns, and had a crew of 820, and 
her consort, the "Cherub," which attacked the 
" Essex " on her starboard bow, carried 28 guns, 
18 thirty-two-pound carronades, and 2 long nines 
on the quarter-deck and forecastle, and a crew of 
180. Both ships had picked crews and were sent 
to the Pacific to destroy the ** Essex." Their flags 
bore the motto '* God and country, British sailors' 
best rights : traitors offend both. In reply Capt 
Porter wrote at his mizzen, " God, our country, and 
liberty; tyrants offend them." The "Essex Jr." 
took no part in the action, her armament being 
too light to be of service. The engagement, which 
was one of the most desperate ana remarkable in 
naval history, lasted two hours and thirty minutes, 
and, except the few minutes they were repairing 
damages, the firing was incessant. The "Essex 
ran out three long guns at the stern ports, which 
in half an hour forced her antagonist to retire for 
repairs. The " Phoebe " was armed with guns of 
long range, while those of the " Essex " were mostly 
carronades. Capt Hillyar therefore drew off to a 
distance where he was beyond the fire of the •* Es- 
sex," and then kept his guns steadily at work till the 
" Essex " became a helpless wreck and surrendered, 
having suffered a heavy loss of men. Capt Porter 
and Lieut Stephen Decatur MacKnight were the 
only commissioned officers that remained unhurt. 
The latter, who was exchanged with others for a 
part of the " Sir Andrew Hammond's " crew, sailed 
in a Swedish brig, bound for England, and was lost 
at sea. Porter wrote to the secretary of the navy : 
" We have been unfortunate, but not disgraced." 
From the " Tagus," which arrived a few days after 
Porter's capture, he learned that other ships were 
cruising in search of the " Essex." to possess which 
cost the British government nearly $2,000,000. 
The "Essex Jr." Drought the survivors to the 
United States. At Sandy Hook they fell in with 
the British ship-of-war " The Saturn/' under Capt 
Nash, who at first treated the crew with civility, 
but afterward examined their passport and de- 
tained the "Essex Jr.," declanng Capt Porter 
a prisoner and no longer under parole to Capt. 
Hulyar. Early on the following day Capt. Por- 
ter escaped, leaving a message that "most Brit- 
ish officers were not only destitute of honor, but 
regardless of the honor of each other; that he was 
armed, and prepared to defend himself against his 



boats, if sent in pursuit of him ; and that he must 
be met if met at all, by an enemy." With much 
difficulty he reached Babylon, L. 1., and on arriv- 
ing in Kew York was received with distinction, and 
was given the thanks of congress and of several 
state legislatures. The ** Essex Jr." was condemned 
and sold on her arrival in New York. From April, 
1815, till December, 1828, Capt Porter was a mem- 
ber of the board of navy commissioners, which post 
he resigned to command the expedition called the 
Mosquito fleet that was fitted out against pirates in 
the West Indies. A depot was established at Thomp- 
son island, near Key West, and a system of cruising 
was arranged. In October, 1824, upon evidence 
that valuable goods had been stored by pirates at 
Foxardo, Porto Rico, Com. Porter despatched the 
" Beagle " to investigate the matter ; but the com- 
manding officer, on landing, was arrested and 
thrown into prison on the charge of being a pirate. 
Com. Porter then sailed for the island, landed a force 
of 200 men, and demanded an apology, which was 
promptly given. The government deeming that 
he had exceeded his powers, brought him before a 
court-martial, and he was sentenced to suspension 
for six months. He resigned his commission on 18 
Aug., 1826, and entered the service of Mexico as com- 
mander-in-chief of the naval forces of that country. 
He remained in this service until 1829, when he re- 
turned to the United States, having been treated 
treacherously by the Mexican officials. He was 
afterward appointed consul-general to the Barbary 
states, from which post he was transferred to Con- 
stantinople as charge d'affaires, and was made min- 
ister resident there in 1831, which office he held un- 
til his death. He was buried in the grounds of the 
naval asylum in Philadelphia. It is a singular fact 
that the' two most distinguished officers of the U. S. 
navy fought their first battles under his command 
— his son, David D., and David G. Farragut (q. v.), 
the latter of whom he adopted in 1809. Com. Por- 
ter was the author of " Journal of a Cruise made to 
the Pacifick Ocean in the U. S. Frigate * Essex ' in 
1812-'18-'14." illustrated with his own drawings 
(2 vols., Philadelphia, 1815 ; 2d ed.. New York, 1822), 
and "Constantinople and its Environs," by an 
American long resident (2 vols., 1835). See " Trial 
of Commodore David Porter before a Court-Mar- 
tial " (Washington, 1825). His life was written by 
his son (Albany, 1875).— His son, William David, 
b. in New Orleans, La., 10 March, 1809 ; d. in New 
York city, 1 May, 1864, was educated in Phila- 
delphia, and appointed to the U. S. navy from 
Massachusetts as midshipman on 1 Jan., 18«3. He 
became lieutenant on 31 Dec. 1833, served on the 
" Franklin," " Brandywine," " Natchez," " Experi- 
ment," " United States," and " Mississippi," and in 
1843 was assigned to the home squadron. He com- 
manded the store-ship " Erie " in 1849, and, in 
1851, the " Waterwitch." On 13 Sept, 1855. he was 
placed on the reserved list, but he was restored to 
active duty as commander on 14 Sept, 1859. At 
the beginning of the civil war he was serving on 
the U. S. sloop " St Mary's," in the Pacific. He was 
ordered to the Mississippi to assist in fitting out 
the gun-boat flotilla witn which he accompanied 
Cora. Andrew H. Foote up Tennessee river, and 
commanded the " Essex," which he had named for 
his father's ship, in the attack on Fort Henry, 6 
Feb., 1862, during which engagement he was scalded 
and temporarily blinded by steam from a boiler 
that had been pierced by shot. He also commanded 
the "Essex" in the battle of Fort Donelson, 14 
Feb., 1862, and fought in the same vessel past the 
batteries on the Mississippi to join the fleet at 
Vicksburg. He attacked the Confederate ram 



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"Arkansas" above Baton Rouge, 15 July, 1862, 
and disabled her, and her magazine shortly after- 
ward exploded. He was made commodore on 16 
July, 1862, and then bombarded Natchez, and at- 
tacked the Vicksburg batteries and Port Hudson. 
Subsequently he served but little, owing to impaired 
health. He had two sons in the Confederate ser- 
vice, — Another son, David Dixon, naval officer, b. 
in Chester, Delaware co., Pa., 8 June, 1813, studied 
in Columbian college, Washington, D. C, in 1824, 
accompanied his father in the *• John Adams " to 
suppress piracy in the West Indies, was appointed 
midshipman in the Mexican navy, and served un- 
der his cousin, Capt. David H. Porter, in the 
" Guerrero," which sailed from Vera Cruz in 1827, 
and had a rough experience with a Spanish frigate, 
M La Lealtad, Capt. Porter being killed in the ac- 
tion. David D. entered the U. S. navy as midship- 
man on 2 Feb., 1829, cruised in the Mediterranean, 
and then served on the coast survey until he was 
promoted to lieutenant, 27 Feb., 1841. He was in 
the Mediterranean and Brazilian waters until 1845, 
when he was appointed to the naval observatory in 
Washington, and in 1846 he was sent by the gov- 
ernment on a secret mission to Hayti, anil reported 
on the condition of affairs there. He served dur- 
ing the entire Mexican war, had charge of the na- 
val rendezvous in New Orleans, and was engaged 
in every action on the coast, first as lieutenant and 
afterward as commanding officer of the •* Spitfire." 
Subsequently he returned to the coast survey, and, 
on the discovery of gold in California, obtained a 
furlough and commanded the California mail- 
steamers •* Panama " and •* Georgia " between New 
York and the Isthmus of Panama. At the begin- 
ning of the civil war he was ordered to command 
the steam frigate "Powhatan," which was de- 
spatched to join the Gulf blockading squadron at 
rensacola, and to aid in re-enforcing Fort Pickens. 
On 22 April, 1861, he was appointed commander, 
and subsequently he was placed in command of the 
mortar fleet, consisting of 21 schooners, each car- 
rying a 13-inch mortar, and, with 5 steamers as 
convoys, joined Farragut's fleet in March, 1862, 
and bombarded Fort Jackson and Fort St. Philip, 
below New Orleans, from 18 till 24 April, 1862, dur- 
ing which engagement 20,000 bombs were exploded 
in the Confederate works. Farragut, having de- 
stroyed the enemy's fleet of fifteen vessels, left the 
reduction of these forts to Porter, and they sur- 
rendered on 28 April, 1862. He assisted Farragut 
in all the latter's operations between New Orleans 
and Vicksburg, where he effectively bombarded the 
forts and enabled the fleet to pass in safety. In- 
forming the secretary of the navy of the surrender 
of Vicksburg, Admiral Poller writes : •' The navy 
has necessarily performed a less conspicuous part 
in the capture of Vicksburg than the army; still it 
has been employed in a manner highly creditable 
to all concerned. The gun-boats have been con- 
stantly below Vicksburg in shelling the works, and 
with success co-operating heartily with the left 
wing of the army. The mortar-boats have been 
at work for forty-two days without intermission, 
throwing shells into all parts of the city, even 
reaching the works in the rear of Vicksburg and in 
front of our troops, a distance of three miles. . . . 
I stationed the smaller class of gun-boats to keep 
the banks of the Mississippi clear of guerillas, who 
were assembling in force and with a large number 
of cannon to block up the river and cut off the 
transports bringing down supplies, re-enforcements, 
and ammunition for the army. Though the rebels 
on several occasions built batteries, and with a large 
force attempted to sink or capture the transports, 



they never succeeded, but were defeated by the gun- 
boats with severe loss on all occasions." While 
the Confederates were making efforts to repair the 
*' Indianola," which they had captured, Com. Porter 
fitted an old scow to look like one of his u turtle " 
gun-boats, with two canoes for quarter-boats, a 
smoke-stack of pork-barrels, and mud furnaces in 
which fire was kindled. This was called the " Tur- 
reted Monster" and set adrift with ho one on 
board. A tremendous cannonade from the Con- 
federate batteries failed to stop her, and the au- 
thorities at Vicksburg hastily destroyed the " In- 
dianola," while the supposed monitor drifted for an 
hour amid a rain of snot before the enemy discov- 
ered the trick. In July, Commander Porter was 
ordered with his mortar flotilla to Fort Monroe, 
where he resigned charge of it, and was ordered to 
command the Mississippi squadron, as acting rear- 
admiral, in September, 1862. He improvised a 
navy-yard at Mound City, increased the number of 
his squadron, which consisted of 125 vessels, and, in 
co-operation with Gen. Sherman's army, captured 
Arkansas Post in January, 1863. For his services at 
Vicksburg Porter received the thanks of congress 
and the commission of rear-admiral, dated 4 July, 

1863. Soon afterward he ran past the batteries 
of Vicksburg and captured the Confederate forts 
at Grand Gulf, which put him into communication 
with Gen. Grant, who, on 18 May, by means of the 
fleet, placed himself in the rear of Vicksburg, and 
from that time the energies of the army and navy 
were united to capture that stronghold,* which was 
accomplished on 4 July, 1863. On 1 Au£., 1863, he 
arrivea in New Orleans in his flag-ship "Black 
Hawk," accompanied by the gun-boat "Tuscum- 
bia," and during the remainder of 1863 his squad- 
ron was employed to keep the Mississippi river 
open. In the spring of 1864 he co-operated with 
Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks in the unsuccessful Red 
river expedition, and through the skill of Lieut- 
Col. Joseph Bailey (q. v.) the fleet was saved. In 
October, 1864. he was transferred to the North At- 
lantic squadron, which embraced within its limits 
the Cape Fear river and the port of Wilmington, 
N. C. He appeared at Fort Fisher on 24 Dec., 

1864, with 35 regular cruisers, 5 iron-clads, and a 
reserve of 19 vessels, and began to bombard the 
forts at the mouth of Cape 1* ear river. •• In one 
hour and fifteen minutes after the first shot was 
fired," says Admiral Porter. * 4 not a shot came from 
the fort. Two magazines had been blown up by 
our shells, and the fort set on fire in several places, 
and such a torrent of missiles was falling into and 
bursting over it that it was impossible for any 
human being to stand it. Finding that the bat- 
teries were silenced completely, I directed the ships 
to keep up a moderate fire, in hope of attracting 
the attention of the transports ana bringing them 
in." After a reconnoissance. Gen. Benjamin F. 
Butler, who commanded the military force, decided 
that Fort Fisher was substantially uninjured and 
could not be taken by assault, and returned with 
his command to Hampton Roads, Va. Admiral 
Porter requested that tne enterprise should not be 
abandoned, and a second military force of about 
8,500 men, commanded by Gen. Alfred H. Terry 
(a. t\), arrived off Fort Fisher on 13 Jam, 1865. 
This fleet was increased during the bombardment 
by additional land and naval forces, and, after seven 
hours of desperate fighting, the works were cap- 
tured on 15 Jan., 1865, by a combined body of sol- 
diers, sailors, and marines. According to Gen. 
Grant, •* this was the most formidable armada ever 
collected for concentration upon one given point" 

i Rear-Admiral Porter received a vote of thanks 



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PORTER 



PORTER 



from congress, which wis the fourth that he re- 
ceived during the war, including the general one 
for the capture of New Orleans. He was promoted 
rice-admiral on 25 July, 1866. and served as super- 
intendent of the U. S. naval academy till 1869, 
when he was detailed for duty in the navy depart- 
ment in Washington. On 15 Aug., 1870, he was 
appointed admiral of the navy, which rank he now 
(1888) holds. He is the author of a " Life of Com- 
modore David Porter*' (Albany, 1875); a romance 
entitled " Allan Dare and Robert le Diable" (New 
York, 1885), which has been dramatised, and was 
produced in New York in 1887 ; " Incidents and 
Anecdotes of the Civil War " (1885) ; " Harry Mar- 
line " (1880) : and " History of the Navy in the War 
of the Rebellion " (New York, 1887).— Another son, 
Theodorlo Henry, soldier, b. in Washington, D. C, 
10 Aug., 1817; d. in Texas in March, 1846, was ap- 
pointed a cadet at West Point, resigning after two 
years. He was appointed by President Jackson 3d 
lieutenant in the 4th infantry, served under Gen. 
Zachary Taylor at the beginning of the war with 
Mexico, and: was the first American officer killed in 
the conflict, having been sent with twelve men on 
a scouting expedition near Fort Brown on the Rio 
Grande, where he was surrounded by a large force 
of Mexican cavalry. The commanding officer called 
upon Lieut Porter to surrender, which he refused, 
and was cut to pieces, only one of his escort escap- 
ing^ Another son, Henry Ogden, naval officer, b. 
in Washington, D. C, in 1838 ; <L in Baltimore, Md., 
in 1872, was appointed midshipman in 1840, resign- 
ing in 1847. He served in one of Walker's expedi- 
tions to Central America, where he fought bravely, 
and was wounded several times. Afterward he was 
appointed lieutenant in the U. S. revenue marine, 
and during the civil war was made acting master in 
the navy, 34 April, 1863, serving as executive officer 
on the " Hatteras " when that vessel was sunk by the 
Confederate steamer " Alabama." He died from the 
effect of his wounds.— Com. David's nephew, David 
H., naval officer, b. in New Castle, Del., in 1804 ; d. 
near Havana, Cuba, in March, 1828, entered the U. S. 
navy as midshipman on 4 Aug., 1814, became lieu- 
tenant on 18 Jan.. 1835, and resigned on 36 July, 
1836. He joined his uncle while commander-in- 
chief of the Mexican navy, and in 1837 sailed in 
command of the brig ** Guerrero," built by Henry 
Eckford. of New York, taking this vessel to Vera 
Crux. He fell in with a fleet of 50 merchant ves- 
sels, fifteen miles below Havana, sailing under con- 
voy of two Spanish war-vessels, carrying together 
80 guns. Driving them into the port of Little 
Mariel, after a conflict of two hours ne silenced the 
fire of the two brigs, cutting them severely, and 
sunk a number of the convoy. A twenty-four- 
pound shot from a battery on shore cut the cable 
of the " Guerrero," and the vessel drifted on shore, 
and went afterward to sea to repair damages. In 
the mean time she was attacked by the " Lealtad," 
of 64 guns, and after a very severe engagement, 
lasting two hours and a quarter, in which Capt 
Porter was killed, eighty of his officers and men 
being either killed or wounded, the masts and sails 
of the " Guerrero " all shot away and the hull rid- 
dled, the "Guerrero" was surrendered and taken 
into Havana. — David Dixon's cousin, Fits-John, 
soldier, b. in Portsmouth, N. H., 18 June, 1833, is the 
son of Commander John Porter, of the U. 8. navy. 
He studied at Phillips Exeter academy, was gradu- 
ated at the U. S. military academy in 1845, and as- 
signed to the 4th artillery, in which he became 3d 
lieutenant, 18 June, 1846. He served in the Mexi- 
can war, was commissioned 1st lieutenant on 39 May, 
and received the brevet of captain on 8 Sept., 1847, 




for services at Molino del Rey, and that of major 
for Chapultepec During the assault on the city of 
Mexico ne was wounded at Belen gate. Afterward 
he was on garrison duty until 9 July, 1849, when 
he was appointed assistant instructor of artillery at 
West Point He became adjutant there in 1858-'4> 
and was instructor of 
artillery and cavalry 
from 1 May, 1854, till 
11 Sept, 1855. In 1856 
he was appointed as- 
sistant adjutant - gen- 
eral with the rank of 
captain, and he served 
under Gen. Albert Sid- 
ney Johnston in the 
Utah expedition of 
1857-'60. In 1860 he 
became assistant in- 
spector-general, with 
headquarters in New 
York city, and super- 
intended the protec- 
tion of the railroad be- 
tween Baltimore and 
Harrisburg during the 
Baltimore riots. When 
communication was in- 
terrupted with Washington at the breaking out of 
the civil war, he assumed the responsibility of reply- 
ing in the affirmative to telegrams from Missouri 
asking permission to muster troops for the protec- 
tion of that state. His act was approved by the war 
department During this period he also organized 
volunteers in Pennsylvania. On 14 May, 1861, he 
became colonel of the 15th infantry, a new regiment 
and on 17 May, 1861, he was made brigadier-general 
of volunteers, and assigned to duty in Washington. 
In 1863 he participated in the Virginia peninsular 
campaign, served during the siege of Yorktown 
from 5 April till 4 May, 1863, and upon its evacua- 
tion was governor of that place for a short time. 
He was given command of the 5th corps, which 
formed the right wing of the army and fought the 
battles of Mechanicsvule, 36 June, 1862, and Gaines's 
Mills, 37 June, 1863. At Malvern Hill, 1 July, 
1863, he commanded the left flank, which mainly 
resisted the assaults of that day. He received the 
brevet of brigadier-general in the regular army 
for gallant and meritorious conduct at the bat- 
tle of Chickahominy, Va., 37 June, 1863. He was 
made major-general of volunteers, 4 July, 1863. and 
temporarily attached to Gen. John Pope's Army of 
Virginia. His corps, although ordered to advance, 
was unable to move forward at the second bat- 
tle of Bull Run, 39 Aug., 1863, but in the afternoon 
of the 80th it was actively engaged, and to its 
obstinate resistance it is mainly due that the de- 
feat was not a total rout Charges were brought 
against him for his inaction on the first day. and 
he was deprived of his command, but was restored 
to duty at the request of Gen. George B. McClellan, 
and took part in the Maryland campaign. On 37 
Nov., 1863, Gen. Porter was arraigned before a 
court-martial in Washington, charged with dis- 
obeying orders at the second battle of Bull Run, 
and on 31 Jan., 1868, he was cashiered, " and for- 
ever disqualified from holding any office of trust 
or profit under the government of the United 
States, for violation of the 9th and 53d articles of 
war." The justice of this verdict has been the sub- 
ject of much controversy. Gen. Porter made sev- 
eral appeals for a reversal of the decision of the 
court-martial, and numerous petitions to open the 
case were addressed to the president during the 



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succeeding eighteen years, as well as memorials 
from various legislatures, and on 28 Dec, 1882, a 
bill for his relief was presented in the senate, under 
the action of an advisory board appointed by Presi- 
dent Hayes, consisting of Gen. John M. Scnofield, 
Gen. Alfred H. Terry, and Gen. George W. Getty. 
On 4 May, 1882, the president remitted so much of 
the sentence of the court-martial as forever dis- 
qualified Gen. Porter from holding any office of 
trust or profit under the government ; but the bill 
for his relief failed in its passage. A technical ob- 
jection caused President Arthur to veto a similar 
bill that was passed by the 48th congress, but 
another was passed subsequently which was signed 
by President Cleveland, and he was restored to the 
U. S. army as colonel on 7 Aug., 1886. (Jen. Grant, 
after his term of service as president had ended, 
though he had refused many petitions to open the 
case, studied it more thoroughly, and published his 
conclusions in December, 1882, in an article en- 
titled " An Undeserved Stigma," in which he said 
that he was convinced of Gen. Porter's innocence. 
After leaving the army, Gen. Porter engaged in 
business in New York city, was subsequently 
superintendent of the New .Jersey asylum for the 
insane, and in February, 1875, was made commis- 
sioner of public works. In 1884 he became police 
commissioner, which office he held until 1888. In 
1860 the khedive of Egypt offered him the post of 
commander of his army, with the rank of major- 
general, which he declined. 

PORTER, Eliphalet, clergyman, b. in North 
Bridgewater, Mass., 11 June, 1768 ; d. in Roxbury, 
Mass., 7 Dec., 1838. His father, John (1715-1802), 
was graduated at Harvard in 1736, was pastor of 
the 1st Congregational church of North Bridge- 
water from 1740 till his death, and published sev- 
eral controversial pamphlets in defence of Calvin- 
ism. The son was graduated at Harvard in 1777, 
studied theology with his father, and was ordained 
over the Congregational society of Roxbury on 2 
Oct, 1782, where he continued until his death. In 
1830 Rev. George Putnam was associated with him 
in his pastorate. He was a member of the Academy 
of arts and sciences, an overseer of Harvard and a 
member of its corporation, an original trustee of 
the Massachusetts Bible society, and a founder of 
the State temperance society. Harvard gave him 
the degree of D. D. in 1807. He published several 
sermons, and a " Eulogy on Washington " (1800). 

PORTER. George W., soldier, b. about 1806; 
<L in Memphis, Tenn., 7 Nov., 1856. He was a 
lieutenant in the 88th U. S. infantry from May, 
1814, till June, 1815, and made many valuable in- 
ventions, including the Porter rifle. 

PORTER, James, clergyman, b. in Middle- 
borough, Mass., 21 March, 1808; d. in Brooklyn, 
N. T., 16 April, 1888. At the age of sixteen he 
entered a cotton-factory in his native town with 
the intention of learning the business of a manu- 
facturer, but three years later he determined to 
study for the ministry. He attended the Kent's 
Hill seminary at Reaafleld, Me., and at the age of 
twenty-two was admitted a member of the New 
England conference of the Methodist Episcopal 
church. During the early period of his ministry 
Dr. Porter held many pastorates in and near Bos- 
ton. For several years he was a presiding elder 
of the conference, and from 1844 till 1872 lie was 
a delegate to the general conference. From 1852 
till 1855 he was a member of the board of over- 
seers of Harvard, being the first Methodist clergy- 
man to hold that office. From 1855 till 1871 he 
was trustee of Wesley an university, which con- 
ferred upon him the degree of A. M. In 1856 he 



was elected one of the book agents in New York 
city, having in charge the Methodist book concern, 
which office he held for twelve years. From 1868 
till 1882 he was secretary of the National temper- 
ance society, and he was also one of the earlier 
members of the New England anti-slavery society. 
He was closely connected with the abolition move- 
ment, and was at one time in danger from the mob 
while delivering a speech in Boston upon the sub- 
ject He was a preacher of the old school, collo- 
?uial in manner, but of commanding presence, 
n 1856 he received the degreee of D.D. from 
McKendrick college, Illinois. Besides contributing 
frequently to various periodicals, Dr. Porter pub- 
lished " Camp Meetings Considered " (New York, 
1849) ; " Chart of Life * (1855) ; " True Evangelist " 
(I860); "The Winning Worker; or the Possibili- 
ties, Duty, and Methods of Doing Good to Men " 
(1874); *• Compendium of Methodism" (1875); 
" History of Methodism " (1876) ; " Revival of Re- 
ligion " (1877) ; " Hints to Self-educated Ministers, 
etc." (1879); " Christianity Demonstrated by Ex- 
perience, etc" (1882); " Self- Reliance Encouraged, 
etc." (1887) ; and " Commonplace Book." 

PORTER, James Davis, governor of Tennes- 
see, b. in Paris, Henry co., Tenn., 7 Dec, 1828. He 
was graduated at the University of Nashville in 
1846, studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1851, 
and practised his profession. He was elected to the 
legislature in 1859, and served through the civil 
war in the Confederate army as adjutant on the 
staff of Gen. Benjamin F. Cheatham, after which he 
resumed the practice of law, was a delegate to the 
Constitutional convention of Tennessee in 1870, and 
in that year was elected circuit judge for the 12th 
judicial circuit of the state, which post he resigned 
in 1874. From 1874 till 1879 he was governor of 
Tennessee. In 1880 he was chairman of the Tennes- 
see delegation to the Democratic national conven- 
tion, and from that year till 1884 he was president of 
the Nashville, Chattanooga, and St. Louis railroad 
company. In 1885-'7 he was assistant secretary of 
state. Gov. Porter is vice-president of the Tennes- 
see historical society for west Tennessee, a trustee 
of the Peabody fund, and is president of the board 
of trustees of the University of Nashville, from 
which he received the degree of LL. D. in 1879. 

PORTER, John Addison, chemist, b. in Cats- 
kill, N. Y M 15 March, 1822; d. in New Haven, 
Conn., 25 Aug., 1866. He was graduated at Yale 
in 1842, and after further study in Philadelphia 
became in 1844 tutor and then professor of rhetoric 
at Delaware college in Newark, Del. In 1847 he 
went abroad and studied agricultural chemistry for 
three years under Liebig. at the University of 
Giessen. On his return to the United States he 
was assistant at the Lawrence scientific school of 
Harvard for a few months, but in 1850 he was ap- 
pointed professor of chemistry applied to the arts 
at Brown, and in 1852 he was called to succeed 
Prof. John P. Norton in the chair of agricultural 
chemistry in Yale (now Sheffield) scientific school. 
In 1856 he was given charge of the department of 
organic chemistry, and so continued until 1864, 
when failing health led to his resignation. Prof. 
Porter was particularly interested in the welfare of 
the scientific school, and did much to ensure its 
success. He married a daughter of Joseph E. 
Sheffield (q. v.), and his influence and efforts were 
potent toward securing the generous donation from 
the latter that resulted in placing the school on a 
firm financial basis. The present great interest in 
obtaining a knowledge of scientific agriculture is 
largely the outcome of his work. Prof. Porter was 
a member of scientific societies, and contributed va- 



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nous papers to the " American Journal of Science." 
He also established the " Connecticut War Record/' 
a monthly periodical, devoted to the publication of 
news from the Connecticut regiments at the front 
during the civil war. Prof. Porter published 
"Principles of Chemistry" (New York, 1856); 
" First Book of Chemistry and Allied Sciences " 
(1857); and "Selections from the Kalevala, the 
Great Finnish Epic" (1888). In 1871 the Scroll 
and key society of Yale, of which he was a founder 
in 1842, established in his memory the John A. 
Porter university prize of $250, which is awarded 
annually for the best essay on a given subject, and 
is the only prize open to all the members of Yale 
university. — His son, John Addison, journalist, 
b. in New Haven, Conn., 17 April, 1856, was gradu- 
ated at Yale in 1878, and has been connected with 
various journals. He has contributed to periodi- 
cals, and published monographs on " The Corpora- 
tion of Yale College" (Washington, 1885), and 
" Administration of City of Washington " (1885) ; 
and a volume of " Sketches of Yale Life " (1886). 

PORTER, Joshua, physician, b. in Lebanon, 
Conn,, in 1730 ; d. in Salisbury, Conn., 12 Sept., 
1825. He was graduated at Yale in 1754, studied 
medicine, and practised in Salisbury. He served 
in the state assembly before the Revolution, and 
was one of the committee of the pay table, and 
colonel of state militia. He was agent to super- 
intend the manufacture of the first home-made 
cannon-balls that were used during the war. At 
the battle of Saratoga, owing to the scarcity of offi- 
cers, he led a regiment as a volunteer, and he at- 
tended the wounded after the fight. For more 
than fifty years he held local offices of trust in 
Connecticut.— His son, Peter Buel, soldier, b. in 
Salisbury, Conn., 4 Aug., 1773; d. in Niagara Falls, 
N. Y., 20 March, 1844, was graduated at Yale in 
1791, and, after studying at Litchfield law-school, 
began practice at Canandaigua, N. Y., in 1795, 
and afterward removed to Black Rock, Niagara 
county. He was elected to congress in 1808 as a 
Democrat, and as chairman of the committee on 
foreign relations prepared and introduced the cele- 
brated report in 1811 that recommended war with 
Great Britain. Upon the opening of hostilities he 
resigned his seat in congress, and became an active 
participant in the contest He declined a general's 
commission, and subsequently accepted the com- 
mand of a body of volunteer troops from Penn- 
sylvania and New York, in connection with In- 
dian warriors from the Six Nations. His operations 
were chiefly in west- 
ern New York and 
on the Canada side of 
the Niagara. When 
Black Rock, after- 
ward part of Buffalo. 
fell into the hands of 
the British in 1818, 
Gen. Porter's house 
became the headquar- 
ters of the enemy, 
and he rallied a force 
and expelled them, 
mortallv wounding 
Col. Bishop, the com- 
mander. He was en- 
gaged in Gen. Alex- 
ander Smyth's at- 
tempt to invade Can- 
ada, and his remarks 
on its conduct led to 
a duel between him and Smyth. He exhibited 
"great personal gallantry" at the battle of Chip- 



2/3. fry**,. 



pewa, and led the volunteers in the successful en- 
gagement at Lundy's Lane, 25 July, 1814. where 
Gen. Scott was in command. At the siege of Fort 
Erie he led a brilliant sortie. For his military 
services he received a gold medal from congress, 
and a sword from the legislature of New York. In 
1815 President Madison appointed him commander- 
in-chief of the army; out he declined, and he 
served again in congress from December, 1815, till 
his resignation in the following year. He was one 
of the earliest projectors of the Erie canal, and was 
appointed, with Gouverneur Morris and De Witt 
Clinton, on the commission to explore the route. 
In 1816 he was appointed a commissioner for de- 
termining the northwestern boundary, and in 1828 
he was made secretary of war by President Adams. 
—Peter Buel's grandson, Peter Augustus, soldier, 
b. in Black Rock, N. Y., in 1827; killed in the bat- 
tle of Cold Harbor, Va., 3 June, 1864, was gradu- 
ated at Harvard in 1845, and subsequently studied 
in the universities of Heidelberg and Berlin. He 
was a member of the New York legislature in 1862, 
and in that year he raised a regiment, afterward 
consolidated with the 8th New York artillery, was 
placed in command, and served on garrison duty. 
When he was offered the nomination for secretary 
of state of New York on the Republican ticket in 
1868, he declined to leave the army. He was or- 
dered to the field in May. 1864, participated in the 
battles of Spottsylvama and Totopotomoy. and 
fell while storming a breastwork at Cold Harbor. — 
Peter Buel's nephew. Augustas Steele, senator, b. 
in Canandaigua, N. Y., 18 Jan., 1798; d. in Niag- 
ara Falls, N. Y., 18 Sept., 1872, was graduated at 
Union college in 1818, studied law in Canandaigua, 
and settled in Black Rock, N. Y., and afterward in 
Detroit, Mich. He became mayor of that city in 
1836, was elected to the U. S. senate as a Whig in 
1838, served one term, and in 1848 removed to 
Niagara Falls, N. Y. He was a delegate to the 
Union convention in 1866. 

PORTER, Lydia Ann Emerson, author, b. in 
Newburyport, Mass., 14 Oct., 1816. She is a second 
cousin of Ralph W. Emerson, and was educated at 
the Ipswich female academy from 1829 till 1832, 
then taught in Royalton, Vt., and in 1834 estab- 
lished a school in Springfield, Vt. In 1836 she be- 
came principal of Putnam female seminary, in 
Zanesville, Onio, and she subseouently took charge 
of the female department of Delaware academy, 
Newark, Ohio. In 1841 she married Charles E. 
Porter, of Springfield, Vt, and she has since re- 
sided in that town. Mrs. Porter is the author of 
'• Uncle Jerry's Letters to Young Mothers " (Bos- 
ton. 1854) and " The Lost Will " (1860), and several 
Sunday-school books. 

PORTER, Moses, soldier, b. in Danvers, Mass., 
in 1755 ; d. in Cambridge, Mass., 14 April, 1822. 
He entered the Revolutionary army as a lieuten- 
ant in Capt. Samuel R. Trevett's artillery, 19 May, 
1775, served at Bunker Hill and through the war, 
and was one of the few old officers that were se- 
lected for the peace establishment in 1794. He be- 
came lieutenant of artillery, 29 Sept., 1789, and 
captain in November, 1791, and served under Gen. 
Anthony Wayne in the expedition against the 
northwestern Indians in 1794. He was appointed 
major of the 1st artillery on 26 May, 1800, colonel 
of light artillery 12 March, 1812, accompanied Gen. 
James Wilkinson's army to Canada, commanded 
the artillery, and served with credit at the capture 
of Fort George, 27 May, 1813. He was brevetted 
brigadier-general on 10 Sept., 1813, and ordered to 
the defence of Norfolk, Va., in 1814. He became 
colonel of the 1st artillery in May, 1821. 



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PORTER, Noah, clergyman, b. in Farmington, 
Conn., in December, 1781 ; d. there, 24 Sept, 1866. 
His ancestors, Robert and Thomas Porter, settled 
in Farmington in 1640. He was graduated at 
Yale with the highest honor in 1803, and was 
ordained pastor of the Congregational church in 
his native town, which charge he held until his 
death. For many years he was a member of the 
corporation of Yale. Dartmouth gave him the de- 
gree of S. T. D. in 1828. He published occasion- 
al sermons in the ** National rreacher," a " Half- 
Century Discourse," in the fiftieth vear of his 
ministry, and contributed to the ** Christian Spec- 
tator." His ** Memoir" was written by his son, 
Noah. — His son, Samuel, educator of the deaf 
and dumb, b. in Farmington, Conn., 12 Jan., 
1810, was graduated at Yale in 1829. He was in- 
structor of the deaf and dumb in the Hartford in- 
stitution from 1882 till 1836, and again from 1846 
till 1860, also holding the same office in the New 
York institution in l&43-'6. From 1866 till 1884 he 
was professor of mental science and English phi- 
lology in the National deaf-mute college in Wash- 
ington, D. ft, and is now (1888) professor emeri- 
tus. He has made a 
special study of pho- 
netics, was editor of 
the •* American An- 
nals of the Deaf and 
Dumb" from 1854 till 
1860, and has pub- 
lished " The Vowel 
Elements in Speech, a 
Phonological and Phi- 
lological Essay" (New 
York, 1867), and nu- 
merous articles, includ- 
ing "Is Thought pos- 
sible without Lan- 
guage," in the " Prince- 
ton Review" (1881).— 
Another son, Noah, 
educator, b. in Far- 
mington, Conn., 14 
Dec, 1811. was gradu- 
ated at Yale in 1831, became master of Hopkins 
grammar-school in New Haven, and was tutor at 
Yale in 1883-'5. during which time he studied the- 
ology. He was pastor of Congregational churches 
in New Milford, Conn., from 1836 till 1843, and in 
Springfield, Mass., from 1843 till 1846. Mr. Porter 
was then appointed professor of moral philosophy 
and metaphysics at Yale, which chair he still (1888) 
holds. In 1871 he succeeded Theodore D. Woolsey 
as president of Yale, which post he held till his 
resignation in 1886. During President Porter's ad- 
ministration the progress of the college was marked. 
Some of its finest buildings were erected in this 
period, including the art-school, the Peabody mu- 
seum, the new theological halls, the Sloane physi- 
cal laboratory, the Battell chapel, and one of the 
largest dormitories. The curriculum was also con- 
siderably enlarged, especially by the introduction 
of new elective studies, although Dr. Porter has 
been an earnest champion of a required course, 
as opposed to the elective system as it has been 
recently elaborated at Harvard. He has also ably 
maintained the claims of the classics to a chief 
place in a liberal course of education. As an 
instructor, and in his personal relations with the 
students, he was one of the most popular presidents 
of Yale. He is probably the last to hold the presi- 
dency and a professor's chair at the same time, as 
his successor, Timothy Dwight, expressly stipu- 
lated on accepting the office that the duties of a 




J/a^JPrrAMr. 



teacher should not attach to it He received the 
degree of D. D. from the University of the city of 
New York in 1868, and that of LL. D. from Edin- 
burgh in 1886, and also from Western Reserve col- 
lege, Ohio, in 1870, and from Trinity in 1871. He is 
the author of an ** Historical Discourse at Farming- 
ton, Nov. 4, 1840," commemorating the 200th an- 
niversary of its settlement (Hartford, 1841) ; ** The 
Educational Systems of the Puritans and Jesuits 
Compared," a prize essay (New York, 1861) ; " The 
Human Intellect." which is used as a text-book of 
metaphysics at Yale and elsewhere (1868; many 
new editions); "Books and Reading" (1870); 
" American Colleges and the American Public " 
(New Haven, 1871); "Sciences of Nature versus 
the Science of Man," a review of the philosophy of 
Herbert Spencer (1871) ; " Evangeline ; the Place, 
the Story, and the Poem "(1882); "Science and 
Sentiment" (1882); "The Elements of Moral 
Science, Theoretical and Practical " (1886) ; " Life 
of Bishop Berkeley" (1886); and " Kant's Ethics, 
a Critical Exposition " (Chicago, 1886). Dr. Por- 
ter is one of the most scholarly metaphysicians in 
this country. He was the principal editor of the 
revised editions of Noah Webster's " Unabridged 
Dictionary "(Springfield, Mass., 1864 and 1880).— 
The first Noahrs daughter, Sarah, educator, b. in 
Farmington, Conn., 17 Aug., 1813, opened a small 
day-school for girls in Farmington, which is now 
(1888) a large seminary, and attracts students from 
all parts of the United States. In 1886 a fine 
building was erected and presented to Miss Porter 
by some of her former pupils for an art studio. 
'PORTER, Rafts, inventor, b. in West Box- 
ford, Mass., 1 May, 1702 ; d. in New Haven, Conn., 
13 Aug., 1884. He early showed mechanical genius. 
In 1807 his parents apprenticed him to a shoe- 
maker, but he soon gave up this trade, and occu- 
pied himself by playing the fife for military com- 
panies, and the violin for dancing parties. Three 
years later he was apprenticed to a house-painter. 
During the war of 1812 he was occupied in paint- 
ing gun-boats, and as fifer to the Portland light 
infantry. In 1813 he painted sleighs at Denmark, 
Me., beat the drum for the soldiers, taught others 
to do the same, and wrote a book on the art of 
drumming, and he then enlisted in the militia for 
several months. Subsequently he was a teacher, 
but was unable to remain in one place, and so led 
a wandering life. In 1820 he made a camera-ob- 
scura with a lens and a mirror so arranged that 
with its aid he could draw a satisfactory portrait 
in fifteen minutes. With this apparatus he trav- 
elled through the country until he invented a re- 
volving almanac, when he at once stopped his 
glinting in order to introduce his latest device, 
is next project was a twin boat to be propelled 
by horse- power, but it proved unsuccessful, and he 
turned to portrait-painting again. In 1824 he 
be^an landscape-painting, Dut relinquished it to 
build a horse flat-boat. He invented a success- 
ful cord-making machine in 1826, and thereafter 
produced a clock, a steam carriage, a portable 
horse-power, corn-sheller, churn, a washing-ma- 
chine, signal telegraph, fire-alarm, and numer- 
ous other articles. In 1840 he became editor of 
the " New York Mechanic," which prospered, and 
in the following year he moved it to Boston, where 
he called it the ** American Mechanic." The new 
art of electrotyping there attracted his attention, 
and he gave up editorial work in order to occupy 
himself with the new invention. He devised at 
this period a revolving rifle, which he sold to Col. 
Samuel Colt for $100. In 1846 he returned to New 
York and engaged in electrotyping, and about this 



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time he founded the " Scientific American," the first 
issue of which bears the date 28 Aug., 1840. At 
the end of six months he was glad to dispose of 
his interest in the paper, and then occupied him- 
self with his inventions. These included a fly- 
ing-ship, trip-hammer, fog-whistle, engine-lathe, 
balanced valve, rotary plough, reaction wind-wheel, 
portable house, thermo-engine, rotary engine, and 
scores of others. 

PORTER, Samuel, clergyman, b. in Ireland, 
11 June, 1760: d. in Congruity, Pa., 28 Sept, 1825. 
He learned the trade of a weaver, and came to 
this country in 1788, settling in Pennsylvania. He 
studied theology, was licensed to preach by the 
presbytery of Kedstone in 1790, and held charge 
of the united congregations of Poke Run and 
Congruity, Pa, from 1790 till 1798, and then of 
Congruity alone until his death. He published 
several sermons, and two dialogues between " Death 
and the Believer " and " Death and the Hypocrite," 
which were republished, with a biography of the 
author, by Rev. David Elliott, D. D. in 1858. 

PORTER, Thomas, jurist, b. in Farroington, 
Conn., in May, 1734 ; <L in Granville, N. Y., in 
August, 1838. His ancestor, Thomas, emigrated 
from England in 1640, and was an original proprie- 
tor of Farmington. He served in the British army 
at Lake George in 1755, and was captain of a com- 
pany of minute-men. About 1757 he removed to 
Cornwall, Conn., and in 1779 he went to Tin- 
mouth, Vt, in both of which towns he held local 
offices. For ten years he was judge of the su- 
preme and county courts of Vermont, and he was a 
member of the legislatures of Connecticut and 
Vermont for thirty-five years. — His son, Eben- 
«ier, educator, b. in Cornwall. Conn., 5 Oct, 1772; 
d. in Andover, Mass., 8 April, 1834, was gradu- 
ated at Dartmouth in 1t92, studied theology 
in Bethlehem, Conn., was pastor of a Congre- 
gational church in Washington, Conn., from 1796 
until 1812, and from that year until 1832 was 
professor of sacred rhetoric at Andover theological 
seminary, of which he was president from 1827 
till his death. Vale gave him the degree of A. M. 
in 1795, and Dartmouth that'of D. D. in 1814. He 
contributed to the •• Quarterly Register," and pub- 
lished sixteen sermons, two fast sermons (1881), 
and abridgments of Owen on " Spiritual Minded- 
ness " and on the M 180th Psalm ''(1888) ; and was 
the author of "The Young Preacher's Manual" 
(Boston, 1819) ; " Lecture on the Analysis of Vocal 
Inflections" (Andover, 1824); "An Analysis of 
the Principles of Rhetorical Delivery " (1827) ; 
"Syllabus of Lectures" (1829); "Rhetorical 
Reader " (1881, enlarged by James N. MacElligott, 
New York, 1855); "Lectures on the Revivals of 
Religion" (Andover, 1832); "Lectures on the 
Cultivation of Spiritual Habits and Progress in 
Study "(1833); "Lectures on Homiletics, Preach- 
ing, and Public Prayer, with Sermons and Let- 
ters " (Andover and New York, 1884; 2d ed., with 
notes and appendix by the Rev. J. Jones, of Liver- 
pool, London, 1835) ; and " Lectures on Eloquence 
and Style," revised by Rev. Lyman Matthews (An- 
dover, 1836). See " Memoir of Ebenezer Porter," 
D. D., by Rev. Lyman Matthews (Boston, 1837). 

PORTER, Thomas Conrad, botanist, b. in 
Alexandria, Huntingdon co., Pa, 22 Jan.. 1822. 
He was graduated at Lafayette college, Easton, 
Pa, in 1840, and at Princeton theological semi- 
nary in 1843, and was licensed to preach in 1844. 
In 1846 he was pastor of a Presbyterian church 
in Monticello, Ga., and in 1848 he took charge 
of the newly organized 2d German Reformed 
church in Reading, Pa, and was ordained by the 



classis of Lebanon. In 1849 he resigned to be- 
come professor of natural sciences in Marshall 
college, Mercersburg? Pa, held the same chair 
when the institution was removed to Lancaster 
and consolidated with Franklin college in 1853, 
and was secretary of the board of trustees until 
1866, when he resigned to become professor of 
botany and zoology in Lafayette, which office he 
now (1888) holds. In 1877 he became pastor of the 
Third street Reformed church of that town, which 
charge he resigned in 1884. Rutgers gave him the 
degree of D. D. in 1865, and Franklin and Mar- 
shall that of LL. D. in 1880. He is a member of 
various scientific societies, and was a founder and 
first president of the Limusan society of Lan- 
caster county, Pa His extensive herbarium is in 
the possession of Lafayette college. His reports in 
connection with Dr. Ferdinand V. Hayden's col- 
lections in the Rocky mountains in 1870-'4 were 
published by the government, and one of these, 
" A Synopsis of the Flora of Colorado," prepared 
with Prof. John M. Coulter, has been issued in 
a separate volume (Washington, 1874). He also 
furnished a summary of the flora of the state to 
"Gray's Topographical Atlas of Pennsylvania" 
(Philadelphia, 1872), and to " Gray's Topographical 
Atlas of the United States" (1878). In addition 
to contributions to the " Mercersburg Review," he 
has published a prose version of Goethe's " Her- 
mann und Dorothea" (New York, 1854); trans- 
lated "The Life and Labors of St Augustine," 
from the German of Dr. Philip Schaff (New York, 
1854-'5). and " The Life and Times of Ulric Zwing- 
li," from the German of Hottinger (Harrisburg, 
1857); and contributed several hymns from the 
German and Latin to Dr. Philip SchafTs " Christ 
in Song" (New York, 1868). He was an active 
member of the committee that framed in 1867 the 
order of worship that is now (1888) used in the 
German Reformed church in the United States. 

PORTER, William Trotter, journalist, b. in 
Newbury, Vt, 24 Dec., 1809 ; d. in New York city, 
20 July, 1858. He was educated at Dartmouth, but 
was not graduated. In 1829 he became connected 
with the "Farmer's Herald" at St Johnsbury, 
Vt, and the following year he became associate 
editor of ** The Enquirer " at Norwich. His am- 
bition for a wider field of action led him to New 
York city, where he first found employment as 
foreman in a printing-office. He engaged as a 
compositor Horace Greeley, who had recently ar- 
rived in the city, and a life-long friendship ensued. 
Mr. Porter's cherished project was put into effect 
on 10 Dec, 1831, when he issued the initial num- 
ber of the •' Spirit of the Times," the first sport- 
ing journal in the United States. It was a novel 
undertaking, and was not at first successful. In a 
few months it was merged with " The Traveller," 
with Mr. Porter in charge of the snorting depart- 
ment The following year he resigned and took 
charge of " The New Yorker " for a short time, and 
then of "The Constellation." As these journals 
gave only a subordinate place to sporting topics, 
he purchased *' The Traveller, and Spirit of the 
Times " from C. J. B. Fisher, who had united the 
two, and on 3 Jan., 1835, the paper was issued 
again under its original name. At this period 
the sports of the turf and field were held in dis- 
repute, especially in the New England states, and 
the task of correcting deep-rooted prejudices called 
into play all the perseverance, tact and talent of 
the editor, who was thoroughly imbued with love 
of the work. The paper was progressive, and was 
soon supported by a host of wealthy patrons and 
versatile contributors. Among the latter were Al- 



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bert Pike, Thomas B. Thorpe, *• Frank Forester," 
George Wilkins Kendall, Charles G. Leland, and 
Thomas Picton. The popularity of Mr. Porter was 
$reat Nearly all his correspondents, and the ma- 
jority of his subscribers, were personal friends. 
His sobriquet of ** York's Tall Son " was bestowed 
not less in recognition of his social qualities than 
of his lofty stature — six feet and four inches. A 
writer says of him : ** His mind was comprehensive, 
his perception keen, his deductions clear and con- 
cise, whilst his judgment and decisions in all sport- 
ing matters were more reliable and more respected 
than any other man's in this country. He was the 
father of a school of American sporting literature, 
which is no less a credit to his name than it is an 
honor to the land that gave him birth. Many of 
his decisions and sporting reports will be quoted 
as authority for generations to come. He possessed 
a fund of sporting statistics unequalled by any 
other man in America." In February, 1889, he 

Surchased the "American Turf Register and 
porting Magazine" from John S. skinner, of 
Baltimore, and the periodical was thenceforth pub- 
lished in New York until it was finally suspended 
in 1844. After conducting the old "Spirit"— as 
it was familiarly termed — for nearly twenty-five 
years, he withdrew from the editorial manage- 
ment, and with George Wilkes established " Por- 
ter's Spirit of the Times" in September, 1866. 
Failing health prevented close application to the 
new field of labor. He edited three collections of 
tales that had appeared in his journal, entitled 
" The Big Bear of Arkansaw, and Other Tales " 
(Philadelphia, 1835) ; " A Quarter Race in Ken- 
tucky, and Other Sketches* (1846) ; and " Major 
T. B. Thorpe's Scenes in Arkansaw, and Other 
Sketches" (1859); and also issued an American 
edition, with additions, of CoL Peter Hawker's " In- 
structions to Young Sportsmen " (1846). At the 
time of his death he was engaged in preparing a 
biography of Henry William Herbert ("Frank For- 
ester "1 See " Life of William T. Porter," by Fran- 
cis Bnnley (New York, 1860). 

PORTERFIELD, Charles, soldier, b. in Fred- 
erick county, Va., in 1750 ; d. on San tee river, S. 
C, in October, 1780. He became a member of the 
first company that was raised in Frederick county 
in 1775 for service in the Revolutionary war, of 
which Daniel Morgan was elected captain, marched 
to Cambridge, near Boston, and soon afterward 
joined in the expedition against Quebec, and was 
made prisoner in the attempt on that fortress. The 
assailing column, to which lie belonged, was under 
the command of Col. Arnold. When that officer 
was wounded and carried from the ground, Porter- 
field, with Morgan, rushing forward, passed the 
first and second barriers. After being exchanged 
he re-entered the service as captain in the rifle- 
corps of Col. Morgan and participated in all the 
battles in which it was engaged during the cam- 
paigns of lm-^. In 1779 he was appointed by 
Gov. Jefferson lieutenant-colonel of a Virginia 
regiment that had been equipped mainly at his own 
expense, with which, in the spring of 1780, he 
marched to the relief of Charleston, S. C. He re- 
mained in South Carolina and joined the army of 
Gen. Gates a few days before the battle of Camden. 
His command formed part of the advanced guard 
of Gates's army, and unexpectedly met that of the 
enemy about one o'clock a. n. on 16 Aug., a moon- 
light night While making a gallant resistance 
and holding the enemy in check, he received a 
mortal wound, his left leg being shattered just be- 
low the knee. He was carried from the field, re- 
mained ten days without surgical attention, and 
vol. v. — 6 



was then taken in a cart twelve miles to Camden 
where the required amputation was performed. 
While a prisoner in Camden he was treated with 
great kindness and attention by both Lord Corn- 
wallis and Lord Rawdon, who supplied all his 
wants. He was paroled, but died from the effects 
of his wound. — His brother, Robert, soldier, b. in 
Frederick county, Va., 22 Feb., 1752; d. in Au- 

Susta county, Va., 13 Feb., 1843, was appointed a 
eutenant in Capt. Peter B. Bruin's company of 
Continental troops in Winchester, Va., in 1776, 
served in CoL Daniel Morgan's regiment through 
the campaigns of 1777-'9, the last vear was aide to 
Gen. William Woodford, and was in the battles of 
the Brandywine, Germantown, and Monmouth. 
He accompanied Gen. Woodford to the south in 
December, 1779, and participated in the siege of 
Charleston, S. C, where he was surrendered a pris- 
oner of war in May, 1780. He was appointed a 
brigadier-general of Virginia militia during the 
war of 1812, and commanded at Camp Holly, Va. 
Gen. Porterfleld was a county magistrate for more 
than fifty years, and was twice high-sheriff. 

PORtf IER, Michel, R. C. bishop, b. in Mont- 
brison, France, 7 Sept., 1795 ; d. in Mobile, Ala., 14 
May, 1859. He entered the Seminary of Lyons, 
but before completing his theological studies he 
met with Bishop Dubourg, of Louisiana, who had 
come to France in search of missionaries for his 
diocese. Young Portier consented to follow the 

f>relate to the United States, and reached Annapo- 
is, 4 Sept, 1817. After a visit of several months 
to the home of Charles Carroll, of Carrollton, he 
finished his studies in St Mary's seminary, Balti- 
more, and was ordained priest in St Louis by 
Bishop Dubourg in 1818. Shortly afterward there 
was an epidemic of yellow fever in the country, 
during which he was unceasing in his attendance 
on the sick and dying. He was finally attacked by 
the disease, and on his recovery was summoned to 
New Orleans, where he established a school on the 
Lancastrian system. He was shortly afterward 
appointed vicar-general of the diocese. The rapid 
increase in the number of Roman Catholics ren- 
dered a division of the see of Louisiana necessary, 
and in 1825 Alabama, Florida, and Arkansas were 
created a vicariate. Dr. Portier was nominated 
vicar-apostolic the same vear. He was consecrated 
bishop of Olena in partibus by Bishop Rosati in St 
Louis on 5 Nov., 182o. There were only two churches 
in his vicariate — one in Pensacola and the other in 
St. Augustine — and the three priests, who were the 
sole missionaries in this extensive territory, belonged 
toother dioceses, to which they were recalled shortly 
after his consecration. His poverty was so great 
that he was unable to purchase the insignia appro- 
priate to his rank. He remained in Mobile until 
the summer of 1827. when he began his episcopal 
visitation, travelling on horseback to Pensacola, 
Tallahassee, and St. Augustine. Owing to the heat 
that prevailed during his journey, he was attacked 
by a fever at the latter town and narrowly escaped 
death. When he had partially recovered he re- 
sumed his labors in St Augustine and its neigh- 
borhood. The absence of priests for some years 
had resulted in a total neglect of religious obliga- 
tions among the Spanish population, and he found 
it necessary to instruct even the adults in the rudi- 
ments of Christian doctrine. He remained until 
the end of September, constantly preaching and in- 
structing in Spanish and English, except when 
stricken by fever, and wrought an extraordinary 
change in the habits of the people. His Englisn 
sermons were attended by the members of all de- 
nominations, and he received substantial aid also 



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from those who differed with him in belief during 
his stay in St Augustine. In 1829 he prevailed on 
Bishop England to station a priest of his diocese in 
East Florida. He then sailed for Europe, and, 
after spending several months in France, where he 
obtained money, besides the services of two priests, 
four sub-deaoons, and two ecclesiastical students, 
he returned the same year. While he was in Eu- 
rope the bishopric of Mobile had been formed out 
of his vicariate, and he was installed bishop of the 
new see after his arrival. He began at once to or- 

Stnize parishes, and built churches at Tuscaloosa, 
ontgomery, Florence, Huntsville, and Moulton. 
He next founded Spring Hill college, near Mobile, 
and also built the ecclesiastical seminary that was 
attached to it The funds he had obtained from 
abroad enabled him to employ teachers. He intro- 
duced the Nuns of the Visitation order into his dio- 
cese in 1832, and in the following year built a con- 
vent and academy for them in Summerville. He 
began the erection of the cathedral of the Im- 
maculate Conception in 1835, a line structure, 
which he completed in 1850. Nearly all the great 
charities of the diocese owed their origin to Bishop 
Portier. A large number of children having been 
rendered orphans by the cholera epidemic of 1839, 
he introduced a colony of Sisters of Charity and a 
body of Brothers of Christian Instruction from 
France, who took charge of the asylums that he 
founded. To these institutions he attached labor 
and free schools. He organized a girls' school in 
St. Augustine, introduced the Jesuits, and added 
largely to the number of churches and missions. 
He paid a second visit to Europe in 1849. After 
his return he took part in the different councils of 
his church in this country and whs active in their 
deliberations. His last great work was the erection 
of Providence infirmary in Mobile, to which he re- 
tired when he felt his end approaching. Bishop 
Portier mav be said to have created the Roman 
Catholic church in his vicariate, which, before 
his death, was divided into three extensive dio- 
ceses. He left twenty-seven priests, a splendid 
cathedral, fourteen churches, a college and ecclesias- 
tical seminary, fourteen schools, three academies 
for boys and three for girls, two orphan asylums, 
an infirmary, and many free schools. He was for 
some time before his death the senior bishop of the 
American hierarchy. 

PORTILLO, Jacinto de (por-tee'-yo), later 
known as Fray Cinto, Spanish soldier, b. in Spain 
about 1490; d. in Nomore de Dios, Mexico, 20 
Sept, 1566. He went to Cuba as a soldier with 
Diego de Velazquez, and took part in the explora- 
tion of the coast of Mexico under Juan de Grijalva 
in 1519. lie also participated in the conquest of 
Mexico, afterward went with eight of his comrades 
to explore the northwest coast, and, having suffered 
great hardships, reached the South sea, taking pos- 
session of it in the name of the emperor, as he re- 
lates in a letter to Philip II., dated Mexico, 20 July, 
1561. As a reward for his services, the emperor 
gave him the Indian commanderies of Huitzitlapan 
and Tlatanquitcpec, where he acquired a great for- 
tune. About 1563 he abandoned his adventurous 
life for a life of penitence, distributed his riches 
among the poor, and as a priest devoted himself 
to the conversion of the natives in the province of 
Zacatccas. Fray Cinto displayed much zeal in his 
new vocation and met witn great success. With 
Friar Pedro de Espinadera he founded the town of 
Nombre de Dios, and many Christian congrega- 
tions. He died, after a residence in New Spain of 
nearlr half a century, in the convent of the town 
that he had founded. 



PORTLOCK, Nathaniel, English navigator, 
lived in the 18th century. lie served with Capt. 
Cook in his last voyage lo the Pacific ocean, and 
was given command in 1785 of the ** King George," 
which was sent out from London by the King 
George's Sound company, a corporation that had 
been formed for trading in furs from the west coast 
of North America to China. After various expe- 
riences in the Pacific, Capt Port lock brought his 
vessel back to England in ^788 after making a 
vovage around the world. Subsequently he wrote 
"Voyage Around the World: but More Particu- 
larly to the Northwest Coast of America " (London, 
1789 ; abridged ed., 1789). His convoy on this ex- 
pedition was commanded bv George Dixon (q. v.). 

PORTO! ARRERO LA SO DE LA VEGA, 
Melchor de (por-to-car-ray'-ro). Count of Mon- 
clova, viceroy of Mexico and Peru, b. in Madrid, 
Spain, 4 June, 1636 : d. in Lima, Peru, 22 Sept., 
1705. During his youth he was page of Queen 
Elizabeth of Bourbon, and he served in the armies 
of Flanders, Sici- 
ly , Catalonia, and 
Portugal, from 
1653 till 1662. 
He lost an arm 
in the battle of 
the Downs of 
Dunkirk, and 
used a silver one 
till his death. In 
1665 he took part 
in the siege and 
battle of Villavi- 
ciosa, where he 
was taken pris- 
oner, and on his 
liberation he was 
promoted lieu- 
tenant - general. 
He was appoint- 
ed viceroy of 
Mexico in 1685, 
and arrived there 
30 Nov., 1686. During his administration there 
was a destructive eruption of the volcano of Ori- 
zaba (1687), the Indians of Coahuila were con- 
quered, the city of Monclova was founded, and the 
aqueduct from Chapultepcc to the Sal to de Agua 
was constructed at his private expense. In 1688 
he was appointed viceroy of Peru, and he entered 
Lima, 15 Aug.. 1689. He introduced many re- 
forms and rebuilt the city of Lima, which he found 
almost entirely destroyed by the earthquake of 
20 Oct.. 1687. He also reconstructed the church 
of Copacabana and the hospital of the Bethlemi- 
tas. Another important work was the reconstruc- 
tion of the dock of Callao, which he began in 1694, 
and the repairing of the cathedral of Lima. Dur- 
ing his government several destructive earthquakes 
occurred ; in 1698 the cities of Tacunga and Ambato 
were destroyed, and in 1701 a great flood inundated 
Trujillo. He ordered the construction of three 
ships, and appointed the admiral, Antonio Beas, 
to explore the islands of Juan Fernandez. In 1698 
a Scottish colony occupied the Isthmus of Darien 
(see Patersok, William), and the king ordered 
the viceroy to attack them ; but the Scotch soon 
abandoned the isthmus, and, although they re- 
turned next year, before the viceroy could leave 
Lima with an expedition, he rcceivcu advice from 
Gen. Pimienta, the governor of Carthagena, that he 
had expelled them. 

PORTt T ONlM),Bernardo(por-twon'-do),Cuban 
soldier, b. in Santiago de Cuba in 1840. He went 




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to Spain when very young, was educated in Madrid, 
entered the army as a military engineer, and took 
part in the war against Morocco. In 1862 he was 
appointed professor in the College of military engi- 
neers. In 1804 the government sent him to Den- 
mark to report on the war between that country 
and Germany and Austria. In 1865 he returned 
to Cuba, where he superintended the construction 
of several important public works. He went back 
to Spain in 1874, in 1879 he was elected to repre- 
sent his native city in the Spanish cortes, and he 
has since been an active member of the Cuban 
Liberal home-rule party in that body. He also 
assisted to bring about the abolition of slavery in 
the Spanish West Indies. He has published 
•*Tratado de Arquitectura " ; "Estudios de Or- 

Sanizaciones mi li tares extranieras " ; •• Descripcion 
e varias plazas de ^uerra * ; and •* Erapleo del 
hierro en las fortiflcaciones." 

POKY, John, pioneer, b. in England about 
1570; d. in Virginia before 1635. He was educated 
at Cambridge, and in 1612 was a resident of Paris. 
During 1619-'21 he was secretary of the Virginia 
colony, and he was elected speaker of the first 
representative assembly that was ever held in this 
country, which convened in Jamestown on 30 July, 
1619. He visited Plymouth, Mass., shortly after 
its settlement by the Pilgrims from Leyden. but in 
1623 returned to Virginia as one of the commis- 
sioners of the privy council, and died in Virginia. 
He assisted llakluyt in his geographical work, 
and was considered a man of great learning. His 
account of excursions among the Indians is given 
in Smith's "Generall Historie," and he translated 
and published •• A Geographical Historie of Africa 
by John Leo, a More, borne in Granada and brought 
up in Barbarie" (London, 1600). 

POSADAS, Gervasio Antonio, Argentine 
statesman, b. in Buenos Ay res. 19 June, 1757; d. 
there, 2 July, 1832. He studied law, and for several 
vears was employed in the Spanish administration, 
but when independence was proclaimed, 25 May, 
1810. he took an active part in the patriotic move- 
ment Soon he became the chief of the Centraliza- 
tion party in opposition to the Federal, and when in 
1813 the constituent assembly abolished the execu- 
tive junta, he was appointed, 26 Jan., 1814, supreme 
director of the Argentine Republic He created the 
provinces of Entrerios. Tucuman, and Salta, and 
was active in forwarding re-enforcements to the 
army in the Banda Oriental, and, on 22 June, Monte- 
video was captured by Gen. Alvear. His conserva- 
tive ideas caused him' to send, in December of that 
year, a secret mission to Europe, for the purpose of 
obtaining a protectorate or a monarch from Eng- 
land or some other European nation, as he did not 
think his country ripe for a republic. His inten- 
tions became known, and there were several insur- 
rections. Posadas, not feeling himself strong 
enough to resist, resigned, 9 Jan., 1815, and after 
the accession of Rosas and the adoption of the Fed- 
eral system he was often persecuted. 

POSEY, Carnot, soldier, b. in Wilkinson coun- 
ty. Miss., 5 Aug., 1818; d. in Charlottesville, Va., 
13 Nov., 1863. He served in the Mexican war as a 
lieutenant of rifles under Jefferson Davis, and was 
wounded at Buena Vista. He became colonel of 
the 16th Mississippi regiment on 4 June, 1861, and 
was appointed brigadier-general in the Confederate 
army, 1 Nov., 1862. His brigade was composed of 
four Mississippi regiments of infantry, ana formed 
part of Anderson's division of Ambrose P. Hill's 
corps in the Army of Northern Virginia. Gen. 
Posey received wounds at Bristoe Station, Va., 14 
Oct, 1863, from the effects of which he died. 



POSEY, Thomas, soldier, b. in Virginia, on the 
banks of Potomac river, 9 July, 1750; d. in Shaw- 
neetown, 111., 19 March, 1818. He received a com- 
mon-school education, and in 1769 removed to 
western Virginia. In 1774 he became quarter- 
master of Andrew Lewis's division of Lord Dun- 
inore's army, and took part in the battle with the 
Indians at Point Pleasant on 10 Oct. of that year. 
A year later he was one of the committee of cor- 
respondence, and was commissioned captain in the 
7th Virginia Continental regiment In this capaci- 
ty he was present at the engagement at Gwynn's 
island on 8 July, 1776, where Lord Dunmore (q. v.) 
was defeated. He joined the Continental army at 
Middlebrook, N. J., early in 1777, and was trans- 
ferred, with his company, to Daniel Morgan's cele- 
brated rifle-corps, with which he took part in the 
action with the British light troops at Piscataway, 
N. J. Capt. Posey was then sent to Gen. Horatio 
Gates, and rendered efficient service in the two 
battles of Bemis Heights and in that of Stillwater. 
In 1778 he was commissioned major, and led the 
expedition against the Indians in Wyoming valley 
in October of that year. He was given the 11th 
Virginia regiment early in 1779, but soon was 
transferred to the command of a battalion in Col. 
Christian Febiger's regiment under Gen. Anthony 
Wayne ; and, at the assault of Stony Point he was 
one of the first to enter the enemy's works. Sub- 
sequently he served in South Carolina, and was 
present at the surrender of Yorktown. He then 
organized a new regiment, of which he took com- 
mand with the rank of lieutenant-colonel, and 
served under Gen. Wayne in Georgia until the sur- 
render of Savannah. When he was surprised by 
the Indians under Gueristersigo on the night of 23 
June, 1782, he rallied his men and led them to the 
charge with great bravery and skill, defeating the 
enemy with loss. At the close of the war he settled 
in Spottsylvania county, Va., and in 1785 he was 
made colonel of the county militia, becoming also 
county lieutenant and magistrate in 1786. These 
offices he held until 1793, when, on 14 Feb., he 
was commissioned brigadier-general, and served 
under Gen. Wayne in his campaigns against the 
Indians in the northwest, resigning on 28 Feb., 
1794. He then settled in Kentucky, where he was 
elected a member of the state senate, and chosen 
speaker in 1805-'6, becoming thereby ex-officio lieu- 
tenant-governor of the state. In 1809, when war 
was threatening between France and England and 
the United States, Gen. Posey was commissioned 
major-general and given charge of the organization 
and equipment of the Kentucky forces. Soon after- 
ward he removed to Louisiana, and during the 
second war with England he raised a company of 
infantry in Baton Rouge, and was for some time 
its captain. He was appointed U. S. senator from 
Louisiana, and served from 7 Dec., 1812, till 5 Feb., 
1813. On the completion of his term he was ap- 
pointed governor of Indiana territory, and con- 
tinued as such until its admission into the Union, 
when he became a candidate for the governorship, 
but was defeated. His last office was that of In- 
dian agent which he held at the time of his death. 

POST, Christian Frederick, missionary, b. in 
Polish Prussia in 1710; d. in Germantown, Pa., 29 
April, 1785. He came to Pennsylvania in 1742, 
and between 1743 and 1749 was a missionary to 
the Moravian Indians in New York and Connecti- 
cut He returned to Europe in 1751, and thence 
wa* sent to Labrador, but afterward he came again 
to Pennsylvania, and was again employed in the 
Indian missions. In 1758 he undertook an embas- 
sy in behalf of the province to the Delawares and 



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Shawnees in Ohio. He established an independent 
mission in Ohio in 1761, where he was joined in 
1762 by John Hecke welder ; but the Pontiac war 
forced them to abandon the project. In January, 
1764, he sailed for the Mosquito coast, where he 
labored two years, and he made a second visit there 
in 1767. He afterward united with the Protestant 
Episcopal church. 

POST, Isaac, philanthropist, b. in Westbury, 
Queens co.. N. Y., 26 Feb., 1798; d. in Rochester, 
N. Y., 9 May, 1872. Being the son of Quaker 
parents, he was educated at the Westbury Friends' 
school. He engaged in the drug business, and re- 
moved to Scipio, N. Y., in 1823, and to Rochester, 
N. Y., in 1836, where he spent the remainder of his 
life. He was a warm adherent of William Lloyd 
Garrison, and one of the earliest laborers in the 
anti-slavery cause. His door was ever open to 
those who had escaped from bondage, and his hos- 
tility to the fugitive-slave law was bitter and un- 
compromising. He was a member of the Hicksite 
branch of the Quakers, but left that body because, 
in his opinion, it showed itself subservient to the 
slave power. Mr. Post resided in Rochester when 
public attention was first attracted to the mani- 
festations by the Fox sisters, and became one of 
the earliest converts to Spiritualism. He was the 
author of " Voices from the Spirit World, being 
Communications from Many Spirits, by the Hand 
of Isaac Post, Medium" (Rochester, 1852).— His 
brother, Joseph, b. in Westbury, L. I., 30 Nov., 
1803 ; d. there, 17 Jan., 1888, resembled Isaac in his 
profession of abolition principles. He was at one 
time proscribed and persecuted within his own sect, 
but lived long enough to witness a complete revolu- 
tion of sentiment, and to be the recipient of many 
expressions of confidence and esteem from his co- 
religionists. When Isaac T. Hopper, Charles Mar- 
riot, and James S. Gibbons were disowned by the So- 
ciety of Friends, on account of their outspoken oppo- 
sition to slavery, they received encouragement and 
support from Joseph Post. Mr. Post passed his life 
in the same house in which he was born and died. 

POST, Mintnrn, physician, b. in New York citv, 
28 June, 1808; d. there, 26 April, 1869. He was 
graduated at Columbia in 1827, and, after studying 
medicine under Dr. Valentine Mott, received* his 
degree at the medical department of the Univer- 
sity of Virginia in 1832. Subsequently he studied 
iu Paris, and, settling in New York citv on his 
return, he acquired a large practice, ana became 
recognized as an authority on diseases of the chest. 
In 1843 he was called to be medical examiner of 
the New York life insurance company. He trans- 
lated and added notes to Raciborski s " Ausculta- 
tion and Percussion " (New York, 1839). 

POST, Philip Sidney, soldier, b. in Florida, 
Orange co., N. Y., 19 March, 1833. He was graduated 
at Union college in 1855, studied law, and was ad- 
mitted to the bar. He then travelled through the 
northwest, his parents having meanwhile removed 
to Illinois, and took up his abode in Kansas, where 
he practised his profession, and also established 
and edited a newspaper. At the opening of the 
civil war he was chosen 2d lieutenant in the 59th 
Illinois infantry, and in 1862 he became its colo- 
nel. He was severely wounded at the battle of Pea 
Ridge, and made his' way with much suffering, and 
under many difficulties, to St. Louis. Before fully 
recovering, he joined his regiment in front of Cor- 
inth, Miss., and: was assigned to the command of 
a brigade. From May, 1862, till the close of the 
war he was constantly at the front In the Army 
of the Cumberland, as first organized, he com- 
manded the 1st brigade, 1st division, of the 20th 



army corps from its formation to its dissolution. 
He began the battle of Stone River, drove back the 
enemy several miles, and captured Leetown. Dur- 
ing the Atlanta campaign he was transferred to 
Wood's division of the 4th army corps, and when 



that general was wounded at Loveioy's station, 
Post took charge of the division, and with it op- 
posed the progress of the Confederates toward the 



north. On 16 Nov., 1864, in a charge on Overton 
Hill, a grape-shot crushed through his hip, making 
what was for some days thought to be a mortal 
wound. On 16 Dec., 1864, he was brevetted briga- 
dier-general of volunteers. After the surrender at 
Appomattox he was appointed to the command of 
the western district of Texas, where there was then 
a concentration of troops on the Mexican border. 
He remained there until 1866, when the with- 
drawal of the French from Mexico removed all 
danger of military complications. He was then 



earnestly recommended by Gen. George H. Thomas 
and others, under whom he had served, for the ap- 
pointment of colonel in the regular army ; but he 



did not wish to remain in the army. In 1866 he was 
appointed U. S. consul at Vienna, and in 1874 he be- 
came consul-general. H is official reports have been 
quoted as authority. In 1878 he tendered his resigna- 
tion, which, however, was not accepted till the year 
following. He then resided at Galesburg, 111., and 
in 1886 he was elected to congress as a Republican. 

POST, Truman Marcel Ins. clergyman, b. in 
Middlebury, Vt, 8 June, 1810 ; d. in St. Louis, Mo., 
31 Dec., 1886. He was graduated at Middlebury col- 
lege in 1829, and then was principal of an academy 
at Castleton, Vt., for a year. In 1830 he returned to 
Middlebury as tutor, and remained for two years, 
also studying law. He spent the winter of 1832- , 3 
at Washington, D. C. listening to debates in con- 
gress and at the supreme court After spending a 
short time in St. Louis, Mo., he settled in Jackson- 
ville, 111., and was admitted to the bar. In 1833 he 
became professor of languages in Illinois college, 
and later he took the chair of history. He studied 
theology, and was ordained minister of the Con- 
gregational church in Jacksonville in 1840. He 
was called in 1847 to the 3d Presbyterian church in 
St Louis, and in 1851 to the newly organized 1st 
Congregational church in that city, serving until 
his death. Dr. Post held the place of university 
professor of ancient and modern history at Wash- 
ington university, and in 1878-'5 was South worth 
lecturer on Congregationalism at Andover theo- 
logical seminary, and was professor of ecclesiasti- 
cal history in Northwestern theological seminary 
in Chicago. In 1855 he received the degree of D. D. 
from Middlebury college. He contributed to the 
'* Biblical Repository " and other religious periodi- 
cals, and, besides various pamphlets, addresses, and 
sermons, was the author ot " The Skeptical Era in 
Modern History " (New York, 1856). 

POST, Wright; surgeon, b. in North Hemp- 
stead, N. Y., 19 Feb., 1766; d. in Throws Neck, 
N. Y., 14 June, 1828. He studied medicine under 
Dr. Richard Bayley, and then for two years under 
Dr. John Sheldon 'in London. On his return in 
1786 he began to practise in New York, and in 1787 
delivered lectures on anatomy at the New York 
hospital. These efforts were interrupted by the 
" doctor's mob," which broke into the building and 
destroyed the valuable anatomical specimens that 
hud been collected. In 1792 he was appointed 
professor of surgery in the medical department of 
Columbia college, and he then visited the great 
schools of Europe, collecting a splendid anatomical 
cabinet and returning to New York in 1798, after 
which he held the chair of anatomy until 1818. 



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Dr. Post took rank as one of the ablest of operative 
surgeons, and his skill gained for him celebrity 
both at home and abroad. He was the first in the 
United States to perform an operation for a case 
of false aneurism 
of the femoral ar- 
tery. Subsequent- 
ly he operated in 
two cases for caro- 
tid aneurism, and 
in all three cases 
was successful. 
One of his great- 
est feats was the 
successful opera- 
tion of tying the 
subclavian artery 
above the clavicle 
on the scapular 
side of the scalene 
muscles for brach- 
ial aneurism situ- 
sfb- ss && A ated so high in the 

'?Vt<fA*' 4So~*f-~> axilla as to make 
it inexpedient to 
tie this artery. The accomplishment of this oper- 
ation was especially noteworthy from the fact that 
Dr. John Abernethy, Sir Astley Cooper, and other 
English surgeons had been unsuccessful in its per- 
formance. In 1813, on the union of the medical 
faculty of Columbia and that of the College of 
physicians and surgeons. Dr. Post was appointed 
professor of anatomy and physiology in the new 
faculty, of which he was president m 1821-*6. In 
1814 he received the honorary degree of M. D. 
from the regents of the University of the state of 
New York, and in 1816 he was chosen a trustee 
of Columbia college. Dr. Post was a member of 
various medical societies both at home and abroad. 
For more than thirty -five years he was one of 
the surgeons and consulting surgeons of the New 
York hospital. His publications include papers 
in medical journals and lectures. — His nephew, 
Alfred Charles, surgeon, b. in New York city, 13 
Jan., 1806 ; d. there, 7 Feb., 1886, was the son of 
Joel Post, a merchant of New York, whose place of 
business was on Hanover square, and who owned 
as his country-seat the property known as Clare- 
mont, which is now included in Riverside park and 
embraces the site of Gen. Grant's tomb. Young 
Post was graduated at Columbia in 1822, and after 
studying medicine under his uncle, Wright Post 
received his degree at the College of physicians and 
surgeons in 1827. After passing two years at the 
medical schools of Europe, he established himself 
in 1829 in New York city, and devoted his atten- 
tion chiefly to surgery. During 1881 -'5 he was 
demonstrator of anatomy at the College of phy- 
sicians and surgeons, and in the latter year he 
moved to Brooklyn, but two years later he returned 
to New York, where he remained until his death. 
He was chosen professor of ophthalmic surgery at 
Castleton medical college, Vt., in 1843, and & year 
later was appointed to the chair of surgery. From 
1851 till 1875 he was professor of surgery in the 
medical department of the University of the citv 
of New York, serving also as president of the medi- 
cal faculty from 1873 until his death. Dr. Post 
held consulting relations to various institutions, 
notably to the New York hospital from 1836, to 
St Luke's hospital from its beginning, and to the 
Presbyterian hospital. His preat fame was achieved 
in surgery, and his operations were marked with 
precision and dexterity. He was the first in the 
United States to operate for stammering, and in 



1840 devised a new method of performing bilateral 
lithotomy. He also showed mechanical ingenuity 
in devising instruments and appliances, and in the 
latter part of his life labored much in plastic sur- 
gery, making important reports of operations in 
that line. He was a member of medical societies 
both at home and abroad, and was president of the 
New York academy of medicine in 1867-*8. In 
1872 he received the degree of LL. D. from the 
University of the city of New York. Dr. Post was 
also active in various religious and charitable or- 
ganizations, and at the time of his death was presi- 
dent of the New York medical mission, and one of 
the directors of Union theological seminary. His 
literary contn but ions consisted entirely of techni- 
cal papers in professional journals, with the single 
exception of his ** Strabismus and Stammering" 
(New York, 1840). 

POSTELL, Benjamin, soldier, b. in 1760; d. 
in Charleston, S. C, in January, 1801. He was a 
resident of St Bartholomew's parish, S. C. In 1775 
he became a lieutenant in the 1st regiment of his 
state, and on the capture of Charleston in 1780 he 
was sent as a prisoner to St. Augustine, where he 
remained eleven months, suffering many hardships. 
Subsequently he was a member of the legislature, 
and colonel of the Colleton county regiment He 
did good service in the Revolution under Gen. 
Francis Marion. His brothers, Maj. John and Col. 
James, also won reputation in the partisan warfare 
under Marion. The former captured forty British 
regulars near Monk's Comer on 29 Jan., 1781. 

POTANOU, Indian chief, b. in Florida about 
1525 ; d. there about 1570. He was the king of the 
most potent of the three great Indian confederacies 
that existed in lower Florida at the time of the 
landing of Jean Ribaut (q. v.) in 1562, and his do- 
mains extended seventy miles westward and north- 
westward of St John's river. The Florida Indians 
were more advanced in civilization than the more 
northern tribes, and were chiefly an agricultural 
people. Potanou was a legislator, and endeavored 
to promote civilization among his subjects. The 
villages under his rule had wooden buildings that 
were constructed according to his plans, and aston- 
ished both the early French and Spanish adven- 
turers. But he failed in his attempts to unite the 
Indians of lower Florida in a single great confed- 
eracy, of which it was his ambition to be the chief, 
and at the time of Ribaut's landing in 1562 there 
was a war among the three kings, Satouriona, 
Outina (q. t\), and Potanou, in which the last seemed 
to have the advantage. He was also the first to 
open intercourse with Ribaut and received from 
him a present of a robe of blue cloth, worked with 
the regal fleur-de-lis. The difficulties that the 
French under Rene* de Laudonniere (q. v.) met in 
their attempts to colonize Florida were due chiefly 
to the rivalry among the three kings, who asked 
Laudon n iere's aid agai nst t heir neighbors, and, being 
refused, became his enemies. They afforded assist- 
ance to the Spaniards under Menendez de Aviles 
(q. v.). especially Potanou, who complained of a 
raid that had been made on his villages by Outina, 
aided by a party of French under Arlac, a lieuten- 
ant of Laudonniere. But the haughtiness and 
cruelties of the Spaniards soon occasioned hostilities 
with the Indians, and a war began against the in- 
truders. Menendez de Aviles endeavored in vain 
to conciliate Potanou, but the prudent king could 
not be decoyed, and ordered that all missionaries 
and Spaniards trespassing on his domains should 
be put to death. This enmity, which lasted till 
Potanou's death, proved a severe check to the 
Spanish colonization of Florida. 



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POTTER, Alonxo, P. E. bishop, b. in Beekman 
(now I* Grange}, Dutchess co., N. Y., 6 July, 1800; 
d. in San Francisco, Cal., 4 July, 1865. His father 
was Joseph Potter, a farmer,' of the Society of 
Friends, an emigrant from Cranston, R. I., in which 
state other branches of the family are still living. 
Alonzo first attended the district - school of his 
native place, which 
was then taught by 
a Mr. Thompson, to 
whose influence in 
, arousing and di- 

recting the activi- 
ties of his mind he 
never forgot that 
he was greatly in- 
debted. At twelve 
years of age he was 
sent to an academy 
in Poughkeepsie, 
and he was gradu- 
ated at Union col- 
lege in 1818 with 
the highest honors. 
Soon after his grad- 
uation he went to 
Philadelphia, was attracted to the Episcopal church, 
and entered its communion His thoughts were 
soon turned to the ministry, and he was directed in 
his theological studies by the Rev. Dr. Samuel H. 
Turner. He was presently recalled to Union college 
as a tutor, and at twenty-one he was made professor 
of mathematics and natural philosophy. Meantime 
he pursued his studies, and was admitted deacon by 
Bishop Hobart, and in 1824 advanced to the priest- 
hood by Bishop Brownell. In the same year he mar- 
ried the only daughter of President Nott,of Union 
college. In 1826 Prof. Potter was called to the 
rectorship of St. Paul's church, Boston. After 
five years of earnest and successful labor he felt 
constrained, despite the protestations of his peo- 
ple, to resign his rectorship. In 1832 he was re- 
called to Union college to fill the chair of moral aqd 
intellectual philosophy and political economy. His 
official position ana his personal relationship natu- 
rally made him the friend and counsellor of the 
president in the administration of the college. In 
1838 he was formally elected its vice-president, and 
continued to be practically its controlling head 
until he resigned to become bishop of Pennsyl- 
vania, 23 Sept., 1845. From his boyhood, owing 
perhaps in part to his Quaker origin, he cherished 
a deep sympathy for the oppressed, and through 
life, in every office, he befriended the negro race. 
He took great interest in the organization of young 
men's institutes throughout the state of New 
York, and immediately on his settlement in Phila- 
delphia, invoking the help of energetic laymen, 
established four such fraternities in that city, and 
gave his personal services as a lecturer before them. 
When he was called to the episcopate he was al- 
ready under engagement to deliver in five consecu- 
tive years before the Lowell institute in Boston 
courses of lectures on " Natural Theology and 
Christian Evidences," beginning in 1845 and end- 
ing in 1849. They were given on an open plat- 
form, without even a brief before him, and the 
largest public hall in Boston was filled throughout 
the entire series. This was the intellectual triumph 
of his life. As a bishop he was most distinguished 
for his executive ability. He had a genius for ad- 
ministration. He devised large plans of benefi- 
cence, which it was costly to consummate, but they 
were so well considered before he communicated 
them to others that men of business and wealth 



were found ready to co-operate and to contribute 
for their realization. In his time the Episcopal 
hospital was founded, built, and endowed with 
nearly half a million dollars ; the Episcopal acade- 
my, which for half a century had had no sign of 
its" existence but its charter, was revived, its com- 
modious building was reared and filled with pupils, 
and its reputation for thorough instruction was 
made equal to that of any preparatory school in 
the city ; the Philadelphia divinity-school was es- 
tablished, a valuable property for its occupancy 
was bought and fitted, ana an endowment of sev- 
eral hundred thousand dollars was secured for its 
support. These institutions, still developing for 
the benefit of the present and future generations, 
owe their inception to Bishop Potter. In the 
twenty years of his episcopate thirty -five new 
churches were built in the city of Philadelphia. 
The growth of the diocese was such that in the 
vear of his death it became necessary to divide it 
His vigorous constitution succumbed under the 
pressure of care and labor that he took upon him- 
self. In 1850 he was partially relieved by an assist- 
ant, but it was too late. He died in the harbor of 
San Francisco, where he had just arrived after a 
voyage around Cape Horn in search of health. He 
had received the aegree of D. D. from Harvard in 
1846, and that of LL. D. from Union in the same 
year. Bishop Potter was the auther of treatises 
on logarithms and descriptive geometry, which 
were printed for the use of his classes in Union 
college (1822-'6); " Political Economy, its Objects, 
Uses, and Principles" (New York, 1840); "The 
Principles of Science applied to the Domestic and 
Mechanic Arts, and to Manufactures and Agricul- 
ture "(Boston, 1841 ; revised ed., New York, 1850); 
" The School and the Schoolmaster," with George 
B. Emerson (1842); " Hand- Book for Readers and 
Students " (1843) ; ** Discourses, Charges, Addresses, 
Pastoral Letters, etc. " (1858) ; and " Religious 
Philosophy" (1870). He edited seven volumes of 
"Harpers' Family Library," with introductory 
essays; Rev. Samuel Wilks's "Christian Essays" 
(Boston, 1829) ; Maria James's " Poems " (New 
York, 1839) ; and " Lectures on the Evidences of 
Christianity, delivered in Philadelphia by Clergy- 
men of the Protestant Episcopal Church, 1853-*4" 
(Philadelphia, 1855). See "Memoirs of the Life 
and Services of Rt Rev. A. Potter, D. D., LL. D.," 
by Bishop M. A. De Wolfe Howe (Philadelphia, 
1870).— His son, Clarkson Nott, legislator, b. in 
Schenectady, N. Y., 25 April, 1825 ; d. in New York 
city, 23 Jan., 1882, was graduated at Union college 
in 1842, studied civil engineering at Rensselaer 
polytechnic institute, and in 1843 went to Milwau- 
kee, Wis. After being employed as an engineer, 
he studied law, and in 1848 returned to New York, 
where he began to practise. In 1868 he was elected 
to congress, from the 12th district of that state, 
as a Democrat, and he was twice re-elected, sitting 
in that body from 4 March, 1869, till 3 March, 
1875. He declined a nomination to the 44th con- 
gress, but was again chosen for the two succeeding 
terms, and served from 15 Oct, 1877, till 4 March, 
1881. During his congressional career Mr. Potter 
was a member of important committees, and took 
an active part in the discussion of the disputed 
electoral votes of Louisiana and Florida in the 
presidential election of 1876. In 1879 he received 
the Democratic nomination for lieutenant-governor 
of New York, but was defeated. Mr. Potter served 
as president of the American bar association, and 
received the degree of LL. D. — Another son, 
Robert B., soldier, b. in Schenectady, N. Y., 16 
July, 1829 ; d. in Newport, R. I., 19 Feb., 1887, spent 



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some time at Union college, but was not graduated. 
He studied law, was admitted to the bar. and at 
the beginning of the civil war was in successful 
practice in New York city. He was commissioned 
major of the 51st New York volunteers, led the 
assault at Roanoke island, was wounded at New 
Berne, commanded his regiment at Cedar Moun- 
tain. Manassas, and Chantilly. and carried the stone 
bridge at Antietam, where he was again wounded. 
He was also engaged in the battle of Fredericks- 
burg in December, 1862, and was made brigadier- 
general of volunteers, 13 March, 1863. He had pre- 
viously been commissioned lieutenant-colonel and 
colonel. He led a division at Vicksburg, and took 
part in the siege of Knoxville, Tenn. He was bre- 
▼etted major-general of volunteers in June, 1864. 
In the Wilderness campaign, his division was con- 
stantly under fire, and in the final assault on Pe- 
tersburg, 2 April, 1865, he was severely injured. 
After the war lie was assigned to the command of 
the Connecticut and Rhode Island district of the 
Department of the East, and on his wedding-day his 
wife was presented by Sec. Stanton with his com- 
mission as full major-general of volunteers, dated 
29 Sept, 1865. He was mustered out of the army in 
January. 1866. and acted for three years as receiver 
of the Atlantic and Great Western railroad. After 
spending some time in England for his health, he 
returned to Newport, R. I., where he resided until 
his death. Gen. Grant refers to Gen. Potter in 
flattering terms in his ** Memoirs," and Gen. Win- 
field S. Hancock said of him that he was one of 
the twelve best officers, including both the regular 
and volunteer services, in the army. — Another son, 
Henry Cod man, P. E. bishop, b. in Schenectady, 
N. Y., 25 May, 1835, after being educated chiefly 
at the Episcopal academy in Philadelphia, was 
graduated at the Theological seminary of Virginia 
in 1857, received deacon's orders the same year, 
and was ordained, 15 Oct., 1858. From July, 1857, 
till May, 1859, he was rector of Christ church, 
Greensburgh, Pa., and for the next seven years he 
had charge of St. John's, Troy, N. Y. He then be- 
came assistant minister of Trinity church, Boston, 
where he remained two years. From May, 1868, 
till January, 1884, he was rector of Grace church, 
New York city. In 1863 he was chosen president 
of Ken yon college, Ohio, and in 1875 he was elected 
bishop of Iowa, but he declined both offices. In 
1883 Bishop Horatio Potter, of New York, having 
asked for an assistant, the convention of that year 
unanimously elected his nephew. Dr. Henry C. 
Potter, assistant bishop. He was consecrated on 
20 Oct., in the presence of forty-three bishops and 
300 of the clergy, the General convention being 
then in session in Philadelphia. By formal instru- 
ments, that were executed soon afterward, the aged 
bishop resigned the entire charge and responsibility 
of the work of the diocese into the hands of his 
assistant These duties the latter continued to dis- 
charge until the death of Bishop Horatio Potter, 
on 2 Jan., 1887, made him his successor. Dr. Pot- 
ter was secretary of the House of bishops from 1866 
till 1883, and for many years he was a manager of 
the Board of missions. He received from Union 
the degrees of A. M., D. D., and LL. D. in 1863, 
1865, and 1877, respectively, and that of D. D. from 
Trinity in 1884. Bishop Potter has published 
** Sisterhoods and Deaconesses at Home and 
Abroad : A History of their Rise and Growth in 
the Protestant Episcopal Church, together with 
Rules for their Organization and Government" 
(New York. 1872); "The Gates of the East: A 
Winter in Eeypt and Syria " (1876) ; ai)d " Ser- 
mons of the City " (1877). — Another son, Edward 



Tnckennan. architect, b. in Schenectady, N. Y., 
25 Sept., 1831, was graduated at Union in 1853, 
studied architecture under Richard M. Upjohn, and 
has practised in New York, giving attention prin- 
cipally to collegiate. and ecclesiastical architecture. 
His work (as illustrated in the Church of the 
Heavenly Rest, New York; the Church of the 
Good Shepherd [Colt Memorial]. Hartford; and 
Memorial Hall, Schenectady) is distinguished by 
marked freshness and originality of conception, 
felicity of ornamentation, and delicacy of feeling. 
He has resided largely abroad, and is known as a 
musical composer of much merit. — Another son, 
EUphalet Nott, clergyman, b. in Schenectady, 
N. Y., 20 Sept., 1836, was graduated at Union in 
1861, and at Berkeley divinity-school in 1862. He 
took orders as an Episcopalian clergyman, and was 
rector of the Church of the Nativity in South Beth- 
lehem, Pa., from 1862 till 1869. From 1866 till 1871 
he was secretary and professor of ethics at Lehigh 
university, and'from 1869 till 1871 he was associate 
rector of St. Paul's, Troy, N. Y. At Bethlehem 
Dr. Potter was instrumental in building three 
churches, and in Troy two chapels. In 1871 he 
was elected president of Union college, and he was 
chosen to the same office when the college became 
a university in 1873. In 1872 he was elected 
trustee. Resigning from the presidency in 1884, 
he was chosen bishop of Nebraska, but declined, 
and accepted instead a prior call to become presi- 
dent of Hobart college. He received the degree 
of D. D. from Union in 1869. — Alonzo's brother, 
Horatio, P. E. bishop, b. in Beckman, Dutchess 
co., N. Y., 9 Feb., 1802; d. in New York city, 2 
Jan., 1887. He was graduated at Union college in 
1826, ordained deacon in July, 1827, and became 
priest the following year. His first charge was at 
Saco, Me. In 1828 he was elected professor of 
mathematics and natural philosophy in Washing- 
ton (now Trinity) college, and took an active part 
in plans for the enlargement of the college. In 
1833 he became rector of St Peter's church, Al- 
bany, N. Y., and held that post till 1854, when he 
was elected provisional bishop of the diocese of 
New York, and consecrated in Trinity church on 
22 Nov. of that year. On the death of Bishop On- 
derdonk in 1861, he became bishop of the diocese. 
The 25th anniversary of his consecration was cele- 
brated on Saturday, 22 Nov., 1879, by services in 
Trinity church, and 
on the following 
Tuesday by a recep- 
tion in the Academy 
of music, at which 
deputations from 
the other dioceses in 
the state of New 
York were present, 
and addresses were 
made by William M. 
Evarts and John 
Jay. The bishop's 
last public service 
was neld, 3 May, 
1883, at the end of 
a long and fatigu- 
ing visitation, after 

which he was pros- yrfy^, / gn ^y _ 
trated by an attack STVlasUA* FttU*^ 
of pneumonia from 

which he never rallied. He died at his residence, 
after being confined to his room three years and 
eight months. When Bishop Potter came to his 
diocese it was in a state of great depression and 
disquiet, owing to the controversies that resulted 



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from the trial and suspension of his predecessor. 
(See Onderdonk, Benjamin T.) His administration 
resulted in the restoration of order, quietness, and 
peace, and in great development and prosperity. 
Among the notable events in his episcopate was 
the subdivision in 1868, when the dioceses of Long 
Island and Albany were set off. He was among 
the chief members of the house of bishops, ana 
took an active part in the Lambeth conferences in 
September, 1867, and July, 1878. He entered zeal- 
ously into the measures that had for their object 
the reunion of the dioceses that had been separated 
temporarily from each other during the civil war, 
and was among the prominent figures in the gen- 
eral convention at Philadelphia in 1865, at which 
the southern bishops, appearing in the persons of 
two representatives, were received with general and 
enthusiastic rejoicings, and without conditions or 
questions, or allusion to the past Bishop Potter 
was a man of remarkable good sense and tact, calm, 
wise, and patient, an able administrator, one whose 
judgment was rarely if ever at fault, always temper- 
ate and conciliatory; and to these qualities were 
due thegood order, peace, and prosperity of his dio- 
cese. He was a man of unusual literary culture. 
Among his personal friends and correspondents 
outside of his own country were such men as Bish- 
ops Wilberforce, Selwyn, Jackson, of London, Ham- 
ilton and Moberly, of Salisbury, and Medley, of 
Fredericton, Stanhope, Archdeacon Sinclair, and 
the Rt. Hon. Sir J. T. Coleridge. The growth of 
the diocese of New York under his administra- 
tion may be inferred from the statistics taken from 
the convention journals, though they are imper- 
fect In 1854 the diocese reported 290 clergy, 2,700 
confirmations, 4,482 baptisms, 19,730 communicants, 
and $207,341.85 in contributions. In 1868 there 
were reported 446 clergy, 3,930 confirmations, 6,814 
baptisms, 33,000 communicants, and $1,005,138.21 
in contributions. Bishop Potter took a lively in- 
terest in city mission work among the laboring 
classes and the poor, and devoted to that subject a 
great part of his annual addresses to the conven- 
tion. His publications are limited to pastoral let- 
ters, addresses to the clergy and laity of the dio- 
cese, and occasional sermons. In person Bishop Pot- 
ter was tall and of a dignified and noble presence ; 
he belonged to the old high-church school, of which 
Keble, Pusey, and Isaac Williams were among the 
best illustrations, yet his sympathies went out free- 
ly toward all Christian people. He was buried in 
the cemetery at Poughkeepsie, where an appropri- 
ate monumental stone marks the place of nis rest. 
—Horatio's son, William Bleecker, mining engi- 
neer, b. in Schenectady, N. Y., 23 March, 1846, was 
graduated at Columbia in 1866, and then, entering 
the school of mines of that college, received the 
degree of E. M. in 1869. He continued for two 
years as assistant in geology at the school, and also 
served under Dr. John S. Newberry (q. v.) on, the 
geological survey of Ohio. In 1871 he was called 
to the chair of mining and metallurgy at Wash- 
ington university. St Louis, Mo., which place he 
has since held. During these years he has Duilt up 
an extensive professional practice in the line of 
examining mineral deposits and mining processes, 
with reports on the same. Prof. Potter is a mem- 
ber of scientific societies, and in 1888 he was elected 
president of the American institute of mining en- 

S'neers. His scientific papers have been confined 
proceedings of societies to which he belongs. 
POTTER, Chandler Eastman, author, b. in 
Concord, N. H., 7 March, 1807; d. in Flint, Mich., 
8 Aug., 1868. He was graduated at Dartmouth in 
1881, and was principal of Portsmouth high-school 



in 1882-*8, except during 1884-*5, when he was a 
member of the legislature. Mr. Potter then studied 
law in Concord, and began to practise in East Con- 
cord, but in 1844 removed to Manchester, and for 
four years edited and published the Manchester 
** Democrat." He edited the ** Farmer's Month- 
ly Visitor" in 1852-'4, "The Granite Farmer and 
Monthly Visitor " in 1854-'5, and was co-editor of 
the " Weekly Mirror " and the " Mirror and Farm- 
er " in 1864-'5. He was colonel of the Amoskeag 
veterans of Manchester until his decease, and had 
command of the regiment at the time of its visit 
to Baltimore and Washington during the admin- 
istration of Franklin Pierce. He was active in the 
New Hampshire historical society, and its president 
in 1855-'7. Col. Potter was well known as an agri- 
cultural, historical, and general newspaper writer, 
and also devoted much of his time to the study of 
Indian languages, in which he was more competent 
than any other scholar in New Hampshire. He 
edited and compiled all that part of the adjutant- 
general's report of New Hampshire that included 
the military history of the state from the beginning 
of the Revolution down to the civil war (1866- , 8). 
His other publications include a " History of Man- 
chester, N. H." (Manchester, 1856), and articles on 
the Penobscot and other eastern Indians in Henry 
R. Schoolcraft's " History of the Indians," and he 
partially prepared for the press a new edition of 
Belknap's " History of New Hampshire, with Notes 
and a Continuation to 1860." 

POTTER. Edward Eel Is. naval officer, b. in 
Medina. N. Y., 9 May, 1888. He entered the U. S. 
navy as a midshipman on 5 Feb., 1850, and after 
service in the Home and African squadrons during 
1850-'5, spent a year at the U. S. naval academy. 
On 9 July, 1858, he was commissioned lieutenant 
in 1861 he was attached to the " Niagara," of the 
Western Gulf squadron, and in 1861-*2 he was execu- 
tive officer of the ** Wissahickon," of that squadron, 
during the bombardment and passage of Fort Jack- 
son and Fort St Philip and the capture of New 
Orleans. He also passed the Vicksburg batteries 
twice and participated in the engagement with the 
ram " Arkansas." On 16 July, 1862, he was promot- 
ed lieutenant-commander and attached to the u De 
Soto/' of the Eastern Qulf squadron, then passed 
to the «• Wabash," of the North Atlantic squadron, 
and in 1864-'5 he had command of the iron-clad 
•• Mahopac." He was given the ** Chippewa," of the 
North Atlantic squadron, in 1865, and took part in 
the engagement at Fort Fisher and in the bom- 
bardment of Fort Anderson, after which he was 
executive officer of the *' Rhode Island " in 1865-7, 
and was executive officer of the " Franklin," Ad- 
miral Farragut's flagship, in 1867-*8, on the ad- 
miral's last cruise. Subsequently he was on shore 
duty until 1871, having in the meanwhile been 
promoted commander on 8 June, 1869. He then 
had the ** Shawmut," of the North Atlantic squad- 
ron, during 1871-2. and then until 1879 was on 
shore duty. In 1880 he commanded the " Constel- 
lation," on her voyage to Ireland, carrying supplies 
to the sufferers, and he was commissioned captain 
on 11 July, 1880. He then served at the Brooklyn 
navy-yara in 1881-*8, and commanded the " Lan- 
caster," of the European station, until September, 
1886. Capt Potter was made commandant of the 
navy-yara at League island, Pa, in December, 
1886, and now (1888) fills that place. 

POTTER, Edward Elmer, soldier, b. in New 
York city. 20 June, 1828; d. there, 1 June, 1889. 
He was graduated at Columbia in 1842, studied law, 
went to California, but he returned to New York 
and turned his attention to farming. Early during 



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the civil war he was appointed captain and com- 
missary of subsistence from New York, which com- 
mission he held from February to October, 1862. 
Subsequently he recruited a regiment of North 
Carolina troops, of which he was made colonel, and 
was engaged chiefly in the operations in North and 
South Carolina and east Tennessee, receiving the 

Sromotion of brigadier-general of volunteers on 
9 Nov., 1862. He resigned on 24 July, 1865, and 
was brevetted major-general of volunteers on 18 
March. 1865. After the war Gen. Potter resided 
in Madison, N. J., and New York city. 

POTTER, Elisha Reynolds, lawyer, b. in 
South Kingston, R. I., 5 Nov., 1764; d. there, 26 
Sept., 1835. He began life as a blacksmith's ap- 
prentice, and was also a soldier, but subsequently 
ne studied law, and practised with considerable 
success. From 1798 till his death he was a member 
of the Rhode Island assembly, except during the 

Sears of his congressional service, and he was for 
ve years its speaker. In 1796 he was elected as a 
Federalist to congress and served from 19 Dec, 
1796, until his resignation in 1797. He was again 
sent to congress and served from 22 May, 1809, till 
2 March. 1815, acting on important committees. 
In 1818 he was a candidate for governor. It is said 
of him that " few political men in Rhode Island 
ever acquired or maintained a more commanding 
influence."— His son, Elisha Reynolds, lawyer, b. 
in South Kingston, R. I., 20 June, 1811 ; d. there, 
10 April, 1882, was graduated at Harvard in 1830, 
and, after studying Taw, became a member of the 
Rhode Island legislature. In 1835-7 he was adju- 
tant-general of the state. He was elected to con- 
gress as a Whig, serving from 4 Dec, 1843, till 3 
March, 1845, and was state commissioner of public 
schools from May, 1849, till October, 1854. Subse- 
quently he devoted himself to the practice of his 
profession, was chosen a judge of the supreme 
court of the state. Judge Potter was an active 
member of the Rhode Island historical society, and 
published in its collections *' A Brief Account of the 
Emissions of Paper Money made by the Colony of 
Rhode Island " (1837), also various' addresses. In 
addition to his M Report on the Condition and Im- 
provement of the Public Schools of Rhode Island " 
(1852), "The Bible and Prayer in Public Schools" 
(1854), and other " Reports and Documents upon 
Public Schools and Education in the State of 
Rhode Island," he was the author of " Early His- 
tory of Narragansett, with an Appendix of Original 
Documents " (Providence, 1885). 

POTTER, Hazard Arnold, surgeon, b. in Pot- 
ter township, Ontario (now Yatesf co., N. Y., 21 
Dec, 1810 ; d. in Geneva, N. Y., 2 Dec, 1869. He 
was graduated at the medical department of Bow- 
doin in 1835, and began the practice of his profes- 
sion in Rhode Island, but soon returned to his 
native town. In 1835 he settled in Geneva, where 
he performed successfully many critical surgical 
operations, and in 1837 he called attention to the 
presence of arterial blood in the veins of parts that 
had been paralyzed in consequence of injury to the 
spinal cord. He trephined the spine for depressed 
fracture of the arches of the fiftn and sixth verte- 
bra in 1844, and subsequently he performed the 
same operation four times, twice successfully. Later 
he performed ligature of the carotid artery five 
times, four times successfully, and removed the 
upper jaw six times and the lower five times. Dr. 
Potter was early convinced of the safety of opera- 
tions within the abdominal cavity, and in 1843 per- 
formed gastrotomy for the relief of intussusception 
of the bowels with perfect success. He removed 
fibrous tumors of the uterus from within the ab- 



dominal cavity five times, in three cases success- 
fully. He extirpated by ovariotomy twenty-two 
ovarian tumors, fourteen of them successfully, and 
in one of the successful cases both ovaries were re- 
moved at the same time In another case, also 
successful, the operation was repeated upon the 
same patient twice with an interval of seventeen 
months. Dr. Potter served as regimental surgeon 
of the 50th New York engineers in 1862. 

POTTER, Henry, jurist, b. in Granville county, 
N. C, in 1765; d. in Fayetteville, N. Y., 20 Dec, 
1857. He was educated as a lawyer, and was ap- 
pointed in 1801 U. S. judge of the fifth circuit In 
1802 he became U. S. judge of the district of North 
Carolina, and he was on the bench for more than 
half a century. He was a trustee of the University 
of North Carolina from 1799 till his death. Judge 
Potter published " Duties of a Justice of the Peace " 
(Raleigh, 1816), and was associated with John L. 
Taylor and Bartlett Yancey in the compilation of 
a revision of the " Law of the State of North Caro- 
lina" (2 vols., 1821). 

POTTER, Israel Ralph, patriot, b. in Crans- 
ton, R. I., 1 Aug., 1744 ; d. there about 1826. He 
early left home and became a farmer in New Hamp- 
shire, after which he was associated with a party of 
surveyors as assistant chain-bearer. He next be- 
came a sailor on a ship that was burned at sea, but 
he was rescued by a Dutch vessel and continued 
his roving career for nearly two years. In 1774 he 
returned home, and after working on a farm for 
several months enlisted in a regiment that was 
raised by Col. John Patterson. The battle of Lex- 
ington found him ploughing, and, after deliberately 
finishing the work, he joined his regiment at 
Charlestown. He fought with bravery at the battle 
of Bunker Hill, and, when his ammunition was ex- 
hausted, seized a sword from a wounded officer and 
continued the contest until the close, when, having 
received two musket-ball wounds, he found his way 
to the hospital. On his recovery he volunteered 
as a seaman on the u Washington," one of the 
blockading fleet in front of Boston. Soon after- 
ward his vessel was captured, and he was sent to 
England. On the voyage he formed a scheme to 
take the frigate, but was Defrayed and put in irons. 
When he arrived in England he was conveyed to 
Spithead and put on board of a hulk, but he escaped, 
and, in the garb of a beggar, found his way to Lon- 
don, where he engaged in gardening and at one 
time was employed in Kew gardens, where the 
king held a conversation with him. After various 
experiences he was sent on a mission by friends of 
the colonies to Paris, where he met Benjamin 
Franklin, by whom he was sent back with replies. 
On reaching England he sought employment in 
London, where he was married and gained a bare 
livelihood until 1823, when, through the influence 
of the American consul, he was able to return to 
Boston. He visited his former home, but the mem- 
ory of his name had long since faded away. His 
application for a pension was refused, owing to his 
absence from the country when the pension law 
was passed ; and so, after dictating an account of 
his experiences, he passed away. His memoirs, 

{rablished in Providence, in 1824, were sold by ped- 
ers, and finally were entirelv lost until a tattered 
copy fell into the hands of Herman Melville and 
was made the basis of his " Israel Potter : His Fifty 
Years of Exile " (New York, 1855). 

POTTER, James, Revolutionary soldier, b. in 
Tyrone, Ireland, in 1729 ; d. in Centre county, Pa., in 
November. 1789. He came to this country with his 
father. John Potter, in 1741, and the family settled 
in Cumberland county, Pa^ of which the father 



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POTTER 



became high sheriff in 1750. At the ape of twenty- 
five the son was a lieutenant in the border militia, 
and in 1755 he was a captain under Gen. Armstrong 
in the victorious Kittanning campaign, after which 
Armstrong and Potter were attached friends. In 
1703-4 he served in the militia as major and lieu- 
tenant-colonel. He sympathized ardently with the 
colonies in their contest with the mother country, 
in 1775 was made a colonel, and in the following 
year was a meml)erof the Provincial convention, of 
which Benjamin Franklin was president. In April. 
1777, he was made a brigadier-general of Pennsyl- 
vania troops, and he remained in almost continuous 
service until the close of the war. In 1777, with 
the troops under his command in the counties of 
Philadelphia, Chester, and Delaware, he obtained 
important information for Washington, and pre- 
vented supplies reaching the enemy. On 11 Dec, 
while the army under Washington was on its way 
to Valley Forge, after part of it had crossed the 
Schuylkill at Matson's ford, it was found that the 
enemy under Cornwallis were in force on the other 
side. " They were met," writes Washington, " by 
Gen. Potter, with part of the Pennsylvania militia, 
who behaved with great bravery, and gave them 
every possible opposition until he was obliged to 
retreat from their superior numbers." In the spring 
of 1778 Washington wrote from Valley Forge: " If 
the state of Gen. Potter's affairs will admit of his 
returning to the army. I shall be exceedingly glad 
to see him, as his activity and vigilance have been 
much wanted during the winter. He was chosen 
a member of the supreme executive council of 
Pennsylvania in 1780, in 1781 became its vice-pres- 
ident, and in 1782 was a candidate for the presi- 
dency against John Dickinson, receiving thirty-two 
votes to Dickinson's forty-one. He became a mem- 
ber of the council of censors in 1784, and in 1785 
one of the commissioners of rivers and streams. 
He was a farmer, and he left at his death large and 
valuable landed estates. 

POTTER, John Fox, lawyer, b. in Augusta, 
Me., 11 May, 1817. He was educated at Phillips 
Exeter academy, and, after studying law, was ad- 
mitted to the bar in 1837. Settling in East Troy, 
Wis., in 1838, he began the practice of his profes- 
sion, and during 1842-'G he was judge of Walworth 
county. In 1850 he was a member of the legisla- 
ture of Wisconsin, and he was then elected as a 
Republican to congress, serving from 7 Dec, 1857, 
till 4 March, 1803. In 1800, after Owen Lovejoy's 
speech in congress, concerning the assassination of 
his brother, Elijah P. Lovejoy (q. v.), Mr. Potter, 
at the close of an angry discussion with Roger A. 
Pryor, was challenged to a duel by the latter. Mr. 
Potter chose bowie-knives as the weapons, which 
were promptly objected to by the other side, and 
in consequence the matter was dropped. Consid- 
erable newspaper discussion followed. It is said 
that at the roll-call of congress at the time of, the 
proposed meeting, when Potter's name was reached, 
the response came: •• He is keeping a Pryor en- 
gagement." When Pryor's name was called, the 
answer was : •• He has gone to be made into Pot- 
ter's clay." In 1801 Mr. Potter was a delegate to 
the Peace congress, and on his defeat for re-election 
to congress he was tendered the governorship of 
Dakota. This offer he declined, and he received 
in 1803 the appointment of consul-general to Brit- 
ish North America at Montreal, which he held 
until 1806. He has since resided in Wisconsin. 

POTTER, John S., actor, b. in Philadelphia, 
Pa., in 1809; d. in Morris, 111., 21 Feb., 1809. He 
was early apprenticed as a printer in the office of 
the Philadelphia '* Gazette, but began to frequent 



the theatres, and soon joined the Boothenian dra- 
matic club. He made his first appearance at the 
Washington circus in 1827, and then went to Pitts- 
burg, where he played under the name of John 
Sharp. For several years he acted in various parts 
throughout the United States, but ultimately he 
became a manager, in which vocation he continued 
until his death. Mr. Potter built the first theatre 
in Natchez, Miss., and also those in Fort Gibson 
in 1830 ; in Grand Gulf in 1830 ; in Natchitoches 
in 1837 ; in Jackson, Miss., in 1837 ; in Dubuque, 
Iowa, in 1839 : in Chicago, 111., in 1841 ; in Roches- 
ter, N. Y., in 1846 ; and in Cleveland, O., in 184a 
He sailed for California in 1855, and remained on 
the Pacific coast until 1805, building theatres in 
California, Oregon, and Vancouver's island. 

POTTER, Joseph Haydn, soldier, b. in Con- 
cord, N. H., 12 Oct., 1822. He was graduated at 
the IT. S. military academy in 1843, standing next 
below Gen. Grant in class rank. In 1843-'5 he 
was engaged in garrison duty, and he then par- 
ticipated in the military occupation of Texas and 
the war with Mexico. He was engaged in the de- 
fence of Foil Brown, and was wounded in the 
battle of Monterey. Subsequently he was employed 
on recruiting service, was promoted 1st lieutenant 
in the 7th infantry on 30 Oct, 1847, and served 
on garrison duty until 1850, becoming captain on 
9 Jan. of that year. He accompanied the Utah 
expedition in 1858- '60, and at the beginning of the 
civil war was on duty in Texas, where he was cap- 
tured by the Confederates at St. Augustine Springs 
on 27 July, 1801, but was exchanged on 2 Aug., 
1862. The command of the 12th New Hampshire 
volunteers was given him, and he took part in the 
Maryland and Rappahannock campaigns with the 
Army of the Potomac, receiving his promotion of 
maior in the regular army on 4 July, 1803. He 
took part in the battle of Fredericksburg, and at 
Chancellorsville was wounded and captured. His 
services in these two battles gained for him the 
brevets of lieutenant-colonel and colonel respect- 
ively. He was exchanged in October. 1803, and 
was* assistant provost-marshal-general of Ohio un- 
til September, 1804, when he was assigned a brigade 
in the 18th corps of the Array of the James, with 
command of the Bermuda Hundred front during 
the attack on Fort Harrison. He afterward was 
assigned to command of brigade in the 24th corps 
and continued at the front as chief of staff of the 
24th corps from January, 1805, until the surrender of 
Gen. Lee, receiving the brevet of brigadier-general 
in the U. S. army on 13 March, 1805, and promo- 
tion to brigadier-general of volunteers on 1 May, 
1865. He was mustered out of the volunteer ser- 
vice on 15 Jan., 1800, and appointed lieutenant-colo- 
nel of the 30th infantry, 28 July same year. After 
holding various posts in the west he received his 
promotion as colonel on 11 Dec., 1873, and then 
continued with his regiment, with the exception of 
four years, from 1 July, 1877, to 1 July, 1881, when 
he was governor of the soldiers' home, Washington, 
D. C, until 1 April, 1880, when he was made briga- 
dier-general in the regular army. He then had 
command of the Department of Missouri until his 
retirement on 12 Oct., 1880. 

POTTER, Nathaniel, physician, b. in Carolina 
county, Md., in 1770; d. in Baltimore, Md., 2 Jan., 
1843. He was graduated at the medical depart- 
ment of the University of Pennsylvania in 1796, 
and settled in Baltimore, where he practised until 
his death. In 1807 he was associated with Dr. 
John B. Davidge and others in founding the College 
of medicine of Maryland, which in 1812 became 
the medical department of the University of Mary- 



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POTTER 



POTTS 



91 



land, and he was its professor of the theory and 
practice of medicine until his death, and its dean 
in 1814. Dr. Potter was physician to the Balti- 
more general dispensary in 1803, and secretary of 
the medical and chirurgical faculty in 1802-'9. He 
was a collaborator of the "American Journal of 
the Medical Sciences," in 1811 edited the "Bal- 
timore Medical and Philosophical Lyceum," a 
quarterly periodical, and in 1839-'43 was co-editor 
of the " Maryland Medical and Surgical Journal.*' 
Besides numerous medical papers, he issued u Medi- 
cal Properties and Deleterious Qualities of Ar- 
senic" (Baltimore, 1805); "A Memoir on Conta- 
flon, more especially as it respects the Yellow 
ever" (1818); and "On the Locusta Septentrio- 
nalis" (1839); and he edited, with notes, critical 
and explanatory, John Armstrong's "Practical 
Illustrations of the Typhus Fever" (Baltimore, 
1821). also, with Samuel Calhoun, two editions of 
George Gregory's " Elements of Theory and Prac- 
tice of Medicine" (2 vols., Philadelphia, 1826-'9). 

POTTER, Piatt, jurist, b. in Galway, N. Y., 6 
April, 1800. He was graduated at Schenectady 
academy in 1820, and, after studying law under 
Alonzo'C. Paige, .was admitted in 1824 to the bar. 
Settling in Minorville, he followed his profession 
there until 1833, when he removed to Schenectady 
and entered into partnership with his former pre- 
ceptor. Meanwhile he had been elected to the 
assembly in 1830, and attracted attention by his 
speech in favor of the bill to abolish imprisonment 
for debt. From 1839 till 1847 he was district at- 
torney for Schenectady county, and at the same 
time master and examiner in chancery, having been 
appointed to those offices in 1828, and continuing 
to exercise their functions till the abolishment of 
the court in chancery about 1847. He was elected 
justice of the supreme court in 1857, and re-elected 
in 1865 without opposition, also serving as judge 
of the court of appeals. His judicial services dur- 
ing the civil war were of the utmost value to the 
government, and his written opinions and judg- 
ments bear testimony to his abundant legal knowl- 
edge. In 1870 he caused the arrest of Henry Ray, 
a member of the assembly, for refusing to answer 
a subpoena, and for this action Judge Potter was 
brought before that body on an accusation of " high 
breach of privilego " ; but he completely vindicated 
his course, and was discharged. His argument was 
issued by the bar in pamphlet-form (Albany, 1870), 
and he received numerous voluntary letters of con- 
gratulation from eminent iurists throughout the 
United States. During tne same year he was 
chosen president of the State judicial convention 
in Rochester. At present (1888) he is president 
of the Mohawk national bank of Schenectady. In 
1865 he was elected a trustee of Union college, 
which office he filled for twenty years, and in 1867 
the degree of LL. D. was conferred on him by that 
institution. Judge Potter has published a general 
treatise on the construction of statutes, entitled 
" Potter's Dwarris " (Albany, 1871) ; " Equity Juris- 
prudence," compiled and enlarged from the work of 
John Willard (1875) ; and " Potter on Corporations" 
(2 vols., 1879). In 1886 he presented to the New 
York historical society six volumes of the "State 
Trials of England," published in 1742, that origi- 
nally belonged to Sir William Johnson, bart. The 
books, when they were issued, were valued at £600. 

POTTER, Samuel John, senator, b. in Kings- 
ton, R. I., 29 June, 1739; d. in Washington, D. C, 
26 Sept.. 1804. He was elected deputy governor of 
Rhode Island in May, 1790, serving until February, 
1799, when the title of the office was changed to 
lieutenant-governor, and as such he remained until 



May, 1799. He was again elected in May, 1800, and 
served for three years. Gov. Potter wa« also a 
presidential elector in 1792 and 1796, and in 1803 
he was chosen to the U. S. senate, serving from 3 
Oct.. 1803, until his death. 

POTTER, Thomas J., railroad-manager, b. in 
Burlington, Iowa, 16 Aug., 1840; d. in Washing- 
ton, D. C, 9 March. 1888. He received a liberal 
education, and in 1862 entered the service of the 
Burlington and Missouri railroad as a lineman of 
the engineer corps. In 1866 he was appointed 
agent of the same corporation at Burlington, Iowa. 
In 1873 the Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy com- 
pany secured his services. He was first agent, then 
assistant superintendent, afterward general mana- 
ger, and finally general manager and vice-presi- 
dent. He was chosen vice-president of the St. 
Louis and Keokuk, of the Chicago, Burlington, and 
Kansas City, of the Chicago and Iowa, of the Han- 
nibal and St. Joseph, and of the Burlington, and 
Missouri River roads, respectively. Great efforts 
were constantly made to induce him to leave the 
Chicago, Burlington, and Ouincy and accept tempt- 
ing salaries on rival roads, but it was not until 
May, 1887, that he decided to accede to the reguest 
of its president, Charles Francis Adams, ana be- 
come general manager and vice-president of the 
Union Pacific road. In this capacity he labored 
until he was compelled to stop from illness caused 
by overwork. On hearing of his early death, an 
official of the road said : " Mr. Potter was the 
leader of practical railroad-managers, nis judg- 
ment was remarkable for its accuracy, and his will 
was indomitable." 

POTTS, George, clergyman, b. in Philadelphia, 
Pa., 15 March, 1802 ; d. in' New York city, 15 Sept., 
1864. He was graduated at the University of 
Pennsylvania in 1819, and at Princeton theological 
seminary in 1822. He was pastor of the Presby- 
terian church in Natchez, Miss., in 1823-'35, of the 
Duane street church, New York city, in 1886-'44, 
and of the University place church from its com- 
pletion in the latter year until his death. He en- 
gaged in a once celebrated controversy with Bishop 
Wain wright, of the Protestant Episcopal church, in 
1844, on the subject of episcopal ordination, which 
was published under tne title of "No Church 
without a Bishop" (New York, 1845). He also 

Sublished pamphlets and sermons. — His daughter, 
Iary Enoles. d. in Natchez, Miss., in 1827; d. in 
New York city in 1858, translated from the Swedish 
of Lewis F. Bungener "The Preacher and the 
King " (Boston, 1853) and " Priest and Huguenot " 
(1854). See her " Memorial " (New York, 1860). 

POTTS, James Henry, clergyman, b. in Wood- 
house, Norfolk co., Ontario, Canada, 12 June. 1848. 
He was educated in the public schools of Canada 
and Michigan, and graduated at Mayhew's com- 
mercial college in 1866. He afterward studied 
theology, and was a pastor in the Methodist Epis- 
copal church in 1869-'77. He was associate editor 
of the " Michigan Christian Advocate " in 1877-'84, 
and has been editor-in-chief since the latter year. 
Mr. Potts received the degree of M. A. from North- 
western university in 1882, and that of D. D. 
from Albion college in 1885. He is the author of 
" Methodism in the Field, or Pastor and People " 
(New York, 1869); "Golden Dawn, or Light on 
the Great Future " (Philadelphia, 1880) ; " Spirit- 
ual Life, its Nature and Excellence " (New York, 
1884); "Our Thorns and Crowns" (Philadelphia, 
1884); "Perrine's Principles of Church Govern- 
ment," with additions (New York, 1887); and 
" Faith made Easv, or what to Believe and Why " 
(Cincinnati, 1888).' 



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POTTS 



POULSON 



POTTS, John. Canadian clergyman, b. in Ma- 
guire's Bridge, County Fermanagh, Ireland, in 
1838. He emigrated to Canada at an early age, 
and engaged in mercantile pursuits in Kingston 
and Hamilton, but after a course in Victoria col- 
lege he was ordained as a Methodist minister in 
1861. After being stationed at London and York- 
ville he was chosen, in 1866, as the first pastor of 
a church that had been erected in Hamilton to 
commemorate the centenary of American Method- 
ism. He afterward was pastor of churches at 
Montreal and Toronto. He is an eloquent preacher, 
and one of the best-known clergymen of his de- 
nomination in Canada. He is a member of the 
board and senate of Victoria university and the 
Montreal theological college. In 1878 the Weslevan 
university of Ohio gave him the degree of D. D. 

POTTS, Jonathan, surgeon, b. in Popodickon, 
Berks co., Pa., 1 April, 1745 ; d. in Reading, Pa., 
in October, 1781. He was a son of John Potts, 
the founder of Pottstown, Pa. After receiving a 
classical education, he went with Dr. Benjamin 
Rush to Edinburgh, Scotland, for medical study, 
and after his return he was graduated, in 1768, a 
bachelor of physic at the College of Philadelphia, 
at the first granting of medical degrees in this 
country, and in 1771 received the degree of M. D. 
His Latin thesis on the latter occasion, " De Febri- 
bus Intermittentibus potentissimum Tertian is " was 

Sublished (Philadelphia, 1771). From 1768 till his 
eath he was a member of the American philo- 
sophical society. He began the practice of medi- 
cine at Reading. Dr. Potts early identified him- 
self with the struggle for independence, and was 
secretary of the Berks county committee of safety, 
and a member of the Provincial convention at 
Philadelphia, 23 Jan., 1775. In 1776 he was ap- 
pointed surgeon for Canada and Lake George, 
and returned with Gen. Gates to Pennsylvania. 
In general orders, dated 12 Dec, 1776, Gen. Put- 
nam directed that all officers that were in charge 
of anv sick soldiers should "make return to Dr. 
Jonathan Potts, at Mr. John Biddle's, in Market 
street.*' Soon after this order was issued Dr. 
Potts was in service at the battle of Princeton. 
Dr. Potts was appointed in April, 1777, medical 
director-general of the northern department, and 
as such joined the army at Albany, N. Y. In 
November, 1777, he returned to Reading, having 
been furloughed, and while there was appointed 
by congress director-general of the hospitals of 
the middle department He was subsequently 
surgeon of the first city troop of Philadelphia. — 
His brother, Thomas, was one of the original 
members of the American philosophical society, 
and in 1776 was commissioned colonel of one of 
the Pennsylvania battalions. — Another brother, 
John, studied law at the Temple, London, became 
a judge in the city of Philadelphia, and, sympa- 
thizing with the mother country, went to Halifax, 
Nova Scotia, but returned after the war. — Another 
brother, Isaac, is said to have been the person that 
discovered Washington at prayer in the woods at 
Valley Forge ; and the country-seat of David, an- 
other brother, was Washington's headquarters at 
the latter place. See " Potts Memorial," by Mrs. 
Thomas Potts James. 

POTTS, Richard, member of the Continental 
congress, b. in Upper Marlborough, Prince George 
co., Md., in July, 1753; d. in Frederick county, 
Md., 26 Nov., 1808. He studied law at Annapolis, 
and afterward removed to Frederick county, where 
he practised till his death. He was clerk of the 
county committee of observation in 1776, clerk 
of the county court in 1777, and member of the 



house of delegates in 1779-'80 and 1787-*8. He 
was a delegate to the Continental congress in 1781, 
became state attorney for Frederick, Montgomery, 
and Washington counties, Md., in 1784, was a mem- 
ber of the Maryland convention of 1788 that rati- 
fied the constitution of the United States, and in 
1789 was commissioned byGen. Washington U. S. 
attorney for Maryland. He became chief justice 
of the county courts o* the 5th judicial district 
in 1791, and was U. S. senator in 1798- , 6. From 
1801 till 1804 he was associate justice of the Mary- 
land court of appeals. Princeton gave him the 
degree of LL. D. in 1805. 

POTTS, Stacy Gardner, jurist, born in Harria- 
burjc. Pa., 9 Nov., 1799; d. in Trenton, N.J., 9 
April, 1865. He became editor of the ** Empo- 
rium," a weekly newspaper, in Trenton, N. J., in 
1821, was admitted to the bar in 1827, and was in 
the legislature in 1828-*9. He became clerk of the 
New Jersey chancery court in 1821, held office ten 
years, and then retired on account of delicate 
health. He was a commissioner to revise the laws 
of New Jersey in 1845, became judge of the court 
of appeals in 1852, and retired in 1859. Princeton 
gave him the degree of LL. D. in 1844 He was 
active in the affairs of the Presbyterian church, 
and in 1851, was chairman of the finance com- 
mittee of that body. After leaving the bench he 
devoted himself to* literary pursuits. His publica- 
tions include " Village Tales" (Philadelphia, 1827) 
and " Precedents and Notes of Practice in the New 
Jersey Chancery Court " (1841), and he left in manu- 
script a work entitled •' The Christ of Revelation." 
— His brother, William Stephens, clergyman, b. 
in Northumberland county. Pa., 13 Oct., 1802 ; d. in 
St Louis, Mo., 27 March, 1852, learned the printer's 
trade, subsequently studied under Rev, Ezra S. Ely 
in Philadelphia, and was a student at Princeton 
theological seminary in 1825-*7. He was pastor of 
the 1st Presbyterian church of St. Louis, Mo., in 
1828-'35, president of Marion college for the sub- 
sequent four years, founded the 2d Presbyterian 
church of St. Louis in 1838, and was its pastor till 
his death. Marion gave him the degree of D. D. 
in 1845. He published several sermons. 

POUCHOT, H. (poo-sho), soldier, b. in Greno- 
ble, France, in 1712; d. in Corsica, 8 May, 1769. 
He entered the engineer corps of the French army 
in 1733, and sulwequently served in Corsica, Flan- 
ders, and Germany. He accompanied the Marquis 
de Montcalm to Canada, and assisted in the defence 
of Forts Niagara and Levis. He is the author of 
"Memoirs of the War of 1755-*60 in North 
America" (Paris. 3 vols., 1781), which has been 
translated into English, and edited by Franklin 
R Hough (2 vols., New York, I860). In this work 
he speaks of observing oil-springs in northwestern 
Pennsylvania, probably the first mention of that 
petroleum field on record. 

POULSON, Zachariah, publisher, b. in Phila- 
delphia, Pa., 5 Sept., 1761 ; d. there, 81 July, 1844. 
His father, of the same name, was brought from 
Denmark to Philadelphia in infancy, and became 
a printer. The son was a pupil of Christopher 
Sower, in whose printing establishment at German- 
town, Pa., was printed, in German, the first edition 
of the Bible published in the United States. For 
many years he was printer to the senate of Penn- 
sylvania. On 1 Oct, 1800. he began the publica- 
tion of the "American Daily Advertiser," the 
first daily in the United States, which ho had 
purchased from David C. Claypoole. and he con- 
tinued as its editor and proprietor till its discon- 
tinuance, 28 Dec, 1839. lie issued " Poulson's 
Town and Country Almanac" (1789-1801), and 



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POUNDMAKER 



POUTRINCOURT 



was the publisher of Robert Proud's " History of 
Pennsylvania " (1797-8), the mystical works of 
William Oerar de Bram, and other valuable books. 
He was a founder and president of the Philadel- 
phia society for alleviating the miseries of public 
prisons, and a member and benefactor of various 
other benevolent associations. He was also for 
twenty-one years librarian of the Library company 
of Philadelphia, six years its treasurer, and thirty- 
two years a director, and his portrait, by Thomas 
Solly, hangs in its hall in that city. 

POUNDMAKER, Indian chief, b. near Battle- 
ford, Northwest territory, British America, in 
1826; d. at Gleichen, near Calgary. 4 July, 1886. 
As chief of the Cree nation, he 'first came into 

E* "* j notice in connection with the tour of the 
ais of Lome, governor -general of Canada, 
is party through the northwest in 1881, when 
he acted as their guide from Battleford to Calgary. 
Believing that the Canadian government was false 
to its promise of relief to the Indians, he was in- 
duced by Louis Riel (q. v.) to take the field with 
the warriors of his nation. At the battle of Cut 
Knife Creek, thirty -five miles from Battleford, 
with 850 Indian warriors, he displayed great bra- 
very in holding the regular troops under Lieut-Col. 
Otter at bay for more than four hours. Though 
the fight was indecisive and the losses about equal, 
Lieut.-Col. Otter thought it expedient to retire 
to Battleford. On another occasion Poundmaker 
surprised and captured a supply-train that was 
carrying provisions to the troops. After the battle 
of Batache and the capture of Riel, Poundmaker, 
after giving up the prisoners that he held, surren- 
dered himself to Oen. Middleton. He was subse- 
Suently sent to Regina, tried for the part he took 
l the rebellion, and sentenced on 18 Aug., 1885, 
to three years' imprisonment in the Stony Moun- 
tain penitentiary. In reply to a question by the 
judge, Poundmaker said : " I am a man, do as you 
like. I am in your power. I gave myself up ; you 
could not catch me." After sentence was pro- 
nounced, he asked to be hanged at once, as he pre- 
ferred death to imprisonment He was released 
after a year's confinement and died while on a 
visit to Crowfoot, chief of the Blackfoot Indians, 
his relative by marriage. He was of genial dispo- 
sition, possessed considerable intellectual force 
and keenness of perception, and was devotedly at- 
tached to his race and people. 

POURTALfiS, Louis Francois de (poor-tah- 
lays), naturalist, b. in Neuchatel, Switzerland, 4 
lUrch, 1824; din Beverly Farms, Mass., 10 July, 
1880. He was educated as an engineer, but an early 
predilection for natural science led to his becoming 
a favorite pupil of Louis Agassiz, whom he accompa- 
nied in 1840 on his glacial explorations among the 
Alps. In 1847 he came with Agassiz to the United 
States and made his home in East Boston, and then 
in Cambridge, Mass. Pourtales entered the U. S. 
coast survey in 1848, and continued attached to that 
service until 1878. In 1851 he served in the tri- 
angulation of the Florida reef, and at that time 
collected numerous gephyreans and holothurians, 
which led to his special study of the bed of the 
ocean. He was the pioneer of deep-sea dredging 
in this country, and he lived to see that he had 
paved the way for similar researches both here and 
abroad. On the Hassler expedition from Massa- 
chusetts bay through the Straits of Magellan to 
California he had entire charge of the dredging 
operations. In 1854 he was placed in special 
charge of the field and office work of the tidal 
division of the coast survey, where he remained 
until his resignation. His most valuable work 



was in connection with marine zoology, and the 
large collections that he made were deposited in 
the Museum of comparative zoOlogy in Cambridge. 
Their examination nas resulted in special reports 
upon echinoderms, corals, crinoids, foramimfera, 
sponges, annelids, hydroids, bryozoa, mollusks, 
and crust&cea, by the most eminent investigators 
of America and Europe, which were published 
principally in the bulletins of the museum. Pour- 
tales became assistant in zoology at the museum in 
1873, and on the death of Louis Agassiz became 
its keeper. His name has been given to the genus 
Pourtalesia, a variety of sea-urchins. He was a 
member of various scientific societies, and had 
been elected to membership in the National acad- 
emy of sciences. His writings are largely con- 
tained in the reports of the coast survey, but in 
addition to valuable scientific papers in the " Pro- 
ceedings of the American Association for the Ad- 
vancement of Science " and the " American Jour- 
nal of Science," he published, under the direction 
of the Museum of comparative zoology, " Contribu- 
tions to the Fauna of the Gulf Stream at Great 
Depths" (part i., 1867; part, ii., 1868); "List of 
the Crinoids obtained on the Coasts of Florida 
and Cuba in 1867-'9 " (1869) ; "List of Holothu- 
ridc from the Deep-Sea Dredgings of the U. S. 
Coast Survey " (1869) ; " Deep-Sea Corals " (1871) ; 
"The Zoological Results of the Hassler Expe- 
dition," with Alexander Agassiz (1874) ; " Reports 
on the Dredging Operations of the U. S. Coast- 
Survey Steamer * Blake ' " ; " Corals and Crinoids " 
(1878); and "Report on the Corals and Antipa- 
tharia"(1880). 

P0USS1N, Guillaume Tell LavalMe (poos- 
sang), French soldier, b. in France about 1795; d. 
after 1850. He accompanied Gen. Simon Bernard 
to the United States after the fall of Napoleon, and 
on 6 March, 1817, became assistant topographical 
engineer in the U. S. army, with rank of captain, 
and aide to Gen. Bernard. He was promoted topo- 
graphical engineer, with rank of major, 15 Jan., 
1829, but resigned, 81 July, 1832. He had become 
a naturalized citizen of this country, but returned 
to France, where he took an active part in the estab- 
lishment of the republic of 1848, and in 1848-'9 he 
was its minister to the United States. Among other 
works he published "Travaux d'ameliorations in- 
teneures projetes ou executes par le gouvernement 
general des Etats-Unis d'Amenque de 1824 a 1831 " 
(Paris, 1834) ; " Considerations sur le principe demo- 
cratique qui regit l'Union Amlricaine, et de la pos- 
sibility de son application a d'autres Etats "(1841) ; 
and " De la puissance Ame*ricaine : origine, institu- 
tions, esprit, politique, ressources des Etats-Unis " 
(2 vols., 1843; English translation by E. L. Du 
Barry, M. D., Philadelphia, 1851). 

POUTRINCOURT, Jean de Biencourt (poo- 
trang-koor), Sieur de, French soldier, b. in France 
in 1557 ; d. in Mery-sur-Seine in 1615. He followed 
De Monte to Canada in 1603, and was subsequently 
made lieutenant by the latter. He obtained a grant 
of Port Royal in 1604, but gave his principal atten- 
tion to trading with the Indians, and neglected the 
colony that he had established there. He returned 
to France in the following year, and, in pursuance 
of an agreement with De Monts, equipped a vessel 
with supplies for the settlers, and sailed from La 
Rochelle on 13 May, 1606. After fortifying Port 
Royal, he accompanied Champlain on an exploring 
expedition as far as Port Fortune (Chatham), which 
was not productive of many useful results. He 
returned to France, his jrrant of Port Royal was 
confirmed by the king in 1007, and he was de- 
sired at the same time to work for the oonver- 



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sion of the Indians, and to receive the Jesuits as 
missionaries. He felt a strong dislike for that 
order, and, on the ground that Port Royal was in 
no condition to receive the missionaries, begged 
them to postpone their departure, and then sailed 
for Acadia in 1608. He afterward wrote letters 
to the pope and the French court describing whole- 
sale conversions that had been made by himself, 
and deprecating the necessity of sending'out Jesu- 
its. In 1610 Madame de Guercheville formed a 
partnership with him, according to the terms of 
which Jesuit missionaries that she should send out 
were to be supported from the proceeds of the 
fishery and fur-trade. They were badly received 
on their arrival, and the suspicions that Poutrin- 
court entertained of their designs considerably 
hampered them. He returned to France in 1612, 
had a serious quarrel with Madame de Guercheville 
on this subject, and appears to have been im- 
prisoned for some time about this period. Pou- 
trin court sailed for Acadia after the English aban- 
doned it in 1614, but made no effort to rebuild Port 
Royal, returned home, and entered the French 
service. — His son, Biencourt, afterward called 
Poutrincourt, remained in Acadia, and died there 
in 1623 or 1624. 

POVEDA, Francisco (po-vay'-dah), Cuban poet, 
b. in Havana in October. 1796; d. in Sagua in 1881. 
When very young he went to Sagua la Grande, a 
small inland town, where he spent his life, becoming 
successively a shepherd, a ploughman, an actor, and 
a teacher. He has published several collections 
of poems, including " Guirnalda Habanera," " Ra- 
mi lie te Portico," and ** El tiple campesino," which 
are known by heart throughout the island by 
the country people ; *• Las Rosas de Amor" (1881); 
"Leyendas Cubanas" (1846); a complete collec- 
tion of his songs and poems (1863 ; 2d ed., 1879) ; 
and " El peon de Bayamo," a drama, which was 
performed in 1879. roveda was known under the 
name of the " Trovador Cubano," or the Cuban 
troubadour, on account of his popularity and the 
nature of his poems. 

POWEL, Samuel, mayor of Philadelphia, b. in 
Philadelphia in 1739; d. there, 29 Sept, 1793. 
He was graduated in 1759 at the College of Phila- 
delphia (now University of Pennsylvania), served 
several years in the city council, was a justice of 
the common pleas and quarter sessions courts, and 
in 1775 was chosen mayor, being the last under the 
charter of 1701. He continued in office until the 
military authorities took municipal matters «into 
their own hands, and after the Revolution, under 
the new charter, he was, in 1789, again chosen 
mayor. In 1780 he subscribed £5,000 for the pro- 
visioning of the army. He was the speaker of the 
Pennsylvania senate in 1792, one of the early mem- 
bers of the American philosophical society, from 
1773 till his death a trustee of the University of 
Pennsylvania, one of the founders, and, in 1785, first 
president of the Philadelphia society for promoting 
agriculture, and a manager of the Pennsylvania hos- 
pital.— His wife, Elizabeth Willing, was a sister 
of Thomas Willing, the partner of Robert Morris. 
—Her nephew, John Hare, agriculturist, b. in 
Philadelphia, 22 April, 1786; d. in Newport, R. I., 
14 June, 1856, was originally named John Powel 
Hare, and he was own brother to Dr. Robert Hare 
(g. t\), but he was adopted by his aunt, Mrs. Powel, 
and at his majority assumed her name by act of 
legislature. He was educated at the College of 
Philadelphia, became a successful merchant, and, 
going abroad for pleasure, became secretary of the 
U. ». legation in London, under William Pinck- 
ney. Wnilc there, according to Charles Greville in 



I his memoirs, he was " the handsomest man ever 
I seen." He returned in December, 1811, served as 
I brigade-major of volunteers under Gen. Thomas 
' Cadwalader, and from December, 1814, till June, 
I 1815, was inspector-general with the rank of colonel 
in the regular army. He subseouentlv, at the de- 
sire of his family, refused a brigadier-general's 
commission in the Colombian service, ana passed 
the remainder of his life in efforts to develop agri- 
culture and improve the breed of domestic ani- 
mals in the United States. He was one of the 
founders of the Pennsylvania agricultural society 
in 1823, and its secretary till 1824, correspondeel 
actively with English agriculturists, and imported 
many valuable animals. Col. Powel was a good 
speaker and debater, and a patron of the fine arts. 
He was a member of the Pennsylvania senate in 
1827-*30, and a delegate to the Free- trade conven- 
tion of 1832. He published many papers in the 
"Memoirs of the Pennsylvania Agricultural So- 
ciety " ; ** Hints for American Husbandmen " 
(Philadelphia, 1827); pamphlets entitled "Reply 
to Pickering's Attack upon a Pennsylvania Farm- 
er" (1825), and " Remarks on the Proper Termina- 
tion of the Columbia Railroad " (1830) ; and many 
essays in agricultural periodicals. 

POWELL, Aaron Macy, reformer, b. in Clinton, 
Dutchess co., N. Y., 26 March, 1832. He was edu- 
cated in public schools and in the state normal 
school, but left before graduation to take part in 
the anti-slavery movement He was lecturing- 
agent for the American anti-slavery societv from 
1852 till 1865, editor of the " National Anti-Slavery 
Standard" from that time till 1870, and then of 
the " National Standard " till 1872, and since that 
year has been secretary of the National temper- 
ance society and editor of the •* National Temper- 
ance Advocate." In 1886 he also took charge of 
the " Philanthropist" Mr. Powell was a delegate 
to the International prison congress in London in 
1872, and to those for the abolition of state regula- 
tion of vice, in Geneva in 1877, the Hague in 
1883, and London in 1886. He is the author of 
"State Regulation of Vice " (New York, 1878). 

POWELL, Henry Watson, British soldier, b. 
in England in 1733; d. in Lyme, England, 14 
July, 1814. He became a captain in the 64th foot 
in 1756, served in the West Indies in 1759, and was 
stationed in this country in 1768. He became 
lieutenant-colonel in 1771, participated in Gen. 
John Burgoyne's expedition in 1*77, with the 
rank of brigadier- general, and in July of the latter 
year, after the evacuation of Fort Ticonderoga, 
was placed in command of that post, and success- 
fully defended it against New Hampshire and Con- 
necticut militia. In 1801 he became a general. 

POWELL, John Wesley, geologist, b. in Mount 
Morris, N. Y.. 24 March, 1834. He is the son of a 
Methodist clergyman, and passed his early life in 
various places in Ohio, Wisconsin, and Illinois. 
For a time he studied in Illinois college, and he 
subsequently entered Wheaton college, but in 1854 
he followed a special course at Oberlin, also teach- 
ing at intervals in public schools. His first incli- 
nations were toward the natural sciences, particu- 
larly natural history and geology, and he spent 
much of his time in making collections, which he 
placed in various institutions of learning in Illinois. 
The Illinois state natural history society elected 
him its secretary and extended to him facilities for 
prosecuting his researches. At the beginning of 
the civil war he enlisted as a private in the 20th 
Illinois volunteers, and he rose to be lieutenant- 
colonel of the 2d Illinois artillery. He lost his 
right arm at the battle of Shiloh, but soon after- 



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ward he returned to his regiment and continued 
in active service until the close of the war. In 
1865 he became professor of geology and curator 
of the museum in Illinois Wesleyan university, 
Bloomington, but he resigned to accept a similar 
post in Illinois nor- 
mal university. Dur- 
ing the summer of 
1867 he visited the 
mountains of Colo- 
rado with his class 
for the purpose of 
studying geology, 
and so began a prac- 
tice that has been 
continued by emi- 
nent teachers else- 
where. On this ex- 
pedition he formed 
the idea of explor- 
ing the caflon of the 
Colorado, and a year 
later he organized a 
party for that pur- 
pose. The journey 
lasted more than 
three months and 
they passed through numerous perilous experi- 
ences, living for part of the time on half rations. 
Maj. Powell's success in this undertaking resulted 
in the establishment by congress in 1870 of a topo- 
graphical and geological survey of the Colorado 
river of the West and its tributaries, which was 
placed under his direction. During the following 
years a systematic survey was conducted, until the 
physical features of the Colorado valley, embracing 
an area of nearly 100,000 square miles, had been 
thoroughly explored. This expedition, at first con- 
ducted under the auspices of the Smithsonian insti- 
tution, was transferred to the department of the in- 
terior, and given the title of the Geographical and 
geological survey of the Rocky mountain region. 
In 18 74 four separate surveys were in the field, and 
in 1879, after much agitation, the National academy 
of sciences recommended the establishment under 
the department of the interior of an independent 
organization to be known as the U.S. geological 
survey. Action to this effect was at once taken by 
congress, and Clarence King (q. v.) was appointed 
director. From the beginning of the con trove rsv 
Maj. Powell was the leading advocate of consoli- 
dation. Meanwhile he had devoted more attention 
to American ethnology in the prosecution of his 
work than the other surveys had done, ile had 
collected material on this subject which he had 
deposited with the Smithsonian institution, and 
had already issued three volumes as " Contribu- 
tions to North American Ethnology." In order 
to prevent the discontinuance of this work, a 
bureau of ethnology, which has become the recog- 
nized centre of ethnographic operations in the Unit- 
ed States, was established under the direction of 
the Smithsonian institution. Maj. Powell was given 
charge of the work, and has since continued at its 
head, issuing annual reports and bulletins. In 
1881 Mr. King resigned tne office of director of the 
U. S. geological survey, and Mai. Powell was ap- 
pointed his successor. Since tnat time he has 
ably administered the work of this great enter- 
prise, which includes, besides special investigations 
in geology, the general study of economic peolo^y, 
paleontology, and geography. In connection with 
the survey there is also a chemical division, where 
the necessary analytical work is conducted. Maj. 
Powell received the degree of Ph. I), from the 



University of Heidelberg in 1886, and also during 
the same year that of LL. D. from Harvard, and he 
is a member of many scientific societies. In 1880 
he was elected to the National academy of sciences, 
and he was president of the Anthropological soci- 
ety of Washington from its organization in 1879 
till 1888. He became a fellow of the American 
association for the advancement of science in 1875, 
vice-president in 1879, when he delivered his retir- 
ing address on **Mythologic Philosophy," and in 
1887 was elected to* the presidency. His publica- 
tions include many scientific papers and addresses, 
and numerous government volumes that bear his 
name, including the reports of the various surveys, 
the bureau of ethnology, and the U. S. geological 
survey. The special volumes that bear his own 
name' are " Exploration of the Colorado River of 
the West and its Tributaries explored in 1869-*72 " 
(Washington, 1875); M Report on the Geology of 
the Eastern Portion of the Uinta Mountains and 
a Region of Country Adjacent Thereto" (1876); 
44 Report on the Lands of the Arid Region of the 
United States" (1879); and •* Introduction to the 
Study of Indian Languages, with Words, Phrases, 
and Sentences to be collected " (1880). 

POWELL, Laxarna Whitehead, senator, b. 
in Henderson county, Ky., 6 Oct., 1812 ; d. there, 3 
July, 1867. He was graduated at St Joseph's col- 
lege, Bardstown, Ky., in 1833, attended law lec- 
tures at Transylvania university, and was admitted 
to the bar in 1835. He then practised his profes- 
sion, and at the same time engaged in planting. 
Mr. Powell served one term in the legislature in 
1836, was a presidential elector in 1844. on the Polk 
and Dallas ticket, and was governor of Kentucky 
in 1851-'5. He was appointed by President Polfc 
one of the peace commissioners to Utah in 1857, 
and issued tne proclamation that offered pardon to 
all Mormons that would submit to the U. S. gov- 
ernment. He was elected to the U. S. senate as a 
Democrat in 1858, served till 1865, and was a presi- 
dential elector in 1864. Mr. Powell was a clear and 
forcible debater and an excellent working mem- 
ber of the senate. 

POWELL, Levin, soldier, b. in Loudoun 
county. Va., in 1738; d. in Bedford, Pa., 6 Aug., 
1810. * He served throughout the Revolution as an 
officer of the Virginia line, rising to the rank of 
lieutenant-colonel. He was a member of the Vir- 
ginia convention of 1788 that ratified the U.S. 
constitution, and in 1798 was elected to congress 
as a Federalist, declining re-election for a second 
term. It is recorded in the newspapers of that 
date that 44 (Jen. Washington, on the day of elec- 
tion, mounted his old iron-gray charger and rode 
ten miles to the county court-house to vote 
for his brave fellow-soldier, Lieut-Col. Powell, 
who is happily elected.*' — His son, Levin Myne, 
naval officer, b. in Ijoudoun county, Va., in 1800 ; 
d. in Washington, D. C, 15 Jan., 1885, was ap- 
pointed midshipman in the U. S. navy in 1817, be- 
came lieutenant in 1826, was in several engage- 
ments against the Seminole Indians in 1836-'7, 
was wounded on Jupiter river in January of the 
latter year, and received the thanks of congress 
for his services during that cam|>aign. Ho became 
commander in 1843, was on ordnance duty till 
1849, and was executive officer of the Washington 
navy-yard in 1851-4. He became captain in 1855, 
was retired in 1861. commissioned commodore in 
1862, and rear-admiral in 1860. 

POWELL, Thomas, editor, b. in London, Eng- 
land, 3 Sept, 1809; d. in Newark, N.J.,18 Jan., 
1887. He was a successful playwright, and en- 
gaged in various literary pursuits in London for 



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manr jean, aiding Leigh Hunt, William Words- 
worth, and Richard H. Home in their " Moderniza- 
tion of Chaucer." and Home in his new " Spirit of 
the Age " (London, 1844). He came to this coun- 
try in 1849, and from that date till his death was 
connected with Frank Leslie's publications. He 
was the first editor of " Frank Leslie's Weekly," 
which he' established in 1856, and of " Frank 
Leslie's Ladies' Magazine " in 1867. He was sub- 
sequently connected also with various short-lived 
journals in New York city, and wrote several plays 
that were successfully produced in New York and 
London. His publications in this country include 
"The Living Authors in Great Britain" (New 
York, 1849); "Living Authors in America" 
(I860) ; and " Pictures of the Living Authors of 
Great Britain "(1861). 

POWELL, Walker, Canadian legislator, b. in 
Norfolk county, Ont. 20 May, 1828. His paternal 
grandfather, a loyalist, was born in the province 
of New York in 1768 and died in Norfolk in 1849, 
and his father (1801-52) was a warden of Norfolk 
county, a lieutenant-colonel of militia, and repre- 
sented Norfolk county in the legislative assembly 
of Canada from 1840 till 1847. Walker Powefi 
was educated at Victoria college, and afterward 
engaged in commercial enterprises. In 1856 he 
was warden of Norfolk county, and its representa- 
tive in the Canada assembly from 1867 till 1861. 
After a long previous connection with the Cana- 
dian militia Mr. Powell was appointed deputy 
adjutant-general of Upper Canada, 19 Aug., 1862*; 
deputy adjutant-general for the Dominion at head- 
quarters, I Oct, 1868 ; acting adjutant-general, 22 
Aug., 1878 ; and adjutant-general, 21 April, 1876, 
which appointment he now (1888) holds. 

POWELL, William Byrd, physician, b. in 
Bourbon county, Ky., 8 Jan., 1799 ; a. in Hender- 
son, Kv., 8 Jul j, 1867. He was graduated at 
Transylvania university in 1820, and at the medi- 
cal department there in 1828, devoted himself to 
the study of the physiology of the brain, and prose- 
cuted his investigations among the Indian tribes, 
professing to. read the temperament from an ex- 
amination of' the cranium alone. He became pro- 
fessor of chemistry in the Medical college of Louisi- 
ana in 1886, and in 1849 organized the Memphis 
medical institute, taking the chair of cerebral physi- 
ology. He was professor of a similar branch in 
the Cincinnati eclectic medical institute in 1856-*9, 
and lectured there two or three years. In 1866 he 
was chosen professor emeritus of cerebral physiol- 
ogy in the New York eclectic medical college, but 
he did not lecture in that institution. His collec- 
tion of skulls numbered 600, and was probably the 
next in value and variety to that of Dr. Samuel G. 
Morton (o. v.). Dr. Powell professed to have dis- 
covered a measurement that indicated infallibly 
the* vital force, and the signs of vital tenacity. He 
was a member of numerous domestic and foreign 
scientific societies, and a frequent contributor to 
professional literature. He published "Natural 
History of the Human Temperament " (Cincinnati, 
Ohio, 1856) ; and, with Dr. Robert S. Newton, " The 
Eclectic Practice of Medicine " (1867) ; and an " Ec- 
lectic Treatise on the Diseases of Children " (1867). 

POWELL, William Henry, artist, b. in New 
York city, 14 Feb., 1828; d. there, 6 Oct. 1879. 
He began the study of art at the age of nineteen 
under Henry Inman, in New York, and after- 
ward studied: in Paris and Florence. He exhibited 
first at the Academy of design, N. Y., in 1888, and 
was elected an associate in 1889. His name was 
erased from the list in 1846 " for non-compliance 
with the terms of election," but he was re-elected 



in 1854. His historical paintings include M De Soto 
discovering the Mississippi," at the capitol, Wash- 
ington (184&-'58) ; " Perry's Victory on Lake Erie," 
painted for the state*of Ohio (186*8 ; and again on 
an enlarged scale for the capitol, completed in 
1878) ; " Siege of Vera Cruz " ; " Battle of Buena 
Vista": "Landing of the Pilgrims"; "Scott's 
Entry into the City of Mexico " ; " Washington at 
Vallev Forge"; and "Christopher Columbus be- 
fore the Court of Salamanca." He also executed 
numerous portraits, among them those of Albert 
Gallatin (1848) and Erastus C. Benedict (1866) ; Pe- 
ter Cooper (1866) ; Washington Irving, Maj. Rob- 
ert Anderson, ana Gen. George B. McClellan, in the 
city-hall, N. Yj Lamartine, Eugene Sue (1858); 
Abd el Kader, Gen. Robert Schenck, Peter Stuyve- 
sant, Edward Delafield, and Emma Abbott Many 
of his paintings have been engraved. 

POWELL, William Henry, soldier, b. in Pon- 
tvpool, South Wales, 10 May, 1826. He came to 
this country in 1880, received a common-school 
education in Nashville, Tenn., and from 1856 till 
1861 was general manager of a manufacturing 
company at Ironton, Ohio. In August, 1861, he 
became captain in the 2d West Virginia volunteer 
cavalry, and he was promoted to major and lieu- 
tenant-colonel in 1862, and to colonel, 18 May, 
1868. He was wounded in leading a charge at 
Wythe ville, Va., on 18 July, and left on the field, 
whence he was taken to Libby prison and confined 
for six months. After his exchange he led a cav- 
alry division in the Army of the Shenandoah, be- 
ing made brigadier-general of volunteers in Octo- 
ber, 1864. After the war he settled in West Vir- 
ginia, declined a nomination for congress in 1865, 
and was a Republican presidential elector in 1868. 
Gen. Powell is now (1888) president of a manufac- 
turingcompany in Belleville, III. 

POWER, Frederick Beldinp, chemist, b. in 
Hudson, N. Y., 4 March, 1868. He was graduated 
at the Philadelphia college of pharmacy in 1874, 
and then studied at Strasburg, receiving the de- 
gree of Ph. D. in 1880, and serving in 1879-'80 as 
assistant to the professor of materia medica. In 
1881-'8 he was professor of analytical chemistry 
at Philadelphia college of pharmacy, and he then 
was called to the chair of pharmacy and materia 
medica in the University of Wisconsin', with charge 
of the newly established: department of pharmacy. 
Dr. Power is a fellow of the American association 
for the advancement of science, and a member of 
the chemical society of Berlin, and other scientific 
associations. Besides writing chemical papers in 
professional journals, he was associated in the au- 
thorship of " Manual of Chemical Analysis " (Phila- 
delphia, 1888); translated and edited Fluckiger's 
" Cinchona Barks " (1884), and an American edi- 
tion of Fluckiger's and Tschich's " Principles of 
Pharmacognosy " (New York, 1887) ; and has now 
(1888) in preparation an American edition of 
Fluckiger's " Pharmaceutical Chemistry." 

POWER, Lawrence Geoffrey, Canadian sena- 
tor, b. in Halifax, Nova Scotia, in August, 184L 
His father, Patrick Power, represented Halifax 
county in the Dominion parliament in 1867-72 
and in 1874-'8. The son was educated at St Mary's 
college, Halifax, Carlow college, and the Catholic 
university, Ireland, and at Harvard law-school, 
where he was graduated in 1866. He was for ten 
years a member of the board of school commission- 
ers of Halifax, and is a member of the senate of 
the University of Halifax, and an examiner in law 
in that institution. He is a Reformer in politics, 
and was called to the Dominion senate, 2 Feb., 1877. 
Mr. Power was actively engaged in preparing" The 



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Revised Statutes of Nova Scotia, Fourth Series" 
<1874), and " Laws and Ordinances relating to the 
City of Halifax "(1876). 

POWER, Michael, Canadian R. C. bishop, b. in 
Halifax, 17 Oct, 1804; d. in Toronto in 1848. He 
was cure of La Prairie till 1841, when he accom- 
panied Bishop Bourget to Europe. In the same 
year the diocese of Kingston was divided, and Dr. 
rower was nominated bishop of the western part on 
17 May. He was permitted to designate the limits 
of his see, and to take his episcopal title from the 
city in which he judged it most advantageous to 
reside. He was consecrated on 8 May, 1842, and 
took the title of bishop of Toronto. He restored to 
the Jesuits the missions they had formerly held in 
Upper Canada, and, owing to his constant support, 
they established many others. 

POWER, Tyrone, actor, b. in Kilraacthomas, 
Ireland, 2 Nov., 1797; d. at sea in March, 1841. 
He made his first ap- 
pearance on the stage 
at Newport, Isle of 
Wight, in 1815, as 
Alonzo,in Kotxebue's 
playof"Pizarro." In 
1817 Power married 
a lady of means, 
and after playing for 
about a year in Klin- 
burgh, Dublin, and 
the provinces, he re- 
tired: from the stage. 
Two vcars later ne 
joined an African ex- 
ploring expedition 
Y **} that set out from the 

sSurvrUs <L C/Y+Gxr Cape of Good Hope 
7 toward the equator, 

and sacrificed all his means in this unsuccessful en- 
terprise. Eventually he returned home to resume 
his connection with the theatre, and for several years 
filled subordinate parts at different London play- 
houses. At this time he proffered his services to 
several American managers as a leading performer 
in juvenile tragedy. Some years afterward, while 
playing with the Covcnt garden company, ho was 

S'ven the Irish character of O'Shaughnessy in the 
rce of "The £100 Note,** and rendered it with 
such perfection that it marked out his true line of 
characters. During his last engagement at the 
I lay market theatre. Power's salary was advanced 
to £150 per week. He visited tlw United States 
on two occasions, from 1838 until 1835, and from 
1889 until 1841, and met with extraordinary suc- 
cess. He made his American debut at the* Park 
theatre in New York city on 28 Aug., 1833, in the 
plays of " The Irish Ambassador" and " Teddy the 
Tiler." His last appearance was at the same house 
on 9 March, 1841. Among the dramas in which 
he performed were ** The Nervous Man and Man 
of Nerve," * Paddv Carey." "St Patrick's Eve," 
-The Irish Tutor,* "The White norso of the Pep- 

Pjrs," •* Kory O'Morc," and •• O'Flannigan and the 
airics." Some of these were written for him ; 
others were dramatized by himself. He left New 
York for Liverpool on the steamer " President" on 
21 March, 1841. Three days later the vessel was 
met on the ocean, but it was never heard of after- 
ward. Power was an easy actor, endowed with 
wit and humor, set off by vocal abilitv and a rich 
Irish brogue. lie was the intimate friend of Pitz- 
Greeno Mai leek and other well-known literary men. 
His publications include " Impressions of Amer- 
ica " (2 vols., London. 1835); " Tho King's Secret " ; 
and "The Lost Heir." 
vol. v.— 7 



POWERS, Elln Howard, philanthropist, b. 
in 1803 ; d. in Washington, D. C., 85 Aug., 1887. 
During the civil war she was distinguished for 
deeds of charity, and for her unselfish devotion to 
the sick and wounded. From November, 1862, till 
August, 1864, she was associate manager of the 
U. S. sanitary commission of New Jersey, and act- 
ing president of the Florence Nightingale relief 
association of Paterson, N. J. She collected $8,000, 
and 20,000 articles for the soldiers' hospitals, and 
contributed $2,500 of her own money to the same 
purpose, without receiving any compensation. The 
48th congress voted her a pension. The commit- 
tee favoring her claims said in their report that 
from 28 April, 1861, till 14 Aug., 1864. she devoted 
her whole time, energy, and means to the service 
of the soldiers of the National army and for the 
success of the Union cause. 

POWERS, Grant, clergyman, b. in Hollis, N. H., 
81 May, 1784; d. in Goshen, Conn., 10 April, 
1841. He was graduated at Dartmouth in 1810, 
studied theology, and was minister at Haverhill, 
N. H., in 1815-T&, and at Goshen, Conn., from 27 
Aug., 1829, till his death. He published "Essay 
on False Hope in Religion " (Andover, 1828) : " Cen- 
tennial Address " (Dunstable, 1830) ; and " Histori- 
cal Sketches of the Settlement of the Coos Country, 
1784-'5 " (Uaverhill, 1841). 

POWERS, Hiram, sculptor, b. in Woodstock, 
Windsor co., Vt, 29 July, 1805; d. in Florence, 
Italy, 27 June, 1873. He passed his youth on his 
father's farm, and in 1819 emigrated to Ohio with 
the family. On his father's death he settled in 
Cincinnati, Ohio, where he was in turn a clerk, a 
commercial traveller, and a clockmaker's appren- 
tice. Having acquired from a German sculptor a 
knowledge of the art of modelling in clay, he exe- 
cuted several busts and medallions of some merit 
Later he took charge of the wax-work department 
in the Western museum at Cincinnati, which post 
he held for seven years. In 1835 ho went to Wash- 
ington, where, for some time, he was employed in 
modelling busts of well-known men. Owing part- 
ly to the assistance of Gen. John Preston, he was 
enabled to go abroad in 1887, and he established 
himself in Florence, where he thereafter resided. 
For some time he devoted himself chiefly to model- 
ling busts, but within a year produced his statue 
" Kve Tempted," which was pronounced a master- 
piece by Thorwaldsen. Another statue with the 
same title was exe- 
cuted in 1850. In 
1843 he produced 
the " Greek Slave," 
the most, widely 
known of all his 
works. Of this stat- 
ue six duplicates in 
marble have been 
made, besides innu- 
merable casts and 
reduced copies in 
Parian. It was ex- 
hibited in England 
in 1845. and again 
at the Crystal pal- 
ace i n 1 85 1 , and also 
in this country. 
1 1 isot her statues in- Jfr^ 
elude "The Fisher- ^^ 
Hoy "(1846), which 

was three times repeated in marble; " America w 
(1854), designed for the top of the capitol at Wash- 
ington, and destroyed bv fire in 1806: "11 Pense- 
roso" (1850); "California" (1858); and "The Last 




^ 



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of the Tribe," also known as " The Indian Girl " 
(1872). Of his ideal busts the best known are 
"Ginevra" (1840; 1865); " Proserpine " (1845): 
" Psyche " (1849) ; •* Diana " (1852) ; " Christ " (1866) ; 
" Faith H (186*2) ; M Clytie " (1868) ; " Hope " (1869) ; 
and " Charity '* (1871). The greater part of his work 
consists of busts of distinguished men, including 
John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson. Daniel Web- 
ster, John C. Calhoun, John Marshall, and Martin 
Van Buren (1885); Edward Everett and John Pres- 
ton (1845) ; and Henry W. Longfellow and Philip 
H. Sheridan (1865). He executed also statues of 
Washington for Louisiana, of Daniel Webster for 
Massachusetts, of John C. Calhoun for South Caro- 
lina (1850), and of Benjamin Franklin (1862) and 
Thomas Jefferson (I860). Powers had much me- 
chanical skill, and was the author of several useful 
inventions, among which is a process of modelling 
in plaster which greatly expedites the labors of 
the sculptor by doing away with the necessity of 
making a clay model.— His son, Preston, b. in 
Florence, Italy, 3 April, 1848, studied modelling 
under his father in 1867-78. His first important 
work was the statue of Jacob Col lamer (1875), which 
was originally ordered of his father. It was placed 
in the old hall of representatives in Washington. 
He executed also, in 1881, a statue of Reuben 
Springer for Music Hall, Cincinnati. Like his fa- 
ther, he works principally in portraiture, and has 
made numerous busts, including those of Louis 
Agassiz, in the museum at Cambridge; John G. 
Wnittier, in the Public library, Haverhill, and a 
replica in the Boston public library ; Emanuel Swe- 
denborg, four times repeated; Charles Sumner, 
owned t>y Bowdoin college ; Ulysses S. Grant, in 
the war department, Washington; and Langdon 
Cheves. Of his ideal works the figure " Maud Mul- 
ler " and the busts " Evangeline and •• Peasant- 
Girl" are best known. His professional life has 
been spent in Florence and in the United States. 

POWERS, Horatio Nelson, author, b. in Ame- 
nia, Dutchess co., N. T., 80 April, 1826. He was 
graduated at Union college in 1850, afterward 
attended the General theological seminary of the 
Protestant Episcopal church, New York city, and 
was ordained a deacon in Trinity church, New 
York. He was assistant at Lancaster, Pa., till 
April, 1857 ; rector of St Luke's church, Daven- 

Sart, Iowa, in 1857-'62; of St. John's church, 
hicago, in 1868-'74; of Christ church, Bridge- 
port, Conn., in 1875-'84; and became rector of 
Christ church, Piermont, N. Y., in 1886. He was 

S resident of Griswold college in 1864-7, and presi- 
ent of the Foundlings' home, Chicago, in 1872-'4. 
He received the degree of D. D. from Union college 
in 1867. Dr. Powers has published " Through the 
Year" (Boston, 1875); "Poems, Early and Late" 
(Chicago, 1876) ; and " Ten Years of Song " (Bos- 
ton, 1887) ; and is one of the authors of " Homes 
and Haunts of our Elder Poets " (New York, 1881). 
— His brother, Edward, civil engineer, b. in Ame- 
nia, Dutchess co., N. Y., 1 Sept, 1880, was edu- 
cated in the public schools. He served as a civilian 
clerk in the Quartermaster's department during the 
civil war, afterward taught for a time, and then 
became a civil engineer. In 1872 and 1874 he un- 
successfully petitioned congress that an experiment 
might be performed with the powder and: cannon 
of the United States to determine the influence of 
explosions on rainfall, with a view to the preven- 
tion of droughts. He has published " War and the 
Weather, or the Artificial Production of Rain" 
(Chicago, 1871). 

POWHATAN, Indian sachem, b. about 1550; 
d. in Virginia in April, 1618. His true name was 



Wahunsonacook. The name Powhatan is derived 
from his early home at the falls of James river, 
near the site of Richmond. By his prowess ana 
ability he rose from an ordinary chief to the com- 
mand of thirty tribes, that numbered 8,000 per- 
sons, and occupied the lands between James and 
York rivers. The site of his principal village is 
now occupied by the town of Shelby, on the north 
side of York river, about fifteen miles from James- 
town, in the county of Gloucester. He had a 
guard of forty warriors, and was always attended 
y a sentinel at night In 1609, when Capt New- 
port and Capt John Smith, with thirty of the colo- 
nists, visited him, to treat for a supply of food, 
he received them with hospitality. He was then 
stalwart, gray-haired, and seemingly about sixty 
years old, with several wives, and a family of twen- 
ty sons and ten daughters. In the intercourse be- 
tween the whites ana Indians, both parties endeav- 
ored to overreach each other. One of Smith's 
trades was the exchange of two pounds of blue 
glass beads for 300 bushels of Indian corn. When 
Capt Newport returned to Virginia from England, 
he brought with him a gilded crown for the great 
sachem, and at the ceremony of coronation Powha- 
tan was declared " Emperor of the Indies." As an 
acknowledgment of the honor conferred, Newport 
was decked with a worn mantle, and received a 
pair of cast-off moccasins. About a year later 
Capt. Smith made an attempt to capture the wary 
emperor, in order to obtain a fresh supply of In- 
dian corn. In retaliation, Powhatan prepared to 
destroy the English settlement: but his purpose 
was frustrated i>y the timely warning that was 

S'ven the colonists by his daughter Pocahontas, 
e never trusted the white settlers, never visited 
Jamestown, and on the occasion of the marriage of 
his daughter sent his consent by an Indian repre- 
sentative. — His daughter, Pocahontas, Indian 
f>rincess, b. about 1595; d. in Gravesend, Eng- 
and, 21 March, 1617, was partial to the white peo- 
{>le, and, it is be- 
ieved, in 1607, 
when she was 
twelve years of 
age, saved the life 
of Capt John 
Smith. He had 
been taken pris- 
oner by some of 
the tribe under 



Opechancanough, 
wno sent him to 




his brother, Pow- 
hatan. On the 
trial of Smith, 
Powhatan was 
seated in an ar- 
bor of boughs, 
with a daughter 
on each side of 
him. There were 
present about 200 
warriors and many women. When he was about 
to be executed, Pocahontas threw herself over 
Smith's prostrate body, to shield him from de- 
struction, and her subsequent intercession with 
Powhatan saved his life. This event is said to 
have taken place at Shelby, in Gloucester county. 
Smith '8 account, given in his " General History of 
Virginia," is discredited by Charles Deane, LL. D., 
in his edition of Smith's " True Relation," and by 
the Rev. Edward D. Neill, in his " History of the 
Virginia Company of London," on the ground that 
the incident is not mentioned in Smith's earlier 



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narrative, but only in his " New England Trials " 
(1622), after the prominence Pocahontas had at- 
tained in England. On the other hand, Mr. Will- 
iam Wirt Henry, in an address before the Virginia 
historical society, 24 Feb., 1882, points out that 
a part of Smith's original narrative was suppressed, 
the preface, signed "J. H.," saying: " Somewhat 
more was by him written, which being (as I thought) 
fit to be private, 1 would not adventure to make 
it publicke." Other parts of the preface show that 
the design of the publication was to encourage 
emigration to Virginia, which might have been 
prevented by report of the hostile action by Pow- 
natan. Mr. Henry has shown that the grammati- 
cal confusion of the original narrative at the point 
where the incident, if true, should have appeared, 
adds probability that it was suppressed. That Po- 
cahontas saved Smith and the colony from peril 
is attested by the so-called " Oxford Tract " (" The 
Proceedings of the English Colonic") printed in 

1612, four years before her prominence in England. 
** Very oft, it says, " she came to our fort with 
what she could get for Capt. Smith, that ever loved 
and used all the country well, but her especially he 
much respected, and she so well requited it that 
when her father intended to have surprised him, 
she, by stealth in the dark night, came through the 
wild woods and told him of it If he would, he 
might have married her." This was in 1609, after 
Smith's release, when he returned to Jamestown, and 
sent presents to Pocahontas and her father. The 
Indians had been for some weeks friendlier, and the 
child Pocahontas was often seen dancing and caper- 
ing, much to the amusement of the colonists, among 
whom she was a general favorite. In 1612 Poca- 
hontas dwelt away from her father, with one of his 
tributary bands, when Capt. Samuel Argall bribed 
their leader, for a copper Kettle, to betray her into 
his hands, that he might treat advantageously with 
Powhatan for her release. But nothing came of 
this nefarious transaction. During Pocahontas's 
captivity in Jamestown an attachment arose be- 
tween her and a young widower, John Rolfe. She 
was baptized in the small village chapel, on 5 April, 

1613, and not long afterward, in 1614, they were 
married by the Rev. Alexander Whittaker. The 
ceremony was witnessed by the colonists, her broth- 
ers, and other Indians, and Powhatan sent his con- 
sent Pocahontas wore a tunic of white muslin, 
over which hung a handsome robe, embroidered by 
herself, her forehead was decked with a glittering 
band, her hair with feathers, and she wore the 
white bridal veil. This event produced a peace of 
many years* duration. Pocahontas's Indian name 
was Matoaka ; at her baptism she was christened 
Rebecca. In 1616, at the end of April, Mr. and Mrs. 
John Rolfe bade farewell to the colony, and, under 
the care of the governor, Sir Thomas bale, in com- 
pany with several Indian men and women, sailed 
for England. On their arrival, on 12 June, the 
" Lady Rebecca," as she was called, was entertained 
by the bishop of London, visited by Sir Walter Ra- 
leigh, and presented by Lady De la Warr, as an 
Indian princess, at the court of King James. She 
was graciously received and royally entertained ; 
but his majesty found great fault with his subject, 
Rolfe, for venturing to marry " the daughter of an 
emperor " before obtaining the royal consent The 
•* Lady Rebecca " appeared at the London theatres 
and other public places, and was an object of much 
interest with the people. '* La Belle Sauvage " be- 
came a favorite name for taverns. On the eve of 
her return to this country she was suddenly at- 
tacked by small-pox, and died. Her remains were 
buried in Gravesend. The churoh register describes 



her erroneously as the "wife of Thomas Rolfe." 
She had never learned to write. Among the many 
memorials of Pocahontas is a stained-glass window 
placed by her descendants in St Luke's Episcopal 
church. Smithfi eld, 
Va., represented in 
the accompanying 
illustration. It is 
the oldest Protest- 
ant edifice on this 
continent, having 
been built of im- 
ported brick in 
1632. Since the 
destruction of the 
cathedral at St 
Augustine, Fla., it 
is, with the excep- 
tion of the adobe 
cathedral at Santa 
Fe, the most an- 
cient Christian 
monument in this 
country. John 

Rolfe, her husband, had been advanced to the office 
of secretary and recorder-general of Virginia, and 
as such returned to the colony. Pocahontas had 
one son. Thomas, born in England, who was edu- 
cated by his uncle, Henry, a London merchant 
On attaining manhood, he followed his father to 
Virginia, as a tobacco-planter, and became opulent 
and distinguished. He left an only daughter, 
from whom sprang the Virginian families of Boi- 
ling, Fleming, Murray, Guy, Robertson, Whittle, 
and Elbridge, and the branch of Randolphs from 
which John Randolph, of Roanoke, was descended. 
John Randolph was proud of his direct descent 
from the Indian princess, and some of his traits are 
ascribed to this origin. Among Rolfe's descend- 
ants is the present bishop of Virginia, Dr. Francis 
M. Whittle, who lately confirmed a class of Indian 
youth at Hampton (formerly Kecongtau), where 
Pochino, brother of Pocahontas, was commander. 
See a critical judgment in the introduction to 
" Captain John smith's Works," edited by Edward 
Archer (Birmingham, 1884) ; and " Pocahontas and 
her Descendants," by Wyndham Robertson (Rich- 
mond, Va., 1887)! 

POWNALL, Thomas, statesman, b. in Lincoln, 
England, in 1720; d. in Bath, 25 Feb., 1805. His 
father had been connected with the English eivil 
service in India, and 
his brother John was 
long the secretary to 
the lords of trade and 
plantations. Thomas 
first came to this coun- 
try in October, 1758, as 
private secretary to Sir 
Dan vers Osborne, royal 
governor of New York. 
In 1754 he attended 
the Albany congress, in 
what capacity is not 
understood, but it is 
presumed that he was 
private agent of the 
colonial authorities in 
London. While in Al- 
bany he first perceived, 
as if by inspiration, the 
drift of American political tendencies. He next 
advocated the delimitation of the French and 
English possessions in America, and a neutral In- 
dian territory between them. In 1755 he was ap- 




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pointed commissioner for Massachusetts, in nego- 
tiations with the colonial authorities in New York, 
concerning military operations against the French, 
and in the same year lie was made lieutenant-gov- 
ernor of New Jersey. He was present at the meet- 
ing of the colonial governor with Gen. Edward 
Braddock at Alexandria. In 1756 Pownall was 
made governor of Massachusetts, to succeed Shir- 
ley. The accompanying engraving represents the 
old Province house, his residence in Boston. While 
conducting the government of that province, he 
built the fort that was named after him. on Penob- 
scot river, and was active in the military campaign 
against the French. In 1700 he was appointed gov- 
ernor of South Carolina, but he never assumed the 
government of that colony, as he-returned to Eng- 
land and was almost immediately elected to parlia- 
ment He was next made ** director-general of con- 
trol," and joined the English force in Germany. 
After the peace of Paris he was again returned to 
parliament, where he sat almost continuously till 
1781. He was the firm and consistent friend of the 
American idea. In 1767 he opposed parliamentary 
taxation of the colonies. In 1777, six years before 
the peace, he was the first to announce that Eng- 
land's •* sovereignty over America was gone for- 
ever," and he then advocated a commercial treaty 
in order to frustrate French influence. He was 
the first member of parliament to bring in a bill 
for peace with the colonies. Soon after the Al- 
bany congress Pownall formulated a plan for an 
English-speaking 
empire whose seat 
of authority was 
ultimately to be 
in this country. 
He believed that 
theAmericanshad 
i equal constitu- 
I tional rights with 
the English in 
England, and his 
wonderful saga- 
city, penetrating 
-. the future so clear- 
ly as to make him 
seem somewhat 
visionary to con- 
temporary " practical politicians," made him an- 
ticipate the political preponderance of the English 
race in America. Because he was wedded neither 
to the American plan for independence of England 
nor to the English plan for colonial subordination 
to the political emporium in London, he failed to 
exert on his contemporaries all the influence that 
his singular ability warranted. Yet he always was 
considered in parliament the chief authority on all 
exact questions of American affaire, whether relat- 
ing to South or North America. He was the first 
Englishman of note that made politics in America 
a profound study. When the United States be- 
came independent he proclaimed that he regarded 
the future political supremacy of England as doubt- 
ful, and admitted that the aim of his life — a con- 
solidated English-speaking empire — was frustrated. 
As a scientist, Pownall was much esteemed by Ben- 
jamin Franklin, whose close friend he was, even 
during the trying ordeal of the Revolutionary war. 
As an antiquary, scientist, and man of letters,* Pow- 
nall stood nigh in England. He wrote extensively 
on Roman antiquities and published many papers 
in the " Gentleman's Magazine " on widely differ- 
ent subjects. But his great literary effort was one 
on the " Colonial Constitutions " (London, 1764). 
Though somewhat deformed by classical quota- 



tions, it works out in detail the first comprehen- 
sive argument for the equal political status of Eng- 
lish freemen in America. In one aspect this book 
and its views entitle Pownall to be regarded as al- 
most the first American statesman. Certainly he 
merits renown for being the first Englishman of 
education and influence that devoted his entire 
life to the amelioration of American political con- 
ditions. Pownall was a member of the Society of 
antiquaries, and a fellow of the Royal society. 
By some he was thought to be "Junius." Pow- 
nall's political history is yet to be written. When 
it is written, if just to him, it will magnify the 
place that is commonly accorded to him by those 
historians that have treated the entire epoch in 
which he lived. He was the author of many works, 
including " Principles of Polity " (1752) ; - the Ad- 
ministration of the Colonies " (1764) ; " Description 
of the Middle States of America" (1776); u A Me- 
morial to the Sovereigns of Europe on the State of 
Affairs between the Old and the New World" 
(1780); " Memorial to the Sovereigns of America" 
(1783); * 4 Notices and Descriptions of the Antiqui- 
ties of the Provincia Romana of Gaul" (17&8); 
44 Intellectual Physics" (1705); " Letters advocat- 
ing Free-Trade" (1705); an antiquarian romance; 
and a treatise on u Old Age." 

POYAS, Catharine Gendron, author, b. in 
Charleston, S. C, 27 April, 1813; d. there, 7 Feb., 
1882. Her mother, Elizabeth Anne, published, 
under the title of "The Ancient Lady," several 
small books and pamphlets relating to the homes 
and genealogies of families in Carolina. Her 
daughter was educated in Charleston, wrote verses 
at an early age, and is the author of " Huguenot 
Daughters, and other Poems" (Charleston, 1849) 
and " Year of Grief " (1870). 

POYDRAS, Jnllen, philanthropist, b. in Louisi- 
ana; d. iti Point Coupee, La., 25 June, 1824. He 
was first delegate to congress from the territory of 
Orleans, from 81 May, 1809, till 8 March, 1811. He 
gave $100,000 for the founding of the Female or- 
phan asylum at New Orleans, and left $200,000 for 
a college at Point Coupee. 

PRADO, J nan de, Spanish soldier, b. in Leon, 
Spain, in 1716; d. about 1770. He entered the 
army, took part in some of the wars of Spain in 
Africa, and was appointed governor-general of 
Cuba in 1700, but did not take possession of his 
office until February, 1761. On 6 July, 1762, an 
English force under Lord Albemarle began the 
siege of Havana, which was finally taken on 18 
Aug. On Prado's return to Spain, the Madrid 
government caused him to be tried by a court-mar- 
tial. He was convicted of incompetency and lack 
of energy in the defence of Havana, and was sen- 
tenced to death, but the sentence was commuted 
to ten years' imprisonment. He died in orison. 

PRADO, Mariano Ignaclo (prah'-do), presi- 
dent of Peru, b. in Huanuco in 1826. He entered 
the army early and served in the provinces of the 
south, but was in Lima on leave of absence when 
Gen. Castilla's revolution against Echenique's gov- 
ernment began in 1854, in which he participated. 
He was taken prisoner and banished to Chili, but 
soon returned, joined Castilla in the mountains, 
and marched with him against the capital as chief 
of the " Columna aagrada." He was political gov- 
ernor of Tacna when Admiral Pinzon occupied 
the Chinchas islands, 14 April, 1864, issued a 
proclamation for the defence of the country, and 
became prefect of Arequipa. But when the Vi- 
vanco-Pareja treaty was signed, Prado. on 28 Feb., 
1865, marched against Lima, and entered the capi- 
tal on 6 Nov. at the head of a victorious army, and 



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on the 26th declared himself dictator. He signed 
at once a treaty of alliance with Chili, and when, 
after the bombardment of Valparaiso, the Spanish 
fleet appeared before Callao, Prado directed the de- 
fence of 2 May, 1866. At the beginning of 1867 he 
assembled congress, which elected him constitution- 
al president, but his rule was not approved by the 
country. Castilla rose in arms shortly afterward 
in Tarapaca, but died on the march to Lima, and 
on 27 Sept, 1867, the vice-president, Canseco, put 
himself at the head of a rising in Arequipa, and 
CoL Jose Balta (q. v.) pronounced against Prado at 
Chiclayo. Prado attempted to take Arequipa by 
assault on 7 Jan., 1868, but was repelled, and re- 
tired to Chili. Under Pardo's government he 
returned, and was elected president, 2 Aug., 1876. 
He made several ineffectual attempts to come to 
an arrangement with foreign bond-holders, and 
when the quarrel between Bolivia and Chili began, 
according to the secret defensive treaty with the 
former republic, he espoused its cause, and war was 
declared by Chili, 5 April, 1879. Prado took active 
measures to prepare for defence, and on 16 May 
left Callao to take command of the army then 
assembling at Tacna. He proceeded at dnce to 
inspect the allied army at Tarapaca. where he was 
joined by the Bolivian president, Hilarion Daza 
ty. «.). After the battles of Jermania, San Fran- 
cisco, and Tarapaca, Prado seemed to despair of 
success, and on 26 Nov. left for Lima, ostensibly 
to prepare and hurry forward new re-enforcements, 
but on 18 Dec left the vice-president, La Puerta, 
in charge of the executive, and embarked secretly 
on a British mail-steamer, according to a manifesto 
that was published the day after his departure, to 
obtain help in money and material from Europe 
or the United States. He has not returned. 

PRAT, Agostin Arturo, Chilian naval of- 
ficer, b. near Quirihue, Itata, 8 April, 1848; d. at 
sea, 21 May, 1879. He received his education in 
the College of Santiago, and in August, 1858, en- 
tered the naval academy of Valparaiso. In Janu- 
ary, 1860, he shipped as apprentice on board the 
** Esmeralda," passing his examination as midship- 
man, 15 June, 1862, and he served on the same ves- 
sel as sub -lieutenant during the capture of the 
Spanish gun-boat " Covadonga," 26 Nov., 1865, and 
the engagement of Abtao in February, 1866. After 
serving in Valdivia, the Chiloe sound, and the 
Strait of Magellan, he studied law, and in 1878 
was admitted: to the bar of the supreme court. 
Soon afterward he was sent by the government on 
a mission to Uruguay and the Argentine Republic, 
but, on hearing of the war against Peru and Bo- 
livia, returned to his country, and during April, 
1879, in command of the " Covadonga," assisted in 
the blockade of Iquique. When Admiral Juan 
Williams Rebolledo (q. v.) left with the fleet for 
Callao on 16 May, Prat was promoted to the com- 
mand of the " Esmeralda," and with the *• Cova- 
donda," also under his orders, left to sustain the 
blockade of Iquique. On this cruise he was at- 
tacked early on 21 May by the Peruvian iron-clads 
* Huascar " and " Independencia " under Admiral 
Miguel Gran (q. v.). During the engagement one 
of nis boilers burst and he tell an easy prey to the 
M Huascar." the ''Independencia," in chase of the 
M Covadonga," having struck on a reel The turret- 
ship, to bring matters to an issue, rammed the 
** Esmeralda, ' r and as the latter was struck behind 
the miszen-mast Capt Prat, with sword and re- 
volver in hand, jumped on board the " Huascar," 
calling on his men to follow him, but the two ves- 
sels immediately separated, leaving^all but one man 
behind. As Prat refused to obey Gran's summons 



to surrender, and killed the signal officer on deck, 
he was shot down from the turret Grau, who had 
highly esteemed Prat for his courage, collected his 
personal effects and sent them to the widow with a 
letter of regret Prat's country has honored his 
memory by erecting a granitejpyramid with his 
bust at Atacama in October, 1879, and bronze stat- 
ues at his native town of Quirihue in 1880, and in 
Valparaiso, 21 Mav, 1886. 

PRATT, Benjamin, jurist b. in Cohasset 
Mass.. 18 March, 1710; d.5 Jan., 1768. The loss 
of a limb in early life led him to study. He was 
graduated at Harvard in 1737,, studied law, and 
soon became known for his learning and eloquence. 
He was a representative of Boston in 1787-50, and 
was a zealous lover of freedom. The friendship of 
Gov. Thomas Pownall procured him the appoint- 
ment of chief justice of New York. He was a man 
of great research and learning, wrote some fugi- 
tive verses, and had made extensive collections 
with the intention of writing a history of New 
England, but his death prevented the execution of 
his design. His wife was the daughter of Judge 
Robert Auchmuty. 

PRATT, Calvin Edward, soldier, b. in Prince- 
ton. Worcester co., Mass., 28 Jan., 182a He 
studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1852, and 
practised for several years in Worcester. He was 
a member of the Cincinnati convention which 
nominated James Buchanan for president In 
1859 he removed to New York city and practised 
till 1861, when he raised the 81st regiment of New 
York volunteers, and commanded it at the first 
battle of Bull Bun. With his regiment he after- 
ward took part in the battles on the peninsula, the 
second battle of Bull Run, and the battle of Anti- 
etam. On 10 Sept, 1862, he was appointed briga- 
dier-general of volunteers, and he resigned, 25 
April 1868. After the war he held the post of 
collector of internal revenue in the Brooklyn dis- 
trict which he resigned to resume his law-practice. 
In the autumn of 1860 he was elected a judge of 
the supreme court of the state of New York, and 
he was re-elected in 1877 for fourteen years. 

PRATT, Charley philanthropist b. in Water- 
town, Mass., 2 Oct, 1880. He was educated at the 
Wilbraham academy, and in 1850 came to New 
York city, where he engaged in the oil and paint 
business. In 1867 he established the firm of Charles 
Pratt and Co., which has since been merged into 
the Standard oil company, of which he is an officer. 
Mr. Pratt has taken great interest in educational 
matters, and has founded in Brooklyn the Pratt 
industrial institute. This receives its support from 
the Astral flats, which were built by him, and con- 
veyed to the institute. 

PRATT, Daniel, vagrant b. in Prattville. 
Chelsea, Mass., about 1809 ; d. in Boston, Mass., 21 
June, 1887. He was a carpenter, but did little 
work, and, his mind becoming affected, he spent his 
time in wandering about the country, living on 
charity. He was widely known as the u great 
American traveller," which was the name by which 
he called himself. For many years he made the 
tour of the New England colleges annually, until 
his visits came to be regarded almost as a regular 
feature of college life. His addresses, which were 
sometimes delivered to hundreds of students, and 
received with great applause, were remarkable for 
their long words, bombastic phrases, and curious 
figures of speech ; and the same was true of his 
" proclamations" and other contributions that oc- 
casionally found their way into print One of his 
delusions was that he had been elected president 
of the United States but defrauded of the office. 



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PRATT, Daniel Darwin, senator, b. in Paler- 
mo, Me., 26 Oct., 1818; d. in Logansport Ind., 1? 
June, 1877. When he was a child his parents re- 
moved to New York. He was graduated at Hamil- 
ton college in 1881, and in 1882 engaged in teach- 
ing in Indiana. In 1884 he went to Indianapolis 
and was employed in the office of the secretary of 
state, studied law, and in 1886 settled in Logans- 
port, where he began the practice of his profession. 
In 1851 and 1858 he was elected to the legislature, 
and he was a delegate to the Chicago National Re- 
publican convention of 1860, also acting as its 
principal secretary. He was elected to congress 
from Indiana in 1868, but before taking his seat 
was chosen U. S. senator from that state to suc- 
ceed Thomas A. Hendricks, and served from 4 
March, 1869, till 3 March, 1875. In 1875 he was 
appointed commissioner of internal revenue, which 
office he resigned in July. 1876. 

PRATT, Daniel Johnson, educator, b. in 
Westmoreland, Oneida co., N. Y., 8 March, 1827 ; 
d. in Albany, N. Y., 12 Sept., 1884. He was gradu- 
ated at Hamilton college in 1851, and was for ten 
years principal of Fredonia academy. He after- 
ward became assistant secretary of the regents of 
the University of the state of New York. He was 
one of the originators of the annual convocation of 
the professors in the colleges and academies of New 
York. In addition to many reports upon educa- 
tional subjects, he published "Biographical No- 
tice of Peter Wraxali" (Albany, 1870), and "An- 
nals of Public Education in the State of New 
York, 1626-1746" (Albany, 1882), and was the au- 
thor of the greater part of the "History of the 
Boundaries of the State of New York " (2 vols.), 
presented to the legislature as a report by the re- 
gents of the university. 

PRATT, Enoch, clergyman, b. in Middlebor- 
ough, Mass., in 1781 ; d. in Brewster, Mass., 2 Feb., 
1860. He was graduated at Brown university in 
1803, and ordained, 28 Oct, 1807, as pastor of the 
church at Barnstable, Mass., where he remained till 
his resignation in 1837. He was author of a " His- 
tory of Eastham, Wellfleet. and Orleans, Mass., 
1644-1844 " (Yarmouth, 1844). 

PRATT, Enoch, philanthropist, b. in North 
Middleborough, Mass., 10 Sept., 1808. He was 
graduated at Bridgewater academy at the age of 
fifteen, and soon afterward secured a place in a 
commercial house in Boston. In 1881 Mr. Pratt re- 
moved to Bal- 
timore and es- 
tablished him- 
self as a com- 
mission mer- 
chant He af- 
terward found- 
ed the whole- 
sale iron house 
of Pratt and 
Keith, and la- 
ter that of 
Enoch Pratt 
and Brother, 
but gave much 
of his time to 
. financial enter- 
r prises of a pub- 
lic nature. He 
has been direc- 
tor and president of various corporations, presi- 
dent of the House of reformation and instruc- 
tion for colored children at Cheltenham, which he 
founded, and to which he gave 780 acres of his 
farm as a site, and president of the Maryland school 



for the deaf and dumb at Frederick, which he es- 
tablished. In 1877 he was elected by the city 
councils of Baltimore as finance commissioner. In 
1867 Mr. Pratt had endowed an academy in North 
Middleborough, his native city, in the sum of $30,- 
000. On 21 Jan., 1882, Mr. Pratt gave notice to the 
government of the city of Baltimore of his purpose 
to establish a free circulating library, to be called 
the Enoch Pratt free library of the city of Balti- 
more, on certain conditions of co-operation on the 
part of the city, which were promptly accepted. 
He proceeded immediately to erect fire-proof build- 
ings for the library (see illustration) and four 
branches, which were completed and conveved to 
the city, 2 July, 1883. Mr. Pratt intended to' spend 
$1,000,000, but the amount had reached $1,145,- 
833.33 at the completion of the buildings. The 
library was formally opened on 4 Jan., 18ft. 

PRATT, Matthew, artist, b. in Philadelphia, 23 
Sept, 1734 ; d. there, 9 Jan., 1805. He received a 
common-school education, and at the age of fifteen 
was apprenticed to his uncle, James Claypoole, 
from whom he learned " all the different branches 
of the painting business, particularly portrait- 
painting." He remained in Philadelphia until 
1757, when he embarked for Jamaica on some mer- 
cantile enterprise. The following year he returned 
home, and began to pursue regularly the profes- 
sion of a oortrait- painter. About 1764 he went 
to England and became the pupil of Benjamin 
West Four years were spent there in study and 
the practice of his profession, after which he re- 
turned to Philadelphia. He made another trip 
abroad in 1770, visiting Ireland and England, and 
after that did not leave his native city again. His 
portraits, in the execution of which he proved him- 
self an artist of undoubted talent, include those of 
Rev. Archdeacon Mann, of Dublin, the Duke of 
Portland, the Duchess of Manchester, Gov. Andrew 
Hamilton, and Gov. Cadwalader Colden, of New 
York (1772). He painted also " The London School 
of Artists, which Thomas Sully pronounced well 
executed. Pratt, probably finding portrait-painting 
not sufficiently remunerative, occupied himself at 
intervals with the painting of signs. Many of his 
contemporaries have attested the fine execution of 
these sign-boards. 

PRATT, Parle/ Parker, Mormon apostle, b. 
in Burlington, N. Y., 12 April, 1807; d. near Van 
Buren, Ark., 13 May, 1857. He joined the Mormon 
church in 1830, ana was a member, in 1835, of the 
first quorum of the twelve apostles. Mr. Pratt was 
one of the earliest Mormon missionaries that trav- 
elled from the Atlantic seaboard to the western 
frontiers of Missouri, and among his converts was 
John Taylor. In 1840 he was sent on a mission to 
England, and again in 1846. He was one of the 
pioneers to the valley of the Great Salt Lake, and 
in 1847 explored Utah lake and valley ; also Cedar 
and Tooede valleys, and Parley's Cafion and Par- 
ley's Peak, east of Salt Lake valley, were named 
after him, as he explored them in 1849 and worked 
a road up the cafion. He visited the Pacific coast 
in 1851 and 1854 on missions, and set out on a 
similar expedition to the eastern states in Sep- 
tember, 1856, but was assassinated while passing 
through Arkansas. Some of Mr. Pratt's writings 
were pronounced by Joseph Smith to be standard 
works of the church. He established the " Mil- 
lennial Star" in Manchester, England, and was 
its editor during 1840. It is still published. Mr. 
Pratt was the author of numerous pamphlets, 
among which are »' An Appeal to the State of New 
York. •• Immortality of the Body," " Fountain of 
Knowledge," •* Intelligence and Affection," "The 



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Angel of the Prairies,** and was the author of 
** Voice of Warning and Instruction to all People, 
or an Introduction to the Faith and Doctrine of 
the Latter-Day Saints" (New York, 1887); "His- 
tory of the Persecutions in Missouri** (Detroit, 
1889) ; and u Key to the Science of Theology ** (Liv- 
erpool, 1854). His marked Hebraic character and 
tone led to his being called the Isaiah of his peo- 
ple. — His brother, Orson, Mormon apostle, b. in 
Hartford, N. Y., 19 Sept., 1811 ; d. in Salt Lake City, 
S Oct, 1881. He was educated in common schools 
in Columbia county, and acquired an extensive 
knowledge of Hebrew and the nigher mathematics. 
In September, 1880, he joined the Mormon church, 
which he followed in its travels to Missouri, and 
became an elder in 1881, a high-priest in 1882, and 
one of the twelve apostles in 1885. Soon after his 
connection with the church he was sent on numer- 
ous preaching missions, extending from the New 
England ana other eastern states and Canada to 
western Missouri. He and Erastus Snow were the 
first Mormons to enter the valley of the Great Salt 
Lake, and he was the first to stand upon the site 
where Salt Lake City was afterward built. Mr. 
Pratt went on successful missions to Great Britain 
in 1840, 1848, 1850, 1858, 1856, 1864, 1877, and 1878, 
and was twice president of the British and Euro- 
pean missions, and in 1865 he went on a mission 
to Austria. In 1852 he went on a mission to Wash- 
ington, D. C, where he edited and published ** The 
Seer,** eighteen monthly numbers, at the same time 
presiding over the churches on the Atlantic slope 
and in Canada. He was a member of the legisla- 
tive assembly of Utah during the first session, and 
also of every other session when he was in the ter- 
ritory, and was seven times its speaker. For some 
time he held the professorship of mathematics in 
Deseret university and in 1874 was appointed church 
historian and general church recorder. Mr. Pratt 
entered into theological controversies in England, 
and in 1870 discussed polygamy with Dr. John P. 
Newman before nearly 15,000 people in the great 
tabernacle in Salt Lake City. Tnese discussions 
were published in pamphlet-form and in many 
papers in the United States. His mathematic 
knowledge was applied in his discovery of the " Law 
of Planetary Rotation,'* showing that the cubic 
roots of the densities of the planets are as the 
square roots of their periods of rotation, which he 
announced in November, 1854. In 1845 he wrote 
and published "The Prophetic Almanac," which 
he calculated for the latitude and meridian of 
Nauvoo and the principal cities of the United 
States. His publications include " Divine Authen- 
ticity of the Book of Mormon '* (6 parts) ; " Series 
of Pamphlets on Mormonism, with Two Discus- 
sions*' (Liverpool, 1851); 4 * Patriarchal Order, or 
Plurality of Wives" (1858); "Cubic and Biquad- 
ratic Equations" (London, 1866); "Key to the 
Universe" (Liverpool, 1879); "The Great First 
Cause"; "The Absurdities of Immaterialism " ; 
and several volumes of sermons. Mr. Pratt left 
in manuscript "Lectures on Astronomy" and a 
treatise on "Differential Calculus." 

PRATT, Peter, lawyer, d. in New London, 
ConiL, in November, 1780. He was eminent as a 
lawyer an/1 published " The Prey taken from the 
Strong, or an Historical Account of the Recovery 
of One from the Dangerous Errors of Quakerism 
(New London, 17251 

PRATT, Phlnehas, pioneer, b. in England in 
1590; d. in Charlestown, Mass., 19 April, 1680. 
He came to Massachusetts with Capt Thomas Wes- 
ton's colony in June, 1622, and settled at Wessa- 
gusaet, afterward called Weymouth. On the fail- 



ure of the colony, he fled from the place in Febru- 
ary, 1628, and made his way alone through the 
forest, pursued by Indians, to Plymouth, thirty 
miles distant. He subsequently resided many 
years in Plymouth colony, and then removed to 
Charlestown, Mass. He wrote a " Declaration of 
the Affairs of the English People that First inhab- 
ited New England," published: in the " Massachu- 
setts Historical Collections'* (Boston, 1858). 

PRATT, Robert M n artist, b. in Binghamton, 
N. Y., in 1811; d. in New York city, 81 Aug., 
1880. He studied under Samuel F. B. Morse and 
Charles C. Ingham, and became well known as a 
figure- and flower-painter. Among his numerous 
portraits are those of Aaron D. Shattuck (1859) 
and George H. Smillie (1865), both in the posses- 
sion of the Academy of design. He was elected an 
associate of the National academy in 1849, and an 
academician in 1851. 

PRATT, Samuel Wheeler, clergyman, b. in 
Livonia, Livingston co., N. Y., 9 Sept., 1888. He 
was graduated at Williams in 1860, and at Auburn 
theological seminary in 1868. He was ordained a 
minister of the Presbyterian church in July, 1868, 
and preached at Brasher Falls, N. Y., in 1868-7; 
at Hammonton, N. J., in 1867-*71 ; at Pratts- 
burg, N. Y., in 1872-*7; and at Campbell N. Y., 
in 1877-88. He is now (1888) stationed at Monroe, 
Mich. He has written much for the periodical 
press, published historical discourses, and is author 
of "A Summer at Peace Cottage, or Talks on 
Home Life** (New York, 1880), and "The Gospel 
of the Holy Spirit " (1888). 

PRATT, Thomas George, governor of Mary- 
land, b. in Georgetown, D. C., 18 Feb., 1804; d. in 
Baltimore, Md., 9 Nov., .1869. He was educated in 
his native place, studied law, and in 1828 removed 
to Upper Marlborough, Md., where he engaged in 
practice. He was in the legislature in 1882-5, and 
in 1887 was chosen president of the last executive 
council that was held under the state constitution 
of 1776. In 1888-*42 he was in the state senate, 
and in 1844 he was the Whig candidate for gover- 
nor on a platform that opposed the repudiation of 
the state debt He was successful after one of the 
fiercest political contests that was ever waged in 
Maryland, and during his term the finances of the 
state were placed on a solid basis. On the expira- 
tion of his service he practised his profession in 
Annapolis till 1849, when he was elected to the 
U. S. senate in place of Reverdv Johnson, who had 
resigned on being appointed attorney-generaL He 
was re-elected, and held his seat from 14 Jan., 1850, 
till 8 March, 1857. During his term he became an 
intimate friend of Daniel Webster, and he often 
entertained Webster and Henry Clay at his home 
in Annapolis. Subsequently he removed to Balti- 
more. At the beginning of the civil war Gov. 
Pratt was a strong advocate of secession, and was 
confined for a few weeks in Fort Monroe, Va. He 
was a delegate to the National Democratic conven- 
tion at Chicago in 1864, and to the Philadelphia 
Union convention of 1866. 

PRATT, Zadock, manufacturer, b. in Stephens- 
town, Rensselaer co., N. Y., 80 Oct, 1790; d. in 
Bergen, N. J., 6 April, 1871. His father, of the 
same name, had served in the Revolutionary army, 
and was a tanner and shoemaker. The son was 
employed in his father's tan-yard, and, while he 
was a boy, invented an improved pump for raising 
liquid from the vats, which is still in use. He was 
apprenticed to a saddler in 1810, began business on 
his own account a year later, and in 1816 formed a 
partnership with his brothers in the tanning busi- 
ness, in which he was very successful. In 1894 he 



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built what he intended to be the largest tannery in 
the world, around which grew the present town of 
Prattsville, N. Y. He was also interested in eleven 
similar establishments. In 1837 he received from 
the New York institute the first silver medal that 
was ever awarded for hemlock sole-leather. He 
was elected to congress as a Democrat in 1836 and 
in 1842, serving one term each time. During his 
congressional career he was active in his efforts for 
the reduction of postage, established the National 
bureau of statistics, and as one of the committee on 
public buildings advocated the use of granite or 
marble in their construction, instead of sandstone. 
The post-office buildings in Washington were 
erected according to his plans. He was also one of 
the earliest advocates of a Pacific railroad, and in 
1845 offered a resolution for the distribution of en- 
gravings of patent devices through the country for 
the benefit of mechanics and the stimulation of in- 
vention. In 1836 and 1852 he was a presidential 
elector. He founded a bank in Prattsville, and 
contributed largely toward the growth of that town. 
He was a colonel of militia in 1823, and was gen- 
erally known by his title. — His son, George Wat- 
SOE, soldier, b. in Prattsville, N. Y., 18 April, 1830; 
d. near Manassas, Va., 21 July, 1861, was educated 
in Poughkeepsie, N. Y., and in Europe, receiving 
the degree of Ph. D. at the University of Erlangen, 
Bavaria. He engaged in business, took an active 
interest in politics, and served in the state senate. 
At the beginning of the civil war he became colo- 
nel of the 20th New York regiment and at the 
time of his death, at the battle of Bull Run, he was 
acting brigadier-general. Col. Pratt was the au- 
thor of an elaborate review of Gen. George B. 
McClellan's report on the Crimean war. 

PRAT, Isaac Clark, journalist, b. in Boston, 
Mass., 15 May, 1813 ; d. in New York city, 28 Nov., 
1860. He was the son of a Boston merchant, and 
was educated at Harvard and Amherst, where he 
was graduated in 1833. He edited the Boston 
" Pearl " in 1884, and the Boston - Daily Herald " 
in 1835-7, and was also connected with the " Jour- 
nal of Commerce " in New York. In 1836 he be- 
came manager of the National theatre in the latter 
city, where he produced his original tragedy of 
" Giulletta Gordoni " (1836), and he also produced 
at the Park theatre a farce entitled "The Old 
Clock, or Here She Goes and There She Goes," 
dramatized from his story written for the " Sunday 
Morning News," of which he was the editor. He 
was also editor of the " Dramatic Guardian " and 
the M Ladies' Companion." He was in England in 
1846-7 and acted the parts of Hamlet, Othello, Sir 
Giles Overreach, and other characters, at the Queen's 
theatre, London, and at the Royal theatres in Liver- 
pool and Cork. In 1850 he was engaged on the 
editorial staff of the New York "Herald" as 
musical and dramatic critic, and subsequently he 
became a theatrical manager, and translated and 
wrote several plays, including " Paetus Coecinna" 
(1847) and "The Hermit of Malta" (1856). He 
was the author of "Prose and Verse" (Boston, 
1835); "Poems" (1837): "Book of the Drama" 
(New York, 1851); "Memoirs of James Gordon 
Bennett" (1855); and numerous contributions to 
magazines and reviews. 

FRAY, Lewis Glover, philanthropist, b. in 
Quincy, Mass., 15 Aug., 1793 ; d. in Roxbury, Mass., 
7 Oct., 1882. He received a common-school educa- 
tion and went to Boston in 1807, where he became 
a shoe-dealer in 1815. He was a member of the 
primary-school committee in 1823, its secretary in 
l884-*5, and organized a model school, but resigned 
in 1842. He was a member of the common council 



in 1827-'8, and served in the legislature in 1833 and 
1840. Mr. Pray retired from business in 1838, and 
removed to Roxbury in 1853. He was connected 
with the principal charitable, religious, and tem- 
perance societies in Boston and Roxburv. and pub- 
lished •• Boston Sunday-School Hymn-Book " (Bos- 
ton, 1838): "The Child's First Book of Thought " 
(1889); "History of Sunday-Schools and of Relig- 
ious Education from the Earliest Times " (1847) ; 
" The Sylphid's School and Other Pieces in Verse " 
(1862); and "Historical Sketch of the Twelfth 
Congregational Society in Boston" (1863). 

PRAT, Pnbllns Rntlllas Rnfus, jurist, b. in 
Maine in 1795; d. in Pearlington, Miss., 11 Jan., 
1840. He removed to the south, practised law in 
Hancock county, Miss., served in the legislature in 
1828, and was president of the convention that 
adopted the revised constitution of 1832. In 1838 
he was appointed by the legislature to revise the 
laws of the state, which work he completed after 
great labor. From November, 1837, till his death 
he was judge of the high court of errors and ap- 
peals. He published M Revised Statutes of the 
State of Mississippi " (Jackson, 1836). 

PREBLE, Jededlah, soldier, b. in Wells, Me., 
in 1707; d. in Portland, Me., 11 March, 1784. He 
began life as a sailor, and in 1746 became captain 
in a provincial regiment, settling in Portland about 
1748. He was a lieutenant-colonel under Gen. John 
Winslow in Acadia in 1755, became colonel, 18 
March, 1758. and brigadier-general, 12 March, 1759. 
He was for twelve years a representative in the 
general court, and became a councillor in 1778. On 
27 Oct., 1774, he was commissioned brigadier-gen- 
eral by the Provincial congress of Massachusetts, 
and he was afterward made major-general, but re- 
fused on account of. age. Gen. Preble was judge 
of the court of common pleas in 1778, and a mem- 
ber of the state senate in 1780. — His son, Edward, 
naval officer, b. in Portland, Me., 15 Aug., 1761 ; d. 
there, 25 Aug., 1807. When he was seventeen years 
old he ran away 
and shipped in 
a privateer, and 
on his return 
was appointed 
midshipman in 
the Massachu- 
setts state ma- 
rine, participat- 
ing in the "Pro- 
tector" in a gal- 
lant attack on 
the British pri- 
vateer "Admi- 
ral Duff," which 
took fire and 
blew up. In 
1779 he was 
captured in 
the " Protec- 
tor" and sent 

to the " Jersey " prison-ship in New York. After 
his release he served in tne state cruiser "Win- 
throp," and took a British armed brig. After the 
peace of 1783 he cruised around the world in the 
merchant marine. Upon the organization of the 
navy he was one of the first five that were commis- 
sioned as lieutenants, 9 Feb., 1798, served as acting 
captain of the brig " Pickering," and was commis- 
sioned captain, 15 May, 1799. commanding the 
" Essex " on a cruise to China, whence he convoyed a 
fleet of fourteen merchantmen, valued at many mill- 
ions. He married Mary Deering in 1801. In May, 
1803, he commanded the " Constitution." and the 




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squadron to operate against the Barbery states, 
with the " Philadelphia," Capt Bainbridge: the 
•* Argus," under Lieut Hull ; the ** Siren, Lieut. 
Stewart; the M Enterprise," Lieut Decatur; the 
44 Nautilus," Lieut Somen ; and the " Vixen," Lieut 
Smith. On 6 Oct, 1808, the fleet arrived off Tan- 

fiers, where, by display of force and firm demands, 
e compelled the sultan of Morocco to renew the 
treaty of 1786. The •• Philadelphia " was sent to 
blockade Tripoli, and, while chasing Tripolitan gun- 
boats, ran on a reef and was captured, after the guns 
had been thrown overboard in vain efforts to float 
the ship. Subsequently the Tripolitans removed 
her to tne inner harbor Preble arrived off Tripoli, 
17 Dec., 1806, reconnoitred the harbor, received 
letters from Bainbridge in prison, and matured a 
plan for the destruction of the " Philadelphia " that 
had been suggested by Bainbridge. He sailed to 
Syracuse, where he detailed Decatur with volun- 
teers in the captured Tripolitan ketch re-named 
*• Intrepid," to destroy the " Philadelphia." Deca- 
tur (?. v.) accomplished the feat and rejoined Preble 
at Syracuse, 19 Feb., 1804. Preble cruised alone 
the Barbary coast, blockaded Tripoli and collected 
a force of small vessels, until 26 July, 1804,' when 
he arrived off Tripoli with a frigate, three brigs, 
three schooners, two bomb-vessels, and six gun- 
boats. The town was defended by forts with 45,- 
000 Arabs, besides two schooners, a brig, and nine- 
teen gun-boats. Preble conducted six spirited 
attacks, in which three Tripolitan vessels were cap- 
tured and three were sunk. The pacha sued for 
peace, offering to waive all claim for future tribute, 
and reduce the ransom of American prisoners from 
$1,000 to $500 each. Preble insisted on equal ex- 
change, and continued operations. The relief 
squadron arrived on 10 Sept, 1804, under Com. 
Barron, Preble's senior, and the latter, being re- 
lieved, sailed home after settling negotiations with 
Italian authorities for the vessels and supplies that 
had been furnished. Preble's strict discipline, pru- 
dent and energetic measures, and perseverance are 
demonstrated bv the details of this series of the 
most gallant attacks that are recorded in naval 
history. No gun was fired against Tripoli after he 
left His operations resulted in the peace signed 
8 June, 1805, bv which the tribute that European 
nations had paid for centuries, and the slavery of 
Christian captives, were abolished. His officers 
wrote a letter expressing their esteem and affection, 
he was given an enthusiastic welcome on his return, 
and congress gave him a vote of thanks and an 
emblematical gold medal He was the first officer 
to receive a vote of thanks after the adoption of 
the constitution. In 1806 Jefferson offered him a 
seat in the cabinet as the head of the navy depart- 
ment, but feeble health prevented his acceptance : 
he returned to Portland, where he died of consump- 
tion.— Edward's nephew, George Henry, naval 
officer, b. in Portland, Me.. 26 Feb.. 1816; d. in 
Boston, Mass., 1 March, 1885, entered the navy as 
midshipman, 10 Oct., 1885, cruised in the Mediter- 
ranean in the frigate M United States" in 1886-*8, 
became passed midshipman 22 June, 1841, served 
in the Florida war in 1841-*2, and circumnavigated 
the world in the u St Louis " in 1848-'5, when he 
took ashore the first American force that landed 
in China. In the Mexican war, in 1846-7, he par- 
ticipated in the capture of Alvarado, Vera Cruz, 
and Tuxpan. He became a master, 15 July, 1847, 
and lieutenant, 6 Feh. 1848, served in the frigate 
M St Lawrence" in 1858-'6. took goods to the Lon- 
don exhibition, joined Com. Matthew C. Perry's 
expedition to China, and fought Chinese pirates, for 
which theEngliah authorities gave him their thanks. 



He surveyed the harbors of Keelung, Formosa, 
Jeddo, and Hakodadi, Japan, and prepared sailing 
directions for Singapore, which were published ex- 
tensively. In 1856-^7 he was light-house inspector, 
in 1857-'9 he served at the navy-yard at Cnarles- 
town, Mass., and in 1859-'61 he was executive of 
the steamer u Narragansett " in the Pacific In 
January, 1863, he took command of the steamer 
" Katahdin," in which he participated under Farra- 
gut in the capture of New Orleans, and subsequent 
operations in the Mississippi and Grand gulf. He 
was commissioned commander, 16 July, 1862. For 
failure to capture the Confederate cruiser •* Florida" 
on the blockade he was summarily dismissed the 
navy, but the captain of the " Florida " testified 
that his superior speed alone saved him, and the 
dismissal was revoked, he was restored to his rank, 
and given command of the " St Louis." which he 
joined at Lisbon, cruising after Confederate rovers. 
The " Florida " again escaped him at Madeira while 
he was becalmecL He next commanded the fleet 
brigade from 24 Nov., 1864, till April, 1865, and 
co-operated with Gen. William T. Sherman. With 
the steamer M State of Georgia," in 1865, he rescued 
six hundred passengers from the wrecked steamer 
M Golden Rule," near AspinwalL He became cap- 
tain on 16 March, 1867, was at the Boston navv- 
yard in 1865-*8, and served as chief of staff and in 
command of the flag-ship M Pensacola " in 1868-'70 
in the Pacific After being commissioned commo- 
dore, 2 Nov., 1871, he was commandant of the navy- 
yard at Philadelphia in 1878-'5. was promoted to 
rear-admiral, 80 Sept, .1876, and on 25 Feb., 1878, 
was retired by law, being sixty-two vears old. Ad- 
miral Preble constantly contributed: to the profes- 
sional periodical press, and was a member of vari- 
ous historical societies. A collection of navy 
registers, naval tracts, and other works from his 
library constitute the rarest sets of U. S. naval 
publications in existence. They are now in the 
navy department, serving in many cases to supply 
information for the biographies of naval officers 
that is not otherwise obtainable. His writings, 
many of which were printed privately and in small 
editions, include ** Chase of the Rebel Steamer of 
War 'Oreto'" (Cambridge, 1862); "The Preble 
Family in America " (Boston, 1868) ; " First Cruise 
of the U. a Frigate • Essex ' " (Salem, 1870); «• His- 
tory of the American Flag" (Albany, 1872); and 
M History of Steam Navigation" (Philadelphia, 
1888).— Jedidiah's granddaughter, Harriet, trans- 
lator, b. in Lewes, England, in 1796; d. in West 
Manchester, near Pittsburg, Pa., 4 Feb., 1854, was 
the daughter of Henry Preble, who became a mer- 
chant in Paris, France. She was educated at the 
school of Madame Campan in St Germain-en-Lave, 
came to the United States with her mother in 1880, 
and in 1882 established a school in Pittsburg, which 
feeble health compelled her to abandon In 1886. 
She published translations into French prose of 
Bulwer's poem "The Rebel," with an historical in- 
troduction (Paris, 1827), and of James Fenimore 
Cooper's " Notions of the Americans " (4 vola, 1828), 
and left several works in manuaoript. See "Me- 
moir of Harriet Preble, containing Portions of her 
Correspondence, Journal, and other Writings," by 
Prof. Richard H. Lee (New Yorkvl856> 

PREBLE, William Pitt, jurist, b. in York, 
Me., 27 Not., 1788 ; d. in Portland, Me., 11 Oct, 
1857. He waa-graduated at Harvard in 18Q6, and 
was tutor in mathematics there in 180ft-' lh In 
1818 he was appointed U. & district attorney, and 
became a leader of the Democratic party. In 1818 
he removed to Portland, which he represented in 
the State constitutional contention of 1819, and 

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PR^FONTAINE 



PRENTISS 



was one of its most influential members. On the 
inauguration of the new state government of 1820 
he was appointed a judge of the supreme court 
In 1829 he was made U. S. minister to the Nether- 
lands, and he subsequently held other public offices. 
He was the first president of the Atlantic and St. 
Lawrence railroad company in 1847, and published 
pamphlets relating to this corporation (1845-'7). 
Bowdoin gave him the degree of LL. I), in 1829. 

PRfiFONTAINE. Aymery, Chevalier de (prav- 
fon-tane). French soldier, b. in Ooutances in 1726 ; 
d. in Cayenne in 1767. He entered the army very 
early, and served all his life in the French posses- 
sions of South America, holding the post of police 
lieutenant of Cayenne from 1759 till his death. He 
contributed much to the improvement of the col- 
ony, promoted emigration, and presented several 
papers to the king's councils in advocation of the 
scheme of " France louinoxiale." He published 
several works, including "Maison rustique a 
l'usage des habitants de la partie de la France 
equinoxiale connue sous le noin de Cayenne" 
(Paris, 1763). to which is prefixed a dictionary of 
the Galibi dialect and a grammatical essay, which 
was afterward reprinted by Lesueur, and is'yet con- 
sidered as one of the best treatises on the language 
of the Guiana Indians. 

PRENCE, or PRINCE, Thomas, governor of 
Plymouth colony, b. in England in 1601 ; d. in 
Plymouth, Mass.. 29 March, 1673. He sailed for 
this country on the " Mayflower," and was a signer 
of the first compact that was drawn up by the pas- 
sengers of the vessel before their landing, under 
date of 11 Nov., 1620. He was one of the first 
settlers of Nansett, or Eastham, was chosen gover- 
nor of Plymouth colony in 1634, serving until 1638, 
and again from 1657 till 1673, and was an assistant 
in 1635-7 and 1689-'57. He was an impartial 
magistrate, was distinguished for his religious 
zeal, and opposed those that he believed to be 
heretics, particularly the Quakers. In opposition 
to the clamors of the ignorant he procured revenue 
for the support of grammar-schools in the colony. 
Gov. Prence gave to Wamsutta and Pometacom. 
the sons of Massasoit, the names of Alexander and 
Philip as a compliment to their warlike character. 
PRENTICE, George Denlson. journalist, b. 
in Preston, Conn., 18 Dec., 1802 ; d. in Louisville, 
Ky., 22 Jan., 1870. Before the age of fifteen he 
was principal of a public school. He was gradu- 
ated at Brown in 1823, studied law, and was ad- 
mitted to the bar 
in 1829, but never 
practised his pro- 
fession. In 1825 
he was the editor 
of the " Connecti- 
cut Mirror," and 
in 1828 he took 
charge oft he " New 
England Weekly 
Review," which he 
conducted for two 
years, and then re- 
moved to Louis- 
ville, Ky. In 1831 
he became editor 
of the Louisville 
"Journal," a daily 
paper, which he 
made the principal advocate or tne Whig party 
in that region, and won a reputation for political 
ability, wit, and satire. In 1860 he sustained the 
Union party, but although maintaining its cause 
during the civil war he was not a zealous sup- 




^*£Z££^>. 



porter of President Lincoln's administration. He 
resigned his office, but contributed to this journal 
until its consolidation with the*' Courier' under 
the name of the "Courier Journal." He also fur- 
nished a column of wit and humor to the •* New 
York Ledger " for several years. He wrote numer- 
ous poems, which have been collected in book-form 
and published, with a biography, by John James 
Piatt (Cincinnati, 1875). Mr. Prentice was the 
author of a " Life of Henry Clay " (Hartford, 1831). 
A selection of his writings was published under 
the title of " Prenticeana ; or, Wit and Humor" 
(New York, 1859; 2d ed., with biographical 
sketch by Gilderoy W. Griffin, Philadelphia, 1870). 
See also a " Memorial Address " by his successor, 
Henrv Watterson (Cincinnati. 1870). 

PRENTISS, Benjamin May berry, soldier, b. 
in Belleville, Wood co., Va., 23 Nov.. 1819. He 
removed with his parents to Missouri in 1835, and 
in 1841 settled in Quincy. 111., where he learned 
rope-making, and subsequently engaged in the 
commission business. In 1844-'5 he was 1st lieu- 
tenant of a company that was sent against the 
Mormons in Hancock, 111. He served in the Mexi- 
can war as captain of volunteers, and on his re- 
turn was an unsuccessful Republican candidate for 
congress in 1860. At the beginning of the civil 
war he reorganized his old company, was ap- 
pointed colonel of the 7th Illinois regiment, and 
became brigadier-general of volunteers. 17 May, 
1861 He was placed in command of Cairo, after- 
ward served in southern Missouri, routed a large 
body of Confederates at Mount Zion on 28 Dec., 
1861, and joined Gen. Grant three days before the 
battle of Shiloh, on the first day of which he was 
taken prisoner with most of his command. He 
was released in October, 1862, and appointed ma- 
jor-general of volunteers on 29 Nov. He was a 
member of the court-martial that, tried Gen. Fitz- 
John Porter (q. v.). He commanded at the post of 
Helena, Ark., and on 3 Julv, 1863, defeated Gen. 
Theophilus H. Holmes ana Gen. Sterling Price, 
who attacked him there. Gen. Prentiss resigned 
his commission on 28 Oct., 1863. 

PRENTISS, Charles, editor, b. in Reading, 
Mass., 8 Oct., 1774; d. in Brimfield, Mass., 20 Oct, 
1820. His father, Caleb, was pastor of a church in 
Reading. The son was graduated at Harvard in 
1795, and. in that year became editor of the 
" Rural Repository," a short-lived weekly journal, 
at Leominster, Mass. Subsequently he edited •* The 
Political Focus," which was afterward called the 
*' Washington Federalist," in Georgetown, D. C, 
the 4 * Anti-Democrat," and a literary paper called 
" The Child of Pallas " in Baltimore. In 1804 he 
visited England, in 1809 he published "The 
Thistle," a theatrical paper of brief duration, and 
after 1810 he reportea the congressional proceed- 
ings in Washington, where he edited t4 The Inde- 
pendent American." He was the author of "A 
Collection of Fugitive Essays in Prose and Verse " 
(Leominster, 1797) ; •* Life of Robert Treat Paine" 
(Boston, 1812); "Life of Gen. William Eaton," 
printed anonvmously (Brookfield, 1813) ; " Poems" 
(1813); a " History of the United States" ; and the 
"Trial of Calvin and Hopkins" (1819). 

PRENTISS, George Aldrlch, naval officer, b. 
in Keene, N. H.. in 1809 ; d. near Charleston, S. C. 
8 April, 1868. His father, John (1777-1873), served 
in tne New Hampshire legislature, established the 
* 4 New Hampshire Sentinel," which he conducted 
for forty-nine years, and at his death was the oldest 
editor in New England. The son entered the U. S. 
navy as midshipman on 1 March, 1825, was on duty 
at the Portsmouth navy-yard, served in the sloop- 



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PRENTISS 



107 



of-war "Lexington" in 1827, and, after a three- 
years' cruise, returned to this country. He was 
on the sloop-of-war " Boston " in the Mediterranean, 
was promoted lieutenant on 9 Feb., 1837, and was 
attached to the receiving-ship "Ohio" at Boston, 
Mass., in 1843. On 14 Sept., 1845, he became com- 
mander, and on 16 July, 1860, he was made com- 
modore on the retired list. 

PRENTISS, Samuel, physician, b. in Stoning- 
ton. Conn., in 1759; d. in Northfleld, Mass., in 
1818. He was the son of Col. Samuel Prentiss, 
who served in the Revolutionary war. After re- 
ceiving a good education, he studied medicine, and 
entered the Revolutionary army as assistant sur- 
geon. After the war he went to Worcester, Mass., 
and afterward to Northfleld, where he gained a 
large practice, and for many years was the princi- 
pal operator in the vicinity. He was made a fel- 
low of the Massachusetts medical society in 1810. 
—His son, Samuel, jurist, b. in Stonington, Conn., 
31 March, 1782; d. in Montpelier, VI, 15 Jan., 
1857, studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1802, 
and began to practise in Montpelier in 1803, soon 
acquiring a reputation for eloquence and integrity. 
He served in the legislature in 1824-'5, and in 1829 
was elected chief justice of the supreme court of 
Vermont. He was then chosen to the U. S. senate 
as a Whig, serving from 5 Dec., 1831, till 11 April, 
1842, when he resigned. During his term he ef- 
fected the passage of a bill against duelling in the 
District of Columbia. In 1842 he was appointed 
judge of the U. S. district court of Vermont, which 
office he held until his death. — Another son, John 
Holmes, journalist, b. in Worcester, Mass., 17 
April, 1784; d. in Cooperstown, N. Y., 26 June, 
1861, learned the printer's trade, and, settling in 
Cooperstown, N. V., established there, in 1808, 
"The Freeman's Journal," which he conducted 
until 1849. He was elected a representative to 
congress as a Democrat, serving from 4 Sept, 
1837, till 3 March, 1841.— The second Samuel's son, 
Theodore, lawyer, b. in Montpelier, Vt, 10 Sept., 
1815, entered the University of Vermont in 1838, 
but, owing to impaired health, left in the same 
year, and travelled in the south. He studied law 
under his father, was admitted to the bar in 1844, 
and in 1845 removed to Watertown, Wis. He was 
a member of the convention of 1846, acting as 
chairman of the committee on the acts of congress 
for the admission of the state, and reported the 
article upon that subject, which, after a single 
amendment that he suggested, was adopted. He 
was also a member of the State constitutional con- 
vention of 1847-'8. Mr. Prentiss served in the 
Wisconsin legislature, and was three times elected 
mayor of Watertown. 

PRENTISS, Sergeant Smith, orator, b. in 
Portland, Mc, 30 Sept, 1808; d. at Ixmgwood, 
near Natchez, Miss., 1 July, 1850. In his liovhood 
he was remarkable for his mental sprightlincss, 
and for the keen appetite with which no devoured 
all the books on which he could lav his hand. He 
was a cripple all his life, and could walk until his 
ninth year only with crutches; but afterward he 
required but a cane. At the age of fifteen he en- 
tered the junior class of Itowdoin, where he was 
graduated in 1826. In 1827 he went to Natchez, 
Miss., in the vicinity of which he taught in a pri- 
vate family, and read law. In 1829 he was ad- 
mitted to the l>ar, and removed to Vicksburg, 
where he rose to the front rank in reputation and 
the extent of his practice. In 1835 Mr. Prentiss 
was elected as a representative to the legislature of 
Mississippi, in whieh he made several speeches that 
were remarkable for wit, sarcasm, and argumenta- 




tive power. In 1837 he was elected to the lower 
house of congress, and, finding his seat preoccu- 
pied by Col. Claiborne, the Democratic candidate 
at the election, he vindicated his claim in a speech 
nearly three days long, which established his repu- 
tation as one of the 
ablest parliamentary 
orators in the coun- 
try. Disclaim hav- 
ing been rejected by 
the casting vote of 
the s{>eaker, James 
K. Polk, he went 
back to Mississippi, 
and after a vigorous 
canvass of the state 
was again elected 
bv a large majority. 
His principal speech 
at this session was 
made against the 
sub-treasury bill. In ^* ^9 ^<^. j£^ 

1838 he visited his s& <? C^Zfi^F 
native city, and while 

there accepted an invitation to attend the public 
dinner to be given in July to Daniel Webster in 
Fancuil hall. His speech on this occasion was de- 
clared many years afterward by Edward Everett 
to have been •' the most wonderful specimen of a 
sententious fluency which I have ever witnessed." 
Mr. Webster, when asked by Mr. Everett if he had 
ever heard anything like it, replied, ** Never, ex- 
cept from Mr." Prentiss himself. In 1839, on his 
way home from Washington, he stayed a week in 
Kentucky, and defended his friend, Judge Wilkin- 
son, who had been charged with murder, in a speech 
that was a masterpiece of forensic eloquence. In 
1840 he canvassed the state of Mississippi as can- 
didate for presidential elector, making a series of 
speeches that severely taxed his physical strength. 
During the next four years he delivered many 
sj>ceches, marked by extraordinary energy and ele- 
vation of tone, against the repudiation by that 
state of its bonded debt. In 1845, regarding the 
state ais " disgraced and degraded " by that act, he 
liegan the study of the civil law, and removed to 
New Orleans. La., where, in 1850, a fatal disease 
closed his brilliant and brief career. As an orator 
Mr. Prentiss had a gift akin to that of the Italian 
improvisatore. When addressing a large assem- 
blage of men, he experienced an electrical excite- 
ment, at times "almost maddening," and he seemed 
to himself to be rather spoken from than speak- 
ing. New thoughts came rushing into his mind 
unbidden, which surprised himself as much as his 
hearers, and which, he said, *• he could no more re- 
produce when the excitement was over than he 
could make a world." The printed reports of his 
six'eches arc hardly more than skeletons, giving lit- 
tle idea of his eloquence. His manner of speaking 
was at once natural and dramatic, and he combined 
in a remarkable degree logical power with intense 
passion, keen wit. pathos, and a vivid imagination. 
At the bar his chief characteristics were his mas- 
ter)' of his subject, his readiness, adroitness, fer- 
tility of resources, and absolute command of all his 
mental stores. In a jury trial, to give him the 
concluding address was nearly equivalent to giving 
him the verdict With all his readiness he was 
indefatigable in his legal studies, and spared no 
lal>or on his cases. A legal acquaintance who know 
him well said that his forte was best seen in the 
analysis of a point of law. or the discussion of a 
constitutional question. "His style then became 
terse, simple, severe, exhibiting a mental discipline 



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PRESCOTT 



PRESCOTT 



and a faculty of concentration in striking contrast 
with the natural exuberance of his fancy." Mr. 
Prentiss had fine social qualities, and his conversa- 
tion sparkled with the shrewd sense, wit, and bril- 
liant fancy that characterized his speeches. See a 
memoir by his brother, Rev. George L. Prentiss 
(2 vols., New York, 1855, new ed., 1870).— His broth- 
er, George Lewis, clergyman, b. in Gorham, Me., 
12 May, 1816, after graduation at Bowdoin in 1885, 
was assistant in Gorham academy in 1886-7, and 
studied theology at Halle and Berlin universities 
from 1889 till 1841. He became pastor of the 
South Trinitarian church, New Bedford, Mass., in 
April, 1845, and in 1851 was made pastor of the 
Mercer street Presbyterian church in New York 
city, but owing to impaired health he resigned and 
travelled in Europe. On his return he established 
the '* Church of tne Covenant,'* New York city, of 
which he was pastor from 1862 till 1873, when he 
resigned to become professor of pastoral theology, 
church polity, and missionary work in Union theo- 
logical seminary. Bowdoin gave him the degree 
of D. D. in 1854. In addition to sermons, address- 
es, and contributions to periodicals, he has pub- 
lished, besides the memoir of his brother men- 
tioned above, M Discourse in Memory of Thomas 
Harvey Skinner. D. D.. LL. D." (1871), and " Life 
and Letters of Elizabeth Prentiss ' (1882 ; new ed., 
1887).— George Lewis's wife, Elizabeth Paygon, 
author, b. in Portland, Me., 26 Oct, 1818; d. in 
Dorset, Vt, 18 Aug., 1878, was a daughter of the 
Rev. Edward Payson (q. v.). She was educated in 
Portland and Ipswich, and taught in Portland and 
Richmond in 1840-'3. In 1845 she married Mr. 
Prentiss, and after the loss of her two children de- 
voted herself to writing. She was the author of 
numerous books, which include the " Little Susy 
Series " (New York, 1853-'6) ; •• The Flower of the 
Family* (1854); "Only a Dandelion, and Other 
Stories" (1854V; "Fred, Maria, and Me" (1868): 
"The Percys* (1870); "The Home at Greylock'* 
Q876) ; " Pemaquid ; a Story of Old Times m New 
England " (1877) ; and " Avis Benson, with Other 
Sketches" (1879). Her chief work, "Stepping 
Heavenward," which was first published in the 
"Chicago Advance" (1860), has been translated 
into various languages, and it is estimated that 
100.000 copies have been sold. 

PRESCOTT, Albert Benjamin, chemist, b. in 
Hastings, N. Y., 12 Dec, 1882. He was graduated 
at the medical department of the University of 
Michigan in 1864, and at once entered the U. S. 
volunteer service as assistant surgeon, with charge 
successively of hospitals in Louisville, Ky., and in 
Jeffersonville, Ind., also serving as a member of 
the medical examining board in Louisville, Ky. In 
1865 he returned to tne University of Michigan as 
assistant professor of chemistry, and lecturer on 
organic chemistry, and in 1870 was made professor 
of organic and applied chemistry and of pharmacy. 
He was a member of the committee of revision of 
the " U. S. PharraaooixBia " in 1880. Since 1876 he 
has served as dean of the school of pharmacy, and 
since 1884 as director of the chemical laboratory in 
the same university. Prof. Prescott is a member of 
many scientific societies, and was elected in 1876 a 
fellow of the London chemical society, in 1886 presi- 
dent of the American chemical society, and in the 
same year vice-president of the American associa- 
tion for the advancement of science, delivering, in 
1887, a retiring address on " The Chemistry of Nitro- 
gen as disclosed in the Constitution of the Alka- 
loids." He has been a contributor to the periodical 
literature of chemistry from 1869, his work includ- 
ing reports of scientific work under his direction in 



the chemical laboratory of the University of Michi- 
gan, and his various chemical investigations, chiefly 
in analytical organic chemistry. Prof. Prescott has 
published " Qualitative Chemical Analysis," with 
Silas H. Douglas (Ann Arbor, 1874; 4th ed., with 
Otis C. Johnson, New York, 1888) ; " Outlines of 
Proximate Organic Analysis " (New York, 1875) ; 
"Chemical Examination of Alcoholic Liquors" 
(1875) ; " First Book in Qualitative Chemistry " 
(1879) ; and " Organic Analysis ; a Manual of the 
Descriptive and Analytical Chemistry of Certain 
Carbon Compounds in Common Use " (1887). 

PRESCOTT, Benjamin, clergyman, b. in Con- 
cord, Mass., 16 Sept., 1687 ; <L in Danvers, Mass., 
28 May, 1777. He was the son of Capt Jonathan 
Prescott, of Concord, was graduated at Harvard in 
1709, and ordained minister of Danvers, 28 Sept., 
1718. He resigned hw charge, 16 Nov., 1756. Mr. 
Prescott was the author of " Examination of Cer- 
tain Remarks " (Boston, 1785) ; " Letter to Joshua 
Gee " (1748) ; " Letter to Rev. George Whitefield " 
(1745) ; and "A Free and a Calm Consideration of 
the Unhappy Misunderstandings and Debates be- 
tween Great Britain and the American Colonies " 
(Salem, 1768). 

PRESCOTT, George Bartlett, electrician, b. in 
Kingston, N. H., 16 Sept, 1830. He was educated 
at private schools in Portland, Me., and from 1847 
till 1858 was manager of telegraph offices. He be- 
came in 1858 superintendent of the American and 
in 1866 of the Western union telegraph companies' 
lines, and in 1869 electrician of the Western union 
telegraph company. Mr. Prescott was also electri- 
cian of the International ocean telegraph company 
from 1873 till 1880. In 1873 he visited Europe in 
the interest of the Western union telegraph com- 
pany for the purpose of investigating the various 
systems of telegraphy in operation there, with a view 
of incorporating any improvement that he might 
discover into the system in the United States. He 
found many important objects of recommendation, 
and among others that were adopted was the sys- 
tem of transmitting messages in cities by pneu- 
matic tubes, which he introduced in New York in 
1876. Mr. Prescott also introduced the duplex and 
quadruple! telegraphs in 1870 and 1874 He was 
vice-president, director, and member of the execu- 
tive and finance committee of the Gold and stock 
telegraph company in 1878-'81, and president of 
the American speaking telephone company in 
1879-*82, also director and member of the execu- 
tive committee of the Metropolitan telephone and 
telegraph company, and of the Bell telephone com- 
pany of Philadelphia. His inventions include an 
improvement in telegraph insulators (1872) and 
an improvement in quadruplex telegraphs (1876), 
which he patented in the United States and Great 
Britain. Mr. Prescott has contributed many ar- 
ticles to' periodicals, and has published " History. 
Theory, and Practice of the Electric Telegraph ** 
(Boston, I860}: •' The Proposed Union of the Tele- 
graph and Postal Systems" (New York, 1869); 
"The Government and the Telegraph" (1872); 
"Electricity and the Electric Telegraph " (18771 ; 
'* The Speaking Telephone, Talking Phonograph, 
and other Novelties" (1878) ; "The Speaking Tele- 

fihone, Electric Light, and other Recent Electrical 
nventions " (1879) ; " Dvnamo-Electricity ; its Gen- 
eration, Application, Transmission, Storage, and 
Measurement "(1884); -and "Bell's Electric Speak- 
ing Telephone; its Invention, Construction, Ap- 
plication. Modification, and History " (1884). 

PRESCOTT, Mary Newmarch, author, b. in 
Calais, Me., 2 Aug., 1849. She afterward removed 
with her parents to Newburyport, Mass., where she 



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was educated, partly under the direction of her 
sister, Harriet Prescott, afterward Mrs. Spofford. 
She began to write prose and verse soon after leav- 
ing school. Her first story, printed in *• Harper's 
Monthly," was written for a school exercise. She 
has written much for children, and many of her 
mature stories and poems have been widely copied. 
Her first book for children was " Matt's Follies " 
(Boston, 18711). She has never made a collection of 
her miscellaneous writings. She spent 1885 and 
part of 1886 in Europe, but her home is still in 
Newburvport. 

PRESCOTT, Richard, British officer, b. in 
England in 1725 ; d. there in October, 1788. He 
was appointed a major of the 33d foot, 20 Dec., 
1756, and in May, 1762, became lieutenant-colonel 
of the 50th foot, with which regiment he served in 
Germany during the seven years' war. He was 
afterward brevetted colonel of the 7th foot, with 
which he came to Canuda in 1773. On the reduc- 
tion of Montreal by the Americans in 1775, CoL 
Prescotr, who had the local rank of brigadier-gen- 
eral, attempted to descend to Quebec with the 
British troops and the military stores, but was 
obliged to surrender to the Americans on 17 Nov. 
In September, 1776, he was exchanged for Gen. 
John Sullivan, in November he became colonel of 
his regiment, and in December he was third in 
command of the expedition against Rhode Island, 
where he remained in command of the British 
forces until he was made prisoner, 10 July, 1777, by 
Lieut-Col. William Barton (q. v.). He *was final- 
ly exchanged for Gen. Charles Lee, and resumed 
his command at Rhode Island, but was almost im- 
mediately superseded by Sir Robert Pigott. He be- 
came a major-general, 29 Aug., 1777, and lieutenant- 
general, 26 Nov., 1782. His treatment of American 
prisoners was harsh and cruel. See " The Capture 
of Prescott by Lieut-Col. William Barton," an ad- 
dress at the centennial celebration of the exploit, 
by Jeremiah Lewis Diman (Providence, 1877). 

PRESCOTT, Robert, British soldier, b. in Lan- 
cashire, England, in 1725; d. near Battle. Sussex, 

21 Dec., 1816. He became captain of the 15th foot, 

22 Jan., 1755, and served in the expeditions against 
Rochefort in 1757, and Louisburg in 1758. He 
acted as aide-de-camp to Gen. Amherst in 1759. 
and afterward joined the army under Gen. James 
Wolfe. On 22 March. 1761. he was appointed ma- 
jor of the 95th foot, which formed part of the force 
that was sent under Gen. Rol>ert Monckton to re- 
duce Martinico. He became lieutenant-colonel of 
the 28th regiment, 8 Sept, 1775, and was present at 
the battle of Long Island, the several engagements 
in Westchester county, and the storming of Fort 
Washington in November, 1775. He was attached 
to the expedition against Philadelphia in 1777, ap- 
pointed colonel by brevet on 29 Aug., and engaged 
in the battle of the Brandywine. In 1778 he was 
appointed first brigadier-general in the expedition 
under Gen. James Grant against the French West 
Indies. He became colonel, 13 Oct., 1780; major- 
general, 19 Oct., 1781 ; was appointed colonel of 
the 28th regiment, 6 July. 178!); and lieutenant- 
general. 12 Oct., 1793. In October, 1793, he was or- 
dered to Barbadoes to take command there, and in 
February, 1794, he sailed with the troops to Marti- 
nique, where he landed without opposition. He 
effected the complete reduction of the island and 
forts, which capitulated on 22 March, and was after- 
ward appointed civil governor of the island. His 
wise and judicious management of affairs prevented 
an uprising of the natives. From Martinique he was 
sent to Guodaloupe, where he pursued the same firm 
and conciliatory policy, and at this time he refused 



the proffered governorship of St Lucia. Finding it 
impossible to effect much at Guadaloupe, he with- 
drew the British troops there, and sent some to 
Antigua and Dominica, and the rest to Martinique, 
where he returned. His health failing, he applied 
for leave to return to England, where he arrived, 
10 Feb., 1795. On 12 July, 1796, he succeeded 
Lord Dorchester as governor of Canada, and on 
his arrival in Quebec he began strengthening the 
fortifications of that city. In 1797 he was also 
appointed governor of Nova Scotia, and he remained 
at the heaa of the government of that colony, and 
of Canada and New Brunswick, till 1799, wnen he 
was recalled and succeeded bv Sir Robert Shore 
Milnes. The principal event of his administration, 
during which ne was made full general, was the at- 
tempt of David McLean to excite the people to in- 
surrection, and to capture the city of Quebec, in 
which attempt McLean lost his life. Gen. Pres- 
cott returned to England, and settled at Rose 
Green, near Battle, where h« ''.led. 

PRESCOTT, William, soldier, b. in Groton, 
Mass., 20 Feb., 1726; d. in Pepperell, Mass., 13 
Oct., 1795. His father. Judge Benjamin Prescott, 
was the grandson of John, of Lincolnshire, Eng- 
land, an early settler of Lancaster. Mass. The son 
inherited a large estate and resided at Pepperell. 
In 1755 he served successively as lieutenant and 
captain in the provincial army under Gen. John 
Winslow during the expedition against Nova Sco- 
tia. His conduct in that campaign attracted the 
attention of the British general, who offered him a 
commission in the regular army, which he declined, 
and after the war he retired to his estate at Pep- 
perell. In 1774 he was appointed to command a 
regiment of minute-men, with which he marched, 
on 19 April, 1775, to Lexington, to oppose the ex- 
pedition that was sent out bv Gen. Thomas Gage. 
Before Prescott arrived the British had retreated, 
and he then proceeded to Cambridge, where he en- 
tered the provincial army, the majority of his 
officers ana men 
volunteering to 
serve with him 
during his first 
campaign. On 
16 June. 1775, he 
was ordered to 
Charlestown with 
1,000 men. and di- 
rected to throw 
up works on 
Bunker Hill. On 
arriving at the 
ground,it was per- 
ceived that the 
neighboring ele- 
vation, called 
Breed's Ilill, was 
a more suitable 
station, and on it 
the defences, con- 
sisting of a re- 
doubt and breast- 
work, were erect- 
ed during the 

night. The following day a large British force 
commanded by Gen. William Howe attacked the 
Americans, and, after the latter had repel led two 
assaults, and had exhausted their ammunition, suc- 
ceeded in dislodging them. In this battle, which 
owes its importance to the fact that it demon- 
strated the ability of the provincials successfully 
to oppose British regulars, Bancroft says that 
" no one appeared to have any command but CoL 



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Prescott," and that "his bravery could never be 
enough acknowledged and applauded." He was 
one of the last to leave the mtrenchments when 
he found it necessary to order a retreat, and im- 
mediately offered to* retake the position if the 
commander-in-chief would give him three regi- 
ments. Before the attack Gage, reconnoitring the 
works, saw Prescott walking on the parapet, and 
asked Counsellor Willard who he was, and if he 
would fight t The latter replied, "That is Col. 
Prescott — he is an old soldier, and will fight as 
long as a drop of blood remains in his veins." 
Early in 1777 he resigned and returned home, but 
in autumn of that year he joined the northern 
army under Gen. Horatio Gates as a volunteer, and 
was present at Saratoga. After this battle he re- 
turned home and sat in the legislature of Massa- 
chusetts for several years. He wrote "A Letter 
from a Veteran to the Officers of the Army en- 
camped at Boston" (Boston, 1774). See Samuel 
Swett's "History of Bunker Hill Battles" (Boston, 
1827 ; new ed., with notes, 1885). The illustration on 
page 109 represents the statue by Story erected on 
Bunker Hill in 1881, on which occasion an oration 
was delivered by Robert C. Winthrop. — His broth- 
er, Oliver, soldier, b. in Groton, Mass., 27 April, 
1731 ; d. there, 17 Nov., 1804, was graduated at 
Harvard in 1750, and practised medicine in his na- 
tive town. Before the Revolution he was succes- 
sively major, lieutenant-colonel, and colonel in the 
militia, early in 1776 he was appointed a brigadier- 
general of militia for the county of Middlesex, and 
became a member of the board of war. In 1777 he 
was elected a member of the supreme executive 
council of the state, in 1778 he was appointed third 
major-general of militia in the commonwealth, and 
in 1781 he became second major-general, but soon 
afterward he resigned. In this year he was com- 
missioned by the government to cause the arrest 
and committal of any person whose liberty he con- 
sidered dangerous to the commonwealth. From 
1779 till his death he was judge of probate for 
Middlesex county. He was very influential in 
suppressing Shays's rebellion. In 1780 he became 
a fellow of the Academy of arts and sciences, and 
he was a trustee, patron, and benefactor of Groton 
academy. — Olivers son, Oliver, physician, b. in 
Groton, Mass., 4 April, 1762 ; d. in Newburyport, 
26 Sept., 1827, was graduated at Harvard in 1783, 
studied medicine with his father, and was surgeon 
of the forces that suppressed the Shays insurrec- 
tion in 1787. Leaving a large practice in Groton, 
he removed to Newburyport in 1811, practising 
successfully there till his death. He was often a 
representative in the legislature, and was a founder, 
trustee, and treasurer of Groton academy. He 
contributed valuable articles to the New England 
" Journal of Medicine and Surgery," but is best 
known by the annual discourse before the Massa- 
chusetts medical society in 1818, entitled a " Dis- 
sertation on the Natural History and Medicinal 
Effects of Secale Cornutum, or Ergot," which was 
republished in London, and translated into French 
and German. — William's son, William, jurist, b. 
in Pepperell,*Mas&, 19 Aug., 1762; d. in Boston, 8 
Dec., 1844, was graduated at Harvard in 1783, and 
taught first at Brooklyn, Conn., and afterward at 
Beverly, Mass., where he studied law with Nathan 
Dane, and practised successfully from 1787 till 
1789. In the latter year he removed to Salem, and 
after representing that town for several years in 
the legislature, he was elected a state senator by 
the Federal party for Essex county, first in 1806, 
and again in 1813. He twice declined a seat on 
the bench of the supreme court of Massachusetts. 




^^^ 



*?L£*/C4rdr~~ 



In 1808 he removed to Boston, and was for several 
years a member of the governor's council. He 
was a delegate to the Hartford convention in 1814. 
in 1818 was appointed a judge of the court of 
common pleas for Suffolk, which post he soon re- 
signed, and in 1820 was a delegate to the State 
constitutional convention. He was a member of 
the American academy of arts and sciences. — 
The second William's son, William Hlckllnp, 
historian, b. in Salem, Mass., 4 May, 1796: d. in 
Boston. Mass., 28 Jan., 1859, was graduated at 
Harvard in 1814, and would have devoted him- 
self to the law but for the results of an act of 
folly on the part of an undergraduate, who threw 
at random a large, 
hard piece of bread, 
which struck one 
of Prescott's eyes 
and practically de- 
stroyed it. His 
other eye was soon 
sympathetically af- 
fected, and the 
youthful student 
was' now obliged to 
turn his back upon 
the' sun, and at a 
later period for 
many months to re- 
main in a darkened 
room. " In all that 
trying season," said 
his mother, " I nev- 
er groped my way 
across the apartment to take my place by his side 
that he did not greet me with some hearty expres- 
sion of good cheer, as if we were the patients and 
it was his place to comfort us." His literary as- 
pirations were not subdued by the sad results of 
this misfortune. "I had early conceived," he 
wrote to the Rev. George E. Ellis, "a strong 
passion for historical writing, to which perhaps 
the reading of Gibbon's autobiography contrib- 
uted not a little. I proposed to make myself a 
historian in the best sense of the term, and hoped 
to produce something which posteritv would not 
willingly let die. In a meraorandum-book, as far 
back as the year 1819, 1 find the desire intimated; 
and I proposed to devote ten years of my life to 
the study of ancient and modern literatures, chiefly 
the latter, and to give ten years more to some his- 
torical work. I nave had the good fortune to 
accomplish this design pretty nearly within the 
limits assigned. In the Christmas of 1837 my first 
work, the 4 History of Ferdinand and Isabella,' was 
given to the world. I obtained the services of a 
reader who knew no language but his own. I 
taught him to pronounce the Castilian in a manner 
suited, I suspect, much more to my ear than to 
that of a Spaniard, and we began our wearisome 
journey through Mariana's noble history. I cannot 
even now call to mind without a smile the tedious 
hours in which, seated under some old trees in my 
country residence, we pursued our slow and melan- 
choly way over pages which afforded no glimmer- 
ing of light to him, and from which the light came 
dimly struggling to me through a half-intelligible 
vocabulary. But in a few weeks the light became 
stronger, and I was cheered by the consciousness of 
my own improvement, and when we had toiled our 
way through seven quartos, I found I could under- 
stand the book when read about two thirds as fast 
as ordinary English. My reader's office required 
the more patience ; he had not even this result to 
cheer him in his labor. I now felt that the great 



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difficulty could be overcome, And I obtained the 
services of a reader whose acquaintance with mod- 
ern and ancient tongues supplied, as far as it could 
be supplied, the deficiency of eyesight on my part. 
But, though in this way 1 could examine various 
authorities, it was not easy to arrange in my mind 
the results of my reading, drawn from different 
and often contradictory accounts. To do this, I 
dictated copious notes as I went along, and when I 
had read enough for a chapter (from thirty to forty, 
and sometimes fifty, pages in length), I had a mass 
of memoranda in my own language, which would 
easily bring before me at one view the fruit of my 
researches. These notes were carefully read to me, 
and while my recent studies were fresh in my rec- 
ollection I ran over the whole of my intended 
chapter in my mind. This process I repeated at 
least half a dozen times, so that when I finally put 
my pen to paper it ran off pretty glibly, for it was 
an effort 01 memory rather than composition. This 
method had the advantage of saving me from the 
perplexity of frequently referring to the scattered 
pages in the originals, and it enabled me to make 
the corrections in my own mind which are usually 
made in the manuscript, and which with my mode 
of writing, as I shall explain, would have much 
embarrassed me. Yet I must admit that this 
method of composition, when the chapter was very 
long, was somewhat too heavy a burden on the 
memory to be altogether recommended. Writing 
presented me a difficulty even greater than read- 
ing. Thierry, the famous blind historian of the 
Norman conquest, advised me to cultivate dicta- 
tion : but I have usually preferred a substitute 
that I found in a writing-case made for the blind, 
which I procured in London forty years since. It 
is a simple apparatus, often described by me for 
the benefit of persons whose vision is imperfect. 
It consists of a frame of the size of a sheet of pa- 
per, traversed by brass wires as many as lines are 
wanted on the page, and with a sheet of carbon- 
ated paper, such as is used for getting duplicates, 
pasted on the reverse side. With an ivory or agate 
stylus the writer traces his characters between the 
wires on the carbonated sheet, making indelible 
marks, which he cannot see, on the white page 
below. This treadmill operation has its defects; 
and I have repeatedly supposed I had accomplished 
a good page, and was proceeding in ail the glow of 
composition to go ahead, when I found I had for- 
gotten to insert a sheet of writing-paper below, 
that my labor had all been thrown away, and that 
the leaf looked as blank as myself. Notwithstand- 
ing these and other whimsical distresses of the 
kind, I have found my writing-case my best friend 
in my lonely hours, and with it have written nearly 
all that I have sent into the world the last forty 
years." 

The success of the history of the " Reign of Fer- 
dinand and Isabella the Catholic " (3 vols., Boston, 
1888) was great and immediate. It was published 
in France, Germany, and Spain in the languages 
of those countries, appeared in an Italian version 
at Florence (8 vols., 1847-*8), and early in 1858 a 
translation was announced in Russia. Thus en- 
couraged, Mr. Prescott again resumed his labors, 
and in 1843 published a "History of the Conquest 
of Mexico,** and in 1847 a " History of the Con- 
quest of Peru.'* These works, the fruits of the 
most painstaking investigation into manuscript 
authorities, procured from Spain, proved that tne 
critics had not been too hasty in assigning a high 
place to Mr. Prescott from the day of the publica- 
tion of the " History of the Reign of Ferdinand 
and Isabella." At least one of the Mexican edi- 



tions of the " Conquest of Mexico " was garbled by 
the translator to suit the political and religious at- 
mosphere of the country. The Madrid edition is 
complete. To the French translation, by M. Ame- 
dee Pichot, a reference by Mr. Prescott will be 
found in the preface to the " Conquest of Peru." 
Mr. Prescott wrote memoirs of John Pickering and 
Abbott Lawrence, and in 1845 published, under 
the title of "Biographical and Critical Miscella- 
nies," a selection of twelve papers from his articles 
contributed to the " North American Review " be- 
tween 1821 and 1843, and a " Memoir of Charles 
Brockden Brown,'* originally published in Sparks's 
" American Biography *' in 1834. In the edition of 
the *• Miscellanies** issued since 1851 will be found 
a valuable paper entitled " Spanish Literature," a 
criticism published in the "North American Re- 
view'* for January, 1850, of George Ticknor*s ad- 
mirable " History of Spanish Literature." In the 
summer of 1850 Mr. Prescott visited England, and 
in the autumn spent a short time in Scotland and 
on the continent In 1855 he published the first 
two volumes, and in December, 1858, the third, of 
what would have proved, had it been completed, 
his greatest work, " The History of the Reign of 
Philip II., King of Spain.'* A translation of the 
first two volumes appeared in Russia in 1858. In 
1857 Mr. Prescott added to a new edition of Rob- 
ertson's "History of the Reign of Charles V." 
(8 vols., Boston) a supplement (vol. iii.) entitled 
"The Life of Charles V. after his Abdication." 
Early in 1858 he experienced a slight stroke of 
paralysis, from the effects of which he never en- 
tirely recovered, although he was soon able to 
resume his usual walks, and to devote some hours 
daily to his books and papers. On 28 Jan., 1859, 
he received a second stroke, which terminated 
his life about two o'clock in the afternoon. Mr. 
Prescott left a widow, two sons, and a daughter. 

It is not to be denied that the portion of history 
selected by Prescott for illustration in his " Reign 
of Ferdinand and Isabella '* had been neglected by 
the scholars of Germany, France, and England, 
and only superficially touched by Italian writers ; 
it is equally certain that at an earlier date no faith- 
ful narration of the events of this reign could have 
been given to the world. Prescott had the advan- 
tage of the tragic annals of Llorente, the political 
disquisitions of Mariana, Sempere, and Capmany, 
the literal version of the Spanish- Arab chronicles 
by Conde\ the invaluable illustration of Isabella's 
reign by Mr. Secretary Clemencin, many rare works 
ana curious manuscripts purchased by his 'friend 
George Ticknor, in Spain, for his own library, and, 
unpublished documents of priceless value, collected 
from all available quarters, under the directions of 
the historian by the zealous agency of Alexander 
H. Everett, Arthur Middleton, and the learned 
bibliophile, Obadiah Rich. His " History of the 
Conquest of Mexico " is founded upon about eight 
thousand folio pages of unpublished duplicate of 
manuscripts in the collections of Don Martin Fer- 
nandez ae Navaretta, other original authorities, 
and such printed works on the subjects discussed 
as had previously been given to the world. 

In the preparation of his " History of the Con- 
quest of reru " Prescott used a portion of the 
manuscript collections that were used for the " Con- 
quest of Mexico," a part of the unpublished docu- 
ments formerly in tne possession of Lord Kings- 
borough, and other original materials collected at 
great expense in England and on the continent 
In the preparation of the " History of the Reign 
of Philip II." he is said to have employed six 
years. A letter written by him from Brussels in 



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PRESTON 



the summer of 1850 shows the enthusiasm with 
which he entered into the spirit of the age of 
Charles V., and will probably remind the reader of 
the " musings " of tne historian of the " Decline 
and Fall of the Roman Empire amidst the Ruins 
of- the Capitol, while the Barefooted Friars were 
singing Vespers in the Temple of Jupiter." Vol- 
umes i. and ii. bring down the story to the execu- 
tion of Counts Egraont and Hoorn 'in 1568, and to 



the imprisonment and death of Don Carlos. In 
the collection of materials for this history Mr. 
Prescott spared neither time, cost, personal labor, 
nor the services of willing friends. Public and 
private collections were freely opened to his use, 
and the long-closed doors of the ancient archives 
of Simancas and of other secret depositories flew 
open at the name of the magician whose genius 
had reanimated the glories of the Old World, and 
depicted with a vivid pencil the sorrows and deso- 
lation of the New. The reign of Charles V. is the 
intermediate link between the reigns of Ferdinand 
and Isabella and Philip II., and completes an un- 
broken period of 150 years of the Spanish annals. 
To the life of the emperor subsequent to his ab- 
dication six or seven pages only are devoted by 
Dr. Robertson, and these contain many errors. 
Robertson was unable to obtain the information 
then locked up in the archives of Simancas. Of 
this information and of the labors of his predeces- 
sors, Stirling, Pichot, Gachard, and Mignet, Mr. 
Prescott freely availed himself. 

Prosper Merimee says of Prescott : " Of a just 
and upright spirit, he had a horror of paradox. He 
never allowed himself to be drawn away by it, and 
often condemned himself to long investigation to 
refute even the most audacious assertions. His 
criticism, full at once of good sense and acuteness, 
was never deceived in the choice of documents, and 
his discernment is as remarkable as his good faith. 
If he may be reproached with often hesitating, 
even after a long investigation, to pronounce a defi- 
nite judgment, we must at least acknowledge that 
he omitted nothing to prepare the way for it, and 
that the author, too timid perhaps to decide, al- 
ways leaves his reader sufficiently instructed to 
need no other guide." Prof. Cornelius C. Felton 
wrote : " It is a saying that the style is the man ; 
and of no great author in the literature of the 
world is that saying more true than of him whose 
loss we mourn. For in the transparent simplicity 
and undimmed beauty and candor of his style were 
read the endearing qualities of his soul, so that his 
personal friends are found wherever literature is 
known, and the love for him is co-extensive with 
the world of letters, not limited to those who speak 
our Anglo-Saxon mother language, to the litera- 
ture of which he has contributed such splendid 
works, but co-extensive with the civilized lan- 
guages of the human race." The illustration on 
this page represents Prescott's birthplace. 



PRESCOTT, William, physician, b. in Gil- 
manton, N. H., 29 Dec., 1788 ; d. there, 18 Oct, 
1875. He was indentured to a farmer at sixteen 
years of age, received few educational advantages, 
taught, studied medicine, and in 1815 was gradu- 
ated at Dartmouth medical college. He practised 
in Gilmauton and Lynn, and served in both 
branches of the legislature. Dr. Prescott was an 
enthusiastic collector of minerals and shells, and 
was a member of many literary and scientific so- 
cieties. He wrote the " Prescott Memorial " (Boa- 
ton. 1870). 

PRESSTMAN, Stephen Wilson, clergyman, 
b. in Charleston, S. C, .1 Oct, 1794; d. in New- 
castle, Del., in 1848. He obtained a good educa- 
tion in Baltimore, Md. When the war of 1812 was 
declared he applied for and received a commission 
in the U. S. Army, becoming ensign in the 5th 
infantry on 14 April, 1812, and 2d lieutenant in 
July. He was in active service on the Canada 
frontier, gained credit on several occasions in bat- 
tle, especially at Lyon's Creek, and was wounded 
in the attack on La Cole mill, 30 March, 1814. 
He engaged in business for several years, but hav- 
ing a desire to enter the ministry of the Episcopal 
church, he studied for orders under a clergyman 
in Baltimore. He was ordained deacon. 11 July, 
1822, by Bishop Richard C. Moore, and priest 15 
June, 1823, by the same bishop. While a deacon 
he served the church in Dumfries, Va., and in 1828 
he was called to the rectorship of Immanuel church, 
Newcastle, Del. This post he held during the re- 
mainder of his life. Mr. Presstman, though pub- 
lishing no contributions to theological or general 
literature, was very active and useful in various 
departments of church work. He was for many 
years president of the standing committee of the 
diocese of Delaware, and was uniformly elected a 
clerical deputy to the triennial general convention 
of the Protestant Episcopal church. 

PRESTON, Ann, physician, b. in West Grove, 
Pa., 1 Dec., 1813; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 18 April, 
1872. She was the daughter of Amos Preston, 
a Quaker, and, owing to the delicate condition of 
her mother's health, the family was early placed 
under her care. Meanwhile she received her edu- 
cation in the local school, and evinced more than a 
usual fondness for her books. In 1850 the Wom- 
an's medical college of Philadelphia was founded, 
and she studied there until her graduation in 1852. 
Settling in Philadelphia, she began the practice 
of her profession, in which she achieved deserved 
success. In 1854 she was elected professor of 
physiology and hygiene in the college wnere she was 
graduated, and in 1866 to the office of dean, which 
places she held until her death. Her lectures and 
addresses were filled with striking thoughts and 
practical knowledge. Dr. Preston was active in 
the establishment of the Woman's hospital of 
Philadelphia, and was from its beginning one of 
the managers, its corresponding secretary, and its 
consulting physician. The Philadelphia county 
medical society in 1867 made public objections to 
the practice of' medicine by women, and Dr. Pres- 
ton at once defended the claims of her sex so ably 
that much of the adverse criticism was disarmed ; 
indeed her influence in removing prejudices against 
female physicians was very extended. She pub- 
lished various essays on the medical education of 
women, and was the author of a book of poems en- 
titled " Cousin Ann's Stories for Children " (Phila- 
delphia, 1848). 

PRESTON, Charles Finney, missionary, b. in 
Antwerp. N. Y., 26 July, 1829; d. in Hong Kong, 
China, 17 July, 1877. He was graduated at Union 



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in 1850, and at Princeton theological seminary in 
1853. In June of that year he was licensed to 
preach by the Presbytery of Albany, and he was 
ordained by the same presbytery on 14 Nov. He 
was then commissioned missionary to China by the 
Presbyterian board of foreign missions, and reached 
Hong Kong in May, 1854. Proceeding to Canton 
he spent two years in that city studying the lan- 

05. and during the Chinese war was in Macao, 
ovember, 1858, he returned to Canton, and 
soon built a chapel from funds raised chiefly by 
his own efforts, where he preached until his last 
illness. He was also the stated supply of the 2d 
native Presbyterian church in Canton from 1872, 
and likewise preached regularly in the chapel of 
the Medical missionary society. Mr. Preston de- 
voted much time to the translation of the New 
Testament into the Canton vernacular; he pre- 
pared a hymn-book in Chinese, and wrote many 
valuable articles and treatises, besides giving theo- 
logical instruction to native evangelists. 

PRESTON, David, banker, b. in Harmony, 
N. Y., 20 Sept., 1826; d. in Detroit, Mich., 24 
April, 1887. He was educated at common schools, 
and at the academy in Westfield, N. Y., meanwhile 
teaching during the winters. In 1848 he moved to 
Detroit, where he became clerk in a banking-house. 
Four years later he established himself as a banker 
in Detroit and Chicago. Mr. Preston gave about 
$200,000 to charities, and pledged himself to raise 
from the people of Michigan $60,000, giving him- 
self nearly one half this sum, for Albion college, 
of which he was a trustee from 1862 till his death. 
During the civil war he was active in the Christian 
commission, and he was president of the Young 
men's Christian association of Detroit in 1 869-' 70. 
He was the candidate of the Prohibition party for 
governor in 1884. Besides being a delegate to the 
general conference of the Methodist Episcopal 
church in 1876, and delegate to the Centenary 
conference of Methodism in Baltimore in 1884, he 
was active in other matters pertaining to his de- 
nomination, and Was regarded at the time of his 
death as the foremost member of the Methodist 
church in the state of Michigan. 

PRESTON. Harriet Waters, author, b. in 
Dan vers, Mass., about 1843. She was educated 
chiefly at home, and began her literary labors 
about 1865 as a translator from the French, her 
first work being ** The Life of Mme. Swetchine." 
Then followed "The Writings of Mme. Swetch- 
ine n ; a selection from Sainte Beuve, " Portraits de 
femmes** (first series), under the title of "Cele- 
brated Women "; "Mme. Desbordes - Valmore," 
from the same author; and the "Life of Alfred 
de Musset." by his brother. Paul de Musset. She 
has also published " Aspendale " (Boston, 1872) ; a 
translation of Mistral's " Mireio " (Boston, 1878) ; 
"Love in the Nineteenth Century" (Boston, 1874); 
" Troubadours and Tronvdres " (Boston, 1876) ; " Is 
That All t " in t he " No Name " series (Boston, 1876) ; 
a translation of the " Georgics of Virgil " (Boston, 
1881) ; and " A Year in Eden " (1886). She has con- 
tributed frequent critical papers to the " Atlantic 
Monthly." Miss Preston nas resided abroad for 
some time, mostly in France and Great Britain. 

PRESTON, Jonas, philanthropist, b. in Chester 
county. Pa., 25 Jan., 1764 ; d. in Philadelphia, 4 
Jan.. 1836. His father, of the same name, was a 

Ecian. His grandfather, William Preston, a 
er. in 1718 emigrated from Huddersfield, 
„ md, and settled in Pennsylvania. Jonas en- 
tered on the study of medicine under Dr. Thomas 
Bond, of Philadelphia, and concluded his studies in 
the medical schools of Edinburgh and Paris, being 
vol. v. —8 



graduated from the former about 1785. On his 
return he settled in Wilmington, Del., afterward 
removed for a time to Georgia, but returning to 
Chester, Pa., succeeded in establishing an exten- 
sive practice, particularly in obstetrics, in which 
he was celebrated. At the period of the whiskey 
insurrection he volunteered his medical aid, and 
served with the troops. He was for many years a 
member of the legislature, serving in both the as- 
sembly and the senate. About 1812 he removed 
to Philadelphia, where he took an active interest 
in several benevolent and other institutions, such 
as the Pennsylvania hospital, Friend's asylum, 
Penn bank, and Schuylkill navigation company. 
His extensive observation in the practice of his 
profession led him to form the opinion, expressed 
in his will, " that there ought to be a lying-in hos- 
pital in the city of Philadelphia for indigent mar- 
ried women of good character/* and he bequeathed 
about $400,000 for the founding of such an insti- 
tution. Within a few months after his death the 
legislature of Pennsylvania passed an act incorpo- 
rating " The Preston Retreat." The corner-stone 
of the hospital building was laid, 17 July, 1837, and 
the institution is one of the noted charities in 
Philadelphia. 

PRESTON, Margaret Junkln, poet, b. in 
Philadelphia, Pa., about 1825. She is a daughter 
of Rev. George Junkin, and the wife of Prof. John 
T. L. Preston, of the Virginia military institute. 
Her first contributions to the press appeared in 
"Sartain's Magazine" in 1849-50, and she subse- 
quently published a novel entitled " Silverwood " 
(New York, 1856), but she has since devoted herself 
to poetical composition. She was an ardent sympa- 
thizer with the south, and her most sustained vol- 
ume of verse, " Beechenbrook," a poem of the civil 
war, enjoyed a wide popularity, and contains the 
familiar lines on "Stonewall Jackson *s Grave "and 
the lyric " Slain in Battle " (New York, 1866). Her 
other works include many fugitive poems, " Old 
Songs and New," the dedication of which has 
been much admired (1870), and " For Love's Sake " 
(1887). Her writings are vigorous, suggestive, 
and full of religious feeling. Her translation of 
the " Dies Ire,** which appeared in 1855, has been 
highly praised. 

PRESTON, Samuel, b. in Patuxent, Md., in 
1665; d. in Philadelphia, 10 Sept., 1748. He was 
brought up as a Quaker. Removing from Mary- 
land to Sussex county on the Delaware, he was sent 
to the legislature from the latter place in 1698, 
and again in 1701, and was chosen sheriff in 1695. 
About 1708 he took up his residence in Philadel- 
phia, where he became a merchant, and stood 
among the most influential of the Quakers of his 
day. In 1708 he was unanimously elected alder- 
man. During the same year James Logan, desir- 
ing Penn to consider whom to add to the property 
commission, wrote to him, saying : " Samuel Pres- 
ton is also a very good man, and now makes a figure, 
and, indeed, Rachel's husband ought particularly 
to be taken notice of, for it has too long been neg- 
lected, even for thy own interest." (His wife was 
daughter of Thomas Lloyd, president of Penn's 
council.) Almost immediately afterward Preston 
was called to the council, and he continued a mem- 
ber until he died. He was chosen mayor of Phila- 
delphia in 1711. and in 1714 became the treasurer 
of the province, retaining the office until his death. 
In 172o he became a justice of the peace and of 
the court of common pleas, and in 1728 one of the 
commissioners of property, which office he held 
many years. He was also one of the trustees under 
William Penn's will 



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PRESTON, Thomas Scott, clergyman, b. in 
Hartford, Conn., 28 July, 1824. He 'was gradu- 
ated at Trinity in 1843, and at the general theo- 
logical seminary of the Protestant Episcopal 
church in 1846, after which he was assistant rec- 
tor of the Church of the Annunciation, and subse- 
quently of St. Luke's, in New York city, until 

1849. Accepting the Roman Catholic faith, he 
then went to St Joseph's theological seminary in 
Fordham, and was ordained to the priesthood in 

1850. After serving as an assistant in the cathe- 
dral in New York city, and as pastor of St. Mary's 
church in Yonkers, N. Y., he was in 1858 appoint- 
ed chancellor of the archdiocese of New York, and 
in 1873 became vicar-general in connection with 
the duties of the chancellorship. Since 1861 he 
has been pastor of St. Ann's church, and in 1881 
he was appointed a domestic prelate of the pope's 
household, with the title of monsignor. The de- 
gree of S. T. D. was conferred on him by Seton 
Ball college, N. J., in 1880. He has published 
" Ark of the Covenant, or Life of the Blessed Vir- 
gin Mary" (New York, 1860); "Life of St. Mary 
Magdalene** (1860); "Sermons for the Principal 
Seasons of the Sacred Year" (1864); "Life of St 
Vincent de Paul and its Lessons" (1866); "Lec- 
tures on Christian Unity, Advent, 1866" (1867); 
" The Purgatorian Manual, or a Selection of Pray- 
ers and Devotions" (1867); "Lectures on Reason 
and Revelation" (1868); "The Vicar of Christ" 
(1871); "The Divine Sanctuary: Series of Medi- 
tations upon the Most Sacred Heart of Jesus" 
(1878) ; " Divine Paraclete " (1880) ; " Protestantism 
and the Bible" (1880); "Protestantism and the 
Church" (1882); "God and Reason" (1884); and 
" Watch on Calvary " (1885). 

PRESTON, William, soldier, b. in County 
Donegal, Ireland, 25 Dec., 1729 ; d. in Montgomery 
county, Va., 28 July, 1783. His father, John, emi- 
grated to this country in 1785, and settled in Au- 
gusta county. William received a classical educa- 
tion, and in early life acquired a taste for litera- 
ture. He became deputy sheriff of Augusta coun- 
ty in 1750, was elected to the house of burgesses a 
short time afterward, and accompanied Qen. Wash- 
ington on several exploring expeditions in the 
west. This led to a correspondence and a friend- 
ship between them, which continued till Preston's 
death. He was appointed one of two commission- 
ers to make a treaty with the Shawnee and Dela- 
ware Indians in 1757, and, by negotiations with 
Cornstalk, secured peace along the western fron- 
tiers for several years. The privations that the 
party suffered on their return journey compelled 
them to eat the " tugs " or straps of rawhide with 
which their packs were fastened, and Preston, in 
memory of the event, called that branch of the 
Big Sandy river " Tug Fork," which name it still 
retains. He became surveyor of the new county 
of Montgomery in 1771, was early engaged in the 
organization of troops for the Revolutionary war, 
became colonel in 1775, and led his regiment at 
Guilford Court-House, S. C, where he received in- 
juries that caused his death in the following July. 
— His son, Francis, congressman, b. at his resi- 
dence in Greenfield, near Amsterdam, Botetourt 
co., Va., 2 Aug., 1765; d. in Columbia, S. C, 25 
May, 1835, was graduated at William and Mary in 
1783, studied law under George Wythe, practised 
with success in Montgomery, Washington, and 
other counties, and in 1792 was elected to congress, 
serving two terms. He then declined re-election 
and removed to Abingdon, Va., where he subse- 
quently resided. At the beginning of the second war 
with Great Britain he enlisted with the appoint- 



ment of colonel of volunteers, and marched with 
his regiment to Norfolk, and subsequently he was 
appointed brigadier-general and major-general of 
militia. He was frequently a member of the Vir- 
ginia house of delegates and of the state senate, 
where his ability in debate and graceful elocution 
gave him high rank. He was the personal friend 
of Madison, Jefferson, Monroe, ana Chief-Justice 
Marshall. He married in 1792 Sarah, the daugh- 
ter of William Campbell, the hero of King's Moun- 
tain.— Their son, William Campbell, senator, b. 
in Philadelphia, Pa., 27 Dec., 1794 ; d. in Columbia, 
S. C, 22 May, 1860, began his education at Wash- 
ington college, Va., but was sent to the south on 
account of his delicate lungs, and was graduated 
at the College of South Carolina in 1812. On his 
return to Virginia he studied law under William 
Wirt, and was admitted to the bar, but failing 
health again compelled him to seek a change of 
climate, and, after an extensive tour of the west on 
horseback, he went abroad, where on his arrival 
he formed the beginning of a life-long intimacy 
with Washington Irving. Through Mr. Irving he 
was placed on terms of intimacy at Abbotsford, 
and in the intervals of his law studies at the Uni- 
versity of Edinburgh, where Hugh S. Legare* was 
his fellow-student, he made several pedestrian 
tours with Irving through Scotland, northern 
England, and Wales. Together they witnessed 
many of the scenes of the " Sketch-Book." He re- 
turned to Virginia in 1820, and settled in South 
Carolina in 1822, where he at once won a brilliant 
reputation as an advocate and orator. He was 
in the legislature in 
182&-'32, was an ar- 
dent advocate of free- 
trade and state rights, 
became a leader of the 
nullification party, 
and in 1836 was elect- 
ed to the U. S. senate 
as a Calhoun Demo- 
crat. Among the most 
carefully prepared 
and eloquent of his 
speeches in the senate 
wasthaton the French 
spoliation claims, 
which was praised by 
Henry Clay, Daniel 
Webster, and states- 

men of all parties. /ficA^S ^-~ 
Differing with his col- W^C? S z 7l2&%S>^~' 
league, John C. Cal- 
houn, and also with his constituents in regard to 
the support of President Van Buren's policy, he 
resigned: his seat and resumed his law-practice in 
1842. He was president of the College of South 
Carolina from 1845 till his retirement in 1851. 
When he accepted the office the institution had lost 
many members, but under his guidance it rose to a 
prosperity that it had never before enjoyed, and 
became the most popular educational institution in 
the south. He also established the Columbia lyce- 
um, and gave it a large and valuable library. Har- 
vard gave him the degree of LL. D. in 1846. As 
a popular orator Mr. Preston was the peer of his 
maternal uncle, Patrick Henry, in many instances 
arousing his audiences to enthusiasm and the next 
moment moving them to tears. His style has been 
described as florid, but his vocabulary was large, 
and the illustrations and classical allusions that 
ornamented his speeches were as naturally em- 
ployed in his familiar conversation. He was a 
profound classical scholar, and it was universally 




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admitted that he was the most finished orator the 
sooth has ever produced. His distress at the seces- 
sion of the southern Democratic party in 1860 has- 
tened his end. When he was dying, his friend, 
James L. Petigru, said to him : " I envy you, Pres- 
ton ; you are leaving it, and I shall have to stay 
and see it all/' Preston signified, with a sigh of 
relief, that the words were true. He left no chil- 
dren.— Another son of Francis, John Smith, 
soldier, b. at the Salt Works, near Abingdon, Va., 
20 April. 1809; d. in Columbia, S. C, 1 May, 1881, 
was graduated at Hampden Sidney college in 1824, 
attended lectures at the University of Virginia in 
1825-'6, and read law at Harvard. He married 
Caroline, daughter of Gen. Wade Hampton, in 
1830, and settled first in Abingdon. Va., and sub- 
sequently in Columbia, S. C. He engaged for sev- 
eral years in sugar-planting in Louisiana, but also 
devoted much time to literary pursuits and to the 
collection of paintings and sculptures. He aided 
struggling artists liberally, notably Hiram Powers, 
whose genius had been recognized by his brother 
William. Mr. Powers, as a token of nis apprecia- 
tion, gave him the first replica of the "Greek 
Slave. He also became widely known as an ora- 
tor, delivering, among other addresses, the speech 
of welcome to the Palmetto regiment on its re- 
turn from the Mexican war in 1848, which gained 
him a national reputation. This was increased by 
his orations before the "Seventy-sixth associa- 
tion of Charleston M and the literary societies of 
South Carolina college, and those at the 75th anni- 
versary of the battle of King's Mountain and at 
the laying of the corner-stone of the University of 
the south at Sewanee, Tenn. He was an ardent 
secessionist, and in May, 1860, was chairman of 
the South Carolina delegation to the Democratic 
convention that met at Charleston, S. C. After 
the election of President Lincoln he was chosen a 
commissioner to Virginia, and in February, 1861, 
made an elaborate plea in favor of the withdrawal 
of that state from the Union, which was regarded 
as his greatest effort. He was on the staff of Oen. 
Beauregard in 1861-2, participated in the first 
battle of Bull Run, and was subsequently trans- 
ferred to the conscript department with the rank 
of brigadier-general. He. went to England shortly 
after the close of the war, and remained abroad 
several years. After his return he delivered an 
address at a commencement of the University of 
Virginia, which, as a fervent assertion of the right 
of secession, incurred the criticism of the conserva- 
tive press throughout the country. His last pub- 
lic appearance was at the unveiling of the Confed- 
erate monument at Columbia, S. C., when he was 
the orator of the occasion. Gen. Preston was more 
than six feet in height, and of a powerful and 
symmetrical frame. — Another son of Francis, 
Thomas Lewis, planter, b. in Botetourt county, 
Va., 28 Nov., 1812, was educated at the University 
of Virginia, studied law, but never practised, and 
for many years engaged in Washington and Smith 
counties, Va., in the manufacture of salt, in which 
he made material improvements. He was twice a 
member of the legislature, for many years a visitor 
of the University of Virginia, and twice its rector. 
He was on the staff of Gen. Joseph E. Johnston 
during the first year of the civil war, and his aide- 
de-camp at the first battle of Bull Run. He has 
published " Life of Elizabeth Russell, Wife of Gen. 
William Campbell of King's Mountain " (Univer- 
sity of Virginia, 1880).— Francis's brother, James 
Patton, statesman, b. in Montgomery county, Va., 
in 1774; d. in Smithfield, Va., 4 May, 1843, was 
graduated at William and Mary in 1790, and set- 




tled as a planter in Montgomery county, Va. He 
became lieutenant-colonel of the 12th U. S. infant- 
ry in 1812, colonel, 5 Aug., 1813, and received at 
Chry s tier's field a wound that crippled him for 
life. He was governor of Virginia in 1816-'19, and 
subsequently served frequently in the state senate. 
He married Ann, daughter of Gen. Robert Taylor, 
of Norfolk, Va.— Their son, William Ballard, 
secretary of war, b. in Smithfield, Montgomery co., 
Va.,26 Nov., 1805; d. there, 16 Nov., 1862, was 
educated at the University of Virginia, adopted 
law as a profes- 
sion, and achieved 
signal success in 
its practice. He 
served several 
times in the Vir- 
ginia house of 
delegates and sen- 
ate, and was nev- 
er throughout his 
career defeated in 
any popular elec 
tion. He was 
chosen to con- 
gress as a Whig 
in 1846, and on 
the accession of 
Gen. Zachary Tay- 
lor to the presi- 
dency he held the 
portfolio of the navy until Gen. Taylor's death, 
when he retired to private life, J>ut was several 
times presidential elector on the Whig ticket. He 
was sent by the government on a mission to 
France in 1858-'9, the object of which was to es- 
tablish a line of steamers between that country 
and Virginia, and a more extended commercial 
relation between the two countries. The scheme 
failed on account of the approaching civil war. 
He was a member of the Virginia secession con- 
vention in 1861, and resisted all efforts toward 
the dissolution of the Union till he was satisfied 
that war was inevitable. In 1861-2 he was a 
member of the Confederate senate, in which he 
served until his death.— Francis's nephew, Will- 
iam, lawyer, b. near Louisville, Ky., 16 Oct., 1806; 
d. in Lexington, Ky., 21 Sept, 1887. His edu- 
cation was under the direction of the Jesuits at 
Bardstown. Ky. He afterward studied at Yale, and 
then attended the law-school at Harvard, where he 
was graduated in 1838. He then began the prac- 
tice of law, also taking an active part in pontics. 
He served in the Mexican war as lieutenant-colonel 
of the 4th Kentucky volunteers. In 1851 he was 
elected to the Kentucky house of representatives as 
a Whig, and in the following year he was chosen to 
congress to fill the vacancy caused by Gen. Hum- 
phrey Marshall's resignation, serving 'from 6 Dec, 
1852, till 3 March, 1855. He was again a candidate 
in 1854, but was defeated by his predecessor, Gen. 
Marshall, the Know-Nothing candidate, after a 
violent campaign. He then became a Democrat, 
and was a delegate to the Cincinnati convention of 
1856, which nominated Buchanan and Breckin- 
ridge. He was appointed U. S. minister to Spain 
under the Buchanan administration, at the close 
of which he returned to Kentucky and warmly es- 

goused the cause of the south. He joined Gen. 
iinon B. Buckner at Bowling Green in 1861, and 
was made colonel on the staff of his brother-in-law, 
Gen. Albert Sidney Johnston, when that officer as- 
sumed command. He served through the Ken- 
tucky campaign, was at the fall of Fort Donelson, 
the battle of Shiloh, where Gen. Johnston died in 



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his arms, and the siege of Corinth. He was also 
in many hard-fought battles, especially at Mur- 
freesboro. At the close of the war he returned to 
his home in Ijexington, Ky., in 1867 he was elect- 
ed to the legislature, and in 1880 he was a dele- 
gate to the convention that nominated Gen. Han- 
cock for the presidency.— William Ballard's cousin, 
Isaac Trimble, jurist, b. in Rockbridge county, 
Va., in 1793 ; d. on Lake Pontchartrain, La., 5 July, 
1852, was graduated at Yale in 1812, and studied at 
Litchfield law-school, but resigned his profession 
in 1813 to serve as captain of a volunteer companj 
in the war with Great Britain. He resumed his 
legal studies under William Wirt in 1816, was ad- 
mitted to the bar, and removed to New Orleans, 
where he practised with success. At the time of 
his death he was a judge of the supreme court of 
Louisiana. His death was the result of a steam- 
boat disaster. 

PR^YALAYE, Pierre Dlmas (pray-vah-lay). 
Marquis de, French naval officer, b. in the castle of 
PreValaye, near Brest, in 1745 ; d. there, 28 July, 
1816. He was descended from a family that was dis- 
tinguished in the annals of the French navy. His 
father, Pierre Bernardin (1714-*86,) served in Canada 
in 1742 and 1755, became "chef d'escadre," com- 
manded the station of the Antilles, and as gover- 
nor of Brest in 1778 was charged to superintend 
the armament of the fleet that was sent to the suc- 
cor of the American patriots. The son became a 
midshipman in 1760, and took part as lieutenant, 
and afterward as commander, in the war for 
American independence. He served under d'Es- 
taing at Newport in 1778, participated in the 
operations against St. Lucia and Grenada, directed 
the batteries at the siege of Savannah, in October, 

1779, was attached to the fleet of De Guichen in 

1780, and served under De Grasse at Yorktown, in 
October, 1781, and under De Verdun, De Borda, 
and Vaudreuilles in the West Indies. In 1783 he 
was sent to carry to congress the treaty of peace 
that acknowledged the independence of the United 
States, and was promoted commodore. He was 
afterward appointed a member of the board of ad- 
miralty, emigrated in 1790, served in the army of 
Conde, and, returning to France in 1801, lived 
quietly in his ancestral castle, which the neighbor- 
ing peasants, being much attached to his family, 
had preserved from destruction. Refusing the 
offers of Napoleon of a commission in the navy, 
he devoted his last years to science, founded an 
astronomical observatory in Brest, and became a 
member of the Academy of marine of that city. 
Louis XVIII. made him a rear-admiral in 1815. 
He published " M6moi?e sur la campagne de Bos- 
ton en 1778 " (Brest, 1784) ; •* Memoire sur les ope- 
rations navales de l'armee du Comte d'Estaing pen- 
dant la guerre d'Amerique " (Paris, 1778) ; * 4 Me- 
moire sur une machine propre a faire connoitre a 
tout moment le tirant d'eau des navires " (Brest, 
1807) ; and several treatises on naval architecture. 

PREVOST, Angnstine, British soldier, b. in 
Geneva, Switzerland, about 1725; d. in Bernett, 
England, 5 May, 1786. His father was an officer 
in the English army. The son also entered the 
army, became a lieutenant colonel in March, 1761, 
colonel, 29 Aug., 1777. and maior-general, 27 Feb., 
1779. He served as captain oi the 60th regiment 
or Royal Americans under Wolfe at Quebec, cap- 
tured the fort at Sunbury, Ga., in December, 1778, 
and defeated Gen. John Ashe at Brier creek in 
March, 1779, but was foiled in an attempt to cap- 
ture Charleston in Mav, 1779. In October, 1779, 
he successfully defended Savannah against the 
Americans. Gen. Prevost's widow married Aaron 



Burr. — His son, Sir (ieorge, bark. British soldier, 
b. in New York, 19 May, 1767: d. in London, Eng- 
land, 5 Jan., 1816, entered the army in his youth, 
served with credit at St. Vincent, where he was 
severely wounded, and was also at Dominica and 
St. Lucia. He was created a baronet, 6 Dec, 1805, 
and appointed major-general in January of the 
same year, and lieutenant-general in June, 1811. 
Soon after his return from the West Indies he was 
appointed lieutenant-governor of Portsmouth, with 
the command of the troops in that district. In 
1808 he became lieutenant-governor of Nova 
Scotia, and in the autumn of that year he pro- 
ceeded with a division of troops from Halifax to 
the West Indies, and was second in command at 
the capture of Martinique. He afterward re- 
turned to his government in Nova Scotia, and in 
June, 1811, he succeeded Sir James Craig as gov- 
ernor-in-chief and commander of the forces in all 
British North America. During the war of 1812 
he rendered important services in the defence of 
Canada against the armies of the United States. 
His attempt to penetrate into the state of New 
York was rendered abortive by his engagement 
with the Americans under Gen. Macomb atrlatts- 
burg, 11 Sept, 1814, which forced him to retreat 
into Canada. He soon afterward returned to Eng- 
land, and demanded an investigation of charges 
that had been made against him for the disaster at 
Plattsburg. He died before this was completed, 
but the result vindicated his character. 

PREVOST, Charles Mallet, soldier, b. in Bal- 
timore, Md., 19 Sept., 1818 ; d. in Philadelphia, 5 
Nov., 1887. His father, Gen. Andrew M. Prevost, 
who commanded the first regiment of Pennsylvania 
artillery in the war of 1812, was born in Geneva, 
Switzerland, of Huguenot ancestry, and his grand- 
father, Paul Henry Mallet Prevost, a Geneva 
banker, came to the United States in 1794 and 
purchased an estate at Alexandria (since called 
Frenchtown), Hunterdon co., N. J. Charles M. 
Prevost studied law and was admitted to the bar. 
and shortly afterward was appointed U.S. marshal 
for the territory of Wisconsin, and he was subse- 
quently deputy collector of the port of Philadel- 
phia. He was an active member of the militia, 
and at the beginning of the civil war had com- 
mand of a company. Soon afterward he was ap- 
S tinted assistant adjutant-general on the staff of 
en. Frank Patterson. He was engaged in the 
peninsular campaign, later was appointed colonel 
of the 118th (Corn exchange) regiment of Pennsyl- 
vania volunteers, and commanded it at An tie tarn. 
The severity of the attack compelled his regiment 
to fall back, and Col. Prevost seized the colors and 
ran to the front to rally his men. While encour- 
aging them, he was struck in the shoulder by a 
Minie* ball, and also by a fragment of shell, and 
so severely wounded that he never recovered. The 
brevet of brigadier-general of volunteer was con- 
ferred on him on 13 March, 1865, for his bravery 
in this action. After his partial recovery he re- 
turned to the command of nis regiment, and took 
part in the battle of Chancellorsville with his 
arm strapped to his body. After this engagement 
he was ordered to take charge of a cainp at Harris- 
burg for the organization of the Veteran reserve 
corps, and, finding that his health would not per- 
mit him to engage in active service, he entered 
that corps, ns colonel of the 16th regiment, and 
served in it through the war. On his return home 
he was appointed major-general of the 1st division 
of the Pennsylvania national guard. 

PRfcVOSf-PARADOL. Lnclen Anatole, 
French author, b. in Paris, 8 July, 1829; d. in 



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Washington, D. C., 11 Aug., 1870. He was the only 
son of the actress Lucinde Pre'vost-Paradol, and 
early showed literary talent. He received his edu- 
cation in Paris, became in 1854 editor of " La Revue 
dtiistoire universelle," was graduated in the follow- 
ing year as LL. D., and appointed J>rof essor of litera- 
ture in the University of Aix in Provence. In 1856 
be became chief editor of the Paris " Journal des 
D6bats," and from that time till his death he was 
one of the most brilliant journalists of his time. 
He was a formidable adversary to Napoleon III., 
and his witty criticisms were particularly ob- 
noxious to that monarch, who tried in vain to con- 
ciliate him. In 1860, after a short service as editor 
of " La Presse, n he returned to " Les DSbats," where 
he opposed the French intervention in Mexico in a 
series of articles which, by arousing public indig- 
nation, caused the emperor first to reduce the pro- 
posed invading army, and ultimately to recall his 
troops in 1866. Three times, at Pans in 1868 and 
1865, and at Nantes in 1860, Pre'vost-Paradol was 
a candidate for the corps legislatif , but ' failed, 
owing to the opposition of the administration. 
After the promulgation of the liberal amend- 
ment to the constitution in 1860, and the accession 
of the 6mile Ollivier cabinet, he became reconciled 
to the empire, and accepted the appointment of 
minister to the United States, 12 June, 1870. He 
arrived in Washington toward the middle of July, 
but was coldly received in society, owin£ to the 
Franco-German war, which public opinion dis- 
approved. . He complained bitterly of this, espe- 
cially of the attitude of President Grant. In the 
night of 11 Aug., 1870, he rose, and, after putting 
his papers in order, took position before a mirror 
and deliberately shot himself through the breast. 
Prevost-Paradoi was a remarkable writer, and his 
editorials are yet considered models for journalists. 
His works include " Essais de politique et de litt£- 
rature" (Paris, 1859); "Du gouvernement parle- 
mentaire" (I860) ; and M Nouveaux essais de poli- 
tiaue et de litterature M (1865). 

PRICE, Brace, architect, b. in Cumberland, 
M<L, 12 Dec, 1845. He studied his profession 
with James Crawford and with John Rudolph 
Niernsee in Baltimore, after which he spent a year 
abroad. In 1869 he settled in Baltimore ana be- 
gan his professional career. Soon afterward he 
moved to Wilkesbarre, Pa., where he remained 
five years, and in 1877 he established himself in 
New York. His work has included designs for 
the cathedral in Savannah, Ga., the Methodist 
church in Wilkesbarre, Pa., and the Lee Memorial 
church in Lexington, Va., which are considered ex- 
cellent examples of modern American ecclesiasti- 
cal architecture, He designed the cottages and 
club-house at Tuxedo Park, N. J., the West End 
hotel at Bar Harbor, Me., and the Long Beach 
hotel N. T. The hotel at Long Beach was built 
by him in sixty days. Mr. Price invented, pat- 
ented, and built the parlor bay-window cars for 
the Pennsylvania, and Boston and Albany rail- 
roads. He is the author of "A Large Country 
House" (New York, 1886). 

PRICE, David Edward, Canadian senator, b. 
In Quebec in 1826; d. there, 22 Aug., 1888. He 
was the son of William Price, a native of England, 
and a merchant of the city of Quebec He re- 
ceived a classical education, and became senior 
member of a firm of lumber merchants in Quebec. 
He was a candidate for Chicoutimi and Tadousac 
in 1854, but withdrew in favor of the commis- 
sioner of crown land, and represented those con- 
stituencies in the Canada assembly from 1855 till 
1857. From the latter dale he represented Chi- 



coutimi and Saguenay until he was elected to the 
legislative council in 1864 for the Laurentides 
division, and held his seat till he was called to the 
senate in May, 1867. He is colonel of the 2d bat- 
talion of Chicoutimi militia, and vice-consul at 
Saguenay for Denmark, Sweden, Norway, and the 
Argentine, Chilian, and Peruvian republics, and 
consular agent for the United States. 

PRICE, EH Kirk, lawyer, b. in Bradford, 
Chester co.. Pa., 20 July, 1797 ; d. in Philadelphia, 
Pa., 14 Nov., 1884. His ancestor, Philip, a Welsh 
Quaker, came to this country with William Penn, 
and settled on a tract of 1,000 acres in Montgomery 
county, Pa. Eli was educated in his native coun- 
ty, and entered the shipping-house of Thomas P. 
Coke in 1815, but abandoned merchandise for law, 
and became a student in the office of John Ser- 
geant He was admitted to the bar in 1822, and 
soon established a reputation as a chancery and 
real-estate lawyer. It is said that no other mem- 
ber of the Philadelphia bar was ever intrusted 
with so large a number of valuable estates. He 
was in active practice for sixty years, and had lit- 
tle to do with politics, except as a member of the 
state senate in 1854-7. During this service he 
was the author of several acts for the better secu- 
rity of real-estate titles and the rights of married 
women, and originated and secured the passage of 
the " Consolidation Act." by which the towns that 
are included in the present city of Philadelphia 
were united in one municipal government The 
year before his election to the senate he framed 
and succeeded in making a law that is known as 
the *• Price Act," relating to the sale and convey- 
ance of real estate. He was an originator of Fair- 
mount park, and a commissioner from its founda- 
tion in 1867, and as chairman of its committee on 
the purchase of real estate examined all the titles 
of lands that were inclosed within its borders 
and acquired by the city of Philadelphia. He was 
an active member of the American philosophical 
society and a constant contributor to its " Trans- 
actions," a member of several foreign scientific and 
literary societies, president of the University hos- 
pital, of the Preston retreat, of the Pennsylvania 
colonization society, and of the Numismatic and 
antiquarian society, a vice-president of the Ameri- 
can philosophical society, and a trustee of the Uni- 
versity of Pennsvlvania. He published "Law of 
Limitations and Liens against Real Estate " (Phila- 
delphia, 1851) ; several treatises that were contrib- 
uted to the American philosophical society ; and 
the memorial volumes " Philip and Rachel Price " 
(printed privately, 1852) ; "Rebecca" (1862); and 
the "Centennial Meeting of the Descendants of 
Philip and Rachel Price ,? (1864). See a " Memoir " 
by James T. Rothrock (Philadelphia, 1886), and 
" Address on the late Eh K. Price," delivered by 
Benjamin H. Brewster before the Bar association 
of Philadelphia (1886). 

PRICE, Hiram, congressman, b. in Washing- 
ton county, Pa., 10 Jan., 1814. He received a com- 
mon-school education, was for a few years a farmer, 
and then a merchant He removed to Davenport 
Iowa, in 1844, was school-fund commissioner of 
Scott county for eight years, and as such had the 
school lands allotted and appraised. He was col- 
lector, treasurer, and recorder of the county dur- 
ing seven years of the time when he was school- 
fund commissioner, and was president of the State 
bank of Iowa during its existence, except for the first 
year. When the civil war began, the state of Iowa 
had no available funds, and he furnished from his 
individual means quarters and subsistence for sev- 
eral months for about 5,000 men. infantry and 



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cavalry. With Ezekiel Clark he advanced about 
$25,000 to pay to the 1st, 2d, and 8d Iowa regi- 
ments their " state pay," and carried the same to 
them, at much personal risk from the "bush- 
whackers "in northern Missouri. Mr. Price was 
elected to congress as a Republican, serving in 
1868-'9. He declined to be a candidate again, and 
spent some time abroad. He was again elected in 
1876 and 1878, and then again declined re-election. 
He was appointed commissioner of Indian affairs 
in 1881, and served in that office until shortly 
after the inauguration of President Cleveland. 

PRICE, John, soldier, b. in England ; d~ in 
Maryland in 1661. He emigrated to Maryland, 
and represented St Michael's hundred in the 
general assembly of 1689. He served with credit 
as a soldier, received the public thanks of Lord 
Baltimore, and was appointed muster-master- 
general in 1648. He was made a privy councillor 
the same year, and was an ardent supporter of 
the toleration act of 1649. He took an active 
part in the rebellions of 1645, and commanded St 
Inigo's fort at a critical moment and it was in a 

C\i measure owing to his exertions that Gov. 
nard Calvert recovered his authority. 
PRICE, Richard, clergyman, b. in Tynton, 
Glamorganshire, Wales, 23 Feb., 1728 ; d. in Lon- 
don, England, 19 March, 1791. He was the son of 
a dissenting Calvinistic minister, was educated at a 
dissenting academy, and held several appointments 
in and about London. Of his "Observations on 
Civil Liberty and the Justice and Policy of the War 
with America " (London and Boston, 1776) 60,000 
copies were soon distributed. For this work he re- 
ceived the thanks of the corporation of London 
and the freedom of the city, besides being invited, 
in 1778, by the congress of the United States, to 
become a citizen of this country. This request he 
declined, but referred to the infant republic as " the 
hope and the future refuge of mankind." H is other 
works refer to religion, ethics, politics, and finance. 
He received the degree of D. D. from the Univer- 
sity of Aberdeen in 1769, and that of LL. D. from 
Yale in 1781. His biography was written by his 
nephew, William Morgan, D. D. (London, 1815). 

PRICE, Rodman McCamley, governor of New 
Jersey, b. in Sussex county, N. J., 5 May, 1816. At 
an early age he became a student at Princeton, but 
before completing the course was obliged to leave 
on account of his health. He afterward pursued for 
some time the study of the law, and finally, in 
1840, was appointed purser in the U. S. navy. For 
ten years he was connected with this branch of the 
service, and in 1848 
he was made navy 
agent for the Pacific 
coast. When the 
American flag was 
raised in this re- 
gion, he was the 
first to exercise judi- 
cial functions under 
it as alcalde. On 
returning to his 
home in 1850, he 
was elected a mem- 
ber of congress, and 
served from 1851 
till 1853. On 8 Nov. 
.-^^P ss y^7 . of the latter year 

^'^*~«^* t -*-~ *4c. &Uc*s he was elected gov- 
ernor of New Jer- 
sey, which office he filled for three years. Through 
his instrumentality mainly the normal school of 
that state was established, and the militia system 



greatly improved. In 1861 he was a delegate to 
the Peace congress. 

PRICE, Roger, clergyman, b. in England 
about 1696; d. in Leigh, Essex, 8 Dec, 1762. He 
was educated at Oxford, and admitted to orders 
in the Church of England in 1720. From 1725 
onward he held several livings in England. On 
the death of the Rev. Samuel Myles, in 1728, Mr. 
Price was sent, the year following, by the bishop 
of London, to succeed Mr. Myles in the rector- 
ship of King's chapel, Boston, Mass. The next 
year he was appointed the bishop's commissary. 
In April. 1784, ne laid the corner-stone of Trinity 
church, Boston, and in August, 1735, he delivered 
the first sermon in it Although an able preacher, 
he appears to have had various difficulties and dis- 

Sutes with his parishioners, and became quite 
i&satisfied with the state of affairs in general. 
About 1744 he purchased a tract of land in Hop- 
kinton, Mass., aid missionary duty for two or 
three years, built a church at his own expense, 
and devised it, with a glebe of 180 acres of land, to 
the Society for propagating the gospel, in trust 
for supporting a minister of the Church of Eng- 
land. In 1758 he went to England, where he spent 
the rest of his life as " incumbent of the parish of 
Leigh, in the deanery of Broughing, and archdea- 
conry of St Albans." • Mr. Price published two 
sermons, delivered on special occasions in Boston, 
one on the death of John Jekyll, Esq., collector 
of customs (1733), the. other, on the death of the 
queen, wife of George II. (1738). 

PRICE, Samuel, senator, b. in Fauquier county, 
Va., 18 Aug., 1805 ; d. in Leesburg, W. Va., 25 Feb., 
1884. He removed to Preston countv, Va. (now 
W. Va.), at twelve years of age, received a common- 
school education, and settled in the practice of law 
in Nicholas county. After serving two terms in 
the legislature he removed to Wheeling, and sub- 
sequently to Lewisburg, and represented Green- 
brier county for many years in the legislature. He 
was a leader in all schemes for internal improve- 
ment west of the Blue Ridge, and an originator 
of the proposition to establish a railroad from 
Tidewater, Va., to Ohio river. He was a member 
of the State constitutional convention in 1851, and 
of the Secession convention in 1861, and earnest- 
ly opposed disunion in the latter body, but, on 
the passage of the ordinance of secession, sup- 
ported the measures that followed. He was elected 
lieutenant-governor in 1863, and served as presi- 
dent of the state senate till the close of the war. 
He was appointed a circuit judge in 1865, but de- 
clined to take the test oath and did not serve. 
He was an unsuccessful candidate for the U. S. 
senate in 1876, was president of the West Virginia 
constitution convention in 1872, and in 1876 was 
appointed by the governor to fill out the un- 
expired term of Allen T. Caperton, deceased, in 
the U. S. senate, serving four months. 

PRICE, Sterling, soldier, b. in Prince Ed- 
ward county, Va., 11 Sept., 1809; d. in St Louis, 
Mo., 29 Sept, 1867. He was a student at Hamp- 
den Sidney college, read law, moved to Chariton 
countv, Mo., in 1881, and was speaker of the Mis- 
souri house of representatives in 1840-'4. He was 
elected to congress in the latter year as a Demo- 
crat, but resigned in 1846, and raised the 2d Mis- 
souri cavalry regiment for the Mexican war, be- 
coming its colonel. He moved his regiment with 
that of Col. Doniphan, both under command of 
Gen. Stephen W. Kearny, from Fort Leaven- 
worth to Santa Fe*, more than 1,000 miles, the 
march occupying more than fifty days, and the 
army subsisting mainly on the country. Col. Price, 



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with about 2,000 men, was left in charge of New 
Mexico, Gen. Kearny moving with the remainder 
of the command to California. An insurrection 
occurred in Santa Fe\ to which Gov. Brent and 
several of his officers fell victims during their ab- 
sence from the town. Col. Price now attacked the 
Mexicans, completed the conquest of the province 
in several brilliant actions, and after promotion 
to brigadier-general of volunteers, 20 July, 1847, 
marched to Chihuahua, of which he was made 
military governor. He defeated the Mexicans 
at Santa Cruz de Rosales, 16 March, 1848. Gen. 
Price was governor of Missouri from 1853 till 
1857, bank commissioner of the state from 1857 
till 1861, and president of the State convention 
on 4 March, 18ol. He was appointed major-gen- 
eral of the Missouri state guard on 18 May, and 
after he had been 
joined by Gen. Ben 
McCulloch and Gen. 
Pearce with Confed- 
erate troops and Ar- 
kansas militia, they 
defeated Gen. Na- 
thaniel Lyon at Wil- 
son's creek, in south- 
western Missouri, 10 
Aug., 1861. Price 
then advanced north- 
ward and invested 
Lexington, on Mis- 
souri river, 12 Sept., 
1861. He captured 
the place, with 8,500 
men, on 21 Sept., but 
fell back southward 
before Gen. John C. 
Fremont, and went 
into winter-quarters near Springfield, whence he was 
driven by Gen. Samuel R. Curtis, 12 Feb., 1862, and 
retreated toward Fort Smith, Ark. Gen. Earl Van 
Dorn assumed command of Price's and McCulloch's 
armies, attacked Curtis at Pea Ridge, 7 March, 1862, 
and was defeated. Van Dorn was now ordered to 
Tennessee. Price participated in the engagements 
around Corinth, retreated under Beauregard to 
Tupelo, was assigned to the command of the Army 
of the West in March, 1862, and then to the district 
of Tennessee. He moved toward Nashville, and 
met and fought with Gen. William S. Rosecrans, in 
command of Grant's right, at Iuka, 19 Sept., 1862, 
but was ordered to report to Van Dorn, and by his 
direction abandoned Iuka and joined him near 
Baldwyn. He participated in Van- Dorn's dis- 
astrous attack upon Corinth in October, 1862, and 
in the operations under Gen. John C. Pemberton 
in northern Mississippi during the winter of 
1862-'8. He was then ordered to the Trans-Mis- 
sissippi department, took part in the unsuccessful 
attack upon Helena, 21 July, 1863, and was as- 
signed to the command of the district of Arkansas. 
He was driven from Little Rock by Gen. Frederic 
Steele, but successfully resisted Steele's advance, 
toward Red river in March, 1864, and forced him 
to retreat He made a raid into Missouri in Sep- 
tember, 1864, had many engagements with the 
National forces, and reached Missouri river, but 
was driven out of the state and into southwest- 
ern Arkansas. After the surrender of the Con- 
federate armies he went to Mexico, but he re- 
turned to Missouri in 1866. 

PRICE, Theophilns Townsend, physician, b. 
in Cape May county, N. J., 21 May, 1828. He re- 
ceived an academical education, taught school for 
a time, then studied medicine, was graduated in 



Jtus>~vC**.4 &T-L CJL. 



1853 at Pennsylvania medical college, and set- 
tled in practice at Tuckerton. N. J. In 1863 he 
served as a volunteer surgeon in the army. Since 
1879 he has been acting assistant surgeon in the 
U. S. marine hospital service, the first and only ap- 
pointment of the kind in New Jersey, the govern- 
ment medical service on the entire New Jersey 
coast being under his charge. He is one of the pro- 

i'ectors of the Tuckerton railroad, and since 1871 
las been the secretary. He has served in the New 
Jersey legislature, is one of the trustees of the 
New Jersey reform school for boys, and of the 
South Jersey institute, and a member of the State 
medical and historical societies. He has contributed 
to medical journals, and both in prose and poetry 
to various periodicals. Many of his war songs have 
become widely known. He is the author of the 
entire historical and descriptive part of the " His- 
torical and Biographical Atlas of the New Jersey 
Coast" (Philadelphia, 1877). 

PRICE, Thomas Lawson, contractor, b. near 
Danville, Va., 19 Jan., 1809 ; d. in Jefferson City, 
Mo., 16 July, 1870. His father was a wealthy to- 
bacco-planter. In 1831 the son settled in Jefferson 
Citv, Mo. He first engaged in mercantile pursuits, 
ana afterward bought and sold real estate. In 
1838 he obtained the contract for carrying the 
mail between St Louis and Jefferson City, and es- 
tablished the first stage-line connecting those 
places. Ultimately he gained control of all the 
stage-routes in the state, and became lessee of the 
State penitentiary. He was chosen the first mayor 
of Jefferson City in 1888, and was re-elected. In 
1847 he was appointed brevet major-general of the 
6th division of Missouri militia, and in 1849 he 
was elected lieutenant-governor on the Democratic 
ticket In 1856 Gen. Price headed a Benton dele- 
gation to the Democratic national convention that 
nominated James Buchanan, but was not admitted. 
In 1860 he was elected to the state legislature, and 
on 21 Sept, 1861, was appointed by Gen. John C. 
Fremont brigadier-general of volunteers. The ap- 
pointment expired by limitation, 17 July, 1862. He 
was elected to congress in place of John W. Reid, 
expelled, and served from 21 Jan., 1862, till 3 March, 
1863. In 1864 he was nominated by the Union 
men for governor, although there was no hope of 
his election. About this time his health began to 
fail, and his only subsequent appearance in public 
life was as delegate to the Democratic national 
convention in 1868, where he acted as vice-presi- 
dent when Horatio Seymour was nominated. Dur- 
ing the greater part of his career Gen. Price was 
connected with railroads, both as contractor and 
officer. When a member of the legislature he was 
largely instrumental in inducing the state to lend 
its aid to the construction of the Iron Mountain 
and Hannibal and St Joseph roads. He was also 
identified with the construction of the Missouri 
Pacific and the Kansas Pacific. Of the former he 
was one of the first and largest contractors. Be- 
sides building the greater part of the Kansas Pa- 
cific, he was also a fund commissioner and director 
of that road, and united with other capitalists in 
extending the line from Denver to Cheyenne. 

PRIDEAUX, John, British soldier, b. in Dev- 
onshire, England, in 1718 ; d. near Fort Niagara, 
19 Julv, 1759. He was the second son of Sir 
John Prideaux, bart, and early entered the army, 
serving in the battle of Dellingen in 1743. He be- 
came captain in the 3d foot-guards, 24 Feb., 1745, 
colonel of the 55th foot, 28 Oct., 1758, and brigadier- 
general, 5 May, 1759. In 1759 he was intrusted by 
William Pitt with the command of one of the four 
divisions of the army that was to conquer Canada, 



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the others being given to Wolfe, Amherst, and 
Stanwix. He opened his campaign by a move- 
ment on Fort Niagara, which was then one of the 
most formidable French posts. A landing was 
effected on 7 July, notwithstanding a harassing 
fire, and after a summons to surrender had been 
refused by Pouchot, the French commander, who 
had sent secretly for re-enforcements, Prideaux 
opened Are with his artillery. He repelled a sortie 
on 11 July, and on the 19th prevented a French 
schooner from landing re-enforcements that had 
been sent by Frontenac. On the evening of the same 
day, while he was busy in the trenches, he was killed 
by the bursting of a coehoro, owing to the careless- 
ness of an artilleryman. He was succeeded in the 
commanct by Sir William Johnson. As the elder 
brother had been killed at Carthagena in 1741. 
Prideaux was his father's heir, ana his son, John 
Wilmot, succeeded to the baronetcy in 1766. 

PRIEST, Josiah, author, b. about 1790 ; d. in 
western New York about 1850. He was unedu- 
cated, and was a harness-maker by trade, but pub- 
lished several books, including "Wonders of Na- 
ture" (Albany, 1826); "View of the Millennium " 
(1828) ; " Stones of the Revolution " (1886) ; " Amer- 
ican Antiquities" (1888); and "Slavery in the 
Light of History and Scripture" (1848). 

PRIESTLEY, Joseph, scientist, b. in Field- 
head, near Leeds, Yorkshire, England, 24 March, 
1738; d. in Northumberland, Pa., 6 Feb., 1804. 
He was the eldest son of a cloth-dresser, and his 
mother dying when the boy was six years old, he 
was adopted by his 
aunt, Mrs. Keigh- 
ley. The youth was 
sent to a free gram- 
mar-school, and at 
the age of sixteen 
had made consider- 
able progress in the 
ancient languages. 
He had determined 
to become a clergy- 
man, and in 1752-'5 
he was at the dis- 
senting academy at 
Daventry, in North- 
amptonshire, where 
he wrote some of 
^^> his earliest tracts. 
/^3?£^ On attempting to 
enter the ministry 
he was rejected on 
account of his views on original sin, the atone- 
ment, and eternal damnation, which he main- 
tained openly. In 1755 he became an assistant in 
an obscure meeting-house at Need ham market in 
Suffolk, but he failed to become popular. Three 
years later he went to Nantwicn, in Cheshire, 
where he taught twelve hours a day. At this time 
he wrote his first book, "Rudiments of English 
Grammar" (London, 1761), and his "Course of 
Lectures on the Theory of Language and Univer- 
sal Grammar" (Warrington, 1762). In 1761 he 
removed to Warrington, in Lancashire, where the 
dissenters had established an academy, and for six 
years he was tutor there in the languages and 
belles-lettres. He preached continually during his 
residence in that place, and was ordained there. 
During one of his visits to London he met Benja- 
min Franklin, and through his assistance under- 
took the preparation of his "History and Present 
State of Electricity, with Original Experiments " 
(London, 1767). He received the degree of LL. D. 
from the University of Edinburgh, and was elected 




to the Royal society in 1766. In 1767 he removed 
to Leeds, where he was given charge of the Mill 
Hill chapel. He devoted himself closely to the 
study of theology, and began his investigations on 
gases, also publishing a fragmentary work on the 
" History and Present State of Discoveries relating 
to Vision, Light, and Colors" (2 vols., London, 
1772). In 1769 he came into conflict with Sir Will- 
iam Blackstone, author of the "Commentaries," 
pointing out inaccurate statements of historical 
facts in his work. Blackstone promised to cancel 
the offensive paragraphs in the future editions of 
his work, and the controversy came to an amicable 
conclusion. From 1773 till 1780 he was librarian 
or literary companion to the Earl of Shelburne, 
with whom he travelled on the continent, and 
spent some time in Paris; on his return he had 
much leisure for scientific research, and was active 
in prosecuting his experiments. During these 
years he made his great discoveries in chemistry, 
and renewed his investigations on eases. Priestley 
was unacquainted with chemistry ; ne had no appa- 
ratus, ana knew nothing of chemical experiment- 
ing, but these adverse conditions may have been 
serviceable as he entered upon a new field where 
apparatus had to be invented, and the arrange- 
ments that he devised for the manipulation of 
gases are unsurpassed in simplicity ana have been 
used ever since. The first of these discoveries was 
that of nitric oxide in 1772, the properties of which 
he ascertained and applied to the analysis of air. 
In 1774, by heating tne red oxide of mercury, he 
made his discovery of oxygen, to which he 'gave 
the name of dephlogiscated air. He also showed 
its power of supporting combustion better, and 
animal life longer, than the same volume of com- 
mon air. By means of mercury which he used 
with the pneumatic trough to collect gases that 
are soluble in water, he further made known hy- 
drochloric acid and ammonia in 1774, and sulphur 
dioxide and silicon tetrafiuoride in 1775, ana in- 
troduced easy methods for their preparation, de- 
scribing with exactness the most remarkable prop- 
erties of each. He likewise pointed out the exist- 
ence of carburet ted hydrogen gas. Priestley dis- 
covered nitrous oxide in 1776, and, after he came 
to the United States, carbon monoxide in 1779. 
To him we owe the knowledge of the fact that an 
acid is formed when electric sparks are made to 
pass for some time through a given bulk of com- 
mon air, which afterward led to Cavendish's dis- 
covery of the composition of nitric acid. These 
facts are described in his " Experiments and Ob- 
servation Relating to Natural Philosophy, with a 
Continuation of the Observations on Air (8 vols., 
London, 1779-86). Meanwhile he wrote numerous 
theological works, and it has been said of Priestley 
that " ne was fond of controversy, yet he never 
sought it, and if he participated in it, it was gen- 
erally because it was thnist upon him. ana he 
became the defendant rather than the assailant." 
In 1780 he took up his residence in Birmingham, 
where he had charge of an independent congrega- 
tion. His collection of apparatus had increased, 
and his income was now so good that he could 
prosecute his researches with freedom. In 1790 he 
enraged the people by his " Familiar Letters to the 
Inhabitants of Birmingham " (Birmingham, 1790), 
and these were soon followed by " Letters to Rt 
Hon. E. Burke, occasioned by his Reflections on 
the Revolution in France" (1791). He now be- 
came the recognized champion of liberal thought, 
which made him the subject of severe condemna- 
tion at home. This feeling culminated on 14 July, 
1791, the anniversary of the French revolution, in 



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a riot in Birmingham, during which his meeting- 
house and his dwelling-house were burned, and his 
library and apparatus were destroyed, and many 
manuscripts, the fruits of years or industry, per- 
ished in tne flames. Priestley escaped to London. 
When the popular excitement had somewhat ceased 
in Birmingham he sought compensation in the 
courts for the destruction of his property, and 
presented a claim for £3,628, but, during a trial of 
nine years, it was cut down to £2,502. He sailed 
from London on 7 April. 1794, and on 4 June 
landed in New York, where he was received by 
delegations from scientific societies and invited 
to give a course of lectures on experimental phi- 
losophy, for which a hundred subscriptions at $10 
each were soon obtained. But he refused, and 
proceeded at once to Philadelphia, where he re- 
ceived a complimentary address from the Ameri- 
can philosophical society. He was offered the 
professorship of chemistry in the University of 
Pennsylvania with a good salary, but declined the 
appointment, preferring to choose his own occupa- 
tions in retirement His sons had previously set- 
tled in Northumberland, Pa., whither he followed, 
making his home in the midst of a garden over- 
looking one of the finest views of the Susquehanna. 
A laboratory was built for him, which was finished 
in 1797, ana he was able to arrange his books and 
renew his experiments with every possible facility. 
Thomas Jefferson consulted him m regard to the 
founding of the University of Virginia, and he was 
offered the presidency of the University of North 
Carolina. In the spring of 1796 he delivered a 
series of *• Discourses relating to the Evidences of 
Revealed Religion" (Philadelphia, 1796), which 
were attended by crowded audiences, including 
many members of congress and the executive of- 
ficers of the government, and in 1797 he delivered 
a second series, which were less favorably received. 
The first of these, when published, was dedicated to 
John Adams, who was then his hearer and admirer, 
but later, when Adams (q. v.) became president, 
Priestley opposed the administration, and it was 
intimated that the " alien law " was directed against 
him. His time was chiefly spent in literary work, 
and he wrote the continuation of his " General 
History of the Christian Church to the Fall of 
the Western Empire" (4 vols., Northumberland, 
1802-*8), which he dedicated to Thomas Jefferson ; 
abo "Answer to Mr. Paine's Age of Reason " (1795) ; 
** Comparison of the Institutions of Moses with 
those of the Hindoos and other Nations " (1799) : 
M Notes on all the Books of Scripture " (1808) ; and 
** The Doctrines of Heathen Philosophy compared 
with those of Revelation " (1804). There are many 
memoirs of his life, of which the most important 
are John Corry's " Life of J. Priestley " (Birming- 
ham. 1805) and ** Memoirs of Dr. Joseph Priestley 
to the Year 1795, written by Himself; with a Con- 
tinuation to the Time of his Decease, by his Son, 
Joseph Priestley" (2 vols., London, 1806-'7). His 
"Theological and Miscellaneous Works" (exclud- 
ing the scientific) were collected by John T. Rutt 
and published in twenty-six volumes (Hackney, 
1817-*82). His old congregation in Birmingham 
erected a monument to his memory in their place 
of worship after his death, and a marble statue was 
placed in 1860 in the corridor of the museum at 
Oxford. The centennial of the discovery of oxygen 
was celebrated on 1 Aug., 1874, by the unveiling 
of a statue to his memory in Birmingham, an ad- 
dress in Paris, and in this country by a gathering 
of chemists at his grave in Northumberland, Pa., 
where appropriate exercises were held, including 
addresses by T. Sterry Hunt, Benjamin Silliman, 



and other scientists. Dr. H. Carrington Bolton, 
who delivered an address on Priestley before tjbe 
New York genealogical and biographical society in 
April. 1888, has in preparation " The Scientific Cor- 
respondence of the Rev. Joseph Priestley/' 

PRIETO, Joaquin (pre-ay'-to), Chilian soldier, 
b. in Concepcion, 20 Aug., 1786 ; d. in Valparaiso, 
22 Nov., 1854. In August, 1805, he enlisted in the 
militia of Concepcion, and in April, 1800, he ac- 
companied Qen. Luis de la Cruz across the Andes. 
In 1811, as captain of dragoons, he formed part of 
an auxiliary army that went to aid the patriotic 
movement of Buenos Ay res. On his return he 
served in the southern campaign of Chili, and in 
1814 was governor of Talca. After the defeat of 
Rancagua he went to the Argentine Republic and 
established himself in Buenos Ay res. He joined 
the Chilian-Argentine army, in 1817 was present at 
the battle of Chacabuco, and afterward was ap- 
pointed commander of Santiago and director of 
the arsenal. He equipped the army and took part 
in the battle of Maypu as commander of the re- 
serve. In 1821 he was sent to the south, which 
had revolted under Benavides, and defeated the 
latter in the battle of Vegas de Saldias. He was 
elected deputy to congress and senator in 1828, 
took an active part in the civil war of 1829-'80, 
and after the battle of Lircoy he was appointed 
provisional president of the republic. Six months 
afterward, 18 Sept, 1831, he was elected constitu- 
tional president. On 25 May, 1883, the new con- 
stitution of the country was promulgated. He 
was re-elected in 1836, and, after retiring in 1841, 
became councillor of state, senator, and command- 
er of Valparaiso. 

PRIME, Ebenezer, clergymen, b. in Milford. 
Conn., 21 July, 1700 ; d. in Huntington, L. I., 25 
Sept, 1779. He was the grandson of James, who, 
with his brother, Mark Prime, came from England 
to escape religious persecution about 1638. Ebene- 
zer was graduated at Yale in 1718, studied divinity, 
and the following year was called to Huntington, 
L. I., where he became an assistant to Rev. Ehpha- 
let Jones. On 5 June, 1723, he was ordained pas- 
tor of the same church, which office he continued 
to hold until his death. A register of the sermon* 
that he preached, with texts, dates, and places of 
delivery, shows that he prepared more than 3,000, 
many of which are still preserved. Although he 
was educated as a Congregationalist, in 1747 his 
own church and the others in the county of Suf- 
folk formed themselves into a presbytery and 
adopted the Presbyterian form of government, Mr. 
Prime being chosen the first moderator. In the 
war of the Revolution Mr. Prime's church was 
turned into a military depot by the British, and the 
pulpit and pews were burnt for fuel The parson- 
age was occupied by troops : the pastor's valuable 
library was used for lighting fires, and otherwise 
mutilated. Driven from home in his seventy- 
seventh year, an object of special hostility on ac- 
count of his decided patriotic opinions, he retired 
to a quiet part of the parish and preached in private 
houses, or wherever he could gather his people to- 
gether. Toward the close of the war Col. Benja- 
min Thompson, afterward Count Rumford, was or- 
dered to occupy the village. He tore down the 
church, and used the materials in building bar- 
racks and block-houses in the graveyard. Ascer- 
taining where the venerable pastor lav buried, he 
directed that his own tent should be pitched at the 
head of the grave, that as he expressed it, he 
might have the satisfaction of treading on the 

" d old rebel " every time he entered and left it 

Mr. Prime is described by a contemporary as " a 



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man of sterling character, of powerful intellect, 
who possessed the reputation of an able and faith- 
ful aivine." His published discourses include 
" The Pastor at Large Vindicated " and " The Di- 
vine Institution of Preaching the Gospel Consid- 
ered " (New York, 1758), and " The Importance of 
the Divine Presence with the Armies of God's Peo- 
ple in their Martial Enterprises " (1759). He also 
published a sermon, delivered in 1754, on " Ordi- 
nation to the Gospel Ministry," regarding which he 
held peculiar views.— His son, Benjamin Young, 
physician, b. in Huntington, L. I., 20 Dec, 173$; 
5. there, 31 Oct., 1791, was graduated at Princeton 
in 1751, studied medicine under Dr. Jacob Ogden, 
and began to practise at Easthampton, L. 1. In 
1766-7 he was tutor at Princeton. His acquire- 
ments as a linguist were unusual. Among his pa- 
pers were found, after his death, Latin versifica- 
tions of one of the Psalms written in all the dif- 
ferent metres of the odes of Horace. He was also 
master of several modern languages, which he 
spoke fluently. In June, 1762, he sailed for Eng- 
land to visit medical schools abroad, and he was 
graduated at the University of Leyden in July, 
1764. After visiting Moscow he returned to New 
York city and resumed practice there. On the 
passage of the stamp-act he wrote "A Song for 
the Sons of Liberty in New York." At the open- 
ing of the Revolutionary war, Dr. Prime, who had 
meantime given up practice in New York and re- 
tired to Huntington, was compelled to flee to Con- 
necticut, but at the end of the war he returned 
to Huntington, and remained there until his death. 
Besides his songs and ballads, which circulated 
widely during the war, Dr. Prime published " The 
Patriot Muse, or Poems on some of the Principal 
Events of the Late War, etc, by an American Gen- 
tleman, referring to the French War " (London, 
1764), and "Columbia's Glory, or British Pride 
Humbled, a Poem on the American Revolution " 
(New York, 1791). In addition to these, there was 

gublished in New York city, in 1840, " Muscipula: 
ive Cambromvomachia. The Mouse-Trap ; or, the 
Battle of the Welsh and the Mice: in Latin and Eng- 
lish. With Other Poems in different Languages. 
By an American." The principal Latin poem in 
this volume is probably not by Dr. Prime, but the 
translation of the " Muscipula " is undoubtedly his 
work.— Benjamin Young's son, Nathaniel Send- 
der, clergyman, b. in Huntington, L. I., 21 April, 
1785; d. in Mamaroneck, N. Y., 27 March, 1856, 
was graduated at Princeton in 1804, licensed to 

? reach by the presbytery of Long Island, 10 Oct, 
805, and ordained in 1809. Alter preaching at 
Sag Harbor, Fresh Pond, and Smithtown, L. I., 
he was called, in 1813, to the Presbyterian church 
at Cambridge, Washington co., N. Y., where he 
remained for seventeen years. For several years 
after 1821 he was also principal of the county 
academy. In 1831 he established a seminary for 
young women in Si rip Sing, under the charge of 
his daughter, and on its being destroyed by fire in 
1835, he removed it to Newburg, N. Y., where he 
remained eight years. On retiring at the end of 
that period, he did not again accept a pastoral 
charge. Dr. Prime was an earnest advocate of all 
moral reforms, and is believed to have preached 
in 1811 one of the first temperance sermons that 
was ever delivered. He was an enthusiastic elec- 
trician, and was instrumental in introducing Prof. 
Joseph Henry to public notice. He received the 
degree of D. D. from Princeton in 1848. Besides 
" A Collection of Hymns " (Sag Harbor, 1809), " A 
Familiar Illustration of Christian Baptism " (Salem, 
1818), and " A History of Long Island " (New York, 







1845), Dr. Prime published sermons entitled "The 
Pernicious Effects of Intemperance" (Brooklyn, 
1812) ; - Divine Truth the Established Means of 
Sanctification " (Salem, 1817) ; and " The Year of 
Jubilee, but not to Africans " (1825).— Another son, 
Samuel Irennns, editor, b. in Ballston, N. Y., 4 
Nov., 1812; d. in Manchester, Vt, 18 July, 1885, 
was graduated at Williams in 1829, taught three 
years at Cambridge and Sing Sing, N. Y., and en- 
tered Princeton theological seminary, but before 
completing his first year he was attacked by a se- 
vere illness, and 
was never able to 
resume bis stud- 
ies. He was li- 
censed to preach 
in 1833, and held 
pastorates at 
Ballston Spa in 
1833-'5, and at 
Matteawan, N. 
Y., in 1837-'40. 
In the spring of 
the latter year he 
was compelled to 
abandon the pul- 
pit, owing to a 
bronchial affec- 
tion, from which 
he never entirely 

recovered. Thereafter, till his death, he was editor 
of the " New York Observer," except during 1849, 
wheu he acted as secretary of the American Bible 
society, and a few months in 1850, when he edited 
" The Presbyterian." In 1853 he visited Europe, 
Palestine, and Egypt, for his health, writing a 
series of letters to tne " Observer " under the sig- 
nature of " Ireneus." He went abroad again in 
1866-'7 and in 1876-'7. Dr. Prime was closely 
identified with the Evangelical alliance of Ameri- 
ca, founded in 1866, attending the 5th general 
conference at Amsterdam in 1867, and inviting 
the European alliances to hold the 6th conference 
in New York city, which invitation was accepted. 
On his return from Europe he was elected a cor- 
responding secretary of the American alliance, 
ana he held the office until 28 Jan., 1884. In his 
hands the "Observer" acquired a wide reputa- 
tion. His "Ireneus" articles appeared in it 
weekly until the end of his life. He received the 
degree of D. D. from Hampden Sidney college, Va., 
in 1854. During his career as an editor he found 
time to write more than forty volumes, besides 
pamphlets, addresses, and articles for various peri- 
odicals. In 1854, while his first book of travels was 
passing through the press, he was asked by its pub- 
lishers, Harper Brothers, to contribute to their 
magazine. From this source he received for the 
next twelve years more than $1,000 annually, and 
he was thus enabled to purchase an interest in the 
" Observer " in 1858. Dr. Prime was vice-president 
and director of the American tract society and of 
the American and foreign Christian union, presi- 
dent of the New York association for the advance- 
ment of science and art, president and trustee of 
Wells college for women, a trustee of Williams 
college, and member of a large number of other 
religious, benevolent, and literary societies. Among 
his publications are " The Old White Meeting- 
House" and "Life in New York" (New York, 
1845); "Annals of the English Bible" (1849): 
"Thoughts on the Death of Little Children * 
(ia52) ; " Travels in Europe and the East " (1855); 
"The Power of Praver" (1858) ; " The Bible in the 
Levant " and " American Wit and Humor " (1859) ; 



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M Letters from Switzerland '* (1800) ; M Memoirs of 
Rev. Nicholas Murray, D. D.," " Kirwan " (1803) ; 
•* Memoirs of Mrs. Joanna Bethune " (1888) ; " Fif- 
teen Years of Prayer " and u Walking with God " 
(1872) ; " The Alhambraand the Kremlin " (1878) ; 
"Songs of the Soul" (1874); "Life of S. P. B. 
Morse, LL. D." (1875); *• lrenams Letters" (1st 
series, 1880 ; 2d series, 1885) ; and " Prayer and its 
Answer " (1882). Of the " Power of Prayer " more 
than 175,000 were sold— 100,000 in this country 
and Great Britain, while two editions appeared in 
France, and one in the Tamil language in India. 
—Another son, Edward Dorr Griffin, clergyman, 
b. in Cambridge, N. Y., 2 Nov., 1814, was gradu- 
ated at Union in 1882, and at Princeton theological 
seminary in 1888, and was pastor of Presbyterian 
churches at Scotchtown, N. Y M and New York 
city. In April, 1858, to allow his brother, Irensus, 
to go abroad for his health, he took his place as 
editor of the " Observer," with which he had cor- 
responded for several years under the signature of 
"Efusebius." He continued his connection with 
that journal until his brother's death in 1885, act- 
ing as associate editor, but spent the winter of 
1854-*5 in Rome as chaplain of the American em- 
bassy. On the death of his brother, he became 
editor of the •* Observer," but he was compelled by 
illness to resign in 1886. Dr. Prime received the 
degree of D. D. from Jefferson college. Pa., in 
1857. Besides contributing anonymously to several 
volumes, he has published "Around the World: 
Travel Through Many Lands and Over Many Seas " 
gfew York, 1872); "Forty Years in the Turkish 
Empire, or Memoirs of Rev. William Goodell, D. D." 
(1876) ; and " Notes, Genealogical, Biographical, and 
Bibliographical, of the Prime Family Y * (printed pri- 
vately, New York, 1888).— Another son, William 
Cowper, journalist, b. in Cambridge, N. Y., 81 Oct, 
1825, was graduated at Princeton in 1848, studied 
law, and was admitted to the bar in 1846. He con- 
tinued to practise in the city of New York until 
1861, when he became an owner and manager of 
the New York "Journal of Commerce," with 
which he is still connected. He acted as its editor- 
in-chief from 1861 till 1869. Mr. Prime visited 
Egypt and the Holy Land in 1855-*6, and again in 
lgfflpTO. In his leisure hours he has devoted 
himself to the study of the art of book illustration, 
and has made a valuable collection of the wood- 
cuts of artists of the 15th and 16th centuries. From 
its establishment he has taken an active interest 
in the New York metropolitan museum of art, and 
since 1874 he has been its first vice-president He 
also induced the trustees of Princeton to establish a 
systematic course of instruction in art history, and 
in 1884 he was chosen as the occupant of that chair. 
The college had previously, in 1875, conferred upon 
him the degree of LL. D. Besides a series of let- 
ters in the " Journal " begun in 1846 and continued 
to the present time, more than forty years, Dr. 
Prime Las published "The Owl-Creek Letters" 
(New York, 1848) ; " The Old House by the River" 
(1853); "Later Years" (1854); "Boat Life in 
Egypt and Nubia" and "Tent Life in the Holy 
Land" (1857); "Coins, Medals, and Seals, Ancient 
and Modern " (1861) ; the hymn " O Mother, Dear. 
Jerusalem," with notes (1865); "I go A-Fishing" 
Q878); "Holy Cross " (1877) ; and "Pottery and 
Porcelain of All Times and Nations " (1878). As 
literary executor of Gen. George B. McClellan, he 
edited " McClellan's Own Story*' (1886), and wrote 
a biographical sketch for that volume. 

PRIME, Frederick, geologist b. in Philadel- 
phia, Pjl, 1 March, 1846. He was graduated at 
Columbia in 1865, and after a year at the School of 



mines, studied for three years at the Royal mining- 
school in Freiberg, Saxony. On his return in 1869 
he became assistant in assaying at Columbia school 
of mines, and also assistant on the geological sur- 
vey of Ohio. In 1870 he was elected professor of 
mining and metallurgy at Lafayette, and in 1874 
he became assistant geologist on the geological 
survey of Pennsylvania, both of which places he 
filled until 1879. Meanwhile he has been profes- 
sionally consulted very frequently by various iron 
and coal companies. Of late years he has de- 
voted himself exclusively to professional practice, 
and became in 1881presiaent of the AUentown iron 
company. At the World's fair of 1876 he was judge 
of the group on mining and metallurgy, filling the 
office of secretary to the board. In 1880 Lafay- 
ette conferred on him the degree of PH. D. Prof. 
Prime has been active in the management of the 
American institute of mining engineers, and has 
contributed to its transactions. He has also trans- 
lated from the German and edited Von Cotta's 
" Treatise on Ore Deposits " (New York, 18701 

PRIME, Rofns, merchant, b. in New York city 
in 1805 ; d. in Huntington, L. L, 15 Oct., 1885. He 
was a son of Nathaniel Prime, a descendant of 
Mark Prime, who emigrated from England about 
1640, and joined the colony that founded the town 
of Rowley, Mass. Nathaniel was the head of the 
firm of rrime, Ward, and King, in its day the 
chief banking-house in New York city. Rufus re- 
ceived a classical education, and on its completion 
engaged in business. On his father's death in 
1843 he devoted himself entirely to the care of his 
large estate. Mr. Prime was familiar with several 
languages, and was fond of literary pursuits.— His 
son, Frederick E., soldier, b. in Florence, Italy, 24 
Sept., 1829, was graduated at the U. S. military acad- 
emy in 1850, and employed on fortifications in New 
York, California, Alabama, and Mississippi. In 1861 
he was taken prisoner at Pensacola, Fla., while he 
was on his way to Fort Pickens. Having been com- 
missioned captain of engineers, he served during the 
Manassas campaign, and the following six months 
he was successively chief engineer of the depart- 
ments of Kentucky, the Cumberland, and the Ohio. 
After being wounded and taken prisoner while on 
a reconnoissance, he occupied the same post during 
Gen. Grant's Mississippi campaign in 1862-'3. He 
was brevetted major for gallantry at the battle of 
Corinth, and took part in the siege of Vicksburg. 
He was also promoted major, 1 June, 1868, bre- 
vetted lieutenant-colonel the following month for 
meritorious services before Vicksburg, and colonel 
and brigadier-general, 13 March. 18o5, for gallant 
conduct throughout the war. The commission of 
brevet brigadier-general was declined. On 5 Sept, 
1871, Maj. Prime was retired through disability 
from wounds that he received " in line of duty." 

PRINCE, Henry, soldier, b. in Eastport Me., 
19 June, 1811. He was graduated at the U. S. 
military academy in 1885, assigned to the 4th in- 
fantry, and served in the Seminole war in 1886-7. 
He became 1st lieutenant, 7 July, 1888, assisted in 
■removing the Creek Indians to the west, and then 
served on frontier duty, in the Florida war of 
1841-% and in the war with Mexico, in which he 
received the brevet of captain for services at Con- 
treras and Churubusco, and that of major for Mo- 
lino del Rev, where he was severely wounded. On 
26 Sept, 1847, he was made captain, and on 28 
May, 1855, he was appointed major and served on 
the pay department in the west participating in 
the Utah campaign in 1858-*9. In the civil war he 
took part in tne northern Virginia campaign, was 
made brigadier-general of volunteers on 28 April, 



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1862, and received the brevet of lieutenant-colonel 
for services at Cedar Mountain, 9 Aug., 1862, where 
he was captured. After his release in December 
he participated in the North Carolina operations 
from 11 Jan. till 24 June, 1863, commanded the 
district of Pamlico from 1 May till 24 June, 1863, 

Sursued the Confederate array in its retreat from 
laryland, served in the Rapidan campaign from 
October till December, 1863, pursued Glen. Nathan 
B. Forrest's raiders in Tennessee and Alabama in 
1864, and commanded on the coast of South Caro- 
lina from January till May, 1865. He was bre- 
vetted colonel and brigadier-general, U. S. army, on 
18 March, 1865. He served on courts-martial in 
Washington. D. C, in 1865-'6, and was mustered 
out of volunteer service on 30 April, 1866. He 
then served as paymaster in Boston till 1860, as 
chief paymaster of the Department of the East till 
1871, and as paymaster in New York city until 
1875. He was assigned to the Division of the Pa- 
cific on 28 June, 1875, became lieutenant-colonel 
on 8 March, 1877, and retired on 31 Dec., 1879. 

PRINCE, Jean Charles, Canadian R. C. 
bishop, b. in St. Qregoire, Three Rivers, Quebec, 
18 Feb., 1804; d. in St. Hyacinthe, Quebec, 5 May, 
1860. He was educated at Nicolet college, in the 
village of that name, and, while studying the- 
ology, taught in Nicolet college and afterward 
in the seminary at St Hyacinthe. After his ordi- 
nation as priest in 1826 he was director of the 
Grand s&mnaire of St Jacques, at Montreal, until 
1830, and of the College of St Hyacinthe until 
1840. The death of Monsignor Lartigue, first 
bishop of Montreal, having made a change in the 
bishopric necessary, he was called by Ignace Bour- 
get, the second bishop, to assist in the administra- 
tion of that diocese. Early in 1841 the chapter of 
St Jacques was established, and Abbe" Prince was 
installed titulary canon of the cathedral of Mon- 
treal on 21 Jan. The same year he issued the first 
number of ''Melanges religieux," a periodical 
which at first only published the sermons of Mon- 
signor de Forbin J an son, but subsequently com- 
prised general religious intelligence. It was issued 
until 1852, when its offices and material were 
destroyed by fire. At this period the city of 
Kingston was without any religious institution 
connected with the Roman Catholic church. 
Bishop Gaulin, having no assistants save a few 
priests who were overburdened with work, asked 
the bishop of Montreal to send him several Sisters 
of Charity and a priest competent to take charge of 
them. M. Prince accordingly went to Kingston, 
established the Convent of the Sisters of the Congre- 
gation for the education of young girls, and pre- 
pared the way for the organization of the " Scaurs 
de l'H6tel-Dieu " for the care of the sick poor. On 
returning to Montreal he assisted in founding Provi- 
dence House, and became its first director. He was 
also connected with the Convent of the Good Pastor 
and other institutions. He was appointed by Greg- 
ory XIV. coadjutor to the bishop of Montreal and 
bishop of Marty ropolis, 5 July, 1844. The see of 
Montreal was at that time very large. Many new 
enterprises were calling for assistance, and bishop' 
and coadjutor found all their energies taxed to 
the utmost. In 1851 Bishop Prince visited Rome 
on an ecclesiastical mission, and while he was there 
Pius IX., at the request of the delegates to the 
first council of Quebec, transferred him to the see 
of St. Hyacinthe, 8 June, 1852. He was the first 
bishop of that diocese. The old college that he 
had purchased and transformed into a cathedral 
and episcopal palace was burned, 17 May, 1854, 
but he undertook the immediate construction of a 



cathedral chapel, besides laying the foundations of 
a more elaborate ecclesiastical edifice, which has 
since been completed. During his residence at St 
Hyacinthe, Bishop Prince organized twenty par- 
ishes, established several missions, and ordained 
thirty-one priests. 

PRINCE, John, clergyman, b. in Boston, 
Mass., 11 July, 1751 ; d. in Salem, Mass.. 7 June, 
1836. He was the son of a mechanic, and was ap- 
prenticed to a tinman, but prepared himself for 
college, and was graduated at Harvard in 1776, 
after which he studied theology, and from 1779 
till 1836 was pastor of the 1st Unitarian church in 
Salem, Mass. He was a friend of Count Rumford, 
joined in many of the latter's inventions and ex- 
periments, and constructed an improved air-pump, 
which gave him a wide reputation. Brown gave 
him the degree of LL. D. in 1795. He published 
several sermons. A •* Memoir " by Rev. Cnarles W. 
Upham, who became his associate in 1824, is print- 
ed in the Massachusetts historical collections. 

PRINCE, Oliver Hillhonse, senator, b. in 
Connecticut about 1787; d. at sea, 9 Oct., 1837. 
He removed to Georgia in early years, studied law, 
was admitted to the bar in 1806, and began to 
practise in Macon, of which he was a settler, and 
one of the five commissioners that laid out the 
town. He was elected a U. S. senator in place of 
Thomas W. Cobb, serving from 1 Dec, 1828, till 3 
March, 1829. Mr. Prince was the author of many 
humorous sketches, one of which, giving an ac- 
count of a Georgia militia muster, was translated 
into several languages. He also published "Di- 
gest of the Laws of Georgia to December, 1820 n 
(Milledreville, 1822; 2d ed., Athens, 1837). He 
perished in the wreck of the steamer " Home M on 
the coast of North Carolina. 

PRINCE, Thomas, clergyman, b. in Sandwich, 
Mass., 15 May, 1687 ; d. in fcoston, Mass., 22 Oct, 
1758. He was the grandson of John Prince t of Hull, 
England, who emigrated to this country in 1633. 
After graduation at 
Harvard in 1707, he 
visited the West In- 
dies and the island 
of Madeira, went to 
England in 1709, and 
preached in Coombs, 
Suffolk, and else- 
where. In 1717 he 
returned to Boston, 
and on 1 Oct, 1718, 
was ordained col- 
league of his class- 
mate, Dr. Joseph 
Sewall, pastor of tne 
Old South church in 
Boston, where he 
continued until his 
death, and became 
eminent as a preacher, linguist, and scholar. He 
began, in 1703, and continued through his life, to 
collect manuscript documents relating to the his- 
tory of New England, which he left to the care of 
the Old South church. They were deposited in the 
tower, which also contained a valuable library of 
the writings of the early New England divines that 
had been gathered by Mr. Prince. These were part- 
ly destroyed by the British in 1775-'6, and much 
important matter relating to the history of New 
England was thus lost The remainder of the man- 
uscripts, with his books, which are of value, form 
part of the Boston public library, and of these a 
catalogue was published by William H. Whitmore 
(Boston, 1868), and a later one with his portrait 




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(1870). He published twenty-nine single sermons 
between 1717 and 1756 ; " An Account of the First 
Aurora Borealis" (1717); "Account of the Eng- 
lish Ministers at Martha's Vineyard," appended 
to Experience Mayhew's " Indian Converts (1727) ; 
"A Sermon on the Death of Cotton Mather" 
(1728); - Memoirs "of Roger Clap, of Dorchester 
(1781) ; an edition of John Mason's " History of the 
Pequot War," with introduction and notes (1786) ; 
" A Thanksgiving Sermon occasioned by the Cap- 
ture of Louisburg" (1746) ; " Earthquakes of New 
England," with an appendix on Franklin's discov- 
eries in electricity (1755) ; and *' The New England 
Psalm-Book, Revised and Improved " (1758). Sev- 
eral of his sermons are contained in the publica- 
tions of the Massachusetts historical society, and 
six of his manuscript discourses were published 
after his death by Dr. John Erskine (Edinburgh, 
1785). He also left a diary and other manuscripts. 
Mr. Prince began a work entitled " The Chrono- 
logical History of England " in the form of an- 
nals, the first volume of which was published in 
1786, and two numbers of the second in 1755. It 
is published in the collections of the Massachusetts 
historical society, and was edited by Nathan Hale, 
who published it in book-form (Boston, 1826). 
Dr. Charles Chauncy said that Mr. Prince was 
" the most learned scholar, with the exception of 
Cotton Mather, in New England." The Prince 
society, a printing association, was established in 
Boston in 1858.— His brother, Nathan, scholar. 
b. in Sandwich, Mass., 80 Nov., 1698; d. in the 
island of Ruatan, Honduras, 25 July, 1748, was 
graduated at Harvard in 1718, where he was tutor 
from 1728 till 1742, and of which he became a 
fellow in 1727. Subsequently he took orders in the 
Church of England, and was sent as a missionary 
to the Mosquito Indians in Central America. He 
published an " Essay to solve the Difficulties at- 
tending the Several Accounts given of the Resur- 
rection " (Boston, 1784), and an " Account of the 
Constitution and Government of Harvard Col- 
lege from 1686 to 1742" (1742).— Thomas's son, 
Tkomas, editor, b. in Boston, Mass., 27 Feb., 
1722 ; <L there 80 Sept, 1748, was graduated at 
Harvard in 1740. He edited the earliest American 
periodical, which was entitled "Christian History," 
and contained accounts of the revival and propa- 
gation of religion in Great Britain and America 
for 1748 (2 vols.. 1744-'6). 

PRINCE, William, horticulturist, b. in Flush- 
ing, L. I., 10 Nov., 1766; d. there, April, 1842. 
In 1798 he bought eighty acres of land and extend- 
ed the nurseries of his father in Flushing. He 
brought many varieties of fruits into the United 
States, sent many trees and plants from this coun- 
try to Europe, and systematized the nomenclature 
of the best-known fruits, such as the Bartlett pear 
and the Isabella grape. The London horticultural 
society named for him the M William Prince " ap- 
ple. He was a member of the horticultural so- 
cieties of London and Paris, of the Imperial socie- 
ty of Georgofili of Florence, and of the principal 
American societies, and the meeting of horticultu- 
rists in 1828, at which De Witt Clinton delivered 
an address, was held at his residence. He pub- 
lished " A Treatise on Horticulture," the first com- 
prehensive book that was written in the United 
States upon this subject (New York, 1828).— His 
son, William Robert, horticulturist, b. in Flush- 
ing, L. I.. 6 Nov., 1795; d. there, 28 March, 1869, 
was educated at Jamaica academy, L. I., and at 
Boucherville, Canada. He imported the first me- 
rino sheep into this country in 1816. continued 
the " fcinngan nurseries" of his father, and was 



the first to introduce silk-culture and the moras 
multicaulis for silk-worms in 1887, but lost a large 
fortune by this enterprise, owing to the change m 
the tariff, which destroyed this industry for several 
years. In 1849 he went to California, was a found- 
er of Sacramento, and in 1851 travelled through 
Mexico. He introduced the culture of osiers and 
sorghum in 1854-'5, and the Chinese yam in 1854. 
With his father, he wrote a " History of the Vine " 
(New York, 1830) ; and, in addition to numerous 
pamphlets on the mulberry, the strawberry diosoo- 
rea, medical botany, etc, he published a " Pomo- 
logical Manual " (2 vols., 1882} ; " Manual of Roses " 
(1846); and about two hundred descriptive cata- 
logues of trees, shrubs, vines, plants, bulbs, etc 
—William Robert's son, Le Baron Bradford, au- 
thor, b. in Flushing, L. I., 8 July, 1840, is descend- 
ed through his maternal ancestors from William 
Bradford, of the '* Mayflower." He was educated 
in Flushing, and was graduated at Columbia law- 
school in 1866. In 1871-5 he was a member of 
the assembly for Queens county, and in 1872 was 
chairman of the judiciary committee which in- 
vestigated the corrupt judiciary of New York city. 
He was a member of the National Republican con- 
ventions of 1868 and 1876. In 1876-7 he was a 
member of the state senate From 1879 till 1882 he 
was chief justice of New Mexico, and in 1880-*2 he 
was president of the bureau of immigration of that 
territory. He was a member of the Protestant Epis- 
copal general conventions between 1877 and 1886, 
and since 1877 has been a trustee of the Long 
Island cathedral. Since 1880 he has been chancel- 
lor of the jurisdiction of New Mexico and Arizo- 
na. He is the author of " Agricultural History of 
Oueens County" (New York, 1861); "E Pluribus 
Unum, or American Nationality " (1868) ; "A Na- 
tion, or a League " (Chicago, 1880) ; ** General Laws 
of New Mexico" (Albany, 1881); "History of New 
Mexico "(New York, 1888); and "The American 
Church and its Name " (New York, 1887). 

PRING, Daniel, British naval officer, b. in 
England in 1780; d. in Port Royal, Jamaica, 29 
Nov., 1847. He entered the navy at an early age, 
and was midshipman on the Jamaica station. He 
became lieutenant in 1807, at the beginning of 
the war of 1812 was in command of the Halifax 
station, and was subsequently assigned by Sir 
George Prevost to the charge of the provincial 
navy on the lakes. He was promoted commander 
in 1818, and while in charge of the " Linnet," a 
brig of sixteen guns and 100 men. in the squad- 
ron of Com. George Downie on Lake Champlain, 
participated in the battle of Plattsburg Bay. Dur- 
ing a greater part of the fight the " Linnet " en- 
gaged the "Eagle," an American brig of twenty 
guns and 150 men, and forced her out of the line, 
but was subsequently compelled to strike her own 
colors. He was promoted post-captain in 1815 
for bravery in that affair, and the next year was 
in command on Lake Erie. He became commo- 
dore in January, 1846. 

PRINGLE, Benjamin, jurist, b. in Richfield, 
N. Y., 9 Nov., 1807. He received a good education 
and studied law, but gave up practice to become 
president of a bank at Batavia, N. Y. He was 
judge of Genesee county courts for one year, served 
two terms in congress in 1853-'7, having been 
elected as a Whig, and in 1868 was in the legisla- 
ture. Subsequently he was appointed by Presi- 
dent Lincoln a judge of the court of arbitration at 
Cape Town under the treaty of 1862 with Great 
Britain for the suppression of the slave-trade 

PRINGLE, John Julius, lawyer, b. in Charles- 
ton, S. O, 22 July, 1758; <L there, 17 March, 



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PROCTOR 



1848. His father,. Robert (1702-76), came from 
Scotland to South Carolina about 1730, became a 
merchant in Charleston, and in 1760-*9 was a jus- 
tice of the court of common pleas. The son was 
graduated at the College of Philadelphia in 1771, 
and read law with John Rutledge and in England, 
where his published articles in defence of colonial 
rights attracted attention. At the beginning of 
the American Revolution he went to France, and 
in 1778 he became secretary to Ralph Izard, U. S. 
commissioner in Tuscany. Returning home by. 
way of Holland and the West Indies, ne was ad- 
mitted to the bar in 1781, and attained high rank 
in his profession. In 1787-*9 he was speaker of the 
state assembly, and in the latter year ne served for 
a short time as U. S. district attorney, by special 
request of Gen. Washington. In 1&00 Thomas 
Jefferson, then secretary of state, appointed him 
to report on any infractions of the treaty with 
Great Britain that might occur in his state, and 
from 1792 till 1808 he served as attorney-general 
of South Carolina. In 1805 President Jefferson 
tendered him the attorney-generalship of the 
United States, but family reasons induced him to 
decline. Mr. Pringle was for four years president 
of the trustees of the College of Charleston* 

PRINTZ, Johan, colonial governor, b. in 
Bottneryd, Sweden, about 1600; d. in 1668. He 
was the third governor of the Swedish colony on 
Delaware river that had been projected by Gus- 
tavus Adolphus and established by his daughter, 
Christina, in 163a (See Minuit, Peter.) Prints 
had been a lieutenant-colonel of artillery in the 
Swedish army in Germany, and was deprived of 
his rank for surrendering the Saxon town of 
Chemnitz, but was afterward restored to favor. 
He was governor from 1641 to 1654. During these 
thirteen years he maintained, with little assistance 
from home, the supremacy of the Swedish crown on 
the Delaware against the Dutch, against the New 
Haven emigrants under Lamberton, and against 
the followers of Sir Edmund Plowden, the so-called 
lord of New Albion. He established forts at New 
Castle, at Wilmington, at Tinicum (a short dis- 
tance above the present town of Chester, where he 
resided), at the mouth of the Schuylkill, and on 
the eastern shore of -the Delaware. He thus se- 
cured a monopoly of trade with the Indians that 
inhabited both sides of the bay and river as far 
north as Trenton. During his tenure of office 
seven expeditions, containing more than 800 emi- 
grants, sailed from Sweden. They were excellent 
farmers, devoted to the Lutheran church, and 
extremely just in their dealings with the Indians, 
whom they prepared, by their kind treatment, to 
receive William Penn and his followers in a friend- 
ly manner. In 1654 Printz, dissatisfied with the 
condition and prospects of the colony, returned. 
In the next year the Dutch captured Fort Chris- 
tina, and the' Swedish domination was soon at an 
end. Little is known of Printz after his return to 
Sweden, but it is recorded that he was made a gen- 
eral and became governor of JdnkOping in 1658. — 
His daughter, Armapot. accompanied her father 
to this country, and m 1644 married Lieut John 
Pappegoya, who was in temporary charge of the 
province after Printz's departure till the arrival of 
the new governor. Pappegoya returned to Sweden 
in 1654, but his wife remained in the province, 
where she lived secluded in the mansion built by 
her father on Tinicum island. The royal govern- 
ment made large grants of land to father and 
daughter, but none of their descendants became 
inhabitants of the colony. See "Songs of New 
Sweden," by Arthur Peterson (Philadelphia, 1887). 



PRIOLEAU, Samuel, jurist, b. in Charleston, 
S. C, 4 Sept, 1784 ; d. in Pendleton, S. C, 10 Aug., 
1840. His ancestors, who were French Huguenots, 
emigrated to this country immediately after the 
revocation of the edict of Nantes. Samuel was 
educated at the University of Pennsylvania, but 
was not graduated, was admitted to the bar of 
Charleston in 1808, and established a reputation as 
a lawyer. He was a member of the legislature for 
many years, chairman of the judiciary committee 
for several terms, and was active in 1820 in the 
preparation of the acts to " revise and amend the 
judiciary system of the state.** The next year he 
made a report in favor of the constitutionality of 
internal improvements by the United States. He 
became intendant of Charleston in 1834, and re- 
corder in 1825, and held office until 1886. He 
aided in establishing the Medical college of South 
Carolina, was one of its trustees, and was an or- 
ganizer of the Charleston literary club. 

PRIYAT D'ANttLEMONT, Alexandre, West 
Indian author, b. in St Rose, Guadeloupe, in 1815 ; 
d. in Paris, France, 18 July, 1859. He was a mu- 
latto, and, after receiving his early education in 
Basse Terre, went to Paris to study medicine, but 
abandoned it for literature. In 1846 he published 
a volume on the Prado palace, which showed wit, 
elegance, and simplicity. Soon afterward he made 
a voyage to Guadeloupe, and, in a sojourn of three 
days, settled all his interests there, and, carrying 
his small fortune in a bag, returned to Paris, where 
he became a contributor to magazines. It was his 
custom to wander at night through the streets, 
studying the habits of the poorest classes, and he 
discovered some extraordinary trades, such as those 
of killer of cats and dealer in the tongues of 
rate and mice, which he revealed to the world in 
a volume that caused a great sensation, "Paris 
Anecdote* 1 (Paris, 1854). After his death from 
consumption, Alfred Delvau collected his articles 
and published them under the title "Paris in- 
connu ** (1861). 

PROCTOR, Edna Dean, poet b. in Henniker, 
N. H„ 10 Oct, 183a She received her early edu- 
cation in Concord, N. H., and subsequently removed 
to Brooklyn, N. Y., where she has since resided. 
She has travelled extensively abroad, and con- 
tributed largely to magazine literature. She has 
edited "Extracts from Henry Ward Beecher's 
Sermons** (New York, 1858), and has published 
" Poems " (Boston, 1866) and »• A Russian Journey " 
(1872), and is now (1888) compiling a genealogy of 
the btorrs family. Her best-known poems are 
44 Heroes '* and " By the Shenandoah.** 

PROCTOR, Henry A., British soldier, b. in 
Wales in 1787; d. in Liverpool, England, in 1859. 
At the beginning of the war between Great Britain 
and the United States he came to Canada as colo- 
nel of the 42d regiment He was despatched by 
Gen. Sir Isaac Brock to Amherstburg to prevent 
the landing of Gen. William Hull, whom he drove 
back, and subsequently gained the victory of 
Brownston, which exploits contributed much to 
the fall of Detroit and the capitulation of Hull. 
He opened the campaign of 1813 by defeating Gen. 
James Winchester near Frenchtown, on River 
Raisin, for which service he was promoted a briga- 
dier-general. He was repelled from Fort Meigs t)v 
(Jen. William Henry Harrison (q. v.) in May, 1818, 
from Fort Stephenson (Lower Sandusky, Ohio), by 
Maj. Croghan on 2 Aug., and was defeated by Har- 
rison at the battle of the Thames, 5 Oct, 1818. He 
was tried and sentenced to be suspended from rank 
and pay for six months. He was reinstated, and 
rose to the rank of lieutenant-general. 



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PROCTOR, Lueien Brock, author, b. in Hano- 
ver, N. H., 6 March, 1826. He was graduated at 
Hamilton college in 1844, admitted to the bar in 
1847, and, after practising for two years at Port 
Byron, N. Y., removed to Dansville. Amid his pro- 
fessional duties he continued his classical studies, 
and contributed articles to magazines. In 1869 he 
became a regular contributor to the Albany " Law 
Journal.** About 1868 he abandoned his profes- 
sion and devoted his time entirely to legal litera- 
ture. In 1884 he removed to Albany, N. Y. His 
works include ** The Bench and Bar of the State 
of New York " (2 vols., New York, 1870) ; " Lives 
of the New York State Chancellors " (1875) ; " The 
Life and Times of Thomas Addis Emmet " (1876) ; 
" Lawyer and Client, or the Trials and Triumphs 
of the Bar " (1879) ; " The Bench and Bar of Kings 
County, including the Legal History of Brooklyn" 
(1883); "The Legal History of Albany and Sche- 
nectady Counties" (1884); "Early History of the 
Board of Regents and University of the State of 
New York " (1886) ; a revised and annotated edi- 
tion of Jabez D. Hammond's " Political History 
of the State of New York," continued from 1844 to 
the close of the legislative session of 1887 (1887) ; 
and addresses, including " Aaron Burr's Political 
Career Defended " (1885), and " Review of John C. 
Spencer's Legal and Political Career" (1886). 

PROCTOR, Redfleld, cabinet officer, b. in 
Proctorville, Vt, 1 June, 1831. The town was 
founded by his grandfather. He was gradu- 
ated at Dartmouth in 1851, and at Albany law- 
sohool in 1859. For two years he practised law 
in Boston. In June, 1861, he entered the army as 
lieutenant in the 3d Vermont volunteers ; in Octo- 
ber he was made major of the 5th Vermont regi- 
ment, and in 1862 became colonel of the 15th. 
After leaving the army in 1863, he again practised 
law in Rutland, Vt ; in 1867 and 1868 was a mem- 
ber of the legislature; in 1869 he was appointed 
manager of the Sutherland Falls marble company. 
In 1880 this company was united with another, 
under the title of the Vermont marble company, 
and Mr. Proctor became its president In the in- 
terval he had been state senator, and in 1876 became 
lieutenant-governor; and in 1878 he was elected 

Evernor. In 1884 he was a delegate to the national 
ipublican convention, and in 1888 he was chair- 
man of the Vermont delegation to the Chicago 
convention, and cast the votes of his state for Gen. 
Harrison for president Later the legislature of 
Vermont, by unanimous vote, recommended Gov. 
Proctor for a place in the cabinet, and on 5 March, 
1889, the president appointed him secretary of war. 
PROCTOR, Richard Anthony, astronomer, b. 
in Chelsea, England, 23 March, 1887; d. in New 
York city. 12 Sept, 188a He entered King's col- 
lege, London, in 1855, and a year later went to 
Cambridge, where in 1860 he reoeived his bachelor's 
degree. A fondness for mathematics led to his 
studying astronomy, on which subject he became 
the most fertile popular writer of his time. His 
original work included numerous researches on the 
stellar system, the law of distribution of stars, their 
motions, the relations between the stars and the 
nebulae, and the general constitution of the heav- 
ens. In 1869 he advanced, on theoretical grounds, 
a theory of the solar corona that has since been 
generally accepted, and also that of the inner com- 
plex solar atmosphere that was afterward advanced 
by Prof. Charles A. Young. He was active in the 
transit-of- Venus expeditions of 1874 and 1882, and 
became involved in a dispute with the astronomer 
royal of England as to the best methods of observa- 
tion. In 1878-*4 and in 1875-'6 he lectured in the 



Erincipal cities of the United States, and in 1879 
e left England for Australasia, and lectured in all 
of the larger towns of Victoria, New South Wales, 
South Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand. He 
visited the United States again in 1884, and, after 
lecturing in the leading cities, settled in St. Joseph, 
Mo. In 1866 he was elected a fellow of the Royal 
astronomical society, and in 1873 he was appointed 
an honorary fellow of King's college, Lonaon. He 
was honorary secretary of the Royal astronomical 
society and editor of its proceedings in 1872-'8. 
Mr. Proctor established " Knowledge " as a weekly 
journal in 1881, but changed it to a monthly in 
1885. His literary work began in 1863, when he 
published in the " Cornhill Magazine '* an article 
on ** Double Stars." Among his numerous books 
are "Saturn and its System" (London, 1865); 
" Gnomonic Star Atlas " (1866) ; " Half-Hour* with 
the Telescope "(1868); "Half-Hours with Stars" 
(1869); "Other Worlds than Ours "(1870); "Light 
Science for Leisure Hours" (8 series, 1871, 1873, 
and 1883); "Elementary Astronomy" (1871); "Bor- 
der Land of Science " (1878) ; " Transits of Venus 
—Past, Present, and Future "and "The Expanse 
of Heaven" (1874); and "Myths and Marvels of 
Astronomy " (1877). He edited " The Knowledge 
Library," consisting of a series of works made up 
of papers that appeared in his journal, among 
which were several of his own, notably " How to 
Play Whist " and " Home Whist " (1885). After be- 
coming an American citizen he published " Chance 
and Luck " (New York, 1887) ; " First Steps in Ge- 
ometry " (1887) ; " Easy Lessons in Differential Cal- 
culus" (1887); and "Old and New Astronomy," 
which at the time of his death was being issued. 

PROCTOR, Thomas, soldier, b. in Ireland in 
1739 ; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 16 March, 1806. He 
emigrated to Philadelphia with his father, Francis 
Proctor, and was by trade a carpenter. On 27 Oct, 
1775, he applied to the committee of safety to be 
commissioned captain of an artillery company to 
be raised for garrisoning Fort island, and was im- 
mediately commissioned with authority to raise 
his company. In August, 1776, his command was 
raised to a battalion, and he was appointed major. 
The regiment was under Wayne at Brandywine, 
and engaged in the artillery duel with Knyphausen 
at Chadd s Ford. Proctor s horse was shot under 
him, and he lost his guns and caissons when Sulli- 
van was routed. One of his guns, under Lieut Bar- 
ker, was brought up to batter the Chew house at 
Germantown. In September, 1778, his regiment 
became a part of the Continental army, and he re- 
ceived his commission as colonel of artillery, 18 
May, 1779, and marched to Wyoming. His bat- 
teries did good service at the battle of Newtown. 
He was in Wayne's Bergen Neck expedition, and 
was satirized by Andrl in the " Cow Chase." He 
resigned in 1781 on account of differences with 
Joseph Reed, president of the Pennsylvania coun- 
cil, and in 1783 was chosen high sheriff of Phila- 
delphia, which office he held three years. In 1790 
he was made city lieutenant, in 1791 a commis- 
sioner to treat with the Miami Indians. In 1798 
he became brigadier-general of the Pennsylvania 
troops, and marched against the Whiskey insur- 
gents at the head of the first brigade. After this 
ne became major-general of the Philadelphia 
militia, and when war was threatened with France 
he assured Gov. Mifflin of his cordial support in 
the event of hostilities. He was one of the found- 
ers of the St. Tammany society in Philadelphia, of 
which he was a sachem. A part of Col. Proctor's 
regiment of artillery has maintained its organiza- 
tion to the present time as the 2d U. S. artillery. 



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PROUD. Robert, historian, b. in Yorkshire. 
England. 10 May, 1728; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 7 
July, 1818. He emigrated to Pennsylvania in 1759, 
and taught Latin and Greek in a Friends' academy 
in Philadelphia until the Revolution. Charles 
Brockden Brown was one of his pupils. He was 
firm in his attachment to the crown, and believed 
that the Revolution would cause the decline of 
virtue and prosperity in this country. " Dominie " 
Proud was a familiar figure for many years in his 
adopted city. He was tall, with a Roman nose, 
and u most impending brows," and in his curled wig 
and cocked hat is described as the u perfect model of 
a gentleman." His "History of Pennsylvania," 
which is full of valuable information, although de- 
ficient in well-sustained narrative, was his pecun- 
iary ruin (Philadelphia, 1797-'8). 

PROUDFIT, Alexander Moncrief, clergy- 
man, b. In Pequea. Pa., 10 Nov., 1770 ; d. in New 
Brunswick, N. J., 23 Nov., 1843. He was gradu- 
ated at Columbia in 1792, studied theology under 
Dr. John H. Livingston, and was pastor of the 
Associate Reformed church in Salem, N. Y., from 
1794 till 1835. He became secretary of the New 
York colonization society in the latter year, and 
held office till bis resignation in 1841. Williams 
gave him the degree of D. D. in 1812. For a short 
time during his pastorate he was professor of pas- 
toral theology in the Associate Reformed seminary 
in Newburg, N. Y. He published numerous ser- 
mons and addresses, including " The One Thing 
Needful" (New York, 1804); "Ruin and Recovery 
of Man" (1806); "Theological Works" (4 vols., 
1815) ; and a work on the " Parables " (1820). See 
a memoir of him by Rev. John Forsyth (New York, 
1844).— His son, John Williams, clergyman, b. in 
Salem, N. Y„ 22 Sept., 1803 ; d. in New Brunswick, 
N. J., 9 March, 1870, was graduated at Union in 
1823 and at Princeton theological seminary in 1824, 
and was pastor of the Reformed church in New- 
burvport in 1827-'33. At the latter date he became 
professor of Latin in the University of New York, 
and in 1840-'64 he occupied the chair of Greek in 
Rutgers. Union college gave him the degree of 
D. D. in 1841. Dr. Proudflt wrote much for eccle- 
siastical literature, and edited the "New Bruns- 
wick Review." He published several sermons, and 
" Man's Twofold Life" (1862), and edited " A Com- 
edy of Plautus, with English Notes" (1848). 

PROUDFIT, David Law, author, b. in New- 
burg, N. Y., 27 Oct, 1842. He was educated in 
the common schools, and at fifteen years of age 
went to New York city to engage in business. In 
1862 he enlisted as a private in the 1st New York 
mounted rifles. In the following year he was ap- 
pointed a 2d lieutenant in the 22d U. S. colored 
troops. His regiment accompanied Gen. Butler in 
his advance up James river, and took part in vari- 
ous engagements, and at the close of the war he 
had attained the rank of major. Later he engaged 
in business, and a few years ago he became inter- 
ested in pneumatic tubes, and he is now (1888) 
president of the Meteor despatch company of New 
York. His poems have been extensively used in 
public recitations. He has published in book-form 
" Love among the Gamins," poems (New York, 1877) 
and " Mask and Domino " (1888). 

PROYANCHER, Leon, Canadian author, b. in 
Becancour, Quebec, 10 March, 1820. He was grad- 
uated at the Nicolet seminary, ordained priest in 
1844 in the Roman Catholic church, and field sev- 
eral pastorates. Owing to feeble health be withdrew 
from the ministry in 1869 and engaged in literary 
work and the study of natural history, and has de- 
scribed more than two hundred new species of in- 



sects, particularly the Hymenoptera. He founded 
" Le naturaliste Canadien " in 1868, and received 
the degree of D. Sc. in 1880. Dr. Provancher is the 
author of " Trait6 61£mentaire de botanique " (Que- 
bec, 1858); "Flore Canadienne " (1862) ; "Le ver- 
ger Canadien " (1865); " De Quebec a Jerusalem " 
(1882); "Petite histoire du Canada " (1887), and 
other works on botany and natural history. He 
now (1888) has in preparation " Les hemipteres." 

PROVENCHEfc Jean Norbert, Canadian 
R. C. bishop, b. in Nicolet, Quebec, 12 Feb., 1787; 
d. in St Boniface, Manitoba, 7 June, 1853. He was 
ordained in 1811, and in 1818, at the suggestion of 
the Earl of Selkirk, was sent to take charge of the 
Roman Catholic settlers on Red river, with the 
title of grand vicar. He resided at La Fourche 
(now St Boniface), Manitoba. The Canadians, 
who formed the settlement had married Indian 
women, and had lost almost all sense of religion, 
but he was well received, and in a short time suc- 
ceeded in reviving the Roman Catholic faith. He 
also labored among the wild Indians, and estab- 
lished missions in the interior. In 1822 he was 
nominated vicar apostolic of the northwest and 
auxiliary to the bishop of Quebec and he was con- 
secrated under the title of bishop of Juliopolis in 
pattibus. He returned from Quebec witn a few 
priests, but he did not find them sufficient for the 
needs of the population that was scattered over his 
immense vicariate. He afterward obtained the aid 
of the Oblate fathers, whom he stationed among 
the Indian tribes, and established schools under 
the direction of the Grey Sisters. The results of his 
administration extended to the Pacific ocean, and 
petitions came in 1835 from the Canadians and 
Indians of Oregon, asking for missionaries. He 
could not spare any from his vicariate, but he an- 
swered them that he would go to Europe to procure 
aid. He obtained there considerable sums from 
the Society for the propagation of the faith, and, 
after his return to Canada, was able to send two 
missionaries to Columbia river in 1888. In 1848 
the Red river was erected into a bishopric, and 
Bishop Provencher took the title of bishop of St 
Boniface. He founded the College of St Boniface 
in 1818, and also a convent. 

PROTOOST, Samuel, first P. E. bishop of New 
York, b. in New York city, 24 Feb., 1742; d. 
there, 6 Sept, 1815. The Provoosts were of Hugue- 
not origin and settled in the New World in 1688. 
John, fourth in 
descent from Da- 
vid Provoost the 
first settler and 
father of the fu- 
ture bishop, was 
a wealthy New 
York merchant, 
and for many 
years one of 
the governors of 
King's college. 
His wife, Eve, was 
a daughter of 
Hermann Bleeck- 
er. Samuel, their 
eldest son, was 
one of the sev- 
en graduates of 
King's (now Co- 
lumbia) college at 

its first commencement in 1758, winning the honors, 
although the youngest but one of his class. In the 
summer of 1761 he sailed for England, and in the 
same year entered St Peter's college, Cambridge, 




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enjoying while there the advantage of a tutor in 
the person of Dr. John Jebb, a man of profound 
learning and a zealous advocate of civil and relig- 
ious liberty, with whom he corresponded till the 
doctor's death in 1786. In March, 1766, Mr. Pro- 
voost. having previously been admitted to the order 
of deacon by the bishop of London, was ordained 
at King's chapel, Whitehall, by the bishop of Chester. 
In June of the same year he married Maria, daugh- 
ter of Thomas Bousfield, a rich Irish banker, resid- 
ing on his estate near Cork, and sister of his favor- 
ite classmate, afterward a member of parliament. 
The young clergyman, with his accomplished wife, 
sailed in September for New York, and in Decem- 
ber he became an assistant minister of Trinity par- 
ish, which then embraced St George's and St. raul's, 
the Rev. Samuel Auchmuty rector, the Rev. John 
Ogilvie and the Rev. Charles Inglis assistant min- 
isters. During the summer of 1769 Mr. and Mrs. 
Provoost visited Mrs. Bousfield and her son in Ire- 
land, and spent several months in England and on 
the continent. 

Early in 1774 Provoost severed his connection 
with Trinity, the reason assigned being that his 
patriotic views of the then approaching contest 
with the mother-country were not in accord with 
those of a majority of the parish, and removed to a 
small estate in Dutchess (now Columbia) county, 
where he occupied himself with literary pursuits 
and in the cultivation of his farm and garden. He 
was an ardent disciple of the Swedish Linnaeus, 
and he possessed, for that period, a large and 
valuable library. (See book-plate on page 130.) 
Provoost was perhaps the earliest of American 
bibliophiles. While far away from " the clangor of 
resounding arms," he occasionally filled the pulpits 
of churches then existing at Albany, Catskill, Hud- 
son, and Poughkeensie. He was proposed as a 
delegate to the Provincial congress, but declined, as 
also an invitation to become chaplain of the con- 
vention which met in 1777 and framed the present 
constitution of the state of New York. After the 
British burned Esopus, on the Hudson, he joined 
his friends the Livingstons, and other neighbors, 
in their pursuit. Mr. Provoost was proffered the 
rectorship of St. Michael's church, Charleston, 
S. C, in 1777, and five years later that of King's 
chapel, Boston, where his patriotic principles and 
practice were strong recommendations; but he de- 
clined both calls. When the colonies had gained 
their independence and New York was evacuated 
by the British, he was unanimously elected rector 
of Trinity church, 18 Jan., 1784, immediately re- 
moved with his family to the city, and entered 
upon the duties of his office. Before the close of 
the year he was made a member of the Board of re- 
gents of the university, and when the Continental 
congress removed from Trenton, N. J., to New 
York, he was, in November, .1786, chosen as their 
chaplain. In the summer of 1786 he was elected first 
bishop of New York, and three weeks later received 
from the University of Pennsylvania the degree 
of D. D. In November of the same year he sailed 
for England in company with Dr. William White, 
where they were consecrated in Lambeth palace, 4 
Feb., 1787, by the archbishops of Canterbury and 
York, and the bishops of Peterborough and: Bath 
and Wells. The centennial anniversary of this 
event was appropriately celebrated in Lambeth 
palace, London, in Christ church, Philadelphia, and 
in the Chicago cathedral. 

On his return. Bishop Provoost resumed his du- 
ties as rector of Trinity, the two positions being 
then filled by the same person. He was one of the 
trustees of Columbia college, and under the present 
vol. v. — 9 



constitution was elected chaplain of the U. S. 
senate. After his inauguration as president, Wash- 
ington, with many other distinguished men, pro- 
ceeded on foot to St. Paul's church (see illustra- 
tion), where Bishop Provoost read prayers suited 
to the occasion. The first consecration in which 
he took part was that of the Rev. John Thomas 
Claggett, for the 
diocese of Mary- 
land, being the 
earliest of that or- 
der of the minis- 
try consecrated in 
the United States. 
It occurred at 
Trinity church, 17 
Sept., 1792. dur- 
ing a session of 
the general con- 
vention. As the 
presiding bishop 
Dr. Provoost was 
the consecrator, 
Bishops White, 
of Pennsylvania, 
Seabury, of Con- 
necticut, and Mad- 
ison, of Virginia, 
joining in the 
historic ceremony 

and uniting the succession of the Anglican and Scot- 
tish episcopate. Mrs. Provoost died, 18 Aug., 1799, 
which, with other domestic bereavements and de- 
clining health, induced the bishop to resign the rec- 
torship of Trinity, 28 Sept of the following year, and 
his bishopric, 3 Sept., 1801. His resignation was 
not accepted by the house of bishops, by whom, how- 
ever, consent was given to the consecration as as- 
sistant bishop of Dr. Benjamin Moore. Provoost 
was subject to apoplectic attacks, and from one of 
these he died suddenly at his residence in Green- 
wich street. His funeral at Trinity was attended 
by the leading citizens of New York, and his re- 
mains were placed in the family vault in Trinity 
church-yard. In person Bishop Provoost was above 
medium height. His countenance was round and 
full and highly intellectual, as may be seen in the 
accompanying vignette, copied from the original 
by Benjamin West He was stately and dignified 
in manner, presenting, in the picturesque dress of 
that day, an imposing appearance. He was a fine 
classical scholar and the master of several modern 
languages. He conversed freely with Steuben and 
Lafayette in their own tongues, and had several 
Italian correspondents, including Count Claudio 
Ragone. He translated Tasso's "Jerusalem De- 
livered," but it was never {riven to the world, nor 
any of his occasional poems in English, French, and 
German. His sermons were characterized by force 
and felicity of diction. He was learned and 
benevolent and inflexibly conscientious, fond of 
society and social life. Under his administration 
as rector of Trinity for seventeen years, the church 
was rebuilt on the same site. During his epis- 
copate of fourteen years the church did not ad- 
vance as rapidly as during the same period under 
some of his successors. It must not, however, be 
forgotten that those were days of difficulties and 
depression in the church, and that the people of 
Pennsylvania threatened to throw their bishop into 
the Delaware river when he returned from Eng- 
land in 1787. The Episcopal church was only tol- 
erated, and many Protestants fiercely opposed prel- 
acy, having but recently "escaped from kings 
and bishops." While it cannot be claimed that 



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PRUD'HOMME 



PRUYN 



Provoost is among those "upon the adamant of 
whose fame the river of Time beats without injury," 
or that he should rank with those eminent found- 
ers of the American church, Seabury and White, 
Or with the epoch-makers Hobart and Whitting- 
ham, it may be asserted 
that for elegant scholar- 
ship he had no peer 
among his American 
contemporaries. He was 
so indifferent to literary 
reputation that not even 
a sermon of his appears 
to have been printed, al- 
though his accomplish- 
ments in belles-lettres 
' l were many and admira- 

ble, as may be inferred 
from Dr. Hobart's re- 
marks at the first meet- 
^ ing of the diocesan con- 
vention after the bish- 
op's death : "The character of Bishop Provoost is 
one which the enlightened Christian will estimate 
at no ordinary standard. The generous sympa- 
thies of bis nature created in him a cordial concern 
in whatever affected the interests of his fellow- 
creatures. Hence his beneficence was called into 
almost daily exercise, and his private charities were 
often beyond what was justified by his actual 
means. As a patriot he was exceeded by none. 
As a scholar he was deeply versed in classical lore 
and in the records of ecclesiastical history and 
church polity. To a very accurate knowledge of t he 
Hebrew he added a profound acquaintance with the 
Greek, Latin. French, German, Italian, and other 
languages. He made considerable progress also in 
the natural and physical sciences, of which botany 
was bis favorite branch." See ."The Centennial 
History of the Protestant Episcopal Church of the 
Diocese of New York" (New York, 1886), and an 
address on " Samuel Provoost, First Bishop of New 
York," by Gen. Jas. Grant Wilson (1887). 

PRUD'HOMME, John Francis Eugene, en- 
graver, b. on the island of St Thomas, W. I. t 4 
OcL, 1800. His parents were French. The son 
came to this country in 1807 with his family, who 
settled in New York in the spring of 1809. When 
about fourteen years old he turned his attention to 
engraving, and was a pupil of Thomas Gimbrede, 
his brother-in-law, but the latter shortly afterward 
became teacher of drawing at the U. 8. military 
academy, which left Mr. Prud'homme to pursue his 
own course. At the age of seventeen he essayed en- 
graving portraits, ana produced several fine plates 
for Longacre and Herring's " National Portrait Gal- 
lery of Distinguished Americans." He also engraved 
some plates For the annuals that were fashionable 
at that time, notably " Friar Puck," after John G. 
Chapman; "The Velvet Hat," after Joseph In- 
skeep ; and " Oberon," after a miniature by Miss 
Anne E. Hall. In 1852 Mr. Prud'homme entered 
a bank-note engraving establishment in New York, 
and from 1809 till 18815 he was employed as an orna- 
mental designer and engraver at the bureau of en- 
graving and printing in Washington. He was early 
elected member of the National academy of de- 
sign, became academician in 1846, and in 1884-'58 
was its curator. Mr. Prud'homme is a tasteful de- 
signer, a good draughtsman, and excellent en- 
graver, in the very fine stipple manner introduced 
by Caroline Watson toward the end of the 18th 
century. He resides in Georgetown, D. C, and 
still (1888) pursues his profession. He is the old- 
est living American engraver. 



PRUYN, John Tan Schalck Lansing, lawyer, 
b. in Albany, N. Y., 22 June, 1811 ; d. in Clifton 
Sprinss, N. Y., 21 Nov., 1877. He was graduated 
at Albany academy in 1826, became a student in 
the office of James King, and was admitted to the 
bar in 1882. At once he took high rank in his 

Crofession as one of the attorneys in the once-cele- 
rated James will case. In 1885 he became a direc- 
tor of the Mohawk and Hudson railroad and its 
counsel, and in 1858, when the railroads between 
Albany and Buffalo were united, forming the pres- 
ent New York Central, he conducted the proceedings 
and drew up the consolidation agreement, in some 
respects the most important business instrument 
that was ever executed in the state of New York. 
He was associated in the Hudson river bridge 
case, finally arguing it alone, was sole trustee of 
the estate of Hermanns Bleecker, and was the 
financial officer of the Sault Ste. Marie canal, 
which he carried through many difficulties. In 
1861 he was- elected state senator as a Democrat, 
having accepted the nomination on condition that 
no money should be used in the election. At the 
close of his term he gave the year's salary to the 
poor of Albany. He was a new capitol commis- 
sioner from 1865 till 1870, and in 186ft laid the first 
stone of the new 
building. He 
was a member of 
congress in 1863- 
'5 and 1867-*9, 
serving upon sev- 
eral important 
committees, and 
as a regent of the 
Smithsonian in- 
stitution. At the 
first election of 
General Grant to 
the presidency he 
was one of the tel- 
lers of the house ft 
of represent*- ^=5^W^w4f-5J. 0C«fy»w 
tives and sug- • 
gested such legislation as would have remedied the 
existing difficulties in counting the presidential 
vote. He was a regent of the University of the 
state of New York for thirty-three years, during 
the last fifteen of which he was chancellor. The 
establishment of the university convocation and 
the regents' examinations were largely if not 
almost wholly due to his efforts. The regents are- 
trustees of the State museum of natural history 
and the State library, and the present value of 
these collections is largely owing to Mr. Pruyn's 
personal interest and supervision. Mr. Pruyn 
was also president of the board of trustees of St 
Stephen's college, An nan dale, of the State board of 
charities, of the State survey, and of the Albany 
institute. He was also a member of various his- 
torical and other societies, and of the Association 
for the codification of the law of nations. Mr. 
Pruyn received the degree of M. A. from Rutgers 
in 1885, and from Union college in 1845, and that 
of LL. D. in 1852. from the University of Rochester. 
— His cousin. Robert Hewson, diplomatist, b. in 
Albany, N. Y., 14 Feb., 1815: d. in Albany, N. Y., 
26 Feb., 1882, was graduated at Rutgers in 1888, 
studied law with Abraham Van Vechten, and in 
1886 was admitted to the bar. He was corporation 
counsel of Albany, a member of the city govern- 
ment, and in 1855 became adjutant-general of the 
state. He was a Whig in politics, and served in 
the assembly in 1848-'50, and again in 1854, when 
he was elected speaker. It is said that no appeal 



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PUERTA 



131 



was made from any of bis rulings in the chair. In 
1861 he was appointed by President Lincoln ti. S. 
minister to Japan as successor to Townsend Harris. 
A 8 there were then no telegraphic facilities, months 
often elapsed before the minister could receive his 
instructions, and when they did arrive they were f re- 
a nently inapplicable, circumstances having changed. 
6ur vessels of war then in Japanese waters were 

S laced at the disposal of the minister with instruct- 
ions prescribed by the U. S. government In 1863 
Mr. Pruyn took the ground that he should regard the 
tycoon to be the real ruler of Japan, as otherwise 
foreign intercourse could never be guaranteed un- 
less treaties were ratified by the mikado. Two 
naval expeditions were undertaken against the 
transgressing daimio of Chosu, whose vessels had 
fired on the American merchant steamer " Pem- 
broke." In the first the U. S. man-of-war " Wyo- 
ming," Com. McDougall, sank the brig '* Launch " 
and blew up the steamer " Lancefield, at the same 
time running the gauntlet of shore batteries of 
eighty guns in the Straits of SimonisakL In the 
second expedition the forces of Great Britain, 
France, and Holland (the daimio having previ- 
ously fired upon the French and English vessels) 
took part, the United States being represented by 
the chartered steamer ** Takiang," having on board 
a part of the crew and guns of the " Jamestown," 
which had been left at Yokohama for the defence 
of that place. The allies demolished the fortifica- 
tions of Chosu and captured the guns. Although 
it was questioned, this proceeding postponed the 
dethronement of the tycoon for several years, and 
enabled him to observe his treaty stipulations which 
he had not been able to do, owing to the hostility 
of the daimio of Chosu. An indemnity was paid 
by Japan and intercourse was guaranteed. Mr. 
fnruyn played an important part in securing Amer- 
ican rights in the East. Mr. Pruyn's last public 
post was that of presiding officer of the State con- 
stitutional convention of 1872. For the last years 
of his life he was not greatly identified with .public 
affairs, but was deeply interested in various enter- 
prises, and at the time of his death was president 
of the National commercial bank of Albany. He 
was a trustee of Rutgers college, to which he gave 
$10,000. and was president of the board of directors 
of the Dudley observatory. He received the degree 
of M. A. from Rutgers in 1836, and in 1865 that of 
LL. D. from Williams. 

PRYOR, Roger Atklngon, lawyer, b. near 
Petersburg, Va., 10 July, 1828. He was graduated 
at Hampden Sidney college in 1845, and at the 
University of Virginia, three years later, studied 
law, and was admitted to the bar, but entered 
journalism. He joined the staff of the Washing- 
ton " Union," and was afterward editor of the 
Richmond " Enquirer." He was sent at twenty- 
seven on a special mission to Greece by President 
Pierce. In 1856 he opposed William L. Yancey's 
proposition to reopen the slave-trade. He was an 
ardent advocate of state-rights, and established a 
daily paper, the " South," at Richmond, in which 
he represented the extreme views of the Virginia 
Democracy. His aggressive course and the intense 
utterance of his convictions led to several duels. 
He was elected to congress in 1859 to fill a vacancy, 
and was re-elected in 1860. but did not take his seat. 
While in that body he made various fiery speeches, 
and in the excited condition of the public mind 
preceding the civil war was often involved in pas- 
sionate discussions with his northern opponents. 
One of these, John F. Potter (q. v.\ replied to him 
with similar acrimony, and was challenged. Mr. 
Potter named bowie-knives as the weapons, and 



the Virginian's seconds refused to allow their prin- 
cipal to fight with arms which they pronounced 
barbarous. This challenge created an uproar 
throughout the country, and was accompanied with 
severe and characteristic comments on the princi- 
pals from the northern and southern press. Mr. 
rryor was eager for war, and visited Charleston to 
witness the firing on Sumter, and its surrender. 
He was sent to the provisional Confederate con- 
gress at Richmond, and elected to the first regular 
congress. Soon afterward he entered the Confed- 
erate army as a colonel, and was made a brigadier- 
general after the battle of Williamsburg. He re- 
signed, 26 Aug., 1863, was taken prisoner in 1864, 
and confined for some time in Fort Lafayette. 
After the surrender of the Confederate armies, be 
urged on the south the adoption of a policy of ac- 
quiescence and loyalty to the government. He went 
to New York in 1865, settled there as a lawyer, and 
is still practising. He has taken no part in poli- 
tics since the war, confining himself exclusively to 
his profession. He is the author of many speeches 
and literary addresses, and has been given the de- 
gree of LL. D. by Hampden Sidney college. 

PUENTE, Juan Ellglo (poo-ain'-tay), Spanish 
author, b. in Asturias about 1720; d. in Mexico 
about 1780. Very little is known of his life, ex- 
cept that he was employed as chief clerk in the 
office of the secretary of the viceroyalty of Mexico, 
Melchor de Peramas, and probably was sent by him 
on several missions to Florida. His manuscripts 
were found in the library of the secretary, after the 
evacuation of Mexico by the Spaniards, and include 
" Noticias de la Provincia de la Florida y el Cayo 
de lo8 Martires, con su Piano v Mapa " (dated 1769), 
the accompanying map of which is remarkably cor- 
rect for that time ; u Informe de los Pescados que 
se crian en las Costas de la Florida y Campecne, 
y de los beneficios que pueden resultar de tales 
Pesquerias" (1770); ana "Noticia exacta de las 
Familias, que por la entrega de la Florida a la 
Corona Britanica, se retiraron 4 la Habana, y modo 
con que fueron recibidas" (1770). 

PUERTA, Cristobal Martinez (poo-air'-tah), 
Spanish missionary, b. in Andalusia in 1580 ; d. in 
Honduras, Central America, in September, 1628. 
He was a soldier in his youth, came in 1600 to 
America with Juan Monasteries, and landed in 
Truiillo, Honduras. He served in tfce expedition 
to Costa Rica, and while there resolved to abandon 
the army and undertake the conversion of the 
Indians of the province of Teguzgalpa. In 1602 
he retired to Guatemala, entered the Franciscan 
order. 17 Oct, and in the newly founded seminary 
studied theology and the principal Indian dialects. 
Afterward he was professor of Latin grammar in 
Cbiapa, and master of novices in the convent of 
Guatemala, but he continued in his desire to con- 
vert the natives, and after many difficulties ob- 
tained from his superiors permission to undertake 
the task. With another friar and four Guanajuan 
Indians as interpreters he landed at Cape Gracias 
4 Dios, penetrated into the interior, and was fairly 
successful with the Paye and Guazacalpa tribes, 
where he founded the mission of Conception near 
Jurua river. He afterward received a vessel with 
auxiliaries and another priest, and undertook the 
conversion of the Guava and Jicaque tribes, where 
he founded seven other missions. While camping 
on Guampo river, he was invited by the ferocious 
Albatuino tribe to preach to them, and, notwith- 
standing the opposition of his Jicaque converts, he 
entered their country and was murdered by them 
toward the end of September, 1628. His body was 
recovered later by Juan de Miranda, the governor of 



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132 



PUEYRREDON 



PUGH 



Truiillo, and buried in the chapel of San Antonio 
in the Franciscan convent of Guatemala. He wrote 
•* Cartas al Provincial de Guatemala sobre la Ex- 
pedici6n a Teguzgalpa" and •• Satisfaccidn a las 
razones alegadas contra la expedici6n a Teguz- 
galpa, etc., which are preserved in manuscript in 
the Franciscan convent of Guatemala. 

PUEYRREDON, Joan Martin de (poo-air'-ray- 
don'), Argentine statesman, b. in Buenos Ayres 
about 1775 ; d. there about 1840. He received his 
education in Spain, but returned in the first years 
of the 19th century. When the English general, 
Sir William Beresford, occupied Buenos Ayres, 27 
June, 1806, Pueyrredon refused to recognize the 
English authorities, and, leaving the city, began to 
organize resistance. On 81 July, with a force of 
armed peasants, he attacked the English outworks, 
and was driven back, but his troops surrounded 
the city, which capitulated on 11 Aug. In the 
second invasion of the English he took a principal 
part in the heroic defence of the city, which ended 
oy the capitulation of (Jen. Whitelocfce, 7 July, 1807. 
He was active in the movement for independence 
in 1810, and, after the resignation of the director, 
Alvarez, was elected by the congress of Tucuraan, 
of which he was a member, supreme director of the 
Argentine Republic, 8 May, 1816. Together with 
San Martin and Belgrano he favored in that con- 
gress the election of a monarch, fearing that a re- 
publican form of government would continue the 
anarchy that existed at that time. During his ad- 
ministration he did his utmost to assist San Martin, 
governor of Cuyo, in the preparation of his expedi- 
tion for the liberation of Chili, and, after the latter's 
departure, 17 Jan., 1817, forwarded re-enforcements 
and resources to him. In the same year he obtained 
the transfer of the congress to Buenos Ayres, in order 
to have it more under his influence. On 18 May 
that body began its sessions there, and in 1818 it 
decreed the new constitution, which caused general 
discontent and several revolts. Pueyrredon sent 
forces from Buenos Ayres against the rebellious 
provinces, and ordered the army of the north 
against them, but the insurgents were victorious, 
and Pueyrredon was forced to resign, 10 June, 1819, 
taking refuge in Montevideo. After a few years 
he returned, but he did not again take part in pub- 
lic life, ending his days in retirement on his estate, 
Bosoue Hermoso, near Buenos Ayres. 

PUFFER, Reuben, clergyman, b. in Sudbury, 
Mass., 7 Jan., 1756 ; d. in Berlin, Mass., 9 April, 
1829. He was graduated at Harvard in 1778, 
taught in East Sudbury (now Wavland), Mass., 
studied theology, and became in 1781 pastor of the 
Congregational church in Bolton (now Berlin), 
which charge he held till his death. Harvard gave 
him the degree of D. D. in 1810. He published an 
election sermon (1802) ; " Dudleian Lecture at Har- 
vard " (1808) ; an Address (4 July, 1810) ; " Conven- 
tion Sermon" (1811); and "Two Sermons n (1826). 

PUGH, Eliza Lofton (pew), author, b. in Bay- 
ou Lafourche, La., in 1841. Her father, Col. 
George Phillips, served in the legislature, and 
her mother was a daughter of Judge John Rhea. 
After graduation at a seminary in New Orleans in 
1858, she married William W. Pugh, a planter of 
Assumption parish, La. She has written under 
the pen-name of " Arria," and is the author of two 
novels, " Not a Hero " (New York, 1867), and " In 
a Crucible" (Philadelphia, 1871). 

PUGH, Ellis, Quaker preacher, b. in the parish 
of Dolgellau, Meinoethshire, North Wales, in Au- 
gust, 1656: d. in Gwynedd, Pa., 8 Dec.. 1718. His 
father died before his birth, and his mother soon af- 
terward. In his eighteenth year he was converted, 



under the preaching of John ap John, a Quaker, 
and in 1680 he was approved as a minister. In 
1687 he and his family, with many of his acquaint- 
ance, settled near the township of Gwynedd, in 
Philadelphia (now Montgomery) county, Pa., 
where he found hundreds of his countrymen, whose 
worship was performed in Welsh. He was able to 
support his family as a farmer, but his heart was 
engaged in the ministry and he was always warmly 
welcomed in the various meetings of his society in 
Philadelphia, Chester, and Bucks counties. In 
1706 a religious " concern " led him back to Wales, 
where he remained until 1708, when he returned to 
his family and resumed his ministerial labors. He 
wrote, for the most part in his last sickness, a book 
entitled " Anerch iV Cyraru " — that is, " A saluta- 
tion to the Britains, to call them from the many 
things to the one thing needful, for the saving of 
their souls." This book was afterward printed by 
Andrew Bradford (Philadelphia, 1721), and is the 
first Welsh book that is known to have been 
printed in this country. So popular and well re- 
ceived was this dying testimony that in 1727 an 
English edition was published, the translation hav- 
ing been made by Rowland Ellis (1727). 

PUGH, Evan, chemist, b. in East Nottingham, 
Pa., 29 Feb., 1828; d. in Bellefonte, Pa., 29 April, 
1864. He was early apprenticed to the black- 
smith's trade, but at the age of nineteen bought 
out the residue of his time and studied at the 
Whitestown, N. Y., seminary, meanwhile supporting 
himself bv manual labor. Falling heir to a small 
property in his native town, including a school, he 
taught there successfully for several years. In 

1858 he disposed of these interests and went abroad, 
where for four years he studied natural science 
and mathematics in the universities of Leipsic, 
Gflttingen, Heidelberg, and Paris, receiving in 
1856 the degree of Ph. D. at the University of 
GOttingen. After this he devoted attention to 
agricultural chemistry, and made in England a 
series of valuable determinations of nitrogen, show- 
ing that plants do not assimilate free nitrogen. In 

1859 he returned to the United States and accepted 
the presidency of Pennsylvania agricultural col- 
lege. He at once organized a new scheme of in- 
struction, planned and superintended the erection 
of the college buildings, secured endowments, and, 
besides taking the general guidance of the institu- 
tion, had special charge of the practical investiga- 
tions of the students in chemistry, scientific agri- 
culture, mineralogy, and geology. This office he 
held until his death. Dr. Pugh was a fellow of the 
London chemical society, a member of scientific 
societies in the United States, and contributed to 
scientific literature. 

PUGH, George Ellis, senator, b. in Cincinnati, 
Ohio, 28 Nov., 1822 ; d. there, 19 July, 1876. After 
his graduation at Miami university in 1840 he 
practised law until the beginning of the Mexican 
war, in which he took part as captain in the 4th 
Ohio regiment, and also as aide to Gen. Joseph 
Lane. In 1848-*9 he served in the legislature, and 
he was city solicitor of Cincinnati in 1850, and 
attorney-general of Ohio in 1851. He was elected 
to the U. S. senate as a Democrat, serving from 3 
Dec., 1855, till 3 March, 1861, and was a member of 
the committees on public lands, and the judiciary. 
He was a delegate to the National Democratic con- 
vention in Charleston, S. C, in 1860, and made a 
speech in reply to William L. Yancey. One of his 
ablest efforts was his appeal in behalf of Clement 
L. Vallandigham [q. v.) in 1863, in the habeas cor- 
pus proceeding involving the question as to the 
power and duty of the judge to relieve Mr. Vallan- 



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183 



dighara from military confinement He was de- 
feated as the Democratic candidate for lieutenant- 
governor in 1863, and for congress in 1864. In 
1878 be was elected to the State constitutional con- 
vention, but declined to serve. 

PUGH, James Lawrence, senator, b. in Burke 
county, Ga., 12 Dec., 1820. In early years he re- 
moved with his family to Alabama, where he re- 
ceived a collegiate education, studied law, and was 
admitted to the bar. He began to practise in Eu- 
faula, Ala., was a presidential elector in 1848 and 
1856, and was then elected to congress as a Demo- 
crat, serving from 5 Dec, 1850, till 21 Jan., 1861, 
when he retired, on the secession of his state. He 
was a delegate from Alabama to the house of rep- 
resentatives in the 1st and 2d Confederate con- 
gresses, serving from 22 Feb., 1862, till the sur- 
render in 1865. He also served as a private in the 
Confederate army, and after the war again prac- 
tised law. Mr. Pugh was president of the Demo- 
cratic state convention of 1874, a member of the 
Constitutional convention of 1875, and a presiden- 
tial elector again in 1876. He was elected a U. S. 
senator from Alabama for the term ending in 1885, 
to fill the vacancy caused by the death of George 
S. Houston, and was re-elected for the term ending 
3 March, 1891. 

PULASKI, Kailmlen (or Caslmlr), Polish 
soldier, b. in Podolia, 4 March, 1748; d. near 
Savannah, Ga., 11 Oct., 1779. He was the eldest 
eon of Joseph Pulaski, founder of the confedera- 
tion of Ban*. He 
received a thorough 
education and served 
in the guard of Duke 
Charles, of Cour- 
land. In 1767 he 
returned to Poland 
and joined his father 
as one of the eight 
original associates of 
the confederation of 
Barr, 29 Feb., 1768. 
He continued to car- 
ry on a partisan war- 
fare after the arrest 
and death of his fa- 
ther. He raised a 
revolt in Lithuania 
in 1769, and, al- 
though he was driven 
into the fortified 
monastery of Czen- 
stochova, he finally compelled the besieging Rus- 
sian army to withdraw. He helped to drive the 
Russians across the Vistula, but opposed the plans 
of the French commissioner. Francois Dumouriez, 
and refused to join the main army, thus causing 
the loss of the battle of Landskron in 1770. He 
was then elected commander-in-chief, but was de- 
feated, and returned to Czenstochova. He has 
been accused of planning the abduction of King 
Stanislas Poniatowski from Warsaw, but modern 
historians have cleared him of all participation in 
it The plot had for its result the intervention of 
Prussia and Austria, and led ultimately to the par- 
tition of Poland in 1778. Pulaski's estates were 
confiscated, he was outlawed, and a price was set 
on his head. He escaped to Turkey, but, failing 
to obtain succor from the sultan, went to Paris 
toward the close of 1775. He had there several in- 
terviews with Benjamin Franklin, and, becoming 
interested in the American struggle for independ- 
ence, came to this country in March, 1777. He 
proceeded immediately to Philadelphia, and was 




attached to the staff of Washington. The first 
action in which he took part was at the Brandy wine. 
When the Continental troops began to yield, he 
made a reconnoissance with the general s body- 
guard, and reported that 
the enemy were endeav- 
oring to cut off the line 
of retreat He was au- 
thorized to collect as 
many of the scattered 
troops as came in his 
way, and employ them 
according to nis discre- 
tion, which he did in a 
manner so prompt as to 
effect important aid in 
the retreat of the army. 
Four days later, on rec- 
ommendation of Wash- 
ington, be was commis- 
sioned brigadier-general, 
and placed in charge of 
the cavalry. He saved 
the army from a sur- 
prise at Warren tavern, 
near Philadelphia, took 
part in the battle of Ger- 

mantown, and in the winter of 1777-*8 engaged 
in the operations of Gen. Anthony Wayne, con- 
tributing to the defeat of a British division at 
Haddonfleld, N. J. The cavalry officers could not 
be reconciled to the orders of a foreigner who could 
scarcely speak English and whose ideas of disci- 
pline and tactics differed widely from those to 
which they had been accustomed, and these circum- 
stances induced Pulaski to resign his command in 
March, 1778, and return to Valley Forge, where 
he was assigned to special duty. At his suggestion, 
which was adopted by Washington, congress 
authorized the formation of a corps of lancers and 
light infantry, in which even deserters and prison- 
ers of war might enlist This corps, which became 
famous under the name of Pulaski's legion, was 
recruited mainly in Baltimore. In September 
it numbered about 850 men, divided into three 
companies of cavalry and three of infantry. The 
poet Longfellow has commemorated in verse this 
episode of Pulaski's life. In the autumn be was 
ordered to Little Egg Harbor with his legion, a 
company of artillery, and a party of militia. A 
German deserter named Gustav Juliet, who held a 
subordinate command in the legion and who enter- 
tained a grudge against Col. de Bosen, the leader 
of the infantry, betrayed their whereabouts to the 
British, who made a night attack upon De Bosen's 
camp. Pulaski heard the tumult and, assembling 
his cavalry, repelled the enemy, but the legion 
suffered a loss of forty men. During the following 
winter he was stationed at Minisink, N. J. He 
was dissatisfied with his petty command, and in- 
tended to leave the service and return to Europe, 
but was dissuaded by Gen. Washington. He was 
ordered to South Carolina, and entered Charleston 
on 8 May, 1779. The city was invested on the 1 1th 
by 900 British from the army of Gen. Prevost 
Pulaski made a furious assault upon them, but was 
repelled. The governor and the city council were 
inclined to surrender, but Pulaski held the city till 
the arrival of support on 18 May. Prevost re- 
treated in the night of the same day across Ashley 
river, and Pulaski, hovering upon the enemy's 
flanks, harassed them till they evacuated South 
Carolina. Although he had frequent attacks of 
malarial fever, be remained in active service, and 
toward the beginning of September received orders 



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PULITZER 



PULSIPBR 



to join Gen. John Mcintosh at August*, and to 
move with him toward Savannah in advance of the 
army of Gen. Benjamin Lincoln. Before the 
enemy was aware of his presence he captured an 
outpost, and, after several skirmishes, established 
permanent communications with the French fleet 
at Beaufort He rendered great services during 
the siege of Savannah, and in the assault of Oct 
commanded the whole cavalry, both French and 
American. Toward the close of the action he re- 
ceived a shot in the upper part of his right thigh, 
and was taken to the U. S. brig •* Wasp." He diea as 
the vessel was leaving the river. His body was 
buried at sea, but his funeral ceremony took place 
afterward in Charleston. Congress voted a monu- 
ment to his memory, which has never been erected, 
but one was raised by the citizens of Savannah, of 
which Lafayette laid the corner-stone during his 
visit to the United States in 1834. It was com- 
pleted on 6 Jan., 1855, and is represented in the 
accompanying illustration. 

PULITZER, Joseph (pul'-it-zer), journalist, b. 
in Buda-Pesth, Hungary, 10 April, 1847. He was 
educated in his native city and came to this coun- 
try in early youth. Soon after arriving in New 
York he went to St Louis, where he quickly ac- 
quired a knowledge of English, became interested 
in politics, and was elected to the Missouri legisla- 
ture in 1869, and to the State constitutional con- 
vention in 1874. He entered journalism at twenty 
as a reporter on the St Louis " Westliche Post, 
a German Republican newspaper, then under the 
editorial control of Carl Schurz. He subsequently 
became its managing editor, and obtained a pro- 

Ery interest In 1878 he founded the " rost- 
tch " in that city by buying the " Dispatch •" 
miting it with the " Evening Post," and he 
still retains control of the journal. In 1872 he was 
a delegate to the Cincinnati convention which 
nominated Horace Greeley for the presidency, and 
in 1880 he was a delegate to the Democratic National 
convention, and a member of its platform commit- 
tee from Missouri. In 1883 he purchased the New 
York '• World," which, after twenty-three years 
of existence under various managers, had achieved 
no permanent success, and he has greatly increased 
its circulation. He is at present its editor and sole 
proprietor. He was elected to congress in 1884, 
but resigned a few months after taxing his seat, 
on account of the pressure of journalistic duties. 

PULLMAN, George Mortimer, inventor, b. 
in Chautauqua county, N. Y., 8 March, 1881. At 
fourteen he entered the employment of a country 
merchant, and at seventeen joined an elder brother 
in the cabinet-making business in Albion, N. Y. 
At twenty-two he successfully undertook a con- 
tract for moving warehouses and other buildings, 
along the line of the Erie canal, then being widened 
by the state. In 1859 he removed to Chicago and 
engaged extensively in the then novel task of rais- 
ing entire blocks of brick and stone buildings. In 
1858 his attention was first directed to the discom- 
fort of long-distance railway travelling, and he de- 
termined, if possible, to offer the public something 
better. In 1859 he remodelled two old day-coaches 
of the Chicago and Alton road into sleeping-cars, 
which at once found favor and established a de- 
mand for improved travelling accommodation. 
In 1868 he began the construction at Chicago of a 
sleeping-car upon the now well-known model, which 
was destined to associate his name inseparably with 
progress in railway equipment It was named the 
" Pioneer," and cost about $18,000. From this small 
beginning he continued to develop his ideas for 
comfort and safety in railway travel, till Pullman 




cars are now known all over the world. The Pull- 
man palace-car company, of which he is president 
was organized in 1867, and it now operates over 
1,400 cars on more than 100,000 miles of railway. 
In 1887 he designed and established the system of 
•• vestibuled trains," which virtually makes of an 
entire train a sin- 
gle car. They 
were first put 
in service upon 
the Pennsylvania 
trunk lines, and 
are now to be 
found on many 
other railroads. 
In 1880, in obedi- 
ence to the im- 
perative demand 
of the Pullman 
company for in- 
creased shop-facil- 
ities, and to give 
effect to an idea 
he bad long cher- 
ished of improv- 
ing the social 
surroundings of 
the workmen, he 
founded near Chi- 
cago the industrial town of Pullman, which now 
contains over 11,000 inhabitants, 5,000 of whom 
are employed in the company's shops. Archi- 
tecturally the town is picturesque, with broad 
streets, handsome public buildings, and attrac- 
tive houses, supplied, with every modern conveni- 
ence, for the employes. According to mortality 
statistics, it is one of the most healthful places 
in the world. Mr. Pullman has been identified 
with various public enterprises, among them the 
Metropolitan elevated railway system of New York, 
which was constructed and opened to the public 
by a corporation of which he was president — His 
brother, James Mlnton, clergyman, b. in Port- 
land, Chautauqua co., N. Y., 21 Aug., 1886, was 
graduated at St Lawrence divinity-school, Canton, 
N. Y., in 1860. He was pastor of the 1st Univer- 
salist church, Troy, N. Y., from 1861 till 1868, 
when he was called to the 6th Universalist church, 
New York city, where he remained until 1885. He 
organized ana was first president of the Young 
men's Universalist association of New York city 
in 1869, was secretary of the Universalist general 
convention in 1868-'77, and chairman of the pub- 
lication board of the New York state convention 
in 1869-74. From 1870 till 1885 he was a trustee 
of St Lawrence university, which save him the de- 
gree of D. D. in 1879. Since 1885 he has been pas- 
tor of the 1st Universalist church in Lynn, Mass., 
and he is president of the associated charities of 
that city. His standpoint is the ethical as op- 
posed to the magical interpretation of Christianity. 
He edited the "Christian Leader" several years, 
and has published reviews and lectures. 

PULSIFER, David, antiquary, b. in Ipswich, 
Mass., 22 Sept, 1802. He studied in the district 
schools until he was fifteen years of age, and then 
went to Salem to learn bookbinding, where, in 
handling old records, his taste for antiquarian re- 
search was first developed. Subsequently he served 
as clerk in county courts, and transcribed several 
ancient books of records. In 1853 the governor 
of Massachusetts called the attention of the ex- 
ecutive council to the perishing condition of the 
early records and recommended that the two old- 
est volumes of the general court records should 



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be printed at the expense of the state. Ephraim 
M. Wright and Nathaniel B. Shnrtleff were ap- 
pointed to take charge of the printing, and David 
Pulsifer, who was acknowledged to be especially 
skilful in deciphering the chirograph? of the 17th 
century, was charged with the copying. He had 
previously copied the first volume for the Ameri- 
can antiquarian society. Of his work, Samuel F. 
Haven, in his introduction to the printed records 
in the " Archeologia," says : " He unites the quali- 
ties of an expert in chirograph? with a genuine an- 
tiquarian taste and much familiarity with ancient 
records." Mr. Pulsifer has edited the " Records of 
the Colony of New Plymouth in New England " 
<yols. ix. to xil, Boston, 1859-'61); -The Simple 
Cobbler of Aggawam in America " (1848) ; " A Poeti- 
cal Epistle to George Washington, Esq., Command- 
er-in-Chief of the Armies of the United States of 
America, by Rev. Charles H. Wharton* D. D.," 
which was first published anonymously in An- 
napolis in 1779 (1881) ; and M The Christian's A. B. 
€., an original manuscript, written in the 18th 
century by an unknown author (1883). He is the 
author of " Inscriptions from the Burying-Grounds 
in Salem, Mass." (Boston, 1887) ; " Guide to Boston 
and Vicinity " (1866) ; and an " Account of the 
Battle of Bunker Hill, with General John Bur- 
govne's Account " (1872). 

PULTRJoeepIi Hlppolyt, physician, b. in 
Meschede, Westphalia, Germany, 6 Oct, 1811 ; d. 
in Cincinnati, Ohio, 24 Feb., 1884. He was edu- 
cated in the gymnasium of Sost and received his 
medical degree at the University of Hamburg. He 
followed his brother, Dr. Hermann Pulte, to this 
country in 1884, and practised in C'herrytown, Pa., 
but became a convert to homoeopathy, and took an 
active interest in forming the homoeopathic acade- 
my in Allentown, Pa- which was closed in 1840. 
He then removed to Cincinnati, Ohio. In 1844 he 
founded, with others, the American institute of 
homoeopathy in New York city, and in 1872 he 
established in Cincinnati the medical college that 
bears his name, where he was professor of the sci- 
ence of clinical medicine. In 1852 he was made 
professor of the same branch at the Homoeopathic 
college of Cleveland, and he served as professor of 
obstetrics in 1858-'5. He contributed to various 
homoeopathic journals, was an editor of the 
"American Magazine of Homoeopathy and Hy- 
dropathy" in 1852-'4,and of the M Quarterly Ho- 
moeopathic Magazine" in 1854; edited Teste's 
*• Diseases of Children," translated by Emma H. 
Cote (2d ed., Cincinnati, 1857) ; and was the author 
of "Organon der Weltgeschichte " (Cincinnati, 
1846: English ed., 1859); "The Homoeopathic Do- 
mestic Physician" (1850); "A Reply to Dr. Met- 
calf" (1851); -The Science of Medicine" (Cleve- 
land, 1852) ; " The Woman's Medical Guide " (Cin- 
cinnati, 1858); and "Civilization and its Heroes: 
an Oration" (1855). 

PUMACAHUA, Mateo (poo-mah-cah'-wah), 
Peruvian insurgent, b. in Chinchero about 1760; 
d. in Sicuani, 17 March, 1815. He was cacique of 
his native tribe, but served with the royalists and 
aided in suppressing the revolution of 1780, headed 
by Jose Gabriel Condorcanqui For his services 
he was appointed colonel of militia, and soon after- 
ward he obtained the same rank in the army. At 
the beginning of the struggle for independence he 
served the royalists, ana was appointed by the 
viceroy Abascal to maintain order in the province 
of Cuzco. With 8,500 men and the forces of anoth- 
er cacique, Manuel Choquehuanca, he pacified the 
whole territory, and Abascal recommended him to 
the king, who appointed him brigadier in 181 1. In 



1812, during an absence of Gen. Goyeneche, the 
viceroy appointed Pumacahua temporary governor 
of upper Peru and president of the rovafaudien- 
cia. A sudden change now took place m his opin- 
ions, and when the revolution in Cuzco under Jose 
and Vicente Angulo began, 8 Aug., 1814, Pumaca- 
hua took part in it, ana was appointed a member 
of the governing junta. On Nov., in command 
of a division, he attacked and defeated the forces 
that defended the province of Arequipa, and took 
possession of the city. But on the 80th of the 
same month he left that place and went to Cuzco, 
and meanwhile Gen. Ramirez occupied the city. 
After two months' sojourn, occupied in organizing 
his forces and casting cannon, Pumacahua, at the 
approach of Ramirez, took up a strongly fortified 
position near Umachiri, which was stormed on 11 
March, 1815. Pumacahua was totally defeated, 
and soon afterward hanged by order of Ramirez. 

PUMPELLY, Mary Hollenback Welles 
(pum-pel'-ly), poet, b. in Athens, Pa., 6 May, 
1808 ; d. in Paris, France, 4 Dec, 1879. She wrote 
religious historical poems, including "Belshaz- 
zar*s Feast," " Pilate's Wife's Dream," " Herod's 
Feast," and M An Ode to Shakespeare." Some of 
these were collected and published in a volume 
(New York, 1852).— Her son, Raphael, geologist, 
b. in Owego, N. Y., 8 Sept, 1887, was educated at 
the polytechnic school in Hanover, and at the 
Royal mining school in Freiberg, Saxony, after 
which he travelled extensively through the mining 
districts of Europe for the purpose of studying 
geology and metallurgy by direct observation. In 
1860 he was engaged m mining operations in Ari- 
zona, and during l861-'8 he was employed by the 
government of Japan to explore the island of Yesso, 
after which he was engaged by the Chinese authori- 
ties to examine the coal-fields of northen China, and 
returned to the United States in 1866, after cross- 
ing Mongolia, central Asia, and Siberia, thus com- 
Sleting a geological journey around the world in 
le north temperate zone. During 1866-'75 he 
was professor of mining at the School of min- 
ing and practical geology at Harvard, and in 
1870-'l he conducted the geological survey of the 
copper region of Michigan, for which he prepared 
" Copper-Bearing Rocks," being part ii. of vol- 
ume l of the M Geological Survey of Michigan " 
(New York, 1878). He was called upon in 1871 to 
conduct the geological survey of Missouri, and for 
three years devoted his energies to that task, pre- 
paring " A Preliminary Report on the Iron 6res 
and Coal Fields," with an atlas for the report of 
the " Geological Survey of Missouri" (New York, 
1878). When the U. S. geological survey was es- 
tablished in 1879, Prof. Pumpelly organized the 
division of economic geology, and as a special agent 
of the 10th census he planned and directed the in- 
vestigations on the mining industries, exclusive of 
the precious metals, and prepared volume xv. of 
the " Census Reports" on **The Mining Industries 
of the United States" (Washington, 1886). During 
1879-'80 he conducted at Newport, R. I., an elabo- 
rate investigation for the National board of 
health as to the ability of various soils to filter 
spores from liquids ana from air. In 1881 he or- 
ganized the Northern transcontinental survey, with 
reference to collecting information concerning the 
topographical and economic features of Dakota, 
Montana, and Washington territories, and had 
charge of the work until its cessation in 1884, also 
editing the reports of the survey. He then re-en- 
tered the national survey as geologist of the archa> 
an division of geology, on which service he is now 
(1888) engaged. Pro! Pumpelly is a member of 



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various scientific societies, and in 1872 was elected 
to membership in the National academy of sci- 
ences. He has contributed papers to the literature 
of his profession, many of which have appeared 
in the " American Journal of Science " or in the 
transactions of learned societies. His books in- 
clude " Geological Researches in China, Mongolia, 
and Japan during the Years 1862-'5," issued by the 
Smithsonian institution (Washington, 1866), and 
"Across America and Asia" (New York, 1869). 

PUNCHARD, George, editor, b. in Salem, 
Mass., 7 June, 1806; d. in Boston, Mass., 2 April, 
1880. His father, John (1768-1857), served in the 
Revolutionary army and was probably the last sur- 
vivor of the regiments that were stationed at West 
Point at the time of Arnold's treason. The son 
was graduated at Dartmouth in 1826, and at An- 
dover theological seminary in 1829. From 1880 
till 1844 he was pastor of a Congregational church 
in Plymouth, N. H. Mr. Punchard was associate 
editor and proprietor of the "Boston Traveler," 
of which he was also a founder, from 1846 till 
1857, and again from 1867 till 1871. He was sec- 
retary of the New England branch of the Ameri- 
can tract society, and the author of a " View of 
Congregationalism " (Andover, 1850), and a " His- 
tory of Congregationalism from A. D. 250 to 1616 " 
(1841 ; 2d e<L 5 vols., New York, 186o-»7). 

PURCELL, John Baptist R C. archbishop, 
b. in Mallow, County Cork, Ireland, 26 Feb., 1800; 
d. in Brown county, Ohio, 4 July, 1888. He emi- 
grated to the United States in 1818, and entered 
Ashbury college, Baltimore, where he taught. In 
1820 he was admitted to Mount St Mary's, Em- 
mettsburg, and. after receiving minor orders, fin- 
ished his theological course in the Sulpitian col- 
lege, Paris. He was ordained a priest in the cathe- 
dral of Notre Dame in 1826, and in 1827 was ap- 
pointed professor of philosophy in St. Mary's col- 
lege, becoming president in 1828. The progress 
that this institution made during his presidency 
attracted the notice of the American hierarchy, 
and he was nominated bishop of Cincinnati. He 
was consecrated on 13 Oct, 1888. At the time of 
his appointment there was only one small frame 
Roman Catholic church in the city, and not more 
than 16 in the diocese, while the church property 
was valued at about $12,000. He founded acade- 
mies and schools, organized German congrega- 
tions, and built a convent for the Ursulines. The 
number of Roman Catholics had increased from 
6,000 to 70,000 in 1846, with 70 churches and 73 
priests. In 1847 the diocese of Cleveland was 
formed out of that of Cincinnati, and placed under 
the jurisdiction of another prelate at his request 
He was made an archbishop in 1850, with four 
suffragan bishops attached to his see, and being 
in Rome in 1851, he received the pallium from the 
pope's own hands. He at once set about found- 
ing what was to be one of the chief theological 
seminaries of the country, Mount St Mary's of the 
West He presided over his first provincial coun- 
cil in 1855, and held a second in 1858. It was 
impossible to meet the wants of the new congre- 
gations with the resources at hand, and this led 
to the financial embarrassments that shadowed 
the closing years of the archbishop's life. In 1868 
the creation of new sees had limited his diocese 
to that part of Ohio south of latitude 40° 4V, but 
this still contained nearly 140,000 Roman Catho- 
lics. In 1869 he attended the Vatican council, 
was active in its deliberations, and, although he 
opposed the declaration of the infallibility of the 
pope, be at once subscribed to the doctrine on its 
definition. His golden jubilee was celebrated in 



1876 with great splendor. A crisis in his financial 
affairs came in 1879. Several years before this he 
had permitted his brother, Edward Purcell, who 
was vicar-general of the diocese, to receive deposits 
of money. Neither of them knew anything of the 
principles on which business should be conducted. 
When the crash came. Edward Purcell died of a 
broken heart It was discovered that the indebted- 
ness reached nearly $4,000,000. The folly of the 
financial operations that led to it was widely com- 
mented on, but no one thought of charging the arch- 
bishop with dishonesty or evil intent The sal- 
ary of a bishop known as the " cathedraticum " 
amounts to $4,000 or $5,000 a year, but he was 
twenty-five years a bishop before he could be pre- 
vailed on to accept any part of the sum. He was 
given $800 one morning, and by evening? he had 
parted with the whole. His priests gave him $8,400 
at his golden jubilee ; the next day he divided it 
among charitable institutions. He offered his resig- 
nation in 1880, but it was felt that its acceptance 
would imply some reproach. He was given a co- 
adjutor instead, and retired to a house in Brown 
county. At his death the number of Roman Catho- 
lics in the diocese that he originally held was more 
than half a million, the priests numbered 480, and 
the churches 500. Archbishop Purcell in 1837 held 
a seven days' discussion with Alexander Campbell, 
and in 1870 publicly defended Christianity against 
an infidel orator. Both discussions were printed 
and widely circulated ; the latter as " The Roman 
Clergy and Free Thought " (1870). His other pub- 
lications were " Lectures and Pastoral Letters," 
" Diocesan Statutes, Acts, and Decrees of Three 
Provincial Councils held in Cincinnati," and a se- 
ries of school-books for use in Roman Catholic 
schools in his diocese. 

PURCHAS, Samuel, English clergyman, b. in 
Thaxted, Essex, England, in 1577 ; d. in London 
in 1628. He was educated at St John's college, 
Cambridge, and in 1604 became vicar of Eastwood, 
Essex. Removing to London, he compiled from 
more than 1,800 authorities a work entitled " Pur- 
chas, his Pilgrimage ; or, Relations of the World 
and the Religions observed in all Ages and Places 
discovered from the Creation unto this Present " 
(4 parts, folio, London, 1613 ; 4th ed., 1626), and 
"Hakluyt's Posthumus: or, Purchas, his Pil- 
grimes,' r for which he used Hakluyt's manuscript 
collections, and which preserves the original narra- 
tives of the early English navigators and explorers 
of the western world (5 vols., folio, 1625-'o). He 
also published " The King's Tower and Triumphal 
Arch of London" (1623) and " Microcosm us, or 
the Historic of Man," which is sometimes called 
Purchas's " Funeral Sermon " (1627). 

PURDON, John, lawyer, b. in Philadelphia, 
Pa., in 1784 ; d. there, 8 Oct., 1835. He was gradu- 
ated at Princeton in 1802, and was admitted to the 
bar in 1806, served in the legislature, and was ac- 
tive in public affairs. He published an " Abridg- 
ment of the Laws of Pennsylvania from 1700" 
(Philadelphia, 1811). Frederick C. Brightly edited 
the 8th and 0th editions (1858 and 1862), with an- 
nual supplements to 1869. 

PURMAN, William J M jurist b. in Centre 
county. Pa., 11 April, 1840. He received a liberal 
education, studied law, and was admitted to the 
bar, but entered the National army as a private, 
serving on special duty in the war department and 
in Florida. He was a member of the Constitu- 
tional convention of Florida in 1868, and also of 
the state senate, judge of Jackson county court in 
1868-'9, and U. S. assessor of internal revenue for 
Florida in 1870. In 1872 he was chairman of the 



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Republican state executive committee, and was 
elected to congress as a Republican, serving from 
1 Dec, 1873, till his resignation on 16 Feb., 1875. 
He was again elected, serving from 6 Dec., 1875, 
till 3 March, 1877, and re-elected, but his seat was 
successfully contested by Robert H. M. Davidson. 

PURPLE, Norman Hlgglns, jurist, b. in Exe- 
ter, N. Y., 29 March, 1808; d. in Chicago, 111., 9 
Aug., 1863. After attending the district schools, 
he studied law, was admitted to the bar in Tioga 
county, Pa., in 1830, and in 1837 removed to Peoria, 
111. In 1840-2 he was state's attorney for the 9th 
judicial circuit of Illinois, and from 1845 till 1848 
he was associate judge of the supreme court. He 
was once a candidate for U. S. senator, and in 1860 
was a delegate to the Democratic national conven- 
tion in Charleston, 8. C. He published " Statutes 
of Illinois relating to Real Estate " (Quincy, 1849) 
and " A Compilation of the Statutes of Illinois of 
a General Nature in Force, Jan. 1, 1856 " (2 vols., 
Chicago. 1856). These works were adopted by the 
general assembly. 

PURPLE, Samuel Smith, physician, b. in Leb- 
anon, Madison co., N. Y., 24 June, 1822. He re- 
ceived a common-school education and was gradu- 
ated at the medical department of the University 
of the city of New York in 1844. In 1846-'8 he 
was physician to the New York city dispensary, 
and he was ward physician in the board of health 
during the cholera epidemic of 1849. He was vice- 
president of the New York academy of medicine in 
1872-'5, its president from 1876 till 1880. and was 
made second vice-president of the New York gene- 
alogical and biographical society in 1888. His 
publications are "Tne Corpus Luteura" (1846); 
" Menstruation " (New York, 1846) ; " Contributions 
to the Practice of Midwifery " (1853) ; "Observa- 
tions on the Remedial Properties of Sim aba Cedron" 
(1854) ; " Observations on Wounds of the Heart " 
(1855); "Genealogical Memorials of William Brad- 
ford, First Printer of New York " (1878) ; " In Me- 
moriam : Edwin R. Purple " (1881) ; and " Memoir 
of the Life and Writings of Hon. Teunis G. Bergen " 
(1881).— His brother, Edwin Rnthven, lawyer, b. 
in Sherburne, N. Y., 80 June, 1831 ; d. in New York 
city. 20 Jan., 1879, was educated at Earlville acade- 
my. In 1850 he emigrated to California, studied 
law, was admitted to the bar in 1855, and served as 
county supervisor and justice of the fifth township 
in Calaveras county. In the autumn of 1862 he 
discovered, in connection with John White and five 
others, the first gold in Montana, on Willard's 
creek, a tributary of Beaver Head river. He con- 
tributed to the " New York Genealogical and Bio- 
graphical Record," and published "Genealogical 
Notes on the Colden Family in America" (New 
York, 1873); " Biographical and Genealogical Notes 
of the Provoost Family in New York" (1875); 
"Genealogical Notes relating to Lieut. -Go v. Jacob 
Leisler and his Family Connections in New York " 
(1877) ; " Contributions to the History of the Kip 
Family of New York and New Jersey 1 ' (1877) ; and 
" Contributions to the History of Ancient Families 
of New Netherland and New York," which were 
collected and published by his brother, with a me- 
moir (New York, 1881). 

PURSH, Frederick, botanist b. in Tobolsk, 
Siberia, in 1774; d. in Montreal, Canada, 11 June, 
1820. He was educated at Dresden, came to this 
country in 1799, and spent twelve years in botani- 
cal explorations in the United States. He visited 
England in 1811, and published " Flora Americe 
Septentrionalis, or a Systematic Arrangement and 
Description of the Plants of North America " (2 
rol&j, bvo, London, 1814). He then returned, and 



died while he was collecting materials for a flora 
of Canada. His manuscript journal still exists. 
Until superseded by Torrey and Gray's " Flora of 
North America," Pursh's work was the most im- 
portant on the botany of North America. 

PURVIANCE, Hugh Young, naval officer, b. 
in Baltimore, Md., 22 March, 1799; d. there. 21 
Oct., 1883. He was educated at St. Mary's college 
in his native city, and in 1818 was appointed a mid- 
shipman in the U. S. navy. He served for two 
years on the East India station, in 1821-'4 on the 
Pacific, and in 1824-'7 in the Mediterranean. In 
the last year he was commissioned a lieutenant, and 
he served on the West India squadron in 1828-'80, 
and the Brazil squadron in 1837-'8, command- 
ing the brig " Dolpnin." He relieved an American 
schooner from the French blockade of the river 
Plate, and received a complimentary recognition 
from the U. S. government for his services on the 
occasion. In 1846 he commanded the frigate " Con- 
stitution," of the blockading squadron in the Mexi- 
can war. On 7 March, 1849, he was commissioned 
commander, and assigned to the sloop-of-war " Ma- 
rion," on the coast of Africa, where he remained 
in 1852-*5. He received his commission as captain, 
28 Jan., 1856, commanded the frigate " St. Law- 
rence," of the Charleston blockading squadron, in 
1861, and captured the privateer " Petrel " off that 
port, the first prize of the civil war. He took part 
in the fight with the " Merrimac " and in the at- 
tack on Sewall's point, Hampton Roads. He was 
retired, 21 Dec., 1861, commissioned commodore, 16 
July, 1862, and in 1863-'5 was light-house inspector. 

PURVIS, Robert, benefactor, b. in Charleston, 
S. C, 4 Aug., 1810. His father, William Purvis, 
was a native of Northumberland, England, and 
his mother was a free-born woman of Charleston, 
of Moorish descent. Robert was brought to the 
north in 1819. His father, though residing in a 
slave state, was never a slave-holder, but was an 
Abolitionist in principle. Before Robert attained 
the age of manhood he formed the acquaintance 
of Benjamin Lundy, and in conjunction with him 
was an early laborer in the anti-slavery cause. Mr. 
Purvis was a member of the Philadelphia conven- 
tion of 1838 which formed the American anti- 
slavery society, was its vice-president for many 
years, and signed its declaration of sentiments. He 
was also an active member of the Pennsylvania 
society, and its president for many years. His 
house was a well-known station on tne " Under- 
ground railroad," and his horses, carriages, and his 
personal attendance were always at the service of 
fugitive slaves. His son, Charles Burleigh, is 
surgeon-in-chief of the Freedmen's hospital at 
Washington, D. C, and a professor in the medical 
department of Howard university. 

PUSEY, Caleb, colonist, b. in Berkshire, Eng- 
land, about 1650; d. in Chester county, Pa., 25 
Feb., 1727. He was educated as a Baptist, but 
subsequently became a Quaker, and was of Penn's 
company that came to Pennsylvania in 1682. Be- 
fore leaving England he united with Penn and 
a few others in forming a "joint concern" for 
the "setting up" of mills in the new province, 
of which concern Pusey was chosen the mana- 
ger. He caused the framework to be prepared and 
shipped in the " Welcome," and in 1688 erected 
on Chester creek, near what is now Upland, Pa., 
the famous mills known as the "Chester Mills," 
which were the first in the province under Penn's 
government Penn himself attended at the laying 
of the corner-stone. Pusey managed the mills for 
many years, and came finally to own them* con- 
ducting an extensive milling business until his 



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death. He held a high place in civil affairs, was 
engaged in faying out roads and negotiating with 
the Indians, and for two years was sheriff of Ches- 
ter county. For many years he was a justice of 
the peace and of the county courts, and an associ- 
ate justice of the supreme court, serving also for 
ten years or more in the assembly, and for more 
than a quarter of a century in the supreme or pro- 
vincial council. His name constantly appears in 
the minutes of the Society of Friends among those 
who were most active in settling difficulties and in 
promoting: deeds of benevolence. He frequently 
appeared in the ministry, and as a controversialist 
and a writer was one of the ablest and most noted 
of his sect in his day. His reply to Daniel Leeds 
was liberally subscribed for by the meetings, and 
widely circulated. He was an intimate friend of 
George Keith, but. when the latter attacked the 
Quaker doctrines, Pusey was active among those 
who pronounced against him. From Pusey, Smith, 
the early historian, obtained much of the material 
from which he made up his manuscript history, 
which formed the basis of Robert Proud's " His- 
tory of Pennsylvania." In 1697 Pusey was chosen 
by the Ouakers to be one of the committee to ex- 
amine all books that the society proposed to pub- 
lish, which post he held till his aeath. Among his 
published writings are " A Serious and Seasonable 
Warning unto all People occasioned by two most 
Dangerous Epistles to a late Book of John Fall- 
doe's," addressed to the people called Anthony 
Palmer's Church (London, 1675) ; " A Modest Ac- 
count from Pennsylvania of the Principal Differ- 
ences in Point of Doctrine between George Keith 
and those of the People called Quakers" (1696); 
" Satan's Harbinger encountered ; His False News 
of a Strumpet detected," etc., a reply to Daniel 
Leeds's "News of a Strumpet" (Philadelphia, 
1700); "Daniel Leeds justly rebuked for abus- 
ing William Penn, and his Folly and Fals-Hoods 
contained in his Two Printed Challenges to Caleb 
Pusey made Manifest" (1702); "George Keith 
once more brought to the Test, and proved a Pre- 
varicator " (1703) ; •' Proteus Ecclesiasticus, or 
George Keith varied in Fundamentals" (1708); 
" The Bomb searched and found stufFd with False 
Ingredients, being a Just Confutation of an Abus- 
ive Printed Half-Sheet, call'd a Bomb, originally 
published against the Quakers, by Francis Bugg 1 ' 
(1706); "Some Remarks upon a Late Pamphlet 
signed part by John Talbot and part by Daniel 
Leeds, called the Great Mystery of Fox-Craft" 
(1705); and "Some Brief Observations made on 
Daniel Leeds, his Book, entituled ' The Second Part 
of the Mystery of Fox-Craft ' " (1706). For a fuller 
account of the titles of these works see " Issues of 
the Pennsylvania Press, 1685-1784," by Charles R. 
Hildeburn (1885). The imprint of Pusey 's works, 
excepting the first two and the last, bear the name 
of Reynier Jansen. 

PUSHMATAHAW, Choctaw chief, b. in what 
is now Mississippi, in 1765 ; d. in Washington, D. C, 
24 Dec, 1824. He had distinguished himself on 
the war-path before he was twenty years old. He 
joined an expedition against the Oteages west of the 
Mississippi, and was laughed at by the older mem- 
bers of the party because of his youth and a propen- 
sity for talking. The Osages were defeated in a 
desperate conflict that lasted an entire day. The 
boy disappeared early in the fight, and when he re- 
turned at midnight he was jeered at and openly ac- 
cused of cowardice. "Let those laugh,' was his 
reply, " who can show more scalps than I can " ; 
whereupon he took five from his pouch and threw 
them on the ground. They were the result of an 



| onslaught he had made single-handed on the ene- 
my's rear. This feat gained for him the title of 
"The Eagle." After spending several years in 
Mexico, he went alone in the night to a Torauqua 
village, killed seven men with his own hand, set 
fire to several tents, and made good his retreat un- 
injured. During the next two years he made three 
additional expeditions into the Torauqua country, 
and added eight fresh scalps to his war costume. 
For fifteen years nothing is known of his history, 
but in 1810 he was living on Tombigbee river, and 
enjoyed the reputation of being an expert at In- 
dian ball-playing. He also boasted that his name 
was Pushmataha w, which means " The-warrior's- 
seat-is-finished." During the war of 1812 he 
promptly took sides with the United States. The 
council that decided the course of the Choc taws 
lasted ten days. All the warriors counselled neu- 
trality, excepting John Pitchlynn, the interpreter, 
and Pushmatahaw. Until the last day he kept 
silence, but then, rising, said : " The Creeks were 
once our friends. They have joined the English, 
and we must now follow different trails. When 
our fathers took the hand of Washington, they 
told him the Choctuws would always be the friends 
of his nation, and Pushmatahaw cannot be false to 
their promises. I am now ready to fight against 
both the English and the Creeks. ... I and my 
warriors are going to Tuscaloosa, and when you 
hear from us again the Creek fort will be in ashes." 
This prophecy was duly fulfilled. The Creeks and 
Seminoles allied themselves with the British, and 
Pushmatahaw made war on both tribes with such 
energy and success that the whites called him 
" The Indian General" In 1824 he went to Wash- 
ington in order, according to his own phraseology, 
to brighten the chain of peace between the Ameri- 
cans and the Choctaws. He was treated with great 
consideration by President Monroe and John C. 
Calhoun, secretary of war, and a record of his com- 
munications is to be found in the state archives. 
After a visit to Gen. Lafayette he was taken seri- 
ously ill. Finding that he was near his end, he ex- 
pressed the wish that he might be buried with 
military honors and that "big guns" might be 
fired over his grave. These requests were complied 
with, and a procession more than a mile in length 
followed him to his resting-place in the Congres- 
sional cemetery. Andrew Jackson frequently ex- 
pressed the opinion that Pushmatahaw was " the 
freatest and the bravest Indian he had ever 
nown"; while John Randolph, of Roanoke, in 
§ renouncing a eulogy on him in the U. S. senate, 
eclared that he was '" wise in counsel, eloquent in 
an extraordinary degree and on all occasions, and 
under all circumstances the white man's friend." 

PUTNAM, Frederick Ward, anthropologist, 
b. in Salem, Mass., 16 April, 1839. He received an 
election to the Essex institute in 1855, and in 1856 
he entered the Lawrence scientific school as a special 
student under Louis Agassiz, who soon made him 
assistant in charge of the collection of fishes at the 
Harvard museum of comparative zoology, where 
he remained until 1864. Returning to Salem in 
the latter year, he was given charge of the museum 
of the Essex institute, and in 1867 he was ap- 
pointed superintendent of the museum of the East 
India marine society. These two collections were 
incorporated as the Peabody academy of sciences, 
and rrof. Putnam was made its director, which 
post he held until 1876. He was called to the 
charge of the collections of the Peabody museum 
of American archeology and ethnology of Har- 
vard on the death of Jeffries Wyman in Septem- 
ber, 1874, and in 1886, in accordance with the ob- 



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ject of George Peabody's trust, he was appointed 
professor of American archeology and ethnology 
in Harvard. Meanwhile, in 1874, he was an in- 
structor at the School of natural history on Peni- 
kese island, and during the same year he was ap- 

g>inted an assistant on the geological survey of 
entucky. In 1875 the engineer department of 
the U. S. army appointed him to examine and 
report on the archiBological collections of the 

Sxriogical and geographical survey under Lieut, 
eorge M. Wheeler, and in 1876-'8 he was also 
assistant in charge of the collection of fishes in 
the Museum of comparative zoology at Harvard. 
Prof. Putnam has held the office of state commis- 
sioner of Massachusetts on inland fisheries, and 
in 1887 became commissioner of fish and game. 
His earliest paper was a " Catalogue of the Birds 
of Essex County, Massachusetts," which he fol- 
lowed with various researches in zoology, but since 
1865 his work has been principally in American ar- 
chaeology, or anthropology, and his acquaintance 
with this subject is probably unexcelled in the 
United States. His papers on this science exceed 
200, and embrace descriptions of many mounds, 
burial-places, and shell-heaps and of the objects 
found in them. Prof. Putnam is a member of 
many historical and scientific societies here and 
in Europe, and was elected to membership in 1885 
in the National academy of sciences. He is also 
widely known by his office of permanent secretary 
of the American association for the advancement 
of science, which he has held since 1878. At that 
time the membership of the association was barely 
500, and it now exceeds 2,000, a result which is at- 
tributed largely to his executive ability. Prof. 
Putnam has also been vice-president of the Essex 
institute since 1871, and was elected president of 
the Boston society of natural history in 1887. He 
was associated with Alpheus Hyatt, Edward S. 
Morse, and Alpheus S. Packard in the founding of 
the 44 American Naturalist" in 1867, and was one 
of its editors until 1875. He has also edited many 
volumes of the " Proceedings of the Essex Insti- 
tute," the •* Annual Reports of the Trustees of the 
Peabody Academy of Science," and the 4 * Proceed- 
ings of the American Association for the Advance- 
ment of Science " since 1878, and the * 4 Annual Re- 
g)rts of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and 
thnology " since 16*74 He has also published his 
report to the engineer department as volume vii. 
of the " Report upon Geographical and Geological 
Explorations and Surveys West of the 100th Me- 
ridian" (Washington, 1879). 

PUTNAM, Haldimand Sumner, soldier, b. in 
Cornish, N. H., 15 Oct., 1835; d. near Port Wag- 
ner, S. C, 18 July, 1863. He was graduated at the 
U. S. military academy in 1857, and entered the 
army in July as brevet 2d lieutenant of topographi- 
cal engineers. From that time till a few months 
previous to the civil war he was engaged in explo- 
rations and surveys in the west. When the war 
began he was summoned to Washington and in- 
trusted with important despatches for Port Pickens. 
He accomplished his mission, but, while returning 
to the north, was seized by the Confederates at 
Montgomery, Ala., and imprisoned for several 
days. On his release he was placed on Oen. lrvin 
McDowell's staff, participated in the battle of Bull 
Run, and gained the brevet of major for gallantry. 
In October he went to his native state and organ- 
ized the 7th New Hampshire regiment, of which 
he became colonel- in December, 1861. It was sta- 
tioned during the first year of its service at Fort 
Jefferson, on Tortugas island, and afterward at St. 
Augustine, Fla., and in South Carolina. In 1863 



^*W \f),4fe* 



f >K*T7l 



Col Putnam commanded a brigade in the Stono 
inlet expedition, and in the capture of Morris 
island. In the assault on Fort Wagner, 18 July, 
1863, where he led the second storming column, he 
was killed on the parapet of the work while rally- 
ing his men. He was made brevet colonel, U. S. 
army, 18 July, 1863. For about four months pre- 
ceding his death he was acting brigadier-general. 

PUTNAM, Israel, soldier, b. in that part of the 
town of Salem, Mass., which has since been set off 
as the town of Dan vers, 7 Jan., 1718; d. in Brook- 
lyn, Conn., 19 May, 1790. His great-grandfather, 
John Putnam, with his wife, Pnscilla, came from 
England in 1634, and settled in Salem. They 
brought with them three sons, Thomas, Nathanael, 
and John. All three acquired large estates, and 
were men of much 
consideration. In 
1681, of the total 
tax levied in Sa- 
lem village, raised 
from ninety-four 
tax-payers, for the 
support of the lo- 
cal church, the 
three Putnams 
paid one seventh. 
In 1666 Thomas 
Putnam married, 
for hissecond wife, 
the widow of Na- 
thanael Veren. a 
wealthy merchant 
and ship-owner. 
By this marriage 
he acquired wealth 
in Jamaica and Barbadoes. Joseph, the son of 
this marriage, was born in 1670, and at the age 
of twenty married Elizabeth, daughter of Israel 
Porter. In the witchcraft frenzy of 1692, Joseph's 
sister was one of the accused, and only saved her- 
self by fleeing to the wilderness and hiding till the 
search was given up. The Putnam family has 
always been prominent in the history of Salem and 
its neighborhood. Of the 74 recording clerks of 
the parish of Dan vers, 24 have been Putnams ; and 
this family has furnished 15 of the 23 deacons, 12 
of the 26 treasurers, and 7 of the 18 superintendents 
of the Sabbath-school. In 1867, of the 800 voters 
in Dan vers, 50 were Putnams. 

Israel Putnam, son of Joseph and Elizabeth, was 
the tenth of eleven children. At the age of twenty 
he married Hannah, daughter of Joseph Pope, of 
Salem village. In 1739 Israel and his brother-in- 
law, John Pope, bought of Gov. Belcher 514 acres 
in Mortlake manor, in what is now Windham 
county, Conn. By 1741 Israel had bought out his 
brother-in-law and become owner of the whole 
tract. The Mortlake mauor formed part of the 
township of Pomfret, but as early as 1734 it was 
formed into a distinct parish, known as Mortlake 
parish. In 1754 its name was changed to Brooklyn 
parish, and in 1786 it was set off as a separate town- 
ship under the name of Brooklyn. The old Putnam 
farm is on the top of the high hill between the 
villages of Pomfret and Brooklyn. For many years 
Israel Putnam devoted himself to the cultivation 
of this farm, and it was considered one of the finest 
in New England. He gave especial attention to 
sheep-raising and to fruits, especially winter apples. 
In 1783 the town sustained four public schools ; in 
1739 there was a public circulating library ; and in 
the class of 1759, at Yale college, ten of the grad- 
uates were from Pomfret These symptoms of 
high civilization were found in a community not 



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yet entirely freed from the assaults of wild beasts. 
By 1785 all the wolves of the neighborhood seem 
to have been slain save one old female that for 
some seasons more went on ravaging the farm-yards. 
Her lair was not far from Putnam s farm, and one 
night she slew sixty or seventy of his fine sheep. 
Perhaps no incident in Putnam's career is so often 

3uotea as his share in the wolf-hunt, ending in his 
escending into the dark, narrow cave, snooting 
his enemy at short range, and dragging her forth 
in triumph. It was the one picturesque event in 
his life previous to 1755, when Connecticut was 
called upon for 1,000 men to defend the northern 
approaches to New York against the anticipated 
French invasion. This force was commanded by 
Maj.-Gen. Phineas Lyman, and one of its companies 
was assigned to Putnam, with the rank of captain. 
Putnam was present at the battle of Lake George, 
in which William Johnson won his baronetcy by 
defeating Dieskau. He became one of the leading 
members of the famous band of Rangers that did 
so much to annoy and embarrass the enemy during 
the next two years. In 1757 he was promoted 
major. Among the incidents illustrating his per- 
sonal bravery, those most often quoted are— first, 
his rescue of a party of soldiers from the Indians 
by steering them in a bateau down the dangerous 
rapids of the Hudson near Port Miller ; and. second- 
ly, his saving Fort Edward from destruction by 
fire, at the imminent risk of losing his life in the 
flames. In a still more terrible way he was brought 
into peril from fire. In August, 1758, he was taken 
prisoner in a sharp skirmish near Wood creek, and 
after some preliminary tortures, his savage captors 
decided to burn him alive. He had been stripped 
and bound to the tree, and the flames were searing 
his flesh, when aFrench officer, Capt Molang, came 
rushing through the crowd, scattered the firebrands, 
cuffed and upbraided the Indians, and released 
their victim. Putnam was carried to Montreal, 
and presently freed by exchange. In 1759 he was 
promoted lieutenant-colonel, and put in command 
of a regiment. In 1760 he accompanied Oen. Am- 
herst in his march from Oswego to Montreal. In 
descending the St. Lawrence it became desirable to 
dislodge the French garrison from Fort Oswe- 

fatchie ; but the approach to this place was guarded 
y two schooners, the larger of which mounted 
twelve guns, and was capable of making serious 
havoc among the English boats. " I wish there 
were some way of taking that infernal schooner," 
said Amherst. "All right," said Putnam; "just 
give me some wedges and a mallet, and half-a-dozen 
men of my own choosing, and 1*11 soon take her for 
vou." The British general smiled incredulously, 
but presently authonzed the adventurous Yankee 
to proceed. In the night Putnam's little party, in 
a light boat with muffled oars, rowed under the 
schooner's stern and drove the wedges between the 
rudder and the stern-post so firmly as to render the 
helm unmanageable. Then going around under 
the bow, they cut the vessel's cable, and then rowed 
softly away. Before morning the helpless schooner 
had drifted ashore, where she struck her colors ; the 
other French vessel then surrendered, thus uncov- 
ering the fort, which Amherst soon captured. In 
1762 Col. Putnam accompanied Gen. Lyman in the 
expedition to the West Indies, which, after frightful 
sufferings, ended in the capture of Havana. In 1764 
he commanded the Connecticut regiment in Brad- 
street's little army, sent to relieve Detroit, which 
Pontiac was besieging. At the end of the year he 
returned home, after nearly ten years of rough cam- 
paigning, with the full rank of colonel. In 1765 his 
wife died, leaving the youngest of their ten children 



an infant about a year old. In 1767 Col. Putnam 
married Deborah, widow of John Gardiner, with 
whom he lived happily until her death in 1777. 
There were no children by this second marriage. 
Col. Putnam united with the church in Brooklyn, 
19 May, 1765. For the next ten years his life was 
uneventful. During this period He used his house 
as an inn, swinging before the door a sign-board 
on which were depicted the features of Gen. Wolfe. 
This sign is now in the possession of the Connecti- 
cut historical society at Hartford. In the winter 
of 1772-'3 he accompanied Gen. Lyman in a voyage 
to the mouth of the Mississippi, and up that river 
to Natchez, where the British government had 
granted some territory to the Connecticut troops 
who had survived the dreadful West India cam- 
paign. In the course of this voyage they visited 
Jamaica and Pensacola. After 1765 Col. Putnam 
was conspicuous among the *' Sons of Liberty " in 
Connecticut In August, 1774, before Gen. Gage 
had quite shut up the approaches to Boston, and 
while provisions from all the colonies were pouring 
into that town, Putnam rode over the Neck with 
180 sheep as a gift from the parish of Brooklyn. 
During his stay in Boston he was the £uest of Dr. 
Warren. On 20 April following, early in the after- 
noon, a despatch from the committee of safety at 
Watertown reached Pomf ret with news of the fight 
at Concord. The news found Putnam ploughing a 
field. Leaving his plough in the furrow, and with- 
out waiting to don his uniform, he mounted a 
horse, and at sunrise of the 21st galloped into 
Cambridge. Later in the same day he was at Con- 
cord, whence he sent a despatch to Pomf ret, with 
directions about the bringing up of the militia. He 
was soon summoned to Hartford, to consult with 
the legislature of Connecticut, and, after a week, 
returned to Cambridge, with the chief command of 
the forces of that colony, and the rank of brigadier. 
There has been a great deal of controversy as to 
who commanded the American troops at Bunker 
Hill, and there is apparently no reason why the 
controversy should not be kept up, as long as the 
question is at bottom one of rivalry between Con- 
necticut and Massachusetts. The difficulty in set- 
tling it points to the true conclusion, that tne work 
of that battle was largely the work of distinct 
bodies of men hardly organized as vet into an 
army. It is even open to question now far the 
troops of New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode 
Island, and Connecticut, then engaged in besieg- 
ing Boston, are to be regarded as four armies or as 
one array. From the nature of the situation, 
rather than by any right of seniority. Gen. Ward, 
of Massachusetts, exercised practically the com- 
mand over the whole. On the day of Bunker Hill, 
it would seem that the actual command was exer- 
cised by Prescott at the redoubt and by Stark at 
the rail-fence. Warren was the ranking officer on 
the field; but as he expressly declined the com- 
mand, it left Putnam the ranking officer, and in 
that capacity he withdrew men with intrenching 
tools from Prescott's party, undertook to throw up 
earthworks on the crest of Bunker Hill in the rear, 
and toward the close of the day conducted the re- 
treat and directed the fortifying of Prospect Hill. 
Putnam was, therefore, no doubt the ranking offi- 
cer at Bunker Hill, though it does not appear that 
the work of Prescott and Stark was in any wise 
done under his direction. The question would be 
more important had the battle of Bunker Hill been 
characterized by any grand tactics. As no special 
generalship was involved, and the significance of 
the battle lay in its moral effects, the question has 
little interest except for local patriots. 



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The work of organizing a Continental army be- 
gan in June, 1775, when congress assumed control 
of the troops about Boston, and, after appointing 
Washington to the chief command, appointed 
Ward, Lee, Schuyler, and Putnam as the four 
major-generals. In his new capacity Gen. Putnam 
commanded the centre of the army at Cambridge, 
while Ward commanded the right wing at Rox- 
bury, and Lee the left wing stretching to the Mys- 
tic river. After the capture of Boston, Gen. 
Washington sent Putnam to New York, where he 
took command. 5 April, 1776. On 25 Aug., as 
Gen. Greene, who commanded the works on Brook- 
lyn heights, had been seized with a fever, Gen. 
Putnam was placed in command there. For the 
disastrous defeat of the Americans, two days after- 



ward, he can in no wise be held responsible. He 
was blamed at the time for not posting on the 
Jamaica road a force sufficient to check Corn- 
wall's flanking march ; but, as Chief -Justice Mar- 
shall long ago pointed out, this criticism was sim- 
ply silly, since the flanking force on the Jamaica 
road outnumbered the whole American army. In- 
deed there is no need of blaming any one in order 
to account for the defeat of 5,000 half-trained sol- 
diers by 20,000 veterans. The wonder is, not that 
the Americans were defeated on Long Island, but 
that they should have given Gen. Howe a good day's 
work in defeating them, thus leading the British 
general to pause, and giving Washington time to 
plan the withdrawal of the army from its exposed 
situation. As Putnam deserves no blame for the 
defeat, so he deserves no special credit for this obsti- 
nate resistance, which was chiefly the work of Stir- 
ling and Small wood, and the Maryland " macaro- 
nis," in their heroic defence of the Gowanus road. 
After the armv had crossed to New York, Putnam 
commanded the rear division, which held the city 
until the landing of the British at Kip's bay obliged 
it to fall back upon Bloomingdale. In the action 
at Harlem heights, part of Putnam's force, under 
Col. Knowlton, was especially distinguished. The 
futile device of barring the ascent of the Hudson 
river, between Ports Washington and Lee, by cht- 
vaux de /rise, is generally ascribed to Putnam. In 
the affair at Chatterton hill, Putnam marched to 
the assistance of Gen. McDougall, but arrived too 
late. In the disastrous period that followed the 
capture of Port Washington and the treachery of 
Charles Lee, Putnam was put in command of Phila- 
delphia. After the retreat of the enemy upon New 
Brunswick, 4 Jan., 1777, he brought forward the 
American right wing to Princeton, where he re- 
mained in command till the middle of May. He 
was then intrusted with the defence of the high- 
lands of the Hudson river, with headquarters at 
Peekskill. His command there was marked by a 
characteristic incident. Edmund Palmer, lieuten- 
ant in a loyalist regiment, was caught lurking in 
the American camp, and was condemned to death 



as a spy. There seemed to be a tacit assumption, 
on the part of the British, that, while American 
spies were punishable with death, this did not hold 
true of British spies ; that American commanders, 
as not representing any acknowledged sovereignty, 
could not possess any legal authority for inflicting 
the death-penalty. This assumption pervades some 
British opinions upon the case of Andre 1 . In reli- 
ance upon some such assumption, Sir Henry Clin- 
ton sent up from New York a flag of truce, and 
threatened Putnam with signal vengeance, should 
he dare to injure the person of the king's liege 
subject, Edmund Palmer. The old general's reply 
was brief and to the point : ** Headquarters, 7 Aug., 
1777. — Edmund Palmer, an officer in the enemy's 
service, was taken as a spy lurking within our lines ; 
he has been tried as a spy, condemned as a spy, and 
shall be executed as a spy, and the flag is ordered 
to depart immediately.— -Israel Putnam. — P. S. He 
has accordingly been executed." In October, Clin- 
ton came up the river, to the relief of hard-pressed 
Burgoyne, and, landing at Tarrytown, captured the 
forts in the highlands. They were immediately re- 
covered, however, after the surrender of Burgoyne. 
At the end of the year, Putnam was superseded at 
Peekskill by McDougal, and went to Connecticut to 
hasten the work of recruiting the army for the 
next campaign. During the years 1778-9, he was 
engaged in the western part of Connecticut, with 
headquarters usually at Danbury, co-operating with 
the force in the highlands. At this time he made 
his famous escape from Gen. Tryon's troops by 
riding down the stone steps at Horseneck. in the 
township of Greenwich. There is some disagree- 
ment between the different accounts as to the date 
of this incident, and the story is perhaps to be 
taken with some allowances. When the army went 
into winter-quarters at Morristown, in December, 
1779, Putnam made a short visit to his family at 
Pomfret. He set out on his return to camp, but, 
before reaching Hartford, had a stroke of paralysis. 
His remaining years were spent at home. His birth- 
place is shown in the accompanying engraving. 

Gen. Putnam's biography has been written by 
Col. David Humphreys (Boston, 1818) ; by Oliver 
Peabody, in Sparks's " American Biography " ; by 
William Cutter (New York, 1846) ; and by Increase 
N. Tarbox (Boston, 1870). The most complete 
bibliography of the question as to the command at 
Bunker Hill is to be found in Winsor's •* Narrative 
and Critical History of America " (Boston. 1888), 
vol. vl, p. 190. — His cousin, Rufua, soldier, b. in 
Sutton. Mass., 9 April, 1738 ; d. in Marietta, Ohio, 1 
May, 1824, after completing his apprenticeship as a 
millwright enlisted in the war against the French, 
served tn rough the campaigns of 1757-'60, and in 
the latter year was made an ensign. On the sur- 
render of Montreal he married and settled in New 
Braintree, pursuing his original vocation and that 
of farming. At the same time he studied mathe- 
matics, in which he attained proficiency, particu- 
larly in its application to navigation and survey- 
ing. In January, 1778, he sailed to east Florida 
with a committee to explore lands that were sup- 
posed to have been granted there by parliament to 
the provincial officers and soldiers that had fought 
in tne French war. On arriving at Pensacola, he 
discovered that no such grant had been made, and 
was appointed by the governor deputy surveyor of 
the province. On his return to Massachusetts 
he was made lieutenant-colonel in David Brewer's 
regiment, one of the first that was raised after the 
battle of Lexington. The ability that he displayed 
as an engineer in throwing up defences in Itox- 
bury, Mass., secured for him the favorable consid- 



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oration of Gen. Washington and Gen. Charles Lee, 
and the former wrote to congress that the mill- 
wright was a more competent officer than any of 
the French gentlemen to whom it had given ap- 
pointments in -that line. On 20 March, 1776, he 
arrived in New York, and, as chief engineer, super- 
intended ail the defences in that part of the 
country during the ensuing campaign. In August 
he was appointed chief engineer with the rank of 
colonel, out during the autumn, from some dissat- 
isfaction with congress in regard to his corps, he 
left it to take command of the 5th Massachusetts 
regiment In the following spring he was attached 
to the northern army, and served with great credit 
at the battle of Stillwater at the head of the 4th and 
5th regiments of Nixon's brigade. In 1778, with 
his cousin, Gen. Israel Putnam, he superintended 
the construction of the fortifications at West 
Point. After the surprise of Stony Point he was 
appointed to the command of a regiment in Gen. 
Anthony Wayne's brigade, in which he served till 
the end of the campaign. From February till 
July, 1782, he was employed as one of the com- 
missioners to adjust the claims of citizens of New 
York for losses occasioned by the allied armies, 
and on 7 Jan., 1788, he was promoted to be a briga- 
dier-general. He was several years a member of 
the legislature, and acted as aide to Gen. Benjamin 
Lincoln in quelling Shays's rebellion in 1787. As 
superintendent of the Ohio company, on 7 April, 
1788, he founded Marietta, Ohio, the first permanent 
settlement in the eastern part of the Northwest ter- 
ritory. In 1789 he was appointed a judge of the 
supreme court of the territory, and on 4 May, 1792, 
he was appointed brigadier-general under Gen. 
Wayne to act against the Indians. Front May, 
1792, till February, 1798, he was U. S. commission- 
er to treat with the latter, and concluded an im- 
portant treaty with eight tribes at Port Vincent 
(now Vinoennes), 27 Sept, 1792. He arrived at 
Philadelphia, 18 Feb., 1798, to make a report of 
his proceedings, and then resigned his commission. 
He was made surveyor-generafof the United States 
in October of that year, and held this office till Sep- 
tember, 1808. In 1808 he was a member of the 
Ohio constitutional convention. At the time of 
his death he was the last general officer of the 
Revolutionary army excepting Lafayette. Gen. 
Putnam was deeply interested in Sabbath-schools 
and missions, ana with others, in 1812, formed the 
first Bible society west of the Alleghanies. Gen. 
Putnam's manuscript diary is in the Astor library, 
New York city. — Israel's nephew, Gideon, founder 
of Saratoga Springs, b. in Sutton, Mass., in 1764 ; 
d. in Saratoga Springs, 1 Dec, 1812, set out for 
the west in 1789. seeking a suitable place for busi- 
ness, and finally settled at what has since been 
known as Saratoga Springs. He married Doanda 
Risley, of Hartford, Conn., and their first child 
was the first white child born in Saratoga. In 
1802 he built and conducted the first hotel of 
oonseouence, which he called Putnam's Tavern, 
but wnich his neighbors called ** Putnam's Folly." 
Putnam's tavern of that day is now the Grand 
Union hotel. Mr. Putnam proceeded to amuse 
and amaze his fellow-pioneers by purchasing the 
land on which the village of Saratoga Springs 
now stands, and on which are some of the most 
famous and lucrative mineral springs in the world, 
several of which he excavated and tubed. In 
laying out the village he so broadened and ar- 
ranged the streets as to leave the springs in the 
middle of the public thoroughfares, and absolutely 
free to all. A public perk was also included in 
his plans, which were suddenly cut short by his ac- 



cidental death. He died of a fall while assisting 
in the erection of Congress Hall hotel, of which he 
was the projector, and he was the first to be buried 
in the cemetery that he presented to the village. — 
Israel's great-grandson, Alblgenee Waldo, au- 
thor, b. in Marietta, Ohio, 11 March, 1799; d. in 
Nashville, Tenru, 20 Jan., 1889, studied law, prac- 
tised in Mississippi, and in 1886 settled in Nashville. 
Tenn., and was president of the Tennessee histor- 
ical society, to whose publications he was a con- 
tributor. In addition to articles in periodicals, he 
wrote a "History of Middle Tennessee" (Nash- 
ville, 1859) ; " Life and Times of Gen. James Rob- 
ertson " (1859) ; and a «* Life of Gen. John Sevier," 
in Wheeler's u History of North Carolina."— Israel's 
nephew, Henry, lawyer, b. in Boston in 1778 ; d. 
in Brunswick, Me, m 1822. He studied law in 
Boston, and became distinguished as a jurist. — His 
wife, Katherine Hunt, b. in Framingham, Mass*, 
1 March, 1792; d. in New York city, 8 Jan., 1869^ 
was a daughter of Gen. Palmer of the army of the 
Revolution, married Henry Putnam in 1814, and 
passed most of her married life in Boston. She 
was noted for her benevolence, and wrote " Scrip- 
ture Text-Book" (New York, 1887); and "The 
Old Testament Unveiled ; or, The Gospel by Moses 
in the Book of Genesis" (1854). — Israel's grand- 
nephew, George Palmer, publisher,*), in Bruns- 
wick, Me., 7 Feb., 1814 ; d. in New York city, 20 
Dec, 1872, entered the book-store of Daniel and 
Jonathan Leavitt, New York, in 1828, in 1840 
became a partner in the house of Wiley and Put- 
nam, and in 1841 went to London and established 
a branch. In 1848 he returned to New York, dis- 
solved the partnership with Mr. Wiley and engaged 
in business alone. He early interested himself in 
the production of fine illustrated books, and in 
1852, with the assistance of George William Curtis 
and others, established " Putnam s Magazine." In 
1861 Mr. Putnam planned and organized the Loyal 
publication society. In 1868 he retired from ac- 
tive business to become U. S. collector of internal 
revenue, which post he held till 1866, when, in con- 
junction with his sons, he founded the publishing 
house of G. P. Putnam and Sons (now G. P. Put- 
nam's Sons). Mr. Putnam was for many years 
secretary of the Publishers' association. As early 
as 1887 he issued " A Plea for International Copy- 
right," the first argument in behalf of that reform 
that had been printed in this country. He was a 
founder of the Metropolitan museum of art, of 
which in 1872 he was honorary superintendent 
He had been appointed chairman of the commit- 
tee on art in connection with the Vienna uni- 
versal exposition. He wrote " Chronology ; or, An 
Introduction and Index to Universal History, 
Biography, and Usefal Knowledge" (New York, 
1888) ; tt The Tourist in Europe : A Concise Guide, 
with Memoranda of a Tour in 1836" (1888); 
" American Book Circular, with Notes and Statis- 
tics " (1848) ; " American Facts : Notes and Statis- 
tics relative to the Government of the United 
States " (1845) ; " A Pocket Memorandum-Book in 
France, Italy, and Germany in 1847" (1848); and 
M Ten Years of the World's Progress : Supplement, 
1850-'61, with Corrections and Additions* (1861). 
— George Palmer's son, George Haven, publisher, 
b. in London, England, 2 April, 1844, studied at 
Columbia in 1860 and at GCttingen in lSei-^, but 
was not graduated, as he left college to enter the 
United States military service during the civil war, 
in which he rose to the rank of brevet major. He 
was appointed deputy collector of internal revenue 
in 1866, and in this year engaged in the publishing 
business in New York, in which he has continued 



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148 



ever since, being now (1888) head of the firm of 
O. P. Putnam's Sons. He has served on the execu- 
tive committees of the Free-trade league, the Re- 
form club, the Civil-service reform association, and 
other political organizations, and in 1887-'8 as 
secretary of the American publishers' copyright 
league. He has written articles on literary prop- 
erty for journals and cyclopaedias ; a pamphlet on 
" International Copyright " (New York, 1879) ; and, 
conjointly with his brother, John Bishop Putnam, 
M Authors and Publishers " (1882). 

PUTNAM, James, jurist, b. in Danvers, Mass., 
in 1725; d. in St John, New Brunswick, 28 Oct, 
1789. He was a a relative of Gen. Israel Putnam. 
He was graduated at Harvard in 1746, studied 
law with Judge Edmund Trowbridge, and began 
practice at Worcester. He was appointed attor- 
ney-general of the province when Jonathan Sew- 
all was promoted to the bench of the admiralty 
court, and was the last to hold that office under 
the provincial government In 1757 he was a 
major, and in service under Lord Loudon. In 
1775 he was one of those that signed the ad- 
dress to Oov. Thomas Hutchinson, approving his 
course, and later he accompanied the British army 
to New York, and thence to Halifax, where, in 
1776, he embarked for England. In 1778 a writ 
of banishment and proscription was issued against 
him. On the organization of the government of 
the province of New Brunswick in 1788, he was 
appointed a member of the royal council and a 
judge of the superior court He remained in of- 
fice till his death. John Adams was a student at 
law in Judge Putnam's office. — His son, James, 
b. in 1758; d. in England in March, 1888, was 
graduated at Harvard in 1774, and was one of the 
eighteen country gentlemen that were driven to 
Boston, and addressed Gen. Gage on his departure 
in 1775. He went to England, became a barrack- 
master, a member of the royal household, and an 
executor of the Duke of Kent 

PUTNAM, James Osborne, lawyer, b. in At- 
tica, N. Y n 4 July, 181& His father, Harvey 
(1798-1855), was a representative in congress in 
1838-*9 and 1847- , 51, having been chosen as a 
Whig. The son studied at Hamilton college and 
then at Yale, where he was graduated in 1889. 
He read law in his father's office, was admitted as 
a practitioner in 1842, and the same year began 

8 notice in Buffalo. In 1851-3 he was postmaster 
Eiere. In 1858 he was elected to the state senate, 
where he was the author of the bill, that became a 
law in 1855, requiring the title of church real 
property to be vested in trustees. In 1857 he was 
the unsuccessful nominee of the American party 
for secretary of state. He was chosen a presi- 
dential elector on the Republican ticket in 1860, 
and appointed U. S. consul at Havre, France, in 
1861. In 1880 he became U. S. minister to Bel- 
gium, and while he was filling this mission he was 
appointed by the U. S. government a delegate to 
tne International industrial property congress in 
Paris in 1881. He has published "Orations, 
Speeches, and Miscellanies " (Buffalo, 1880). 

PUTNAM, John Phelps, jurist, b. in Hartford, 
Conn., 21 March, 1817 ; d. in Boston, 5 Jan., 1882. 
His father, a native of Hartford, was a merchant 
there and mayor of the city, and was descended 
from the same family to which Gen. Israel Put- 
nam belonged. The son was graduated at Tale 
in 1887 and at Harvard law-school in 1889, and 
was admitted to the bar in 1840. He began prac- 
tice in Boston, and prosecuted his profession for 
many years in that city with success. In 1851-*2 
he served in the legislature, and in 1859, when the 



superior court was established, he was appointed 
one of the judges. He was a trustee of the Boston 
music-hall, and one of the chief promoters of the 
enterprise that resulted in placing the great organ 
in that building. He was also a trustee of the 
Protestant Episcopal theological school in Cam- 
bridge. Between 1847 and 1848 he edited fifteen 
volumes of the " Annual Digest " of the decisions 
of all the courts of the United States (Boston, 1852). 

PUTNAM, Sallle A. Brock, author, b. in 
Madison Court-House, Va., about 1845. She was 
educated by private tutors, and early developed a 
taste for literature. She married the Rev. Richard 
Putnam, of New York, in 1888. Her publications 
include " Richmond During the War, under the 
pen-name of "Virginia Madison" (New York, 
1867); "The Southern Amaranth" (1868); and 
" Kenneth My King " (1872). She has in prepara- 
tion " Poets and Poetry of America." 

PUTNAM, Samuel, jurist, b. in Danvers, 
Mass., 18 April, 1768 ; d. in Somerville, Mass., 8 
July, 1858. He was graduated at Harvard in 
1787, studied law, and began practice in Salem in 
1790. He soon attained nigh rank at the Essex 
county bkr, and represented that county in the 
state senate in 1808-'14, and in the legislature in 
1812. From 1814 till 1842 be was judge of the 
supreme court of Massachusetts. Harvard gave 
him the degree of LL. D. in 1825. — His daughter- 
in-law, Mary Traill Spence Lowell, author, b. in 
Boston, Mass., 8 Dec., 1810, is a daughter of the Rev. 
Charles Lowell. She married Samuel R. Putnam, 
a merchant of Boston, in 1882, and subsequently 
resided several years abroad. She has contributed 
to the " North American Review " articles on Polish 
and Hungarian literature (1848-'50), and to the 
"Christian Examiner" articles on the history of 
Hungary (1850-'l), and is the author of " Records 
of an Obscure Man " (1861) ; " The Tragedy of Er- 
rors " and the •* Tragedy of Success," a dramatic 
poem in two parts (1862); "Memoir of William 
Lowell Putnam" (1862); "Fifteen Days" (1866); 
and a "Memoir of Charles Lowell" (1885).— Her 
son, William Lowell, soldier, b. in Boston, 9 
July, 1840 ; d. near BalTs Bluff, Va., 21 Oct, 1861, 
was educated in France and at Harvard, where he 
studied mental science and law. He entered the 
20th Massachusetts regiment in 1861, was ordered 
to the field in September, and was killed while 
leading his battalion to the rescue of a wounded 
officer. When he was borne to the hospital-tent 
he declined the surgeon's assistance, bidding him 
go to those whom his services could benefit, since 
nis own life could not be saved. He was a youth of 
much promise, possessing remarkable natural en- 
dowments and many accomplishments. See the 
memoir by his mother mentioned above. 

PUTNAM, William Le Baron, lawyer, b. in 
Bath, Me., 12 May, 1885. He was graduated at 
Bowdom in 1855, admitted to the bar of Portland 
in 1858, and has since continued there in active 

Sractice. He was mayor of Portland in 1869. He 
eclined the appointment of judge of the supreme 
court of Maine in 1888. In September, 1887, he 
was appointed by President Cleveland a commis- 
sioner to negotiate with Great Britain in the settle- 
ment of the rights of American fishermen in the 
territorial waters of Canada and Newfoundland. 

PUTS. Zaehary dn, French soldier. He was 
commandant of the fort of Quebec in 1655, and in 
1656 was selected to plant a colony among the 
Onondagas. With ten soldiers of the garrison and 
forty other Frenchmen, he established a small set- 
tlement on Lake Onondaga. In 1658 the colony 
was surrounded by Indians, who, as the French 



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PYNCHON 



were known to have no canoes, made sure of their 
destruction. Du Puys gave orders to have small 
light boats built secretly in the garret of the house 
of the Jesuit missionaries, and, eluding the savages, 
reached Montreal in fifteen days. There was great 
joy at his escape, but he expressed his indignation 
at being forced to abandon so important a settle- 
ment for want of succor. He was commissioned 
to act as governor of Montreal in 1605 during the 
absence of Maisonneuve. 

PUY8EGUR, Antolne Hyaeintke, Count de 
Chastenet de, French naval officer, b. in Paris, 14 
Feb., 1752; d. there, 20 Feb., 1809. He entered 
the navy as midshipman in 1766, and during a 
journey to Teneriffe in 1772 discovered, in caverns 
that had been used by the Ouanchos as cemeteries, 
well-preserved mummies which afforded to anthro- 
pologists the means of determining the relationship 
between the extinct Guanchos ana the Indians of 
South America. During the war for American 
independence he served under D'Estaing in 1778-*9, 
was present at the siege of Savannah, held after- 
ward an important post in Tobago, and served for 
the remainder of tne campaign in the West In- 
dies. After the conclusion of peace in 1788 he 
was attached to the station of Santo Dominpo, and 
in 1786, at the instance of Marshal de Castries, sec- 
retary of the navy, he made a survey of the coast 
of Santo Domingo, and of the currents around the 
island. He emigrated to Germanv in 1791, served 
for some time in the army of the Prince of Cond£, 
joined the Portuguese navy in 1795 with the rank 
of vice-admiral, and in 1798 saved King Ferdinand, 
of Naples, and conveyed him safely to Sicily. In 
1808 he returned to France and recovered his for- 
mer estates, but refused the offers of Napoleon to 
reinstate him in the French service. He published 
•* Detail sur la navigation aux cdtes de Saint Do- 
mingue, et dans ses dlbouquements" (Paris, 1787; 
revised ed., 1821). 

PYLE, Howard, artist, b. in Wilmington, Del, 
5 March, 1858. He studied art in a private school 
in Philadelphia, and in 1876 came to New York. 
After spending three years in that city writing and 
illustrating for various magazines, he returned to 
Wilmington, where he has since resided. Besides 
furnishing illustrations for various books and peri- 
odicals, he has written and illustrated numerous 
articles, most of them for the publications of Har- 
per Brothers. He is the author of the text and 
drawings of "The Merry Adventures of Robin 
Hood" (1888); "Pepper and Salt "and "Within 
the Capes " (1885) ; and " The Wonder Clock M and 
- The Rose of Paradise " (1887). Mr. Pyle is favor- 
ably known as a writer of juvenile fiction, in his 
illustrations for which he has adopted a quaint 
style of design. 

PYNCHON, William, colonist, b. in Spring- 
field, Essex, England, in 1590; d. in Wraysbury, 
Buckinghamshire, 29 Oct, 1662. He came to New 
England with Gov. John Win thro p in 1680. Prior 
to his emigration to this country he had been named 
by Charles I., in March, 1629. as one of the paten- 
tees in the charter of the colony of Massachusetts 
bay. In the same charter he was selected as one of 
the eighteen assistants, and was connected with 
the government of the company before its removal 
to New England, and its treasurer. He was active 
in founding Roxbury, Mass., as well as in the or- 
ganization of its first church. When the Massa- 
chusetts colony was in danger of being overstocked 
with people, in May, 1684, tne general court granted 
leave to such inhabitants as might desire ** to re- 
move their habitations to some convenient place." 
In the spring of 1686 William Pynchon with his 




wife and children and a small party of attendants 
established a new plantation upon the Connecticut 
river, at the mouth of the Agawam, from which 
the settlement took its name. One of their first 
efforts was to obtain a minister, and in the year 
following they se- 
cured Rev. George 
Moxon, a personal 
friend of Mr. Pyn- 
chon and a gradu- 
ate of Sidney col- 
lege, Cambridge, 
who remained 
only as long as 
Mr. Pynchon. It 
was supposed at 
first that the new 
settlement was 
within the limits 
of Connecticut, 
and Mr. Pynchon 
sat in the legisla- 
ture at Hartford, 
but he soon with- _^ y aa ^ » 

drew, in conse- ^L/6£6i<om. / yixc/toiu 

3uence of various 
inferences, and received a commission from Mas- 
sachusetts with authority to govern the colony, and 
subsequently it was shown that Agawam was in- 
cluded in the Massachusetts patent In April, 1640, 
the inhabitants assembled in general town-meeting 
and changed the plantation name from Agawam to 
Springfield, as a compliment to Mr. Pynchon and 
his birthplace. Mr. Pynchon succeeded admirably 
in preserving friendly relations between the Indians 
ana his colony by a conciliatory policy. One part 
of it was to treat them as independent, as far as 
their relations with one another were concerned. 
The Indians had confidence in him, and were ready 
to be guided by his wishes. In 1650 Mr. Pynchon 
visited London, and while there published his most 
famous work, entitled " The Meritorious Price of 
our Redemption "(London, 1650), which is now ex- 
ceedingly rare. There is one copy in the British mu- 
seum, one in the Congregational library of Boston, 
and one, elegantly bound, in the BrinJey library, 
was sold for $205. The book, which opposed the 
Calvinistic view of the atonement, made a great 
excitement in Boston, and it was spoken of as er- 
roneous and heretical. The author was received on 
his return with a storm of indignation. The gen- 
eral court condemned the book, ordered that it 
should be burned by the public executioner, and 
summoned the author to appear before them, at 
the meeting in May, 1651. Rev. John Norton was 
also deputed to answer the book. Mr. Pynchon 
acknowledged the receipt of their communication, 
and said that he had convinced the ministers that 
they had entirely misconceived his meaning. This 
letter was complacently received, and he was re- 
quested to appear before them apain in October of 
the same year. Not appearing in October, he was 
requested to do so in tne following May ; but to 
this he paid no attention, and so the case ended. 
However, in consequence of this violent action of 
the authorities ana the ill-treatment to which he 
had been subjected, he returned to England in 
September, 1652, leaving his children as permanent 
residents of New England. He established himself 
at Wraysburv on the Thames, near Windsor, where 
he spent the last ten years of his life in the enjoy- 
ment of an ample fortune, engaged in theological 
writing, and in entire conformity with the Church 
of England. His works include a revised edition 
of his book, entitled "The Meritorious Price of 



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Man's Redemption, or Christ's Satisfaction dis- 
cussed and explained," with a rejoinder to Rev. 
John Norton's answer (1655); "The Jewes Syna- 
gogue n (1652) ; •• How the First Sabbath was or- 
dained" (1654): and -The Covenant of Nature 
made with Adam" (1662). On 26 May, 1886, the 
250th anniversary of the founding of Springfield by 
Pynchon and his associates was celebrated in that 
city. An historical oration was delivered bv Henry 
Morris. The accompanying illustration is from 
a portrait that is now in possession of the Essex 
institute, Salem, Mass. It was painted in England 
after his return.— His son, John, statesman, b. in 
Springfield, Essex. England, in 1621 ; d. in Spring- 
field. Mass., 17 Jan., 1708, was brought to New 
England by his father, and, on the latter's return 
to England in 1652, succeeded him in the govern- 
ment of Springfield, and in the management of the 
affairs of the Connecticut river valley, the greater 

Sirt of which, for himself and his friends, from 
nfield and Suffleld in Connecticut up to the 
northern line of Massachusetts, he purchased from 
the natives, and on which he laid out the towns of 
Northampton, Hadley, Hatfield, Deerfield, North- 
field, and Westfield. As colonel of the 1st regiment 
of Hampshire county, he was in active service dur- 
ing King Philip's and the first French wars, and 
was noted for his skill in the management of the 
Indians, by whom he was greatly beloved. Besides 
going on many other similar missions, in 1680 he 
made a treaty with the Mohawks. The Indians gave 
him a written answer, which was originally drawn 
in the Dutch language, but was translated into Eng- 
lish, and recorded in the colony records. He was 
appointed one of the commissioners to receive the 
surrender of New York by the Dutch in 1664, and 
a deputy to the general court of Massachusetts 
from 1659 tUl 1665. From 1665 till 1686 he was 
an assistant under the first Massachusetts royal 
charter. In 1686 he was named one of the coun- 
cillors under the presidency of Dudley ; from 1688 
to 1689 he was one of the councillors under Sir 
Edmund Andros, and under the new charter he was 
annually elected a councillor from 1693 till 1708, 
and died in office. In 1660 he built the first brick 
house in the valley of the Connecticut, which was 
occupied by the family until 1881. It was known 
as the Old Fort 
(see illustration), in 
consequence of fur- 
nishing a refuge to 
the inhabitants of 
Springfield when 
that town was at- 
tacked and burned 
by the Indians in 
King Philip's war, 
16 Oct, 1675, and 
sustaining a siege while Pynchon himself was ab- 
sent in command of the troops at Hadley. He 
visited England several times in connection with 
his father's estates, and left an immense landed 
property. — John's great-grandson, Charles, physi- 
cian, b. in Springfield, 81 Jan., 1719; d. there, 9 
Aug., 1783. was a surgeon in the Massachusetts 
regiments engaged in the French and English wars 
in 1745 and 1755, was present at the capture of 
Louisburg by the provincial troops, and engaged 
in the expedition against Crown Point He was 
an intimate friend of Col. Ephraim Williams, the 
founder of Williams college, and was with him 
when he fell at the first fire at the battle of Lake 
George. Dr. Pynchon was one of the two surgeons 
who treated Baron Dieskau when he was wounded 
and taken prisoner by the English in the same bat- 
tol. v. — 10 




tie. — Another great-grandson, William, lawyer, b. 
in Springfield, 12 Dec., 1723 ; d. in Salem, 14 March, 
1789, was graduated at Harvard in 1748, and be- 
came an eminent lawyer and advocate and a well- 
known instructor in jurisprudence. He was the 
author of a diary of remarkable interest, covering 
the entire period of the American Revolution. — 
William's brother, Joseph, merchant, b. in Spring- 
field, 80 Oct, 1737 ; d. in Guilford, Conn., 23 Nov., 
1794, was graduated at Yale in 1757, and was one 
of the projectors of the settlement of Shelburne, 
Nova Scotia. During the latter part of his life he 
was devoted to scientific pursuits. — Joseph's son, 
Thomas Boggles, physician, b. in Guilford, 
Conn., in 1760; d. there, 10 Sept, 1796, was edu 
cated in New York, and during the Revolution 
pursued his medical studies in the hospitals of 
the English army in that city. After the war 
he returned to Guilford, where he became cele- 
brated as a physician and surgeon. Dr. Pyn- 
chon and his father and uncle were loyalists, and 
strongly opposed to the dismemberment of the 
British empire, but after the war, became zealous 
supporters of the present constitution of the Unit- 
ed States. His death was caused by a fall from 
a horse. — Thomas Rug^les's grandson, Thomas 
Boggles, educator, b. in New Haven, Conn., 19 
Jan., 1828, was educated at the Latin-school, Bos- 
ton, and graduated at Trinity in 1841. He was 
classical tutor and lecturer on chemistry in the 
college from 1848 till 1847, received deacon's or- 
ders at New Haven, 14 June, 1848, priest's orders 
at Trinity church, Boston, 25 July, 1849, and served 
as rector in Stockbridge and Lenox, Mass., from 
1849 till 1855. He was elected professor of chem- 
istry and the natural sciences in Trinity in 1854, 
and studied in Paris in 1855-'6. He received the 
degree of D. D. from St Stephen's college. N. Y., 
in 1865, and that of LL. D. from Columbia in 
1877. In the latter year he resigned the chair of 
chemistry, and was appointed professor of moral 
philosophy, which post he still (1888) occupies. 
On 7 Nov., 1874, he was elected president of Trin- 
ity, and, in addition to the duties of his professor- 
ship, he administered that office till 1888, during 
the period that followed the sale of the original 
college site to the city of Hartford for a state capi- 
tol, necessitating the selection of a new site, the 
designing and erection of the buildings, and the 
transference of the library, cabinet and other prop- 
erty. He is a fellow of the American association 
for the advancement of science, the Geological so- 
ciety of France, and other learned bodies, and the 
author of a "Treatise on Chemical Physics " (1869), 
and of various addresses. 

PYBLjEUS, John Christopher, German mis- 
sionary, b. in Pausa, Yoigtland, in 1713; d. in 
Herrnhut, Saxony, 28 May, 1779. He studied at 
the University of Leipsic in 1733-'8, entered the 
ministry of the Moravian church, and was sent to 
Pennsylvania in 1740. He engaged in the study of 
the Mohawk and Mohican languages, and in 1744 
organized a school for the instruction of mission- 
aries in these dialects. In 1745 his first translations 
of hymns into Mohican appeared. He returned to 
Europe in 1751. His contributions to the depart- 
ment of American philology, for which his nigh 
scholarship well qualified him, were " A Collection 
of Words and Phrases in the Iroquois or Onondaga 
Language explained into German " ; " Afflxa No- 
minum et Verborum Lingue MacquafcjB," with 
which are bound Iroquois vocabularies: and ** Ad- 
jectiva, Nomina et Pronomia Linguie Macquaice, 
cum nonnullis de Verbis, Adverbiis, ac Praeposi- 
tionibus ejnsdein Linguie." 



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146 



QUACKENBOS 



QUARTER 



QUACKENBOS, George Pajn, educator, b. in 
Kew York city, 4 Sept., 1828 ; d. in New London, 
Merrimack co., N. H., 24 July, 1881. He was 
graduated at Columbia in 1843 and studied law, 
but relinquished it to become a teacher, and for 
many years was principal of a large collegiate 
school in New York city. In 1848-'50 he edited 
the " Literary Magazine. Wesleyan gave him the 
degree of LL. D. in 1868. He edited several dic- 
tionaries of foreign languages, and his school-books 
include " First Lessons in Composition/' of which 
40,000 copies have been printed (New York, 1851) ; 
M Advanced Course of Rhetoric and Composition " 
(1854); "School History of the United States" 
(1857); "Natural Philosophy" (1859); a series of 
English grammars (1862-'4); one of arithmetics 
(1863-74); and "Language Lessons" (1876).— His 
son, John Duncan, educator, b. in New York city, 
22 April, 1848, was graduated at Columbia in 1868, 
became tutor there in history, was graduated at the 
New York college of physicians and surgeons in 
1871, and since 1884 has been adjunct professor of 
the English language and literature in Columbia. 
He received the degree of A. M. from that college 
in 1871. He has published "Illustrated History 
of the World" (New York, 1876); "Illustrated 
History of Ancient Literature, Oriental and Clas- 
sical " (1878) : and " History of the English Lan- 
guage" (1884); and was the literary editor of 
Appletons' " Standard Physical Geography " (1887). 
QUACKENBUSH, Stephen Piatt, naval offi- 
cer, b. in Albany, N. Y., 28 Jan., 1823; d. in Wash- 
ington, D.C.,4 Feb., 1890. He became a midshipman 
in 1840, lieutenant in 1855, and lieut-commanuer in 
1862. During the 

civil war he was 

in charge of the 
" Delaware," the 
" Unadilla," the 
"Pequot,"the"Pa- 
tapsco," and the 
"Mingo," of the 
blockading squad- 
ron. He covered 
Gen. Ambrose E. 
Bu rnside's army in 
falling back from 
A quia creek and 
the landing at Ro- 
anoke island, scat- 

*&?• %2?*\r4ucLoJxb*&*+£ of the enemy, took 
part in the battles 
at Elizabeth City and New Berne, N. C, flying the 
divisional flag of Com. Stephen C. Rowan, and 
engaged the Confederate batteries and a regiment 
of flying infantry at Winton, N. C, where 700 or 
800 Union men had been reported, and a white flag 
displayed as a decoy for the naval vessels. He was 
then ordered to deliver to the people Gen. Burn- 
side's and Admiral Louis M. Qolasborough's procla- 
mation concerning the 700 or 800 men reported. 
When the " Delaware " was close to the shore a body 
of armed Confederates was reported. She opened 
fire, and Winton was destroyed according to orders, 
in consequence of the display of the white flag. 
He subsequently was in action at Sewell's Point 
landing, Wilcox landing, and Malvern hill, on 
James river, where he commanded the " Pequot," 
and received a shot that took off his right leg. He 
afterward covered the rear-guard of the army in 



the retreat to Harrison's landing. While in charge 
of the steam gun-boat "Unadilla," of the South 
Atlantic squadron, in 1868, he captured the " Prin- 
cess Royal," which contained machinery for shap- 
ing projectiles, engines for an iron-clad then build- 
ing in Richmond, and a large quantity of quinine. 
Wnen commanding the " Patapsco," of the North 
Atlantic squadron, in 1864, he was engaged in as- 
certaining the nature and position of the obstruc- 
tions in Charleston harbor, and, while dragging 
for torpedoes, his ship was struck by one and sunk 
in twenty seconds. He was then in charge of the 
steamer " Mingo," protecting Georgetown, S. C, 
and, with a force of light-draught vessels, prevented 
the re-erection of a fort by the enemv. He became 
commander in 1866, captain in 1871, and commo- 
dore in 1880. In 1861-2 he was in charge of the 
navy-yard at Pensacola, Fla., and in 1885 he was 
retirea as rear-admiral. 

QUARTER, William, R. C. bishop, b. in 
Killurine, King's co., Ireland, 24 Jan., 1806; d. 
in Chicago, 111., 10 April, 1848. He received his 
early training in the classical seminary of Tulla- 
more, and was preparing for the ecclesiastical col- 
lege of Maynooth when he met a priest who had 
returned from the United States. The accounts he 
heard of the spiritual destitution of his country- 
men induced him to go thither, and he landed in 
Quebec on 10 April, 1822. He applied for admis- 
sion into the seminary, but was rejected on account 
of his youth, and met with a similar refusal at 
Montreal, but, after travelling through the United 
States, he was Anally received into Mount St. 
Mary's college, Emmettsburg, Md. He became 
professor of Latin and Greek there, studied phi- 
losophy and theology at the same time, and was 
ordained priest on 4 Sept,* 1829. He was ap- 
pointed assistant pastor of St Peter's church. 
New York, where, during the cholera epidemic of 
1882, he displayed great self-sacrifice. He gathered 
the children that had been made orphans by the 
visitation, and intrusted them to the care of the 
Sisters of Charity, spending all his means on their 
maintenance. He was appointed pastor of St 
Mary's parish in 1838, rebuilt the church, which 
had been burned, and founded a select and a free 
school in connection with it In 1848 his name 
was transmitted to the pope by the council of Bal- 
timore, which had just created the diocese of Chi- 
cago. He received the pontifical briefs on 80 Sept, 
and was consecrated first bishop of Chicago in 
the cathedral of New York on 10 March, 1844, by 
Archbishop Hughes. He completed the Chicago 
cathedral from his own resources and the contribu- 
tions of members of his family, opened several 
Roman Catholic schools, and founaed a college 
which afterward was developed into the University 
of St Mary's of the Lake. In 1845 he went to New 
York to collect money for an ecclesiastical semi- 
nary, and in 1846 it was completed and organized. 
In the same year he introduced the Sisters of 
Mercy, and built a convent for them in Chicago, 
which soon sent out branches to everv part of Illi- 
nois. He was the first bishop in the United States 
to establish theological conferences, at which the 
clergymen of his diocese assembled twice a year for 
the discussion of ecclesiastical statutes and Ques- 
tions relating to their calling. He was particularly 
attentive to the emigrants that were then flocking 
into the country, and organized benevolent socie- 
ties to aid them. 



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QUARTLEY 



QUEIP6 



147 



QUARTLEY, Frederick William, engraver, 
h. m Bath. England, 5 July, 1808 ; d. in New York 
city, 5 April, 1874. He adopted the profession of 
wood-engraving at sixteen years of age, studied in 
Wales and in Paris, and in 1852 came to New York 
city, where he connected himself with several pub- 
lishing-houses. His best-known work is in "Pic- 
turesque America" (New York, 1872), and "Pic- 
turesque Europe" (1875). He also painted with 
some success. Among his pictures are " Niagara 
Falls," "Butter-Milk Falls,* and "Catskill Fails." 
—His son, Arthur, artist, b. in Paris, France, 
24 May, 1839; d. in New York city, 19 May, 1886. 
When he was two years old he was taken to Lon- 
don, where in 1848-'50 he studied at Westminster. 
He came to the United States in 1851, settling in 
New York, where he was later apprenticed to a 
sign-painter. Until 1862 he followed his trade in 
New York, after which he went to Baltimore, en- 
gaging in business for ten years. Meanwhile for 
some time he had devoted his leisure hours to the 
study of painting, although he never had any in- 
struction. He opened a studio in 1878, and two 
years later returned to New York. He improved 
rapidly, and soon took a high place among Ameri- 
can marine-painters. He was elected an associate of 
the National academy in 1879, and an academician 
in 1886. In 1885 he visited Europe, remaining 
about one year, and returning a few months before 
his death. His more important paintings include 
" Morning Effect, North River " and " Close of a 
Stormy Day " (1877) ; " From a North River Pier- 
Head" and "An Afternoon in August" (1878] 



"Trinity from the River" (1880); "Queen's Birth- 
day " (1888); and " Lofty and Lowly " and " Dig- 
nity and Impudence " (1884). 

QUASDANOVICH, Slglsmond Mathlas(quas- 
dah-no-vitch'), Hungarian explorer, b. in Buda in 
1742; d. in Vienna, Austria, in 1796. He received 
his education in Vienna, and was afterward assist- 
ant professor of botany in the university of that city. 
In 1784 he was sent to the West Indies and South 
America, and, obtaining from Charles III., after 
some difficulties, permission to enter the Spanish 
dominion?, he explored for three years Cuba, Porto 
Rico, Jamaica, and Santo Domingo. He went 
afterward to Guiana, and returned in 1789 to 
Vienna with important botanical collections, which 
he presented to the Academy of sciences. Among 
his works are "Reise durch Guiana" (Vienna, 
1790); " Beschreibung der Insel Cuba" (1791); 
" Hundert Tage auf Reisen in Porto Rico " (1791) ; 
"Guiana Skizzen" (1792); "Geschichte und Zu- 
st&nde der Indianer in Guiana " (1798) ; " Institu- 
tions regni vegetabilis" (1794); and "Historia 
generalis plantarum Americanarum " (8 vols., 1795). 

QUAY, Matthew Stanley, senator, b. in Dills- 
burg, York co., Pa., 80 Sept., 1838. He was gradu- 
ated at Jefferson college, Pa., in 1850, began his 
legal studies at Pittsburg, and was admitted to the 
bar in 1854. He was appointed prothonotary of 
Beaver county in 1855, in 1856 elected to the same 
office, and re-elected in 1859. In 1861 he resigned 
his office to accept a lieutenancy in the 10th Penn- 
sylvania reserves, and he was subsequently made 
assistant commissary-general of the state with the 
rank of lieutenant-colonel. Afterward he was ap- 
pointed private secretary to Gov. Andrew G. Cur- 
tin, and in August, 1862, he was commissioned 
colonel of the 184th Pennsylvania regiment. He 
was mustered out, owing to impaired health. 7 Dec., 
1862, bat participated in the assault on Marye's 
Heights, 13 Dec, as a volunteer. He was subse- 
quently appointed state agent at Washington, but 
shortly afterward was recalled by the legislature to 



fill the office of military secretary, which was cre- 
ated by that body. He was elected to the legisla- 
ture in October, 1864, in 1865, and 1866, and in 1869 
he established and edited the Beaver "Radical." 
In 1873- '8 he was secretary of the commonwealth, 
resigning to accept the appointment of recorder 
of Philadelphia, which office he resigned in 1879. 
In January, 1879, he was again appointed secre- 
tary of the commonwealth, filling that post until 
October, 1882, when he resigned. In 1885 he was 
elected state treasurer by the largest vote ever 
given to a candidate for that office, and in 1887 
was chosen to the U. S. senate for the term that 
will end 3 March, 1893. 

QUEEN, Walter W, naval officer, b. in Wash- 
ington, D. C., 6 Oct, 1824. He entered the U. S. 
navy as a midshipman in 1841, was attached dur- 
ing the Mexican war to the frigate " Cumberland," 
and participated in the attacks on Alvarado, Tam- 
pico, Tuspan, and Vera Cruz. He was dismissed 
from the service in 1848 for participation as a prin- 
cipal in a duel, was reinstated in 1853, and became 
lieutenant in 1855. He was on special duty in the 
steam sloop " Powhatan " in 1861, re-enforced Fort 
Pickens, Fla., and served nineteen days on shore in 
charge of the boats of the fleet. He commanded the 
2d division of the mortar flotilla under David D. 
Porter during the bombardment of Fort Jackson 
and Fort St. Philip, and during the attack on 
Vicksburg when Flag-Officer David G. Farragut 
passed the batteries with his fleet He became 
lieutenant-commander in 1862, was on ordnance 
duty in 1862-'8, and in charge of the steam gun- 
boat "Wyalusing," of the North Atlantic block- 
ading squadron, in 1863-'4. On 5 May, 1864, with 
that vessel, he engaged the Confederate ram " Al- 
bemarle," with her consorts the " Bombshell " and 
the " Cotton-Plant." He became commander, with 
special duty on the " Hartford," in 1866, captain 
in 1874, commodore in 1883, and rear-admiral, 27 
Aug., 1886, and was retired in October. 

QUEIPO, Manuel Abad (kay-po'), Spanish 
clergyman, b. in Spain about 1760 ; d. there about 
1820: He came to Mexico about 1795, and, during 
the beginning of the strife for independence, be- 
came noted for his violent measures and publica- 
tions against the patriots, as governor of the 
bishopric of Michoacan. He was presented and 
confirmed for the latter see, but, before being con- 
secrated, was called to Spain in 1815. He wrote 
" Edicto instructivo sobre la revoluci6n del Cura 
de los Dolores y sus Secuaces" (Mexico, '1810); 
" Carta Pastoral sobre la Insurrecci6n de los Pue- 
blos del Obispado de Michoacan" (1811); and 
"Carta Pastoral sobre el riesgo que amenaza la 
Insurrecci6n de Michoacan a la Libertad v 4 la 
Religi6n" 11818). 

QUEIPO, Vicente Vasquez, Spanish states- 
man, b. in Luci, Galicia, in 1804. He received his 
education in Seville, where he was graduated in 
law, and entered the colonial magistracy. He was 
for several years fiscal procurator in Havana, and 
always advocated the enfranchisement of the 
negroes in the island. In 1860 he was elected sena- 
tor by the city of Seville, but he resigned after the 
overthrow of Queen Isabella in 1868, and since that 
time has devoted his time to literary researches. He 
has in preparation a history of Cuba. Queipo is a 
member of the Academy of sciences, and that of 
historical researches, of Madrid, and a correspond- 
ing member of the Institute of France. Among his 
works are " Cuba, sus recursos su administraci6n 
y su populaci6n" (Madrid, 1850), translated into 
French in 1851, and " Essai sur le syst£me mltrique 
et monetaire des anciens peuples " (1859). 



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148 



QUEIROS 



QUESADA 



QUEIROS, Pedro Fernandas de (kay'-ros), 
Portuguese navigator, b. in Evora, Alentejo, in 
1560 ; d. in Panama in 1614. lie is also known 
under the name of Uuiros, and most historians call 
him a Spaniard, lie was a pilot in the Spanish 
service, and made several voyages to New Spain. 
In 1604 he received the commission of general and 
the command of an expedition to explore the Pa- 
cific ocean. Two frigates and a sloop were built in 
Callao, and Queiros sailed from that place, 21 Dec, 
1605, Luis Vaes de Torres acting as his deputy. 
Their course waa west-southwest, and they did not 
see land for 8,000 miles, when, on 22 Jan., 1606, 
they passed Incarnation island, and afterward the 
Dezana archipelago, lying in 1 7° 58' S. They landed 
at Sagitaria island (now Tahiti) on 10 Feb., dis- 
covered, 7 April, Touraako, where King Tamav 
gave them valuable information, and on 25 Apnl 
descried the New Hebrides islands, and an appar- 
ent continent, which Queiros named Tierra Aus- 
tral del Espiritu Santo. He arrived in Acapulco, 
8 Oct, 1606, and, proceeding immediately to Mad- 
rid, presented to Philip III. a memoir in which he 
urged the advantages of colonizing the countries 
that he had discovered* The court of Spain re- 
fused him support, and he went to Panama, intend- 
ing to organize a new expedition with his own re- 
sources, but died there. His " Cartas al rey Felipe 
III.'* (Seville, 1610) are full of interesting details. 
The original narrative of his voyage has been pub- 
lished in volume xvii. of the ** Viagero Universal," 
but a copy was issued during his life under the 
title "Narratio de Terrft Australi incognita " 
(Amsterdam, 1613). The French version is better 
known : " Copie de la requite presentee au roi d'Es- 
pagne sur la decouverte de la cinouidme partie du 
monde, appelee la Terre Australe lncogneuS, et des 
grandes nchesses et fertilites d'icelle " (Paris, 1617). 
Purchas gave also an English version of it in his 
" Pilgrimmes " (London, 1625). 

QUENTIN, Charles Henry (kan-tang), French 
missionary, b. in Bordeaux in 1621 ; d. in Sao Paulo, 
Brazil, in 1683. He became a Jesuit, went in his 
youth to South America, and was attached to the 
missions of the Amazon. He became afterward 
visitor of the order, founded several missions in 
the provinces of Sao Paulo and Minas Geraes, 
built schools and convents, and labored much to 
improve the condition of the Indians. He left 
several manuscripts, both in French and Spanish, 
which are now in the National library of Paris. 
One of* them has been published under the title 
"Journal de la mission du pere Charles Quentin 
dans la terre du Bresil, de 1670 a 1680" (2 vols., 
Paris, 1852). It contains curious and interesting 
details of the early stages of the Portuguese con- 
quest and the Indians of southern Brazil. 

QUERARD, Louis Francois (kay-rar), West 
Indian poet, b. in Dondon, Santo Domingo, in 
1706 ; died in Cape Francais in 1749. His father 
was a colonial magistrate, and the son held for 
several vears an office in the department of the 
king's lieutenant at Cape Francais. In 1786 he 
published a volume of verses, " Melodies Indiennes " 
(Cape Francais), which was received with favor. 
The author pretended in his preface that he had 
translated and adapted into French the Indian 
recitatives that were sung at festivities. Encour- 
agement was given him and he received 800 livres 
from Cardinal Fleury. But Qulrard pretended 
afterward to give a new series of Indian poems, 
which represented the natives as having attained a 
far greater state of civilization than the early dis- 
coverers had credited them with, and he was accused 
of imposing on the public His Indian poems are 



now considered to rank with Villemarte's Celtic 
songs, nnd the poem of Clotilde de Surville. The 
greater part was certainly the original work of the 
author. They are " Chants de guerre des Caralbes " 
(Cape Francais, 1737) ; ** Chants de victoire au re- 
tour de la bataille " (1737) ; " L'appel aux armes " 
(1738) ; " Lamentations d'un Indien sur le corps de 
sa fille " (1740) ; a Danses de manage " (1740) ; and 
u De rdcriture CaraTbe; comment les Indiens con- 
servaient la memoire des 6venements important* 
au moyen d'un systeme de cordelettes de di verses 
couleurs " (1741), which Que*rard wrote in answer to 
his detractors. 

QUESADA, Gonzalo Jimenez de (kay-sah'- 
dah), Spanish adventurer, b. in Granada in 1495 ; 
d. in Mariquita in 1597. He studied law in Se- 
ville, and in 1535 was appointed chief justice of 
the province of Santa* Marta in South America. 
He commanded an expedition to explore the in- 
terior of the country. He left Santa Marta, 6 
Aug., 1536, at the head of 900 men, and, after many 
hardships and more than a year of warfare witn 
the Indians, conquered the plateau of Bogota, 
where, on 6 Aug.. 1538, he founded a city, which 
he called Santa Fe\ and the country New Grana- 
da. Shortly afterward there arrived on the pla- 
teau of Bogota, from different directions, the ex- 
ploring expedition of Sebastian de Velalcazar, one 
of Pizarros lieutenants, who came from Quito, 
and Nicolas Federmann (q. v.\ from Coro. Nego- 
tiations were opened between the three explorers ; 
Federmann agreed, for $10,000, to turn over his 
forces to Quesada, and Velalcazar to retire to the 
southwestern provinces, leaving Cundinamarca to 
the first conqueror, pending the decision of the 
crown. Quesada, leaving his brother, Hernan Pe- 
rez, in charge, set out for Europe. He met the 
emperor at Ghent, but offended him by an os- 
tentatious display of luxury, and he was also op- 
posed by the friends of his former chief, Lugo, who 
had died. Quesada was passed over, and a son of 
Lugo, Alonso Luis, obtained the commission of 
governor of New Granada in 1542. Shortly after- 
ward Quesada obtained leave to join his brother in 
the New World, but was persecuted bv the gover- 
nor, imprisoned, and exiled. He resolved to seek 
justice in Spain, and returned to New Granada as 
commander-in-chief of the troops. In 1569, under 
the government of Diaz de Lei va (q. v.), he made an 
unsuccessful expedition to discover " El Dorado," 
returning from the banks of the river Guaviare. 
He was afterward reinstated as captain-general, 
and died, a centenarian, of leprosy. His remains 
were transported to the cathedral of Bogota. 

QUESADA, Manuel de, Cuban patriot, b. in 
Puerto Principe about 1880; d. in Costa Rica in 
1886. In 1853 he emigrated to Mexico on account 
of his political ideas, and entered the army, serving 
under Juarez against the empire. He was soon 
distinguished by his bravery, was brevetted briga- 
dier-general,, and became "governor of Coahuila 
and Durango. When the Cuban insurrection be- 
gan in 1868, he fitted out an expedition in the 
United States and landed at Guanaja, on the north- 
ern part of the island, in December of the same 
year. He devoted his attention to organizing the 
Cuban forces and was appointed their commander- 
in-chief. In this capacity he took part in several 
engagements, especially at Sabana Grande and Las 
Tunas, where he defeated the Spanish troops. In 
1870 he was deprived of his command by the 
Cuban congress, and left the island. He then 
made a tour in the United States and the South 
American republics in search of aid for the Cuban 
cause, and succeeded in sending a few expeditions 



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QUESADA 



QUICKENBORNE 



149 



with arms and ammunitions to the patriots, among 
others one in the steamer M Virgiuius," which was 
captured by the Spaniards. Among those of the 
crew that were executed at Santiago de Cuba was 
a son of Quesada. After the close of the Cuban 
insurrection he settled in Costa Rica, where he 
was employed by the government 

QUESADA, 'Vicente ttaspar, Argentine au- 
thor, b. in Bueuos Ay res, 5 April, 1830. He 
studied law in the university of his native city, in 
1850 was graduated as LL. D., and at once took an 
active part in politics, contributing, by his articles 
in the press of Montevideo and Buenos Ay res, to 
the fall of the tyrant Rosas in 1862. He founded 
in I860 the " Revista del Parana," and in 1864 the 
M Revista de Buenos Ayres," and since 1871 he has 
been director of the public library of the latter 
city. He has published " lmpresiones de viaje, 
recuerdos de las provincias de C6rdoba, Santiago y 
Tucuman " (Buenos Ayres, 1852) ; " La provincia 
de Cordoba ' (I860), which has been translated into 
German : and a series of articles. " Los Recuerdos," 
** El Crepusculo de la tarde," •* Lejos del hogar," 
and "El Arpa," published in his ** Revista," and 
in a volume (1864). 

QUESNEL, Dleudoimt-Gabriel Louis, (kay- 
nel), South American botanist, b. near Cayenne in 
1749; d. in Cayenne in 1801. He received his edu- 
cation in France, served for several years in the 
army, and fought at Tobago in 1780. After the 
conclusion of peace he returned, with the brevet 
of major, to his estate in Guiana, and. at the sugges- 
tion of Malouet (q. v.), established a model farm, and 
adopted new methods of cultivation. For several 
years he carried on his agricultural experiments, 
but, unwise management proving detrimental to 
his fortune, he abandoned agriculture and be- 
came a traveller. He explored French Guiana 
and the northern provinces of Brazil, and formed 
an important herbarium, which is now deposited 
in the museum of Cayenne. Among his works are 
"Herbier explique* des plantes de la Guiane" (2 
vols., Cayenne, 1792); "Description de la flore 
Guianaise " (1795) ; and ** Journal de voyage a tro- 
vers les Pampas* (1796). 

((UESNEL, Joseph, author, b. in St Malo, 
France, 15 Nov., 1749; d. in Montreal, Canada, 
8 July, 1809. After finishing his studies, he shipped 
on board a man-of-war, visited Pondichery and 
Madagascar, travelled in Africa, and after three 
years returned to France. After resting a few 
months, he set out for French Guiana, and after- 
ward visited several islands of the Antilles and ex- 
plored part of Brazil He then travelled in the 
valley of the Mississippi, and finally decided on 
settling in Canada. He married in Montreal, and 
resided in Boucherville. In 1788 he wrote "Colas 
et Colinette," a vaudeville, which was played for 
the first time in Montreal. He followed with 
* Lucas et Cecile," an operetta, ** L'Anglomanie," a 
comedy in verse, and " Republicans Francais," in 
prose, which was afterward published in Paris. 
Besides several songs, he composed sacred music 
for the parish church of Montreal, and some 
motets, and wrote a short treatise on the dramatic 
art (1805). The writings of Quesnel are in the first 
volume of the «• Repertoire national." 

QUETZALCOHUATL (ket-zal-co-wat'-tle), king 
of the Toltecs, lived about the sixth century. Ac- 
cording to Brassenr de Bourbourg (0. v.), in his 
M Hitfoire des nations civilisees du Mexique," a 
personage with long hair reaching to the waist, and 
a pale visage, who gave his name as Cecalt-Quet- 
zalcohaatl, landed one morning at Panuco. He 
pretended to come from an eastern country of which 



nobody had heard before, and was accompanied 
by a troop of architects, painters, and scientists. 
Proceeding immediately to Tollantzingo, he built 
a magnificent temple and an underground palace, 
and was elected king of Tollan, the nations of the 
Onaahuac valley receiving him as a messenger of 
God. His reign lasted twenty years, and proved 
beneficial to the people, several nations asking to 
be admitted in the confederacy, till Huemac, king 
of Aculhuacan, allied with the dissatisfied priests, 
overthrew the monarchy. Quetzalcohuntl retired 
to the vallev of Huitzilapan, where he founded the 
city of Cholula, which later became the seat of a 
powerful republic Some years afterward Cholula 
was also taken by Huemac, and Brasseur de Bour- 
bourg asserts that Quetzalcohuatl died during his 
flight from Cholula. But other historians say 
that, after retiring from Tollantzingo, Quetzalco- 
huatl reached the coast of Campeche and founded 
Xicalanco on an island of the lagoon de Terminos, 
whence, after some years, he retired again to bis 
fabulous country, while his followers emigrated to 
Central America and founded the new city of 
Tollan near Ococingo in Chiapas. 

QUICK, Charles William, clergyman, b. in 
New York city, 4 Oct, 1822. He was graduated at 
Yale in 1848, and at Alexandria theological semi- 
nary, Va., in 1848. He was ordained to the min- 
istry of the Protestant Episcopal church, and was 
rector of parishes in New York and Pennsylvania 
till 1876, when he joined the ministry of the Re- 
formed Episcopal church. He edited The " Epis- 
copal Recorder" in 1866-*81, The "Christian 
Woman " in 1885, and the works of Ezekiel Hop- 
kins (Philadelphia, 1868); "Righteousness by 
Faith," by Charles P. Mcllvaine (1864); and the 
works of John Owen (16 vols., 1865). 

QUICKENBORNE (or Van Quickenbornb, 
Charles), Charles tad, clergyman, b. in Peteg- 
hem. Belgium, 21 Jan., 1788 ; of. at the mission of 
St. Francis, in the Portage des Sioux, Mo., 17 Aug., 
1857. He studied in the College of Ghent, was or- 
dained priest, and held various ecclesiastical places 
in Belgium. He became a Jesuit in 1815, and at 
once asked to be sent on the American mission. 
He arrived in the United States in 1817, and in 
1819 was appointed superior of the Jesuit novitiate 
of White Marsh, Md. While attending to the duties 
of this office he built two fine churches, one in 
Annapolis and one at White Marsh, and had, at 
the same time, a vast district under his jurisdic- 
tion. After some years he was ordered to transfer 
his mission to Missouri. He accordingly set out 
with twelve companions, and, after travelling 1,600 
miles, arrived at Florissant and began the novitiate 
of St Stanislaus. To form this establishment he 
had no other materials than the timber that he 
carried from the woods and the rocks he raised 
from the bed of the river. He was his own archi- 
tect, mechanic, and laborer, and, aided by his 
novices, finally constructed the. buildings. In 1828 
he set about building a university at St. Louis, and 
also erected at St Charles a church, a convent of 
the Sacred Heart, and a parochial residence. His 
great desire from the first had been to evangelize 
the Indians. He therefore made several excursions 
among the Osages and Iowas, and made numerous 
conversions. He erected a house and chapel among 
the Kickapoos, and this tribe became the centre of 
his missionary labors in 1886. He had visited all 
the neighboring tribes and formed plans for their 
conversion, when he was recalled to Missouri. 
After remaining some time in St. Louis, he was 
sent to the parish of St. Francis, where he at once 
began the erection of a church. 



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QUINBY. George Washington, clergyman, b. 
in Westbrook, Me., 20 Dec, 1810; d. in August*, 
Me., 10 Jan., 1884. He was educated in his native 
village and in the academies of Parsonsfleld and 
North Bridgton, Me., studied for the ministry, and 
in 1885 began to preach in Poland, Me. He was 
subsequently pastor of Universalist churches in 
Livermore, North Yarmouth, and Saco, Me., Taun- 
ton, Mass., and Cincinnati, Ohio. He was editor 
of the " Star in the West " for several years, subse- 
quently of the "Trumpet" and the "Freeman," 
and in 1864-'84 of the " Gospel Banner," all organs 
of the Universalist church. His publications in- 
clude " The Salvation of Christ " (Cincinnati, 1852) ; 
" Brief Exposition and Defence of Universalism " 
(1854) ; " Marriage and the Duties of the Marriage 
Relation : Six Lectures " (1856) ; " The Gallows, the 
Prison, and the Poor-House " (1857) ; and " Heaven 
Our Home "(I860). 

QUINBY, Isaac Ferdinand, soldier, b. near 
Morristown, N. J., 29 Jan., 1821. He was gradu- 
ated at the U. S. military academy in 1848, stand- 
ing first in engineering. He was a classmate and 
close friend of Gen. Grant. He was an assistant 
professor at West Point in 1845-'7 and took part 
in several skirmishes on the Rio Grande and Vera 
Crux lines at the close of the Mexican war. He 
went to Rochester, N. Y., in September, 1851, to 
become professor of mathematics in the newly 
founded university in that city, and resigned from 
the army, 16 March, 1852. He held his professor- 
ship until the civil war, and then became colonel 
of the 18th New York regiment Under his com- 
mand, it marched through Baltimore on 80 May, 
being the first body of National troops to pass 
through that city after the attack upon the 6th 
Massachusetts regiment on 19 April. Col. Quinby 
resigned his commission, 2 Aug., 1861, and re- 
sumed his chair ; but he was appointed brigadier- 
general of volunteers, 17 March, 1862, and in the 
following month was assigned to the command at 
Columbus, Ky. In October, 1862, he was relieved, 
to take command of the 7th division of the Army 
of the Tennessee. The division was sent to take 
part in the movement to turn the Confederate 
right flank at Vicksburg by Yazoo pass, the Cold- 
water, Tallahatchie, and Yazoo rivers. Amid great 
difficulties Gen. Quinby pushed on to Fort Pem- 
berton, where he arrived on 28 March. Find- 
ing that there was no ground suitable for camp- 
ing or moving a large body of troops, and the fire 
of the small gun-boats being ineffectual, he con- 
ceived the idea of going around to the east side 
of Fort Pemberton, crossing the Yallabusha river 
on a pontoon bridge, cutting the communications 
of the fort, and compelling its surrender: but 
he also constructed works for a direct attack, and 
sent back to Helena for heavy guns. The boat 
that carried them brought orders from Gen. 
Grant to abandon the movement by Yazoo pass, 
and Gen. Quinby withdrew his force from before 
Fort Pemberton on 5 April The fatigues and 
anxieties of this expedition in a malarious region 
brought on a severe illness, and he was ordered 
home on sick-leave, 1 May, 1868. But learning, a 
few days after reaching home, the progress of 
Grant's movement to the rear of Vicksburg, he 
hastened back, assuming command of his division 
on the 17th, and taking part in the assault of the 
19th, and the subsequent movements. On 5 June 
illness again rendered hfm unfit for duty in the 
field, ana he went to the north under Grant's or- 
ders, remaining in Rochester until 1 July. He then 
commanded the rendezvous at Elmira till 81 Dec, 
1868, when, convinced that he would not again be 



able to go to the front, he resigned his commission 
and resumed his duties as professor in the univer- 
sity. In May, 1869, he was appointed U. S. marshal 
for the northern district of New York, and he held 
that office during Gen. Grant's two presidential 
terms, holding his professorship also till September, 
1884. In May, 1885, he was appointed city surveyor 
of Rochester, and he now (1888) holds that office. 
He was a trustee of the Soldiers' home at Bath, 
N. Y., and vice-president of the board from the 
foundation of the institution in 1879 till his resigna- 
tion in 1886. In addition to his official duties, he is 
frequently employed as a consulting engineer. He 
has revised and rewritten several of the works in 
the Robinson Course of Mathematics, and the trea- 
tise on the " Differential and Integral Calculus " 
in that series is altogether his. 

QUINCY, Edmund, emigrant, b. in Wigsthorpe, 
Northamptonshire, England, in 1602; d. in Mt 
Wollaston, Mass., in November or December, 1685. 
His family seems to have been connected with the 
Quincys, Earls of Winchester in the 18th century. 
(See Grace's u Memoranda respecting the Families 
of Quincy and Adams," Havana, 1841.) Edmund 
Quincy came to Massachusetts in 1628, and, after 
returning to England for his wife and children, 
sailed again in the ship which brought the Rev. 
John Cotton, and anchored in Boston harbor, 4 
Sept, 1688. He was one of the committee ap- 
pointed to purchase the rights of William Black- 
stone to the Shawmut peninsula. In 1685 several 
thousand acres of land in the Mt. Wollaston plan- 
tation were granted to Edmund Quincy and Will- 
iam Coddington, afterward one of the founders of 
Rhode Island. This district was presently set off 
from Boston as a distinct township under the name 
of Braintree, and part of it was long afterward in- 
corporated as the town of Quincy.— His son, Ed- 
mnnd, b. at Achnrch, Northamptonshire, in 1627 ; 
d. in Braintree, 8 Jan., 1698, was a magistrate and 
representative of his town in the general court, 
and lieutenant-colonel of the Suffolk regiment . In 
1689 he was appointed one of the committee of 
safety, which formed the provisional government 
of the colony until the arrival of the new charter 
from William and Mary. He had two sons, Daniel 
and Edmund, the former of whom died before his 
father. — Daniel's only son, John, statesman, b. in 
Braintree in 1689 ; d. there in 1767, was graduated 
at Harvard in 1706. He held the office of speaker 
of the house of representatives longer than any other 
person in the provincial period, and was for forty 
successive years a member of the council. His 
great-grandson, John Quincy Adams, was named 
for him. — Edmund's younger son, Edmund, states- 
man, b. in Braintree in October, 1681 ; d. in Lon- 
don, 28 Feb., 1788, was graduated at Harvard in 
1699, and entered early into public life as repre- 
sentative from his native town, and afterward as 
member of the council. He was a judge of the su- 
preme court from 1718 until his death. A contro- 
versy having arisen as to the boundary between 
Massachusetts and New Hampshire, he was ap- 

E' id agent for Massachusetts, and embarked for 
nd in December, 1787. Soon after his arrival 
ndon he fell a victim to small-pox. He left 
two sons, Edmund and Josiah. — The elder, Ed- 
mund, merchant, b. in Braintree, in 1708 ; d. there 
in 1788, was graduated at Harvard in 1722. He 
was author of a M Treatise on Hemp Husbandry,'' 

Sublished in 1765* One of his daughters married 
ohn Hancock. — The younger, Josiah, merchant, 
b. in Braintree in 1709 ; d. there in 1784, was gradu- 
ated at Harvard in 172a Between 1787 and 1749 
he spent much of his time in Europe, He was ap- 



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pointed in 1755 joint commissioner with Thomas 
PoWnall to negotiate with the colonies of New York 
and Pennsylvania for aid in erecting a frontier 
barrier against the French, at Ticonderoga. He 
was a friend and correspondent of Franklin and 
Washington, and erected the mansion seen in the 
accompanying illustration, which is still occupied 






by his descendants. — Josiah's second son. Samuel, 
lawyer, b. in Braintree, Mass., 13 April, 1785 ; d. in 
Antigua in 1789, was graduated at Harvard in 1754. 
He was an intimate mend of John Adams, and the 
two were admitted to the bar on the same day, 6 
Nov., 1758. Samuel Quincy became eminent in his 
profession, and rose to the dignity of solicitor- 
general of the province. His official position in- 
fluenced his political views. He became a Tory, 
and at the end of the siege of Boston in March, 
1776, he left the country with other loyalists. By 
way of compensation for his exile and. losses, he 
was appointed attorney-general of Antigua, which 
office he held until his death. — Josiah's third son, 
Josiah, lawyer, b. in Boston, 28 Feb., 1744 ; d. at 
sea off Gloucester, Mass., 26 -April, 1775, was gradu- 
ated at Harvard in 1768. Three years later, on 
taking his master's degree, he delivered an English 
oration on " Patriotism," which exhibited his won- 
derful power as an orator. Heretofore the orations 
had been in Latin. He studied law with Oxen- 
bridge Thacher, and succeeded him in his exten- 
sive and lucrative practice. He soon rose to the 
foremost rank in his profession. At the same time 
he gave much attention to politics, and on the oc- 
casion of the Townshend measures of 1767 he pub- 
lished in the Boston ** Gazette " a series of extreme- 
ly able articles, signed M Hyperion." After the so- 
called " Boston massacre" he was selected, together 
with John Adams, by Capt. Preston as counsel for 
himself and his soldiers who had fired on the crowd. 
The popular excitement was such that it required 
not only moral but physical courage to perform 
this duty. Mr. Quincy's own father wrote him a 
letter of passionate remonstrance. That he should 
undertake the defence of " those criminals charged 
with the murder of their fellow-citizens " seemed 
monstrous. «• Good God ! w wrote the father, " is it 
possible ! I will not believe it I " The son, in reply, 
maintained that it was his professional duty to give 
legal advice and assistance to men accused! of a 
crime but not proved guilty of it " I never har- 
bored the expectation/' said he, " nor any great de- 
sire, that all men should speak well of me. To in- 
quire my duty and do it, is ray aim." After the ex- 
citement was over, Mr. Quincy's course was warmly 
commended by nearly everybody. During the next 
two years his business greatly increased, but he still 
found time to write stirring political pamphlets. He 
wrote in " Edes and Gill's Gazette," over the signa- 
tures of " Callisthenes," "Tertius in Nubibus," 
" Edward Sexby," and " Marchmont Nedham." He 
was also the author of the " Draught of Instructions 



to the Boston Representatives in May, 1772," and 
the u Report of a Committee chosen by the Inhabi- 
tants of Petersham, 4th January, 1778." All these 
papers are characterized by clearness and boldness. 
He was one of the first to say, in plain terms, that 
an appeal to arms, followed by a separation from 
the mother-country, was inevitable. It had by this 
time become evident that he was suffering from pul- 
monary consumption, and in February, 1778, by the 
advice of physicians, he made a voyage to Charles- 
ton, and travelled through the Carolina*, returning 
to Boston late in May. He was present in the Old 
South meeting-house on 16 Dec., and as the men, 
disguised as Indians, rushed past the door on their 
way to the tea-ships, he exclaimed: "I see the 
clouds which now rise thick and fast upon our ho- 
rizon, the thunders roll, and the lightnings play, 
and to that God who rides on the whirlwind and 
directs the storm I commit my country." In May, 
1774, he published his most important political 
work, entitled " Observations on the Act of Parlia- 
ment commonly called the Boston Port Bill, with 
Thoughts on Civil Society and Standing Armies." 
In September of that year he sailed for England 
as a confidential agent of the patriot party to con- 
sult and advise with the friends of America there. 
He was politely received by Lords North and 
Dartmouth, as well as by members of the oppo- 
sition, such as Shelburne and Barre* ; but the Earl 
of Hillsborough declared, in the house of lords: 
" There are men walking the streets of London to- 
day who ought to be in Newgate or at Tvburn." 
The earl meant Mr. Quincy and Dr. Franklin. In 
March, 1775, the young man, wasted with disease, 
sailed for Boston, bearing a message, which died 
with him, from the Whig leaders in England to 
their friends in America. As he felt the approach 
of death, while almost within sight of his native 
land, he said again and again that if he could 
only talk for one hour with Samuel Adams or 
Joseph Warren, he should be content to die. Mr. 
Quincy's power as an orator was very great, and, 
in spite of the weakness of his lungs, his voice 
was remarkable for its resonant and penetrating 
quality as well as for its sweetness. He married 
in 1769 Abigail Phillips, and had one son, Josiah. 
See •• Memoir of the Life of Josiah Quincy, Jr., 
by his Son " (Boston, 1825 ; 8d ed., edited by Eliza 
Susan Quincy, Boston, 1875). — His son, Josiah, 
statesman, b. in Boston, 4 Feb., 1772 ; d. in Quincy, 
Mass., 1 July, 1864. He was fitted for college at 
Phillips academy, Andover, and was graduated at 
Harvard in 1790 at the head of his class. He 
studied law with William Tudor, and was ad- 
mitted to the bar in 1798. His practice was not 
large, and he had considerable leisure to devote 
to study and to politics. In 1797 he married Miss 
Eliza Susan Morton, of New York. On 4 July, 
1798, he delivered the annual oration in the Old 
South meeting-house, and gained such a reputation 
thereby that the Federalists selected, him as their 
candidate for congress in 1800. The Republican 
newspapers ridiculed the idea of a member of con- 
gress only twenty-eight years old, and called aloud 
for a cradle to rock nim in. Mr. Quincy was de- 
feated. In the spring of 1804 he was elected to the 
state senate of Massachusetts, and in the autumn 
of that year he was elected to congress. During 
his 8enatorship he was active in urging his state to 
suggest an amendment to the Federal constitution, 
eliminating the clause that permitted the slave- 
states to count three fifths of their slaves as part 
of their basis of representation. If such a measure 
could have had any chance of success at that mo- 
ment, its effect would of course have been to break 



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tip the Union. Mr. Quincy dreaded the extension 
of slavery, and foresaw that the existence of that 
institution was likeJy to bring on a civil war; but 
it was not evident then, as it is now, that a civil 
war in 1861 was greatly to be preferred to civil 
war or peaceable secession in 1805. As member of 
congress, Mr. Quin- 
cy belonged to the 
party of extreme 
Federalists known 
as the " Essex jun- 
to." The Federal- 
ists were then in a 
hopeless minority : 
even the Massachu- 
setts delegation in 
congress nad ten 
Republicans to sev- 
en Federalists. In 
some ways Mr. Quin- 
cy showed a disposi- 
tion to independent 
action, as in refus- 
g . j - ing to follow his 

malcontent faction 
known as the "quids." He fiercely opposed the 
embargo and the war with England. But his 
most famous action related to the admission of 
Louisiana as a state. There was at that time a 
strong jealousy of the new western country on the 
part of the New England states. There was a fear 
that the region west of the Alleghanies would come 
to be more populous than the original thirteen 
states, and that thus the control of the Federal 

Sovernment would pass into the hands of people 
escribed by New Englanders as ** backwoodsmen." 
Qouverneur Morris had given expression to such a 
fear in 1787 in the Federal convention. In 1811, 
when it was proposed to admit Louisiana as a state, 
the high Federalists took the ground that the con- 
stitution had not conferred upon congress the 
power to admit new states except such as should 
oe formed from territory already belonging to the 
Union in 1787. Mr. Quincy maintained this posi- 
tion in a remarkable speech, 4 Jan., 1811, in which 
he used some strong language. " Why, sir, I have 
already heard of six states, and some say there will 
be at no great distance of time more. I have also 
heard that the mouth of the Ohio will be far to the 
east of the centre of the contemplated empire. . . . 
It is impossible such a power could be granted. It 
was not for these men that our fathers fought. It 
was not for them this constitution was adopted. 
You have no authority to throw the rights and 
liberties and property of this people into hotch-pot 
with the wild men on the Missouri, or with the 
mixed, though more respectable, race of Anglo- 
Hispano-Galio-Americans, who bask on the sands in 
the mouth of the Mississippi. ... I am compelled 
to declare it as my deliberate opinion that, if this 
bill passes, the bonds of this Union are virtually 
dissolved; that the states which compose it are 
free from their moral obligations ; ana that, as it 
will be the right of all, so it will be the duty of 
some, to prepare definitely for a separation — ami- 
cably, if they can ; violently, if they must" This 
was, according to Hildreth, " the first announce- 
ment on the floor of congress of the doctrine of 
secession." Though opposed to the war with Eng- 
land, Mr. Quincy did not go so far as some of the 
Federalists in refusing support to the administra- 
tion ; his great speech on the navy, 25 Jan., 1812, 
won- applause from all parties. In that year he 



declined a re-election to congress. For the next 
ten years he was most of the time a member of the 
Massachusetts legislature, but a great part of his 
attention was given to his farm at Quincy. He 
was member of the convention of 1820 for revising 
the state constitution. In the following year he 
was speaker of the house. From 1828 to 1828 he 
was mayor of Boston, and his administration was 
memorable for the number of valuable reforms ef- 
fected by his energy and skill. Everything was 
overhauled — the police, the prisons, the schools, the 
streets, the fire department, and the great market 
was built near Faneuil hall. In 1829 he was chosen 

? 'resident of Harvard, and held that position until 
845. During his administration Dane hall was 
built for the law -school and Gore hall for the 
university library ; and it was due mainly to his 
exertions that the astronomical observatory was 
founded and equipped with its great telescope, 
which is still one of the finest in the world. In 
1834, in the face of violent opposition, Mr. Quincy 
succeeded in establishing the principle that " where 
flagrant outrages were committed against persons 
or property by members of the university, within 
its limits, they should be proceeded against, in the 
last resort, like any other citizens, before the courts 
of the commonwealth." The effect of this meas- 
ure was most wholesome in checking the peculiar 
kinds of ruffianism which the community has often 
been inclined to tolerate in college students. Mr. 
Quincy also introduced the system of marking, 
which continued to be used for more than forty 
years at Harvard. By this system the merit of 
every college exercise was valued according to a 
scale of numbers, from one to eight, by the pro- 
fessor or tutor, at the time of its performance. 
Examinations were rated in various multiples of 
eight, and all these marks were set down to the 
credit of the individual student Delinquencies of 
various degrees of importance were also estimated 
in multiples of eight, and charged on the debit 
side of tne account. At the end of the year the 
balance to the student's credit was compared with 
the sum-total that an unbroken series of perfect 
marks, unaffected by deductions, would have 
yielded, and the resulting percentage determined 
the rank of the student. President Quincy was 
also strongly in favor of the elective system of 
studies, in so far as it was compatible with the 
general state of advancement of the students in his 
time, and with the means of instruction at. the dis- 
posal of the university. The elective experiment 
was tried more thoroughly, and on a broader scale, 
under his administration than under any other 
down to the time of President Eliot From 1845 
to 1864 Mr. Quincy led a quiet and pleasant life, 
devoted to literary and social pursuits. He contin- 
ued till the last to take a warm interest in politics, 
and was an enthusiastic admirer of President Lin- 
coln. His principal writings are ** History of Har- 
vard University ^(2 vols., Boston, 1840); •• History 
of the Boston Athenaeum " (Boston, 1851) ; " Muni- 
cipal History of Boston " (Boston, 1852) ; " Memoir 
of J. Q. Adams " (Boston. 1858) ; and " Speeches 
delivered in Congress " (edited by bis son, Edmund, 
Boston, 1874). His biography, by his son, Edmund 
(Boston, 1867). is an admirable work. See also J. 
B. Lowell's " My Study Window." pp. 88-114.— His 
wife, Eliza Susan (Morton), b. in New York in 
1778 ; d. in Quincy, 1 Sept, 1850, was a daughter 
of John Morton, a New York merchant, of Scottish 
descent and Maria Sophia Kemper, whose father 
was a native of Kaub, Germany. During the occu- 
pation of New York by the British, Mr. and Mrs. 
i Morton lived in New Jersey, first at Elizabeth, 



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afterward at Baskingridge. A son bom at the 
former place in 1775 was named Washington, and 
his sister in her ** Memoirs " declares that this must 
have been the first child named after the •* Father 
of his Country." Miss Morton possessed musical 
talent, and on a visit to Boston in 1794 she won 
Mr. Quincy's heart with a song ; in a week from 
the day that he first met her and learned the fact 
of her existence he was engaged to be married to 
her. Mrs. Quincy was a charming and accomplished 
lady. In 1821. in compliance with the request of 
her children, she wrote the memoirs of her early 
life. Forty years afterward the fragment of an 
autobiography thus begun was incorporated in the 
admirable memoir of Mrs. Quincy by her daughter, 
Eliza Susan. Mrs. Quincy s recollections of such 
incidents of the Revolutionary war as came within 
her childish ken are especially interesting. — Their 
eldest son, Josiah, b. in Boston, 17 Jan., 1802; d. 
in Quincy, 2 Nov., 1882, was graduated at Harvard 
in 1841. He was mayor of Boston from 1845 to 

1849, and author of " Figures of the Past" (Bos- 
ton, 1882).— His son, Josiah Phillips, b. in Bos- 
ton, 28 Nov., 1829, was graduated at Harvard in 

1850, and is the author of the dramas •" Charicles " 
(Boston, 1856), "Lyteria" (1855), and a political 
essay on ** The Protection of Majorities " (1876).— 
Another son, Samuel Miller, b. in Boston in 

1883, was graduated at Harvard in 1852, was ad- 
mitted to the Boston bar, and for several years 
edited the " Monthly Law Reporter." He entered 
the army as captain in the 2d Massachusetts regi- 
ment, 24 May, 1861, became lieutenant-colonel of 
the 72d U. S. colored regiment, 20 Oct., 1868, and 
its colonel, 24 May, 1864, and on 18 March, 1865, 
was brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers. He 
has edited the " Reports of Cases" of his great- 
grandfather, Josiah (1865). — President Josiah 's 
second son, Edmund, author, b. in Boston, 1 Feb., 
1808; d. in Dedham, 17 May, 1877, was graduated 
at Harvard in 1827. He deserves especial mention 
for the excellent biography of his father, above 
mentioned. His novel " Wensley " (Boston, 1854) 
was amid by Whittier to be the best book of the 
kind since the "Blithedale Romance." His con- 
tributions to the anti-elaverv press for many years 
were able and valuable,— Hw sister, Eliza Susan, 
b. in Boston, 15 Jan., 1798; d. at Quincy, 17 Jan , 

1884, was her father's secretary for nearly half a 
century, and also furnished various papers to his- 
torical societies, and was well known for her chari- 
ties aa well as for her literary qualities. From her 
diary, dating from 1810, her brothers drew mate- 
rial for their publications. She retained her vigor- 
ous intellect until her death, which occurred in the 
mansion of her grandmother. She issued a pri- 
vately printed memoir of her mother (Boston, 
1864).— Abraham Howard, editor, b. in Boston 
in November, 1767; d. in Washington, D. C, 11 
Sept, 1840, was a grandson of Edmund, author of 
the u Treatise on Hemp Husbandry." From 1788 
until 1812 he was engaged in mercantile business 
in Boston. In 1808 his interest in the disputes 
with Great Britain led him into the field of jour- 
nalism, and on 18 Nov. of that year he published 
the first number of a weekly paper entitled the 
44 Columbian Detector." After 10 May, 1809, it 
was published twice a week. It was afterward 
merged in the M Boston Patriot" From 1828 to 
1882 Mr. Quincy lived at Rastport, Me., where for 
a abort time he edited the M Northern Light" In 
1882, receiving an appointment in the navy depart- 
ment, he removed to Washington. See C. T. 
Coote'a "Life and Character of A. H. Quincy" 
(Washington, 1840). 



QUINCY, Josiah, lawyer, b. in Ijenox, Mass., 7 
March, 1798; d. in Rumney. N. H., 19 Jan., 1875. 
Although prepared, he was unable to take a col- 
legiate course, and, on finishing his studies at the 
Lenox academy, he began at once the study of law in 
Stockbridge. Shortly after his admission to the 
bar he removed to Rumney, N. II., where he spent 
the remainder of his life. In a few years he be- 
came one of the most successful lawyers in the 
state. He was frequently elected to the legislature, 
and for one year was president of the state senate. 
He was a man of great public spirit, and devoted 
much time to the promotion of the railway and 
educational interests of New Hampshire. Mr. 
Quincy was an active friend of the various enter- 
prises of the Baptist denomination, with which he 
was identified, serving for years as a trustee of 
Newton theological seminary. 

QUINLAN, John, R. C. bishop, b. in Cloyne, 
County Cork, Ireland, 19 Oct, 1820 ; d. in New Or- 
leans, La., 9 March, 1888. He received a good 
classical education, determined to study for the 
priesthood, and, with this view, emigrated to the 
United States in 1844. After a theological course 
in Mount St Mary's seminary, Emmettsburg, Md., 
he was ordained a priest in 1858, and stationed at 
Piqua, Ohio, till 1855, when he was appointed as- 
sistant pastor of St Patrick's church, Cincinnati. 
Shortly afterward he was made president of Mount 
St Mary's college of the west at the same time fill- 
ing the chairs of philosophy and theology. In 1859 
he was nominated for the diocese of Mobile, and he 
was consecrated bishop on 4 Dec. At this time 
there were very few priests in the diocese, and he 
went to Europe in 18o0 for the purpose of obtain- 
ing clerical aid, as well as of paving the customary 
visit to the pope. Bishop Quinlan was ardent in 
his devotion to the temporal and spiritual interests 
of both sides in the conflict and after the battle of 
Shiloh hastened to the field in a special train with 
succor for the wounded. After the war he exerted 
himself for the reorganization of his diocese, al- 
most unaided. He built St. Patrick's and St 
Mary's churches in Mobile, and erected others in dif- 
ferent places, besides restoring those that had been 
destroyed. He founded many convents and schools, 
and introduced various religious orders into his 
diocese. Bishop Quinlan took part in the canoni- 
zation of the Japanese martyrs in Rome in 1867, 
and was present at the Vatican council in 1809. He 
visited Rome again in 1882, and by contracting the 
Roman fever undermined his health. At the time 
of his death his diocese contained 40 priests, 80 
churches, and about 18 convents and academies. 

QUINN, James Cochrane, Canadian clergy- 
man, b. near Belfast, Ireland, 27 May, 1845. He 
was educated at Queen's college and at the Presby- 
terian college, Belfast and was ordained a minister 
in August 1878. The same vear he went to New- 
foundland, and in 1874 to New Brunswick, and, 
after serving as a Presbyterian minister in that 
province and Nova Scotia, removed to Manitoba in 
1885, and is now (1888) pastor of the Presbyterian 
church at Emerson in that province. He had 
charge of a station for the American ornithological 
society ar/Bathuret New Brunswick, and afterward 
of one atjEmerson, introduced the system of ensil- 
age into the counties of Northumberland and 
Gloucester, New Brunswick, and has been inter- 
ested in improving the stock of sheep and cattle. 
He has published " Plain Words to Anxious In- 
quirers" (Toronto. 1888); "Hand-Book on Poul- 
try " ; and tracts on temperance and other subjects. 

QUINN, William, clergyman, b. in Donough- 
more, County Donegal, Ireland, in 1821; d. in 



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154 



QUINT 



QUINTARD 



Paris, France, 15 April, 1887. He came to the 
United States in 1841, entered the ecclesiastical 
seminary at Ford ham, N. Y., and was ordained 
priest by Bishop Hughes on 17 Dec, 1845. He 
subsequently became pastor of St Peter's church 
in Barclay street, New York, where, besides having 
to clear off a debt of $140,000, he was opposed by 
the lay trustees, who had control of the church 
building. There was also $137,000 due to poor 
men and women who had intrusted their savings 
to the care of St. Peter's church. He was actively 
supported by Bishop Hughes, and finally succeeded 
in triumphing over the trustees and paying the 
debts. He was appointed pastor of the cathedral 
on 1 May, 1873, and was also made vicar-general. 
During the absence of Cardinal McCloskey in 1875 
and 1878 he had charge of the administration of 
the archdiocese. As vicar-general he had the di- 
rection of the purchase, sale, and transfer of all 
ecclesiastical property, and the supervision of 
schools, asylums, societies, reformatories, and all 
other Roman Catholic institutions. He was re- 
appointed in 1885 by Archbishop Corrigan, and to 
his other charges was added that of the financial 
matters connected with the completion of the new 
cathedral. His health at length gave way under 
the pressure of his duties, and he went to Europe 
in June, 1886. Dr. Quinn was for many years one 
of the most influential men in the Roman Catholic 
church of the United States. Under Cardinal 
McCloskey his power was almost absolute in the 
archdiocese of New York. He was abrupt in ad- 
dress, and sometimes gave offence by his uncere- 
monious manners. His care for the needy was 
well known, and, although millions passed through 
his hands, he died poor. His remains were brought 
from Paris to New York and interred in Calvary 
cemetery. Dr. Quinn was a domestic prelate of 
the papal throne. 

QUINT, Alonzo Hall, clergyman, b. in Barn- 
stead, N. H„ 22 March, 1828. He was graduated 
at Dartmouth in 1846, and at Andover theological 
seminary in 1852, was pastor of the Mather church 
in Roxbury, Mass., from 1853 till 1863 ; was secre- 
tary of the Massachusetts general association of 
Congregational churches from 1856 till 1881, and 
of the national council of Congregational churches 
of the United States from 1871 till 1883. In 1861-'4 
he was chaplain of the 2d Massachusetts infantry. 
He served in the legislature in 1881-3. Dartmouth 
gave him the degree of D. D. in 1866. Dr. Quint is 
a member of many historical and genealogical socie- 
ties, and served on the Massachusetts board of edu- 
cation from 1855 till 1861. He was, from 1859 till 
1876, an editor and a proprietor of the " Congrega- 
tional Quarterly," contributed numerous articles to 
the Dover 4% Inquirer," and is the author of " The 
Potomac and the Rapidan, or Army Notes from 
the Failure at Winchester to the Re-enforcement 
of Rosecrans " (Boston, 1864) and " The Records of 
the Second Massachusetts Infantry, 1861-'5 " (1867) 
and the u First Parish in Dover, N. H." (1888). 

QUINTANA, Agustin (kin-tah'-nah), Mexican 
missionary, b. in Oaxaca about 1660 ; d. there in 
1734. He entered the order of preachers in his na- 
tive city in 1688, and was soon sent to the missions 
of the Mije Indians. After twenty-eight years of 
labor he was appointed superior of the convent of 
Zaacvila, but he retired later, on account of failing 
health, to the main convent of Oaxaca, where he 
wrote several books in the Mije language. As they 
were the first that had been printed, he made sev- 
eral visits to Puebla, notwithstanding his sickness, 
to teach the printers how to make new letters. His 
chief work is " Institution Cristiana, que contiene 




el Arte de la Lengua Mije y los Tratados de la San- 
tfsima Trinidad, de la Creaci6n del Mundo, y la 
Redencion por Jesucristo" (Puebla, 1729). 

QUINTANA BOO, Andres, Mexican statesman, 
b. in Merida, Yucatan. 30 Nov., 1787; d. in Mexi- 
co, 15 April, 1851. He studied in the Seminary 
of San Ildefonse in his native city, was graduated 
in law, in 1808 went to Mexico to practise his pro- 
fession, and soon attained to reputation. When 
Hidalgo rose against the Spanish dominion, Quin- 
tans took an active part in the cause of independ- 
ence, and was forced to fly from the capital, but in 
different localities he published a patriotic paper, 
"Uustrador Americano," and circulated it, not- 
withstanding the vigilance of the Spanish authori- 
ties. After the capture of Zitacuaro by the in- 
surgents, he joined the governing junta there, and 
by their order published, on 16 Sept, 1812, a mani- 
festo under the name of " Aniversario," which ex- 
plained the principles of independence and related 
the events of the past two years. When the first 
Mexican congress as- 
sembled at Chilpan- 
cinpo, 14 Sept., 1818, 
Qu in tana was elected 
vice-president, and 
as sucn signed, in the 
absence of President 
Murguia, the first 
formal declaration of 
the independence of 
Mexico, 16 Nov., 
1813. He followed 
the congress from 
place to place, and 
after the capture of 
Morelos, when that 
body was dissolved, 
he suffered from the 
persecution of the 
Spanish authorities. 
Afterward It ur bide appointed Quintana judge of 
the supreme court, ana, when the empire was over- 
thrown, the latter established in 1823 the journal 
" £1 Federalist* Mexicano," which soon became a 
leader of public opinion. He was several times 
deputy to congress and senator, won reputation as 
an orator, and in 1838 was appointed minister of 
the interior. He was one of the first to offer a 
voluntary contribution to aid the government in 
repelling the French invasion. Besides his jour- 
nalistic labors and political pamphlets, Quintana 
wrote many patriotic odes and a translation in 
verse of the Psalms, but his poetical compositions 
have only been published in magazines. 

QUINTARD, Charles Todd, P. E. bishop, b. 
in Stamford, Conn., 22 Dec, 1824. His father, 
Isaac, a Huguenot, was born in the same house, 
and died there in the ninetieth year of his age. 
The son was a pupil of Trinity school, New York, 
studied medicine with Dr. James R. Wood and Dr. 
Valentine Mott, and was graduated at the Univer- 
sity of the city of New York in 1847. He after- 
ward removed to Georgia, and began the practice 
of medicine in Athens. In 1851 he accepted the 
chair of physiology and pathological anatomy in 
the medical college at Memphis, Tenn., and be- 
came co-editor with Dr. Ayres P. Merrill, of the 
Memphis M Medical Recorder." In 1855 he took or- 
ders as a deacon in the Protestant Episcopal church. 
He was advanced to the priesthood in the following 
year, and in January, 1857. became rector of Cal- 
vary church, Memphis. He resigned at the end 
of the year to accept the rectorship of the Church 
of the Advent, Nashville, Tenn., at the request of 



(hu^a^wL/Vcoo 



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QUIROGA 



155 




the bishop. At the beginning of the civil war he 
was appointed chaplain of the 1st Tennessee regi- 
ment, and he so continued during the war. in ad- 
dition to his duties being frequently called upon 

to act as physi- 
cian and surgeon. 
At the close of the 
war he returned 
to his parish at 
Nashville. After 
the death of Bish- 
op Otey, Dr. Quin- 
tard was elected 
bishop of Tennes- 
see on 7 Sept, 
1865, and was con- 
secrated in St 
Luke's church, 
Philadelphia, on 
11 Oct following. 
He re-established 
*> rf}* • _^_ ^ the University of 
<VT V/Uuu&ut the south at Se- 
wanee, Tenn., and 
was its first vice-chancellor. He visited England 
several times in the interest of the university, and 
received large sums of money and rifts of books 
from members of the established church in that 
country. He has labored assiduously in the pro- 
motion of schemes for Christian education in his 
diocese, including Columbia institute, founded by 
Bishop Otey, Fairmount college, the School of the 
Sisters of St Mary's, at Memphis, St. James hall, at 
Bolivar, and St Luke's school at Cleveland. Bish- 
op Quintanl received the degree of D. D. from 
Columbia in 1866, and that of LL. D. from Cam- 
bridge, England, in 1867. He is the author of oc- 
casional charges and sermons. 

QUIROGA, Joan Facnndo (ke-ro'-gah), Argen- 
tine soldier, b. in San Juan, in the province of 
Rioja, Argentine Republic, in 1790; d. in Barranca 
Yaco, near Cordova, 28 Dec, 1885. His parents 
were shepherds, and sent him in 1799 to school in 
San Juan, bat he soon assaulted his teacher and fled, 
working as a laborer to gain a livelihood. He was 
sent in 1806 by his father with a cargo of merchan- 
dise to Chili ; but he lost it at the gaming-table, and 
when on his return he was reproached by his fa- 
ther, the youth assaulted him and fled to the pam- 
Sa, where, with a few daring companions, he led 
e life of a robber. In 18 18 -he was captured and 
imprisoned in San Luis by order of the governor, 
Despuis. In the same prison there were several 
Spanish officers, and they concerted a plan for 
escape, removing the shackles from the crimi- 
nals to aid them, but Quiroga fell on his libera- 
tors and killed several of them. For this ser- 
vice he was set at liberty, and the fame of this 
exploit soon surrounded him with a numerous 
band of followers, with whom he began a career 
as a partisan chief. The province of Rioia had 
long been divided by the feud of the families of 
Ocainpo and Davila, and in 1820 the government 
was in the hands of the former family, which at- 
tracted Quiroga by giving him the rank of general 
in command of the state forces ; but soon the lat- 
ter, who was to escort the remnants of a mutinous 
Federal battalion out of the state, made joint cause 
with them, attacked and captured the capital, and 
would have shot the governor but for the interven- 
tion of one of his chief officers. He now recalled 
the banished Davila; but, as the latter would not 
submit to Quiroga's dictation, he was deposed, and, 
as he resisted with some loyal regiments, he was 
attacked and killed by Quiroga, who proclaimed 



himself independent chief of the province. In 
1826 the president, Bernardo Rivadavia (q. v.), 
whose authority was impotent against the pro- 
vincial chieftains, invited Quiroea to co-operate in 
the war against Brazil, and the Tatter defeated La 
Madrid at Tela, thus gaining supremacy also in 
the province of Tucuman. After the election of 
Manuel Dorrego (a. v.) in 1827. Quiroga sustained 
with enthusiasm the Federal principle, represented 
by Dorrego, as leaving the provincial chieftains 
only nominally subject to the central government 
When Dorrego's successor, Juan Laval le, of the 
opposite party, sent Gen. Jose M. Paz (q. v.) against 
the Federal partisans, Quiroga was defeated at Ta- 
blada in 1829 and at Oncativa in 1880. He fled 
to Buenos Ayres, where he was ordered by Rosas, 
who meanwhile had assumed the power, to march 
against Paz and Madrid, and at the head of 200 
criminals, whom he had taken from the peniten- 
tiary, and some troops, he defeated Paz at Chacon, 
and Madrid at Ciudadela in 1881, ravaged the 
country, and committed numerous crimes. In 
1884 he returned to Buenos Ayres, where he be- 
gan to talk against Rosas. The latter, not dar- 
ing to attack him openly, tried to get him out 
of the capital, and commissioned him to arrange 
a quarrel between the governors of Santiago and 
Tucuman. Quiroga accepted, and, setting out in 
November, 1885, soon restored order. On his re- 
turn he was advised that near Cordova a party 
of gaucho assassins was lying in wait for nim ; 
but he answered that there was no man in the 
pampas who dared to kill him, and, continuing 
his journey, was murdered at Barranca Yaco by 
Santos Perez and his party. See Domingo F. Sar- 
miento's "Facundo Quiroga y Aldao, o Civiliza- 
ci6n y Barbarie en las Pampas Argentines " (Bue- 
nos Ayres, 1852). 

QUIROGA, Vaaco de, Mexican R. C. bishop, b. 
in Madrigal, Old Castile, in 1470 ; d. in Uruapam, 
14 March, 1565. He studied law and theology, and 
was one of the judges of the chancellor's court of 
Valladolid, when he was appointed by the queen 
regent in 1580 one of the judges of the second au- 
diencia, which, under Sebastian Ramirez de Fuen- 
leal, arrived in Mexico in the beginning of 1581. 
With the proceeds of his office he founded near 
the capital the hospital of Santa Fe\ and by his 

iust measures soon gathered a population of 80,000 
ndians, whom he converted to Christianity, and 
taught to lead a civilized life. For that reason, 
when the newly conquered Chicbimec Indians of 
the province of Micnoacan became rebellious in 
1588, he was sent there as visitor, and soon pacified 
the rebels by his prudent and just measures, re- 
maining with them as their pastor and protector. 
The emperor nominated him first bishop of Micno- 
acan, and he transferred the seat of the bishopric 
from Tzintzuntzan to Patzcuaro, where he founded 
a cathedral, the Seminary of San Nicolas, and an- 
other hospital of Santa F6, like the one near Mexi- 
co. His exertions to gather the Indians in several 
large towns, and make each the centre of an indus- 
try, were very successful, and he was greatly be- 
loved by his subjects. In 1547 he went to Spain 
on business, and was often called by the emperor 
and council of the Indies to give advice regarding 
colonial questions. After his return to Mexico he 
assisted in 1555 in the first provincial council, and 
died on a pastoral visit in Uruapam. His body 
was buried in the cathedral of Patzcuaro. Besides 
several manuscripts on ecclesiastical affairs, he 
wrote ** Doctrine para los Indies Chichimecos,*' in 
the Chichimec language (Mexico, 1568), and "Re- 
gies y Ordenanzas j>ara los Hospitales ae Santa Fe" 



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QUIROS 



QUITMAN 



de Mexico y de Michoacan," to which is appended 
a biography of the author (Mexico. 1766). 

QUIROS, Agustln de(ke'-ros), Spanish mission- 
ary, b. in Andujar in 1566 ; d. in Mexico, 13 Dec., 
1622. After serving as attorney of the Inquisition 
in Seville, Cordova, and Granada, he went to South 
America, and was attached to the missions of Yu- 
catan, He became afterward rector of the Jesuit 
college in the city of Mexico, and in 1611 was 
elected visitor of the missions of New Spain, which 
office he held till his death. His efforts were al- 
ways directed toward benefiting the country and 
developing its resources, and he also showed kind- 
ness to the Indians, prohibiting the imposition of 
heavy labor upon them in the missions under his 
jurisdiction, building schools, convents, and mon- 
asteries, and endeavoring to preserve the monu- 
ments of Aztec civilization. He wrote commenta- 
ries on different books of the Bible (Seville, 1632-'3), 
and left in manuscript " Historia verdadera de la 
Conquista de Mexico," which, it is said, discloses 
important facts that are not generally known. 
The latter is in the archives of Mexico. 

QUITMAN, Frederick Henry, clergyman, b. 
in Westphalia, 7 Aug., 1760; d. in Rhinebeck, N. Y., 
26 June, 1832. The small island in the Rhine on 
which he was born was subsequently swept away 
bv an extraordinary freshet. He received his 
classical and theological training at the University 
of Halle, and after its completion he spent two 
years as private tutor in the family of the Prince 
of Waldeck. In the year 1781 he was ordained to 
the ministry by the Lutheran consistory of Amster- 
dam, and was sent as pastor of the Lutheran con- 
gregation on the island of Curacoa in the West 
Indies. Here he remained until 1795, when the 
political disturbances, caused by the revolution of 
the negroes in the West Indies, influenced him to 
take his family to New York, with the intention 
of returning to Holland, where a life-pension 
awaited him. But during his stay in New York 
he ascertained the distressing needs of the Lu- 
theran church in this country, and determined to 
remain. During the same year, therefore, he ac- 
cepted a call from the united congregations at 
Schoharie and Cobleskill, N. Y., where he remained 
about two years. In 1798 he accepted a call from 
four congregations near Rhinebeck, N. Y. In 1815 
he resigned as pastor of the last two, and in 1825 
as pastor of all the congregations except Rhine- 
beck, to which he now devoted all his time. In 
1828 he was compelled to retire from all public 
duties. In 1814 he received from Harvard the de- 
gree of D. D. He held high offices in his church, 
and from 1816, the date of the founding of Hart- 
wick seminary, he was at the head of its board of 
trustees as long as the condition of his health per- 
mitted. He published a "Treatise on Magic" 
(Albany, N. Y., 1810): "Evangelical Catechism" 
(Hudson, N. Y., 1814); and "Sermons on the Ref- 
ormation " (1817) ; and edited the " Hymn-Book of 
the Ministerium of New York" (1817).— His son, 
John Anthony, soldier, b. in Rhinebeck, N. Y., 
1 Sept, 1799; d. in Natchez, Miss., 17 July, 1858, 
was designed by his father for the Lutheran min- 
istry, ana, on the completion of his studies at Hart- 
wick seminary in 1816, was appointed tutor in its 
classical department. In 1818 he accepted a pro- 
fessorship in Mount Airy college, Germantown, Pa. 
His inclination always had been for the legal pro- 
fession rather than the ministry, and during his 
stay here he decided in favor of the former. He 
went to Ohio in 1819 at the invitation of Piatt 
Brush, a member of congress, in whose family he 
became a tutor, and with whom he studied law. In 




o£6&c&Uu~, 



1821 he settled in Natchez, Mis&, where he soon be- 
came well known. He served as a trustee of the 
academy and of the state university, was president 
of an anti-gambling 
society, an anti-duel- 
ling society, and of 
numerous other asso- 
ciations that were es- 
tablished to amelio- 
rate the condition of 
his fellow-men. In 
1825 he was elected 
to the legislature of 
Mississippi, in 1828- 
'84 he was chancel- 
lor of the state, and 
he afterward became 
president of the state 
senate. In 1832 he 
was a delegate to the 
convention to frame 
a new constitution 

for the state. While a member of the state senate 
in 1835, he was chosen its president, and charged 
with the functions of governor, that office having 
become vacant In 1836 he raised a body of men to 
aid the Texans against the incursions of the Mexi- 
cans, and after the capture of Santa-Anna returned 
to his home in Natchez, where he became major- 
general of the state militia. In 1846 he was ap- 
pointed brigadier-general in the U. S. army, and 
ordered to report to Gen. Taylor at Camargo. He 
distinguished himself at the battle of Monterey by 
his successful assault on Fort Tenerice and by his 
daring advance into the heart of the city. He led 
the assault at the siege of Vera Cruz, and subse- 
quently led au expedition against Alvarado. in con- 
junction with the naval forces under Com. Matthew 
C. Perry. He was with the advance under Gen. 
Worth in taking possession of the city of Puebla, 
for which he was brevetted major-general, and pre- 
sented by congress with a sword. He stormed the 
formidable works at Chapultepec, carried the Belen 
gate by assault, and was appointed by Gen. Win- 
neld Scott governor of the city of Mexico. He ad- 
ministered the affairs of the city with moderation 
and success, and not only elicited the commenda- 
tion of his own country, but secured the respect of 
the conquered people. On his return he was almost 
by acclamation elected governor of Mississippi. In 
1848 and in 1856 he was named in the National 
Democratic conventions for the vice-presidency, 
but he was not nominated. Gen. Quitman favored 
the annexation of Cuba to the United States, and, 
while he held the office of governor of his state, a 
prosecution was instituted against him by the U. S. 

government for alleged complicity in Lopez's fili- 
Ustering expedition. He resigned the governor- 
ship, but the jury was unable to agree, and he was 
released. He was nominated again for governor, 
but withdrew from the canvass. In 1854 he was 
elected to congress, and in 1856 he was re-elected 
without opposition. During his entire term in 
congress he was at the head of the military com- 
mittee. Throughout life he was an avowed advo- 
cate of the doctrine of state-rights and the leader 
of the extreme southern party. As early as 1851 
he claimed for the states the right of secession and 
the inability of the Federal government to demand 
or force the return of a seceding state, and sug- 
gested the propriety of organizing a southern con- 
federacy. See " Life and Correspondence of John 
A. Quitman. Major-General, U. S. A., and Gov- 
ernor of the State of Mississippi," by J. P. H. Clai- 
borne (New York, 1860). 



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RADEMACHER 



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RABAUD, Charles Hector (rah-bo), French 
administrator, b. in Dieppe in 1711 ; d. in Paris in 
1764 He entered the colonial administration, held 
employments in Canada, Louisiana, and the Lee- 
ward and Windward islands, and from 1756 till his 
death was assistant colonial intendant of justice 
and police in Santo Domingo. While he was there 
he collected the materials for his " Recueil des lois, 
arretes et ordonnances rovales, des arrets des con- 
seils superieurs, et des modifications introduites par 
les cours de justice en appliquant la coutume de 
Paris, pour les colonies des lies du vent et sous le 
vent M (8 vols., Paris, 1761-5). This work is invalu- 
able to the historian that studies the colonial ad- 
ministration under Louis XIV. and Louis XV., as 
the archives of the French colonies in the West 
Indies were for the most part scattered or lost dur- 
ing the colonial insurrections. 

BABOUBBIN, Henry Etienne (rah-boor- 
dangX French historian ; o. in Cambrai in 1711 ; d. 
there in 1764. It is said that he was the natural 
son of a high dignitary of the church. He entered 
clerical life, was appointed abbot of a rich abbey, 
and afterward held the office of assistant deputy- 
keeper of the logs and charts in the navy department 
at Paris. His works include " Relation des voyages 
et decouvertes des Francais dans les deux Ame- 
riques" (4 vols., Paris, 1750) ; M Histoire de la d6- 
couverte de l'Amerique " (2 vols., 1761) ; and u Les 
precurseurs de Christophe Colomb," in which the 
author contends that Columbus was not the dis- 
coverer of America (2 vols., 1764). 

RABUN, William, statesman, b. in Halifax 
county, N. C., 8 April, 1771 ; d. at Powelton, Han- 
cock co., Ga., 24 Oct, 1819. To this place his 
father had removed from North Carolina when he 
was a youth. The son was frequently elected to 
the legislature. In 1817 he was president of the 
state senate, and as such became ez-officio governor 
of the state on the resignation of Gov. Mitchell. 
In the following year he was elected to the same 
post by popular vote, and died in office. While he 
was governor he had a sharp correspondence with 
Gen. Andrew Jackson growing, out of the Seminole 
war, then in progress. Gov. Rabun's devotion to 
the church of which he was a member was not sur- 
passed by his fidelity as a civilian. While he was 
governor he performed the duties of chorister and 
clerk in the Baptist church at Powelton. 

RACINE, Antolne, Canadian R. C. bishop, b. 
in St Ambrose, near Quebec, 26 Jan., 1822. His 
ancestors came to Canada in 1688. One of them 
was Abraham Martin, who gave his name to the 
Plains of Abraham. Antoiue received his early 
education from an uncle, who was pastor of a neigh- 
boring parish, and in 1884 entered the Petit semi- 
naire of Quebec He afterward studied theology 
in the Grand slminaire, and was ordained priest 
on 12 Sept, 1844, held various charges, took much 
interest in colonization, and put forward his views, 
with others, in a journal that he founded and 
called the "Canadien emigrant" He was trans- 
ferred to the Church of St. John in Quebec in 1858. 
On 1 Sept, 1874, he was nominated first bishop of 
the newly created diocese of Sherbrooke, and he was 
consecrated by Archbishop Taschereau on 18 Oct 
following. He took possession of his see two days 
afterward, and at once proceeded to erect an ec- 
clesiastical college in his episcopal city, which he 
opened on 80 Aug.. 1875, and dedicated to St 
Cbaiies Borromeo. This has become a flourishing 



institution under his patronage. Bishop Racine 
has also established several other religious, charita- 
ble, and educational institutions. His diocese con- 
tains 7 convents, a hospital, an asylum, 140 schools, 
2 colleges, 62 priests, and a Roman Catholic popu- 
lation of more than 47,000. 

RAD A, Juan de (r&h-dah), Spanish captain, b. 
in Navarre, in the latter half of the 15th century ; 
d. in Jauja, Peru, in 1542. In 1534 he went to Peru 
with the expedition of Pedro de Alvarado, and af- 
terward served under the orders of Diego Almagro. 
He soon won the esteem of Almagro, was appointed 
mediator in the arrangement with Francisco Pi- 
zarro about the government of the province of New 
Toledo, and took part in the battle of Salinas. After 
Almagro's death, Rada took charge of his son, as 
tutor, and was the principal instigator of the plot 
against the Marquis Pizarro, and the leader of the 
eighteen men that penetrated into the governor's 
house on 26 June, 1541, and murdered him. Rada 
proclaimed the son of Almagro governor of Peru, 
and concentrated troops to attack the partisans of 
Pizarro in Cuzco. but died on the march in Jauja. 

BADCLIFFE, Thomas, Canadian soldier, b. in 
Castle Coote, County Roscommon, Ireland, 17 April, 
1794; d. on Amherst island, Ontario, 6 June, 1841. 
He was the eldest son of the Rev. Thomas Rad- 
cliffe, rector of St Paul's Episcopal church, Dub- 
lin, was educated at Trinity college in that city, 
and entered the army in 1811. He served as a lieu- 
tenant of the 27th regiment in the peninsular war, 
and saw service in the war with the United States, 
being present at the battle of Plattsburg. He was 
with the army of occupation in France, and on 
its reduction in 1816 was placed on the half-pay 
list In 1882 he came to Upper Canada and set- 
tled in Adelaide, London district He served dur- 
ing the rebellion of 1887, and commanded the troops 
that captured the schooner " Anne," which formed 
part of the expedition against Amherstburg. At 
the beginning of the trouble he raised a body of 
militia, to the command of which he was appointed 
by Sir John Colborne. After the suppression of the 
rebellion, Col. Radcliffe was a member of the legis- 
lative council, in which he sat till his death. 

RADD1, Giuseppe (rad-dee), Italian botanist, b. 
in Florence, Italy, 9 July, 1770 ; d. on the island of 
Rhodes, 6 Sept, 1829. He was apprenticed to a 
druggist, but obtained employment in the Museum 
of natural history of Florence. The grand duke, 
Ferdinand III., afterward became his protector, 
and in 1817 sent him to Brazil to study she crypto- 
gams of the country. Raddi explored the basins 
of Orinoco and Amazon rivers, and formed a col- 
lection of plants and animals. In 1828 he was 
appointed a member of the commission that was 
charged with studying the Egyptian hieroglyphs 
under the direction of Charopollion, but he was 
taken sick and died in Rhodes on his return to Flor- 
ence. His works include " Crittogame Brasiliane " 
(2 vols., Florence, 1822) : and u Plantarum Brasilien- 
sium nova genera et species nov» vel minus cogni- 
ts3," in which he described 156 new species of ferns, 
etc (1825). Leandro de Sacramento (q. v.) gave the 
name of Raddia Raddica to a cryptopamous plant, 
and Candolle has retained the name in his classifi- 
cation of the American flora. 

RADEMACHER, Joseph (rah-de-mah'-ker), 
R. C. bishop, b. in Westphalia, Mich., 8 Dec., 184a 
He finished hi« theological course in St Michael's 
seminary, Pittsburg, was ordained priest on 2 Aug., 



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RADFORD 



RAE 



1868, and stationed at Attica, IncL, at the same 
time attending several other missions. In 1869 he 
was transferred to the pastorate of the Church of 
St. Paul of the Cross, Columbia City, and in 1877 
was appointed pastor of the Church of St. Mary, 
Fort Wayne, and shortly afterward chancellor of 
the diocese. His next post was that of pastor of 
St. Mary's church, Lafayette. His zeal and ability 
in these several places recommended him for pro- 
motion. He was nominated to the see of Nashville 
on 21 April, 1888, and consecrated bishop on 24 
June following by Archbishop Feehan. of Chicago. 
Since that time he has worked earnestly and suc- 
cessfully for the advancement of his diocese, which 
at present (1888) contains 28 priests, 5 ecclesiastical 
students, 86 churches, 2 orphan asylums. 15 female 
religious institutions, 15 parochial schools, 5 acade- 
mies, and a college. 

RADFORD, William, naval officer, b. in Fin- 
castle, Va., 1 March, 1808; d. in Washington, D. O, 
8 Jan., 1890. He became midshipman on 1 March, 
1825, and lieutenant on 9 Feb^ 1887. During the war 
with Mexico he served on the western coast of that 
country, and commanded the party that cut out the 
44 Malek AdeL" a Mexican vessel-of-war, at Mazat- 
lan in 1847. He was made commander on 14 Sept, 
1855, assigned to the "Cumberland" in 1861, and 
became captain on 16 July, 1862, and commodore 
on 24 April, 1868. He served on court-martial 
duty at Fort Monroe, and commanded the "New 
Ironsides " and the iron-clad division of Admiral 
Porter's squadron at the two attacks on Fort 
Fisher in December, 1864, and January, 1865. 
Admiral Porter wrote: "Com. Radford has shown 
ability of a very high order, not only in fighting 
and manoeuvring his vessel, but in taking care of 
his division. His vessel did more execution than 
any other in the fleet, and I had so much confi- 
dence in the accuracy of his fire that even when 
our troops were on the parapet he was directed to 
clear the traverses of the enemy in advance of 
them. This he did most effectually, and but for 
this the victory might not have been ours.'* He 
was appointed rear-admiral on 25 July, 1866, com- 
manded the European squadron in l869-'70, and 
was retired on 1 March, 1870. 

RAD16UET, Maximilien Rent (rah-de-gay), 
French explorer, b. in Landerneau, Finisterre, 17 
Feb., 1816. After studying in the School of the fine 
arts at Paris, he became in 1888 secretary to Ad- 
miral Charles Baudin and Count de Las Casas, who 
had been sent to negotiate with the government of 
Hayti for the payment of an indemnity to the de- 
scendants of the French citizens that had been 
murdered during the troubles of 1798-1808. He 
was influential ui bringing the negotiations to a 
speedy conclusion, preventing the impatient ad- 
miral several times from bombarding Cape Hay- 
tien. From 1841 till 1845 he was in South America 
and the Marquesas islands, as secretary to Admiral 
Du Petit-Thouars, and he has since devoted himself 
to literary labors. Among other works, he has pub- 
lished " Souvenirs de l'Am6rique Espagnole: Chili, 
Perou, Bresil " (Paris, 1856; revised ed., 1874). 

RAE, John, explorer, b. in Clestrain House, in 
the Orkney islands, 80 Sept, 1818. Sir Walter 
Scott visited Clestrain, when travelling in the Ork- 
ney islands, to gain local information for writing 
"The Pirate." Mr. Rae studied medicine at the 
University of Edinburgh from 1829 till 1888, when 
he was graduated, entered the service of the Hud- 
son bay company as surgeon, and lived at Moose 
fort from 1885 till 1845, making many explora- 
tions in British America. In 1846-'7 he visited 
the Arctic sea, and spent the winter in a stone 




^^/Z+tj/cZk. 



cut. 



house at Repulse bay without fuel, during which 
time he traced about 685 statute miles of new 
land and coast forming the shores of Committee 
bay. In 1848 he accompanied Sir John Richard- 
son in a search for Sir John Franklin along the 
coast from Mackenzie 
river to Coppermine 
river, and in 1850 was 
placed in charge of a 
similar expedition by 
the Hudson bay com- 
pany. He chose the 
route by Great Bear 
lake ana Coppermine 
river, tracing 680 miles 
of unexplored coast 
along tne southern 
shores of Victoria and 
Wollaston lands, and 
finding two pieces of 
wood that were prob- 
ably parts of Sir John 
Franklin's vessels. 
The Esquimaux gave 
him scant information regarding the party they 
had seen a few years before, and Dr. Rae explains 
in a pamphlet, published in London, that the 
reason he did not immediately search for his sup- 
posed countrymen was owing to his imperfect 
knowledge of their route, and to the condition of 
the lowlands flooded bv melting snow, which ren- 
dered progress impossible. In 1858 the Hudson 
bay company fitted out a boat expedition at his re- 

Sueet to complete the survey of the Arctic coast 
long the west shore of Boothia, and during this 
expedition to Repulse bay in 1858-'4 he discovered 
a new river, which falls into Chesterfield inlet In 
the following spring, after travelling 1,100 miles, 
he was the first discoverer of certain traces of Sir 
John Franklin's party, for which he was paid 
£10,000 by the English government He* pur- 
chased from the Esquimaux numerous relics, 
among which were Sir John Franklin's cross of 
knighthood, a gold cap-band, silver spoons and 
forks, coin, and several watches. In I860 he took 
charge of a survey for laying a cable between Eng- 
land and America, via F&rfe, Iceland, and Green- 
land, and in 1864 he conducted a telegraph survey 
from Winnipeg to the Pacific coast through the 
British territory, and crossing the Rocky moun- 
tains about latitude 58*. This line was not formed, 
as the Canada Pacific railway was laid in a more 
southern course, and the telegraph followed the 
railway. In 1852 he received the founder's gold 
medal of the Royal geographical society of Lon- 
don. He received the degree of LL. D. from the 
University of Edinburgh, and that of M. D. from 
McGill college, Montreal, in 1880, and was also a 
member of the Natural history society of that city 
and of several distinguished societies. Dr. Rae 
was the author of a u Narrative of an Expedition 
to the Shores of the Arctic Sea in 1846 and 1847" 
(London, 1850). See " Dr. Rae and the Report of 
Capt McClintock" (New York, I860). 

RAE, Luzerne, educator, b. in New Haven, 
Conn., 22 Dec, 1811; d. in Hartford, Conn., 16 
Sept, 1854. He changed the spelling of his name 
from Ray to Rae. After graduation at Yale in 
1881 he became instructor of the deaf and dumb 
in the Hartford asylum, which office he held until 
his death, except in 1888-'9, when be served as 
chaplain of the Insane hospital in Worcester. Mass. 
He was editor of the "Religious Herald" from 
1848 till 1847, and of the "American Annals of the 
Deaf and Dumb" from 1848 till 1854, and pub- 



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RAFF 



RAFN 



159 



lisbed anonymously numerous poems, which were 
collected and printed privately under the title of 
-Text and Context" (Hartford, 1858). He also 
gathered material for a " History of New England," 
which was not completed. 

RAFF, George Wertz, author, b. in Tuscara- 
was, Stark co., Ohio, 24 March, 1825; d. in Can- 
ton, Ohio, 14 April, 1888. He was chiefly self- 
educated. From 1848 till 1850 he was clerk of the 
supreme court, Stark county, and he was judge of 
the probate court in 1852-'5, and was a member of 
the city cooncil and board of education in Canton, 
Ohio. He founded, in 1887, the Central savings- 
bank of Canton, of which he was president until 
his death. His publications are " Guide to Ex- 
ecutors and Administrators in Ohio" (Cleveland, 
1859); M Manual of Pensions, Bounty and Pay" 
(Cincinnati, 1862); "The Law relating to Roads 
and Highways in Ohio" (1868); and the "War 
Claimant's Guide" (1866). 

RAFFENEAU-DEULE, Alyre (raf-no-deh- 
leel). French physician, b. in Versailles, 28 Jan., 
1778 ; d. in Montpellier, 5 July, 1850. He engaged 
in the study of plants under Jean Lemonnier, was 
in the Paris medical school in 1796, and, being at- 
tached in 1798-1801 to the scientific expedition that 
was sent to Egypt, became manager of the agricul- 
tural garden at Cairo. In 1802 he was appointed 
French vice-consul at Wilmington. N. C, and also 
asked to form an herbarium of all American plants 
that could be naturalized in France. He sent to 
Paris several cases of seeds and grains, and discov- 
ered some new graminea and presented them to 
Palissot de Beauvois (a. v.), who described them in 
his " Agrostographie. Raffeneau made extensive 
explorations through the neighboring states, and, 
resigning in 1805, began the study of medicine in 
New York. During an epidemic of scarlet fever he 
was active in visiting the tenements of the poor, 
and in 1807 he obtained the degree of M. D. Re- 
turning to France, he was graduated as doctor in 
medicine at the University of Paris in 1809, and 
in 1819 appointed professor of botany in the Uni- 
versity of Montpellier, which post he held till his 
death. His works include, besides those already 
cited, " Sur les effets d'un poison de Java appett 
1'upas tieute\ et sur les differentes especes de 
strychnos " (Paris, 1809) ; " Memoire sur quelques 
especes de graminees propres a la Caroline du 
Nord " (Versailles, 1815) ; " Centime des plantes de 
l'Amenque du Nord " (Montpellier, 1820); " Flore 
d'Bgypte" (5 vols., Paris, 1824); "Centurie des 
plantes d'Afrique " (Paris. 1827); and - De la cul- 
ture de la patate douce, du crambe maritima et de 
l'oxalis crenata " (Montpellier, 1886). 

RAFINEgQUE, Constantino Samuel, bota- 
nist, b. in Galatz, a suburb of Constantinople, 
Turkey, in 1784; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 18 Sept, 
1842. He was of French parentage, and his father, 
a merchant, died in Philadelphia about 1791. The 
son came to Philadelphia with his brother in 1802, 
and, after travelling through Pennsylvania and 
Delaware, returned with a collection of botanical 
specimens in 1805, and went to Sicily, where he 
spent ten Tears as a merchant and in the study of 
botany. In 1815 he sailed for New York, but was 
shipwrecked on the Long Island coast, and lost 
his valuable books, collections, manuscripts, and 
drawings. In 1818 he went to^he west and be- 
came professor of botany in Transylvania uni- 
versity, Lexington, Ky. Subsequently he travelled 
and lectured in various places, endeavored to es- 
tablish a magazine and a botanic garden, but with- 
out success, and finally settled in Philadelphia, 
where he resided until his death, and where he 



Eublished "The Atlantic Journal and Friend of 
knowledge, a Cyclopaedic Journal and Review," of 
which only eight numbers appeared (1832-'8). The 
number of genera and species that ne introduced 
into his works produced great confusion. A 
gradual deterioration is found in Rafinesque's bo- 
tanical writings from 1819 till 1880. when the pas- 
sion for establishing new genera and species seems 
to have become a monomania with him. He as- 
sumed thirty to one hundred years as the average 
time required for the production of a new species, 
and five hundred to a thousand years for a new 
genus. It is said that he wrote a paper describing 
" twelve new species of thunder and lightning. 
In addition to translations and unfinished botani- 
cal and zoological works, he was the author of 
numerous books and pamphlets, including "Ca- 
ratteri di alcuni nuovi generi e nuove specie di 
animali e piante della Sicilia" (Palermo, 1810); 
** Precis de decouvertes et travaux somiologiques 
entre 1800 et 1814" (1814); "Principes fonda- 
mentaux de somiologie" (1814); "Analyse de la 
nature" (Palermo, 1815); "Antikon Botanikon" 
(Philadelphia, 1815-'40) ; " Ichthvologia Ohioensis " 
(Lexington, 1820); "Ancient History, or Annals 
of Kentucky" (Frankfort, 1824); " Medical Flora, 
etc. of the United States" (2 vols., Philadelphia, 
1828-'80) ; *' American Manual of the Grape-Vines " 
(1880); "American Florist" (1882); "The Amer- 
ican Nations, or the Outlines of a National History " 
(2 vols., 1886) ; " A Life of Travels and Researches 
in North America and South Europe" (1886); 
" New Flora and Botanv of America " (4 parts, 
1886) ; " Flora Telluriana " (4 parts, 1836-*8) ; " The 
World," a poem (1886); "Safe Banking" (1887); 
notes to Thomas Wright's " Original Theory, or New 
Hypothesis of the Universe " (1887) ; " Sylvia Tellu- 
riana" (1888); "Alsographia Americana" (1888); 
" The American Monuments of North and South 
America" (1888); "Genius and Spirit of the He- 
brew Bible " (1888) ; " Celestial Wonders and Phi- 
losophy of the Visible Heavens" (1889) ; " Pleasure 
and Duties of Wealth " (1840) ; and a " Dissertation 
on Water-Snakes," published in the London " Lit- 
erary Gazette " (1819}. " The Complete Writings of 
C. S. Raflnesgue on Recent and Fossil Conchology " 
have been edited by William G. Binney and George 
W. Tryon, Jr. (Philadelphia, 1864). See a review 
of the " Botanical Writings of Rafinesque," by 
Asa Gray, in " Silliman's Journal " (1841). 

RAFN, or RA VN, Karl Christian (rown), Dan- 
ish archaeologist, b. in Brahesborg, Funen island, 
16 Jan., 1795 ; d. in Copenhagen, 24 Oct, 1864. His 
father, a man of education and refinement, culti- 
vated a farm on his ancestral estate, and sent his 
son to Odense, and in 1814 to the University of 
Copenhagen, where he was graduated in jurispru- 
dence and then served as lieutenant in the light 
dragoons at Funen, devoting his leisure to the 
study of Norse literature, and engaging in re- 
searches on the ancient history ana literature of 
the Scandinavian countries. He taught Latin 
in the Military school in 1820, became in 1821 
deputy librarian of the Royal library of Copen- 
hagen, and was one of the founders in 1825 of the 
Society for northern antiquities, having for its 
object the collection and publication of ancient 
manuscripts throwing light on the history of the 
Scandinavian peoples, of which he was the secre- 
tary till his death. While assistant in the library 
of the university, he undertook a critical revision 
of all the inedited Norwegian and Icelandic manu- 
scripts in the collection. He studied especially the 
ancient Sagas and the expeditious of the Iceland- 
ers to North America. Gov. Arnold's " Old Mill " 



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160 



RAGOZIN 



RAINEY 



at Newport, which is represented in the illustra- 
tion, he considered a relic of one of their colonies. 
Many honors were bestowed upon him. In 1828 he 
was made a knight of the order of Daneborg and 
also held the title of Etatsraad, or state council- 
lor. Of his works, which number about 70 vol- 
umes, the best known is •• Antiquitates American© " 
(1887), which has 
been translated in- 
to various lan- 
guages. In this he 
holds that Amer- 
ica was discovered 
by Norsemen in 
the 10th century, 
and that from the 
11th to the Uth 
century the North 
American coast 
had been partially 
colonized as far as 
Massachusetts and 
Rhode Island, and 
that the Vikings 
had been as far 
south as Florida. 
He gives an ac- 
count of the discovery of the " Skalholt Saga," a 
Latin manuscript dated 1117, found in the ruins of 
Skalholt college, which describes a voyage along 
the coast of North America southward from Vin- 
land (Massachusetts) to a point where the explorers 
repaired their ships and then sailed northward un- 
til stopped by numerous falls, which they named 
H vidsaerk, and there buried the daughter of Snorri, 
who was killed by an arrow. The locality was sup- 
posed to be the Chesapeake bay, and the falls those 
of the Potomac river. His works include " Nord- 
ische Helden-Geschichten " (8 vols., Copenhagen, 
1825-'80); "Krakumal, sen Epicedium Rognaris 
Lodbroci, regis Damn" (1826); "Fornaldar Sagur 
Nordlanda" (8 vols.. 1829-'80); "Fareginga Saga" 
(1882); " Antiquitates American© " (1887); and 
"Greenland's Historiske Mindesmaerker," in con- 
junction with Frim and Magnussen (1888-'45). 

RAGOZIN, Zenalde Alexelevna, author, b. in 
Russia about 1885. She had no regular education, 
but studied by herself, and travelled extensively in 
Europe, especially in Italy. In 1874 she came to 
the United States, where she has been naturalized. 
She has written numerous articles for Russian and 
American magazines, and is a member of the 
American oriental society, of the Soctete* ethnolo- 

S'que, and the Atbgnee oriental, of Paris, and 
e Victoria institute, London. Her most impor- 
tant writings are the volumes " The Story of Cnal- 
dea " (New York, 1886) ; - The Story of Assyria " 
(1887); and "The Story of Media, Babylon, and 
Persia " fl888V-all in the "Story of the Nations" 
series. They form the first three volumes of a work 
on the ancient history of the East, more especially 
in its political and religious aspects, which will be 
complete in seven or eight volumes, and on which 
she is now (1888) engaged. 

RAGUENEAU, Paul (rahg-no), missionary, b. 
in Paris, France, in 1605 ; d. there, 8 Sept., 1680. 
He was a Jesuit, and was sent to Canada in 
June, 1686. After his arrival he went to labor 
among the Hurons, by whom he was called ** Aon- 
dechdte." In 1640 he was sent by the French 
governor to treat with the Iroquois for the restora- 
tion of some French prisoners that they held ; but, 
though he was well received, he did not succeed in 
his mission. He was superior of the missions in 
1650, and in that capacity decided to bring such 



of the Hurons as had escaped the fury of the 
Iroquois to Quebec for safety. In 1657 he set out 
with another Jesuit and some French colonists for 
Onondaga, where large numbers had been convert- 
ed. He was coldly treated, and, on his reproach- 
ing the Onondagas for murdering some Hurons 
among them, a plot was formed to take his life 
and those of his companions. He escaped to the 
mission of St. Mary's, but found that the Indians 
there had also become hostile, and succeeded, after 
much difficulty, in reaching Quebec. He con- 
tinued among the Hurons up to September, 1666, 
when he returned to France, and acted as agent 
for the Canadian missions during the remainder of 
his life. His works are " Vie de Ta Mere St. Augus- 
tine, religieuse hospitaliere de Quebec en la Nou- 
velle France" (Paris, 1672; Italian translation, 
Naples, 1752) ; " Relation de ce qui s'est passe de 
plus remarquable es missions des Peres de la Com- 
pagnie en la Nouvelle France," covering the years 
1645-7)2 and 1656-7 (7 vols., Paris, 1647-'57). The 
second volume was translated into Latin under the 
title " Narratio histories " (1650). The fourth con- 
tains " Journal du Pere Jacques Buteux, du voyage 
qu'il a fait pour la mission des Allithamegues, and 
letters from other Canadian missionaries. Rague- 
neau also wrote "Memoires touch ant les vertua 
des Peres de Noue, Jogues, Daniel, Brebeui, Lalle- 
mant, Gamier et Chabanel." 

RAGUET, Condy, merchant b. in Philadel- 
phia, Pa., 28 Jan., 1784; d. there, 22 March, 1842. 
He was of French descent received his educa- 
tion at the University of Pennsylvania, entered 
the counting-house of a merchant, and was sent 
as supercargo to Santo Domingo in 1804, where 
he spent four months. On his return he pub- 
lished M A Short Account of the Present State 
of Affairs in St Domingo." After a second voy- 
age to that island in 1805, he published " A Cir- 
cumstantial Account of the Massacre in St Do- 
mingo." In 1806 he entered business in Phila- 
delphia, and was successful. During the war of 
1812 he took an active part in the defence of the 
city, encamping with a regiment of which he was 
colonel, near Wilmington, Del. After the war be 
studied law, and was admitted to the bar of Phila- 
delphia in 1820. From 1822 till 1827 he was (J. S. 
consul in Rio Janeiro, and he was appointed charge* 
d'affaires in 1825, and negotiated: a treaty with 
Brazil After his return to the United States in 
1880 he edited several journals devoted to free- 
trade doctrines, and contributed largely to the 
" Port-Folio " and other periodicals upon this sub- 
ject He served in the legislature, was president 
of the chamber of commerce and other organi- 
zations, and was a member of the American philo- 
sophical society. In 1880 he received the degree 
of LL. D. from St Mary's college. Baltimore. He 
edited " The Free-Trade Advocate " (2 vols., Phila- 
delphia, 1829) ; " The Examiner " (2 vols., 1884-'5) ; 
and "The Financial Register" (2 vols., 1887-*9); 
and was the author of " An Inquiry into the Causes 
of the Present State of the Circulating Medium 
of the United States" (Philadelphia, 1815); "The 
Principles of Free Trade " (1885) ; and a treatise 
"On Currency and Banking" (1889), which was 
republished in London (1889), and translated into 
French (Paris, 1840). 

RAINEY, Joseph H., congressman, b. in 
Georgetown, S. C, 21 June, 1882 ; d. there, 1 Aug., 
1887. He was born a slave, but acquired a good 
education, principally by observation and travel 
His father was a barber, and the son followed that 
occupation until 1862, when, after being forced to 
work on Confederate fortifications, he escaped to 



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the West Indies, remaining there until the close of 
the war. He then returned to South Carolina, was 
elected a delegate to the State constitutional con- 
vention of 1808, and was a member of the state 
senate in 1870. He was elected a representative 
from South Carolina to congress, as a Republican, 
to fill the vacancy caused by the non-reception of 
Benjamin P. Whittemore, serving from 4 March, 
1869, till 15 Aug., 1876. He took part in the de- 
bate on the civil-rights bill, and was a member of 
the committee on freedmen's and Indian affairs. 
He was a conservative, and his political life was 
remarkably pure. 

RAINS, Gabriel James, soldier, b. in Craven 
county, N. C, in June, 1803 ; d. in Aiken, S. C, 6 
Sept, 1881. He was graduated at the U. S. mili- 
tary academy in 1827, assigned to the infantry, and 
served in garrison and against hostile Indians till 
the Mexican war, being promoted captain on 25 
Dec, 1887, and brevetted major, 28 April, 1840, for 

fillantry in the action with the Seminoles near 
ort King, Fla., where he routed a superior force, 
and was twice severely wounded. One of his in- 
juries was considered mortal, and several obituary 
notices of him were published. He was one of the 
first to be engaged in the Mexican war, being one 
of the defenders of Fort Brown in May, 1846. 
When the demand for the surrender of this post 
was made by Gen. Ampudia. Capt Rains gave the 
deciding vote against compliance with it in a coun- 
cil of officers. After the battle of Resaca de la 
Palroa he was ordered to the United States on re- 
cruiting duty, and organized a large part of the 
recruits for Gen. Scott's campaign, lie became 
major on March, 1851, and from 1858 till the 
civil war was on the Pacific coast, where he made 
a reputation as a successful Indian fighter, and in 
1855 was a brigadier-general of Washington terri- 
torv volunteers. He was made lieutenant-colonel 
on 5 June, 1860, but resigned on 81 July, 1861, and 
joined the Confederate army, in which he was com- 
missioned brigadier-general. He led a division at 
Wilson's Creek, did good service at Shiloh and 
Perrysville, and after the battle of Seven Pines, 
where he was wounded, was highly commended by 
Gen. Daniel H. Hill for a rapid and successful 
flank movement that turned the tide of battle in 
favor of the Confederates. He was then placed in 
charge of the conscript and torpedo bureaus at 
Richmond, organized the system of torpedoes 
that protected the harbors of Charleston, Sa- 
vannah, Mobile, and other places, and invented 
a sub-terra shell, which was successfully used. 
At the close of the war Gen. Rains resided for 
some time at Augusta, Ga., but he afterward re- 
moved to Aiken, S. C. His death resulted from 
the wounds that he had received in Florida in 
1840. — His brother, George Washington, sol- 
dier, b. in Craven county, N7C, in 1817, was gradu- 
ated at the U. S. military academy in 1842, and as- 
signed to the corps of engineers, but was trans- 
ferred to the 4th artillery in 1848. and in 1844-'6 
was assistant professor of chemistry, mineralogy, 
and geology at West Point He served with credit 
during the war with Mexico on the staffs of Gen. 
Winfleld Scott, and Gen. Pillow, and was bre- 
vetted captain and major for gallantry at Con- 
treras, Churubusco. and Chapultepec. Afterward 
he served on garrison and recruiting duty and 
against the Seminole Indians in 1840-V50, and was 
promoted captain, 14 Feb., 1856. On 81 Oct. of 
that year he resigned and became part proprietor 
and president of the Washington iron- works and 
the Highland iron-works at Newburg* N. Y. He en- 
tered tne Confederate army in 18(51, was coramis- 
vol. v. — 11 



sioned colonel, and was at once given the task of 
building and equipping a powder-mill. This he 
did under great difficulties, and created at Au- 
gusta, Ga., the Confederate powder-works, which 
were, at the close of the war, among the best in the 
world. He was promoted brigadier-general before 
1865. Since 1867 he has been professor of chem- 
istry and pharmacy in the medical department of 
the University of Georgia, and he was dean of the 
faculty till 1884. Gen. Rains has obtained three 
patents for improvements in steam portable en- 
gines. He has published a treatise on "Steam 
Portable Engines" (Newburg, N. Y., 1860); * Ru- 
dimentary Course of Analytical and Applied 
Chemistry" (Augusta, Ga., 1872); "Chemical 
Qualitative Analysis " (New York, 1879) ; a pam- 
phlet " History of the Confederate Powder- Works," 
which he read before the Confederate survivors* as- 
sociation (Augusta, 1882), and numerous essays. — 
Gabriel James's son, Sevier McClelan, soldier, b. 
in 1851, was graduated at the U. S. military acad- 
emy in 1876, and killed in the action of Craig's 
Mountain, Idaho, with hostile Indians, 8 July, 1877. 

RAINS, James Edward, soldier, b. in Nash- 
ville, Tenn., 10 April, 1888 ; a. near Murfreesboro', 
Tenn., 81 Dec.. 1862. After graduation at Yale in 
1854 he studied law, was city attorney of Nash- 
ville in 1858, and attorney-general for nis judicial 
district in 1860. He was a Whig, and in 1857 ed- 
ited the "Daily Republican Banner." In April, 
1861, he entered the Confederate army as a private, 
was appointed lieutenant-colonel, and made com- 
mandant of a garrison of two regiments at Cum- 
berland gap. In 1862 he was commissioned briga- 
dier-general. While ordering a charge at the battle 
of Stone river, 81 Dec, 1862, he received a bullet 
through his heart 

RAINS, John, pioneer, b. near New river, Va*, 
about 1750; d. in Nashville, Tenn., in 1821. In 
June, 1769, he was one of a party of hunters that 
penetrated as far west as Cumberland river, and 
returned with such glowing accounts of the coun- 
try as greatly aided James Robertson in forming 
a colony for its settlement The colony, number- 
ing about 800, among whom were Rains and his 
family, arrived at the present site of Nashville in 
December, 1779. Rains had singular skill in wood- 
craft and such prowess as an Indian fighter as to 
be generally given command in the many expedi- 
tions it was necessary to lead against the Cnero- 
kees, who continually harassed the settlement 
He had an intense love of the woods, and no great 
regard for the refinements of civilized society. His 
definition of political freedom was a state wherein 
every man did as he pleased, without encroaching 
upon the rights of his neighbor. Physicians and 
attorneys he considered the bane of civilized soci- 
ety. He once said : ** All was health and harmony 
among us till the doctors came bringing diseases 
and the lawyers sowing dissensions ; and we have 
had nothing but death and the devil ever since." 

RAINSFORD, William Stephen, clergyman, 
b. in Dublin, Ireland, 80 Oct. 1850. His early edu- 
cation and training were obtained under tutors at 
home. He was graduated at the University of 
Cambridge, England, in 1872, ordained deacon in 
1872 by the bishop of Norwich, and priest in 
1875 by the same bishop. He was curate of St 
Giles's church, Norwich, in 1872-'6, went to Canada 
in 1877, and was assistant rector of St. James's 
cathedral, Toronto, in 1878-'82. In 1888 he was 
called to the rectorship of St George's, New York 
city, which post he still (1888) occupies, and is 
also chaplain of the 71st regiment National guard. 
He received the degree of D. D. from Trinity, in 



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1887. Dr. Rainsford, besides contributions to cur- 
rent literature, has published a volume of paro- 
chial "Sermons" (New York, 1887). 

RALEGH, Sir Walter. English navigator, b. 
in Hayes, in the parish of Budleigh, Devonshire, 
England, in 1552; d. in Westminster, England, 29 
Oct., 1618. His patronymic was written in thirteen 
different ways, but Sir Walter himself spelled.it 
Ralegh. Little is known of his father, Walter, 
except that he was 
a gentleman com- 
moner, and that an 
earnest wayside re- 
monstrance from 
him with the Ro- 
manist rioters of 
the west in 1544 
caused his impris- 
onment for three 
days, and threats 
of hanging when 
he was liberated. 
His mother was 
- the daughter of 
Sir Philip Cham- 
pernown, of Mod- 
bury, and the wid- 
ow of Otto Gilbert, 
by whom she was 
the mother of Sir 
John, Sir Hum- 
phrey, and Sir Ad- 
rian Gilbert Walter became a commoner at Oriel, 
Oxford, in 1568, and probably attended the Uni- 
versity of France in 1569, but left the same year 
to join a troop that was raised under the Prince 
de Condi and Admiral Coligny in aid of the Fsench 
Huguenots. Subsequently, according to most au- 
thorities, he served in the Netherlands under Will- 
iam of Orange, and became an accomplished sol- 
dier and a determined foe to Roman Catholicism 
and the Spanish nation. On his return to Eng- 
land he found that his half-brother, Sir Hum- 
phrey Gilbert, had just obtained a patent for es- 
tablishing a plantation in America, and he en- 
tered into the scheme. They went to sea in 1579, 
but one of their ships was lost, and the remainder, 
it is said, were crippled in an engagement with the 
Spanish fleet, and they returned without making 
land. Ralegh then served as captain against the 
Desmond rebellion in Ireland, and won the com- 
mendation of his superiors by his bravery and ex- 
ecutive ability. On his return, according to the 
popular legend, he met Queen Elizabeth one day 
as she was walking in the forest, and, on her ap- 
proach to a miry place in her path, took off his 
mantle and laid it down for her to tread upon. 
The queen, who was susceptible to gallant atten- 
tion, at once admitted him to court, loaded him 
with favors, and employed him to attend the 
French ambassador, Simier, on his return to France, 
and afterward to escort the Duke of Aniou to Ant- 
werp. A contemporary writer says : •* He possessed 
a good presence in a handsome, well-compacted 
body, strong natural wit and better judgment, a 
bold and plausible tongue, the fancy of a poet and 
the chivalry of a soldier, and was unrivalled in 
splendor of dress and equipage." He soon used his 
influence to promote a second expedition to Amer- 
ica, but was prevented by an accident from going 
in person, and left the command of the fleet to Sir 
Humphrey Gilbert (q. v.). who was lost on the home- 
ward voyage. Ralegh then obtained a new charter 
in 1584, with power to land colonies " in any re- 
mote, heathen, and barbarous lands not actually 



possessed by any Christian prince or people," and 
secured the provision that such colonists were ** to 
have all the privileges of free denizens and natives 
of England, and were to be governed according to 
such statutes as should by them be established, so 
that the said statutes or laws conform as conven- 
iently as may be with those of England, and do 
not impugn the Christian faith, or any way with- 
draw the people of those lands from our alle- 
giance." These guarantees of political rights were 
renewed in the subsequent charter of 1606, under 
which the English colonies were planted in Amer- 
ica, and constituted one of the impregnable grounds 
upon which they afterward maintained the strug- 

fle that ended in separation from Great Britain, 
'be expedition consisted of two vessels, which 
sailed, 27 April, 1584, under the command of Capt. 
Philip Amadas and Arthur Barlowe. They 
reached the West Indies on 10 June, and the Amer- 
ican coast on 4 July. They then explored Pamlico 
and Albemarle sounds and Roanoke island, re- 
turning to England about the middle of Septem- 
ber, and giving such glowing accounts of their dis- 
coveries that Elizabeth called the new-found land 
Virginia, in memory of her state of life, and con- 
ferred knighthood on Ralegh, with a monopoly of 
mines, from which he enioyed a large revenue. 
She also granted a new seal to his coat-of-arms, on 
which was graven " Propria insignia, Walteri Ral- 
egh Militis, Domini et Gobernatoris Virginia?. n 
Ralegh, who was now a member of parliament, 
obtained a bill confirming his patent, collected a 
company of colonists, ana on 9 April, 1585, sent a 
fleet of seven ships in command oi his cousin, Sir 
Richard Granville, and in immediate charge of 
Sir Ralph Lane (q. v.\ who soon quarrelled with 
Granville. The latter, after landing; the colony at 
Roanoke island in July, sailed for England on 25 
Aug., promising to return the next Easter. But 
misfortunes befell the colonists ; they became dis- 
heartened, and in July, 1586, despairing of Gran- 
ville's return, went to England in one of Sir Fran- 
cis Drake's vessels, that commander having passed 
the settlement on his way from his expedition 
against Santo Domingo, Carthagena, and St Au- 
gustine. The fruit of this settlement was little 
more than a carefully prepared description of the 
country by Thomas Hariot ; illustrations in water- 
colors by the artist, John White, of its inhabitants, 
productions, animals, and birds ; and the introduc- 
tion into Great Britain of tobacco and potatoes, 
the latter being first planted in Ireland on Kalegh's 
estate. Soon after the departure of the colonists 
with Lane, a ship arrived with supplies from Ral- 
egh, and a few days afterward Granville returned 
to Roanoke island with three ships, well provis- 
ioned, but, finding that the colonists had all lefL 
went back to England, leaving fifteen men and 
supplies sufficient to last them two years. Mean- 
while-Ralegh had been appointed seneschal of Dev- 
on and Cornwall, and lord warden of the stanna- 
ries, and had obtained a grant of 12,000 acres of 
forfeited land in Ireland. His favor in court con- 
tinued to increase, but he was hated by a large 
faction. He now determined to found an agricul- 
tural state, and in April, 1587, despatched a body 
of emigrants to make a settlement on Chesapeake 
bay. He granted them a charter of incorporation 
and appointed a municipal government for the city 
of Ralegh, intrusting tne administration to John 
White, with twelve assistants. They founded their 
city, not on the bay, but on the site of the former 
settlement on Roanoke island, and when their ships 
returned, Gov. White went home to hasten re-en- 
forcements. But the fleet that -Ralegh fitted out 



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for the colony's relief was impressed by the gov- 
ernment for the war with Spain. White, with 
Ralegh's aid, subsequently succeeded in sailing 
with two vessels that fell into the hands of the 
Spaniards, and he was able to send no relief till 
1590, when he arrived, on 15 Aug., to find that all 
the colonists had disappeared. It was discovered 
years afterward that four men, two boys, and a 
girl had been adopted into the Hatteras tribe of 
Indians. The rest had been starved or massacred. 
Ralegh had now spent £40,000 in his efforts to 
colonize Virginia, Unable to do more, he there- 
fore leased his patent to a company of merchants, 
with the hope of achieving his object ; but he was 
disappointed. He made a fifth attempt to afford 
his lost colony aid in 1602 by sending Capt Sam- 
uel Mace to 'search for them ; but Mace returned 
without executing his orders. Ralegh wrote to 
Sir Robert Cecil on 21 Aug., 1602, that he would 
send Mace back, and expressed his faith in the 
colonization of Virginia in the words, " I shall yet 
live to see it an Englishe nation." Although the 
colonists perished, Ralegh secured North Ameri- 
ca to the English through his enterprise, made 
known the advantages of its soil and climate, 
fixed Chesapeake bay as the proper place for a 
colony, and created a spirit that lea finally to 
its successful settlement He was a member of 
the council of war and lieutenant-general and 
commander of the forces of Cornwall in 1587, 
and the next year, when the armada appeared, 
hung upon its rear in a vessel of his own, and an- 
noyed it by quick and unexpected movements. 



He was with Sir Francis Drake in his expedi- 
tion to restore Don Antonio to the throne of 
Portugal in 1589, and captured several Spanish 
vessels. On his return, he visited Ireland, and con- 
tracted a friendship with Edmund Spenser, whom 
he brought to England and introduced to Eliza- 
beth, with the gift of the first three books of the 
44 Faerie Queen?' In the hone of shattering the 
Spanish power in the West Indies, he then collected 
a fleet of thirteen vessels, for the most part at his 
own expense, and captured the largest Spanish 

Erize that had been brought to England. In 1591 
e offended Elizabeth by his marriage with her 
maid of honor, Elizabeth Throgmorton, and was 
imprisoned for several months, and banished from 
court But he spent his time in the Tower in 
planning another expedition to Guiana, and the 
next year sent out one Jacob Whiddon to exam- 
ine the coast near Orinoco river. After receiving 
Whiddon's report, Ralegh, with a squadron of five 
ships, sailed on 9 Feb., 1595. When he arrived at 
the end of March he captured the Spanish town of 
St Joseph, and subsequently made a perilous voy- 
age up the Orinoco. When he returned the same 
year he published an account of his voyage in his 
44 Discovery of the Large, Rich, and Beautiful Em- 
pire of Guiana - (London, 15©6X in which he related 



all the wonderful things he had heard from the 
Spaniards and natives, including El Dorado, the 
Amazons, and the Ewaipanoma, a tribe that had 
eyes in their shoulders and mouths in their breasts. 
His book was read eagerly, and, besides these child- 
ish stories, is full of valuable information. After 
his co-operation in the capture of Cadiz he was re- 
stored to Elizabeth's favor, and in 1592/went on 
an expedition under the Earl of Essex Against the 
Azores, but quarrelled with his commander, and 
returned. He was made governor or Jersey in 
1600. but. having been accused of an agency in the 
death of Essex, which event was soon followed by 
the death of Elizabeth, he fell into disfavor, ana, 
on the accession of James I., was stripped of his 
preferments, forbidden the royal presence, and 
charged with a plot to place Lady Arabella Stuart 
on the throne. His estates were confiscated, and 
he was sentenced to be beheaded, but was re- 
prieved, and passed the thirteen subsequent years 
m the Tower. During his imprisonment he com- 
posed his " History of the World " (London, 1614). 
which was superior in style and manner to any of 
the English historical compositions that had pre- 
ceded it Ralegh was liberated in 1615, but not 
pardoned. He then obtained from James a com- 
mission as admiral of the fleet, with ample privi- 
leges and fourteen ships, and in Novemoer, 1617, 
reached Guiana. His force consisted of 481 men, 
and he was accompanied by his son Walter and 
Capt Lawrence Keymis. Ralegh was too ill with 
a fever to join the expedition, but sent Keymis and 
young Walter with 250 men in boats up the Orino- 
co. They landed at the Spanish settlement of St 
Thomas, and, in defiance of the peaceable instruc- 
tions of James, killed the governor and set fire to 
the town. Young Walter was killed in the action. 
Unable either to advance or maintain their posi- 
tion, the British retreated to the ships. Keymis, 
reproached with his ill success, committed suicide, 
many of the sailors mutinied, the ships scattered, 
and Ralegh landed in Plymouth, 16 June, 1618, 
broken in fortune and reputation. He was ar- 
rested and committed to the Tower, on the charge 
of having, without authority, attacked the Spanish 
settlement of St Thomas. He failed in an attempt 
to escape to France by feigning madness, and it- 
was subsequently decided to execute him on his 
former sentence. He was beheaded in the old pal- 
ace-yard at Westminster. Ralegh was of imposing 
presence, dauntless courage, and varied accomplish* 
ments. His knowledge of the principles of politi- 
cal economy were far in advance of his age. 
Among his other literary ventures he founded the 
Mermaid club. The city of Raleigh, N. C. f is 
named in his honor. The illustration represents his 
birthplace, Hayes farm. Besides the works already 
mentioned, he wrote many poems of merit, the 
most noted of those attributed to him being - The 
Soul's Errand." His M Remains " were published 
by his grandson, Sir Philip Ralegh (London, 1661) ; 
his " Miscellanies, " with a new account of his life, 
by Thomas Burch (1748) ; his collected poems by 
Sir Edward Bridges (1814); and his complete 
works, with his life, by William Oldys (8 vols., Ox- 
ford, 1829). Numerous biographies have been writ- 
ten of him, of which the most reliable are those by 
Arthur Cayley (2 vols., London, 1806-'6); Mrs. A. 
T. Thompson (1880); Patrick Fraser Tytler (1888) ; 
Robert Souther (1887); Sir Robert Schomburgk, 
added to his * Voyages to Guiana" (1847) ; Edward 
Edwards, with a full collection of Ralegh's letters 
1 vols., 1866); John A. St John (1868); Increase 

. Tarbox (1884) ; and Edmund W. Gosse, in the 

English Worthies Series " (1886). 



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BALL, or RAHL, Jofaan Gottlieb, Hessian 
soldier, b. in Hesse-Cassel, about 1720 ; d. in Tren- 
ton, N. J., 26 Dec., 1776. He served during the 
seven-years' war in Europe, and with his regiment 
formed part of the contingent that was hired from 
the elector of Hesse-Cassel by George 111. for ser- 
vice in this country. He participated in the battle 
of White Plains, and in the capture of Fort Wash- 
ington, in which he rendered valuable service, and 
after the evacuation of New Jersey by the patriot 
army commanded an advanced post at Trenton, 
where he was surprised and killed in Washing- 
ton's attack on that town. 

RALPH, James, author, b. in Philadelphia, 
Pa., about 1695 ; d. in Chiswick, England, 25 Jan., 
1762. He was clerk to a conveyancer in Philadel- 
phia, and about * 718 became the intimate associate 
of Benjamin Franklin, who describes him as his 
" inseparable companion, genteel in his manners, 
ingenious, extremely eloquent, and I never knew a 
prettier talker." He accompanied Franklin to 
London in 1724, deserting his wife and child for 
his friend, and, being without money, lived at 
Franklin's expense. He afterward attempted to 
become an actor, and subsequently to edit and 
write for newspapers, but with little success. He 
then settled as a school-master in Berkshire, se- 
cured the notice of Lord Melcombe, and obtained 
much notoriety as an adherent of the Prince of 
Wales's faction, employing his talents as pam- 
phleteer, poet, and political journalist in the inter- 
est of that party. Toward the close of Sir Robert 
Wal pole's administration he was bought off from 
the opposition, and at the accession of George III. 
received a pension, but lived to enjoy it hardly 
more than six months. Franklin says ne " did his 
best to dissuade Ralph from attempting to be- 
come a poet, but he was not cured of scribbling 
verses till Pope attacked him in the lines in the 
* Dunciad,' beginning 

4 Silence, ye wolves, while Ralph to Cynthia howls, 
And makes night hideous ; answer him, ye owls.' " 
He published "The Muses' Address to the King," 
an ode (London, 1728) ; «• The Tempest " (1728) ; 
"The Touchstone," a volume of essays (1728); 
" Clarinda," a poem (1729); " Zeuma,* a poem 
(1729) ; " A Taste of the Town, a Guide to all Pub- 
lick Diversions Answered " (1730) ; " The Fashion- 
able Lady," a comedy (1780) ; ** The Fall of the 
Earl of Essex" (1781); "A Critical View of the 
Publick Buildings of London" (1734); "The 
Groans of Germany," a political pamphlet, of 
which 15,000 copies were sold at once (1734) ; " The 
Use and Abuse of Parliament" (2 vols!, 1744); 
the " History of England during the Reigns of 
King William, Queen Anne, and George I.," which 
Charles James Fox eulogized, and is a work of 
great merit as regards information (1744) ; " The 
Cause of Authors by Profession" (1758): "The 
History of Prince Titi" (Frederick, Prince of 
Wales), in manuscript, never published, by some 
ascribed to him ; and many dramatic works, lam- 
poons, and essays. 

RALSTON, Robert, merchant, b. in Little 
Brandywine, Pa., in 1761 ; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 
11 Aug., 1896. fie became a merchant at an early 
age, and amassed a large fortune in the East Indian 
trade, which he spent liberally in benevolent en- 
terprises. He contributed largely to the establish- 
ment of the Widows' and orphans' asylum, and the 
Mariner's church in Philadelphia, founded the 
Philadelphia Bible society, which was the first of 
the kind on this continent, and in 1819 became 
first president of the board of education of the 
Presbyterian church. 



RALSTON, Samuel, clergyman, b. in County 
Donegal. Ireland, in 1756; d. in Carroll. Pa.. 25 
Sept, 1851. He was educated at the University of 
Glasgow, came to this country in 1796, and took 
charge of the Presbyterian congregations of Mingo 
Creek and William sport. Pa., from 1796 until his 
death. Washington college. Pa., $ave him the de- 
gree of D. D. in 1822. His writings are contro- 
versial for the most part, and include ** The Curry- 
Comb " (Philadelphia, 1805) ; " Baptism, a Review 
of Alexander Campbell's and Dr. Walker's De- 
bate" (1830); "A Brief Examination of the 
Prophecies of Daniel and John " (1842) ; M The 
Seven Last Plagues" (1842); and "Defence of 
Evangelical Psalmody" (1844). 

RALSTON, Thomas Neely, clergyman, b. in 
Bourbon county, Ky., 21 March, 1806. He was 
educated at Georgetown college, Ky., joined the 
state conference of the Methodist Episcopal church 
in 1827, and was its secretary for twelve years. He 
was a member of the convention that met in 
Louisville, Ky., in 1845, to organize the Methodist 
Episcopal church, south, and secretary of that body 
in 1850, subsequently becoming chairman of the 
committee to revise the discipline of the church. 
He was president of the Methodist female collegi- 
ate high-school in Lexington, Ky., in 1843-'7. and 
in 1851 edited the " Methodist Monthly." Wes- 
leyan university, Florence. Ky., gave him the de- 
gree of D. D. in 1857. His publications include 
u Elements of Divinity " (Louisville, Ky„ 1847) ; 
" Evidences, Morals, and Institutions of Christian- 
ity " (Nashville, Tenn., 1870): "Eoce Unitas, or a 
Plea for Christian Unity " (Cincinnati, 1870) ; and 
" Bible Truths " (Nashville, 1887). 

RALSTON, William C, banker, b. in Wells- 
ville, Ohio, 12 Jan., 1826; d. in San Francisco, 
Cal., 27 Aug., 1875. His father was a carpenter 
and builder, and for several years he assisted in 
his father's workshop, but in 1849 he went to 
the Pacific coast He became president of the 
Bank of California, and also took a deep interest 
in the building of railroads and the establishment 
of woollen-mills, sugar-refineries, silk-factories, 
and steamship-lines to Australia and China. He 
also invested: largely in the construction of the 
Palace and Grand hotels, which enterprises ulti- 
mately ruined him. In August, 1875, James G. 
Flood made a sudden demand on the Bank of Cali- 
fornia for nearly $6,000,000, and, although the 
institution had assets to cover all its indebtedness, 
it was not able to meet this unexpected call. Its 
doors were closed, and the immediate resignation 
of the president was asked. The latter surrendered 
all his available personal property to meet the 
deficiencies of the Dank, but, stung by the affront 
that had been put upon him, he drowned himself. 

RADttiE, Stanislas Henri de la (rah-may), 
French naturalist, b. in Pengueux in 1747 ; d. in 
Fontainebleau in 1808. He studied medicine and 
botany in Toulouse, and at the age of twenty had 
formed e valuable herbarium of the flora of Lan- 
guedoc, when he went to Paris to study under Buf- 
xon, whom he assisted for several years in the Royal 
botanical garden. In 1788 he was sent to Peru to 
study the effects of cholera, which then was raging 
in Callao, and he visited afterward the Andes ox 
Peru, Central America, the Isthmus of Panama, 
Cuba, and several of the West Indies, returning 
with valuable collections in natural history. His 
works include " Nova Systema Natural" (2 vols., 
Paris, 1792) ; *' Monographic des drogues et medica- 
ments simples de l'Amerique du Sud" (1794); and 
*• Prodome des plan tea recueillies en Amerique et 
dans les Indes Occidentales " (1796). 



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RAMIREZ DE QUlffONES 165 



RAXET, Nicolas (rah-may), French philologist, 
b. in the county of Soissonnois in 1678 ; d. in Bor- 
deaux in 1735. He made extensive voyages through 
the West Indies, Guiana, Louisiana, and several 
parts of South America, and was a shareholder of 
the Mississipi company, and an advocate of colonial 
extension. His works include " Traits d'une poli- 
tique coloniale" (Utrecht, 1712); "Etudes sur 
l'origine et la formation de la langue Caralbe" 
(1716) ; " M6moire pour servir a la defense du sys- 
teme financier de Law " (Amsterdam, 1721) ; •* For-, 
mations grammatioaleset phon^tiques des dialectes 
Indiens (2 vols., 1728) ; M Dictionnaire de la langue 
Tupi" (1726); and "Analogic entre les langues 
Indiennes de l'Amenque du Sud et les langues 
Celtiques." 

RAMIREZ, Alejandro (rah-me'-reth), Cuban 
financier, b. in Alaeios, Valladolid, in 1777: d\ in 
Havana, Cuba, in 1821. When he was fifteen years 
old he entered in the service of the government at 
Alcala de Henares. In 1704 he went to Guatemala, 
where he was employed in the department of 
finance, and became its superintendent In this 
capacity he made many important reforms, im- 
proved the means of communication in the coun- 
try, introduced the cultivation of several useful 
plants, and founded many public schools and a 

Eublic library. He was appointed in 1818 super- 
ltendent of the finances of Porto Rico, where one 
of his first measures was to open the ports of the 
island to foreign commerce. He founded a board 
of commerce, a board of agriculture, a literary and 
scientific society, and many public schools, and 
gave a great impulse to the development and prog- 
ress of the island. In 1816 he was promoted su- 
perintendent of the finances of Cuba, where he 
founded the cities of Guantanamo, Sagua, Nuevi- 
tas, and Mariel. A census of the population and 
resources of the island was taken, and the tobacco 
monopoly was abolished. He established at Ha- 
vana a botanical garden, an anatomical museum, a 
free academy of drawing, and numerous public 
schools, and promoted the development of the 
commerce, agriculture, and industries of the isl- 
and. He was one of the best and most honest 
officers that was ever sent by Spain to her colonies 
in America, and his memory is held in high esteem 
throughout the island. His portrait hangs in the 
reception-room of the Sociedad economics* whose 
president he was, and it has been proposed to erect 
his statue in Havana. 

RAMIREZ, Francisco, R. C. bishop, b. in 
Mexico in 1828 ; d. in Brazos Santiago, Texas, 18 
July, 1869. He entered the priesthood, and in the 
revolution of 1857 sided with the clerical party in 
opposing Benito Juarez. He gained the regard 
and confidence of the French during the occupa- 
tion of Mexico, and through the influence of the 
archbishop of Morelia he was created bishop of 
Caradro and vicar-apostolic of Tamaulipas. Dur- 
ing -the empire he was attached to the court, and 
was appointed by Maximilian to be his almoner 
and a member of the imperial cabinet and council. 
On the fall of the empire he escaped to Texas, 
where he lived in great obscurity ana poverty. 

RAMIREZ, Irnaclo, called El Nigromahti, 
Mexican philosopher, b. in San Miguel el Grande, 
28 June, 1818; d. in Mexico, 15 June, 1870. He 
was of pure Aztec blood. He began his studies in 
Queretaro, and finished them in the College of San 
Gregorio in Mexico, where he was graduated in 
law in 1841. In 1846 he founded the paper " Don 
Simplicio," and began to publish a series of philo- 
sophical articles, under the pen-name of '* El Nigro- 
mante," and many satirical poems, in which he se- 



verely criticised the government of Gen. Parades, 
so that his paper was suppressed and he was im- 

f>risonecL When the federal system was estab- 
ished in the same year, Ramirez was appointed 
secretary to the governor of the state of Mexico, re- 
organized the administration, and during the Amer- 
ican invasion equipped and organized the state 
troops, taking part in the battle of Padierna. 
After the evacuation, he was appointed professor 
of law in the Literary institution of Mexico, and at 
the same time save lectures on literature and phi- 
losophy; but nis liberal ideas alarmed the Con- 
servatives, and he was removed. In 1851 he was 
elected deputy to congress by the state of Sinaloa, 
and in the next year he was appointed government 
secretary of that state, where he introduced many 
reforms. The revolution of the same year caused 
him to emigrate to Lower California, where he dis- 
covered rich pearl-oyster banks. In 1858 he was 
called by Sanchez Solis to his newly founded col- 
lege in Mexico, where he opened a course of philos- 
ophy that attracted students by the thousand, but 
fell under the suspicion of the dictator, Santa- Anna, 
who imprisoned Ramirez. After the fall of Santa- 
Anna. Ramirez was returning to Sinaloa, when he 
met Gen. Ignacio Coraonfort, who appointed him 
his general secretary ; but when he saw that Com- 
onfort was separating from the Liberals, Ramirez, 
being elected deputy for Sinaloa, joined the op- 
position. After the dissolution of congress by Com- 
onfort, which he disapproved, he was persecuted, 
and on his flight to Sinaloa was captured, carried 
to Queretaro, and condemned to death ; but the sen- 
tence was commuted, and after long imprisonment 
he was liberated. He joined Juarez immediately 
in Vera Cruz, and was sent to the northwestern 
states, to prepare for the triumph of the reform 
measures. After the overthrow of Miramon at 
Calpulalpam, Ramirez returned to Mexico with 
Juarez, was appointed minister of justice, instruc- 
tion, and public works, and as such executed the 
law of 5 Feb., 1861, dissolving the monastic orders, 
hastened the building of the Vera Cruz railway, 
reformed the law of mortgages, founded the Na- 
tional library, and saved the valuable paintings 
that existed in the convents, forming a gallery In 
the Academy of San Carlos. After accomplishing 
these reforms he resigned, and when the Republican 
government abandoned the capital before the in- 
vading French army, he went to Sinaloa and after- 
ward to Sonora to organize resistance. When the 
law of 8 Oct., 1865, was promulgated. Ramirez re- 
turned to Sinaloa to defend in the courts-martial 
the guerillas that had been captured by the French ; 
but he was soon banished, and went to San Fran- 
cisco, Cel Returning afterward to Mexico, he 
was imprisoned by the imperial government in San 
Juan de Ulua. and banished to Yucatan. After 
the re-establisnment of the republic, he was ap- 
pointed judge of the supreme court, and for some 
years was associate editor of M El Correo de Mexioa" 
After his re-election as judge in 1874, he sided 
with Iglesias and other judges against Lerdo de 
Tejada, and was imprisoned in November. 1876; 
but after the battle of Tecoac he was liberated, 
and appointed by President Diaz secretary of jus- 
tice, instruction, and public works. He resigned in 
May, 1877, and returned to the supreme court, 
where he served until his death. His many literary 
works were never collected, but his M Proyecto de 
ensefianza primaria," written in 1878, was published 
by the governor of Chihuaha, Carlos Pacheoo (1884). 
RAMIREZ DE QUlf ONES, Pedro, b. in Spain 
late in the 15th century ; d. at Lima, Peru, aoont 
1570. When the audiencia of Confines, or Central 



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166 



RAMOS ARIZPE 



RAMSAY 



America, was created in 1542, Ramirex was ap- 

g Dinted judge, and took possession of his office m 
omayagua in 1643. In 1546, when Pedro de la 
Gasca (q. v.) arrived at Santa Marta, Ramirez was 
commissioned by the audiencia to carry to him a re- 
enforcement of 200 men, and took part in the battle 
of Xaquixaguana. He returned to Guatemala in 
1540, went to Spain in 1552, and on his return to 
Guatemala was ordered by royal decree to subdue 
the rebellious Indians of Putchutla and Lacandon, 
which he did in less than three months. As a re- 
ward for his numerous services, in 1505 he was 
elected president of the Confines, and later he was 
promoted to Lima, where he died. 

RAMOS ARIZPE, Miguel (rah'-mos-ah-rith'- 
pay), Mexican statesman, b. in San Nicolas (now Ra- 
mos Arizpe), Coahuila, 15 Feb., 1775 ; d. in Mexico, 
28 April, 1843. He studied in the Seminary of Mon- 
terey and the College of Guadalajara, where he was 
graduated in law, and began to practise his pro- 
fession, but later he entered the church, and was 
ordained in 1803 by the bishop of Monterey, who 
made him his chaplain. Soon he was appointed 
professor of civil and canonical law in the Semi- 
nary of Monterey, and afterward he became vicar- 
general and ecclesiastical judge of several parishes 
in Tamaulipas. In 1807 he returned to Guadala- 
jara, and was graduated as doctor in theology and 
canonical law, and made a canon of the cathedral. 
He was elected in September, 1810, deputy to the 
cortes of Cadiz, took his seat in March, 1811, and 
labored to prepare for the independence of his 
country ; but when the constitution was abrogated 
by the returning king in 1814, and Ramos refused 
honors that were offered him to renounce his 
principles, he was imprisoned. When the con- 
stitution was re-established in 1820, he regained 
his liberty, took his seat again in the cortes, and 
was appointed in 1821 precentor of the cathedral 
of Mexico. In the next year he returned to his 
country, was elected to the constituent congress, 
and formed part of the commission that modelled 
the Federal constitution of 1824. In November, 
1825, he was. called by President Guadalupe Vic- 
toria to his cabinet as secretary of justice and 
ecclesiastical affairs, which^ place he occupied till 
March, 1828. In 1830 'he was sent as minister to 
Chili, and on his return in 1831 he was appointed 
dean of the cathedral of Mexico. When President 
Manuel Gomez Pedraza took charge of the execu- 
tive in December, 1832, he made Ramos Arizpe 
secretary of justice, which portfolio he also held 
under Valentin Gomez Farias till August, 1838. 
In 1841 he was a member of the government coun- 
cil, and in 1842 he was deputy to the constituent 
congress, which was dissolved by President Nicolas 
Bravo. He was afterward a member of the junta 
de notables, but failing health forced him to retire, 
and soon afterward he died. 

RAMSAY, David, physician, b. in Lancaster 
county, Pa., 2 April, 1749 ; d. in Charleston, S. C, 
8 May, 1815. He was graduated at Princeton in 
1765, at the medical department of the University 
of Pennsylvania in 1778, meanwhile teaching for 
several years. Settling in Charleston, he soon ac- 
quired celebrity as a physician, and also was active 
with his pen in behalf of colonial rights. At the 
beginning of the Revolutionary war he took the 
field as a surgeon, and served during the siege of 
Savannah. He was an active member of the South 
Carolina legislature in 1776-'88, and a member of 
the council of safety, in which capacity he became 
so obnoxious to the British that, on the capture of 
Charleston in May, 1780, he was included among 
the forty inhabitants of that place that were held 




'iL**++j*MysA*^»j 



in close confinement at St Augustine for eleven 
months as hostages. Dr. Ramsay was a delegate 
to the Continental congress in 1782-'fl, long a mem- 
ber of the South Carolina senate, and its president 
for seven years. His death was the result of wounds 
that he received 
from the pistol of a 
maniac, concerning 
whose mental un- 
soundness he had 
testified. During 
the progress of the 
Revolution, Doctor 
Ramsay collected 
materials for its his- 
tory, and his preat 
impartiality, his fine 
memory, and his 
acquaintance with 
many of the actors 
in the contest, emi- 
nently qualified him 



for the task. His 
occasional papers 
relating to the times 
had . considerable 
Among 
was a "Ser- 
mon on Tea," from the text "Touch not, taste 
not, handle not," and an " Oration on American 
Independence*' (1778). His other works include 
"History of the Revolution of South Carolina 
from a British Province to an Independent State " 
(Trenton, 1785); " History of the American. Revo- 
lution" (Philadelphia, 1789); "On the Means of 
Preserving Health in Charleston and its Vicinity " 
(Charleston, 1790) ; u Review of the Improvements, 
Progress, and State of Medicine in the Eighteenth 
Century" (1802); "Life of George Washington" 
(New York, 1807); "History of South Carolina 
from its Settlement in 1670 to the Year 1808" 
(Charleston, 1809) ; " Memoirs of Mrs. Martha Lau- 
rens Ramsay, with Extracts from her Diary" 
(1811) ; " Eulogium on Dr. Benjamin Rush " (Phila- 
delphia, 1818); "History of the United States, 
16OT-1808," continued to the treaty of Ghent by 
Samuel S. Smith andrthers (Philadelphia, 1816-'17), 
forming the first three volumes of " Universal His- 
tory Americanized, or an Historical View of the 
World from the Earliest Records to the Nineteenth 
Century, with a Particular Reference to the State 
of Society, Literature, Religion, and Form of Gov- 
ernment of the United States of America" (12 
vols., 1819). Dr. Ramsay married, first, Frances, a 
daughter of John Witherspoon, and then Martha, 
daughter of Henry Laurens. — His second wife, 
Martha Laurens, b. in Charleston, S. C, 3 Nov., 
1759; d. there, 10 June, 1811, accompanied her 
father, Henry Laurens, on his missions abroad, and 
so spent ten years of her early life in England and 
France. While Mr. Laurens was minister at Paris 
he presented his daughter with 500 guineas, with 
part of which she purchased 100 French testa- 
ments and distributed them among the destitute of 
Vigan and its vicinity, and with the rest she estab- 
lished a school. In 1785 she returned to Charles- 
ton, and in 1787 she married Dr. Ramsay. Subse- 
quently she assisted her husband in his literary 
work, and prepared her sons for college. See " Me- 
moirs of Airs. Martha Laurens Ramsay, with Ex- 
tracts from her Diary " by her husband (Charles- 
ton, 1811).— Dr. Ramsay's brother, Nathaniel, sol- 
dier, b. in Lancaster county, Pa., 1 May, 1751 ; d. 
in Baltimore, Md., 28 Oct., 1817, was graduated at 
Princeton in 1767, and, after studying law, was ad- 



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RAMSAY 



RAMSEUE 



107 



mitted in 1771 to the Maryland bar. In 1775 be 
was a delegate from his county to the Maryland 
convention, and continued active in the American 
cause, becoming in 1776 captain in the first bat- 
talion that was raised in the state. He reached the 
army in time to take part in the battle of Long 
Island, and continued under Washington, attaining 
the rank of lieutenant-colonel commandant of the 
3d regiment of the Maryland line. When Gen. 
Charles Lee's command retired before the British 
troops at Monmouth, Washington called to him 
Col. Charles Stewart and Col. Ramsay, and, taking 
the latter by the hand, said : " I shall depend on 
your immediate exertions to check with your two 
regiments the progress of the enemy till I can form 
the main army." Col. Ramsay maintained the 
ground he had taken till he was left without troops. 
In this situation he engaged in single combat with 
some British dragoons, and was cut down and left 
for dead on the field. This important service 
arrested the progress of the British army, and gave 
time to the commander-in-chief to bring up and 
assign proper positions to the main army. CoL 
Ramsay was then captured, and subsequently saw 
no active service. A long period was passed on 
parole or in imprisonment, and when exchange 
Drought release his place had been filled. After 
the war he resumed the practice of his profession, 
and represented Maryland in congress during 
1786-'7. He was made marshal of tne district of 
Maryland in 1790, and again in 1794, in addition to 
which he received the appointment of naval officer 
for the district of Baltimore in 1794, which he held 
during five administrations. 

BAMS AT, George Douglas, soldier, b. in Dum- 
fries, Va., 21 Feb., 1802 ; <L in Washington, D. C, 
28 May, 1882. His father, a merchant of Alexan- 
dria, VAm removed to Washington early in the 19th 
century. The son was graduated at the U. S. mili- 
tary academy in 1820, assigned to the artillery, and 
served on garrison and topographical duty till 25 
Feb., 1885, when he was made captain of ordnance. 
He then had charge of various arsenals till the 
Mexican war, when he was engaged at Monterey 
and brevetted major for gallantry there. He was 
chief of ordnance of Gen. Taylor's army in 1847- > 8, 
and again commanded arsenals till 1868, when he 
was a member of the ordnance board. He was 
made lieutenant-colonel, 8 Aug.. 1861, and was in 
charge of Washington arsenal from that time till 
1868. On 15 Sept of that year he was made chief 
of ordnance of the U. S. army with the rank of 
brigadier-general, and he was at the head of the 
ordnance bureau in Washington till 12 Sept, 1864, 
when he was retired from active service, being over 
sixty-two years of age. He continued to serve as 
inspector of arsenals till 1866. then in command of 
the arsenal at Washington till 1870, and afterward 
as member of an examining board. He was bre- 
vetted major-general, U. S. army, 18 March, 1865, 
"for long and faithful services." Gen. Ramsay 
was an active member of the Protestant Episcopal 
church, and for manyyears served as senior warden 
of St John's church, Washington.— His son, Fran- 
cis Manroe, naval officer, b. in the District of 
Columbia, 5 April, 1885, entered the navy as a mid- 
shipman in 1850. He became lieutenant in 1858, 
lieutenant-commander in 1862 l paTticipated in the 
engagements at Haines's bluff, Yasoo river, 80 April 
and 1 May, 1868. in the expedition up the Yasoo 
river, destroying the Confederate navy-yard and 
vessels, and in the fight at Liverpools' landing. 
He commanded a battery of three heavy guns in 
front of Vicksburg from 19 June till 4 July, 1868, 
and the 3d division of the Mississippi squadron 



from the latter date till September. 1864. He was 
in charge of the expedition up Black and Oua- 
chita rivers in March, 1864, and of that into Atcha- 
falaya river in June of that year, and engaged the 
enemy at Simmsport, La. He commanded the gun- 
boat *• Unadilla/ of the North Atlantic squadron, 
in 1864-'5, participated in the attacks on Fort 
Fisher, for which be was commended in the official 
report for " skill, conduct judgment and bravery," 
and in the several engagements with Fort Ander- 
son and other forts on Cape Fear river. He became 
commander in 1866, fleet-captain and chief of staff 
of the South Atlantic squadron in 1867-*9. captain 
in 1877, and was in command of the torpedo station 
in 1878-'80. He was superintendent of the U. S. 
naval academy from 1881 till 1886. and since 1887 
has been in command of the " Boston." He was a 
member of the Naval examining board in 1886-7. 

RAMSAY, Thomas Kennedy, Canadian jurist 
b. in Ayr, Scotland, 2 Sept., 1826; d. in St Hugues, 
Quebec,. 28 Dec, 1886. He was educated at St 
Andrews, came to Canada early in life, studied 
law, and was admitted to the bar in 1852. He 
received the degree of M. A. from Lennoxville uni- 
versity in 1855, was secretary of the commission for 
codifying the laws in 1859, and was appointed 
queen's counsel in 1867. He became assistant judge 
of the supreme court of Quebec in 1870, andjpuisne 
judge of the court of queen's bench in 1878. He 
was an unsuccessful candidate for the Dominion 
parliament in 1867. Judge Ramsay founded the 
44 Lower Canada Jurist" *nd early in his career was 
editor of the " Journal de jurisprudence." of Mon- 
treal. He is also the author of various law-books. 

RAMSEUR, Stephen Dodscn, soldier, b. in 
Lincolnton, N. G, 81 May, 1887; d. in Winchester, 
Va., 20 Oct, 1864. He was graduated at the U. S. 
military academy in 1860, assigned to the 4th 
artillery, and placed __ 

on garrison duty at 
Fortress Monroe. In 
1861 he was trans- 
ferred to Washing- 
ton, but he resigned 
on 6 April and: en- 
tered the Confeder- 
ate service as captain 
of the light artillery. 
Late in 1861 he pro- 
ceeded to Virginia 
and was stationed on 
the south side of the 
James, and in the 
spring of 1862 he was 
ordered to report 
with his battery to 
Gen. John B. Majrru- 
der. During Gen. 
McClellan's advance 
up the peninsula he .had command of tne artil- 
lery of the right wing with the rank of major. 
Soon afterward he was promoted colonel, assigned 
to the 49th North Carolina infantry, and with 
this regiment participated in the latter part of 
the peninsular campaign. He received the ap- 
pointment of brigadier-general on 1 Nov;, 1869, 
succeeded to the brigade, composed of North Caro- 
lina regiments, that was formerly commanded by 
Gen. George B. Anderson, and was attached to Gen. 
Thomas J. Jackson's corps, serving with credit at 
Chancellorsville and Gettysburg, fobsequently he 
served in the Wilderness, and on 1 June, 1864, was 
given the temporary rank of major-general and 
assigned a division that had bean commanded by 



z s2.nL 



assigned 

Gen. Jubal A. Karly. Gen. 



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168 



RAMSEY 



RAND 



Utter commander in the brief campaign in the 
Shenandoah valley, participated in the battle of 
Winchester, and was mortally wounded at Cedar 
Creek while rallying his troops. 

RAMSEY, Alexander anatomist b. probably 
in London, England, in 1754 : d. in Parsonsfleld, 
Me., 34 Not., 1824. He studied medicine under 
George Cruikshank in London for several years, 
and became famous for his anatomical preparations. 
He came to this country about 1800, and delivered 
a short course of lectures on anatomy and physi- 
ology in Columbia college. He possessed much pro- 
fessional learning, but his vanity, arrogance, and 
pomp, combined with his grotesque person, inter- 
fered: with his success as a teacher, and won him 
the name of " the Caliban of science." He adopted 
the theory that the bite of a venomous snake was 
rendered innoxious by alkalies, and died from the 
results of an experiment on himself. He published 
"Anatomy of the Heart, Cranium, ana Brain" 
(Edinburgh, 1813), and "Plates on the Brain" 
(London, 1818). 

RAMSEY, Alexander, secretary of war, b. near 
Harrisburg, Pa., 8 Sept. 1815. He was educated 
at Lafayette college, and in 1828 became clerk in 
the register's office of his native county. He was 
secretary of the Electoral college of Pennsylvania 
in 1840, the next year was clerk of the state house 
of representatives, 
was elected to con- 
gress as a Whig in 
1842, and served till 

1847. He was chair- 
man of the state 
central committee 
of Pennsylvania in 

1848, ana was ap- 
pointed first terri- 
torial governor of 
Minnesota in 1849, 
holding office till 
1858. During this 
service he nego- 
tiated a treaty at 
Mendota for the ex- 

T&9H4t+f tinction of the title 
I / of the Sioux half- 

breeds to the lands 
on Lake Pepin, and two with the Sioux nation by 
which, the U. S. government acquired all the lands 
in Minnesota west of Mississippi river, thus opening 
that state to colonization. He also made treaties 
with the Chippewa Indians on Red river in 1851 and 
1858. He became mayor of St. Paul, Minn., in 1855, 
was governor of the state in 1860-'8, and in the 
latter year was elected to the U. S. senate as a Re- 
publican, holding his seat in 1868-'75. and serving 
as chairman of the committees on Revolutionary 
claims and pensions, on post-roads and on territo- 
ries. He became secretary of war in 1870, suc- 
ceeding George W. McCrary, and held office till the 
close ox Hayes's administration. He was appointed 
by President Arthur, in 1882, a member of the Utah 
commission, under the act of congress known as 
the Edmunds bill (see Edmunds, George P.), con- 
tinuing in that service till 1886. In 1887 he was a 
delegate to the centennial celebration of the adop- 
tion of the constitution of the United States. 

RAMSEY, James Gattya McGregor, author, 
b. in Knox county, Tenn., in 1796; d. in Knoxville, 
Tenn^ in 1884. His father, Francis A. Ramsey, 
(1760-1819), emigrated to the west early in life, 
and became secretary of the state of " Franklin," 
which was subsequently admitted to the Union 
under the name of Tennessee. The son was lib- 



/fa* 



erallv educated, and studied medicine, receiving 
the degree of M. D., but never practised his profes- 
sion. In early manhood he engaged in banking, 
and in later days he was elected president of the 
Bank of Tennessee, at Knoxville. While yet a 
young man he began the collection of material for 
a history of Tennessee. The papers of Gov. Sevier 
and Gov. Shelby were placed in his hands, and from 
them and other valuable documents be published 
the " Annals of Tennessee to the End of the Eigh- 
teenth Century " (Charleston, S. C, 1853). He also 
founded the first historical society in the state, and 
at his death was president of the one at Nashville, 
which he left in a flourishing condition. When 
Tennessee seceded from the Union he was appointed 
financial agent for the southern wing of the Con- 
federacy. He joined the Confederate army on its 
retreat from Knoxville, and remained with it till 
its final dissolution. During the occupation of 
that city by National troops the house in which 
his father 'had lived and ne had been bom was 
burned, and all the valuable historical papers it 
contained were destroyed. In consequence of the 
war he lost most of his property. 

RAND, Asa, clergyman, b. in Rindge, N. H. t 6 
Aug., 1788; d. in Ashburnham, Mass.. 24 Aug., 
1871. He was graduated at Dartmouth in 1806, 
and ordained as a minister of the Congrega- 
tional church in January, 1809. After a pastor- 
ate of thirteen years' duration at Gorham, Me., he 
edited the "Christian Mirror." at Portland, Me., 
in 1822-'5, afterward conducted the "Recorder" 
and the " Youth's Companion " at Boston, and in 
1888 established a book-store and printing-office 
at Lowell. He published the " Observer " at this 
place, lectured against slavery, and was then pas- 
tor of churches at Pompey ana Peterborough, N. Y. 
He published " Teacher's Manual for Teaching in 
English Grammar" (Boston, 1832), and "The 
Slave-Catcher caught in the Meshes of the Eter- 
nal Law" (Cleveland, 1852).— His son, William 
Wilberforce, author, b. in Gorham, Me., 8 Dec, 
1816, was graduated at Bowdoin in 1837, at the 
Theological seminary at Bangor, Me., in 1840. and 
in the Latter year was licensed to preach as a Con- 
gregational minister. He was pastor of the Re- 
formed Dutch church of Canastota, N. Y n from 
1841 till 1845, editor for the American tract so- 
ciety, New York city, in 1848-'72, and has since 
been its publishing secretary. He is the author 
of " Songs of Zion ' y (New York. 1850 ; enlarged ed., 
1866) ; " Dictionary of the Bible for General Use " 
(1860 ; enlarged and largely rewritten, 1887) ; and 
other smaller books. 

RAND, Benjamin Howard, educator, b. in 
Charlestown, Mass., 16 Feb., 1792; d. in Philadel- 
phia, Pa., 9 June, 1862. He settled in Philadelphia 
early in the 19th century, and was engaged in the 
teaching of penmanship, in which for more than 
twenty-five years he had a high reputation. Mr. 
Rand published " The American Penman " (Phila- 
delphia, 1856); "Rand's Penmanship " (8 parts); 
" Rand's Copy-Book " (9 parts) ; and " Appendix " 
(5 parts). These books ran through several edi- 
tions, and at the time of his death the sale of the 
different numbers had aggregated more than one 
and a half million copies. — His daughter, Marion 
Howard, author, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 5' Jan.. 
1824, d. in Grahamville, S. C, 9 June, 1849. con- 
tributed largely to " The Offering," " The Young 
People's Book/' "Graham's Magazine," "Godey's 
Lady's Book," and other periodicals. Specimens of 
her poetry are contained in Read's " Female Poets 
of America" and in May's "American Female 
Poets." — His son, Benjamin Howard, physician. 



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h. in Philadelphia, Pa., 1 Oct, 1827; d. there, 14 
Feb., 1888, was graduated at Jefferson medical 
college in 1848, after studying under Dr. Robert 
M. Huston. During the last two years of his 
student life he served as clinical assistant to Dr. 
Thomas D. Matter and Dr. Joseph Pancoast In 
1850 he was elected professor of chemistry in the 
Franklin institute, and he also held a similar chair 
in the Philadelphia medical college in 1858-'64. 
From 1852 till 1864 he was secretary of the Phila- 
delphia academy of natural sciences. In 1864 he 
accepted the professorship of chemistry in Jeffer- 
son medical college, which he held until his resig- 
nation in 1877 I)r. Rand was elected a fellow of 
the Philadelphia college of physicians in 1858, a 
fellow of the American philosophical society in 
1868, and, besides membership in other societies, 
was connected with the American medical associ- 
ation. He made many contributions to medical 
journals, edited the third edition of Dr. Samuel L. 
Metcalf s " Caloric : its Agencies on the Phenome- 
na of Nature" (Philadelphia, 1859), and was the 
author of "An Outline of Medical Chemistry" 
(1855) and "Elements of Medical Chemistry" 
(1868).— Another son, Theodore Dehon, mineralo- 
gist, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 16 Sept, 1886, was 
educated at the Academy of the Protestant Epis- 
copal church in Philadelphia, and then studied 
law. After his admission to the bar he opened an 
office in his native city, and has since continued in 
practice. Mr. Rand early turned his attention to 
natural science, especially to mineralogy, and his 
cabinet of specimens ranks as one of the best pri- 
vate collections in the United States, containing 
very nearly a complete set of the rocks and miner- 
als of Philadelphia and its vicinity. In 1871 he 
became a member of the board of managers of the 
Franklin institute, and since 1878 he has been 
treasurer of the American institute of mining en- 
gineers. Mr. Rand has been a member of the council 
of the Philadelphia academy of natural sciences 
since 1875, and director of its mineralogical and geo- 
logical section. His publications include many 
papers on the mineralogy and geology of Philadel- 
phia and its vicinity in the transactions of scientific 
societies of which he is a member, and he has pre- 
pared a geological map and explanatory text for the 
reports of the geological survey of Pennsylvania. 

RAND, Edward Spragne, merchant, b. in 
Newburyport, Mass., in 1782 ; d. there in Novem- 
ber, 186s. He was educated at the Dummer acade- 
my in his native place, and afterward entered his 
father's store as a clerk. When he was eighteen 
years of age he went to Europe as a supercargo, 
and before he was twenty-one ne was established 
as a commission merchant in Amsterdam. • Leav- 
ing that city, he made voyages to the Canary isl- 
ands, Havana, and elsewhere, and after revisiting 
this country he went to Russia. On his return 
from St. Petersburg in 1810 he was shipwrecked on 
the Nase, Norway. After the treaty of peace with 
Great Britain in 1815 he was for many years en- 
gaged in the East India trade. In 1821, with 
others, he purchased a woollen-mill at Salisbury, 
now known as the Salisbury mills, of which he was 
for a long time president. In 1827 he withdrew 
from commerce and engaged in manufacturing. 
From 1827 till 1885 he was president of the Me- 
chanics' bank, Newburyport, and he sat for several 
years in each branch of the legislature. He was 
often a delegate to the general convention of the 
Protestant Episcopal church.— His grandson, Ed- 
ward Sprag ne, floriculturist, b. in Boston, Mass.. 
20 Oct, 1884, was graduated at Harvard in 1855, 
and at the law-school in 1857, and subsequently 



formed a partnership with his father. He de- 
votes much time to floriculture and literature at 
his home at Dedham, Mass. He assisted in Flint's 
edition of " Harris on Insects Injurious to Vegeta- 
tion " (Boston, 1862), edited the floral department 
of " The Homestead," and partially prepared a new 
edition of Dr. Jacob Bigelow's "Floruia Bosto- 
niensis." He has published " Life Memoirs, and 
other Poems " (Boston, 1850) ; " Flowers for the Par- 
lor and Garden " (1868) ; " Garden Flowers " (1866) ; 
"Bulbs" (1866); "Seventy-five Popular Flowers, 
and How to cultivate Them " (1870) ; " The Rhodo- 
dendron and American Plants" (1871): " Window 
Gardener " (1872) ; and " Complete Manual of Or- 
chid Culture" (New York, 1876). 

RAND, Isaac, physician, b. in Charlestown, 
Mass., 27 April, 1748 ; d. in Boston, Mass*, 11 Deo, 
1822. He was graduated at Harvard in 1761, stud- 
ied medicine with his father, of the same name, in 
Charlestown, and in 1764 settled in Boston, where 
he remained during the siege, and ultimately be- 
came one of the most noted practitioners of his 
time. From 1798 till 1804 he was president of the 
Massachusetts medical society, ana he was also a 
corresponding member of the London medical so- 
ciety. Dr. Rand published papers on "Hydro- 
cephalus Internus" (1785); "Yellow Fever" 
(1798); and on "The Use of Warm Bath and Digi- 
talis in Pulmonary Consumption " (1804). 

RAND, Silas Tertlus, Canadian clergyman* b. 
in CornwalHs, Nova Scotia, 17 May. 1810. He was 
ordained to the Baptist ministry in 1884, and in 
1846 became a missionary among the Micmao In- 
diana Acadia college gave him the degree of 
D. D. in 1886, and Queen's university that of 
LL. D. in the same year. Dr. Rand is a fine lin- 
guist, and reads with ease thirteen languages. He 
has rescued the Micmao tongue from oblivion, and 
has translated the whole or the New Testament, 
most of the Old, and many tracts and hymns, into 
that language. He has written a grammar, and a 
dictionary which contains thirty thousand Micmao 
words, and has in his study 12,000 pages of fools- 
cap manuscript giving the legends of the tribe. In 
this way he has preserved eighty-four tales, tradi- 
tions, and legends of the Canadian aborigines. 
The Dominion government, at the request of sev- 
eral college presidents, recently purchased for pres- 
ervation the manuscript of his Micmao dictionary 
for $1,000. The Smithsonian institution at Wash- 
ington obtained from Dr. Rand a list of all his In- 
dian works for publication in the " North Ameri- 
can Linguistics or Bibliography." "Algonquin 
Legends* by Charles G. Lekuid (Boston, 1884), 
contains 120 pages of Dr. Rand's material, which 
is fully acknowledged by the author. 

RAND, Theodore Harding, Canadian educa- 
tor, b. in Cornwallis, Nova Scotia, in 1886. His 
father was first cousin to Dr. Silas T. Rand. The 
son was graduated at Acadia college in 1860, and 
appointed the same year to the chair of classics at 
the Provincial normal school, Truro, N. 8. He 
travelled in Great Britain and the United States 
to make a special study of common-school educa- 
tion, and has lectured and written on the subject. 
In 1864 he became superintendent of education for 
Nova Scotia, and in 1871 he was appointed to the 
same post in New Brunswick to establish the free- 
school system in that province. In 1888 he be- 
came professor of history and didactics in Acadia 
college, in 1885 he was appointed professor in the 
Baptist college at Toronto, and in 1886 he was 
given the presidency of the Baptist college at 
Woodstock, Ont He received the degree of D.C.L. 
from Acadia college in 1874 



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RANDALL, Alexander Williams, statesman, 
b. in Ames, Montgomery co., N. Y., 81 Oct., 1819; 
d. in Elmira, N. Y., 26 July, 1872. His father, 
Phineas, a native of Massachusetts, resided in Mont- 
gomery county. N. Y., from 1818 till 1851, was judge 
of the court of common pleas there in 1837-41, 

and removing to 
Waukesha, Wis., 
died there in 
1853. Alexan- 
der received a 
thorough aca- 
demic educa- 
tion, studied 
law, was admit- 
ted to the bar, 
and be^an to 

Eractise m Wau- 
esha in 1840. 
He became soon 
afterward post- 
master of that 
place, and in 

/&/ ^ *~***? 4s *®^ WAS cnosen 

60u* . ^777^**. ^ .^ a member of the 

convention that 
framed the state constitution. He then devoted 
himself to his profession till 1855, when he was 
elected to the state assembly. The same year he 
was an unsuccessful candidate for the attornev- 
generalship, and was appointed judge of the Mil- 
waukee circuit court to fill an unexpired term. In 
1857, and again in 1850, he was elected governor 
of Wisconsin, and at the beginning of the civil 
war, and pending the convening of the legislature, 
in extra session, ne called the 2d regiment into ex- 
istence, and used the public funds in advance of 
lawful appropriation ; but he was fully sustained by 
the legislature when it assembled. At the close of 
his gubernatorial term, 1 Jan., 1861, he was dis- 
suaded from his purpose of entering the army by 
President Lincoln, and appointed UTS. minister to 
Italy. On his resignation and return in 1862, he 
was made first assistant postmaster-general, and in 
July, 1866, postmaster-general, and served in that 
capacity till March, 1860. 

RANDALL, David Austin, author, b. in Col- 
chester, Conn., 14 Jan., 1818 ; d. in Columbus, Ohio, 
27 June, 1884. He was educated at country schools 
and at Canandaigua, N. Y., academy, and became 
a Baptist clergyman. He was chaplain of the Ohio 
asylum for the insane in 1854-'66, pastor of a 
church in Columbus in 1858-'66, and correspond- 
ing secretary of the Ohio Baptist conference in 
18o0-'63. Mr. Randall was for many years editor 
of the " Washingtonian," the first temperance 
paper in Ohio, and in 1845-'53 edited the " Cross 
and Journal," a Baptist newspaper. He was widely 
known as a lecturer, and was also a member of a 
book-selling firm and director of a bank. He 
travelled in Egypt and Palestine in 1861-*2, and 
wrote "God's Handwriting in Egypt, Sinai, and 
the Holy Land " (2 vols., Philadelphia, 1862), and 
" Ham-Mishkan, the Wonderful Tent: a Study of 
the Structure, Significance, and Symbolism of the 
Hebrew Tabernacle" (Cincinnati. 1886). 

RANDALL, George Maxwell, P. E. bishop, 
b. in Warren, R. I., 28 Nov., 1810 ; d. in Denver, 
Col., 28 Sept, 1878. He was graduated at Brown 
in 1885, and at the Episcopal general theological 
seminary. New York, in 1888. He was ordained 
deacon in St. Mark's church, Warren, 17 July, 
1888, by Bishop Oriswold, and priest, in the same 
church, 2 Nov., 1880, by the same bishop. His 
first parochial charge was that of the Church of 



the Ascension, Fall River, Mass. In 1844 he ac- 
cepted the rectorship of the Church of the Messiah, 
Boston, Mass., which post he held for twenty-one 
years. He received the degree of D. D. from Brown 
in 1856. He was a clerical deputy from the diocese 
of Massachusetts from 1850 till 1865, inclusive, and 
was chosen secretary to the house of clerical and lay 
deputies in 1862 and 1865. He was appointed by the 
general convention to be missionary bishop of Colo- 
rado, and was consecrated in Trinity church, Bos- 
ton, Mass., 28 Dec., 1865. Bishop Randall published 
numerous sermons, addresses, and lectures, and 
contributed freely to church literature, chiefly 
through the columns of ** The Christian Witness 
and Church Advocate," of which he was editor for 
many years. He also published a tract entitled 
•* Why I am a Churchman." which has had a very 
large circulation, and ** Observations on Confir- 
mation " (6th ed., 1868). 

RANDALL, James Rvder, song-writer, b. in 
Baltimore, Md., 1 Jan., 1830. He was educated at 
Georgetown college, D. C, but was not graduated, 
and afterward travelled in South America. When 
he was a young man he went to Louisiana and 
edited a newspaper at Point Coupee, and after- 
ward was engaged on the New Orleans " Sunday 
Delta." His delicate constitution prevented him 
from entering the Confederate army, but he wrote 
much in support of the southern cause. His 
" Maryland, my Maryland," which was published 
in Baltimore in April, 1861, was set to music, and 
became widely popular. It has been called "the 
Marseillaise of the Confederate cause." Other 
poems from his pen were " The Sole Sentry," " Ar- 
lington," "The Cameo Bracelet." "There's Life 
in the Old Land Yet," and "The Battle-Cry of the 
South." After the war he went to Augusta, Ga., 
where he became associate editor of " The Consti- 
tutionalist," and in 1866 its editor-in-chief. 

RANDALL, John Witt, poet, b. in Boston. 
Mass., 6 Nov., 1818. He was graduated at Harvard 
in 1884 and at the medical department in 1839. 
While in college he devoted his attention to scien- 
tific studies, especially entomology, and also culti- 
vated his taste for poetry. His attainments as a 
naturalist gained for him the honorary appoint- 
ment as zoologist in the department of inverte- 
brate animals to the South sea exploring ex- 
pedition sent out by the United States under 
Commander Charles Wilkes. But the delays in 
the sailing of the expedition caused him to resign 
the appointment, ana he then turned his attention 
to his favorite pursuits. He has been largely occu- 
pied with the cultivation of an ancestral country- 
seat in Stow, Mass., and has accumulated one of the 
rarest and most original collections of engravings 
in the United States. Dr. Randall has contributed 
a paper on the "Crustacea" to the " Transactions 
of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences," 
and two on insects to the "Proceedings of the 
Boston Society of Natural History," and he pre- 
pared a volume on the "Animals and Plants of 
Maine " for the geological survey of that state, but 
the manuscript was lost Besides doing other 
literary work, ne has written six volumes of poems, 
of which only one has been published, " Consola- 
tions of Solitude" (Boston, 1856). 

RANDALL, Robert Richard, philanthropist, 
b. in New Jersey about 1740 ; d. in New York city, 
5 June, 1801. He was a son of Thomas Randall, 
who was one of the committee of 100 chosen to con- 
trol the affairs of the city of New York in 1775. In 
early life Robert appears to have followed the sea, 
and he became a merchant and shipmaster, in con- 
sequence of which he is generally styled captain. 



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Capi. Randall became a member in 1771 of the 
Marine society of New York for the relief of in- 
digent and distressed masters of vessels, their wid- 
ows and orphan children, and in 1780 was elected 
a member of the chamber of commerce. In 1790 
he purchased from Baron Poelnitz the property 
known as the Minto farm, or Mint home, consisting 
of more than twenty-one acres of land in what is 
now the 15th ward of New York city, the southern 
boundary of which was then the upper end of Broad- 
way. Tnis, together with four lots in the 1st ward 
of New York, and stocks valued at $10,000, he be- 
queathed to found the home called the Sailors' 
Snug Harbor, M for the purpose of maintaining aged, 
decrepit, and worn-out sailors." It was his inten- 
tion to have the home erected on the family estate, 
but, in consequence of suits by alleged heirs, the 
control of the property was not absolutely obtained 
until 1881. Meanwhile the growth of the city made 
it more advantageous to rent the farm and pur- 
chase a site elsewhere, and 180 acres were bought 
on Staten island near New Brighton. In October, 
1881, the corner-stone was laid, and the dedication 
ceremonies took place two years later. In 1884 
Capt Randall's remains were removed to Staten 
island, and in 1884 a heroic statue of him, in 
bronze, by Augustus St Gaudens, was unveiled, 
with appropriate ceremonies, on the lawn adjoin- 
ing the buildings. At present (1888) the property 
has increased by purchase to 180 acres, on which 
there are eight large dormitory buildings capable 
of accommodating 1,000 men, besides numerous 
other buildings, thirty-eight in all, including a 
hospital, church, and residences for the officers. 

RANDALL, Samoel Jackson, statesman, b. in 
Philadelphia, Pa., 10 Oct, 1828 ; d. in Washington, 

D. C., 12 April, 
1890. He was 
the son of a well- 
known lawyer of 
Philadelphia, was 
ed ucated as a mer- 
chant, and, after 
l>eing four times 
elected to the city 
council and once 
to the state sen- 
ate, was sent to 
congress, taking 
his seat on 7 Dec, 
1868. He after- 
ward represented, 
without intermis- 
sion the only 
Democratic dis- 
trict in Philadel- 
phia. He served on the committees on banking, 
rales, and elections, distinguished himself by his 
speeches against the force bill in 1875, was a can- 
didate for speaker in the next year, and was ap- 
pointed chairman of the committee on appropria- 
tions. He gained credit by his success in curtailing 
expenditures by enforcing a system of proportional 
reduction in the appropriations, and, on the death 
of Michael C. Kerr, was elected speaker, 4 Dec., 
1876. He wan re-elected speaker in the two follow- 
ing congresses, serving in that capacity till 8 March, 
1881. Mr. Randall bore a conspicuous part in the 
debates on the tariff as the leader of the protec- 
tionist wing of the Democratic party. His widow 
is a daughter of Aaron Ward, of New York. 

RANDALL, Karauel S., author, b. in Nor- 
wich, N. Y., 27 May, 1809; d. in New York city, 
8 June, 1881. He was educated at Oxford academy 
and at Hamilton college, and in 1880-'6 practised 




iT/L^. — • £t£ gw^* oC cdJL 



law in Chenango county. In 1886-'7 he was deputy 
clerk of the state assembly, in May, 1887, he was 
appointed clerk in the department of common 
schools, and in 1888 he became general deputy 
superintendent of common schools, which office he 
held till 1854. After serving for a short time as 
superintendent of Brooklyn public schools, he was 
appointed to a similar post in New York city, and 
served till June, 1870, when he resigned. From 
1845 till 1852 he edited the " District School Jour- 
nal," and he was the associate editor of the " Amer- 
ican Journal of Education and College Review," 
and of the " Northern Light," published at Albany. 
Among other works he published " Digest of the 
Common-School System of the State of New York " 
(Troy, 1844); "Incentives to the Cultivation of 
Geology " (New York, 1846); "Mental and Moral 
Culture and Popular Education " (1850) ; " First 
Principles of Popular Education'' (1868); and 
" History of the State of New York " (1870).— His 
cousin, Henry Stephens, author, b. in Madison 
county, N. Y., in 1811; d. in Cortland, N. Y. t 14 
Aug., 1876, was graduated at Union college in 
1880, studied law, and was admitted to the bar, but 
never practised. He became secretary of state and 
superintendent of public instruction of New York 
state in 1851, and was the author of the bill that 
created the sejwirate department of public instruc- 
tion and the office of superintendent. In 1871 Mr. 
Randall was elected to the assembly, and appointed 
chairman of the committee on public education. 
He was one of the editors of " Moore's Rural New 
Yorker," contributed to agricultural, scientific, 
and literary periodicals, and published "Sheep 
Husbandry*' (Philadelphia, 1840); "The Life of 
Thomas Jefferson" (New York, 1858); "Fine- 
Wool Sheep Husbandry "(1868); "Practical Shep- 
herd" (Rochester, 1864); and "First Principles of 
Popular Education and Public Instruction " (1868). 
RANDOLPH, Alfred Magi 11, P. E. bishop, 
b. in Winchester, Va., 81 Aug., 1886. He is the 
fourth child of Robert Lee Randolph, who, after 
studying law, devoted himself to farming on his in- 
herited estate. Eastern View, Fauquier co., Va. 
After graduation at William and Mary in 1856, 
the son studied at Virginia theological seminary, 
Alexandria, where he was graduated in 1858. in 
the autumn of the same year he was appointed 
rector of St George's church, Fredericksburg, Va. 
After the bombardment of the town, in December, 
1862, by which the church edifice was much in- 
jured, the congregation dispersed, Dr. Randolph 
left, and from 1868 until the close of the civil 
war served as - 

a chaplain in 
the Confeder- 
ate army, in 
hospitals, and 
in tne field. He 
was appointed 
rector of Christ 
church, Alex- 
andria (erected ► 
in 1772, see il- * 
lustration), in jj 

1865, and in f r 

1867 became \ | 

the pastor j J 

of Emmanuel " 
church, Bal- i 
timore, where " 
he remained 
until he was 

elected, in 1888, assistant bishop of Virginia. He 
received the degree of D. D. from William and 



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RANDOLPH 



Marr college in 1875, and that of LL. D. from 
Washington and Lee university in 1884. Dur- 
ing his ministry in Maryland Dr. Randolph was 
the chief opponent of tractarianism and ritual- 
ism, and leader in a successful resistance to the 
assumption of episcopal powers that he believed 
to be unconstitutional. The conflict was one of 
much interest to his church throughout the coun- 
try, and the qualities that Dr. Randolph displayed 
secured him the confidence of his wing of the 
church. Bishop Randolph's published discourses 
and periodical contributions show him to be in 
churcnmanship and religious philosophy largely in 
sympathy witn the views of Dr. Thomas Arnold, 
of Rugby. 

RANDOLPH, Beverley, governor of Virginia, 
b. in Chatsworth, Henrico co., Va., in 1755: d. at 
Green Creek, his home, in Cumberland, Va., in 
1797. He was a graduate of William and Mary 
college, of which he was appointed a visitor in 1784. 
He was a member of the assembly of Virginia dur- 
ing the Revolutionary war and actively supported 
all measures for securing American independence. 
He was chosen in 1787 president of the executive 
council of Virginia, and. at the close of 1788, suc- 
ceeded his relative, Edmund Randolph, as gov- 
ernor of the state. After two years of service he 
became unpopular with a part of the legislature, 
which at that time elected the governor. The mal- 
contents had resolved to surprise the legislature by 
the nomination of ex-Gov. Benjamin Harrison, but 
Harrison discovered the scheme and defeated it, 
requesting his son to vote for Gov. Randolph, who 
thus was chosen for a third term. 

RANDOLPH, Edward, British agent, b. in 
England about 1620 ; d. in the West Indies after 
1604. The British government sent him to the 
New England colonies in 1675 to ascertain their 
condition. He arrived in June, 1676, with a letter 
from Charles II., and with complaints from Ferdi- 
nando Gorges, the lord proprietary of Maine, and 
from Robert T. Mason, who laid claim to New 
Hampshire. Randolph at once began to menace 
the trade and the charter of Massachusetts, demand- 
ing of Gov. Leverett that the letter he bore from 
the king should "be read with all convenient 
speed to the magistrates." Leverett, however, pro- 
fessed ignorance of the signature of the secretary 
of state, whose name was affixed to the letter, and 
denied the right of parliament or king to bind the 
colony with laws adverse to its interest, receiving 
Randolph only as an agent of Mason. Randolph 
returned to England after six weeks' stay in the col- 
onies, and. by exaggerating their population four- 
fold, and their wealth to a still greater extent, in- 
duced the English government to retain him in its 
employment In the course of nine years he made 
eight voyages to this country, each time taking 
back false reports of its condition and presenting 
stronger reasons for the taxation and oppression of 
the colonies. He was enrolled as collector of cus- 
toms in December, 1679, end twice within the next 
three years visited England to assist in directing 
measures against Massachusetts. A writ of quo 
warranto was issued in July, 1688, Massachusetts 
was arraigned before an English tribunal, and in 
October Randolph arrived in Boston with the writ. 
In June, 1684, the charter was adjudged to be con- 
ditionally forfeited. He met Gov. Edmund Androe 
on 20 Dec., 1686, when the latter landed in Boston, 
and at once attached himself to the governor's staff. 
44 His excellency." said Randolph, " has to do with 
a perverse people." He became secretary of New 
England the same year, and a member of the gov- 
ernor's council, ana in 1688 carried off to Boston, 



from the secretary's office in New York, the archives 
of the Dutch governors, where they remained till 
1601. In response to the complaints of the people 
Randolph replied : " It is not to his majesty's in- 
terest that you should thrive." The taxes were for 
public purposes, and Randolph persuaded the colo- 
nists to take out new grants for their lands, with 
the intention that when they should possess them 
in fee simple they should be subjected to extortion- 
ate taxation. But when the news of the accession 
of William and Mary reached Boston, 4 April, 
1689, there was a " grand buzzing among the people 
in great expectation of their old charter." On the 
morning of the 18th Androe and Randolph were 
marched to prison. When the latter was released 
he went to the West Indies, where he died. 

RANDOLPH, Jacob, physician, b. in Philadel- 
phia, 25 Nov., 1796 ; d. there, 12 April, 1886, His 
ancestor, Edward Fits-Randolph, emigrated to 
this country from England in 1680. His father 
was an officer in the 4th Pennsylvania regiment 
during the Revolution, but subsequently became a 
member of the Society of Friends, and dropped 
the prefix from his family name. Jacob studied 
at the Friends' school, was graduated at the Uni- 
versity of Pennsylvania in 1817, and became sur- 
geon on an American ship that was bound for 
Canton, China. Afterward: he returned to Phila- 
delphia and settled in the practice of his profes- 
sion in that city in 1822, in which year he married 
the daughter or Dr. Philip Syng Pnysick. He was 
appointed surgeon to the Almshouse infirmary and 
. lecturer on surgery in the Philadelphia school of 
medicine in 1880. From 1885 until his death he 
was a surgeon to the Pennsylvania hospital. He 
was in Europe in 1840-'42, spending most of his 
time in the surgical departments of the Paris hos- 
pitals. During his absence he declined the chair 
of surgery in Jefferson medical college. Dr. Ran- 
dolph became lecturer on clinical surgery in the 
University of Pennsylvania in 1848, and professor 
of that branch in 1847. Meanwhile he had acquired 
a wide reputation as a surgeon, and in 1881 intro- 
duced in the United States the operation of litho- 
tripsy. He was a member of the American philo- 
sophical society, of the Philadelphia college of 
physicians, and of the Philadelphia medical soci- 
ety, and was consulting surgeon to the Philadel- 
phia dispensary. He published several reports of 
successful operations for stone in the bladder by 
lithotripsy, •* History of a Case of Femoral Aneu- 
rism in which the Femoral Artery was tied for the 
Second Time in the Medical History of Philadel- 
phia," in the " North American Medical and Surgi- 
cal Journal " (1829). and a " Memoir of Philip Syng 
Pnysick " (Philadelphia, 1889). See a memoir of 
him by George W. N orris (1848).— His great-nephew, 
Nathaniel Archer, physician, b. in Chadd's Ford, 
Pa., 7 Nov., 1858 ; d. in Longport, N. J., 22 Aug.. 
1887, was educated at Swathmore college, Pa., and 
at Cornell, and was graduated at the medical de- 
partment of the University of Pennsylvania in 1882. 
The same year he was appointed assistant demon- 
strator and lecturer on anatomy there, becoming 
Srofessor of hygiene in 1886. Dr. Randolph's early 
eath by drowning cut short a brilliant career. He 
was a member of many scientific societies, a con- 
tributor to scientific periodicals, and, with Samuel 
G. Dixon, published " Notes from the Physiologi- 
cal Laboratory of the University of Pennsylvania" 
(Philadelphia, 1885). 

RANDOLPH, James Fits, congressman, b. in 
Middlesex county, N. J., 26 June, 1791 ; d. in Jersey 
City. N. J., 19 March, 1871. He was the descendant 
of Edward Fits-Randolph, who emigrated to this 



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country in 1680. After receiving a common-school 
education, James entered a printing-office, and in 
1812 became co-editor of the " Fredonia," a weekly 
newspaper, in which he continued for thirty years. 
He was U. S. collector of internal revenue in 
1815-'46, and was subsequently clerk of common 
pleas for Middlesex county, and a member of the 
legislature for two years. He was elected to con- 
gress as a Democrat in 1828 to fill the vacancy 
caused by the death of George Holcombe, served 
till 1888, and subsequently invested largely in coal 
lands.— His son, Theodore Frelinghaysen, sena- 
tor, b. in New Brunswick, N. J., 24 June, 1816 ; d. 
in Morristown, N. J., 7 Nov., 1888, was educated at 
Rutgers grammar-school, and entered mercantile 
life at sixteen years of age. He settled in Vicks- 
burg, Miss., about 1840, where he married a grand- 
daughter of Chief-Justice Marshall, and on his re- 
turn to New Jersey in 1850 resided first in Hud- 
son county and subsequently in Morristown, N. J. 
He was a member of the legislature in 1859-*60, 
declined the speakership of that body, was chair- 
man of the special committee on the peace con- 
gress in 1861, and was the author of the measure 
for relief of the families of soldiers that should en- 
gage in the civil war. He became state senator 
the same year, served by re-election till 1866, and 
was appointed commissioner of draft for Hudson 
county in 1862. He was president of the Mor- 
ris and Essex railroad in 1867, doubled its gross 
tonnage in eighteen months, and negotiated the 
existing lease of that road to the Delaware, Lacka- 
wanna, and Western railroad by which the bond- 
holders were guaranteed seven per cent in perpe- 
tuity. He became governor of New Jersey in 1868, 
dunng his tenure of office caused a repeal of the 
Camden and Amboy monopoly tax, established a 
general railway law, made the state-prison sys- 
tem self-supporting, and suggested the plan of the 
present State lunatic asylum at Morris Plains, 
which is the largest in the world. On 11 July, 
1871, the day preceding the Orange riot in New 
York city, he issued a proclamation insuring the 
right of parade to the Orangemen of New Jersey. 
To secure the speedy transmission of this procla- 
mation throughout the state and in New York 
city, where it was alleged rioters were arranging to 
invade New Jersey, he went in person to the tele- 
graph-offices and took "constructive" possession 
of several of them. He also ordered out the mi- 
litia, and by these measures prevented disturbance. 
He was elected U. S. senator in 1874, served one 
term, was chairman of the committee on military 
affairs, and a member of the special committee to 
investigate election frauds in South Carolina. He 
procured patents for several inventions, includ- 
ing a " ditcher," and an application of steam to 
type-writing machines. 

RANDOLPH, Thomas Mann, patriot, b. at 
Tuckahoe, his father's homestead, in Virginia, in 
1741 ; d. there, 19 Nov., 1798. He was the son of 
u William of Tuckahoe," who, at his death (1745), 
confided his infant and only child to Peter Jeffer- 
son, father of Thomas, who thereupon removed to 
the child's estate (Tuckahoe) in Goochland (now 
Albemarle) county, Va. The young man was 
graduated at William and Mary college, and in 
1761 married Anne, daughter of Col. Archibald 
Cary (b. 1745 ; d. 1789), widely known by her chari- 
ties. He was a member of the Virginia house of 
burgesses, and of the convention of 1776. He was 
also a member of the Colonial committee of safety 
from the first. — His son, Thomas Mann, governor 
of Virginia, b. at Tuckahoe, on James river, Va., 1 
Oct, 1768; d. in Monticello, Charlottesville, Va., 



20 June, 1828. In 1785 Randolph was sent with a 
younger brother to Edinburgh university, where 
he was very studious, and formed the friendship 
of Sir John Leslie, who returned with the brothers 
and was for two years tutor in their Virginia home. 
While at Edinburgh he formed a scientific society, 
of which Thomas Jefferson was elected an honorary 
member. Jefferson acknowledged the diploma with 
cordiality ; he also wrote several letters of advice to 
the youth, with whose father he had been brought 
up almost as a brother. In the summer of 1788 he 
visited the Jeffersons in Paris, and there first met 
Martha Jefferson (q. v.), whom he married, 28 Feb., 
1790, at Monticello. This marriage of his daughter 
gratified Jefferson, who described the youth as ** a 
man of science, sense, virtue, and competence." 
The event also put an end to his (laughter's desire 
for a conventual life, which had distressed him. 
Randolph, at the entreaty of Jefferson, resided at 
Monticello for a time, and gave much attention to 
study. Among his frequent visitors was the Abbe* 
Corea, a botanist. In 1808 he was elected to the 
house of representatives, where he sharply resented 
remarks of John Randolph of Roanoke, and a duel 
nearly resulted. He continued in congress until 
1807. While in Washington the family resided in 
the executive mansion. In 1812 he enlisted in the 
military service, and on 8 Jan. became lieutenant of 
light artillery. He marched to Canada as captain 
of the 20th infantry, but resigned on 6 Feb., 1815, 
on account of a misunderstanding with Gen. Ann- 
strong. He was governor of Virginia in 1819-'21. 
His death was caused by exposure while riding, 
after giving his cloak to an aged and thinly clad 
man whom he passed on the high-road. — His son, 
Thomas Jefferson, b. at Monticello, 12 Sept, 
1792; d. at Edge Hill, Albemarle co., Va., 8 Oct, 
1875, was Thomas Jefferson's oldest grandson, and 
was described by his 
grandfather as " the 
staff of his old age." 
When six years of 
age he used to walk 
five miles to an 
"old-field school," so 
called, and used to 
say that he had a 
watch in his pocket 
before he had shoes 
on his feet He went 
to school in Phila- 
delphia at fifteen, 
ana afterward in 
Charlottesville. Va. 
In 1824 he married 
Jane Hollins,daugh- ^Z4\* ^* 
ter of Gov. Wilson s4&7/&s *)^/LtJ 
Cary Nicholas. Af- "<</' * / r+~''~tyX 
ter the sale of Jef- 
ferson's property, debts to the extent of $40,000 
remained:, and these were paid by Randolph out 
of regard for his grandfather's honor. He also 
supported and educated his brothers and sis- 
ters. He had been appointed literary executor 
of Jefferson, and in 1829 published the °" Life and 
Correspondence of Thomas Jefferson" (4 vols., 
Boston). Being in the Virginia legislature at the 
time of the Southampton negro insurrection in 
1882, he introduced a bill for emancipation on 
what was called the " post-natal " plan, originally 
suggested by Jefferson. This was necessarily post- 
poned to the following session, and then failed 
through the resentment excited by the harangues 
of George Thompson, who was regarded as an 
"abolition emissary" from Great Britain. Ran- 



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dolph was an eminent financier, and secured the 
passage of a tax-bill through the Virginia legis- 
lature in 1842 which placed the state finances on 
a sound basis. He wrote an able pamphlet, en- 
titled "Sixty years' Reminiscences of the Cur- 
rency of the United States," a copy of which 
was presented to every member of the legislature. 
It is still a document of historical interest. In 
1851-*2 he was in the convention that revised the 
Virginia constitution. After the fall of the Con- 
federacy, which he supported, he devoted himself 
to restoration of the prosperity of his state. He 
was for seven years rector of the University of Vir- 
ginia, and for thirty-one years on its board of vis- 
itors. In his last illness he had his bed removed 
to a room from which he could look on Monticello, 
where he was buried. In taking the chair at the 
Baltimore Democratic convention of 1872 he was 
described as " six feet six inches high, as straight 
as an arrow, and stood before the convention like 
one of the big trees of California." — Another 
son, George Wythe, b. at Monticello, 10 March, 
1818; d. at Edge Hill, near Charlottesville, Va,, 
10 April, 1878, at the death of his grandfather. 
Thomas Jefferson, was placed under the care of 
his brother-in-law, Joseph Coolidge, of Boston, by 
whom he was sent to school at Cambridge, Mass. 
At the age of thirteen he received from President 
Jackson a midshipman's warrant, and he was at 
sea almost continuously until his nineteenth year, 
when he entered the University of Virginia. After 
two years of study he resigned his naval commis- 
sion, studied law, and gained high rank at the 
Richmond bar. At the time of the John Brown 
raid at Harrier's Ferry he raised a company of ar- 
tillery, which continued its organization, and was 
the main Confederate force against Gen. Butler at 
the battle of Bethel. He was then given a large 
command, with the commission of brigadier-gen- 
eral, which he 'held until he was appointed secre- 
tary of war of the Confederate states. He after- 
ward resigned and reported for service in the field. 
He was one of the commissioners sent by Virginia 
to consult President Lincoln, after his election, 
concerning his intended policy, with the hope of 
maintaining peace. A pulmonary affection hav- 
ing developed during the war, he ran the blockade 
to seek health in a warmer region, and remained 
abroad for several years after the fall of the Con- 
federacy.— Thomas Jefferson's daughter, Sarah 
Nicholas, author, b. at Edge Hill, near Charlottes- 
ville, Va., 12 Oct, 1889, has become widely known 
in Virginia by her school at Edge Hill and as prin- 
cipal of Patapsco institute. She has now (1888) a 
school in Baltimore. She has published " Domes- 
tic Life of Thomas Jefferson " (New York, 1871) : 
a story for the youne, " The Lord will Provide " 

S 972)1 a paper on Martha Jefferson Randolph in 
re. Wister*s " Famous Women of the Revolu- 
tion" (Philadelphia, 1876); and "Life of Stone- 
wall Jackson " (1876). In addition, Miss Randolph 
has written various contributions to current litera- 
ture, among which is an article of historical value 
entitled "The Kentucky Resolutions in a New 
Light," founded on her family papers, printed in 
the - Nation," 5 May, 1887. 

RANDOLPH, William, colonist, b. at Morton 
Morrell, Warwickshire, England, in 1650; d. on 
Turkey island, Va- 11 April, 1711. He belonged 
to a family line of which were Thomas Randolfe, 
mentioned in " Domesday Book " as ordered to 
do duty in person against the king of France 
(1294); John Randolph, an eminent judge, and 
connected with the exchequer (1885) ; Avery Ran- 
dolph, principal of Pembroke college, Oxford 



(1590) ; Thomas Randolph, ambassador of Queen 
Elizabeth; and Thomas Randolph the poet 

S804-'84). Col. William was a son of Richard (of 
orton Morrell. Warwickshire), a half-brother of 
the poet Col. William was preceded in Virginia 
by his uncle Henry, who came in 1648, and died 
there in 1673. He also founded a family; his 



widow married Peter Field, an ancestor of Presi- 
dent Jefferson. Col. William arrived in the year 
1674 in Virginia, and became owner of large planta- 
tions on James river. He fixed his abode on Turkey 
island (not now an island), about twenty miles be- 
low the city of Richmond, where as yet there was no 
settlement. He built, with bricks imported on his 
ship which plied regularly between Bristol and Tur- 
key island, a mansion with lofty dome, whose pic- 
turesque ruin remains. Col. William Bvrd's letters 
written at the time show Randolph to nave been a 
man of high character as well as of much influ- 
ence. He was a member of the house of bur- 
gesses in 1684. and either he or his eldest son was 
the William Randolph mentioned as clerk of the 
house in 1705. Tradition says that he was a mem- 
ber of the governor's council. He was active in 
the work of civilizing the Indians, was a founder 
and trustee of William and Mary college, and on 
its first board of visitors appears " William Ran- 
dolph, Gentleman," as he is also described in the 
college charter. He married Mary Isham, by whom 
he had ten children. The family and the family 
names so multiplied that the seven sons of Will- 
iam were conveniently distinguished by the estates 
he bequeathed them : William of Turkey island, 
Thomas of Tuckahoe, Isham of Dungeness, Richard 
of Curies, Henry of Chatsworth, Sir John of Taze- 
well Hall (see illustration), and Edward of Breno. 
Six of these sons begin the list of forty graduates 
of the Randolph name to be gathered from the 
catalogues of William and Mary college. The sons 
all appear to have entered with energy on the work 
of colonial civilization, save Edward, who married 
and resided in England.— His eldest son, William, 
b. 1681, was visitor of William and Mary college, a 
burgess in 1718, 1728, and 1726, a councillor of state, 
and treasurer of the colony of Virginia in 1787.— 
The third son, Isham, b. 24 Feb. 1687; d. 2 Nov., 
1742, resided in London in early life, where he mar- 
ried in 1717. On his return to Virginia he built 
himself a grand mansion at Dungeness, where a 
baronial hospitality was dispensed. He was a mem- 
ber of the house of burgesses for Goochland (now 
Albemarle) county in 1740, and adjutant-general 
of the colony. He was a man of scientific culture, 
and is honorably mentioned in the memoirs of 
Bartram the naturalist— The fifth son, Richard, 
b. 1691 ; d. 1 Dec., 1748, was a member of the house 
of burgesses for Henrico county in 1740, and suc- 
ceeded his brother William as treasurer of the 
colony.— The sixth son, Sir John, lawyer, b. on 



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Turkey island, Va., in 1693 ; d. in Williamsburg, 
Va^ 9 March, 1737, was graduated at William and 
Mary college, and studied law at Gray's Inn, Jjon- 
don. At an early age -he was appointed king's at- 
torney for Virginia. He represented William and 
Mary college in the house of burgesses, and in 1730, 
while visiting England to obtain a renewal of the 
college charter, he was knighted. In 1736 he was 
chosen speaker of the Virginia house of burgesses, 
and in the same year was appointed recorder of the 
city of Norfolk. Sir John is said by his nephew, 
William Stith, to have intended to write a preface 
to the laws of Virginia, " and therein to give an 
historical account of our constitution and govern- 
ment, but was prevented from prosecuting it to 
effect by his many and weighty public employ- 
ments. and by the vast burden of private business 
from his clients." The materials ne had collected 
were used by Stith in his history of Virginia. His 
library is believed to have been the finest in Vir- 
ginia. His mural tablet in William and Mary col- 
lege was destroyed by fire, but its Latin epitaph is 
preserved in President Ewell's history of the col- 
lege. See a notice of him in the " Virginia Law 
Journal " for April, 1877. — Sir John's son, Peyton, 
patriot, b. in Tazewell Hall. Williamsburg, Va., in 
1721 ; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 22 Oct., 1775, after 
graduation at William and Mary, studied law at 
the Inner Temple, London, and was appointed 
king's attorney for Virginia in 1748, Sir William 
Gooch beinggovernor. He was also chosen repre- 
sentative oiWilliamsburg in the house of burgesses 
in the same year. At the opening of his career as 
law officer he was brought in opposition to the 
apostle of Presbyterianism, the Rev. Samuel Davies 
(q. v.). The attorney having questioned whether the 
toleration act extended to Virginia, Davies replied 
that if not neither 
did the act of uni- 
formity, which posi- 
tion was sustained 
by the attorney- 
general in England. 
In 1751 the newly 
appointed govern- 
or, Dinwiddie, and 
his family, were 

Sests of Peyton 
mdolph, but the 
latter presently re- 
sisted the royal de- 
mand of a pistole 
fee on every land- 
patent In 1754 
the burgesses com- 
missioned the king's attorney to repair to London 
to impress on the English ministry the unconstitu- 
tionality of the exaction. He there encountered 
the crown lawyers, Campbell and Murray (after- 
ward Lord Mansfield), with marked ability. The 
pistole fee was removed from all lands less in ex- 
tent than one hundred acres, and presently ceased 
altogether. Gov. Dinwiddie was naturally angry 
that the king's attorney should have left the colon v 
without his consent, and on a mission hostile to his 
demand. A petition of the burgesses that the office 
of attorney should remain open until Peyton Ran- 
dolph's return pointed the governor to his revenge ; 
he suspended the absent attorney, and in his place 
appointed George Wythe. Wythe accepted the 
place, only to retain it until his friend's return. 
Randolph s promised compensation for the London 
mission, £2,500, caused a long struggle between 
the governor and the burgesses, wno made the 
mm a rider to one of £20,000 voted for the In- 




K/*&y Arris J\ *#ic£o~£*j£. 



dian war. The conflict led to a prorogation of the 
house. Meanwhile the lords of trade ordered re- 
duction of the pistole fee, and requested the re- 
instatemept of Randolph. *• You must think y't 
some w't absurd," answered Dinwiddie (23 Oct, 
1754), k4 from the bad Treatm't I have met with. 
However, if he answers properly w't I have to say to 
him, I am not inflexible ; and he must confess, be- 
fore this happened he had greater share of my 
Favs. and Counten'ce than any other in the 
Gov't" The attorney acknowledged the irregu- 
larities and was reinstated. There was a com- 
promise with the new house about the money. 
When tidings of Braddock's defeat reached Will- 
iamsburg, an association of lawyers was formed 
by the king's attorney, which was joined by other 
gentlemen, altogether one hundred, who marched 
under Randolph to the front and placed themselves 
under command of Col. William Byrd. They were 
led against the Indians, who retreated to Fort Du- 
quesne. During the next few years Peyton Ran- 
dolph was occupied with a revision of the laws, 
being chairman of a committee for that purpose. 
He also gave attention to the affairs of William 
and Mary college, of which he was appointed a 
visitor in 1758. In 1760 he and his brother John, 
being law-examiners, signed the license of Patrick 
Henry, Wythe and Pendleton having refused. 
" The two Randolphs," says Jefferson, " acknowl- 
edged he was very ignorant of law, but that they 
perceived that he was a man of genius, and did 
not doubt he would soon qualify himself." Pey- 
ton Randolph was one of the few intimate friends 
of Washington. Jefferson, in a letter to his grand- 
son, declares that in early life, amid difficulties and 
temptations, he used to ask himself how Peyton 
Randolph would act in such situation, and what 
course would meet with his approbation. Randolph 
drew up the remonstrance of the burgesses against 
the threatened stamp-act in 1764, but when it was 
passed, and Patrick Henry, then a burgess, had 
carried, by the smallest majority, his " treasonable " 
resolutions, the attorney wss alarmed; Jefferson 
heard him say in going out, " By God, I would 
have given five hundred guineas for a single vote ! " 
When he was appointed speaker in 1766. Randolph 
resigned his office as king's attorney and devoted 
his attention to the increasing troubles of the coun- 
try. The burgesses recognized in his legal knowl- 
edge and judicial calmness ballast for the some- 
times tempestuous patriotism of Patrick Henry, 
and he was placed at the head of all important 
committees. He was chairman of the committee 
of correspondence between the colonies in May, 
1773, presided over the Virginia convention of 1 
Aug., 1774. and was first of the seven deputies 
appointed by it to the proposed congress at Phila- 
delphia, On 10 Aug. ne summoned the citizens 
of Williamsburg to assemble at their court-house, 
where the proceedings of the State convention 
were ratified, instructions to their delegates given, 
declaring the unconstitutionality of binding Ameri- 
can colonies by British statutes, and aid subscribed 
for the Boston sufferers. For his presidency at 
this meeting his name was placed on the roll of 
those to be attainted by parliament, but the bill 
was never passed. He was unanimously elected 
first president of congress, 5 Sept, 1774. He was 
but fifty-three years of age, but is described by 
a fellow-member as " a venerable man," to which 
is added " an honest man ; has knowledge, temper, 
experience, judgment, above all, integrity — a true 
Roman spirit" His noble presence, gracious man- 
ners, and imperturbable self-possession won the con- 
fidence of all He was constantly relied on for 



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RANDOLPH 



his parliamentary experience and judicial wisdom. 
On 20 Jan., 1775, he issued a call to the counties 
and corporations of Virginia, requesting them to 
elect delegates to a convention to be held at Rich- 
mond, 21 March, the call being signed "Peyton 
Randolph, moderator." He was elected to that 
convention on 4 Feb. On the night of 20 April, 
1775, the gunpowder was clandestinely removed 
from the public magazine at Williamsburg by 
order of Lord Dunmore, governor of Virginia. 
Randolph persuaded the enraged citizens not to 
assault the governor's residence. To 700 armed 
men assembled at Fredericksburg, who offered their 
services, he wrote a reply assuring them that the 
wrong would be redressed if menace did not com- 
pel Dunmore to obstinacy. Through his negotia- 
tions with Lord Dunmore, assisted by the approach 
of Henry's men, £300 were paid for the powder, 
and hostilities were delayed. Randolph resumed 
his duties as speaker of the burgesses in May, 1775, 
and after their adjournment he returned to the 
congress at Philadelphia, where he died of apo- 
plexy. His death is alluded to with sorrow in one 
of V* ashington's despatches to congress. He mar- 
ried a sister of Benjamin Harrison, governor of Vir- 
?inia, but left no issue. His body was conveyed 
rom Philadelphia in the following year by 'his 
nephew, Edmund Randolph, and buried in the 
chapel of William and Mary college. — Another son 
of Sir John, John, lawyer, b. in Tazewell Hall, 
Williamsburg, Va., in 1727 ; d. in Brompton, Lon- 
don, 81 Jan., 1784, after graduation at William and 
Mary, studied law, and soon attained high rank at 
the bar. His home at Williamsburg was the cen- 
tre of literary society as well as of fashion. He was 
a man of fine literary culture, an accomplished 
violinist, and in religion a freethinker. For inter- 
esting anecdotes concerning him see Wirt's " Life 
of Patrick Henry," and Randall's "Jefferson." In 
1766 John Randolph was appointed king's attorney 
under Gov. Fauquier, to succeed his brother Pey- 
ton. When, during the excitement that followed 
the removal of the gunpowder from Williamsburg, 
Lord Dunmore, fearing assassination, took up his 
abode on a man-of-war at York (8 June, 1775), John 
Randolph was the medium of communication be- 
tween him and the burgesses. When hostilities be- 
came inevitable, he regarded it as inconsistent with 
his oath of office to assist a rebellion, as it then ap- 
peared, and in August he sailed for England with his 
wife and two daughters, leaving his only son, Ed- 
mund, on the shore. His subsequent correspondence 
with his constant friend, Thomas Jefferson, proves 
that he was regarded by that statesman as in sym- 
pathy with the American cause. For. a time Lord 
Dunmore gave him a home at his house in Scot- 
land, and there one of the daughters, Ariana, was 
married to James Wormelev, of Virginia. When the 
newly married pair sailed for Virginia, on the first 
ship bound thither after the peace, they bore the 
dead body of John Randolph, whose dying request 
was to be buried in his native country. He was 
laid in the chapel of William and Mary college. 
—John's son, Edmund Jennings, statesman, b. 
in Williamsburg, Va., 10 Auc., 1758 ; d. in Clarke 
county, Va., 13 Sept., 1813. He was distinguished 
for scholarship ana eloquence at William and Mary 
college, and at eighteen years of age was orator to 
commemorate the royal founders, the oration being 
printed by the faculty. After studying law with 
nis father he was admitted to the bar. He was a 
favorite of Lord Dunmore, and when his parents 
left for England was only withheld from sailing 
with them by enthusiasm for the American cause. 
Washington took him into his family as aide-de- 




Ca*** fu€Ls*^c6fiZ/L^ 



camp. 15 Aug., 1775. and Randolph received the 
guests at headquarters ; but on the sudden death 
of his uncle Peyton he returned to Williamsburg. 
In the Virginia convention of 1776 he assisted in 
framing the con- 
stitution and pass- 
ing the bill of 
rights. He op- 
posed the demand 
of Patrick Henry 
that the governor 
should have pow- 
er of veto. At 
the close of the 
convention he 
was elected mayor 
of Williamsburg, 
and he was also 
the first attorney- 
general of Vir- 
ginia under the 
new constitution. 
In 1779 he was 
elected to con- 
gress, but soon resigned. In 1780 he was re-elected, 
and remained in congress two years. There he was 
occupied with foreign affairs. He resigned his seat 
in 1782, and after his father's death in 1783 suc- 
ceeded to the property of his uncle Peyton, which 
had become encumbered with claims against his 
father. These he might have met by selling the 
negroes, but, being conscientiously opposed to 
this, he had to work hard at his profession. He 
was one of the commissioners at the Annapolis 
convention which induced congress to summon 
the Constitutional convention of 1787. Being gov- 
ernor of Virginia (1786-'88), he largely influenced 
the choice of delegates, and it was due to his per- 
suasion that Washington's resolution not to at- 
tend was overcome. As leader of the Virginia 
delegation he introduced the general plan of a con- 
stitution that had been agreed on among them as 
a basis for opening the convention. He also drafted 
a detailed scheme of his own, which was discovered 
in 1887 among the pajiers of George Mason. His 
career in the convention was brilliant, and elicited 
admiration from Benjamin Franklin, who generally 
\oted with him. He earnestly opposed the single 
executive, the presidential re-eligibility and pardon- 
ing power, the vice-presidential office, and senato- 
rial equality of states. He desired an executive 
commission chosen by the national legislature, and 
resembling that of the present Swiss republic He 
favored a strong Federal government which was to 
have power of directly negativing state laws that 
should be decided to be unconstitutional by the su- 
preme court. On his motion the word ** slavery w 
was eliminated from the constitution. He refused to 
sign the document except on condition that a sec- 
ond National convention should be called after its 
provisions had been discussed in the country ; but 
in the Virginia convention of 1788 he advocated 
its ratification on the ground that a ninth state 
was needed to secure the Union, and that within 
the Union amendments might be passed. The op- 
position, led by Patrick Henry, was powerful, and 
the ratification, even by a small majority (ten), was 
mainly due to Gov. Randolph, whose inflexible in- 
dependence of party was then and after described 
as vacillation. He urged amendments; owinjr to 
his vigilance the clause of Art. VI., on religious 
tests ror office, implying power over the general 
subject, was supplemented by the first article added 
to the constitution. He resigned the governorship 
in 1788, and secured a seat in the assembly for the 



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purpose of working on the committee for making 
a codification of the state laws. The code pub- 
lished at Richmond in folio, 1794, was mainly his 
work. While so occupied he was appointed by 
the president (27 Sept., 1789) attorney-general of 
the United States, rn response to a request of 
the house of representatives he wrote an extended 
report (1790) on the judiciary system. Among the 
many important cases arising under the first ad- 
ministration of the constitution was Chisholm vs. 
Georgia, involving the right of an alien to sue 
a state. To the dismay of his southern friends, 
Randolph proved that right to the satisfaction 
of the court. His speech was widely circulated 
as a pamphlet, and was reprinted by legislative 
order in Massachusetts, while the alarm of debtors 
to England led to the 11th amendment Ear- 
ly in 1795 Randolph issued, under the name of 
44 Germanicus," an effective pamphlet against the 
M Democratic societies,*' which were charged with 
fomenting the whiskey rebellion at Pittsburg, and 
exciting an American Jacobinism. Randolph tried 
to pursue, as usual, a non-partisan course in foreign 
affairs with a leaning toward France, Washington 
doing the like. Jefferson having retired, Randolph 
accepted, very reluctantly, 2 Jan., 1794, the office of 
secretary of state. His advice that an envoy should 
go to England, but not negotiate, was overruled. He 
advised the president to si^n the Jay treaty only on 
condition that the " provision order " for the search 
of neutral ships were revoked. The Republicans 
were furious that the president and Randolph 
should think of signing the treaty apart, from the 
u provision order " ; but Washington, after the ob- 
jectionable 12th article had been eliminated, was 
willing to overlook its other faults, but for the 
order issued to search American ships and seize the 
provisions on them. Meanwhile France was so en- 
raged about the treatv that Monroe could hardly 
remain in Paris. Dunng Jay's secret negotiations, 
the French minister, Fauchet, left Philadelphia in 
anger. The president had carried on through Ran- 
dolph soothing diplomacy with France, and espe- 
cially flattered the vanity of Fauchet, the French 
minister in Philadelphia, with an affectation of 
confidence. The Frenchman did not fail in de- 
spatches to his employers to make the most of this. 
Also, being impecunious, he hinted to his govern- 
ment that with M several thousand dollars " he could 
favorably influence American affairs, alleging a 
suggestion by Randolph to that effect This de- 
spatch was intercepted by a British ship and for- 
warded to the English minister in Philadelphia 
(Hammond) just in time to determine the re- 
sult of the struggle concerning the treaty. Wash- 
ington had made up his mind not to sign the 
treaty until the " provision order" was revoked, and 
so informed the secretary of state in a letter from 
Mount Vernon, 22 July, 1795. The intercepted 
despatch of Fauchet altered this determination, 
and the treaty was signed without the condition. 
The onlv alternatives of the administration were to 
acknowledge the assurances diplomatically given 
to Fauchet, as egregiously falsified by him, or, 
now that they might be published, accept Ran- 
dolph as scapegoat. It is difficult to see how 
Washington could have saved his friend, even if 
read? to share his fate. Randolph, having indig- 
nantly resigned his office, pursued Fauchet (now 
recalled) to Newport, and obtained from him a full 
retractation and exculpation. He then prepared 
his "Vindication." After the intercepted letter 
was shown him. but withheld from tne doomed 
secretary, Washington treated Randolph with ex- 
ceptional affection, visiting his house, and twice 
vot. v. — 12 



giving him the place of honor at his table. It 
is maintained by Randolph's biographer (M. D. 
Conway) that this conduct, and his failure to send 
for the other despatches alluded to, indicate Wash- 
ington's entire disbelief of the assertions of Fauchet, 
whose intrigues he well knew (despatch to Monroe, 
29 July, 1795). Randolph had attended to Wash- 
ington's law-business in Virginia, always heavy, 
steadily refusing payment, and could hardly have 
been suspected of venality. The main charge 
against Randolph was based on Fauchet's alie- 

§ation of "precieuses confessions" made to him 
y the secretary. But that despatch was closely 
followed by another, discovered in 1888, at Paris, 
in which Fauchet announced that he had found 
them M fausses confidences." The charge of in- 
trigue and revealing secrets is thus finally dis- 
posed of. In addition to the " Vindication of 
Mr. Randolph's Resignation " (Philadelphia, 1795), 
the ex-secretary wrote a remarkable pamphlet, pub- 
lished the following year, *• Political Truth, or Ani- 
madversions on the Past and Present State of 
Public Affairs." After his resignation, Randolph 
was received with public demonstrations of ad- 
miration in Richmond, where he resumed the prac- 
tice of law. The ruin of his fortunes was com- 
pleted by an account made up against him of 
$49,000 for "moneys placed in his hands to de- 
fray the expenses of foreign intercourse," Under 
the system of that period the secretary of state per- 
sonally disbursed the funds provided for all foreign 
service, and if any money were lost through the ac- 
cidents of war, or the failure of banks, he was held 
responsible. After repeated suits in which juries 
could not agree, Randolph, confident in the jus- 
tice of his case, challenged an arbitration by the 
comptroller of the treasury, Gabriel Duval, who 
decided against him. Thereupon his lands, and 
the negroes so conscientiously kept from sale and 
dispersion, were made over to Hon. Wilson Cary 
Nicholas, by whom the debt was paid in bonds, 
from which the government gained $7,000 more 
than the debt and interest. Meanwhile Randolph 
had again taken his place at the head of the Vir- 

Sinia oar. He was one of the counsel of Aaron 
urr on his trial for treason at Richmond. He 
also wrote an important •* History of Virginia," 
the greater part of which is now in possession of 
the Historical society of Virginia. Though much 
used by historians, it has never been published. In 
it there is an admirable sketch of the life and char- 
acter of Washington, concerning whom no bitter- 
ness survived in his breast For the fullest ac- 
count of Edmund Randolph, and of his ancestors, 
see " Omitted Chapters of History, disclosed in the 
Life and Papers of Edmund Randolph," by Mon- 
cure D. Conway (New York, 1888). — Edmund's 
son, Peyton, b. at Williamsburg, Va., 1779; d. at 
Richmond, Va., 1828, was, from an early period of 
his life to its close, clerk of the supreme court of 
Virginia, and was the author of " Reports of Cases 
in that Court, 1821-'8 " (6 vols., Richmond, 1828-82). 
In 1806 he married Maria Ward (concerning whom 
see John Esten Cooke's " Stories of the Old Domin- 
ion ").— Peyton's son, Edmnnd, jurist, b. in Rich- 
mond, Va., 9 June, 1820 ; d. in San Francisco, Cal.. 
8 Sept, 1861, was the youngest of ten children of 
Peyton and Maria Ward Randolph. He was gradu- 
ated at William and Mary college, studied law at 
the University of Virginia, and began practice in 
New Orleans. He was for several years clerk of 
the U. S. circuit court for Louisiana, but in 1849 he 
removed to California. He was an active member 
of the legislature that met at San Jose*, 15 Dec., 
1849, to organise a state government, but he was 



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RANDOLPH 



RANDOLPH 



never afterward a candidate for office, though he 
took an active part in California politics, and was 
a popular orator. William Walker fixed on Ran- 
dolph as the chancellor of his proposed Nicaraguan 
empire. To what extent Randolph participated in 
that enterprise is not known, but his absence from 
California was brief. In the great Almaden mine 
case the advocacy of the claim of the United States 
devolved mainly on Randolph. Of this case Jere- 
miah Black says : " In the bulk of the record and 
the magnitude of the interest at stake, this is prob- 
ably the heaviest case ever heard before a judicial 
tribunal.*' On Randolph's argument, submitted 
after his death, the United States won the case. 
He was for four years enraged chiefly on this case, 
and his life was shortened by it The government 
paid his widow $12,000 in addition to the $5,000 
fee which her husband had received. Randolph 
was the author of ** An Address on the History of 
California from the Discovery of the Country to 
the Year 1849," which was delivered before the So- 
ciety of California pioneers, at San Francisco, on 
10 Sept, 1860 (San Francisco, I860). His argument 
in the Almaden mine case has also been printed. 
—William's great-grandson John, " of Roanoke," 
statesman, b. at Cawsons, Va., 2 June, 1773 ; d. in 
Philadelphia, Pa., 24 June, 1838, was seventh in 
descent from Pocahontas by her marriage with 
John Rolfe. Richard Randolph of Curies, father 
of John Randolph of Roanoke, died in 1775. In 
1788 his mother 
married St George 
Tucker, who was a 
father to her four 
children, among 
whom were divided 
the large possessions 
of their father, in- 
cluding more than 
40,000, acres. Ac- 
cording to an unpub- 
lished manuscript of 
his nephew, by mar- 
riage, John Ran- 
dolph Bryan, "his 
advantages of edu- 
cation were neces- 
sarily limited by the 
[Revolutionary] exi- 
gencies of the times. 
Such as he had were furnished by his step-father. 
His mother was a lady of rare intelligence, and * lit- 
tle Jack,' as he was always called, found in her a 
parent and guide such as few children have. For 
tier his love and admiration were unbounded. She 
was a beautiful woman, with a charm of manner and 
grace of person most captivating. In addition, she 
possessed a voice which nad rare power. Jack was 
a beautiful boy, and the picture or the child and his 
mother was greatl v admired. Randolph never spoke 
of her in after-life but with peculiar tenderness. 
From his mother he learned the power of tone in 
reciting, of which he made use in manhood." In 
his great speech in congress (1811) Randolph said : 
" Bred up in the principles of the Revolution, I can 
never palliate, much less defend [the outrages and 
injuries of England]. I well remember flying with 
my mother and her new-born child from Arnold and 
Phillips ; and they had been driven by Tarleton 
and other British pandours from pillar to post 
while her husband was fighting the Dattles of his 
country." Although Randolph was argnmenta- 
tively pugnacious, he would appear to have im- 
bibed a hatred of war, which animated his dia- 
tribes against Napoleon and his resolute opposition 




to the war policy of Madison. The Randolph- 
Tucker library was well supplied with history and 
romance, of which the child made good use. 'After 
attending Walker Maury's school in Orange coun- 
ty for a time he was sent, in his twelfth year, to 
the grammar-school connected with William and 
Mary college. He did not mingle easily with 
other boys, but attached himself vehemently to 
one or two. In 1784 he went with his parents 
to the island of Bermuda, remaining eighteen 
months. In the autumn of 1787 he was sent to 
Princeton, but in 1788 his mother died, and in 
June of that year he went to Columbia college, 
New York, where he studied for a short time. On 
30 April, 1789, he witnessed the first president's 
inauguration. «* I saw Washington, but could not 
hear him take the oath to support the Federal 
constitution. I saw what Washington did not 
see ; but two other men in Virginia saw it — George 
Mason and Patrick Henry—the poison under its 
wings." When Edmund Randolph, a year later, 
entered on his duties as attorney-general, John, 
his second cousin, was sent to Philadelphia and 
studied law with him. Among his unpublished 
letters are several that indicate a temporary lapse 
into gambling and other dissipation about this 
time, and suggest an entanglement, if not indeed a 
marriage, in Philadelphia, as the explanation of the 
rupture of his engagement with the famous beauty, 
Maria Ward, whose marriage (to Peyton, only son 
of Edmund Randolph) completed the tragedy ot 
his private life. While in Philadelphia he does 
not appear to have studied law exclusively, but 
availed himself of opportunities for hearing po- 
litical debates, and attended lectures in anatomy 
and physiology. He had been a precocious skep- 
tic, but passed into a state of emotional religion, 
under the influence of which he writes to a friend 
(24 Feb., 1791) : " I prefer a private to a public life, 
and domestic pleasure to the dazzling (the delusive) 
honors of popular esteem." At the beginning of 
the French revolution he was filled with enthusi- 
asm, and at the same time his idols were Jefferson 
and Burke. A strange combination of opposite 
natures was always visible in him. As his lather 
before him had sold slaves to supply the cause of 
freedom with powder, so the son was at once aris- 
tocrat and democrat — offending President Adams 
by addressing him without adding any title, and 
signing " Your Fellow-citizen." He built up a dis- 
tinctively pro-slavery party, and wrote a will liber- 
ating his slaves on the ground that they were 
equally entitled to freedom with himself. In 1795 
Randolph returned to Virginia and lived in the 
family of his brother Richard, to whom he was de- 
voted. The death of this brother (1796), under the 
shadow of a painful scandal, was a heavy blow. 
At " Bizarre," the family mansion, Randolph now 
dwelt as head of a large household. In 1797 he 
writes to his friend, Henry Rutledge, of another 
calamity : " I have been deprived by the Federal 
court of more than half my fortune. Tis an 
iniquitous affair, and too lengthy to be related 
here. The loss affects me very little, since I have 
as yet a competence, but I am highly chagrined at 
being robbea in so villainous a manner. I have 
but little thought of practising law." Randolph's 
first speech was made in 1799, in answer to Patrick 
Henry. The power of expelling foreigners from 
the country without trial, conferred on the presi- 
dent by the alien and sedition acts, had been an- 
swered in Virginia by legislative denunciation of 
the acts as infractions of the constitution. The 
issue had arisen in Virginia as to the reversal of 
those resolutions. When Randolph stepped forth 



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RANDOLPH 



RANGEL 



179 



to defend the resolutions, he encountered Patrick 
Henry. There is little doubt that the powerful 
speech ascribed to Randolph in Hugh Garland's 
** Life " was based on reports from hearers, and the 
language is characteristic. Randolph was now 
elected to congress. His first speech in that body 
(10 Jan., 1800) had ominous results. Advocating 
a resolution to diminish the army, he used the 
phrase " standing or mercenary armies," contend- 
ing that ail who made war a profession or trade 
were literally " mercenary." The etymology was 
insufficient for certain officers, who took occasion, 
to insult him in the theatre. Randolph wrote to 
President Adams, improving the occasion to let 
him and the Federalist party know his opinion of 
the executive office. He addressed Mr. Adams 
with no other title than " President of the United 
States," and signed himself, " With Respect, Your 
Fellow-citizen. John Randolph." Mr. Adams sent 
the complaint to the house, where the question of 
dealing with the affair as a breach of representa- 
tive " privilege " ended in a deadlock. Quickly be- 
coming Republican leader of the house, chairman 
of the ways and means committee, Randolph be- 
came the pride of Virginia. He commanded the 
heart of the nation by his poetic eloquence, his ab- 
solute honesty, and the scathing wit with which he 
exposed every corrupt scheme. In his slight boy- 
ish form was sheathed a courage that often fought 
single-handed, and generally won a moral if not a 
technical victory, as in the great Yazoo fraud 
which, after repeated defeats, could only be passed 
in his absence ; also in the impeachment of Judge 
Chase, who was saved only because the constitu- 
tional apparatus was inadequate to carry out the 
verdict of a large majority. President Jefferson 
admired his young relative, and gained much by 
his support ; but it speedily became evident that 
their connection was unreal. Jefferson idealized 
Napoleon, Randolph abhorred him. John had 
learned from Edmund Randolph a knowledge of 
the English constitution rare at that time, and 
some of the most impressive passages of his 
speeches were those in which he pointed out the 
reactionary character of certain events and tenden- 
cies of the time. The appearance of a postmaster- 
fmeral as agent of two land companies to urge the 
azoo claims on congress in 1805 pointed one of 
Randolph's finest speeches. At this time he was 
so national in his political ideas that in defending 
the purchase of Louisiana he maintained the con- 
stitutionality of the transaction. It was of im- 
portance to the president that his act should be 
regarded as extra-constitutional. Owing to Ran- 
dolph's course, the constitutional amendment that 
the president asked was never gained, and any 
further development of executive authority con- 
tinued extra-constitutional. It was inevitable that 
there should be a steady alienation between the 
administration and Randolph. In the heat of a 
moment, as when the outrage on the ship " Chesa- 
peake " occurred, the revolutionary element in him 
might appear ; in the case alluded to he advocated 
an embargo: but when the embargo came from 
the senate, and he saw his momentary wrath sys- 
tematized into a permanent war-measure, under 
which England and New England would suffer to 
the advantage of "that coward Napoleon" (his 
favorite phrase), he voted against it. It seems im- 
possible to ascribe this apparent inconsistency to 
anything except Randolph s moral courage. This 
is not the only instance in which he confronted 
the taunt of admitting himself to have been in 
the wrong. He never desired office ; his ambition 
was to be a representative of Virginia and to fight 



down every public wrong. This involved quar- 
rels, alienations, and a gradual lapse into a pessi- 
mistic state of mind, fostered, unfortunately, by do- 
mestic distresses and physical ailments. After his 
great struggle to prevent the war of 1812, and his 
conflict with Madison, he was left out of congress 
for two years, and during that time lived at Ro- 
anoke. When he returned to congress in 1815 
the aspect of affairs filled him with horror, and he 
devoted himself to the formation of a "State- 
Rights " party. He vaguely dreamed of the resto- 
ration of the " Old Dominion." His ideal country 
was now England. Although in his state-rights 
agitation he appealed to the fears of southerners 
for their property, that reactionary attitude passed 
away. Hatred of slavery was part both of his Vir- 
ginian and his English inheritance ; only the legal 
restrictions on emancipation, and the injustice to 
his creditors that would be involved, prevented 
manumission of his slaves before his death. At 
the same time he voted against the Missouri com- 
promise, and originated the term " dough-faces " 
which he applied to its northern supporters. He 
had no dream of a southern confederacy ; none 
would have more abhorred a nationality based on 
slavery. He had no respect for Calhoun, or for 
Clay, who challenged Randolph for using insulting 
language in a speech, and snot at him, but was 
spared by the Virginian. He had been elected to 
tne U. S. senate in December, 1824, to fill a vacancy, 
and served in 1825-'7, being defeated at the next 
election. Though he accepted the Russian mission 
in 1880 from Jackson, whom he had supported in 
1828, he soon returned and joined issue with the 
president on the nullification question. In 1829 
he was a member of the Constitutional conven- 
tion of Virginia, and, though he was very infirm, 
his eloquence enchained the assembly. He died of 
consumption in a hotel in Philadelphia as he was 
preparing for another trip abroad. His last will 
was set aside on the ground that it was written 
with unsound mind. By the earlier will, which 
was sustained, his numerous slaves were liberated 
and they were colonized by Jud^e William Leigh 
in the west. Although eccentric and sometimes 
morose, Randolph was warm-hearted. He was fond 
of children. "His fondness for young people," 
says the Bryan MS., " was particularly shown in 
a correspondence with his niece, during which he 
wrote her more than 200 letters." Randolph's per- 
sonal appearance was striking. He was six feet in 
height and very slender, with long, skinny fingers, 
which he pointed and shook at those against whom 
he spoke. His " Letters to a Young Relative " ap- 
peared in 1884. See " Life of John Randolph," by 
Hugh A. Garland (2 vols., New York, 1850); also 
" John Randolph," by Henry Adams (Boston, 1882). 
RANGEL, Irnaclo (ran-gel), Spanish mission- 
ary, b. late in the 15th century ; d. at sea in 1540. 
He belonged to the order of St. Francis and came 
to Mexico in 1526, where he learned the Aztec and 
Otomi languages, and. being transferred to the 
province of St. Evangile, was the first to preach 
to the Otomi Indians of Tula and Jilotepec in 
their own dialect He converted them, notwith- 
standing that the heathen priests tried to sacrifice 
him in Tepetitlan, and he founded many missions 
in their midst, so that he gained the name of the 
Otomi apostle. He built the beautiful church of 
Tula, was elected provincial in 1546, and in 1549 sent 
to the general chapter of the order in Rome, but 
died on the voyage. He wrote "Arte de la lengua 
Mexicans" and "Arte y catecismo de la lengua 
Otomi." which are in manuscript in the archiepis- 
copal library of Mexico. 



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180 



RANKIN 



RANNEY 



RANKIN, Dnrld Nerii, physician, b. in Ship- 
pensburg, Cumberland co., Pa., 27 Oct.. 1834. 
After graduation at Jefferson medical college in 
1H54, he practised with his father in his native 
*- town until the beginning of the civil war, in which 
he served as acting assistant surgeon, and aided in 
opening many of the largest U. S. army hospitals 
during the war, among which were the Mansion- 
house nospital in Alexandria, Va., and the Douglas 
hospital in Washington, D. C. Afterward he was 
made one of the thirty surgeons in the volunteer 
aid corps of surgeons of Pennsylvania, which ren- 
dered efficient service. In 1864-'6 ha was medical 
examiner of the U. S. pension bureau, and since 
1865 he has been chief physician of the penitentiary 
of western Pennsylvania. Dr. Rankin was a mem- 
ber of the British medical association in 1884, a 
delegate to the 8th and 9th International medical 
congresses, and is a member of various medical 
societies. He has contributed numerous articles 
to medical journals. 

RANKIN, Jeremiah Barnes, clergyman, b. in 
Thornton, N. H., 2 Jan., 1828. After graduation 
at Middlebury college in 1848, and at Andover theo- 
logical seminary in 1854, he was pastor of Presby- 
terian and Congregational churches in Potsdam, 
N. Y., St Albans, Vt., Lowell and Charlestown, 
Mass., and Washington, D. C. Since 1884 he has 
been pastor of the Valley church in Orange, N. J. 
He was a trustee of Howard university in 1870-'8, 
and professor of homiletics and pastoral theology 
there in 1878-'84. He has been twice a delegate to 
the general conference of the Methodist Episcopal 
church, and in 1884 was a delegate to the Congre- 
gational union of England and Wales. Middlebury 
gave him the degree of D. D. in 1869. He has con- 
tributed to religious periodicals, edited the " Pil- 
grim Press " ana the " Congregational Review," has 
written several national nymns, including "For 
God and Home and Native Land " and ** Keep your 
Colors Flying/* and is the author of the " Bridal 
Ring " (Boston, 1866) : "Auld Scotch Mither" (1878); 
- Subduing Kingdoms " (Washington, 1881) ; ** The 
Hotel of God " (Boston, 1888) ; " Atheism of the 
Heart" (1884); - Christ His Own Interpreter" 
(1884) ; and " Ingleside Rhaims M (New York. 1887). 

RANKIN, John, clergyman, b. near Dandridge, 
Jefferson co., Tenn., 4 Feb., 1798; d. in I ronton, 
Ohio, 18 March, 1886. From 1817 till 1821 he was 
pastor of two Presbyterian churches in Carlisle, 
iCy., and about 1818 founded an anti-slavery so- 
ciety. Removing to Ripley, Ohio, he was pastor 
of the 1st and 2d Presbyterian churches for 
forty-four years. He joined the Garrison anti- 
slavery movement, and was mobbed for his views 
more than twenty times. About 1824 he addressed 
letters to his brother in Middlebrook, Va., dissuad- 
ing him from slave-holding, which were published 
in Ripley, in the " Liberator," in 1882, and after- 
ward in book-form in Boston and Newburyport 
and ran through many editions. He assisted Eliza 
and her child, the originals of those characters in 
" Uncle Tom's Cabin, to escape. He founded the 
American reform book and tract society of Cin- 
cinnati, and was the author of several books, in- 
cluding "The Covenant of Grace" (Pittsburg, 
1869). See his life entitled "The Soldier, the Bat- 
tle, and the Victory," by Rev. Andrew Ritchie 
(Cincinnati, 1876). 

RANKIN, John Chambers, clergyman, b. in 
Guilford county, N. C, 18 May, 1816. He was edu- 
cated at Chapel Hill, studied at Princeton theo- 
logical seminary in 1886-*9, and was ordained and 
appointed missionary to India, where he remained 
from 1840 till 1848, and there wrote and published 



in the Urdic language a reply to a Mohammedan 
book against Christianity. Owing to impaired 
health, he returned to the United States, ami in 
1861 became pastor of the Presbyterian church in 
Baskingridge, N. J M which charge he now (1888) 
holds. Princeton gave him the degree of D. D. in 
1867. He is the author of " The Coming of the 
Lord " (New York, 1885). 

RANKIN, Thomas, clergyman, b. in Dunbar, 
Scotland, about 1788; d. in London, England, 17 
May, 1810. He joined the Methodist Episcopal 
conference, began to preach in 1761, and was ap- 
pointed to the Sussex, Sheffield, Devonshire, and 
other circuits by John Wesley, with whom he also 
travelled on a preaching tour in that year. He 
was the first in authority under Wesley, was ap- 
pointed superintendent, and came to this country 
as a missionary, arriving in Philadelphia, with 
George Shadford, on 8 June, 1778. Soon after his 
arrival he called a conference, which met in Phila- 
delphia in July, 1778, and was the first of thai 
denomination ever held in this country. After 
preaching in New Jersey and elsewhere, he was 
stationed in New York, and while officiating at a 
quarterly meeting in 1776 he was told that he 
would be seized by a body of militia. He contin- 
ued preaching, but, although many soldiers were in 
the congregation, he was not molested. In Sep- 
tember, 1777, he fled from his post and entered 
the British lines. On reaching Philadelphia, which 
was in their possession, he declared from the pul- 
pit his belief " that God would not revive his work 
in America until they submitted to their rightful 
sovereign, George III." He endeavored to get the 
British preachers back to England. " It appeared 
to me," said Asbury, " that his object was to sweep 
the continent of every preacher that Mr. Wesley 
sent to it, and of every respectable travelling 
preacher from Europe who had graduated among 
us. whether English or Irish." After his return to 
England in 17y8 he was supernumerary for Lon- 
don until a few months before his death. 

RANNEY, Ambrose Arnold, lawyer, b. in 
Townshend, Vt, 16 April, 1821. He was gradu- 
ated at Dartmouth in 1844, taught for two years 
in Chester, Vt, studied law, and was admitted to 
the bar in 1848. He established himself in practice 
in Boston, Mass., and attained a high reputation. 
He was corporation counsel for the city in 1855-'6, 
and a member of the legislature in 1857, and again 
in 1868 and the subsequent session. He was elected 
a representative in congress by the Republicans 
for three successive terms, serving from 5 Dec^ 
1881, till 8 March, 1887, and was an active member 
of the judiciary committee. 

RANNEY, Rufus Percival, jurist, b. in Bland- 
ford, Mass., 18 Oct, 1818. When he was fourteen 
years old his father removed to a farm in Free- 
dom, Portage co., Ohio, where Rufus was brought 
up with small educational advantages, yet by 
manual work and teaching he obtained the means 
to fit himself for college. He studied for a short 
time at Western Reserve college, which he left to 
study law in Jefferson, Ohio. He was admitted 
to the bar in 1838, and was taken into partnership 
by Benjamin F. Wade. In 1846 he opened an 
office in Warren, Trumbull co. He was trie Demo- 
cratic candidate for congress in 1846 and 1848, 
and in 1850 was a member of the State constitu- 
tional convention, and took an active part in the 
discussions. He was chosen by the legislature, 
about the same time, a judge of the supreme court, 
and in 1851 was elected by the people, under the 
new constitution, to the same office, which he held 
till 1857. In that year be was appointed United 



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States district attorney for Ohio, and in 1859 was 
defeated as the Democratic candidate for governor. 
In 1862 he was again elected a judge of the su- 
preme court, but in 1864 resigned, and resumed 
practice in Cleveland. 

RANNEY, William, artist, b. in Middletown, 
Conn., 9 May, 1813 ; d. in West Hoboken, N. J.. 18 
Nov., 1857. The name that was given him at bap- 
tism was William Tylee, but he never used the 
latter. At the age of thirteen he was taken to Fay- 
ettevUle, N. C, by his uncle, where he was appren- 
ticed to a tinsmith, but seven years later he was 
studying drawing in Brooklyn. When the Texan 
struggle began, Kanney enlisted, and during the 
campaign became acquainted with many trappers 
and guides of the west. After his return home he 
devoted himself mainly to portraving their life and 
habits. Among his works are " tioone's First View 
of Kentucky," " On the Wing," •• Washington on 
his Mission to the Indians " (1847% " Duck-Shoot- 
ing," which is in the Corcoran gallery, Washing- 
ton, '• The Sleigh-Ride," and " The Trapper's Last 
Shot" Many of these have been engraved. He 
was a frequent exhibitor at the National acade- 
my, of which he was elected an associate in 1850. 

RANSIER, Alonzo Jacob, _politician, b. in 
Charleston, S. C. 3 Jan., 1886; u\ there, 17 Aug.. 
1882. He was the son of free colored people, and, 
having obtained by himself some education, was 
employed, when sixteen years of age, as a shipping- 
clerk by a merchant of Charleston. In Octo- 
ber, 1865, he took part in a convention of the 
friends of equal rights in Charleston, and was de- 
puted to present to congress the memorial that was 
adopted. He was elected a member of the Consti- 
tutional convention of 1868, was an elector on the 
Grant and Colfax presidential ticket, and was sent 
to the legislature in the following year. He was also 
chosen chairman of the Republican state central 
committee, filling that office till 1872, and in 1870 
was elected lieutenant-governor of South Carolina 
by a large majority. He was president of the con- 
vention from the southern states that was held at 
Columbia. S. C, in 1871, and was a vice-president 
of the Republican national convention at Phila- 
delphia in 1872. In that year he was elected a 
representative in congress, and served from 1 Dec., 
1878, till 3 March, 1875. When the Democratic 
party reached power in South Carolina in 1877, he 
lost his official posts, and afterward suffered great 
poverty, being employed from that time till his 
death as a street- laborer. 

RANSOM, George Marcellns, naval officer, b. 
in Springfield, Otsego co., N. Y., 18 Jan.. 1820. He 
was educated in the common schools of New York 
and Ohio, entered the navy as a midshipman on 25 
July, 1839, studied at the" naval school in Phila- 
delphia, became a passed midshipman on 2 July, 
1845, a master on 28 June, 1853, and a lieutenant 
on 21 Feb., 1854. He served on the coast of Africa 
in 1850-7, was commissioned lieutenant - com- 
mander on 16 Jul v. 1862, and, in command of the 
steam gun-boat "tfineo," of the Western Gulf block- 
ading squadron, had several engagements with the 
enemy in March and April. 1862. He passed the 
forts Jackson and St. Philip in Farragut's fleet, 
engaged the ram " Manassas." and in May, 1862, a 
field-battery at Grand Gulf. He performed effective 
service in shelling Gen. John C. Breckinridge's 
army at Baton Rouge, 5 Aug., 1862, and engaged 
a battery and a force of guerillas on 4 Oct. He 
was promoted commander on 2 Jan., 1863, and 
served with the North Atlantic blockading squad- 
ron in command of the steamer "Grand Gulf" in 
1864, and captured three steamers off Wilmington. 



He was commissioned captain on 2 March, 1870, 
and commodore on 28 March, 1877, and was re- 
tired, 18 June, 1882. 

RANSOM, Matt W hi taker, senator, b. in 
Warren county, N. C, 8 Oct., 1826. He was gradu- 
ated at the University of North Carolina in 1847, 
and admitted to the bar the same year, and was 
presidential elector on the Whig ticket in 1852. 
For the subsequent three years he was state at- 
torney-general, and then, joining the Democratic 
party, was a member of the legislature in 1858, and 
in 1861 one of the three North Carolina commis- 
sioners to the Confederate congress in Montgom- 
ery, Ala. He did his utmost to avert the war, 
but, on the secession of his state, volunteered as 
a private in the Confederate service, and was at 
once appointed lieutenant-colonel of the 1st North 
Carolina infantry, with which he marched to the 
seat of war in Virginia. He was chosen colonel of 
the 35th North Carolina infantry in 1862, partici- 
pated with his regiment in all the important battles 
of the Army of Northern Virginia, was severely 
wounded in the seven days' nght around Rich- 
mond, and was promoted brigadier - general in 
1863 and major-general in 1865, but the fall of the 
Confederacy prevented the receipt of the latter 
commission. He resumed his profession in 1866, 
exerted a pacific influence in the politics of his 
state, was elected to the U. S. senate as a Demo- 
crat in 1872, and has served since by re-election. 
His present term will end in 1889. 

RANSOM, Robert, soldier, b. in North Caro- 
lina about 1880. He was graduated at the U. S. 
military academy, and assigned to the 1st dragoons. 
He was promoted 1st lieutenant in the 1st cavalry, 
3 March, 1865, and captain, 31 Jan., 1801, but re- 
signed, 24 May, 1861, and was appointed captain of 
cavalry in the Confederate armv in June. He was 
made colonel of the 9th North Carolina cavalry 
soon afterward, became brigadier-general, 6 March, 
1862, and major-general, 26 May, 1868. He com- 
manded a brigade and the defences near Kinston, 
N. C, in 1862, and the Department of Richmond 
from 25 April till 13 June, 1864. He also com- 
manded the sub-district. No. 2, of the department 
that included South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida 
in November, 1864. 

RANSOM, Trnman Bishop, soldier, b. in Wood, 
stock, Vt, in 1802 ; d. near the city of Mexico, 13 
Sept, 1847. He was early left an orphan, entered 
Capt. Alden Partridge's military academy soon 
after its opening, taught in several of the schools 
that Capt. Partridge established subsequently, and 
on the incorporation of Norwich university in 1885 
became vice-president and professor of natural 
philosophy and engineering. He was also instruc- 
tor in mathematics in the U. S. navy, did much to 
reorganize the Vermont militia, in which lie was 
major-general in 1837-'44, and in 1844 succeeded 
Capt. Partridge as president of the university. lie 
was an unsuccessful Democratic candidate for con- 
gress in 1840, and for lieutenant-governor in 1846. 
Gen. Ransom volunteered for the Mexican war, was 
appointed majoi of the 9th U. S. infantrv on 16 
Feb., 1847, and colonel on 16 March. He fell at 
the head of his regiment while storming the works 
at Chapultepec— His son, Thomas Edward Green- 
field, soldier, b. in Norwich, Vt., 29 Nov., 1834 ; d. 
near Rome, 29 Oct., 1864, was educated at Norwich 
university, learned civil engineering, and in 1851 
removed to Illinois, where he engaged in business. 
He was elected major and then lieutenant-colonel 
of the 11th Illinois, and was wounded while lead- 
ing a charge at Charlestown, Mo., 20 Aug., 1861. 
He participated in the capture of Fort Henry, and 



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RANTOUL 




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led his regiment in the assault upon Fort Donel- 
son, where he was again severely wounded, yet 
would not leave the field till the battle was ended. 
He was promoted colonel for his bravery and skill. 

At Shiloh he was 
in the hottest part 
of the battle, and, 
though wounded 
in the head ear- 
ly in the action, 
remained with 
his command 
through the day. 
He served aschief 
of staff to Gen. 
John A. McCler- 
nand and inspec- 
tor-general of the 
Army of the Ten- 
nessee, and sub- 
sequently on the 
staff of Gen. 
Grant, and in 
January, 1868, 
was made a brigadier-general, his commission dat- 
ing from 20 Nov., 1862. He distinguished himself 
at v icksbwrg, and was at the head of a division in 
the Red River campaign, taking command of the 
corps when Gen. McClernand fell UL In the battle 
of Sabine Cross- Roads he received a wound in the 
knee, from which he never recovered. He com- 
manded a division, and later the 17th corps, in the 
operations about Atlanta, and, though attacked 
with sickness, directed the movements of his troops 
in the pursuit of Gen. John B. Hood's army until 
he sank under the disease. Gen. Ransom was buried 
in Rose Hill cemetery, Chicago. He was brevetted 
major-general on 1 Sept., 1864. Both Grant and 
Sherman pronounced Ransom to be among the 
ablest volunteer generals in their commands. A 
Grand army post in St Louis was named in his 
honor, and a tribute to his memory was delivered 
at Chicago on Decoration-day, 1886, bv Gen. Will- 
iam T. Sherman. See " Sketches of Illinois Offi- 
cers," by James Grant Wilson (Chicago, 1862). 

RANSONNIER, Jean Jacques (ran-son-yay). 
clergyman, b. in the county of Burgundy in 1600 ; 
d. in 1640. He finished his studies in M alines, en- 
tered the Society of Jesus in 1610, and at his own 
request was sent to Paraguay in 1625. After la- 
boring successfully among the Indians for several 
years, he visited the tribe of the Itatines in 1632, 
converted them, and became their legislator as 
well as their apostle. He spent the remainder of 
his life among them. His letters were published 
under the title "Litter® Annus 1626 et 1627, 
provincise Paraguariss, Societatis Jesu " (Antwerp, 
1886). Pinelo asserts that Ransonnier's letters 
were merely translations from the manuscript of 
an Italian missionary. 

RANTOUL, Robert, reformer, b. in Salem, 
Mass., 23 Nov.. 1778; d. in Beverly, Mass., 24 Oct, 
1858. His father, Robert, a native of Kinross- 
shire, Scotland, was descended from an ancient 
family prominent in the ecclesiastical and literary 
annals of Scotland, came to America at the age of 
sixteen, and settled in Salem. The son became a 
druggist at Beverly in 1796. He sat in the legisla- 
ture from 1809 till 1820, in the state senate from 
1821 till 1823, and in the house of representatives 
again till 1833. He was a member of the State 
constitutional conventions of 1820 and 1853. After 
taking part in the militia and coast-guard service 
of 1812-*15, he became a member of the Mas- 
sachusetts peace society. He enlisted, as early as 



1808, in movements to suppress the common use of 
ardent spirits, and became a life member of the 
Massachusetts state temperance society at its in- 
ception in 1812. While in the legislature he raised 
a question as to the expediency of capital punish- 
ments, prompted by the hanging for arson on Sa- 
lem neck, in 1821, of a lad of seventeen, and the 
continued agitation of this question by himself and 
his son has clone much to ameliorate the criminal 
legislation of the country. He was a pioneer in 
the liberal religious movements of the first years 
of the nineteenth century, and when these took 
form, in 1819, in Dr. William E. Channinsfs Balti- 
more sermon he became a pronounced Unitarian, 
and soon after conducted a correspondence on the 
subject of popular beliefs with Rammohun Roy, of 
Calcutta. In 1810 he took part in establishing at 
Beverly a charity-school which was the first Sun- 
day-school in America. His sister, Polly, was the 
mother of Dr. Andrew P. Peabody. He was an ac- 
tive member of the Massachusetts historical society. 
—His son, Robert, statesman, b. in Beverly, Mass., 
13 Aug., 1905 ; d. in Washington, D. C, 7 Aug., 
1852, was graduated at Harvard in 1826, studied 
law, was admitted to the bar in 1829, and began 
practice in Salem, but transferred his practice in 
1830 to South Reading, Mass. In 1832 he removed 
to Gloucester. He was elected to the legislature in 
1834, serving four years, and assuming at once a 
position as a leader of the Jacksonian Democracy, 
in which interest he established at Gloucester a 
weekly journal. In the legislature he formed a 
friendship with John G. Whittier, who wrote a 
poem in his memory. He sat upon the first com- 
mission to revise the laws of Massachusetts, and 
was an active member of the judiciary committee. 
He interested himself in the establishment of lyce- 
ums. In 1836-'8 he represented the state in the 
first board of directors of the Western railroad, 
and in 1837 became a member of the Massachusetts 
board of education. 
In 1839 he estab- 
lished himself in 
Boston, and in 1840 
he appeared in de- 
fence of the Jour- 
neymen bootma- 
kers' organization, 
indicted for a con- 
spiracy to raise wa- 
ges, and procured 
their discharge on 
the ground that a 
combination of in- 
dividuals to effect, 
by means not un- 
lawful, that which 
each might legal- 
ly do, was not a 
criminal conspira- 
cy. He defended 

in Rhode Island two persons indicted for complicity 
in the Dorr rebellion of 1842, Daniel Webster being 
the opposing counsel. He was appointed U. S. dis- 
trict attorney for Massachusetts in 1845, and held 
that office till 1849, when he resigned. He de- 
livered in April, 1850, at Concord the address in 
commemoration of the outbreak of the Revolution. 
In 1850 he was the organizer and a corporator of 
the Illinois Central railroad. Daniel Webster 
having withdrawn from the senate in 1850, on 
being appointed secretary of state, and having 
been succeeded by Robert C. Winthrop, Mr. Ran- 
toul was elected, serving nine days. He was chosen 
as an opponent of the extension of slavery by a 




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RAPAELJB 



RAPP 



183 



coalition of Democrats and Free-soilers to the Na- 
tional house of representatives, and served from 1 
Dec., 1851, till his death. In 1852 he was refused 
a seat in the National Democratic convention on 
the ground that he and his constituents were dis- 
franchised by their attitude toward slavery. He 
was an advocate of various reforms, and delivered 
lectures and speeches on the subject of educational 
advancement, several of which were published, and 
while a member of the Massachusetts legislature 

Srepared a report in favor of the abolition of the 
eath-penalty that was long quoted by the oppo- 
nents of capital punishment. He took a promi- 
nent part in the agitation against the fugitive- 
slave law. As counsel in 1851 for Thomas Simms, 
the first escaped slave delivered up by Massachu- 
setts, he took the ground that slavery* was a state 
institution, and that the general government had 
no power to return fugitives from justice, or run- 
away apprentices or slaves, but that such extradi- 
tion was a matter for arrangement between the 
states. He lent his voice and pen to the movement 
against the use of stimulants^but protested against 
prohibitory legislation as an invasion of private 
rights. After leaving the legislature, where the 
variety of his learning, the power of his eloquence, 
and his ardent convictions against the protection 
of native industry and other enlargements of the 
sphere of government, and in favor of educational 
and moral reforms had attracted attention, he 
became a favorite lecturer and political speaker 
throughout New England, New York, Pennsyl- 
vania, and Ohio. He edited a ** Workingmen's Li- 
brary,'* that was issued by the lyceums and two 
series of a "Common School Library" that was 
published under the sanction of the Massachusetts 
board of education. See his " Memoirs, Speeches, 
and Writings," edited by Luther Hamilton (Boston, 
1854). — The second Robert's son, Robert Samuel, 
antiquarian, b. in Beverly, Mass., 2 June, 1832, was 
graduated at Harvard in 1853 and at the Harvard 
law-school in 1856. On being admitted to the bar, 
he settled in Beverly, which Tie represented in the 
legislature in 1858, and afterward removed to Sa- 
lem, Mass. He was collector of Salem in 1865-'9, 
and representative from that town in 1884-*5. Be- 
sides an oration on the •* Centennial of American 
Independence," delivered in Stuttgart, Germany, 
4 July, 1876, and one delivered in Salem on the 
"Two Hundred and Fiftieth Anniversary of the 
Landing of John Wintbrop," in 1880, he has 
published many historical and genealogical pa- 
pers in the " Collections " of the Essex institute, 
of which he is a vice-president. 

RAPAELJE, Sarah de, b. in Fort Orange(now 
Albany, N. Y.), 9 June. 1625; d. about 1700. 
She was the daughter of Jan Joris Rapaelje, and 
was the first white girl born in New Netherlands. 
There have been various statements regarding the 
residence of Jan Rapaelje at the time of her birth, 
for, after settling at Fort Orange, he removed to 
Manhattan, and thence to Waleboght on Long 
Island. The depositions of his wife, Catalina 
Trico, made in rfew York before Gov. Thomas 
Dongan in 1688, 'the year before her death, estab- 
lish the time of her arrival and her first residence. 
She came to this country in the first ship that was 
sent to the New Netherlands by the West India 
company. Some travellers in 1671) mentioned Cata- 
lina Trico as " worldly-minded " and as living " by 
herself, a little apart from the others, having her 
little garden ana other conveniences, with which 
she helped herself," and evidently regarded her as 
an historical personage. Sarah was the ancestor of 
several well-known families in Kings county, N. Y. 



She married Hans Hansen Bergen, and, after his 
death in 1654, married Theunis Gysbert Bogaert 

RAPALLO, Charles Anthony, jurist, b. in 
New York city, 15 Sept, 1823 ; d. there, 28 Dec., 
1887. His mother was a daughter of Benjamin 
Gould. He was educated exclusively by his father, 
Anthony, who was eminent for his accomplish- 
ments both as a lawyer and as a linguist, and from 
whom the son learned to speak English, French, 
Spanish, and Italian, and received seven years' in- 
struction in law, obtaining admission to the bar on 
completing his twenty-first year. He became a 
successful practitioner, and was elected a judge of 
the New York court of appeals, taking his seat on 
the bench on 1 Jan., 1870, and in 1884 he was elected 
for a second term of fourteen years by the united 
vote of both political parties. lie was made LL. D. 
by Columbia at its centennial celebration in 1887. 

RAPHALL, Morris Jacob, clergyman, b. in 
Stockholm, Sweden, in September, 1798 ; d. in New 
York city, 23 June. 1868. He was educated for 
the Jewish ministry in the college of his faith in 
Copenhagen, in England, where he went in 1812, 
ana afterward in the University of Giessen, where 
he studied in 1821-4. He returned to England in 
1825, married there, and made that country his 
home. In 1832 he began to lecture on biblical 
Hebrew poetry, attaining a high reputation, and 
in 1834 he established the "Hebrew Review," the 
first Jewish periodical in England. He went to 
Syria in 1840 to aid in investigating persecutions 
of the Jews there, and became rabbi of the Bir- 
mingham synagogue in 1841. He was an active 
advocate of the removal of the civil disabilities of 
the Jews, aided in the foundation of the Hebrew 
national school, and was an earnest defender of his 
religion with voice and pen. In 1849 he accepted 
a call from the first Anglo-German Jewish syna- 
gogue in New York city, in Greene street, and sev- 
eral years later he became pastor of the congre- 
gation B'nai Jeshurun, with which he remained 
till his death. On leaving Birmingham for this 
country he was presented with a purse of 100 
sovereigns by the mayor and citizens, and an ad- 
dress thanking him for his labors in the cause of 
education. Dr. Raphall was a voluminous writer, 
and also translated many works into English from 
Hebrew, German, and French. The University of 
Giessen gave him the degree of Ph. D. after the 
publication of his translation of the"Mishna," 
which he issued jointly with Rev. D. A. de Sola, of 
London (1840). His principal work was a " Post- 
Biblical History of the Jews," a collection of his 
lectures on that subject (2 vols.. New York, 1855 ; 
new ed., 1866). His other books include " Festi- 
vals of the Lord," essays (London, 1839); "Devo- 
tional Exercises for the Daughters of Israel " (New 
York, 1852); "The Path to Immortality " (1859); 
and "Bible View of Slavery," a discourse (1861). 
He also undertook, with other scholars, an anno- 
tated translation of the Scriptures, of which the 
volume on " Genesis " was issued in 1844. 

RAPP, George, founder of the sect of Har- 
monists, or Harmonites, b. in Wurtemberg, Ger- 
many, in 1770; d. in Economy, Pa., 7 Aug., 1847. 
He early conceived the idea or reforming modern 
society by the literal realization of the precepts in 
the New Testament, and collected a band of be- 
lievers who were anxious to revive the practices of 
the primitive church ; but the civil authorities in- 
terfered. Rapp and his followers therefore emi- 
grated in 1808 to Pennsylvania, and on Conneque- 
nessing creek, in Butler county, organized a relig- 
ious society in which all things were held in com- 
mon, and members of both sexes adopted the 



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RAPPE 



RASLE 



fractice of celibacy. Their settlement was named 
larmony. By the cultivation of the land, and by 
weaving and other industries, they acquired wealth. 
In 1815 the community removed to a tract of 
27,000 acres, lying along the Wabash river in In- 
diana. In their new settlement, which they called 
New Harmony, they attained a much higher state 
of prosperity. In 1824, however, they sold the 
Una and improvements to Robert Owen for the 
purpose of establishing a socialistic colony, and 
settled in Beaver county. Pa., on the right bank of 
the Ohio river, seventeen miles northwest of Pitts- 
burg, where they built the village of Economy, 
containing a church, a school, a museum, a hun- 
dred dwellings, and mills for the manufacture of 
woollen cloth, flannels, cotton goods, carpets, and 
flour. Proselytes are received into the society, and 
admitted to full membership after a probation of 
six months. Those who sever their connection 
with the community receive back, without inter- 
est, the treasure that they put into the common 
store. Offences are punished by temporary sus- 
pension or expulsion. In 1883, 800 Harmonists 
were induced to leave the community by Bernhard 
MQller, an impostor, who had been admitted under 
the name of Proli, and who persuaded his dupes 
that he was the Lord's anointed, sent to establish 
the millennial kingdom. After founding New 
Jerusalem, near Pittsburg, M Oiler absconded with 
the greater part of $105,000, belonging to his fol- 
lowers, that had been paid out of the chest of the 
Harmonist community. The Harmony society in- 
creased in numbers by the accession of other con- 
verts. Rapp was the spiritual head and dictator 
of the community, and when he died his place was 
taken by the merchant Becker. On their farm, 
which embraces 3,500 acres, the Harmonists raise 
live-stock, pursue silk - culture, make wine, and 
cultivate flax, grain, fruits, and vegetables. In 
1851 the village of Harmony was set off from the 
township of Economy. 

RAPPE, Louis Amadeus, R. C. bishop, b. in 
Andrehem, Prance, 2 Feb., 1801 ; d. in St. Alban's, 
Vt, 9 Sept, 1877. His parents were peasants, and 
up to his twentieth year he labored in the fields. 
Believing that he was called to the priesthood, he 
applied for admission to the college at Boulogne, 
and, after a classical course, entered the seminary 
of Arras, and was ordained a priest, 14 March, 1829. 
He was appointed pastor of Wisme, and subse- 
quently chaplain of the Ursuline convent in Bou- 
logne. Witn the permission of his superiors, he 
sailed for the United States in 1840, and in 1841 
was appointed to minister to the laborers on the 
Miami and Erie canal and the settlers along Mau- 
mee river. He established a branch of the Sisters 
of Notre Dame in Toledo, and prepared a convent 
and school for them. In 1847 tne northern part of 
Ohio was erected into the see of Cleveland, and 
Father Rappe was nominated its first bishop, and 
consecrated at Cincinnati by Bishop Purcell on 10 
Oct., 1847. He set about building a cathedral in 
Cleveland in the following year, and consecrated it 
in 1852. In 1851 he opened St. Mary's orphan 
asylum for girls, and founded the order of Sisters 
of Charity of St. Augustine, gave them charge of St. 
Vincent's asylum for boys in 1853, and introduced 
many other religious organizations. The want of a 
hospital was felt severely in Cleveland during the 
civil war. Bishop Rappe offered to build one in 
1863 and provide nurses, on condition that the 
public would aid him. His offer was accepted, and 
the hospital was completed in 1865 at a cost of 
$75,000, and placed in charge of the Sisters of 
Charity. He attended the Vatican council in 1869, 



although in feeble health. He had met with bitter 
opposition from some members of his flock, who 
made unwarranted attacks on his character, and 
he tendered his resignation, which was accepted, on 
22 Aug., 1870. He was offered another diocese 
several years afterward, but declined it, and spent 
the remainder of his life in the diocese of Burling- 
ton, engaged in the duties of a missionary priest 
When Bishop Rappe took possession of the diocese 
of Cleveland it contained about 25.000 Roman 
Catholics, with 28 priests and 84 churches. He left 
it with more than 100,000 Roman Catholics, 107 
priests, 160 churches, and 90 schools. 

RAREY, John S., horse-tamer, b. in Franklin 
county, Ohio, in 1828 ; d. in Cleveland, Ohio, 4 Oct, 
1866. At an early age he displayed tact in man- 
aging horses, and by degrees he worked out a 
system of training that was founded on his own 
observations. He went to Texas in 1856, and, after 
experimenting there, gave public exhibitions in 
Ohio, and from that time was almost continuously 
before the public. About 1860 he went to Europe 
and surprised his audiences everywhere by his com- 
plete mastery of horses that had been considered 
unmanageable. In England particularly the moat 
vicious were brought to him, and he never failed to 
control them. One of the greatest triumphs of his 
skill was the taming of the racing-colt ** Cruiser," 
which was so vicious that he had killed one or two 
grooms, and was kept under control by an iron 
muzzle. Under Mr. Karey's treatment he became 
perfectly gentle and submissive, and was brought by 
Karey to this country. In 1863 Mr. Rarey was em- 
ployed by the government to inspect and report 
upon the horses of the Army of the Potomac He 
was the author of a " Treatise on Horse-Taming," 
of which 15,000 copies were sold in France in one 
year (London, 1858; new ed., 1864). 

RASLE, Sebastlen, French missionary, b. in 
Dole, France, in 1658 ; d. in Norridgewock,*Me., 12 
Aug., 1724. His name is often improperly spelled 
Raale, Rale, and Rale. His family was distinguished 
in the province of Franche-Comte*. and, after com- 
pleting his studies in Dijon, he became a Jesuit 
much against the wish of his parents, and taught 
Greek for a time in the college of the society at 
Nimes. At his request he was attached in 1689 to 
the missions of Canada, and, sailing from La 
Rochelle, 23 July, he landed at Quebec on 18 Oct 
After having charge of various missions he was 
placed in charge of the station of Norridgewock. on 
Kennebec river, about 1695. Here he made a 
thorough study of the Abenaki language, and, by 
sharing the dangers and hardships of the Indians, 
he acquired such an influence among them that the 
French authorities at Quebec thought advisable to 
utilize it in the struggle against England. A cor- 
respondence was carried on between Rasle and 
Gov. Vaudreuil, and the latter induced him to pro- 
mote a hostile sentiment among the Indians against 
the English settlers. Rasle readily accepted the 
suggestion, as it not only agreed with his patriotic 
feelings, but was also a means of checking Prot- 
estantism, which the English represented. But it 
has been incorrectly stated that Rasle instigated 
also the attacks of the Indians on the English 
settlements along the coast, as he only endeavored 
to prevent the Abenakis from having dealings with 
the English. Public opinion in New England be- 
came aroused against him, especially after the 
failure of the conference between Gov. Dudley, of 
Boston, and the Abenaki chiefs in 1702, at which 
Rasle was present, and in which the Indians de- 
clined the English alliance and affirmed their reso- 
lution to stand by the French. Several settlements 



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RAUCH 



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had meanwhile been burned, indignation increased, 
and the common council of Boston passed a resolu- 
tion inviting the governor to put a price on Rasle's 
head, which was done. In the winter of 1705 Capt 
Hilton, with a party of 270 men, including forty- 
five New Englanders, surprised Norridgewock and 
burned the church, but Basle escaped to the woods 
with his papers. When peace was restored in 1713 
he set about building a new church at Norridge- 
wock. and, aided by the French governor, erected 
one which, in his own words, " would excite admi- 
ration in Europe." It was supplied with all the 
apparatus of Roman Catholic worship, and the ser- 
vices were conducted with great pomp, forty Indian 
boys, trained by himself, acting as acolytes. Shute, 
of Massachusetts, engaged afterward in a corre- 
spondence with Rasle ; but failing in the attempt 
to decoy him to Boston, sent parties to seize him. 
In January, 1728, a band of 800 men under Col. 
Thomas Westbrook succeeded in reaching the mis- 
sion, burned the church, and pillaged Rasle's cabin. 
There they found an iron box which contained, 
besides his correspondence with the authorities of 
Quebec, a valuable dictionary of the Abenaki lan- 
guage in three volumes. This is now preserved in 
the library of Harvard college, and has been printed 
in the " Memoirs of the Academy of Arts and Sci- 
ences," with an introduction and notes by John 
Pickering (Cambridge, 1838). In 1724 a party of 
208 men from Fort Richmond surprised Norridge- 
wock in the night, killed several Indians, and shot 
Rasle, whd was in the act of escaping, at the foot 
of the mission cross, seven chiefs, who endeavored 
to protect him, sharing his fate. His body was 
afterward mutilated by the incensed soldiery and 
left without burial ; but when the Abenakis returned 
a few days later, they buried his remains. The 
French authorities vainly asked reparation for the 
outrage, but in 1888 the citizens of Norridgewock 
raised a subscription, bought an acre of land on the 
spot where Rasle fell, and erected there a monument 
to his memory, which Bishop Fenwick, of Boston, 
dedicated on 29 Aug. Vols, xxiii. to xxvii. of the 
" Lettres eVlifiantes et curieuses, ecritesdes missions 
Itrangeres " (Paris, 1728) contain several interest- 
ing letters of Rasle describing his labors among the 
Indians. His life has been written by Rev. Con vers 
Francis, D. D., in Sparks's " American Biography." 
RATHBONE, John Fin ley, manufacturer, b. 
in Albany, N. Y., 18 Oct., 1821. He was educated 
at Albany academy and the Collegiate institute at 
Brockport, N. Y. In 1845 he built a foundry in 
Albany that is now one of the largest establish- 
ments of the kind in the world. In 1861 he was 
appointed brigadier-general of the 9th brigade of 
the National guard of New York, and at the be- 
ginning of the civil war he was made commandant 
of the Albany depot of volunteers. From this 
depot be sent to the front thirty-five regiments. 
In 1867 he resigned his office as commander of the 
9th brigade. Under the administration of Gov. 
John A. Dix he was appointed adjutant-general of 
the state, with the rank of major-general As a 
private citizen Gen. Rathbone has been conspicuous 
for his zeal in promoting works of philanthropy. 
He is one of the founders of the Albany orphan 
asylum, and for many years has been president of 
its board of trustees. He is a trustee of the Uni- 
versity of Rochester, in connection with which he 
established, by his contribution of $40,000, the 
Rathbone library.— His cousin, Henry Reed, sol- 
dier, b. in Albany, N. Y., 1 July, 1837, was appoint- 
ed major of U. A volunteers on 29 Nov., 1862, and 
resigned on 8 July, 1867. He received a wound 
from the assassin's dirk in the theatre-box with 



President Lincoln on the evening of his murder.— 
Henry Reed's brother, Jared Lawrence, soldier, b. 
in Albany, N. Y., 29 Sept, 1844. was graduated at 
the U. S. military academy in 1865, was assigned to 
the 12th infantry, in 1866-'70 was aide to Gen. John 
M. Schofield, and was transferred to the artillery 
in 1869. Resigning in 1872, he engaged in stock- 
raising and mining in California. He was appoint- 
ed U. S. consul-general in Paris on 18 Mav, 1887. 

RATTRAY, William Jordan, Canadian au- 
thor, b. in London, England, in 1835 ; d. in To- 
ronto, Canada, 26 Sept, 1883. His father, a Scotch- 
man, came to Canada in 1848, and settled with his 
family in Toronto. The son was graduated at the 
University of Toronto in 1858, and afterward was 
a journalist in that city. Among his writings was 
a series of articles on the conflict of agnosticism 
and revealed religion, which presented the ortho- 
dox side of the question with great force. He was 
for many years connected with the Toronto " Mail," 
wrote for the " Canadian Monthly" and other peri- 
odicals, and published "The Scot in British North 
America w (4 vols., Toronto, 1888). 

RAU, Charles, archaeologist, b. in Vervien, Bel- 
gium, in 1826; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 25 July, 
1887. He was educated in Germany, came to the 
United States in 1848, and taught in the west and 
afterward in New York city. From 1875 until his 
death he was curator in the department of antiqui- 
ties in the U. S. national museum in Washington, 
D. C. Devoting his attention to archaeology, he be- 
gan to write on American antiquities for •• Die 
Natur." His contributions to the publications of 
the Smithsonian institution first appeared in 1868, 
and subsequently his articles were published in 
nearly every annual report of that institution, 
gaining for him a high reputation as an authority 
on American archaeology. The University of Frei- 
burg, Baden, gave him the degree of Ph. D. in 1882. 
He was a member of the principal archaeological 
and anthropological societies of Europe and Amer- 
ica, and published more than fifty papers, among 
which was a series on the " Stone Age in Europe," 
originally contributed to " Harpers Magazine," 
and afterward issued in book-form as " Early Man 
in Europe " (New York, 1876). His other publica- 
tions were " The Archaeological Collection of the 
United States National Museum" (Washington, 
1876); "The Palenque Tablet in the United States 
National Museum ^ (1879); "Articles on Anthro- 
pological Subjects," 1858-'87 (1882); two partly 
published works on the types of North American 
implements; and one that was designed to be a 
comprehensive treatment of archaeology in Amer- 
ica. Dr. Rau bequeathed his library and collec- 
tion to the U. S. national museum in Washington. 

RAUCH, Fried rich August educator, b. in 
Hesse-Darmstadt, Germany, 27 July, 1806; d. in 
Mercersburg, Pa., 2 March. 1841. He was gradu- 
ated at the University of Marburg, afterward stud- 
ied at Giessen and Heidelberg, and became ex- 
traordinary professor at the University of Giessen. 
He fled from the country on account of a public 
utterance on some political subject, and landed in 
the United States in 1831, learned English in 
Easton, Pa., where he gave lessons on the piano- 
forte, was professor of German in Lafayette college 
for a short time, was then chosen as principal of a 
classical school that had been established by the 
authorities of the German Reformed church at 
York, Pa., and a few months later was ordained to 
the ministry and appointed professor of biblical 
literature in the theological seminary at York, 
while retaining charge of the academy, which, in 
1885, was removed to Mercersburg. Under his 



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management the school flourished, and in 1889 was 
transformed into Marshall college, of which he 
became the first president. He published *• Psy- 
chology, or a View of the Human Soul " (New York, 
1840), and left in an unfinished state works on 
"Christian Ethics" and" -^Esthetics.** A volume 
of his sermons, edited by Emanuel V. Gerhart, was 
published under the title of " The Inner Life of the 
Christian" (Philadelphia, 1856). 

RAUCH, John Henry, physician, b. in Leba- 
non, Pa., 4 Sept, 1828. He was graduated in medi- 
cine at the University of Pennsylvania in 1849. In 
the following year he settled in Burlington, Iowa. 
In 1850, on the organization of the State medical 
society, he was appointed to report on the " Medical 
and Economic Botany of Iowa/* and this report was 
afterward published (18511 He was an active mem- 
ber of the Iowa historical and geological institute, 
and made a collection of material — especially 
ichthyologio— from the upper Mississippi and Mis- 
souri rivers for Prof. Agassiz, a description of which 
was published in "Silliman's Journal n (1855). In 
1857 he was appointed professor of materia medica 
and medical botany in flush medical college, Chi- 
cago, which chair he filled for the next three years. 
In 1859 he was one of the organisers of the Chicago 
college of pharmacy and filled its chair of materia 
medica ana medical botany. During the civil war 
he served as assistant medical director of the Army 
of Virginia, and then in Louisiana till 1864. At the 
close of the war he was brevetted lieutenant-colo- 
nel On his return to Chicago, Dr. Rauch pub- 
lished a paper on " Intramural Interments and 
their Influence on Health and Epidemics " (Chi- 
cago, 1866). He aided in reorganizing the health 
service of the city, and in 1867 was appointed 
member of the newly created board of health and 
sanitary superintendent, which office he filled un- 
til 1878. During bis incumbency the great fire of 
1871 occurred, and the task of organizing and en- 
forcing the sanitary measures for the welfare of 
112,000 houseless men, women, and children was 
suddenly thrown upon his department. In 1876 
he was elected president of the American public 
health association, and delivered the annual ad- 
dress on the " Sanitary Problems of Chicago " at 
the 1877 meeting of the association. In 1877, when 
the Illinois state board of health was created, Dr. 
Rauch was appointed one of its members, and 
elected its first president. He was elected secre- 
tary, to which office he has been re-elected annual- 
ly ever since. In 1878-'9 the yellow-fever epidem- 
ics in the southwest engaged nis attention, result- 
ing in the formation of the sanitary council of the 
Mississippi valley and the establishment of the 
river-inspection service of the National board of 
health, inaugurated by Dr. Rauch in 1879. His 
investigations on the relation of small-pox to 
foreign immigration are embodied in an address 
before the National conference of state boards of 
health at St Louis, 18 Oct., 1884, entitled "Prac- 
tical Recommendations for the Exclusion and Pre- 
vention of Asiatic Cholera in North America" 
(Springfield, 1884). In 1887 he published the pre- 
liminary results of his investigations into the char- 
acter of the water-supplies of Illinois. Dr. Rauch 
is a member of many scientific bodies and the 
author of monographs, chiefly in the domain of 
sanitary science and preventive medicine. His chief 
work as a writer is embodied in the reports of the 
Illinois state board of health in eight volumes. 

RAUE, Charles Godlove, physician, b. in Nie- 
der-Kunnersdorf, Saxony, 11 May, 1820. He was 
graduated at the College of teachers in Bautzen, 
Saxony, in 1841, and at Philadelphia medical col- 



lege in 185U From 1864 till 1871 he was profet__ 
of pathology and practice at the Homoeopathic col- 
lege of Pennsylvania, and at Hahnemann medical 
college in Philadelphia. He is the author of " Die 
neue Seelenlehre Dr. Beneke's, nach methodischen 
Grundsitzen fur Lehrer bearbeitet" (Bautzen, 
1847) ; '* Special Pathology and Diagnostics with 
Therapeutic Hints" (Philadelphia, 1868); and 
" Annual Record of Homoeopathic Literature" 
(New York, 1870). 

RAUM, Green Berry, commissioner of internal 
revenue, b. in Goloonda, Pope co., Ili, 8 Dec*, 1829. 
He received a common-school education, studied 
law, and was admitted to the bar in 1858. In 1856 
he removed with his family to Kansas, and at once 
affiliated with the Free-state party. Becoming ob- 
noxious to the pro-slavery faction, he returned the 
following year to Illinois and settled at Harris- 
burg. At the opening of the civil war he made 
his first speech as a " war " Democrat while he was 
attending court at Metropolis, ILL Subsequently 
he entered the army as major of the 56th Illinois 
regiment, and was promoted lieutenant-colonel, 
colonel, and brevet brigadier-general. He was 
made brigadier-general of volunteers on 15 Felx, 
1865, which commission he resigned on 6 May. 
He served under Gen. William S. Rosecrans in 
the Mississippi campaign of 1862. At the battle 
of Corinth he ordered and led the charge that 
broke the Confederate left and captured a battery. 
He was with Gen. Grant at Vicksburp. and was 
wounded at the battle of Missionary Ridge in No- 
vember, 1868. During the Atlanta campaign he 
held the line of communication from Dalton to 
Acworth and from Kingston to Rome, Ga. In 
October, 1864, he re-enforced Resaca, Ga., and held 
it against Gen. John B. Hood. In 1866 he ob- 
tained a charter for the Cairo and Vincennes rail- 
road company, aided in securing its construction, 
and became its first president He was then elected 
to congress, and served from 4 March, 1867, till 8 
March, 1869. In 1876 he was president of the 
Illinois Republican convention, and in the same 
year he was a delegate to the National convention 
of that party in Cincinnati. He was appointed 
commissioner of internal revenue, 2 Aug., 1876, 
and retained the office till 81 May, 1888. During 
this period he collected $850,000,000 and disbursed 
$30,000,000 without loss. He wrote M Reports" 
of his bureau for seven successive years. He is 
also the author of " The Existing Conflict between 
Republican Government and Southern Oligarchy ** 
(Washington, 1884). He is at present (1888) prac- 
tising law in Washington, D. C. 

RAUMER, Friedrich Ludwig Georg yon 
(row'-mer), German historian, b. in Woerlitz, near 
Dessau, 14 May, 1781 ; d. in Berlin, 14 May, 1878. 
He studied in the universities of Halle and G0t- 
tingen, was a civil magistrate in 1801, became in 
1809 councillor to the state chancellor, Count von 
Hardenberg, was professor of history in the Uni- 
versity of Breslau in 1811-16, and in 1819 became 
professor of political economy in the University of 
Berlin. He was elected to the parliament of Frank- 
fort by the latter city in 1848, and appointed by 
the Archduke John of Austria, vicar of the Ger- 
man empire, his ambassador to Paris in 1848. 
From 1851 up to the time of his death he was a 
member of the house of lords of Prussia. After 
1816 Raumer undertook several journeys through 
France, Italy, Switzerland, and the United States, 
which he visited in 1841-'8 and again in 1853-'5. 
He is justly considered as one of the great histo- 
rians of the 19th century. His works includo 
M Geschichte der Hohenstaufen und ihrer Zeit" 



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(0 vols., Leipsic, 1828-'45), which is the standard his- 
tory of the imperial house of Swabia ; *• Geschichte 
Europas seit dem Ende des xv UB Jahrhunderts " 
(8 vols., 1882-'50) ; u BeitrBge zur neuen Geschichte w 
(5 vols^ 1886-*9); and "Die Vereinigten Staaten 
Ton Nordamerika" (2 vols., 1845V which was trans- 
lated into French (1846), and English (London, 
1847). It treats of the constitution of the United 
States, which Raumer compares with those of Eu- 
rope, of the religious movements in the country, 
of the political parties, and of its foreign policy. 

RAUSCHENBUSCH, Augustus, clergyman, 
b. in Altena, Westphalia, Germany, 18 Feb., 1816. 
He was graduated at the gymnasium at Elberfeld, 
and went in his nineteenth year to the University 
of Berlin to study for the Lutheran ministry. Sub- 
sequently he spent some time at the University of 
Bonn in the study of natural science and theology. 
On the death of his father, who was a Lutheran 
pastor in Altena, the son was chosen in 1841 as his 
successor. His ministry here, while fruitful in 
spiritual results, excited so much opposition, and 
was so hampered by his ecclesiastical relations, 
that he resolved to emigrate to the United States. 
He came to this country in 1846, and preached 
for some time to the Germans in Missouri. In 

1847 he removed to New York, where he edited 
the German tracts published by the American 
tract society. While he was residing in New York 
his views on the question of baptism underwent a 
change, and in 1860 he entered the Baptist com- 
munion, though retaining his connection with the 
Tract society until 1858. In 1858 he was called to 
take charge of the German department of Roches- 
ter theological seminary, which place he continues 
to fill (1888). He received the honorary degree of 
D. D. from the University of Rochester in 1868. 

RAY EL FAMILY, a company of French actors, 
of whom Gabriel, b. in Toulouse, France, in 1810, 
was the most noted. The family consisted of ten 
principals, who for many years played in the cities 
of France. They were in Paris in 1825, and a year 
or two later in London, at the Strand theatre and 
Vauxhall garden. They were remarkable for their 
rope-dancing, ballets, pantomimes, and tricks that 
were produced with the aid of stage-machinery. 
In 1882 the troupe arrived in this country, and on 
16 July of that year made their debut at the New 
York Park theatre. This was followed by renewed 
engagements at the same place, and performances 
in other cities. In 1884 the company went to Eu- 
rope on a vacation. A year later they performed 
in the French cities, and in 1886 they opened at 
Drury Lane theatre in London. From 1887 until 

1848 the original Ravels gave entertainments in 
this country, that were interrupted by occasional 
visits to Canada, a tour to the West Indies and 
South America, and brief vacations in their native 
land. In the autumn of 1848 they retired from 
the stage. In 1866 the remains of the old troupe, 
combined with new auxiliaries, again appeared here 
for a short season, but met with an unfavorable re- 
ception. The representatives of the original Ravel 
family gave a variety of performances that were 
largely unique. Among their harlequinades were 
"MazulnV "The Green Monster,'' -The Red 
Gnome," - Asphodel," and M The Golden Pills." 

RAVENEL, Henry William, botanist, b. in 
St John's narish, Berkeley, S. C, 19 Hay, 1814; d. 
in Aiken, S. C, 17 July, 1887. He was graduated 
at South Carolina college in 1882, and settled in 
St Johns, where he became a planter. In 1858 he 
removed to Aiken, S. C, and tnere he spent the re- 
mainder of his life. As a young man he evinced a 
fondness for natural history, and he pursued stud- 



ies in botany with enthusiasm throughout his long 
life. He not only studied critically the phaeno- 
gams of South Carolina, but also extended his re- 
searches among the mosses, lichens, alg», and 
fungi. Mr. Ravenel discovered a large number of 
new species of cryptogams, besides a lew new phav 
nogams. With the exception of the Rev. Moses 
A. Curtis, he was the only American that knew 
specifically the fungi of the United States, and it 
is doubtful whether any other botanist has ever 
covered so wide a range of plants. In 1869 he 
was appointed botanist of the government com- 
mission that was sent to Texas to investigate the 
cattle-disease, and at the time of his death he 
was botanist to the department of agriculture of 
South Carolina. The degree of LL.D. was con- 
ferred on him by the University of North Caro- 
lina in 1886, and he was a member of various sci- 
entific societies in the United States and Europe. 
His name is perpetuated in the genus Ravenelia 
of the Uredinea?, a genus so peculiar in its charac- 
ter that it is not probable that it will ever be re- 
duced to a synonym, also by many species of crypto- 
gams that have been named in his honor as tneir 
discoverer. Mr. Ravenel was agricultural editor of 
the " Weekly News and Courier," and, in addition 
to his botanical papers, he published M Fungi Caro- 
liniani Exsiccati" (5 vols., Charleston, 1858-'60), 
and, with Mordecai C. Cooke, of London, *' Fungi 
Americani Exsiccati " (8 vols., 1878-'82). 

RAVENEL, St Julien, chemist, b. in Charles- 
ton, S. C 15 Dec, 1819; d. there, 16 March, 1882. 
He was educated in Charleston and graduated at 
the Medical college of the state of South Carolina 
in 1840. Subsequently he completed his studies in 
Philadelphia and in Paris, and on his return set- 
tled in practice in Charleston, and became demon- 
strator of anatomy. Dr. Ravenel spent the years 
1849-*50 in studying natural history and physiolo- 
gy under Louis Agassis, also acquiring consider- 
able skill as a microscopist In 1852 he retired 
from practice and devoted his attention chiefly to 
chemistry as applied to agriculture. He visited 
the marl-bluffs on Cooper river in 1856, and ascer- 
tained that this rock could be converted into lime. 
In consequence, he established with Clement H. 
Stevens tne lime-works at Stoney Landing, which 
furnished most of the lime that was used in the 
Confederate states. At the beginning of the civil 
war he enlisted as surgeon in the Confederate 
army. While in Charleston he designed the torpe- 
do cigar-boat, the " Little David," which was built 
on Cooper river and did effective service during the 
investment of Charleston in 1868 by Admiral Du 
Pont He was surgeon-in-chief of the Confederate 
hospital in Columbia, and was director of the Con- 
federate laboratory in that city for the preparation 
of medical supplies. At the close of the war he 
returned to Charleston, and in 1866 he discovered 
the value of the phosphate deposits in the vicini- 
ty of that city for agricultural purposes. Dr. Ra- 
venel then founded the Wando phosphate company 
for the manufacture of fertilizers, and established 
lime-works in Woodstock. The last work of his 
life was the study of means of utilizing the rich 
lands that are employed for rice-culture along the 
sea-coast, which would be thrown out of cultiva- 
tion and rendered useless when the import duty 
on that article should be removed. 

RAYENSCROFT, John Stork, P. E. bishop, 
b. near Blandford, Prince George co., Va., in 1772 ; 
d. in Williamsborough, N. C, 5 March, 1880. His 
father and family removed to Scotland soon after 
the boy's birth, and John was sent to school in the 
north of England. In January, 1789, he returned 



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to Virginia on family affairs, and, having a de- 
sire to stud? law, he entered William and Mary 
with this object; but he never accomplished it. 
In 1792 he went to Scotland again, settled his fa- 
ther's estate, and, 
on coming back to 
Virginia, surren- 
dered himself to a 
country life in 
Lunenburg coun- 
ty, regardless of 
religion and relig- 
ious obligations. 
In 1810 he united 
with a body of pro- 
fessing Christians, 
called " Republi- 
can Methodists," 
but the connection 
did not last long. 
In 1815 he became 
. a candidate for or- 

fu <?f S) ^l, ders in the Prot- 

/n J ^^Ww^ff estant Episcopal 
< ^ church, and he was 
licensed as a lay reader in February, 1816. So ac- 
ceptable were his services that St. James's church, 
Mecklenburg county, chose him for its rector before 
he was admitted into the ministry. He was ordained 
deacon in the Monumental church, Richmond, Va., 
25 April, 1817, by Bishop Richard C. Moore, and 

Sriest in St. George's cnurch, Fredericksburg, 6 
lay, 1817, by the same bishop. He received the 
degree of D. D. from Columbia in 1823. This same 
year he was called to Norfolk, Va., but declined ; 
and also was invited to become assistant to Bishop 
Moore, in the Monumental church, Richmond. At 
this time he was elected first bishop of North Caro- 
lina, and was consecrated in St. Paul's church, 
Philadelphia, 22 May, 1823. William and Mary 
also conferred upon him the degree of D. D. in 
1823. In order to supplement his salary, he as- 
sumed the rectorship of Christ church, Raleigh, 
which he held for five years, during which time his 
health failed. He attended the general convention 
in Philadelphia in .August, 1829, but, on his re- 
turn home, gradually sank until his death. Bishop 
Ravenscroft published numerous sermons that 
he preached on special occasions, and episcopal 
charges. After his decease these were republished, 
together with 61 sermons, selected by himself, and 
a memoir of his life, edited by Dr. (afterward Bishop) 
Wainwright (2 vols.. New Vork, 1830). 

RAWDON-HASTINGS, Francis, British sol- 
dier, b. in County Down, Ireland, 9 Dec., 1754; d. 
near Naples, Italy, 28 Nov., 1826. He was the son 
of the Earl of Moira, was educated at Oxford, and 
entered the army in 1771 as ensign in an infantry 
regiment. In 1773 he was sent to this country, and 
participated in the battle of Bunker Hill as cap- 
tain in the 63d foot. He became aide to Sir Henry 
Clinton, and took part in the battles of Long 
Island and White Plains, and the attacks on Fort 
Washington and Fort Clinton. In 1778 he was ap- 
pointed adjutant-general, with the rank of lieuten- 
ant-colonel, and afterward he raised in New York 
a corps called the " Volunteers of Ireland," which 
he commanded. His conduct at the battle of 
Monmouth procured for him the command of a 
British corps in South Carolina, which he led at 
the battle of Camden, 6 Aug.. 1780. He remained 
in the Carolinas after Lord Cornwallis's return to 
the north, attacked and defeated Gen. Nathanael 
Greene at Hobkirk's Hill, 25 April, 1781, relieved 
Fort Ninety-Six, and fortified himself at Orange- 



burg. His last act before leaving this country was 
to order the execution of Col. Isaac Hayne (g. v.), 
for which he has been generally condemned. Owing 
to impaired health, he returned to England, and on 
his voyage was captured by a French cruiser and 
taken to Brest On 5 March, 1783, he was made 
Baron Rawdon and aide-de-camp to George IIL, 
and became an intimate friend cf the Prince of 
Wales. He succeeded to the title of Earl of Moira 
in 1793, and inherited the baronies of Hastings 
and Hungerford in 1808. He was appointed major- 
general, with the command of 10,000 troops, served 
under the Duke of York in the Netherlands in 
1794, was intrusted with the direction of the expe- 
dition to QuiWron in 1795, and was made com- 
mander-in-chief of the British forces in Scotland 
and constable of the Tower of London in 1803. He 
effected a reconciliation between the king and the 
Prince of Wales, was made lord-lieutenant of Ire- 
land in 1805. became master-general of ordnance 
in 1806 under the Grenville and Fox ministry, and 
after the assassination of Mr. Perceval in 1812 
made an unsuccessful attempt to form a cabinet 
He received the order of the garter, and was ap- 
pointed governor-general of India in 1818, which 
post he held until 1823. The most important event 
of his administration was the successful termina- 
tion of the Nepaul war, and he was. thus instru- 
mental in laying the basis for England's power in 
India. On 7 Dec., 1816, he was created Marquis of 
Hastings, and in 1824 he became governor of Mal- 
ta. Lord Rawdon obtained from several engineers 
of the British army a series of sketches and water- 
colors of the principal events and scenes of his ex- 
perience in this country. Several of these were 
purchased by Dr. Thomas Addis Emmet, of New 
York, for his collection of the Signers. His private 
journal was edited and published by his daughter, 
the Marchioness of Bute (2 vols., London, 1858). 

RAWLE, Francis, colonist, b. in England about 
1660; d. in Philadelphia, 5 March, 1727. He was 
a member of the Society of Friends. With his 
father, of the same name, he came to Pennsylvania 
in 1686, to escape persecution on account of his re- 
ligious faith. He located 2,500 acres in Plymouth 
township, where, with a few others, he founded the 
settlement known as " The Plymouth Friends." In 
1688 he was commissioned a justice of the peace 
and of the court of common pleas ; under the first 
city charter (1691) he is named as one of the six 
aldermen; in 1692 he became deputy register of 
the wills; and in 1694 he was a commissioner of 
property. He was subsequently chosen to the pro- 
vincial assembly, in which he served for ten years, 
and to the provincial council. He is said to be 
the first person in the British colonies in America 
that wrote on the subject of political economy and 
its application to local requirements. In 1721 he 
published ** Some Remedies Proposed for the Re- 
storing the sunk Credit of the Province of Penn- 
sylvania ; with Some Remarks on its Trade. Hum- 
bly Offer'd to the Consideration of the Worthy 
Representatives in the General Assembly of this 
Province. By a Lover of this Country." During 
the following year numerous petitions came to the 
assembly, praying for the issuance of paper money, 
and a committee, with Rawle at the head, was ap- 
pointed, to whom was committed " the drawing- up 
the bill for issuing bills of credit, &c." The bill 
then drawn became a law. The paper money is- 
sued under it was the first in the province. In 
1725 he published " Ways and Means for the In- 
habitants of Delaware to become Rich: Wherein 
the several Growths and Products of these Coun- 
tries are demonstrated to be a sufficient Fund for 



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* flourishing Trade. Humbly submitted to the 
Legislative Authority of these Colonies." This 
book is said to be the first that was printed by 
Franklin. George Brinley's copy of this work sold 
for $100. In the following year he published '* A 
Just Rebuke to a Dialogue betwixt Simon and 
Timothy, shewing What s therein to be found. 
Ac.," being a reply to James Logan's " Dialogue 
shewing What's therein to be found, &c." (Phila- 
delphia, 1726), printed by Logan in answer to 
Rawle's ** Ways and Means." — His great-grandson, 
William, lawyer, b. in Philadelphia, 28 April, 
1759 ; d. there, 12 April, 1886, was educated at the 
Friends* academy, and was yet a student when the 
war for independence was begun. His immediate 
relatives and connections were loyalists. On the 
evacuation of Philadelphia by the British, young 
Rawle accompanied his step-father, Samuel Shoe- 
maker, who had been one of the civil magistrates 
of the city under Howe, to New York, and there 
began the study of the law. Mr. Rawle completed 
his studies in the Middle Temple, London, and re- 
turned to Philadelphia, where, in 1788, he was ad- 
mitted to the bar. In 1791 he was appointed by 
President Washington U. S. district attorney for 
Pennsylvania. By direction of the president, Mr. 
Rawle accompanied the U. S. district judge and 
the military on the western expedition in 1794, 
and it became his duty to prosecute the offenders 
after the insurrections in that year and in 1798 
had been put down. In 1792 he was offered by 
the president the office of judge of the U. S. dis- 
trict court for Pennsylvania, but declined it on ac- 
count of his youth and professional prospects. He 
was for many years the attorney and counsel for 
the Bank of the United States. From 1786 till his 
death he was a member of the American philo- 
sophical society, and for twenty years he was one 
of its councillors. In 1789 he was chosen to the 
assembly. He was one of the original members 
of the Society for political inquiries, founded by 
Franklin, which held 
its weekly meetings 
at his house. From 
1796 till his death he 
was a trustee of the 
University of Penn- 
sylvania. He was the 
chancellor of the As- 
sociated members of 
the bar of Philadel- 
phia, and when, in 
1827, this institution 
was merged in the 
Law association of 
Philadelphia, he be- 
came chancellor of 
the latter in 1822, and 
held the office till his 
death. He was chosen 
the first vice-presi- 
dent of the Law acad- 
emy, was one of the founders of the Historical soci- 
ety of Pennsylvania in 1824, and its first president 
He was also a member of the Agricultural. Humane, 
Linnsan, and Abolition societies, and was long 
president of the latter. For many years he was 
secretary and afterward a director of the Library 
company of Philadelphia. In 1880 he was appoint- 
ed, with Thomas I. Wharton and Joel Jones, to re- 
vise the civil code of Pennsylvania, and he was the 
principal author of the reports of the commission, 
the results of whose labors are embodied in stat- 
utes that still remain in force. Among his pub- 
lished writings are u An Address before the Pnila- 




4%0fawfa 



delphia Society for promoting Agriculture " (Phila- 
delphia, 1819) ; " Two Addresses to the Associated 
Members of the Bar of Philadelphia" (1824); " A 
View of the Constitution of the United States" 
(1825) ; and " The Study of the Law " <1832). To 
the literature of the Historical society he contrib- 
uted a " Vindication of the Rev. Mr. Heckewelder's 
4 History of the Indian Nations,' " a •* Biographical 
Sketch of Sir William Keith," and "A Sketch of 
the Life of Thomas Mifflin." He left various manu- 
scripts on theological matters, among them an " Es- 
say on Angelic Influences," and an argument on the 
evidences of Christianity. He was a fine classical 
scholar. He translated from the Greek the " Ph«e- 
do " of Plato, adding thereto a commentary there- 
on. These " would in themselves alone," accord- 
ing to David Paul Brown, "suffice to protect his 
name against oblivion." He received the degree 
of LL. D. from Princeton in 1827, and from Dart- 
mouth in 1828. See a sketch of him by Thomas 
I. Wharton (Philadelphia, 1840).— William's son, 
William, lawyer, b. in Philadelphia, 19 July, 1788 ; 
d. in Montgomery county, Pa., 9 Aug., 1858, was 
educated at Princeton, studied "law, and was ad- 
mitted to the bar in Philadelphia in 1810. During 
the war of 1812 he served as captain of the 2d 
troop of Philadelphia city cavslry. Returning to 
the practice of the law, he in due time attained a 
rank at the bar but little inferior to that of his 
father. He was for four years president of the 
common council. He was a member of the Ameri- 
can philosophical society, for many years a vice- 
president of the Historical society of Pennsylvania, 
and secretary, and afterward a director, of the Li- 
brary company, and for twenty years a trustee of 
the University of Pennsylvania. As reporter of 
the state supreme court, tie published 25 volumes 
of reports (l818-'88). Among his published writ- 
ings are an " Address before the Law Academy of 
Philadelphia" (1835), and "An Address before the 
Trustees of Lafayette College, Easton, Pa." (1886). 
—The second William's son, William Henry, 
lawyer, b. in Philadelphia, 81 Aug., 1823 ; d. there, 
19 April, 1889, was graduated in 1841 at the Uni- 
versity of Pennsylvania, from which he received in 
1882 the degree of LL. D. He studied law with his 
father, was admitted to practice in 1844, and has 
won reputation in his profession. In 1862, upon 
the " emergency" call, Mr. Rawle enlisted as a 
private of artillery, and in 1863, under a similar 
call, he served as quartermaster. He was a vice- 
provost of the Law academy from 1865 to 1873, 
later vice-chancel lqr of the Law association, and 
was for several years the secretary, and after- 
ward a director, of the Library company. He 
published a treatise on the "Law of Covenants 
for Title" (Philadelphia, 1852): the 3d American 
edition of John W. Smith's * Law of Contracts," 
with notes (1853 ; with additional notes by George 
Sharswood, 1856); the 2d American edition of 
Joshua Williams's " Law of Real Property" (1857); 
" Equity in Pennsylvania," a lecture, to which was 
appended " The Registrar's Book of Gov. William 
Keith's Court in Chancery " (1868) ; " Some Con- 
trasts in the Growth of Pennsylvania in English 
Law" (1881); "Oration at Unveiling of the Monu- 
ment erected by the Bar of the U. S. to Chief-Jus- 
tice Marshall " (Washington, 1884) ; and " The Case 
of the Educated Unemployed," an address (1885). 
—William Henry's nephew, William Brooke- 
Rawle, lawyer, b. in Philadelphia, 29 Aug., 1848, 
is the son of Charles Wallace Brooke by his wife, 
Elizabeth Tilghman, daughter of the second Will- 
iam Rawle, and has taken for his surname Brooke- 
Rawle. He was graduated at the University of 



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Pennsylvania in 1868, and immediately afterward 
entered the army as lieutenant in the 3d Pennsyl- 
vania cavalry. He was promoted captain and bre- 
vetted major and lieutenant-colonel, at the close 
of the war, studied law, and in 1867 was admitted 
to the Philadelphia bar. He is secretary of the 
Historical society of Pennsylvania, treasurer of the 
Law association of Philadelphia, and agent for the 
Penn estates in Pennsylvania. Col. Brooke- Raw le 
has published M The Right Flank at Gettysburg" 
(Philadelphia, 1878); '* With Gregg in the Gettys- 
burg Campaign*' (1884); and "Gregg's Cavalry 
Fignt at Gettysburg," an address delivered at the 
unveiling of tne monument on the site of the cav- 
alry engagement (1884).— The first William Rawle's 
grandson, Henry, iron-master, b. in Mifflin coun- 
ty, Pa., 21 Aug., 1838, is the son of Francis Will- 
iam Rawle, a graduate of the University of Penn- 
sylvania, who served in the war of 1812, became a 
civil engineer, was largely engaged in the manu- 
facture of iron, and was for some time judge of 
Clearfield county. The son studied civil engineer- 
ing, and as a young man engaged in constructing 
the Pennsylvania railroad, and became principal 
assistant engineer of the western division of the 
Sun bury and Erie railroad. He subsequently en- 
gaged extensively in the coal and iron business in 
Erie, Pa., and established the Erie blast-furnace 
and Erie rolling-mill In 1874-'6 he was mayor of 
Erie, and from 1876 till 1878 he was treasurer of 
Pennsylvania. — Henry's brother, Francis, lawyer, 
b. in Mifflin county, Pa., 7 Aug., 1846, was gradu- 
ated at Harvard in 1869 and at the law-school in 
1871, and in the latter year was admitted to the 
bar in Philadelphia. He has published two revised 
editions of Bouvier's M Law Dictionary," in which 
are given over seven hundred subjects not named 
in the original work (Philadelphia, 1883-'5). 

RAWLINGS, Moses, soldier, b. in Anne Arun- 
del county, Md., about 1740; d. in Hampshire 
county, Va., in 1808. His ancestor, Henry, was 
among the first settlers of Maryland, having emi- 
grated to the colony in 1635. In 1650 his son. 
Anthony, was a member of Gov. Calvert's colonial 
council. Moses Rawlings was educated in the 
parish school of his native county and afterward 
by private tutors. His father was a wealthy to- 
bacco-planter, and the son engaged in the same 
occupation. He was a zealous patriot, and when 
in June, 1775, Maryland was called upon to fur- 
nish two companies of riflemen, he was among the 
first to volunteer for the service. He received a 
lieutenant's commission, and afterward joined 
Washington at Boston. In 1776 congress ordered 
four companies from Virginia and two more from 
Maryland, which, with the two companies that had 
been already raised, were formed into a regiment, 
of which Rawlings was commissioned lieutenant- 
colonel. At the storming of Fort Washington, 16 
Nov., 1776, the Maryland riflemen withstood the 
attack of 5,000 Hessians for several hours, but, 
being unsupported by other troops, were at last 
obliged to retire under the guns of the fort, which 
was soon afterward surrendered to the enemy. In 
this action Rawlings commanded the Maryland 
riflemen with skill and bravery. He received the 
wannest praise from Washington for his conduct 
on this occasion. After his exchange he was made 
colonel of the riflemen, and fought in all the bat- 
tles where the Maryland troops were engaged. At 
the close of the war he retired to Virginia. 

RAWLINS, John Aaron, soldier, b. in East 
Galena, 111., 13 Feb., 1831; d. in Washington, 
D. C, 9 Sept, 1869. He was of Scotch-Irish ex- 
traction. His father, James D. Rawlins, removed 




<&L<>S&%> 



>&u*/L*o 



from Kentucky to Missouri and then to Illinois. 
John passed his early years on the family farm, 
and attended the district school in winter. He 
also assisted at burning charcoal and hauling it 
to market ; but this 
work became dis- 
agreeable to him as 
he approached man- 
hooa,and,afterread- 
ing all the books 
within his reach, he 
attended the Mount 
Morris seminary in 
Ogle county, 111., in 
1852-'3. His money 
having given out, 
he resumed his occu- 
pation of charcoal- 
burnerthat he might 
earn more ; but, in- 
stead of returning 
to the seminary, as 
he had intended, he 
studied law with 
Isaac P. Stevens at 
Galena, and in Octo- 
ber, 1854, was admitted to the bar and taken into 
partnership by his preceptor. In 1855 Mr. Stevens 
retired, leaving the business to be conducted by 
Rawlins. In 1857 he was elected attorney for the 
city of Galena, and in 1860 he was nominated for 
the electoral college on the Douglas ticket. During 
the contest that followed he held a series of joint 
discussions with Allen C. Fuller, the Republican 
candidate, and added greatly to his reputation as a 
public speaker. He held closely to the doctrines 
of Judge Douglas, but was, or course, defeated 
with his party. His own opinions were strongly 
opposed to human slavery, and yet he looked upon 
it as an evil protected within certain limits by the 
constitution of the United States. His love for 
the Union was, however, the master sentiment of 
his soul, and while he had followed his party in all 
peaceful advocacy of its claims, when the South 
Carolinians fired upon Fort Sumter, April 12. 1861, 
he did not hesitate for a moment to declare for co- 
ercion by force of arms. He was outspoken for 
the Union and for the war to maintain it, and at a 
mass-meeting at Galena on 16 April, 1861, Rawlins 
was called on to speak ; but, instead of deprecating 
the war, as had been expected, he made a speech of 
an hour, in which he upheld it with signal ability 
and eloquence. Among those of the audience that 
had acted with the Democrats was Capt Ulysses 
S. Grant He was deeply impressed by the speech, 
and thereupon offered his services to the country, 
and from that time forth was the warm friend of 
Rawlins. The first act of Grant after he had been 
assigned to the command of a brigade. 7 Aug., 
1861, was to offer Rawlins the post of aide-de-camp 
on his staff, and almost immediately afterward, 
when Grant was appointed brigadier-general of 
volunteers, he offered Rawlins the position of cap- 
tain and assistant adjutant-general, to date from 
30 Aug.. 1861. He joined Grant at Cairo, 111., 15 
Sept, 1861, and from that time was constantly with 
the latter till the end of the war, except from 1 Aug. 
to 1 Oct, 1864, when he was absent on sick-leave. 
He was promoted major, 14 April, 1862, lieuten- 
ant-colonel, 1 Nov., 1862, brigadier-general of vol- 
unteers, 11 Aug., 1868, brevet major-general of 
volunteers, 24 Feb., 1865, chief-of-staff to Lieut- 
Gen. Grant with the rank of brigadier-general, 
U. S. army, 8 March, 1865, and brevet major-gen- 
eral, U. S. army, 18 March, 1865. Finally he was 



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RAWLINS 



RAWSON 



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appointed secretary of war, 9 March, 1869, which 
office he held till his death. Before entering the 
army Rawlins had never seen a company of uni- 
formed soldiers nor read a book on tactics or mili- 
tary organization, but he soon developed rare ex- 
ecutive abilities. During Grant's earlier career he 
was assistant adjutant-general, but as Grant was 
promoted and his staff became larger, Rawlins be- 
came chief of staff. Early after joining Grant, 
Rawlins acquired great influence with him. He 
was bold, resolute, and outspoken in counsel, and 
never hesitated to give his opinion upon matters 
of importance, whether it was asked or not His 
relations with Grant were closer than those of 
any other man, and so highly did the latter value 
his sterling qualities and his great abilities that, 
in a letter to Henry Wilson, chairman of the sen- 
ate military committee, urging his confirmation as 
brigadier -general, he declared that Rawlins was 
more nearly indispensable to him than any officer 
in the army. He was a man of austere habits, se- 
vere morals, aggressive temper, and of inflexible 
will, resolution, and courage. He verified, re-ar- 
ranged, and re-wrote, when necessary, all the state- 
ments of Grant's official reports, adhering as closely 
as possible to Grant's original drafts, but making 
them conform to the facts as they were understood 
at headquarters. While he did not originate the 
idea of running the batteries at Vicksburg with 
the gun-boats and transports and marching the 
army by land below, he was its first and most per- 
sistent advocate. His views upon such questions 
were sound and vigorous, and were always an im- 
portant factor in Gen. Grant's decisions concern- 
ing them. At Chattanooga he became an ardent 
advocate of the plan of operations devised by Gen. 
William F. Smith, and adopted by Gens. Thomas 
and Grant, and for the relief of the army at Chat- 
tanooga, and for the battle of Missionary Ridge, 
where his persistence finally secured positive or- 
ders from Grant to Thomas directing the advance 
of the Army of the Cumberland that resulted in 
carrying the heights. He accompanied Grant to 
the Army of the Potomac, and, after careful study, 
threw his influence in favor of the overland cam- 
paign, but throughout the operations that followed 
ne deprecated the repeated and costly assaults on 
the enemy's intrenched positions, and favored the 
flanking movements bv which Lee was finally 
driven to the south side of the Potomac. It has 
been said that he opposed the march to the sea, 
and appealed to the government, over the bead 
of his chief, to prevent it; but there is no evidence 
in his papers, nor in those of Lincoln or Stanton, 
to support this statement It is doubtless true that 
he thought the time chosen for the march somewhat 
premature, and it is well known that he opposed the 
transfer of Sherman's army by steamer from Savan- 
nah to the James river for fear that it would leave 
the country open for the march of all the southern 
forces to a junction with Lee in Virginia before 
Sherman could reach that field of action, and it is 
suggested that the recollection of these facts has 
been confused with such as would justify the state- 
ment above referred to, but which was not made 
till several years after his death. He was a devot- 
ed and loyal friend to Gen. Grant, and by far too 
good a disciplinarian to appeal secretly over his 
need to his superiors. His whole life is a refuta- 
tion of this story, and when it is remembered that 
Gen. Grant does not tell it as of his own knowl- 
edge, it may well be dismissed from history. 
Rawlins, as secretary of war, was the youngest 
member of the cabinet as he was the youngest 
member of Grant's staff when he joined it at Cairo 



in 1861. He found the administration of the army 
as fixed by the law somewhat interfered with by 
an order issued by his predecessor, and this order 
he at once induced the president to countermand. 
From that time till his death he was a great suf- 
ferer from pulmonary consumption, which he bad 
contracted by exposure during the war; but he 
performed all the duties of his office and exerted a 
commanding influence in the counsels of the presi- 
dent to the last A bronze statue has been erected 
to his memory at Washington. He was married 
twice. After his death provision was made by a 
public subscription of $50,000 for his family. 

RAWSON, Albert Lelghton, author, b. in 
Chester, Vt, 15 Oct, 1829. After studying law, the- 
ology, and art, he made four visits to the Orient, 
and in 1851-'2 made a pilgrimage from Cairo to 
Mecca with the annual caravan disguised as a Mo- 
hammedan student of medicine. He also explored 
the Indian mounds of the Mississippi valley, and 
visited Central America in 1854-'o, publishing 
" The Crania of the Mound-Builders of the United 
States and of Central America." He travelled in 
the Hudson bay territories in 1868. Mr. Rawson 
has been adopted as a brother by the Adwan 
Bedawins of Moab and initiated by the Druzes in 
Mount Lebanon, is a founder of the Theosophical 
society in the United States, and is a member of 
various literary, scientific, and geographical so- 
cieties. He has received honorary degrees, includ- 
ing that of LL. D. from Oxford in 1880. He has 
published many maps and has illustrated books 
from original sketches, including "The Life of 
Jesus," by Rev. Henry Ward Beecher (New York, 
1871), has executed more than 8.000 engravings, con- 
tributed to magazines, and is the author of " Bible 
Dictionaries" (Philadelphia, 1870-'5); "Histories 
of all Religions" (1870); "Statistics of Protestant- 
ism" (1870); "Antiquities of the Orient" (New 
York, 1870) ; " Vocabulary of the Bedawin Lan- 
guages of Syria and Egypt " (Cairo, 1874); "Dic- 
tionaries of Arabic, German, and English " (Leip- 
sic, 1876); "Vocabulary of Persian and Turkish 
Languages " (Cairo, 1877) ; " Chorography of Pales- 
tine* (London, 1880) ; a translation of " The Sym- 
posium of Basra" (1880); "Historical and Archae- 
ological Introduction to the Holy Bible" (New 
York, 1884): and "The Unseen World" (1888). 

RAWSON, Edward, colonial secretary, b. in 
Gillingbam, Dorsetshire, England, 16 April, 1615 ; 
d. in Boston. Mass., 27 Aug., 1693. He settled in 
Newbury, Mass., about 1636, was graduated at 
Harvard: in 1658, and represented Newbury in the 
general court, of which he was clerk. For many 
vears be was secretary of Massachusetts colony, and 
he was also chosen " steward or agent for the re- 
ceiving and disposing of such goods and commodi- 
ties as should be sent to the United colonies from 
England toward Christianizing the Indians." He 
is believed to have been one of the authors of a 
small book published in 1691. entitled " The Revo- 
lution in New England Justified." and signed "E. 
R." and " S. S." He published " The General Laws 
and Liberties concerning the Inhabitants of Mas- 
sachusetts" (1660). — His son, Grindall, clergy- 
man, b. in Boston, Mass., 23 Jan., 1659 ; d. in Men- 
don, Mass., 6 Feb., 1715, was graduated at Har- 
vard in 1678, and was pastor of a church in Men- 
don from 1680 until his death. He was instructed 
by the commissioners for the propagation of the 
gospel, in 1698, to visit the Indians in New Eng- 
land. An account of this visit was published in the 
" Massachusetts Historical Collections " (1st series, 
vol x.). Several interesting anecdotes are recorded 
of Rev. Grindall Rawson in connection with Cot- 



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RAY 



RAYMOND 



ton Mather, who mentions him in his " Mantissa," 
snd says in one of his sermons: "We generally 
esteemed him as a truly pious man, and a very 
prudent one." He was an accomplished scholar 
and writer, and preached to the Indians in their 
own language. He published a sermon "preached 
to and at the request of the Ancient and Honorable 
Artillery company in 1708," an election sermon 
(Boston, 1709), anil a work entitled " The Confes- 
sion of Faith," written in English and also in the 
Indian dialect— Edward's daughter, Rebecca, b. 
in Boston, Mass., 28 May, 1656, was the heroine of 
a romantic episode in the history of the colony, 
commemorated by John G. Whittier in "Leaves 
from Margaret Smith's Journal " (1849). Her por- 
trait is in possession of the Now England historic 
genealogical society. See Sullivan S. Rawson's 
"Memoir of Edward Rawson, with Genealogical 
Notices of his Descendants" (Boston, 1849), and 
** Genealogy of the Descendants of Edward Raw- 
son," by Reuben Rawson Dodge (1849 ; revised ed., 
Worcester, Mass., 1875). 

BAY, Isaac, physician, b. in Beverly, Mass., 16 
Jan., 1807; d.in Philadelphia, Pa., 81 March, 1881. 
He was graduated in medicine at Bowdoin in 1827, 
and practised in Portland and Eastport, Me. In 
1841 he was appointed superintendent of the state 
insane asylum in Augusta, and in 1845 he was 
made superintendent of the Butler hospital for the 
insane in Providence, R. I. He held this office 
until 1866, and then removed to Philadelphia. 
Brown gave him the degree of LL. D. in 1879. In 
addition to many contributions to medical jour- 
nals and other periodicals, and a series of valuable 
official reports he was the author of " Conversations 
on Animal Economy " (Portland, 1829) ; - Medical 
Jurisprudence of Insanity" (Boston, 1888; Lon- 
don, 1839 ; 5th ed., enlarged, Boston, 1872) ; " Edu- 
cation in Relation to the Health of the Brain" 
(1851); and "Mental Hygiene" (1863). 

RAY, James Brown, governor of Indiana, b. 
in Jefferson county, Ky., 19 Feb., 1794; d. in Cin- 
cinnati, Ohio, 4 Aug., 1848. After studying law in 
Cincinnati, he was admitted to the bar, and began 
to practise in Brook vi lie. In 1822 he was elected 
to the legislature, in which he frequently served as 
president pro tempore. From 1825 till 1831 he was 
governor of Indiana, and in 1826 he was appointed 
U.S. commissioner, with Lewis Cass ana John 
Tipton, to negotiate a treaty with the Miami and 
Pottawattamie Indians for the purchase of lands in 
Indiana. The constitution of the state prevented 
the governor from holding any office under the 
U. S. government, and he was consequently in- 
volved in a controversy. Through his exertions 
the Indians pave land to aid in ouiiding a road 
from Lake Michigan to Ohio river. Gov. Kay was 
active in promoting railroad concentration in In- 
dianapolis. He practised law, was a defeated can- 
didate for congress in 1837, and in his later years 
became very eccentric. 

BAY, John, lawyer, b. in Washington county, 
Mo., 14 Oct, 1816: (L in New Orleans, La., 4 March. 
1888. His grandfather, John Ray, emigrated to 
Missouri, and was associated with Daniel Boone. 
He was a member of the 1st Constitutional con- 
vention there, and Ray county was named for him. 
The grandson was educated at Augusta college and 
Transylvania university, where he was graduated in 
1885. He removed to Monroe, La., studied law, 
was admitted to the bar in 1839, and took high 
rank in his profession. He was elected in 1844 to 
the state bouse of representatives, and in 1850 to 
the state senate. In 1854 and again in 1859 he 
was nominated by the Whigs for lieutenant-gov- 



ernor, but was defeated. In 1860 he was an elector 
on the Bell-and- Everett presidential ticket and 
canvassed northern Louisiana for those candidates, 
against the growing feeling in favor of secession. 
Throughout the civil war Mr. Ray was a consistent 
Unionist and at its close he favored the plan of re- 
construction that was advocated by the Republican 
party. In 1865 he was elected to congress, but 
with all other representatives from the seceded 
states, he was refused a seat in that body. In 
1868-' 72 he was again state senator. During 
the former year he was appointed to revise the 
civil code, the code of procedure, and the statutes 
of the state of Louisiana, and his revisions were 
adopted by the legislature of 1870. In 1872 he re- 
moved to New Orleans, where he resided until his 
death, and where he served as registrar of the state 
land-office from 1873 till 1877. In 1873 he was 
elected to the U. S. senate by the " Kellogg" legis- 
lature ; but his election was contested by William 
L. McMillen, who had been chosen by the " Mo 
Enery " legislature. Neither contestant was given 
the seat In 1878 Mr. Ray was appointed by John 
Sherman, then secretary of the treasury, special at- 
torney for the United States to prosecute the 
" whiskey oases." He was also one of the attor- 
neys of Mrs. Myra Gaines (q. v.), and at the time of 
his death was engaged in the prosecution of an im- 
portant suit by which Louisiana is endeavoring to 
establish her title to certain swamp lands given to 
her by the general government His services had 
also been secured by the great majority of the 
French citizens of New Orleans to prosecute their 
claims under the international commission of 1880 
to adjust the claims of French subjects against 
this government growing out of the operations of 
the National forces in Louisiana during the civil 
war. He published " Ray's Digest of the Laws of 
Louisiana * (2 vols., New Orleans, 1870). 

RAYMOND, Benjamin Wright, merchant b. 
in Rome, N. Y., 23 Oct, 1801 ; d. in Chicago, III, 
5 April, 1883. His father, a native of Massachu- 
setts, was for several years engaged in surveying 
the northern counties of New York, selected the 
site of Potsdam, lived there for several years, and 
was judge of the county. After serving as a clerk 
for several years, the son engaged in business for 
himself, first in Rome and next in Bloomfleld, and 
in 1837 removed to Chicago and began business as a 
merchant In 1839 he was elected the third mayor 
of Chicago, and he was re-elected in 1842. He was 
one of the originators of the city of Lake Forest, 
a founder of Lake Forest university and president 
of its board of trustees, and was a member of the 
board of trustees of Beloit college and Rock ford 
female seminary. In 1864 he organized the Elgin 
national watch company, and became its president 
— His son. George Lansing, educator, b. in Chi- 
cago, 111., 8 Sept, 1839, was graduated at Williams 
in 1862, studied theology at Princeton, and was 
pastor at Darby, Pa., in 1870-'4. He was professor 
of oratory at Williams in 1874-*81, and became 
professor of oratory and aesthetic criticism at 
Princeton in 1881. He is the author of "Ora- 
tor's Manual " (Chicago, 1879) ; " Modern 'Fishers of 
Men," a novel (New York, 1879) : " A Life in Song " 
(1886); " Poetry as a Representative Art" (1886); 
"Ballads of the Revolution, and other Poems" 
(1887); and "Sketches in Song" (1887). 

RAYMOND, Henry Jarris, journalist, b. in 
Lima, Livingston co., N. Y., 24 Jan., 1820; d. in 
New York city, 18 June, 1869. His father owned 
and cultivated: a small farm on which the son was 
employed in his youth. He was graduated at the 
University of Vermont in 1840, studied law in 



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Ate*** j J vviksytA******^^) 



New York, and maintained himself by teaching in 
a young ladies' seminary and writing for the " New 
Yorker," a literary weekly edited by Horace Greeley. 
On the establishment of the " Tribune " in April, 
1841, Mr. Raymond became assistant editor and was 

well known as a 
reporter. He made 
a specialty of 
lectures, sermons, 
and speeches, and, 
among other re- 
markable feats, 
reported Dr. Di- 
onysius Lardner's 
lectures so per- 
fectly that the lec- 
turer consented to 
their publication 
in two large vol- 
umes, by Greeley 
and McElrath, 
with his certifl-' 
cate of their ac- 
curacy. In 1843 
he left the " Tribune " for the " Courier and En- 
quirer,** and he remained connected with this jour- 
nal till 1851, when he resigned and went to Europe 
to benefit his health. While on the staff of the 
** Courier and Enquirer " he formed a connection 
with the publishing -house of Harper Brothers, 
which lasted ten years. During this period a 
spirited discussion of Fourier's jprinciples of so- 
cialism was carried on between Mr. Raymond and 
Mr. Greeley, and the articles of the former on this 
subject were afterward published in pamphlet- 
form. In 1849 he was elected to the state as- 
sembly by the Whigs. He was re-elected in 1850, 
and chosen speaker, and manifested special inter- 
est in the school system and canal policy of the 
state. The New York " Times " was established by 
him, and the first number was issued on 18 Sept, 
1851. In 1852 he went to Baltimore to report the 
proceedings of the Whig national convention, but 
was given a seat as a delegate, and made an eloquent 
speech in exposition of northern sentiment In 
1854 he was elected lieutenant-governor of the 
state. He was active in organizing the Republican 
party, composed the " Address to the People " that 
was promulgated at the National convention at 
Pittsburg in February, 1856, and spoke frequently 
for Fremont in the following presidential cam- 
paign. In 1857 he refused to be a candidate for 
governor of New York, and in 1858 he favored 
Stephen A. Douglas, but he finally resumed his 
relations with the Republican party- In 1860 he 
was in favor of the nomination of William H. Sew- 
ard for the presidency, and it was through his in- 
fluence that Mr. Seward was placed in the cabinet. 
He was a warm supporter and personal friend of 
Mr. Lincoln in all his active measures, though at 
times deploring what he considered a hesitating 
policy. After the disaster at Bull Run he proposed 
the establishment of a provisional government In 
1861 he was again elected to the state assembly, 
where he was chosen speaker, and in 1863 he was 
defeated by Gov. Edwin D. Morgan for the nomi- 
nation for U. S. senator. In 1864 he was elected to 
congress, and in a speech on 22 Dec, 1865, main- 
tained that the southern states had never been out 
of the Union. He sustained the reconstruction 
policy of President Johnson. On the expiration 
of his term he declined renomination, ana he re- 
fused the mission to Austria in 1867. He assisted 
in the organization of the " National Union con- 
vention " which met at Philadelphia in August, 
vol. v. — 18 



1866, and was the author of the *' Philadelphia Ad- 
dress " to the people of the United States. In the 
summer of 1868 he visited Europe with his family, 
and after his return resumed the active labors of 
bis profession, with which he was occupied till his 
death. As an orator Mr. Raymond possessed great 
power. As a journalist he aid gooa service in ele- 
vating the tone of newspaper discussion, showing 
by his own example that it was possible to be ear- 
nest and brilliant without transgressing the laws 6t 
decorum. He wrote ** Political Lessons of the Revo- 
lution" (New York, 1854); "Letters to Mr. Yan- 
cey " (I860); " History of the Administration of 
President Lincoln "(1864); and "Life and Ser- 
vices of Abraham Lincoln ; with his State Papers, 
Speeches, Letters, etc." (1865). See Augustus Mav- 
erick's " H. J. Raymond and the New York Press 
for Thirty Years * (Hartford, 1870). 

RAYMOND, James, lawyer, b. in Connecticut 
in 1796 ; d. in Westminster, Md M in January, 1858. 
He was graduated at Yale in 1818, removed to 
Maryland, studied law in Frederick city, and was 
admitted to the bar in 1885. After practising at 
Frederick, he removed to Westminster, Carroll co., 
where he resided till his death. In 1844 he was 
elected a member of the house of delegates, and in 
1847 he was appointed state's attorney. He was a 
profound lawyer, and was exceptionably well read 
in the literature of his profession. He published 
44 Digest of the Maryland Chancery Decision " (New 
York, 1889), and " Political," a book in opposition 
to 44 Knownothingism " as a phase of politics in 
the state of Maryland. 

RAYMOND, John Howard, educator, b. in 
New York city, 7 March, 1814 ; d. in Poughkeepsie, 
N. Y., 14 Aug., 187a He was for a time a student 
in Columbia, but was graduated at Union college 
in 1882. Immediately thereafter he entered upon 
the study of the law in New Haven. The con- 
straint of religious convictions led him to abandon 
this pursuit, and in 1834 he entered the theological 
seminary at Hamilton, N. Y., with the intention of 
preparing for the Baptist ministry. His progress in 
the study of Hebrew was so marked that before his 
graduation he was appointed a tutor in that lan- 
guage. In 1889 he was raised to the chair of rhet- 
oric and English literature in Madison university, 
which he filled for ten years with a constantly 
growing reputation as a teacher and orator. In 
1850 he accepted the professorship of belles-let- 
tres in the newly established Rochester univer- 
sity. In 1856 he was selected to organize the Col- 
legiate and polytechnic institute in Brooklyn, and 
accomplished the task with great success. He was 
summoned in 1865 to perform a similar service in 
connection with the recently founded Yassar col- 
lege at Poughkeepsie, N. Y., where he was made 
president and professor of mental and moral phi- 
losophy. His varied gifts and accomplishments 
here found scope for their highest exercise. Though 
an able and eloquent preacher, ministering regu- 
larly as chaplain of the college, he was never or- 
dained. His published works were confined to 
pamphlets and sermons. He received the honorary 
degree of LL. D. See his 4 * Life and Letters " (New 
York, 1880).— His brother, Robert Raikes, edu- 
cator, b. in New York city in 1819 ; d. in Brooklyn, 
N. Y., 16 Nov., 1888. He was graduated at Union 
college in 1889. He edited the Syracuse M Free 
Democrat " in 1852, and the " Evening Chronicle " 
in 1858-'4, and was professor of elocution and Eng- 
lish in Brooklyn polytechnic institute from 1857 
till 1864. He published "Gems from Tupper" 
(Syracuse, 1854) ; " Little Don Quixote," from the 
German (1855); ** Patriotic Speaker "(New York, 



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RAYNAL 



1864); and single sermons mod addresses. — Rob- 
ert's son, Rouiter Worthlngton, mining engi- 
neer, b. in Cincinnati, Ohio, 27 April, 18*5, was 
graduated at Brooklyn polytechnic institute in 
1858, and spent three years jn professional study at 
the Royal mining academy in Freiberg, Saxony, 
and at the universities of Heidelberg and Munich. 
On his return to the United States he entered 
the army as additional aide-de-camp, with the rank 
of captain, on 81 March. 1802, ana resigned on 6 
April, 1864. Subsequently he settled in New York 
city as a consulting engineer, with special reference 
to mining property anametallurgical processes. In 
1868 he was appointed U. 8. commissioner of min- 
ing statistics, which office he held until 1876, issu- 
ing each year " Reports on the Mineral Resources 
of the United States West of the Rocky Mountains " 
(8 vols., Washington, 1869-76), of which several 
were published in New York with the titles of 
" American Mines and Mining," "The United 
States Mining Industry," " Mines, Mills, and Fur- 
naces," and u Silver and Gold." He was invited 
to lecture on economic geology at Lafayette in 
1870, and continued so engaged until 1882. Dr. 
Raymond has travelled extensively throughout the 
mining districts of the United States in connection 
with his official appointments, and from his knowl- 
edge of the subject has been very largely consulted 
concerning the value of mines, serving also as an 
expert in court on these subjects. He was one of 
the U. S. commissioners to the World's fair in 
Vienna in 1878, and was appointed in 1885 New 
York state commissioner of electric subways for 
the city of Brooklyn. Dr. Raymond was one of 
the original members of the American institute of 
mining engineers, its vice-president in 1871, presi- 
dent m 1872-'4, and secretary in 1884-U In the 
latter capacity he has edited the annual volumes of 
its " Transactions " since his election. He is a mem- 
ber of the Society of civil engineers of France and 
of various other technical ana scientific societies at 
home and abroad. In 1867 he was editor of the 
"American Journal of Mining," which in 1868 be- 
came the " Engineering and Mining Journal," of 
which he is still (1888) senior editor. In addition 
to numerous professional papers, he has published 
" Die Leibgarde " (Boston, 1863), being a German 
translation of Mrs. John C. Fr6monrs " Story of 
the Guard " ; " The Children's Week " (New York, 
1871) ; " Brave Hearts," a novel (1878) ; M The Man 
in the Moon and other People " (1874) ; M The Book 
of Job" (1878); "The Merry-go-Round " (1880); 
" Camp and Cabin " (1880) ; " A Glossary of Mining 
and Metallurgical Terms" (1881); and "Memorial 
of Alexander L. Holley " (1888). 

RAYMOND. John T„ actor, b. in Buffalo, 
N. Y., 5 April, 1886; d. in Evansville, Ind., 10 
April, 1887. His original name was John O'Brien ; 
was educated in the common schools, and made 
his first appearance, 27 June, 1853, at the Roch- 
ester theatre as Lopez in " The Honeymoon." In 
the summer of 1857 he accompanied Edward 
Sothern to Halifax, N. S., and afterward appeared 
at Charleston as Asa Trenchard in " Our American 
Cousin," with Sothern as Lord Dundreary. Ho 
went to England in 1867, and on 1 July ne ap- 
peared in London at the Haymarket theatre as 
Asa Trenchard with Sothern, making a great suc- 
cess, and afterward made a tour of the British 
provincial theatres in company with Sothern, and 
also acted in Paris. Returning to this country in 
the autumn of 1868, he reappeared in New York, 
playing Toby Twinkle in "All that Glitters is not 
Gold.' p A little later he went to San Francisco, 
where, on 18 Jaiu, 1869, he made his first appear- 



ance as Graves in Bulwer*s comedy of " Money." 
Mr. Raymond returned to New York in 1871, and 
there his greatest success was achieved in 1874, 
when he brought out at the Park theatre " The 
Gilded Age." In this Mr. Raymond took the part 
of Colonel Mulberry Sellers, which he rendered pe- 
culiarly his own, and in which he delighted thou- 
sands by the original character of his humor. He 
went to England on a professional engagement in 
1880, but his character of Colonel Sellers did not 
prove popular and he soon returned. He ap- 
peared on the stage for the last time in Hopkins- 
ville, Ky. Though Mr. Raymond's talent as a 
comedian was not of the highest order, it was of 
such a peculiar character as to secure him success. 
Mr. Raymond's wife accompanied her husband to 
Europe, and played Florence Trenchard in " Our 
American Cousin" at the Theatre des Italians, 
Paris. She also accompanied him to California, 
and took the r51e of Clara Douglas in " Money." 

RAYMOND, Miner, clergyman, b. in New York 
city, 29 Aug., 181 1. He was educated at Wesleyan 
academy, Wilbraham, Mas&, where he became a 
teacher in 1824, and was its principal in 1848-'64 
Since 1864 he has been professor of systematic 
theology in Garrett biblical institute, Evanston, 
111. He has been a member of the annual con- 
ferences of his church for forty-eight years, and six 
times a delegate to the general conference. Wes- 
leyan university gave him the degree of D. D. in 
1854, and Northwestern university, Evanston, that 
of LL. D. in 1884. He has published " Systematic 
Theology " (8 vols., Cincinnati, 1877). 

RAYNAL, Guillaume Thomas Francois, 
called Abbe, French historian, b. in St Genies, 
Rouergue, 12 April, 1718; d. in Paris, 6 March, 
1798. He received his education in the college of 
the Jesuits at Pezenas, and was ordained priest 
In 1747 he moved to Paris, and was attached to 
the parish of St Sulpice, but was dismissed for 
conduct unbecoming a clergyman. He then en- 
tered literary life, became an editor of the " Mer- 
cure de France," and, soon acquiring fame, gained 
entrance to fashionable society, where he made the 
acquaintance of Diderot, d'Alembert, Rousseau, 
Voltaire, and others. By their advice he under- 
took the publication of a philosophical history of 
the discovery and conquest of the American colo- 
nies, and devoted nearly ten years to that work; 
which made a great sensation, and was translated 
into all European languages. It is entitled " His- 
toire philosophique etpohtique des e'tablissements 
et du commerce des Europeans dans les deux In- 
des " (4 vols., Paris, 1770 ; revised ed., with new docu- 
ments furnished by the Count d'Aranda, Spanish 
secretary of state, 16 vols., Geneva. 1780-'5). Sev- 
eral of the most noted authors of the time contrib- 
uted to the work. Ravnal's history contained viru- 
lent attacks on the Roman Catholic church, and 
the author was obliged to seek a refuge in Prussia. 
By order of Louis XVI. the parliament of Paris 
pronounced condemnation upon Raynal's history, 
and it was burned by the public executioner in the 
Place de Greve in 1781. Toward 1787 he obtained 

Sermission to return to France, and fixtid his resi- 
ence in Toulon. He was elected to the states- 
general in 1789 by the city of Marseilles, but de- 
clined on account of his age. During the revolu- 
tion he lived chiefly in Montlhery. Besides those 
already cited, Raynal's works include "Histoire 
du stathoudlrat" (The Hague, 1748} : "Anecdotes 
litteraires " (2 vols., Paris, 1760) ; " Histoire du par- 
lement d' Angleterre " (London, 1751); and "Me- 
moires politique* de 1' Europe " (8 vols., 1754-'74). 
William Mazzey, Virginia, published a refutation 



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RAYNER 



REA 



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of Ravnal's chief work under the title " Recherche* 
histonques et philoeophiques sur lee Etats-Unis de 
YAm&riwm du Nord ,r (4 vols., Paris, 1788). 

RAYNER, Kenneth, jurist, b. in Bertie county, 
N. C., in 1806 ; d. in Washington, D. C, 4 March, 
1884. His father, a Baptist clergyman, was a 
soldier during the war of the Revolution. The son 
was educated at Tarboro academy, studied law, and 
was admitted to the bar, but did not practise. He 
was a member of the convention of 1885 to revise 
the state constitution, and- having removed to 
Hertford county, represented it in the legislature 
almost continuously from 1885 till 1851. He was 
elected to congress from North Carolina for three 
successive terms, and served from 2 Dec, 1889, till 
3 March, 1845. He was a presidential elector on 
the Taylor and Fillmore ticket in 1849. Mr. Rav- 
ner afterward removed to Mississippi In 1874 he 
was appointed by President Grant a judge of the 
court of commissioners of Alabama claims, and in 
1877 he became solicitor of the treasury, which post 
he held till his death. 

RAYNOLDS, William Franklin, soldier, b. 
in Canton, Ohio, 17 March, 1820. He was gradu- 
ated at the U. S. military academy in 1848, and 
entered the army in July, as brevet 2d lieutenant 
in the 5th infantry. He served in the war with 
Mexico in 1847-*8, and was in charge of the ex- 

?loration of Yellowstone and Missouri rivers in 
859-'61. He was chief topographical engineer 
of the Department of Virginia in 1861. ana was 
appointed colonel and additional aide-de-camp, 81 
March, 1862. Besides serving as chief engineer of 
the middle department and the 8th army corps 
from January, 1868, till April, 1864, he was in 
charge of the defences of Harper's Ferry during 
the Confederate invasion of Pennsylvania in June, 
1868, and was chief engineer of the defences of 
Baltimore, M<L, 28 June, 1868. He was super- 
intending engineer of north and northwest lakes, 
and engineer of light-houses on northern lakes, and 
in charge of harbor improvements in the entire 
lake region from 14 April 1864, till April, 1870. 
At the end of the civil war he was brevetted colonel 
and brigadier -general in the regular army. He 
was promoted lieutenant-colonel, 7 March, 1867, 
and colonel, 2 Jan., 1881. 

RAYON, Ignnelo Lopes (ri-yong'), Mexican 
patriot, b. in Tlalpujahua in 1778 ; d. m Mexico, 2 
Feb., 1827. He was graduated at. the College of 
San Ildefonso in Mexico, and practised law. In 
September, 1810, he espoused the cause of inde- 
pendence, joined Miguel Hidalgo in October in Ma- 
ravatio, and was appointed general secretary. In 
December he was appointed oy Hidalgo secretary 
of state and foreign relations. He followed the 
fugitive chiefs to Saltillo. and, after they went to 
the United States, became the real chief of the 
revolution in Mexico. He gathered a force of 
8,500 men and marched to the south, defeating 
several Spanish detachments, and on 18 April, 

1811, occupied Zacatecas, where he cast cannon, 
and was busy organising his army. On the ap- 
proach of Gen. Felix Calleja he abandoned the city, 
and in Zitaouaro convened the insurgent chiefs, 
who appointed in August a governing junta, over 
which Rayon presided. He published proclama- 
tions until Gen. Calleja surrounded the town. Al- 
though it was valiantly defended by Rayon with 
only 600 regular soldiers and a great number of In- 
dians, the town was stormed next day. Rayon fled, 
and, gathering his forces, attacked Toluca, 18 April, 

1812. During 1818 disagreements arose between 
the members of the governing junta, and Rayon 
sepa ra ted from them, nut he took part in the con- 



%VV MOjHm, 



gross of Chilpancingo. After the defeat and cap- 
ture of Matamoros he retired to the mountain 
fortress of Coporo, occupied by his brother Ramon, 
and on 4 March, 1815, defeated the royalists under 
Llano and Iturbide. 
In September, J81 6, 
he left Coporo, and, 
after many encoun- 
ters, was captured 
by the royalists, 11 
Dec, 1817, and con- 
demned to death,but 
was pardoned and 
kept prisoner till 15 
Nov., 1820, when he 
was released under 
bail. After the oc- 
cupation of Mexico 
by Iturbide, Rayon 
was appointed in 
1822 treasurer of the 
province of San Luis 
Potosi, and later he 
was deputy to con- 
gress for Michoacan. 
Congress promoted 
him in 1834 major- 
general, and in 1825 commander-in-chief of Jalisco, 
which place he occupied till February, 1827, when 
he was appointed president of the supreme tribu- 
nal of war and the navy. In 1842 Santa-Anna 
ordered Rayon's name to be inscribed in gold let- 
ters in the chamber of congress. — His brother, 
Ramon, b. in Tlalpujahua in 1775 ; d. in Mexico, 
19 July, 1889, was established in business in Mexico 
when the revolution began in Dolores in 1810, and 
hearing that his brother had been appointed Hi- 
dalgo's secretary, he abandoned his store and joined 
the insurgents. He began to study fortification 
and the art of casting cannon, and soon established 
a foundry at Zitacuaro, the fortifications of which 

Slace he designed, and took an active part in its 
efence, losing an eye on the retreat. Afterward he 
established a factory of arms at Tlalpujahua, took 
part in the principal engagements during 181&-'14, 
and with his forces retired into the fortress of Co- 
poro, which V® had erected, and where he held out 
for more than two years against the repeated attacks 
of the royalists, till he was forced by want of pro- 
visions afpl a military mutiny to sign an honorable 
capitulation, 7 Jan., 1817. He was so much es- 
teemed by his enemies that he obtained in 1818 
from the viceroy Apodaca the pardon of his brother 
Ignaoio. After the triumph of Iturbide he retired 
to private life, and opened several industrial estab- 
lishments. In 1834 Santa-Anna appointed him 
chief of operations against the insurgents of Mi- 
choacan, and in a short campaign he pacified the 
province, capturing Morelia on 14 June, 1884, and 
re-establishing confidence by his humane measures. 
At the time of his death he was governor of the 
state of Mexico. 

REA, John, member of congress, b. in Penn- 
sylvania in 1755 ; d. in Chambersburg, Pa., 6 Feb., 
1829. ; He served during the Revolutionary war, 
was several times a member of the state house of 
representatives, and was five times elected as a 
Democrat to congress, serving from 1808 till 1815, 
except in 1811-18. 

REA, John Patterson, soldier, b. in Lower 
Oxford, Chester go.. Pa., 18 Oct, 1840. He was 
educated in the public schools, and, after working 
for some time in a factory, he removed in the au- 
tumn of 1860 to Miami county, Ohio. In the 
spring of 1861 he enlisted as a private in the 11th 



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Ohio infantry, and in August he joined the 1st 
Ohio cavalry. He was oom missioned 2d lieutenant 
soon afterward, promoted 1st lieutenant, 12 March, 
1882, captain, 1 April, 1868, and brevet major, 28 
Nov., 1868. He participated in all the campaigns 
and battles of his regiment, which formed part of 
Lorings cavalry brigade, Army of the Cumberland, 
and during his service was never absent from duty 
except while he was a prisoner for eight days. 
After leaving the army he entered the Wesleyan 
university, Delaware, Ohio, where he was graduated 
in 1867. He afterward returned to Pennsylvania, 
studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1868. 
In 186&-'78 he was assessor of internal revenue. 
Removing to Minnesota, he then became editor 
of the Minneapolis " Tribune,** but in May, 1877, 
he resumed the practice of law, and in November 
was elected a judge of probate for Hennepin county. 
He was next elected judge of the 4th Minnesota 
district, and in November, 1886, was re-elected for 
the term of six years. He was quartermaster-gen- 
eral of Minnesota from 1888 till 1886. holding the 
rank of brigadier-general, and in 1887 was chosen 
commander-in-chief of the Grand snny of the re- 
public at the national encampment at St Louis. 

READ, Charles, jurist, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 
1 Feb., 1715; d. probably in North Carolina 
about 1780. His father, of the same name, was 
mayor of Philadelphia in 1725, sheriff of the county 
in 1721MM, collector of excise in 1725-*34, after- 
ward collector of the port of Burlington, N. J., and 
at his death was a provincial councillor and sole 
judge of the admiralty. The son succeeded his 
father as collector of the port of Burlington, stud- 
ied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1758. 
About 1760 he became an associate justice of the 
supreme court, which office, as well as that of col- 
lector, he held till the Revolution, acting for a time 
as chief justice on the death of Robert H. Morris 
in 1764. He was several times mayor of Burling- 
ton. He was chosen colonel of a regiment of 
militia in 1776, was a deputy to the convention 
to frame a new constitution, and on 18 July was 
made colonel of a battalion of the flying camp, but 
in December he made his submission to the British. 
Bancroft, in an early edition of his " History of the 
United States," confounded Gen. Joseph Reed with 
the officer that submitted to Sir. William Howe. 
Read was afterward taken prisoner by the Ameri- 
cans and sent to Philadelphia, whence he was re- 
moved to North Carolina. He was one of the 
founders of the American philosophical society. 



— His brother. James, jurist, b. in Philadelphia, 
Pa., 29 Jan., 1716; d. there, 17 Oct, 1798, studied 
law and was admitted to the bar in September, 1742. 
He was deputy prothonotary of the supreme court 
of the province, and also a justice of the peace. 
About the time of the formation of Berks county 
he settled in Reading, where in 1752 he became 
the first prothonotary, register of wills, and clerk 
of the courts, which offices he held for more than 
twenty-five years. He served in the general assem- 
bly in 1777, and in the supreme executive council 
from June, 1778, till October, 1781. Prom 1781 
till 1788 he was register of the admiralty. In 
1788 he became one of the council of censors 
whose duty it was to propose amendments to the 
constitution. From 1787 till 1790 he was again 
a member of the executive council. Shortly after- 
ward he removed to Philadelphia, where be re- 
sided until his death. He was a man of scholarly 
attainments. His correspondence, which is still in 
existence, besides remarks on gardening and ob- 
servations of nature, gives his views on education 
and politics and criticisms on current French and 



English works. His death was caused by yellow 
fever during the great epidemic — James's son, 
CoIUbmb, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., in 1751; d. in 
Reading, Pa., 1 March, 1815, studied law at the 
Temple, London, and was admitted to the bar of 
Berks county on 18 Aug., 1772. He was appointed 
deputy register of wills for the county, and after- 
ward practised law in Philadelphia. He was a 
presidential elector when George Washington was 
first chosen president of the United States. He 
published a " Digest of the Laws of Pennsylvania" 
(Philadelphia, 1801) ; " Abridgment of the Laws of 
Pennsylvania" (1804); M American Pleader's As- 
sistant " (1806) ; and " Precedents in the Office of a 
Justice of the Peace "(8d ed., 1810). His daughter, 
Sarah, married Gen. William Gates. 

READ, Daniel, composer, b. in Attleborough, 
Mass., 16 Nov., 1757; d. in New Haven, Conn., in 
1841. He was a manufacturer of combs in New 
Haven, but at the same time cultivated music, and 
published in 1791 ** The American Singing- Book, 
or a New and Easy Guide to the Art of Psalmody," 
and in 1798 •* Columbian Harmony," a collection 
of devotional music Subsequently he published a 
" New Collection of Psalm-Tunes,* which came to 
be known as the " Litchfield Collection," containing 
many tunes of his own composition (Dedham, 1805). 
u Windham," "Greenwich," " Sherburne," "Rus- 
sia," " Stafford," and others of Read's hymn-tunes 
are still in general use in American churches. 

READ, Daniel, educator, b. in Marietta, Ohio, 
24 Jane, 1805; d. in Keokuk, Iowa, 8 Oct, 187a 
He was graduated at Ohio university in 1824, and 
for eleven years was principal of the preparatory 
department, at the same time studying law, and 
obtaining admission to the bar, although he never 
practised. He became professor of ancient lan- 
guages in the university iu 1886, and when, in 
1888, a separate professorship of Greek was estab- 
lished, taught political economy in connection with 
Latin till 1848, when he accepted the chair of lan- 
guages at the Indiana state university. He was a 
member of the State constitutional convention of 
Indiana in 1850. In 1858-'4 he performed the 
duties of president of the university, In 1856 he 
became professor of mental and moral philosophy 
in Wisconsin university, and in 1868 entered on 
the presidency of Missouri state university, Colum- 
bia, which office he filled until 1876. He was a 
frequent speaker on educational subjects. — His 
brother, Abner, naval officer, b. in Urbana, Ohio, 
5 April, 1821 ; d. in Baton Rouge, La., 12 July, 
1863, was educated at the Ohio university, but 
left in his senior year, having received an appoint- 
ment as midshipman in the U. S. navy. After a 
voyage to South America, he studied for a year at 
the Naval school in Philadelphia, and was appointed 
acting sailing-master, in which capacity be gained 
a reputation as a navigator. He took part in the 
later naval operations of the Mexican war, and in 
1855 was placed on the retired list with the rank 
of lieutenant, but was afterward reinstated by the 
examining board. In the early part of the civil 
war he performed important services as commander 
of the •• Wyandotte " in saving Fort Pickens from 
falling into the hands of the Confederates. He 
was assigned to the. command of the "New Lon- 
don " in 1862, and cruised in Mississippi sound, 
taking more than thirty prizes, and breaking up 
the trade between New Orleans and Mobile. He 
captured a battery at Biloxi, and had several en- 
gagements with Confederate steamers. He was 
commissioned lieutenant-commander on 16 July, 
and commander on 18 Sept., 1862. In June, 1868, 
he was placed in charge of the steam sloop 



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M Monongahela," and, while engaging the batteries 
above Donaldson ville, received a fatal wound. 
— Daniel's son, Theodore, soldier, b. in Athens, 
Ohio, 11 April, 1836: d. near Farm ville, Va., 5 
April, 1865. was graduated at the Indiana state 
university in 1854, studied law, was appointed 
district attorney, afterward held a clerkship in the 
interior department at Washington, and in 1860 
began practising law at Paris, 111. At the begin- 
ning of the civil war he enlisted, and served his 
term of three months in the ranks. He was then 
given a staff appointment with the rank of cap- 
tain, 24 Oct. 1861, received a wound at Chancel- 
lorsville, at Gettysburg, and for the third time at 
Cold Harbor. He was promoted major on 25 July, 
1864, and was chief of staff to Gen. Edward 0. C. 
Ord from the time when the latter took command 
of a corps in the Army of the James. He served in 
various battles in Gen. Grant's campaign, and on 
29 Sept, 1864, was brevetted brigadier-general of 
volunteers for services in the field. He lost his 
life in the last encounter between the armies of 
Gens. Grant and Lee. Gen. Ord had directed Gen. 
Read to burn the bridge at Farmville, in the line 
of Lee's retreat The small party was overtaken 
by the advance of the entire Confederate army, and 
surrendered after every officer had been killed, hav- . 
ing, however, accomplished its purpose of checking 
Lee's movement (See Deabinq, Jambs.) 

READ, George Campbell, naval officer, b. in 
Ireland about 1787; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 22 
Aug., 1862. He came to the United States at an 
early age, was appointed a midshipman in the navy 
on 2 April, 1804, and advanced to the rank of lieu- 
tenant on 25 April, 1810. He was 3d lieutenant on 
the ** Constitution " when the British frigate 
•* Guerriere " was captured, and Capt Isaac Hull as- 
signed to him the honor of receiving the surrender 
of Capt James R. Dacres, the British commander. 
He took an active part in other engagements of the 
war of 1812, and near its close commanded the 
brig M Chippewa," of the living squadron com- 
manded by Com. Oliver H. Perry that was sent 
out to destroy the enemy's commerce. He was 
promoted commander on 27 April, 1816, and cap- 
tain on 8 March, 1825, took charge of the East 
India squadron in 1840, and of the squadron on 
the coast of Africa in 1846, and, after commanding 
the Mediterranean squadron for some time, was 
placed on the reserve list on 13 Sept, 1855. In 
1861 he was appointed governor of the Naval asylum 
in Philadelphia, and on 31 July, 1862, by virtue of 
an act of congress that had been recently passed, 
was made a rear-admiral on the retired list 

READ, H oil is, missionary, b. in Newfane, Vt, 
26 Aug., 1802; d. in Somerville. N. J., 7 April, 
1887. He was graduated at Williams in 1826, 
studied theology at Princeton seminary, was or- 
dained as an evangelist at New bury port, Mass., 
24 Sept, 1829, and in the following year sailed for 
India. He labored for five years as a missionary 
in Bombay, then returned to the United States, 
and was for two years an agent for the American 
board of commissioners for foreign missions. He 
was pastor in 1837-'8 of the Presbyterian church 
at Babylon, L. I., and in 1838-*48 of the Congrega- 
tional church at Derby, Conn. He was agent for 
the American tract society in 184&-'4, pastor of the 
Congregational church at New Preston, Conn., in 
1845-'5l, a teacher at Orange and agent for the 
Society for the conversion of the Jews in 1851-'5, 
and afterward preached at Cranford, N. J., till 1864. 
He published •* Journal in India " (New York, 1835) ; 
"Babajee, the Christian Brahmin" (New York, 1887)-, 
M The Hand of God in History "(Hartford, 1848-'52), 



which was republished in England and had great 
popularity ; " Memoirs and Sermons of W. J. Arm- 
strong, D.D." (New York, 1851); "Palace of the 
Great King" (New York, 1855); "Commerce and 
Christianity," a prize essay (Philadelphia, 1856); 
•' India and its People, Ancient and Modern " (Co- 
lumbus, 1858) ; " The Coming Crisis of the World " 
(Columbus, 1858): " The Negro Problem Solved, or 
Africa as She Was, as She Is, and as She Shall 
Be" (New York, 1804); and "The Footprints of 
Satan" (1866). Rev. William Ramsey published 
an account of a missionary tour in India made 
with Mr. Read. 

READ, Jacob, senator, b. in South Carolina in 
1752; d. in Charleston, S. C, 17 July, 1816. He 
received a liberal education, studied law in Eng- 
land from 177ft till 1776, and practised in Charles- 
ton. During the Revolution he served as a major 
of South Carolina volunteers, and was taken pris- 
oner, and confined for four years at St Augustine, 
Fla. He was elected a member of the legislature, 
and in 1783 was sent as a delegate of South Caro- 
lina to the Continental congress, of which body 
he was a member till 1786. He was elected as a 
Federalist to the U. S. senate, taking his seat on 
7 Dec., 1795, and when he had served through his 
term, which ended on 8 March, 1801, President 
John Adams appointed him judge of the U. S. 
court for the district of South Carolina, which 
office he held until his death. 

READ, John, lawyer, b. in Mendon, ^foss., about 
1673 ; d. in Boston, Mass^ 7 Feb., 1749. He was 
graduated at Harvard in 1687, studied theology, 
and was for some time a popular preacher. Sub- 
sequently he studied law, and attained eminence 
at the bar. He was an active member of the pro- 
vincial house of representatives, and of the coun- 
cil during Gov. William Shirley's administration. 
He contributed greatly to the reform of legal 
phraseology, being the first to reduce the anti- 
quated forms and redundant phrases of deeds of 
conveyance to simpler and clearer language. 

READ, John, planter, b. in Dublin, Ireland, in 
1688; d. at his seat in Delaware, 17 June, 1756. 
He was the son of an English gentleman of large 
fortune belonging to the family of Read of Berk- 
shire, Hertfordshire, and Oxfordshire. Having re- 
ceived a seve*re shock by the death of a young lady 
to whom he. was attached, he came to the American 
colonies and, with a view of diverting his mind, 
entered into* extensive enterprises in Maryland and 
Delaware. He purchased, soon after his arrival, a 
large landed estate in Cecil county, Md.,and founded, 
with six associates, the city of Charlestown, on the 
head-waters of Chesapeake bay, twelve years after 
Baltimore was begun, with the intention of creating 
a rival mart for the northern trade, and thus de- 
veloping northern Maryland and building up the 
neighboring iron-works of the Principio company, 
in which the older generations of the Washington 
family and, at a later period, the general himself, 
were also largely interested. As an original proprie- 
tor of the town, he was appointed by the colonial 
legislature of Maryland one of the commissioners to 
lay it out and govern it He held various military 
offices during his life, and in bis later years resided 
on his plantation in Newcastle county, Del. — His 
eldest son, George, signer of the Declaration of 
Independence, b. at the family-seat, Cecil county, 
Md., 17 Sept., 1733 ; d. in Newcastle, Del, 21 Sept, 
1798, was one of the two statesmen, and the only 
southern one, that signed the three great state pa- 
pers that underlie the foundations of our govern- 
ment : the original petition to the king of the 1st 
i Continental congress, the Declaration of lndepend- 



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ence, and the constitution of the United State?. He 
received a classical education, first at Chester, Pa., 
and afterward at New London, and at the age of 
nineteen was admitted to the Philadelphia bar. He 
removed in 1754 to Newcastle, where the family 
had large landed estates. While holding the office 
of attorney-general of Kent, Delaware, and Sussex 
counties in 1763- 
'74, he pointed out 
to the British gov- 
ernment the dan- 
ger of taxing the 
colonies without 
giving them direct 
representation in 
parliament, and in 
a letter to Sir 
Richard Neave, af- 
terward governor 
of the Bank of 
England, written 
in 1765, he prophe- 
sied that a con- 
tinuance in such a 
policv would ulti- 
/^ mately lead not 

££&fo&C on, y t0 independ- 

¥ £. — ^ ence, but to the 

" colonies surpass- 

ing England in her staple manufactures. He was 
for twelve years a member of the Delaware as- 
sembly, during which period, as chairman of its 
committee, he wrote the address to the king which 
Lord Shelburne said so impressed George HI. 
that the latter read it twice. Chagrined at the 
unchanged attitude of the mother country, he re- 
signed the attorney-generalship, and was elected 
to the first congress which met at Philadelphia 
in 1774. Although he voted against independence, 
he finally signed the Declaration, and thenceforth 
was one of the stanchest supporters of the cause of 
the colonies. He was president of the first naval 
committee in 1775: of the Constitutional conven- 
tion in 1776; author of the first constitution of 
Delaware, and the first edition of her laws ; vice- 
president of Delaware, and acting president of that 
state after the capture of President McKinley; 
judge of the national court of admiralty cases in 
1782 ; and a commissioner to settle a territorial con- 
troversy between Massachusetts and New York in 
1785. Mr. Read was a delegate to the Annapolis 
convention in 1786, which gave rise to the conven- 
tion that met in Philadelphia in 1787 and framed 
the constitution of the United States. In the lat- 
ter convention he ably advocated the rights of the 
smaller states to an equal representation in the 
U. S. senate. He was twice elected U. S. senator, 
serving from 1789 till 1793, when he resigned to 
assume the office of chief justice of Delaware, 
which post he filled until his death. In person, 
Read was tall, slightly and gracefully formed, with 
pleasing features and lustrous brown eyes. His 
manners were dignified, bordering upon austerity, 
but courteous, and at times captivating. He com- 
manded entire confidence, not only from his pro- 
found legal knowledge, sound judgment, and im- 
partial decisions, but from his severe integrity and 
the purity of his private character. He married in 
1763 Gertrude, daughter of the Rev. George Ross, 
and sister of George Ross, a signer of the Declara- 
tion. See his " Life and Correspondence," by Will- 
iam T. Read (Philadelphia, 1870).— Another son, 
Thomas, naval officer, b. in Newcastle, Del., in 1740; 
d. at White Hill, N. J., 26 Oct, 1788, was the first 
naval officer to obtain the rank of commodore in 



command of an American fleet He was appointed 
on 23 Oct, 1775, commodore of the Pennsylvania 
navy, having as the surgeon of his fleet Dr.* Benja- 
min Rush, and while holding this command he 
made a successful defence of the Delaware. He 
was appointed, 7 June, 1776, to the highest grade in 
the Continental navy, and assigned to one of its four 
largest ships, the £2-gun frigate " George Wash- 
ington," then building on Delaware river. While 
awaiting the completion of his ship he volunteered 
for land service, and was sent as captain by the com- 
mittee of safety to join Washington. He gave valu- 
able assistance in the crossing of the Delaware, and 
at the battle of Trenton commanded a battery 
made up of guns from his frigate, and with it raketl 
the stone bridge across the Assanpink. For this ser- 
vice he received the formal thanks of all the general 
officers that participated in that action, as is stated 
in a letter or 14 Jan., 1777, written by his brother. 
Col. James Read (who was near him during the en- 
gagement), to his wife. After much service on sea 
and land he resigned his commission, and, retiring 
to his seat near Bordentown, N. J., dispensed a lib- 
eral hospitality to his old companions-in-arms, espe- 
cially to his brother members of the Society of the 
Cincinnati. Shortly afterward he was induced by 
his friend, Robert Morris, to take command of his 
old frigate, the " Alliance," which had recently been 
bought by Morris for commercial purposes, and 
make a joint adventure to the China seas. Taking 
with him as chief officer one of his old subordinates, 
Richard Dale, afterward Com. Dale, and George 
Harrison, who became an eminent citizen of Phila- 
delphia, as supercargo, he sailed from the Delaware, 
7 June, 1787, and arrived at Canton on 22 Deo, 
following, after sailing on a track that had never 
before been taken by anv other vessel, and making 
the first " out-of-season ,f passage to China. In this 
voyage he discovered two islands, which he named, 
respectively, •• Morris " and *• Alliance " islands, and 
which form part of the Caroline group. By this 
discovery the United States became entitled to 
rights which have never been properly asserted. 
In his obituary of Read, Robert Morris said : 
"While integrity, benevolence, patriotism, and cour- 
age, united with the most gentle manners, are re- 
spected and admired among men, the name of this 
valuable citizen and soldier-will be revered and be- 
loved by all who knew him."— Another son, James, 
soldier, b. at the family-seat, Newcastle county, 
Del., in 1743 ; d. in Philadelphia, 81 Dec., 1822, was 
promoted from 1st lieutenant to colonel for gal- 
lant services at the battles of Trenton, Princeton, 
Brandywine, and Germantown, appointed by con- 
gress, 4 Nov., 1778, one of the three commissioners 
of the navy for the middle states, and on 11 Jan., 
1781, was invested by the same body with sole iwwer 
to conduct the navy board. When His friend, Robert 
Morris, became agent he was elected secretary, and 
was the virtual head of the marine department 
while Morris managed the finances of the American 
confederacv. — George's son, John, lawyer, b. in 
Newcastle,* Del., 7 July, 1769; d. in Trenton, N. J., 
13 July, 1854, was graduated at Princeton in 1787, 
studied law with his father, and, removing in 1789 
to Philadelphia, rose to high rank in his profession. 
He was appointed in 1797 by President Adams 
agent-general of the United States under Jay's 
treaty, and held that office until its expiration in 
1809. Mr. Read was also a member oi the su- 
preme and common councils of Philadelphia and of 
the Pennsylvania legislature, and in 1816 chairman 
of its celebrated committee of seventeen. He suc- 
ceeded Nicholas Biddle in the Pennsylvania senate 
in 1816, was state director of the Philadelphia bank 



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in 1817, and succeeding his wife's uncle, George Cly- 
mer, as president of that bank in 1819. he filled that 
post till 1841. when he resigned. He was prominent 
in the councils of the Episcopal church. During 
the yellow-fever plague in Philadelphia in 1798, 
Mr. Read and Stephen Girard remained in the 
city, and he opened his purse and exposed his life 
in behalf of his suffering fellow-citizens. Mr. Read 
was the author of a valuable work entitled "Argu- 
ments on the British Debts " (Philadelphia, 17&8). 
— John's son, John Meredith, jurist, b. in Phila- 
delphia, Pa., 21 July, 1797; d. in Philadelphia, 29 
Nov., 1874, was graduated at the University of 
Pennsylvania in 1812, and admitted to the bar in 
1818. He was a member of the Pennsylvania 
legislature in 1822-'3, city solicitor and member 
of the select council, in which capacity he drew up 
the first clear exposition of the finances of Phila- 
delphia, U. S. attorney for the eastern district of 
Pennsylvania in 1837-44, solicitor-general of the 
United States, attorney general of Pennsylvania, 
and chief justice of that state from 1860 until his 
death. He early became a Democrat, and was one 
of the founders of the free-soil wing of that party. 
This induced opposition to his confirmation by the 
U. S. senate when he was nominated in 1845 as 
judge of the U. S. supreme court, and caused him 
to withdraw his name. He was one of the earliest 
and stanchest advocates of the annexation of Texas 
and the building of railroads to the Pacific, and 
was also a powerful supporter of President Jack- 
son in his war against the U. S. bank. He was 
leading counsel with Thaddeus Stevens and Judge 
Joseph J. Lewis in the defence of Castner Hanway 
for constructive treason, his speech on this occasion 

S'ving him a wide reputation. He entered the 
^publican party on its formation, and at the be- 
ginning of the presidential canvass of 1856 delivered 
a speech on the *• Power of Congress over Slavery 
in the Territories." which was used throughout 
that canvass (Philadelphia, 1856). The Repub- 
lican party sained its first victory in Pennsyl- 
vania in 1858, electing him Judge of the supreme 
court by 30,000 majority. This brought him for- 
ward as a candidate for the presidency of the 
United States in 1860; and Abraham Lincoln's 
friends were prepared to nominate him for that 
office, with tne former for the vice-presidency, 
which arrangement was defeated by Simon Cam- 
eron in the Pennsylvania Republican convention 
in February of that year. He nevertheless re- 
ceived several votes in the Chicago convention, not- 
withstanding that all his personal influence was 
used in favor of Mr. Lincoln. The opinions of 
Judge Read run through forty-one volumes of re- 
ports. His ** Views on the Suspension of the Ha- 
beas Corpus " (Philadelphia, 1863) were adopted as 
the basis of the act of 3 March, 1863, which author- 
ized the president of the United States to suspend 
the habeas corpus act. He refused an injunc- 
tion to prevent the running of horse-cars on Sun- 
day, since he could not consent to stop "poor 
men's carriages." Many thousand copies of this 
opinion (Philadelphia, 1867) were printed. His 
amendments form an essential part of the consti- 
tutions of Pennsylvania and Mew Jersey, and his 
ideas were formulated in many of the statutes of 
the United States. Brown gave him the degree 
of LL. D. in 1860. Jud^e Read was the author of 
a frreat number of published addresses and lejpl 
opinions. Among tnem are '* Plan for the Admin- 
istration of the Girard Trust "(Philadelphia, 1833); 
"The Law of Evidence" (1864); and "Jefferson 
Davis and his Complicity in the Assassination of 
Abraham Lincoln "(1866).— John Meredith's son, 



John Meredith, diplomatist, b. in Philadelphia, 
21 Feb., 1837, received his education at a military 
school and at Brown, where he received the degree 
of A. M. in 1866, was graduated at Albany law- 
school in 1859, studied international law m Eu- 
rope, was admitted to the bar in Philadelphia, and 
afterward removed to Albany, N. Y. He was ad- 
jutant-general of New York in 1860-'6, was one of 
the originators of the " Wide- A wake " political 
clubs in 1860. He was chairman in April of the 
same year of the committee of three to draft a 
bill in behalf of New York state, appropriating 
$300,000 for the purchase of arms and equipments, 
and he subsequently received the thanks of the 
war department for his ability and zeal in organ- 
izing, equipping, and forwarding troops. He was 
first U. S. consul-general for Prance and Algeria 
in 1869-'73 and 1870-% acting consul-general for 
Germany during the Franco-German war. After 
the war he was appointed by Gen. de Cissey, minis- 
ter of war, to form and preside over a commission to 
examine into the desirability of teaching the Eng- 
lish language to the French troops. In November, 
1873. he was appointed U. S. minister resident in 
Greece. One of his first acts was to secure the 
release of the American ship " Armenia " and to 
obtain from the Greek government a revocation of 
the order that prohibited the sale of the Bible in 
Greece. During the Russo-Turkish war he dis- 
covered that only one port in Russia was still open, 
and he pointed out to Secretary Evarts the advan- 
tages that would accrue to the commerce of the 
United States were a grain-fleet despatched from 
New York to that port. The event justified his 
judgment, since the exports of cereals from the 
United States showed an increase within a year of 
$73,000,000. While minister to Greece he received 
the thanks of his government for his effectual pro- 
tection of American persons and interests in the 
dangerous crisis of 1878. Soon afterward congress, 
from motives of economy, refused the appropria- 
tion for the legation at Athens, and Gen. Read, 
believing that the time was too critical to with- 
draw the mission, carried it on at his individual 
expense until his resignation. 28 Sept, 1879. In 
1881, when, owing in part to his efforts, after his 
resignation, the territory that had been adjudged to 
Greece had been finally transferred, King George 
created him a Knight grand cross of the 'order of 
the Redeemer, the highest dignity in the gift of 
the Greek government Gen. Read was president 
of the Social science congress at Albany, N. Y., in 
1868, and vice-president of the one at Plymouth, 
England, in 1872. He is the author of an " His- 
torical Enquiry concerning Henry Hudson," which 
first threw light upon his origin, and the sources 
of the ideas that guided that navigator (Albany, 
1866), and contributions to current literature. 

READ, Nathan, inventor, b. in Warren, Mass^ 
2 July, 1759; d. near Belfast, Me., 20 Jan., 1849. 
He was graduated at Harvard in 1781, and con- 
tinued there as tutor for four years. In 1788 he 
began experimenting with a view of utilizing the 
steam-engine for propelling boats and carriages, by 
devising Tighter and more compact machinery than 
that in common use. He invented as a substitute 
for the great working-beam the cross-head running 
in guides with a connecting-rod to communicate 
the motion, similar to that adopted by Robert 
Fulton in his •• Car of Neptune. The •• new in- 
vented cylinder," as he calls it to which this 
working-frame was attached, was a double-acting 
cylinder. To render the boiler more portable. 
Read invented the multitubular form, wnich was 
patented with the cylinder, chain- wheel, and other 



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appliances. This boiler was either horizontal or 
upright, cylindrical, and contained the furnace 
within itself. A double cylinder formed a water- 
jacket, connecting with a water- and steam-cham- 
ber above, and a narrow water-chamber below. 
Numerous small, straight tubes parallel to the 
axis of the boiler, and about three quarters its 
length, connected these chambers. He also in- 
vented another form of boiler, in which the fire 
passed through small spiral tubes on the principle 
of the present locomotive-boiler, an arrangement 
that had the advantage of consuming the smoke. 
In addition he had several other forms with nu- 
merous apartments, to which the water was to be 
gradually admitted as fast as it was evaporated. 
As a means of communicating motion to his steam- 
boat, he first tried to use paddle-wheels : but, as 
these had been used before, ne substituted a chain- 
wheel of his own invention. He planned a steam - 
carriage, which, with his tubular boiler, he said 
could move at the rate of five miles an hour, 
with a load of fifty tons. In 1796 he established 
the Salem iron-foundry, where he manufactured 
anchors, chain-cables, and similar articles, and in- 
vented a machine that was patented in January, 
1708, for cutting and heading nails at one opera- 
tion. He also invented a method of equalizing 
the action of windmills by accumulating the force 
of the wind by winding up a weight ; a plan for 
using the force of the tide oy means of reservoirs, 
alternately filled and emptied in such a way as to 
produce a constant stream; different forms of 
pumping-engines and thrashing-machines; and a 
plan for using the expansion and contraction of 
metals, multiplied by levers, for winding up clocks 
and other purposes. * He was elected to congress as 
a Federalist in 1800, and served till 3 March, 1803. 
He removed to the vicinity of Belfast, Me., in 1807, 
where he cultivated a large tract of land, and was 
appointed a judge of the court of common pleas. 
In 1787 he received the honorary degree of A. M. 
from Dartmouth, and he was a member of the 
American academy of arts and sciences. Mr. Read 
was the first petitioner for a patent before the 
patent law was enacted. See " Nathan Read : His 
Invention of the Multitubular Boiler and Portable 
High-Pressure Engine," by his nephew, David 
Read (New York, 1870). 

READ, Thomas, patriot, b. in Lunenburg 
county, Va., in 1745; d. at Ingleside, Charlotte co., 
Va., 4 Feb., 1817. His father, Col. Clement, was 
clerk of Lunenburg county in 1744-'6o, for many 
years a member of the house of burgesses, and a 
large landed proprietor. Thomas was educated at 
William and Mary, began life as a surveyor, and 
from 1770 until his death was clerk of Charlotte 
county. He was a member of the State constitu- 
tional convention in 1775, supporting his neighbor 
Patrick Henry, was county lieutenant throughout 
the Revolution, and rendered valuable service by 
supplying the quotas of Charlotte county, by col- 
lecting recruits, and by supplementing the neces- 
sary means from his own resources. On hearing 
the report that Lord Cornwall is was crossing Dan 
river, he marched at the head of a militia regiment 
to oppose his progress. He was a member of the 
Virginia convention of 1770, and of the state con- 
vention of 1788 that ratified the constitution of 
the United States. He was an ardent adherent of 
the politics of Jefferson and Madison, and advo- 
cated the second war with Great Britain in 1812. 
— His brother, Isaac, soldier, b. in Lunenburg 
county, Va., in 1746: d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 4 
Sept., 1778, was educated at William and Mary, 
for many years was a member of the house of bur- 



gesses, and on its dissolution by order of Lord 
Botetourt, was one of those that adjourned to 
Williamsburg, Va.. to form an association against 
the act of parliament that imposed duties on teas, 
etc He was a member of the Mercantile associa- 
tion, and of the Virginia conventions of 1774 and 
of March and June, 1775, and by the last-named 
body was appointed lieutenant-colonel of the 4th 
Virginia regiment He was promoted colonel in 
August, 1776, and participated in the battles of 
White Plains, Trenton, and Princeton. His death 
resulted from exposure in camp. 

READ, Thomas, clergyman, b. in that part of 
Maryland that is now part of Chester county, Pa^ 
in March, 1746 ; d. in Wilmington, Del., 14 June, 
1823. He was the son of a former, who came to 
the United States from Ireland several years be- 
fore Thomas's birth. Alter his graduation at 
Philadelphia academy in 1764, the son became a 
tutor in a classical school at Newark, Del., was 
licensed to preach in 1768, and was installed as 
raistor of a Presbyterian church at Drawyer's 
Creek, Del. In 1797 he accepted the pastorate 
of the 2d Presbyterian church at Wilmington, 
Del He was an ardent patriot in the Revolution- 
ary war. In 1776 he marched with a company of 
neighbors and members of his church to Philadel- 
phia for the purpose of volunteering in the Ameri- 
can army, arriving just after the victories of Tren- 
ton and Princeton, which rendered its services 
unnecessary. In August, 1777, he performed an 
important service for the American cause by draw- 
ing for Oen. Washington a map that showed the 
topography of the country and a route by which 
he could retreat from Stanton, and avoid a con- 
flict with the superior British force that had land- 
ed at Elk ferry, and was advancing on the Ameri- 
can camp. He received the degree of D. D. from 
Princeton in 1796, and exercised his pastoral func- 
tions with great success till 1817, when bodily in- 
firmities impelled him to resign his charge. Even 
after that he supplied the pulpit of the 1st Presby- 
terian church in Wilmington. 

READ, Thomas Buchanan, poet, b. in Ches- 
ter county, Pa., 12 March, 1822; d. in New York 
city, 11 May, 1872. His mother, a widow, appren- 
ticed him to a tailor, but he ran away, learned 
in Philadelphia the trade of cigar-making, and 
in 1837 made his way to Cincinnati, where he 
found a home 
with the sculptor, 
ShobalV.Cleven- 
ger. He learned 
the trade of a 
sign-painter, and 
attended school 
at intervals. Not 
succeeding in Cin- 
cinnati, he went 
to Dayton, and 
obtained an en- 
gagement in the 
theatre. Return- 
ing to Cincinnati 
in about a year, 
he was enabled 
by the liberality 
of Nicholas Long- 
worth to open a studio as a portrait-painter. He 
did not remain long in Cincinnati, but wandered 
from town to town, painting signs when he could 
find no sitters, sometimes giving public entertain- 
ments, and reverting to cigar-mating when other 
resources failed. In 1841 he removed to New York 
city, and within a year to Boston. While there he 




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made his first essays as a poet, publishingin the 
** Courier " several lyric poems in 1848-'4. He set- 
tled in Philadelphia in 1846, and visited Europe in 
1800. In 1853 he went again to Europe, and devot- 
ed himself to the study and practice of art in Flor- 
ence and Rome till 1808. He afterward spent 
much time in Philadelphia and Cincinnati, but in 
the last years of his life made Rome his principal 
residence. While in the United States during the 
civil war he gave public readings for the benefit of 
the soldiers, and recited his war-songs in the camps 
of the National army. He died while making a 
visit to the United States. His paintings, most of 
which deal with allegorical and mythological sub- 
jects, are full of poetic and graceful fancies, but the 
technical treatment is careless and unskilful, betray- 
ing his lack of earlytraining. The best known are 
"The Spirit of the Waterfsll," "The Lost Pleiad," 
"The Star of Bethlehem," "Undine," "Longfel- 
low's Children," " Cleopatra and her Barge," and 
M Sheridan's Ride." He painted portraits of Eliza- 
beth Barrett Browning, the ex-oueen of Naples, 
George M. Dallas, Henry W. Longfellow, and 
others. His group of Longfellow's daughters was 
popular in photographs. He turned his hand oc- 
casionally to sculpture, producing one work, a 
bust of Sheridan, that attracted much attention. 
He poss e ss e d a much more thorough mastery of 
the means of expression in the art of poetry than 
in painting. His poems are marked by a fervent 
spirit of patriotism and by artistic power and fidel- 
ity in the description of American scenery and 
rural life. His first volume of "Poems" (Phila- 
delphia, 1847) was followed by " Lays and Ballads " 
(1848). He next made a collection of extracts and 
specimens from the " Female Poets of America " 
(1848), containing also biographical notices and 
portraits drawn by himself. An edition of his 
lyrics, with illustrations by Kenny Meadows, ap- 
peared in London in 1852, and in 1858 a new and 
enlarged edition was published in Philadelphia. 
A prose romance entitled "The Pilgrims of the 
Great St Bernard" was published as a serial. 
" The New Pastoral," his most ambitious poem, 
describes in blank verse the pioneer life of a family 
of emigrants (Philadelphia, 1854). The more dra- 
matic and imaginative poem that followed, entitled 
"The House by the Sea" (1856), gained for it 
more readers than had been attracted by its own 
superior merits. Next appeared "Sylvia, or the 
Lost Shepherd, and other Poems" (1857), and " A 
Voyage to Iceland " (1857), and the same year a 
collection of his "Rural Poems" was issued in 
London. His "Complete Poetical Works "(Bos- 
ton, I860) contained the longer and shorter poems 
that had been already published. His next narra- 
tive poem was " The Wagoner of the Alle$hanies," 
a tale of Revolutionary times (Philadelphia, 1862). 
During the civil war he wrote many patriotic 
lyrics, including the stirring poem of " Sheridan's 
Ride," which was printed in a volume with " A 
Summer Story " and other pieces, chiefly of the 
war (Philadelphia, 1865). His last long poem was 
"The Good Samaritans "(Cincinnati, 1867). The 
fullest editions of bis " Poetical Works " were print- 
ed in Philadelphia (8 vols., 1865 and 1867). 

READE, John, journalist, b. in Ballyshannon, 
Donegal, Ireland, 18 Nov., 1837. He was educated 
at rortora royal school. Enniskillen, and at 
Queen's college, Belfast, came to Canada in 1856, 
and established the " Montreal Literary Magazine." 
He afterward was connected with the Montreal 
" Gazette," and for three yean was rector of La- 
chute academy. At the same time he studied 
theology, and was ordained in 1864 a clergyman of 



the Church of England by Bishop Fulford, and in 
that capacity served in the eastern townships. In 
1868-'9 Mr. Reade had charge of the Church of 
England journal in Montreal, and since 1874 he 
has been employed on the staff of the Montreal 
" Gazette " as literary editor. He has contributed 
to every magazine or review that has been estab- 
lished in Canada since 1860, and has made transla- 
tions from the Greek, Latin, French, German, and 
Italian. In 1887 he was elected president of the 
Montreal society for historical studies, and he was 
one of the original members of the Royal society of 
Canada. Among other works, he has published 
" The Prophecy, and other Poems " (Montreal, 1870) ; 
"Language and Conquest " (1888) ; "The Making 
of Canada" (1885): "Literary Faculty of the Na- 
tive Races of America " (1885) ; " The Half-Breed " 
(1886) ; " Vita Sine Liberis " (1886) ; and " Aborigi- 
nal American Poetry " (1887). 

READY. Samuel, philanthropist, b. near Balti- 
more, Md., 8 March, 1789 ; d. in Baltimore, 28 Nov., 
1871. He received a common-school education, 
learned the trade of a sail-maker, worked in the 
government navy-yard at Washington for several 
years, returned to Baltimore about 1815, and en- 
gaged in the business of sail-making, which he 
{rarsued with success till 1846, and after that the 
umber business till 1861, when he retired. Having 1 
observed the helpless condition of poor girls who 
frequented his lumber-yard and wharves, ne deter- 
mined to establish an institution for female or- 
phans. He obtained a charter in 1864, and, having 
no immediate family, left $871,000, constituting 
the bulk of his fortune, as an endowment for the 
Samuel Ready asylum. The fund increased after 
his death, providing an invested capital of $505,- 
000, after the expenditure of $151,000 on land and 
buildings. The institution, which is in the north- 
em part of Baltimore, was opened in 1888. The 
children who are admitted are maintained without 
expense to them, and are educated in industrial 
pursuits. 

REAGAN, John Hennlnrer, senator, b. in 
Sevier county, Tenn., 8 Oct, 1818. From an early 
age he was engaged in various occupations, whicn 
included ploughing, chopping wood, keeping books, 
running a flat-boat 

on Tennessee riv- 

er.and managing a 
mill, and through 
his diligent labor 
earned sufficient 
money to procure 
a good education. 
Before he was 
twenty years old 
he went to Nat- 
chez, and in 1889 
removed to Texas. 
He soon enlisted 
in the force to ex- 
pel the Cherokees 
from Texas, and 
was selected by 
Gen. Albert Sid 
ney Johnston 
one of a picked escort for dangerous service, bat 
declined the offer of a lieutenancy, and became a 
surveyor. He penetrated into the Indian country 
about the Three Forks of Trinity, and was engaged 
in surveying that region about three years. His 
was the first party that escaped massacre by the 
Indians. In 1844 he began the study of law, and 
in 1848 he received his license to practise. In 
1846 he was elected colonel of militia and probate 



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judge of Henderson county, and in 1847 he was 
chosen to the legislature, where he was chairman 
of the committee on public lands. In 1840 he was 
a defeated candidate for the state senate, but in 
1852 he was elected district judge. In the enforce- 
ment of the laws he was brought into personal 
collision with the gamblers and desperadoes that 
then held the frontier towns in awe, but his physi- 
cal courage and moral force won him a triumph 
for law and order. Judge Reagan was first elected 
to congress in 1856 as a Democrat, after a severe 
contest He remained in congress until 1861, 
when he returned home, and was elected to the 
state convention, in which he voted for secession. 
He was chosen by the convention to the provisional 
Confederate congress. On 6 March, 1861, he was 
appointed postmaster-general under the provisional 
government, and the next year he was reappointed 
to the same office under the permanent govern- 
ment He was also acting secretary of the treas- 
ury for a short time near the close of the war. 
He was the only one of the cabinet that was 
captured with Jefferson Davis, and was confined 
for many months in Fort Warren. He had con- 
ferences with President Johnson, William H. Sew- 
ard, Henry Wilson, James Speed, and others on 
reconstruction, and wrote an open letter to the 
people of Texas, advocating laws for the protection 
of negroes, which should grant them civil rights 
and limited political rights with an educational 
qualification. His letter subjected him to miscon- 
struction, and he was retired from politics for nine 
years. But he was elected to congress by 4,000 
majority in 1874, in 1876 by 8,000, and after 1878 
with little or no opposition. For nearly ten years 
he held continuously the post of chairman of the 
committee on commerce, with the exception of one 
term, and has been noted for his decided views and 
efforts to regulate inter-state commerce. He was 
one of the authors of the Cullom-Reagan inter- 
state commerce bill, which became a law in 1887. 
In 1887 he took his seat in the U. S. senate, having 
been chosen for the term that ends in 1893. 

REALF, Richard (relf), poet, b. in Framfield, 
Sussex, England, 14 June, 1834; d. in Oakland, 
Cal., 28 Oct, 1878. At the age of fifteen he began 
to write verses, and two years later he became 
amanuensis to a lady in Brighton. A travelling 
lecturer on phrenology recited some of the boy's 
poems, as illustrations of ideality, and thereupon 
several literary people in Brighton sought him out 
and encouraged! him. Under their patronage a 
collection of his poems was published, entitled 
" Guesses at the Beautiful " (London, 1852). Realf 
spent a year in Leicestershire, studying scientific 
agriculture, and in 1854 came to the United States. 
He explored the slums of New York, became a 
Five-Points missionary, and assisted in establish- 
ing there a course of cheap lectures and a self- 
improvement association. In 1856 he accompa- 
nied a party of free-state emigrants to Kansas, 
where he became a journalist and correspondent 
of several eastern newspapers. He made the ac- 
quaintance of John Brown, accompanied him to 
Canada, and was to be secretary of state in the pro- 
visional government that Brown projected. The 
movement being deferred for two years, Realf 
made a visit to England and a tour in the southern 
states. When Brown made his attempt at Harpers 
Ferry in October, 1859, he was in Texas, where he 
was arrested and sent to Washington, being in im- 
minent danger of lynching on the way. Early in 
1862 he enlisted in the 88th Illinois regiment, with 
which he served through the war. Some of his 
best lyrics were written in the field, and were 



widely circulated. After the war he was commis- 
sioned in a colored regiment and in 1866 was 
mustered out with the rank of captain and brevet 
lieutenant-colonel In 1868 he established a school 
for freed men in South Carolina, and a year later 
was made assessor of internal revenue for Edgefield 
district. He resigned this office in 1870. returned 
to the north, and Decame a journalist and lecturer, 
residing in Pittsburg, Pa. In 1873 be delivered a 
poem before the Society of the Army of the Cum- 
berland, and in 1874 wrote one for the Society of 
the Army of the Potomac. He was a brilliant 
talker and a fine orator. Among his lectures were 
"Battle-Flashes" and "The Unwritten Story of 
the Martyr of Harper's Ferry." His most admired 
poems are " Mv Slain," " An Old Han's Idyl," " In- 
direction," ana the verses that he wrote just before 
he took the poison that ended his life. He com- 
mitted suicide in consequence of an unfortunate 
marriage and an imperfect divorce. He appointed 
as his literary executor Col. Richard J. Hinton, 
who now (1888) has his complete poems ready for 
publication, together with a biographical sketch. 

RE A MY, Tnaddeus Asbnry, physician, b. in 
Frederick county, Va., 28 April, 1829. He accom- 
panied his parents in 1832 to Zanesville, Ohio, was 
graduated at Starling medical college in 1854, and 
followed his profession in Zanesville until 1870, 
when he removed to Cincinnati During the civil 
war he served as surgeon in the 122d Ohio volun- 
teers. In 1858 he was elected to the chair of ma- 
teria medica and theraputics in Starling medical 
college, which he held for two years, and in 1867 he 
was chosen professor of the diseases of women and 
children, but he resigned in 1871 to accept the chair 
of obstetrics, clinical midwifery, and diseases of 
children in the Medical college of Ohio. Dr. Reamy 
has made a specialty of obstetrical practice, and 
holds the office of gynaecologist to the Good Samar- 
itan hospital in Cincinnati. He has invented vari- 
ous modifications of instruments that are used in 
his specialty. Besides being a member of several 
gynaecological societies and other medical associa- 
tions, he was, in 1870, president of the Ohio state 
medical society. Dr. Kearny has been a frequent 
contributor to medical journals. Among bis pa- 
pers are "Metastasis of Mumps to the Testicle 
treated by Cold " (1855) ; " Epidemic Diphtheria " 
(1859); "Puerperal Eclampsia n (1868) ; and " La- 
ceration of the Perineum " (1877). 

REATIS, Logan Uriah (rev-is), journalist, b. in 
Sangamon Bottom, Mason co.. 111., 26 March, 1831 : 
d. in St. Louis, Mo., 25 April, 1889. After attending 
the village high-school, he taught from 1851 till 
1855. In the latter year he entered the office of 
the Beardstown, 111., " Gazette," in which soon af- 
terward he purchased an interest, and continued 
its publication under the name of " The Central 
Illinoian " till the autumn of 1857, when he sold 
his share and removed to Nebraska. Returning to 
Beardstown he repurchased " The Illinoian " after 
the nomination of Abraham Lincoln for the presi- 
dency. In the spring of 1866 he disposed of that 
journal for the last time, and settling in St- Louis 
earnestly advocated the removal of the National 
capital to that city. His first effort in this direc- 
tion was the publication of a pamphlet entitled 
"The New Republic, or the Transition Complete, 
with an Approaching Change of National Empire, 
based upon the Commercial and Industrial Expan- 
sion of the Great West " (St Louis, 1867). This 
was followed by " A Change of National Empire, 
or Arguments for the Removal of the National 
Capital from Washington to the Mississippi Val- 
ley," with maps (1869). Besides issuing the fore- 



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REBOU<?AS 



BEDDING 



going, Mr. Reavis lectured extensively through- 
oat the country on the same subject In 1879 he 
Tisited England, and on his return to St. Louis he 
began a movement to promote emigration to Mis- 
souri, twice returning to London to further that 
object. Besides the works noticed above, he pub- 
lished "St. Louis the Future Great City of the 
World " (1867) ; " A Representative Life of Horace 
Greelev, with an Introduction bv Cassius M. Clay " 
(New York. 1872) ; " Thoughts for the Young Men 
and Women of America yV (1873); "Life of Gen. 
William S. Harney " (St Louis, 1875) ; and " Rail- 
way and River System " (1879). 

REBOUCAS* Manoel Mauricio (ray-bo'-sas), 
Brazilian soldier, b. in Maragogipe in 1792; d. in 
Bahia, 19 July. 1866. After finishing his studies 
he was appointed assistant clerk of the probate 
court of the districts of Maragogipe and Jaguaripe, 
but at the opening of hostilities between the 
Portuguese troops and the patriots, he retired with 
the independents to the interior, and served till 2 
July, 1828. He served again, 24 May, 1866, in the 
battle of Tuyuty. He wrote " Sobre a institucSo 
dos cimeterios extra-mural" (Bahia, 1856); "Da 
Educacao privada e* publica tratando de explicar 

r>r oraem su gestacao, hasta su emancipacao civil 
politica " (Rio Janeiro, 1859) ; and " Estudo sobre 
os meios mais conveniente para impedir no interior 
da Bahia afflicto de aridez, e* de su consequencia, e* 
de su repeticao de devastacao " (Bahia, I860). 

REC A BARREN DE MARIN, Luis* (ray-cah- 
bar'-ren), Chilian patriot b. in Serena in 1777 ; d. 
in Santiago, 81 May, 1839. She became an orphan 
at the age of eight years and was educated by her 
uncle, Estanislao Recabarren, dean of the cathedral 
of Santiago. In 1796 she married Dr. Jose Gaspar 
Marin (q. v.\ in whose house- she aided in preparing 
for the events of 18 Sept, 1810. After the re- 
conquest of Chili by the Spaniards in October, 1814, 
her nusband fled to the Argentine Republic, but 
she remained in Santiago, attending to the edu- 
cation of her children. In the last days of 1816 
the authorities captured the correspondence of a 
patriot in Melipilfa, and found a letter from San 
Martin for Luisa, together with a list in cipher of 
the persons concerned in the conspiracy against the 
government By order of Marco del Pont she was 
arrested, 4 Jan, 1817, and imprisoned in the convent 
of the Augustine nuns, whence she was liberated by 
the triumphant entry of the patriots, 12 Feb., 1817. 
She lived afterward greatly honored by the public, 
but survived her husband only three months. 

RECLUS, Jean Jacques Eliaee (ray-cloo), 
French geographer, b. in Sainte-Foy-la-Grande. 
Gironde, 15 May, 1830. He was the son of a Prot- 
estant clergyman, and was educated by the Mora- 
vian brethren at Neuwied, and afterward in the 
universities of Montauban and Berlin. From 1852 
till 1857 he travelled extensively in England, Ire- 
land, and North and South America, and after 1860 
he devoted himself to writing works on his travels 
and the social and political condition of the coun- 
tries that he had visited, most of which were pub- 
lished in the " Revue des deux mondes " and the 
"Tour du monde." In 1871 he supported the 
Commune of Paris, and was taken prisoner and 
sentenced to transportation for life, but the U. S. 
minister and representatives of the republics of 
South America, supported bv eminent scientists, 
interceded in his behalf, and his sentence was com- 
muted to banishment He fixed his residence at 
Clarence in Switzerland, but returned to Paris 
after the amnesty of March, 1879. He has since 
devoted himself to the publication of a universal 
geography. His publications include " Le Missis- 



sipi, etudes et souvenirs" (Paris, 1889); "Le 
delta du Mississipi et la Nouvelle Orleans " (1859) ; 
41 Un voyage a la Nouvelle Grenade, les cotes neo- 
Grenadines " (1859) ; " Voyage a Saint Marthe et a 
la Horqueta" (1860); " Le Rio Hacha, les Indiens 
Goagires et la Sierra Negra" (1860); "LesArna- 
ques et la Sierra Nevada" (1860); "De l'escla- 
vage aux Etats-Unis, le code noir et les esclaves " 
(1860) ; " Les planteurs de la Louisiane et les abo- 
litionistes " (1861) ; " Le Mormon isme et les Etats- 
Unis " (1861) ; " Le Bresil et la colonisation, le 
bassin des Amazones et les Indiens " (1862) ; " Les 
provinces du littoral du Bresil, les noirs et lea 
colonies Allemandes" (1862): "Le coton et la 
crise Amencaine, les compagnies cotonnieres, et 
les tentatives du commerce Anglais depuis la rup- 
ture de 1'Union" (1862); "Les livres sur la crise 
Ame>icaine, guerre de la secession " (1862) ; " L'61ec- 
tion presidentielle de la Plata, et la guerre du 
Paraguay "(1862); "Les noirs Americains depuis 
la guerre civile aux £tats-Unis" (1863); "Les 
planteurs de la Louisiane et les regimes Amcains " 
(1863) ; " Histoire de la guerre civile aux Etats- 
Unis, les deux dernieres annees de la grande lutte 
Am£ricaine " (1864) ; " La poSsie et les noStes dans 
l'Amenque Espagnole depuis Findependanee " 
(1864); "La commission sanitaire de la guerre 
aux Etats-Unis, 1861-'64 " (1864) ; " La guerre de 
TUruguay et les republiques de la Plata" (1865); 
"Les republiques de l'Amerique du Sud, leurs 
guerres et leur projet de federation " (1866) ; " La 

fuerre du Paraguay " (1867) ; " La terro " (2 vols., 
867-68); "Les republiques de l'isthme Ameri- 
cain" (1868); "Les phenomenes terrestres, le 
monde et les m£teores ' (1872), which was trans- 
lated into English under the title "The Ocean, 
Atmosphere, and Life" (New York, 1872); and 
" Geographic universale " (1875-'88, 13 vols.; Eng- 
lish translation. New York, 1877-86).— His broth- 
er, Elie Armand Ebenhezer, b. in Orthez, 18 
March, 1843, served in the navy, and in 1876 was 
sent by Ferdinand de Lesseps to Panama to make, 
in conjunction with Lieut Bonaparte Wyse, the 

Ereliminary surveys for the projected canal. He 
as since interested himself in the canal, and held 
conferences upon the subject. His works include 
" Explorations aux isthmes de Panama et de Darien, 
en l876-'8 " (Paris, 1880). 

REDDALL, Henry Frederick, author, b. in 
London, England, 25 Nov., 1852. He was educated 
at the Birkbeck Foundation, and since coming to 
this country has been a contributor to periodicals 
under the pen-name of " Frederic Alldred." Since 
1881 he has been associate editor of " The People's 
Cyclopaedia." He has published " From the Golden 
Gate to the Golden Horn" (New York, 1883); 
" Who Was f " six historical sketches (1886) ; 
" School-Boy Days in Merrie England " (1888) ; 
"Courtship, Love, and Wedlock ' T (1888); and 
" Fancy. Fact and Fable " (1888). 

REDDING, Benjamin Barnard, pioneer, b. 
in Yarmouth, Nova Scotia, 17 Jan., 1&24; d. in 
San Francisco, Cal., 21 Aug., 1882. He was edu- 
cated at Yarmouth academy, and in 1840 went to 
Boston, where he became a clerk and afterward 
entered the grocery and ship-chandlery business. 
In 1849 he organized a company of men who sailed 
from Yarmouth for California, where they arrived 
on 12 Mav, 1850. He went to the Yuba river dig- 
gings, ana afterward to the Pittsburg bar, working 
as a laborer. Subsequently he was employed in 
drawing papers for the sale of claims, acted as 
arbitrator, was elected a member of the assembly 
from Yuba and Sierra counties, and during the 
session wrote for the San Joaquin " Republican " 



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BEDPIELD 



and the Sacramento M Democratic State Journal,** 
of which he was an editor and proprietor. In 1856 
he was major of Sacramento, ana from 1868 till 
1867 he was secretary of state. From 1864 until 
his death he was Una agent of the Central Pacific 
railroad. Mr. Redding was a regent of the Uni- 
versity of California, and a member of the Cali- 
fornia academy of sciences, and of the Geographical 
society of the Pacific He was also a state fish 
commissioner, holding this office at the time of his 
death. He was interested in all scientific work, 
especially in the paleontology of the coast, and 
collected numerous prehistoric and aboriginal relics, 
which he presented to the museum of the academy. 
He contributed a large number of papers to vari- 
ous California, journals. 

REDFIELD, Amasa Angell, lawyer, b. in 
Clyde, Wayne co., N. Y., 19 May, 1887. He was 
graduated at the University of the city of New 
York in 1860, studied law, was admitted to the bar, 
and began to practise in New York city. From 
1877 till 1883 he was the official reporter of the sur- 
rogate's court in that city. He was a contributor 
to the "Knickerbocker" magazine, and has pub- 
lished - Hand-Book of the U. S. Tax Laws " (New 
York, 1868) ; " Reports of the Surrogates' Courts of 
the State of New York " (5 vols., leSU-W); - Law 
and Practice of Surrogates' Courts " (1875 ; 3d ed., 
1884); and, with Thomas 0. Shearman, "The Law 
of Negligence" (1869; 4th ed., 1888). 

REDFIELD, Isaac Fletcher, jurist b. in 
Wethersfteld, Windsor co., VU 10 April, 1804; d. 
in Charlestown, Mass., 28 March, 1876. He was 
graduated at Dartmouth in 1825, studied law, was 
admitted to the bar, and practised at Derby and 
Windsor, Vt He was state's attorney for Orleans 
county from 1882 till 1885, when he became judge 
of the Vermont supreme court, and in 1852 he was 
appointed chief justice. He finally retired from 
the bench in 1860. From 1857 till 1861 he was 
professor of medical jurisprudence at Dartmouth, 
in the latter year he removed to Boston, where he 
remained until his death. From January, 1867, 
he was for two years special counsel of the United 
States in Europe, having charge of many impor- 
tant suits and legal matters in England ana France. 
He received the degree of LL. D. from Trinity in 
1849, and from Dartmouth in 1855. He is the au- 
thor of u A Practical Treatise on the Law of Rail- 
ways" (Boston, 1857; 5th ed.,2 vols., 1878); "The 
Law of Wills" (part L, 1864; 3d ed., 1869; and 
parts it and iiL, 1870) ; " A Practical Treatise on 
Civil Pleading and Practice, with Forms," with 
William A. Herrick (1868): "The Law of Carriers 
and Bailments" (1869); and " Leading American 
Railway Cases" (2 vols., 1870). He also edited 
Joseph Story's " Equity Pleadings," and " Conflict 
of Laws " ; and Greenleaf " On Evidence." From 
1862 till his death he was an editor of the " Ameri- 
can Law Register" (Philadelphia). 

BEDFIELD, Justus Starr, publisher, b. in 
Wallingford, Conn., 2 Jan., 1810; d. near Florence, 
N. J., 24 March, 1888. After receiving a limited 
education, he learned the printing business, and 
afterward stereotyping. In 1881 he opened an office 
in New York, and began the publication of " The 
Family Magazine," the first illustrated monthly in 
this country, which he continued for eight years. 
Benson J. Lossing and A. Sidney Doane at differ- 
ent times acted as editors. The early death of 
Mr. Redfield's brother, who had charge of the en- 
graving department, discouraged the further prose- 
cution of toe work. About 1841 he opened a book- 
store in the same city, and carried on the business 
of book-selling, printing, and publishing until I860. 



He was the original American publisher of the 
works of Edgar Allan Poe, William Maginn, and 
John Doran. He also issued " Noctes Ambrori- 
ane," the revised novels of William Oilmore 
Sirams, and a large miscellaneous list From 1855 
till 1860 George L. Duyckinck was interested with 
Mr. Redfield as a special partner. In 1861 he was 
appointed IT. S. consul at Otranto, Italy, and in 
1864 was transferred to Brindisi, but resigned in 
1866. He edited Jean Mack's "Histoire d'une 
bouchee de pain " (Paris, 1861), and translated from 
the Italian "The Mysteries of Neapolitan Con- 
vents," by Henrietta Caracciolo (Hartford, 1867). 

BEDFIELD, William C, meteorologist, b. near 
Middletowtu Conn., 26 March, 1789; d. in New 
York city, 12 Fetx, 1857. He assumed the initial 
C on coming of age. At the age of fourteen he 
was apprenticed to a saddler in Upper Middle- 
town (now Cromwell). In 1810, on toe expiration 
of his apprenticeship, he went on foot to visit his 
mother in Ohio, and kept a journal of his experi- 
ences. After spending the winter in Ohio he re- 
turned to Upper MidcUetown, and engaged in his 
trade for nearly fourteen Tears, also keeping a 
small country store. In 1827 he came to New 
York city. Meanwhile, after the great September 
gale of 1821, Mr. Redfield arrived at the conclu- 
sion that the storm was a progressive whirlwind ; 
but other enterprises prevented the development 
of his theory at that time. He became interested 
in steam navigation, and as the general community 
had become alarmed by several disastrous steam- 
boat explosions he devised and established a Line 
of safety-barges, consisting of large and commo- 
dious passenger-boats towed by a steamboat at suf- 
ficient distance to prevent danger, to run between 
New York and Albany. When the public confi- 
dence was restored he transformed his line into a 
system of tow-boats for conveying freight, which 
continued until after his death. He was largely 
identified with the introduction of railroads, and 
in 1829 he issued a pamphlet in which he placed 
before the American people the plan of a system of 
railroads to connect Hudson river with the Missis- 
sippi by means of a route that was substantially that 
of the New York and Erie railroad. During the 
same year he became convinced of the desirability 
of street-railways in cities, and petitioned the New 
York common council for permission to lav tracks 
along Canal street. In 1882 he explored the pro- 
posed route of the Harlem railroad, and was instru- 
mental in securing the charter of that road ; also, 
about that time he was associated with James Brew- 
ster in the movement that resulted in the construc- 
tion of the Hartford and New Haven railroad. His 
first paper on the " Atlantic Storms " was published 
in 1881 in the " American Journal of Science," and 
in 1884 it was followed by his memoir on the " Hur- 
ricanes and Storms of the United States and West 
Indies," which subject he continued later, with nu- 
merous papers, descriptions, and tables of particu- 
lar hurricanes. Subsequently he devoted some at- 
tention to geology, studying the fossil fishes of 
the sandstone formations. In 1856 he demonstrat- 
ed that the fossils of the Connecticut river valley 
and the New Jersey sandstones, to which he gave 
the name of the Newark group, belonged to the 
lower Jurassic period. In 1889 he received the hon- 
orary degree of A. M. from Yale, and he was an ac- 
tive member of the American association of natural- 
ists and geologists. To his influence the change 
of the latter organization to the more comprehen- 
sive American association for the advancement of 
science was largely due, and in 1848 he was its 
first president, having charge of the Philadelphia 



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meeting of that year. See "Scientific Life and 
Labors of William C. Redfleld," by Dennison Olm- 
sted (Cambridge. 1858). — His son, John Howard, 
naturalist, b. in Cromwell, Middlesex co.. Conn., 10 
July, 1815, removed with his father to New York 
city in 1827, and was educated at the high-school, 
which he left to enter business, and was engaged in 
freight-transportation on the Hudson river from 
1833 till 1861, when he removed to Philadelphia, 
where, until 1885. he was cashier of a car-wheel 
foundry. In 1836 he became a member of the 
Lyceum of natural history (now the New York 
academy of sciences), and he was its corresponding 
secretary from 1839 till 1861. He contributed to 
its ** Annals " .numerous papers, of which the first, 
in 1837, was upon •* Fossil Fishes," and contained 
the earliest intimation that the sandstones of Con- 
necticut and Massachusetts were of a more recent 
formation than that to which they had been pre- 
viously referred. His subsequent papers were chief- 
ly on " conchological subjects. He was appointed 
conservator of the herbarium of the Philadelphia 
academy of natural sciences in 1876, and he has 
contributed botanical papers to the '* Bulletin of 
the Torrey Botanical Club." and to the •* Botanical 
Gazette." Mr. Redfield has also published " Gene- 
alogical History of the Red field Family in the 
United States" (Albany, I860). 

RED JACKET, or SAGOYEWATHA ("He 
keeps them awake "), chief of the Wolf tribe of the 
Senecas. b. at Okl-Castle, near Geneva, N. Y., 1751 ; 
d. in Seneca Village, N. Y.. 30 Jan., 1830. The 
name of Red-Jacket, by which he was familiarly 
known, was given 
him because he 
had been present- 
ed by an English 
officer, shortly af- 
ter the Revolu- 
tion, as a reward 
for his fleetness of 
foot, with a richly 
embroidered scar- 
let jacket, which 
he took great 
pride in wearing. 
After the death of 
^HY <f*U£ ' ?®'J$'' Brant, Red-Jack- 

^Svi ~jEj' V//^ et became the man 

i \^ fPj < ■ ' of greatest impor- 

. tance among the 

Six Nations. He 
was upon the war-path daring both the conflicts 
between the United States and Great Britain. In 
the Revolution he served with his nation the cause 
of the crown. In 1812-*13 — the Senecas having 
changed their allegiance — he fought under the col- 
ors of the United States. He was deficient in - u — : 




cal courage; so much so, as to receive from Brant 
the nickname of the *' Cow-Killer " — though it is 
said that in the action in 1813 near Fort George, 
on the Niagara frontier, he behaved with great 
bravery. At a council at Fort Stanwix in 1784. to 
negotiate a treaty between the United States and 
some of the Six Nations, he delivered an eloquent 
and scathing philippic against the treaty, which 
was nevertheless ratified. At this council he re- 
sumed his Revolutionary acquaintance with Lafay- 
ette, who chanced to be present. In 1792 Washing- 
ton, on the conclusion of a treatv of peace between 
the United States and the Six Nations, gave him a 
medal of solid silver, which he prized highly and 
wore until his death. It is now (1888) in possession 
of Gen. Ely S. Parker. In 1810 he gave valuable 
information to the Indian agents of the attempts 



of Tecumseh and the Prophet to draw the Senecas 
into the western combination. His hostility to 
Christianity was implacable, and he was the most 
inveterate enemy of the missionaries that were sent 
to his nation. He was a thorough Indian in his 
costume, as well as in his undisguised contempt for 
the dress and language of the whites and anything 
else that belonged to them. He was of a tall ana 
erect form, and walked with dignity. His eyes 
were fine, and his address, particularly when he 
spoke in council, was almost majestic. In his later 
years he became a confirmed drunkard and sank 
into mental imbecility. Red-Jacket's character 
was singularly contradictory. Lacking firmness 
of nerve, he nevertheless possessed remarkable te- 
nacity of purpose and great moral courage, and his 
intellectual powers were of a very high order. He 
was a statesman of sagacity and an orator of sur- 
passing eloquence, yet he was capable of descend- 
ing to the lowest cunning of the demagogue. But 
he was still a patriot, and loved his nation and 
his race, whose extinction he clearly foresaw, and 
continued to labor with all his energies to put 
oft* the evil day. For many years after his death 
no memorial marked his grave, but on 9 Oct., 1884, 
his remains were removed and buried, under the 
auspices of the Buffalo historical society, in Forest 
Lawn cemetery near that city, Hon. William C. 
Bryant, of Buffalo, delivering an oration. The 
proceedings, with additional papers by Horatio 
Hale, Gen. Ely S. Parker, ana others, Were pub- 
lished (Buffalo, 1884). Several portraits were taken 
of the ereat Seneca. George Catlin painted him 
twice, Henry In man once, and Robert W. Wier 
in 1828, when he was on a visit to New York city ; 
Fitz-Greene Halleck has celebrated him in song. 
With as much justice as Rienzi has been stvled the 
last of the Romans, may Red-Jacket be cafled the 
last of the Senecas. Like Rienzi, he was more 
energetic in speech and council than in action, and 
failed in courage and presence of mind in great 
emergencies. The vignette is from Wier.'s portrait. 
See his life by William L. Stone (New York, 1841). 
REDMAN, John, physician, b. in Philadelphia, 
Pa., 27 Feb., 1722; d. there, 19 March, 1808. He 
received his preparatory education at the academy 
of Rev. William Tennent, and began his medical 
studies under Dr. John Kearsley. At their conclu- 
sion he went to Bermuda, where he practised his 
profession for several years, and then visited Eu- 
rope to complete his education. After attending 
lectures and " walking " the hospitals in Edinburgh, 
London, and Paris, he proceeded to Leyden, where 
he was graduated at the university in July, 1748. 
About 1762 he was attacked by disease of the liver, 
and subsequent delicate health compelled him 
largely to restrict his practice. On the founda- 
tion of the Philadelphia college of physicians in 
1786 he was chosen president of that body, and for 
many years he was one of the physicians of the city 
hospital. From both these institutions, in which he 
was deeply interested, he retired only when he was 
forced to do so by the infirmities of age. Dr. Red- 
man was a strong advocate of heroic remedies, and 
considered more energetic measures necessary in 
the cure of diseases in this climate than in Europe, 
lie bled largely in the yellow-fever epidemic of 
1762, and advocated the same treatment in 1798. 
He wrote an account of the former visitation, 
and presented it to the College of physicians in the 
latter year. It was published in 1865. He em- 
ployed mercury freely in all chronic affections, and 
in the diseases of old age he relied chiefly on slight 
but frequent bleedings. He was considered one of 
the foremost practitioners of his time. 



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REDPATH, James, author, b. in Berwick-on- 
Tweed. Scotland, 24 Aug., 1883. He emigrated 
with his parents to Michigan. At the age of eigh- 
teen years he came to New York, and since then 
he has mainly devoted himself to journalism. At 
the age of nineteen he became an editor of the 
New York - Tribune," and soon afterward he 
formed a resolution to visit the southern states 
in order to witness for himself the conditions 
and effects of slavery. He not only visited the 
plantations of slave-owners as a guest, but went 
on foot through the southern seaboard states. In 
the course of nis long journey he slept frequently 
in slave-cabins, and visited the religious gather- 
ings and merry-makings where the negroes con- 
sorted. Although at that period it was social out- 
lawry to speak the truth about slavery, he did 
not hesitate to do so, and he consequently be- 
came noted as a fiery Abolitionist. In 1855 he be- 
came the Kansas correspondent of the St. Louis 
"Democrat." He took an active part in the events 
of that time, and in 1859 made two visits to Hayti. 
During the second one he was appointed by Presi- 
dent Geffrard commissioner of emigration in the 
United States. Immediately upon his return home, 
Mr. Redpath founded the Haytian bureau o* emi- 
gration in Boston and New York, and several thou- 
sand negroes availed themselves of it. In connec- 
tion with the Haytian bureau Mr. Redpath estab- 
lished a weekly newspaper called " Pine and Palm," 
in which were advocated the emigration movement 
and the general interests of the African race in 
this country. He was also appointed Haytian con- 
sul in Philadelphia and then joint commissioner to 
the United States, and was largely instrumental in 
procuring recognition of Haytian independence. 
He was with the armies of Gen. William T. Sher- 
man and Gen. George H. Thomas during the civil 
war, and subsequently with Gen. Quincy A. Gill- 
more in Charleston. At the latter place he was 
appointed superintendent of education, organ- 
ized the school system of South Carolina, and 
founded the Colored orphan asylum at Charleston. 
In 1868 he established the Boston lyceum bureau, 
and subsequently Redpath's lecture bureau. In 
1881 he went to Ireland, partly to recruit his health 
and partly to describe the famine district for the 
New York " Tribune." On his return in the fol- 
lowing year he made a tour of the United States 
and Canada, lecturing on Irish subjects, and in the 
same year founded a newspaper called " Redpath's 
Weekly," devoted to the Irish cause. In 1886 he 
became an editor of the "North American Re- 
view." Besides contributions to the newspapers, 
magazines, and reviews, he has published " Hand- 
Book to Kansas " (New York, 1859) ; " The Roving 
Editor" (1859); "Echoes of Harper's Ferry * 
(Boston, 1860) ; " Southern Notes " (I860) ; " Guide 
to Hayti" (1860); "The John Brown Invasion" 
(I860); "Life of John Brown" (1860); "John 
Brown, the Hero" (London, 1862); and "Talks 
about Ireland " (New York, 1881). 

REDWAY, Jacques Wardlaw, geographer, b. 
near Nashville, Tenn., 5 May, 1849. He was edu- 
cated at the University of California, and then fol- 
lowed a special course in mining engineering at the 
University of Munich. Subsequently he became 
instructor in chemistry at the University of Cali- 
fornia, and then was professor of physical geography 
and geology at the State normal school of Califor- 
nia. From 1870 till 1875 he was connected with 
various mines in California and Arizona as engineer 
or superintendent. Since 1880 he has devoted his 
attention exclusively to geographical science, and 
has travelled in North and South America, Europe, 



Asia, and Africa. His works in book-form, for 
schools, are " Complete Geography " (Philadelphia, 
1887); "Manual of Physical Geographv" (1887); 
"Elementary Geography" (1888); also* "Manual 
of Geography and Travel" (1888); and "Sketches 
in Phvsical Geography," in preparation. 

REDWOOD, Abraham, philanthropist, b. in 
the island of Antigua, W. I., in 1709 ; a. in New- 
port, R. I., 6 March, 1788. His father (b. in Bris- 
tol, England, in 1665) came into possession bv mar- 
riage of a large sugar-plantation in Antigua. Known 
as Cassada Garden, where he resided until 1712, 
when he removed to the United States. After liv- 
ing a few years in Salem, Mass., he settled perma- 
nently in Newport, R. I. His son was educated 
at Philadelphia, where he remained until he was 
eighteen years old. He returned soon afterward 
to Newport, married, and divided his time between 
his town and countrv residence. The latter com- 
prised an estate of 145 acres at Portsmouth, R. I., 
which is still known as " Redwood Farm," and re- 



mained in the family until 1882. Here Mr. Red- 
wood bestowed much care on the cultivation of a 
botanical garden of rare foreign and indigenous 
plants, the only one of its kind in the New Eng- 
land colonies. He also frequently assisted indus- 
trious young men in their efforts' to gain a liveli- 
hood. His fondness for literature brought him 
into contact with a society of Newport gentlemen 
that had been organized "for the promotion of 
knowledge and virtue," and he placed! at their dis- 
posal £500 for the purchase in London of standard 
works on literature, theology, history, and the sci- 
ences. A charter of incorporation was obtained in 
1747, and a suitable edifice was completed for their 
reception by 1750. The association took the name 
of the Redwood library company. The found- 
ing of this institution drew to Newport many men 
and women of letters, students and artists, and 
gave to the town a reputation for literary taste and 
refinement, causing travellers to describe it as " the 
most learned ana inquisitive community in the 
colonies." During the Revolutionary war the li- 
brary was roughly handled by British soldiers, who 
destroyed and carried away a large number of vol- 
umes. ' These were ultimately replaced, and the col- 
lection was restored to its original size. The build- 
ing is shown in the accompanying engraving. Mr. 
Redwood also gave £500 to the Society of Friends, 
of which he was a member, to endow a school in 
Newport for the education of the children of parents 
of that denomination, and offered a like sum to 
found a college in the same town. This was estab- 
lished afterward in Providence, R. I. 

REED, Andrew, benefactor, b. in London, Eng- 
land,^ Nov., 1788; d. there, 25 Feb., 1862. He 
was apprenticed to a trade, but, as he had a taste 
for study, was afterward sent to a Dissenting col- 
lege in London. In 1811 he was ordained pastor 
of an Independent congregation in that city, which 



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REED 



REED 



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connection he maintained until his death. In 1884 
he was deputed, with Rev. James Matheson, by the 
Congregational union of England and Wales, to 
visit the United States and report on the condition 
of religion and education in that country, and on 
his return he published, with Mr. Matheson, " Visit 
to the American Churches " (2 vols., London, 1886), 
which made a valuable addition to English knowl- 
edge of American institutions and society. He 
founded in 1818 the London orphan asylum ; in 
1827, the Infant orphan asylum : in 1847, the Asy- 
lum for fatherless children at Croydon ; and subse- 
quently the Royal asylum for idiots, and the Royal 
hospital for incurables. He gave freely to these 
and other charities, but made it a principle through 
life never to receive in any form a recompense for 
his services in their behalf. At his death he left 
over £2,000 to the above and similar institutions. 
Besides his book on this country, he published " No 
Fiction " (London, 1818 ; 24th eo\, 1860) ; *< Martha " 

S886) ; u The Day of Pentecost," " The Revival of 
eligion," and u Earnest Piety essential to Emi- 
nent Usefulness " (1889) ; and " Advancement of 
Religion the Claim of the Times'* (1847). See 
M Memoirs of the Life and Labors of Andrew Reed, 
D. D„ w by his sons, Charles and Andrew (1868). 

REED, David, editor, b. in Easton, Bristol co.. 
Mass*, 6 Feb., 1790; d. in Boston, Mass., 7 June, 
1870. He was the son of Rev. William Reed, who 
was born in 1755, and had charge of the Congrega- 
tional church at Easton from 1784 until his death 
in 1809. David was graduated at Brown in 1810, 
and for several years was principal of the Bridge- 
water, Mass., academy. He subsequently studied 
theology, and in 1814 was licensed to preach as a 
Unitarian clergyman. In 1821 he established at 
Boston the " Christian Register," an organ of that 
denomination, and he continued to publish and 
edit it until 1866. From the outset Mr. Reed had 
the assistance, editorially and as contributors, of 
many of the ablest writers in the Unitarian denom- 
ination, and his journal exercised much influence. 
He was also a founder of the American anti-sla- 
very society in 1828. 

REED, Horatio Blake, soldier, b. in Rock- 
away, L. L, 22 Jan., 1887 ; d. in Togus, Kennebec 
co., Me^ 7 March, 1888. He was educated at Troy 
polytechnic institute, and on 14 Mav, 1861, was 
commissioned 2d lieutenant in the 5tn U. S. artil- 
lery. He took part in the battles of Bull Run (for 
which he was orevetted 1st lieutenant), Hanover 
Court-House, Mechanicsville, Gaines's Mills, Mal- 
vern Hill, and Manassas. He was also present at 
Antietam, where he was severely wounded. He 
was brevetted captain, 1 July, 1803, for the penin- 
sular campaign, and commissioned lieutenant, 19 
Sept, 1868. The following October he was bre- 
vetted major for the skilful handling of his guns 
at Bristol Station, Va. The latter appointment 
was made at the special request of Gen. Gouver- 
neur K. Warren, who declared in his report that 
Capt Reed had saved the day. From November, 
1868, till April, 1864, he was acting assistant ad- 
jutant-genera] of the 1st brigade of horse artillery. 
In October, 1864, he was commissioned lieutenant- 
colonel of the 22d New York cavalry, having al- 
ready commanded the regiment at the crossing of 
the Opequan, and in the action at Lacey's Springs. 
He was promoted colonel in January, 1865, and 
commanded a cavalry brigade in the valley of Vir- 
ginia from May till August of that year under 
Gen. George A. Custer. On 18 March, 1865, he 
was brevetted lieutenant-colonel in the regular 
army for meritorious services during the war. On 
8 May, 1870, he resigned from the army to become 



a civil engineer in the emplov of a railroad through 
the Adirondacks, N. Y., and he subsequently served 
in the Egyptian armv. 

REED, Hugh, soldier, b. in Richmond, Wayne 
co., Ind., 17 Aug., 1850. He was graduated at the 
U. S. military academy in 1878, and promoted 2d 
lieutenant, 1st infantry, served on garrison and 
frontier duty, and was then attached to the signal 
service, being professor of military science and tac- 
tics in the signal-school at Fort Whipple (now Fort 
Myer), Va., in 1878-'9, at the Southern Illinois nor- 
mal university in Carbondale, 111., in 1880-*8, on 
garrison and frontier duty at Forts Apache and 
Lowell, Arizona, and San Diego, Cal., in 1888-'4. 
In 1881 he was appointed inspector-general on the 
staff of Gov. Albert G. Porter, of Indiana. Since 
1884 he has been on leave of absence, owing to im- 
paired health from exposure on the plains. Lieut 
Reed has invented a metallic shelving, using cast- 
iron shelves and gas-pipe supports, for which two 
patents have been issued, ana has also invented a 
folding cash-box. He compiled " A Calendar of 
the Dakota Nation," which was printed in 1877, 
and included in the fourth annual report of the 
bureau of ethnology to the secretary of the Smith- 
sonian institution (Washington, 1886), and is the au- 
thor of " Signal Tactics " (Baltimore, 1880) ; " Cadet 
Regulations " (Richmond, Ind., 1881) ; Upton's " In- 
fantry Tactics," abridged and revised (Baltimore, 
1882); "Artillery Tactics," abridged and revised 
(1882); "Military Science and Tactics" (1882); 
" Standard Infantry Tactics" (1888); and "Broom 
Tactics, or Calisthenics in a New Form " (1888). 

REED. James, soldier, b. in Woburn, Mi die- 
sex co., Mass., in 1724; d. in Fitchburg, Mass., 18 
Feb., 1807. He married in 1748 and settled in 
Brookfield, but subsequently removed to Lunen- 
burg, Mass. He commanded a company in CoL 
Joseph Blanchard's regiment in the campaign 
against the French and Indians under Sir William 
Johnson in 1755, was with Gen. James Abercrombie 
at Ticonderoga in 1758, and served under Gen. Jef- 
frey Amherst in 1759. In the early days of the Rev- 
olution his military experience, energy, and com- 
manding address made him unusually successful in 
securing recruits for the patriot cause. In 1765 he 
had settled in the town of Fitzwilliam, N. H., of 
which he was an original proprietor. In 1770 he 
was made lieutenant-colonel, and in May, 1775, was 
in command of the 2d New Hampshire regiment at 
Cambridge, and did good service at the battle of 
Bunker Hill, holding the rail-fence with John 
Stark, and protecting the retreat of the main body 
from the redoubt. Joining the army in Canada 
under Gen. John Sullivan early in 1776, his regi- 
ment suffered severely from disease, and more than 
one third died during the campaign. Before arriv- 
ing at Ticonderoga on the retreat, CoL Reed was 
attacked by small-pox. and after a long illness rose 
from his bed incapacitated for further service. He 
had meanwhile been appointed brigadier-general 
on the recommendation of Gen. Washington, and 
retained the commission in the hope that ne might 
be able again to take the field, but tie was compelled 
to return home, nearly blind and deaf, and accepted 
half-pay.— His son, Stlvakus, d. in 1798, served 
throughout the war, was adjutant in Gen. Sullivan's 
campaign of 1778, and afterward promoted colonel. 

REED, John, clergyman, b. in Framingham, 
Mass., 11 Nov., 1751; d. in West Bridge water, 
Mass., 17 Feb., 1881. He was the son of Solomon, 
minister at Middleborough, Mass., and was grad- 
uated at Yale in 1772. After studying theology 
and being licensed to preach, he was employed for 
two years as chaplain in the navy, although he 



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never went to sea. On 7 Jan., 1780, he was in- 
stalled at Bridgewater, Mass., as colleague pastor of 
Rev. Daniel Perkins, who died in 1782, and main- 
tained the connection until his death. In 1794 he 
was elected to congress as a Federalist, and he was 
twice re-elected, serving from 7 Dec., 1795, till 8 
March, 1801. He was a follower and warm friend 
of George Washington and John Adams. His 
opinions on ecclesiastical affairs were so just and 
accurate as to receive the approbation of courts and 
judges ; the report of a cnurch council drawn up 
by him was adopted in substance as the foundation 
of an important decision of the supreme court of 
Massachusetts. His theological views were Armin- 
ian, and he excelled as a metaphysician and con- 
troversialist. Although the last ten years of his 
life were spent in blindness, he continued to preach 
regularly until a short time before his death. He 
was a member of the Unitarian council that was 
called to consider the case of Rev. Abiel Abbott. 
He received the degree of D. D. from Brown uni- 
versity in 1803. Besides eight occasional sermons, 
Dr. Reed published " An Apology for the Rite ot 
Infant Baptism" (1806). — His son, John, legisla- 
tor, b. in West Bridgewater, Mass., 2 Sept, 1781 ; 
d. there, 25 Nov., 1860, was graduated at Brown in 
1803, where he was tutor from 1804 till 1806. He 
was also for one year principal of the Bridgewater 
academy. He afterward studied law, was admitted 
to the oar, and began to practise at Yarmouth, 
Mass. He soon became popular and was elected to 
the 13th congress as a Federalist, and re-elected to 
the 14th, serving from 24 May, 1813, till 3 March, 
1817. Four years later he was again elected, this 
time as a Whig, and he was successively re-elected 
until he had served from 3 Dec., 1821. till 3 March, 
1841, making in all nearly twenty- four years of 
congressional experience, lie was sometimes face- 
tiously alluded to by his political opponents as the 
"life-member." In 1844 he was elected lieuten- 
ant-governor of Massachusetts, with George N. 
Brings at the head of the ticket. Both served 
until 1851, when both retired to private life. Gov. 
Reed received the degree of LL. D. from Brown in 
1845. — Another son, Caleb, -journalist, b. in West 
Bridgewater, Mass., 22 April, 1797; d. in Boston, 
14 Oct., 1854, was graduated at Harvard in 1817, 
studied law, was admitted to the bar, and practised 
at Yarmouth, Mass., until 1827. He then became 
a partner in the firm of Cyrus Alger and Co., carry- 
ing on an iron-foundry at South Boston. This 
connection he maintained until his death. He was 
a believer in the doctrines of Swedenborg, and for 
more than twenty years edited the " New Jerusalem 
Magazine," devoted to their promulgation. He 
published "The General Principles of English 
Grammar" (Boston, 1821). — Another son, Samp- 
son, editor, b. in West Bridgewater, Mass., 10 June, 
1800; d. in Boston, Mass., 8 July, 1880, was grad- 
uated at Harvard in 1818, and studied theologv at 
Cambridge, but, becoming a convert to the doctrines 
of Swedenborg, he abandoned the design of pre- 
paring for the ministry, and engaged in business, 
lie subsequently edited the *• New Church Maga- 
zine," aim was co-editor of the " New Jerusalem 
Magazine." He was the author of " Oteervations 
on the Growth of the Mind " (Boston, 1820; Lon- 
don, 1839; 5th ed., Boston, 1859). 

REED, John, mine-owner, b. in Germany about 
1760; d. in Cabarrus county, N. C, about 1848. 
He came to this country as a Hessian soldier, and 
after the war of the Revolution settled on a farm in 
Cabarrus county, N. C. But little is known of his 
history, except that he seems to have been grossly 
ignorant on many subjects regarding which he 



would naturally be presumed to be well informed. 
Thus he lived to be more than eighty years old 
before discovering that he was entitled to become 
a citizen of the United States. He was then nat- 
uralized at Conoord, N. C. Reed was the owner 
of the first gold-mine that was discovered in this 
country. In 1799 his son Conrad, while shooting 
fish with a bow and arrow in a small stream, called 
Meadow creek, near his father's house, found in the 
water a piece of glistening yellow metal, which he 
carried home. It was about the size of " a small 
smoothing-iron." His father did not recognize it, 
and, a silversmith at Concord proving equally ig- 
norant of its value, it was for several years used as 
a convenient door- weight Finally it was sub- 
mitted to a jeweler at Fayetteville, "N. C, who, by 
fluxing, produced from it a bar of gold from six 
to eight inches long. In 1803 a piece of gold 
weighing twenty-eight pounds was found in the 
same stream. Other pieces were afterward gath- 
ered ranging in weight from sixteen pounds down 
to the smallest particles. In 1831 quartz veins 
were discovered, and Reed died a wealthy man. 

REED, John, clergyman, b. in Wickford, R. I., 
in 1777; d. in Poughkeepsie, N. Y., 6 Julv, 1845. 
He was graduated at Union in 1805, studied the- 
ology, and was ordained deacon, 27 May, 1806, bv 
Bishop Benjamin Moore, and priest, 17 June, 1808. 
His first charge after ordination was St. Luke's 
church, Catskill, N. Y. In August, 1810, he was 
called to the rectorship of Christ church, Pough- 
keepsie, N. Y., and occupied that post for the re- 
mainder of his life. He receivea the degree of 
D. D. from Columbia in 1822. Dr. Reed was a man 
of good abilities, and devoted himself chiefly to 
pastoral work. He published a small work in de- 
fence of the Episcopal constitution of the church, 
and a few occasional sermons. 

REED, John, jurist, b. in Adams county, Pa., 
in 1786; d. in Carlisle, Pa., 19 June, 1850. He was 
a member of the class of 1806 in Dickinson college, 
but left that institution before graduation. He 
studied law and was admitted to the bar of West- 
moreland county, Pa., in 1808. In 1815 he was 
elected state senator, and from 1820 till 1829 he 
was judge of the 9th judicial district of Pennsyl- 
vania. From 1834 until his death he was professor 
in the law department of Dickinson college. In 
1839 he received the degree of LL. D. from Wash- 
ington college. Pa. He wrote " The Pennsylvania 
Blackstone' ? (3 vols.. Carlisle, 1831), "a medley of 
English, Federal, and local law." 

REED, Joseph, statesman, b. in Trenton, N. J., 
27 Aug., 1741 ; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 5 March, 
1785. He was graduated at Princeton in 1757, and 
then studying law with Robert Stockton, was ad- 
mitted to the bar in 1703, after which he spent two 
years as a law student in the Middle Temple, Lon- 
don. On his return in 1705 he followed his pro- 
fession in Trenton, and in 1767 was ap{>ointcd 
deputy secretary of New Jersev, but in 1770 he 
went again to England, where he married Esther 
De Berdt, daughter of Dennis De Berdt (q. r.), agent 
of Massachusetts. He returned to this country in 
October, and settled in Philadelphia, where he fol- 
lowed his profession with success. He took an ac- 
tive part in the popular movements in Pennsyl- 
vania, was confidential- correspondent of Lord 
Dartmouth, who was then colonial secretary, and 
strove to persuade the ministry to measures of 
moderation. He was appointed a member of the 
committee of correspondence for Philadelphia in 
November, 1774, and in January, 1775, was presi- 
dent of the 2d Provincial congress. On the forma- 
tion of the Pennsylvania associated militia after 



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the battle of Lexington, he was chosen lieutenant- 
colonel, and, when George Washington was ap- 
pointed to the command of the American forces, 
Mr. Reed left his practice in Philadelphia to be- 
come Gen. Washington's military secretary. As 
he had been educated to the orderly and methodi- 
cal transaction of 
business, and was a 
ready writer, there is 
no doubt that the 
opening of books of 
record, preparing 
forms, directing cor- 
respondence, com- 
posing legal and state 
papers, and estab- 
lishing the general 
rules and etiquette 
of headquarters, can 
be traced principally 
to him. In October, 
1776, he returned to 
Philadelphia, and in 
January, 1776, he 
was chosen member 
of the assembly, al- 
though at the time 
he was acting chairman of the committee of safe- 
ty. He was appointed on 5 June adjutant-general 
of the American army, with the rank of colonel, 
and was exceedingly active in the campaign that 
terminated with the'bettle of Long Island. Admi- 
ral Howe, who reached New York in July, 1776, 
was charged, as special commissioner, with opening 
negotiations with the Americans, and under a flag 
of truce a meeting took place, at which CoL Reed 
represented Gen. Washington, but, the commu- 
nication from the British admiral being addressed 
to " George WashingtoxLEsquire," he declined to 
receive it In 1777, on Washington's solicitation, 
he was appointed brigadier-general and tendered 
command of all the American cavalry, and mean- 
while, on 20 March, 1777, he was appointed first 
chief justice of Pennsylvania under tne new con- 
stitution ; but he declined both of these offices, pre- 
ferring to remain attached to Washington's head- 
quarters as a volunteer aide without rank or pay, in 
which capacity he served with credit at the battles 
of Brandywine, Germantown, and Monmouth. In 
September, 1777, he was elected to the Continental 
congress, but continued with the army and was 
again chosen in December. He declined the com- 
misskmership of Indian affairs in November, 1778, 
but accepted the chairmanship of a committee to 
confer with Washington concerning the manage- 
ment of the ensuing campaign, to concert measures 
for the greatest efficiency of the army. The city of 
Philadelphia, in October, 1777, elected him to the 
assembly, and the county made him a member of 
the council ; but he declined the former election. 
In December, 1778, he was chosen president of the 
supreme executive council of Pennsylvania, and he 
was continued in that office for three years. Dur- 
ing his administration he aided in founding the 
University of Pennsylvania, and favored the grad- 
ual abolition of slavery and the doing away with 
the proprietary powers of the Penn family. While 
Benedict Arnold (o. v.) was in command of Phila- 
delphia, after the evacuation by the British, he was 
led into extravagances that resulted in his being 
tried by court-martial. In the presentation of the 
charges Gov. Reed, as president of the council, took 
an active part and so incurred the odium of the 
friends of Arnold. After the failure of the British 
peace commissioners to treat with congress, at- 
vol. v. — 14 



% 



tempts were made to bribe high officials, and, among 
others, Gov. Reed was approached and offered £10,- 
000, together with any office in the colonies in his 
majesty's gift His reply was : " I am not worth 
purchasing, but, such as 1 am, the king of Great 
Britain is not rich enough to do it" In 1780 he 
was invested with extraordinary powers, and largely 
through his influence the disaffection of the Penn- 
sylvania line in the army was suppressed. He re- 
sumed the practice of his profession in 1781, and 
was appointed by congress one of the commission 
to settle the dispute between the states of Pennsyl- 
vania and Connecticut Failing health led to his 
visiting England in 1784, hoping that a sea-voyage 
would restore him ; but he returned in a few months, 
and died soon afterward. Meanwhile he had been 
chosen to congress, but he never took his seat 
Gov. Reed was charged with meditating a treacher- 
ous abandonment of the American cause, and a 
determination to go over to the British, and George 
Bancroft in his history introduced the statement 
on what appeared to be reliable testimony. A bit- 
ter controversy ensued, in which William B. Reed 
(o. v.) took part, and it was ultimately shown that 
he had been confounded with Col. Charles Read 
k v.). He published " Remarks on Gov. Johnstone's 
peech in Parliament" (Philadelphia, 1779), and 
Remarks on a Late Publication in the ' Independ- 
ent Gazetteer,' with an Address to the People of 
Pennsylvania " (1788). The latter elicited •• A Re- 
ply" by John Cadwalader. See "Life of Joseph 
Reed," by Henry Reed, in Sparks's " American Biog- 
raphy *' (Boston, 1846V, and " Life and Correspond- 
ence of Joseph Reed,'* by his grandson, William B. 
Reed (2 vols., Philadelphia, 1847).— His wife, Esther 
De Berdt, b. in London, 22 Oct, 1746 ; d. in Phila- 
delphia, 18 Sept, 1780, became acquainted with 
Mr. Reed when he was a law student in London, 
and soon after the death of her father married him 
in London in May, 1770. After the evacuation of 
Philadelphia she was chosen president of a society 
of ladies in that city who united for the purpose 
of collecting, by voluntary subscription, additional 
supplies in money and clothing for the army, which 
was then in great destitution. In a letter to Gen. 
Washington she writes : "The amount of the sub- 
scription is $200,580, and £625 6s. 8d. in specie, 
which makes in the whole, in paper money, $800,- 
684." Many of her letters to her husband and her 
correspondence with Gen. Washington are given in 
the life of Joseph Reed mentioned above. See also 
" The Life of Esther De Berdt afterward Esther 
Reed of Pennsylvania" (1858).— Their son, Jo- 
seph, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 11 July, 1772; d. 
there, 4 March, 1846, was graduated at Princeton 
in 1792, and then studied law. From 1800 till 
1809 he was a prothonotarv of the supreme court, 
and then attorney-general of Pennsylvania in 
1810-'ll. He became recorder of the city of Phila- 
delphia in 1810, continuing in that office till 1820, 
ana published "The Laws of Pennsylvania" (5 
vols., Philadelphia, 1822-'4).— The second Josephs 
son, William Bradford, lawyer, b. in Philadel- 
phia, Pa., 80 June, 1806; d. in New York city, 18 
Feb., 1876, was graduated at the University of 
Pennsylvania in 1825, and then accompanied Joel 
R. Poinsett to Mexico as his private secretary. On 
his return he studied law ana practised with such 
success that in 1888, he was elected attorney-gen- 
eral of Pennsylvania. In 1850 he was appointed 
frofessor of American history at the University of 
Pennsylvania, and in 1857 he became minister to 
China, in which capacity he negotiated the impor- 
tant treaty of June, 1858, that secured to the United 
States all the advantages that had been acquired by 



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the allies from the Chinese. Mr. Reed for a long 
time was the most brilliant and effective of the an- 
tagonists of the Democratic party in Pennsylvania, 
but on the nomination of James Buchanan he be- 
came his firm friend and supporter, even entering 
heartily into the extreme views of those who sympa- 
thized with the south, and on his return to this coun- 
try in 1800 he continued to act with the Democratic 
party. Subsequently he settled in New York, be- 
came a regular contributor to the press of that city, 
and for a time was American correspondent of the 
London " Times." Mr. Reed was a prolific writer, 
and, besides contributions to u The American Quar- 
terly Review n and " The North American Review," 
he was the author of numerous orations, addresses, 
and controversial pamphlets on historical subjects. 
Among the latter were several relating to his grand- 
father, President Joseph Reed, whose reputation 
was assailed by George Bancroft These included 
"President Reed of Pennsylvania, a Reply to 
George Bancroft and Others ,f (Philadelphia, 18671 
to which Mr. Bancroft responded with ** Joseph 
Reed, an Historical Essay " (New York, 1867) ; and 
M A Rejoinder to Mr. Bancroft's Historical Essay " 
(Philadelphia, 1867). Besides editing the posthu- 
mous works of his brother, Henry (a. v.), he pub- 
lished " Life and Correspondence of Joseph Reed," 
which, according to Chancellor Kent, is " a most in- 
teresting and admirable history of one of the ablest 
and purest patriots of the Revolution " (2 vols., 
Philadelphia, 1847), and u Life of Esther De Berdt, 
afterward Esther Reed "(1868).- William Bradford's 
brother, Henry, author, b. in Philadelphia, 11 July, 
1808 ; d. at sea, 37 Sept, 1854, was graduated at the 
University of Pennsylvania in 1825, read law, and 
in 1839 was admitted to the bar in Philadelphia. 
In 1881 he was elected assistant professor of English 
literature in the University of Pennsylvania and 
abandoned the legal profession. The same year he 
became assistant professor of moral philosophy, and 
in 1885 he was made professor of rhetoric and Eng- 
lish literature. He served the university until 1854, 
when he visited Europe. In September he embarked 
from Liverpool for home in the steamship " Arctic," 
in which he was lost at sea. He was a member of 
the American philosophical society and a vice-pro- 
vost of the University of Pennsylvania, and in 1846 
received the degree of LL. D. from the University 
of Vermont He was early brought into communi- 
cation with the poet Wordsworth, and assisted in 
the supervision and arrangement of an American 
edition of his poems (Philadelphia, 1887). He was 
the author of the preface to this work, and an elabo- 
rate article on Wordsworth in the "New York 
Review " (1889). After the death of the poet he 
superintended the publication of the American edi- 
tion of the memoirs by Dr. Christopher Words- 
worth (3 vols., Boston, 1851). He prepared an edi- 
tion of Alexander Reid's " Dictionary of the Eng- 
lish Language" (New York, 1845), and George F. 
Graham's ** English Synonyms," with an introduc- 
tion and illustrative authorities (1847), and edited 
American reprints of Thomas Arnold^ " Lectures 
on Modern History " (1845); Lord Mahon's" His- 
tory of England from the Peace of Utrecht to the 
Peace of Paris " (3 vols., 1849) ; and the poetical 
works of Thomas Gray, for which he prepared a 
new memoir (Philadelphia, 1850). He delivered two 
M Lectures upon the American Union " before the 
Smithsonian institution (1857), and several ad- 
dresses *t various times before other bodies. He 
wrote a life of his grandfather, Joseph Reed, in 
Sparks's " American Biography." His chief com- 
positions were several courses of lectures at the 
University of Pennsylvania, of which collections 



have been published since his death by his broth- 
er, William B. Reed, with the titles " Lectures of 
English Literature, from Chaucer to Tennyson" 
(Philadelphia, 1855); "Lectures on English His- 
tory and Tragic Poetry, as Illustrated by Shake- 
speare," to which is prefixed a biographical sketch 
(1855) ; " Lectures on the History of the American 
Union" (1856); and ** Lectures on the British 
Poets" (3 vols^, 1857).— Henry's son, Henry, au- 
thor, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 33 Sept, 1846, was 
graduated at the University of Pennsylvania in 
1865, read law, and was admitted to the Philadel- 
phia bar in 1869. In November, 1886, he was ap- 
grinted a judge of the court of common pleas in 
hiladelphia, and in 1887 was elected to tne office 
for a term of years. He is the author of a work 
on the " Statute of Frauds " (8 vol*, 1884), and has 
published numerous articles on legal subjects. He 
translated M The Daughter of an Egyptian King," 
by George Ebers (Philadelphia, 1875). 

REED, Philip, senator, b. in Kent county, M<L, 
about 1760; d. in Kent county, Md., 3 Nov., 1839. 
He received an academical education, and served 
as a captain in the Revolutionary army. After- 
ward he was elected to the U. S. senate in place of 
Robert Wright, resigned, and held the seat from 
39 Dec, 1806, till 8 March, 1818. On his return 
home he commanded, as colonel of militia, the 
regiment of home-guards that met and defeated at 
Moorefields, Md.. 90 Aug., 1814, a superior British 
force under Sir Peter Parker (o. v.), who was killed 
in the engagement Col. Reea was elected to the 
15th congress, serving from 1 Dec, 1817, till 8 
March, 1819, and re-elected to the 17th, having 
contested the election of Jeremiah Causden, serv- 
ing from 30 March. 1833, till 8 March, 1838. 

SEED, Rebecca Theresa, proselyte, b. in East 
Cambridge, Mass., about 1818. Her father was a 
farmer in straitened circumstances, who gave his 
three daughters the best education within his 
reach. The eldest, Rebecca, was sent to a neigh- 
borhood school for three years, and displayed an 
unusual aptitude for making lace and other orna- 
mental work. She was a serious, well-behaved girl, 
and thoughtful, according to the testimony of her 
teachers, beyond her years. Her attention was 
first called to nuns and nunneries in the sum- 
mer of 1836, about which time an Ursuline con- 
vent had been established on Mount Benedict, 
Charlestown, Mass. In 1880, on the death of her 
mother, she again became interested in the sub- 
ject, and was anxious to enter the institution with 
the intention of consecrating herself to a religious 
life Through the influence of Roman Catholic 
friends, and notwithstanding the opposition of 
her family, she was admitted to the convent on 
7 Aug., 1881. Although she remained within its 
walls nearly six months, she soon became dissatis- 
fied with the continual repression of youthful im- 
pulses, the strict discipline, the physical discom- 
forts, and the apparent want of sympathy of those 
in charge. Having accidentally overheard a con- 
versation between the convent authorities, from 
which she learned that she was to be removed to 
Canada, she made her escape, and returned to her 
family. At this time her health had been seriously 
impaired by the austerities of her conventual life. 
Miss Reed's escape, and the statements that she 
made of what had occurred during her stay in the 
convent, gave rise to an acrimonious controversy. 
Two years later the excitement was increased by the 
escape of Sister Mary John on 38 June, 1884, and 
on the 11th of the following August the convent 
a large three-story building, was sacked and burned 
by a mob. The foregoing statements are gathered 



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from •* Six Months in a Convent ; or. The Narrative 
of Rebecca Theresa Reed, Who was under the In- 
fluence of the Roman Catholics about Two Years," 
etc, and " Supplement to • Six Months in a Con- 
vent,' confirming the Narrative of Rebecca The- 
resa Reed by the Testimony of more than One 
Hundred Witnesses" (Boston, 1885). See also 
••The Memorial History of Boston," edited by Jus- 
tin Winsor (vol Hi., Boston. 1881), for details of 
the destruction of the Ursuline convent. 

REED, Thomas B., senator, b. in Kentucky: 
d. in Lexington, Ky., 26 Nov., 1829. Although his 
early educational advantages were limited, he was 
able to study law. On being admitted to the 
bar he began to practise at Lexington, Ky., and 
had already acquired some reputation in his pro- 
fession before removing to Mississippi territory. 
There he found a wide field for the exercise of his 
talents in the solution of the intricate questions 
that arose from the variety of land-tenures and the 
difficulty of applying the rules of common law to 
the novel conditions of frontier life. Mr. Reed 
settled at Natchez, and made his appearance in the 
supreme court of the state in the first criminal case 
that was brought before that tribunal, "The 
State against the Blennerhassetts," which he argued 
for the defence at the June term in 1818. His 
reputation at the bar continued to increase, and in 
1881 he was elected attorney-general of the state, 
discharging the duties of the office for four years 
with ability. He was elected U. S. senator from 
Mississippi in the place of David Holmes, resigned, 
and served from 11 March, 1826, till 8 March, 1827. 
His legal knowledge and his familiarity with the 
fundamental principles of the government soon at- 
tracted attention. His speech on what was known 
as the " Judiciary question " was much applauded 
by senators and warmly commended by the press. 
He was re-elected for the full term, but died while 
on his way to Washington to take his seat 

REED, Thomas Brackett, legislator, b. in 
Portland, Me., 18 Oct, 1839. He was graduated at 
Bowdoin in 1860, and studied law, but was ap- 
pointed acting assistant paymaster in the navy, 19 
April, 1864, and served until his honorable dis- 
charge, 4 Nov., 1865. He was soon afterward ad- 
mitted to the bar, and began to practise at Port- 
land. In 1868-'9 he was a member of the lower 
branch of the Maine legislature, and in 1870 he sat 
in the state senate. From the latter Year until 
1872 he was attorney-general, and in l874-*7 he 
served as solicitor for the city of Portland. He was 
elected a member of congress in 1876, and has been 
re-elected until the present time (1888). Mr. Reed 
is one of the chief members on the Republican side 
of the house, and is an effective debater. 

REED, William, philanthropist b. in Marble- 
head, Mass., in 1777; d. there, 18 Feb., 1887. He 
became a merchant in his native town, and was 
elected to congress as a Federalist, serving from 4 
Nov., 1811, till 8 March, 1815. He was active in 
educational and religious matters, acting as presi- 
dent of the Sabbath-school union of Massachusetts 
and of the American tract society, and as vice- 
president of the Education society. He was also 
one of the board of the Andover theological semi- 
nary and a trustee of Dartmouth college. Of 
$68,000 that was riven by him in his will to 
benevolent objects, f 17,000 were left to Dartmouth, 
$10,000 to Amherst, $10,000 to the American 
board of foreign missions, $16,000 to two churches 
in Marblehead, and $5,000 to the library of An- 
dover theological seminary. 

REEDER, Andrew Horatio, governor of 
b. in Easton, Pa., 6 Aug., 1807; d. there, 




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5 July, 1864. He spent the greater part of his life 
in Easton, Pa., where he practised law, and was 
a Democratic politician, but declined office till 
1854, when he was appointed the first governor 
of Kansas. Qov. Reeder had come to the territory 
a firm Democrat, but the conduct of the " border 
ruffians" shook his 
partisanship. He 
prescribed distinct 
and rigid rules for 
the conduct of the 
next legislature, 
which, it was then 
believed, would de- 
termine whether 
Kansas would* be- 
come a free or a 
slave state. But all 
his precautionscame 
to naught On 80 
March, 1855, 5,000 
Missourians took 
possession of nearly 
every election - dis- 
trict in the terri- 
tory. Of the total number of votes cast 1,410 
were found to be legal and 4,908 illegal, 5,427 
were given to the pro-slavery and 701 to the free- 
state candidates. But on 6 April, 1855, Got. 
Reeder issued certificates of election to all but one 
third of the claimants, and the returns in these 
cases he rejected on account of palpable defects in 
the papers. As a lawyer he recognized that he 
had the power to question the legality of the elec- 
tion of the several claimants only in those cases 
where there were protests lodged, or where there 
were palpable defects in the returns. Notices were 
sent throughout the territory that protests would 
be received and considered, and the time for filing 
protests was extended so that facilities might be 
riven for a full hearing of both sides. In nearly 
two thirds of the returns there were no protests or 
official notice of frauds, and the papers' were on 
their face regular. In the opinion of Gov. Reeder, 
this precluded him from withholding certificates,, 
and ne accordingly issued them, notwithstanding 
his personal belief* that the claimants had nearly 
all been fraudulently elected. His contention al- 
ways was that any other course would have been 
revolutionary. Tnis action endowed the notori- 
ously illegal legislature with technical authority, 
and a few weeks later, when Gov. Reeder went 
to Washington, D. C, to invoke the help of the 
administration, the attorney-general refused to 
prosecute, as Reeder's own certificate pronounced 
the elections true. One of the first official acts of 
this legislature was to draw up a memorial to the 
president requesting Gov. Reeder's removal, but 
before its bearer reached Washington the governor 
was dismissed by President Pierce. He then be- 
came a resident o'f Lawrence, Kan., where the free- 
state movement began. Its citizens held a conven- 
tion at Big Springs, a few miles west of that town, 
on 5 Sept.. 1855. Gov. Reeder wrote the resolu- 
tions, addressed the convention, and received their 
nomination, by acclamation, for the post of terri- 
torial delegate to congress. These resolutions de- 
clared that " we will endure no longer the tyranni- 
cal enactments of the bogus legislature, will resist 
them to a bloody issue, and recommended the 
" formation of volunteer companies and the pro- 
curement of arms." On 9 Oct, at a separate elec- 
tion, Mr. Reeder was again chosen delegate to con- 
gress. Under the newly framed territorial constitu- 
tion, which was known as the Topeka constitution. 



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a legislature formed of the free-state party, 15 July, 
1856, elected him, with James H. Lane, to the U. S. 
senate, which choice congress refused to recognize, 
and neither senator took his seat At the begin- 
ning of the civil war he and Gen. Nathaniel Lyon 
were the first brigadier-generals that were ap- 

Solnted by President Lincoln. But Mr. Reeder 
eclined, on the plea that he was too far advanced 
in life to accept high office in a new profession. 
He returned to Kaston, Pa., where he resided until 
his death. See " Life of Abraham Lincoln/* by 
John G. Nicoiay and John Hay. 

REEDER. Charles, manufacturer, b. in Balti- 
more, McL, 31 Oct, 1817. He was educated in pub- 
lic schools in Baltimore, and has since devoted his 
attention to the construction of marine steam-en- 
gines, which have held a high rank for efficiency 
and durability. Mr. Reeder in this way became in- 
terested in steamships, and in 1855 was an owner 
of the " Tennessee," the first that cleared from Bal- 
timore to a European port He has been called to 
directorships in banking and other establishments, 
and has published '• Caloric : A Review of the Dy- 
namic Theory of Heat" (Baltimore, 1887}. 

REES. Joan Krom, educator, b. in New York 
city, 27 Oct, 1851. He was graduated at Colum- 
bia in 1872, and at the School of mines in 1875, 
and in 1878-'6 he was assistant in mathematics 
at the latter institution. In 1876 he was called 
to the professorship of mathematics and astron- 
omy in Washington university, St Louis, where 
he remained until 1881, when he was recalled to 
Columbia, given charge of the department of geod- 
esy and practical astronomy, and made director of 
the observatory. While he was in St. Louis the 
time system radiating from the Washington uni- 
versity observatory was established by his aid, and 
the observatory was built In July, 1878, he was 
a member of the Fort Worth solar eclipse party, 
and contributed a report to the publications of the 
expedition. Prof. Rees is a member of scientific 
societies, and has been active in the American as- 
sociation for the advancement of science, having 
been local secretary at the St Louis meeting in 
1878, secretary of the section on mathematics and 
physics in 1870, and general secretary in 1880. 
He has held various offices also in the Ameri- 
can metrological society since 1888. He has been 
chairman of the board of editors of the " School of 
Mines Quarterly" since 1884, and has published 
••Report on the Total Solar Eclipse, July, 1878," 
" Observations of the Transit of Venus, 6 Dec, 
1882," and, in addition to various papers and lec- 
tures before the New York academy of sciences, has 
written cyclopedia articles. 

REESE, Chauncey B., soldier, b. in Cana- 
stota, N. Y M 28 Dec, 1887; d. in Mobile, Ala., 
22 Sept, 1870. He was graduated at the U. a 
military academy in 1859, and at the beginning of 
the civil war sent to Fort Pickens, Fla., as assist- 
ant engineer in defence of that work. He was then 
transferred to similar duty at Washington, D. C, 
and became 1st lieutenant of engineers, 6 Au^., 
1861. He rendered valuable service in the Virginia 
peninsular campaign from March till August, 1862, 
in constructing bridges, roads, and field-works, 

Cicularly the bridge, 2,000 feet in length, over 
Chickahominy. He became .captain of engi- 
neers in March, 1868, and was engaged in the Rap- 
pahannock campaign in similar service, construct- 
ing a bridge before Fredericksburg, defensive works 
ana bridges at Chancellorsville, and at Franklin's 
crossing of the Rappahannock, in the face of the 
enemy. He participated in the battle of Gettys- 
burg, in the siege of Fort Wagner, S. C, and was 



chief engineer of the Army of the Tennessee dur- 
ing the Atlanta campaign, the subsequent march 
to the sea, and that through the Carolina*. In 
December, 1864, he was brevetted major, lieuten- 
ant-colonel, and colonel, " for gallant and distin- 
Siished services during the campaign through 
eorffia and ending in the capture of Savannah," 
and In March, 1865, he was brevetted brigadier- 
general in the U. S. army for faithful and merito- 
rious service during the same campaign. He be- 
came lieutenant-colonel in June, 1865, was super- 
intending engineer of the construction of Fort 
Montgomery, N. Y., and recorder of the board of 
engineers to conduct experiments on the use of 
iron in permanent defences in 1865-'7. In March 
of the latter year he became major in the corps of 
engineers. He was then secretary of the board of 
engineers for fortifications and harbor and river 
obstructions for the defence of the United States. 

REESE, David Meredith, physician, b. in 
Philadelphia, Pa., in 1800; d. in New York city, 12 
Aug., 1861. He was graduated at the medical de- 
partment of the University of Maryland in 1820, 
and subsequently settled in New York city, where 
he established an extensive practice. For several 
years he was physician-in-chief to Bellevue hospital, 
and he subsequently was city and county superin- 
tendent of public schools. He published " Observa- 
tions on the Epidemic of Yellow Fever " (Baltimore, 
1819); "Strictures on Health " (1828) ; "The Epi- 
demic Cholera " (New York, 1888) ; " Humbugs of 
New York "(Boston, 1888); M Review, of the First 
Annual Report of the American Anti-Slavery So- 
ciety," of which 25,000 copies were sold at onoe 
(1884); "Quakerism tw. Calvinism" (New York, 
1884); " Phrenology known by its Fruits" (1888); 
and " Medical Lexicon of Modern Terminology " 
(1855); and contributed constantly to medical lit- 
erature. He also edited the scientific section of 
"Chambers's Educational Course" (Edinburgh, 
1844), and American editions of Sir Astley P. 
Cooper's "Surgical Diet," Dr. John M. Good's 
"Book of Nature," J. Moore Neligan's work on 
" Medicines," with notes (1856), and the " American 
Medical Gazette " (New York, 1850-'5). 

REESE, John Jamefl, physician, b. in Philadel- 
phia, Pa., 16 June, 1818. He was graduated at the 
University of Pennsylvania in 1887, and at the 
medical department in 1889, and began practice in 
his native city. He entered the U. S. army as sur- 
geon of volunteers in 1861, and was in charge of a 
hospital in Philadelphia. Dr. Reese has continued 
to reside in that city, is professor of jurisprudence 
and toxicology in the University of Pennsylvania, 
and is a member of foreign and domestic profes- 
sional societies. He was president of the Phila- 
delphia medical jurisprudence society in 1886-7, 
ana is physician to several city hospitals. He has 
contributed largely to professional literature, edit- 
ed the 7th American edition of Taylor's " Medical 
Jurisprudence," and published "American Medi- 
cal Formulary" (Philadelphia, 1850); "Analysis 
of Physiology "(1858); "Manual of Toxicology" 
(1874); and a "Text-Book of Medical Jurispru- 
dence and Toxicology " (1884). 

REESE. Levi H., clergyman, b. in Harford 
county, M<L, 8 Feb., 1806; d. in Philadelphia, Ps*, 
21 Sept, 1851. He was educated in the public 
schools in Baltimore, taught for several years, and 
in 1826 entered the ministry of the Methodist Epis- 
copal church. In the controversy that resulted in 
the formation of the Methodist Protestant church, 
he joined the " Union " society, became secretary 
of that body, and was the first pastor that was or- 
dained in that organisation. He was chaplain to 



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congress in 1887-*8, and was an anient temperance 
reformer. He published a series of discourses on 
the "Obligations of the Sabbath" (1820), and 
- Thoughts of an Itinerant " (1841). 

REESE, Thomas, clergyman, b. in Pennsylvania 
in 1742 ; d. near Pendleton, S. C, in August. 1794. 
He was graduated at Princeton in 1768, studied 
theology, and was admitted to the ministry of the 
Presbyterian church in 1778. He then became 
pastor of Salem church, Sumter district, S. C, 
where he continued until the Revolution. During 
the war he preached in Mecklenburg, N. C, but in 
1782 he returned to his previous charge, and in 
1792-*3 he was pastor of two churches in Pendleton 
district Princeton gave him the degree of D. D. 
in 1789. Dr. Reese was an eminent scholar and a 
successful teacher, and did much to promote the 
religious life of the colored race in his district, to 
whom he regularly lectured. He published a valu- 
able essay on the " Influence of Religion on Civil 
Society ' (Charleston, S. GV 1788). and three ser- 
mons in the ** American Preacher.*' 

REESE, William Brown, jurist, b. in Jefferson 
county, Tenn., 29 Nov., 1793; d. near Knoxville, 
Tenn., 7 July, 1800. He was graduated at Green- 
ville college with the first honors, studied law, and 
was admitted to the bar in 1817. In 1831 he be- 
came chancellor of the state, and in 1835 he was 
elected to the bench of the supreme court in Ten- 
nessee. He resigned in 1847. In 1850 he was chosen 
president of the L T niversity of East Tennessee, which 
place he filled until failing health compelled him 
to resign. He was elected president of the East 
Tennessee historical society in 1880, and held the 
office until his death. In 1845 the University of 
East Tennessee conferred upon him the degree of 
LL. D. Judge Reese's opinion in a case involving 
a construction of the " rule in Shelly's case " elicit- 
ed high commendation from Chancellor Kent He 
was a man of literary tastes and an able scholar. 

REEVE, Isaac Tan Dozen, soldier, b. in But- 
ternuts, Otsego co., N. Y., 29 July, 1813. He was 
graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1835, 
became 1st lieutenant in 1838, was engaged in the 
Florida war in 183ft-' 7 and in 1840-'2, and served 
throughout the war with Mexico. He became cap- 
tain in 1846, and received the brevet of major and 
lieutenant-colonel for gallant and meritorious ser- 
vice at Contreras, Churubusco, and Molino del Rey. 
He commanded the expedition against the Pinal 
Apache Indians in 1858-'9, became major in May, 
1861, was made prisoner of war by Oen. David E. 
Twiggs on 9 May of that year, and was not ex- 
changed till 20 Aug., 1862. He was chief muster- 
ing and disbursing officer in 1862-'3, became lieu- 
tenant-colonel in September, 1862, and was in com- 
mand of the draft rendezvous at Pittsburg, Pa., in 
1864-'5. He became colonel of the 18th infantry 
in October, 1864, and was bre vetted brigadier-gen- 
eral in the U. S. army, 13 March, 1865, " for faith- 
ful and meritorious service during the civil war." 
In January, 1871, he was retired atnis own request 

REEVE, Tapping, jurist, b. in Brookhaven, 
L. I., in October, 1744; d. in Litchfield, Conn., 13 
Dec, 1823. He was graduated at Princeton in 
1763. and in 1767-70 was a tutor there. In 1772 
be removed to Litchfield, Conn., and began the 
practice of law, and in 1784 be established there a 
law-school that attained to great reputation through- 
out the country. Many men that afterward became 
celebrated obtained their legal education there. 
He was its sole instructor till 1798, when he asso- 
ciated with him James Gould (q. »♦.), but he con- 
tinued to give lectures till 1820. The modest one- 
•tory building where Messrs. Reeve and Gould 



delivered their lectures is still standing in a dilapi- 
dated condition. It has been removed to the out- 
skirts of the town, and is used as a dwelling. Mr. 
Reeve was a judge of the Connecticut superior 
court from 1798 till 1814, when he became chief 
justice of the state, but he retired in the latter year, 
on reaching the age of seventy. He was a Federal- 
ist in politics, and, though averse to public life, 
served once in the legislature and once in the 
council. During the Revolution he was an ardent 
patriot, and after the reverses to the American 
arms in 1770 he was active in raising recruits, going 
as an officer to the vicinity of New York, where 
the news of the victories at Trenton and Princeton 
made his services unnecessary. Judge Reeve was 
the first eminent lawyer in this country that labored 
to effect a change in the laws regarding the prop- 
erty of married women. He received the degree of 
Lll D. from Middleburyin 1808, and from Prince- 
ton in 1813. He married Sarah, sister of Aaron 
Burr. Judge Reeve published " The Law of Baron 
and Femme; of Parent and Child; of Guardian 
and Ward ; of Master and Servant, etc." (New 
Haven, 1816 ; 2d ed., by Lucius E. Chittenden, Bur- 
lington, Vt, 1846; with appendix by J. W. Allen, 
1857 ; 3d ed., by Amasa J. Parker and C. E. Bald- 
win, Albany. 1862) ; and " Treatise on the Law of 
Descents in the Several United States of America " 
(New York, 1825). 

REEVES, John, English jurist, b. in England 
in 1752 ; d. there in 1829. He was educated at 
Merton college, Oxford, called to the bar about 
1780, and in 1791-2 was chief justice of Newfound- 
land. In the latter year he founded the Association 
for preserving liberty and property against Level- 
lers and Republicans. He became one of the king's 
printers in 1800, was superintendent of aliens in 
1803-'14, and was also a law-clerk to the board of 
trade. His numerous publications include " History 
of the English Law " (2 vols., London, 1784-'5 ; with 
additions, 4 vols.. 1787; completed, 1829); " History 
of the Government of Newfoundland " (1793); and 
two tracts, showing that Americans who were born 
before the war of independence are not aliens by 
the laws of England (1814). 

REEVES, Harlan Calhonn Legare, author, 
b. in Charleston, S. C, about 1854. She received a 
home education, and began to write about 1866 
under the pen-name of " Fadette." Her publica- 
tions include " Ingemisco " (New York, 1867); 
"Randolph Honor * (1868); "Sea-Drift" (Phila- 
delphia, 1869); "Wearithorne" (18?2); "A Little 
Maid of Acadie" (New York, 1888); and, with 
Emily Read, * 4 Old Martin Boscawen's Jest " (New 
York*, 1878), and "Pilot Fortune" (Boston, 1883). 

REHAN. Ada, actress, b. in Limerick, Ireland, 
22 April, 1859. She came to this country at an 
early age, was educated in the Brooklyn public 
schools, and made her first public appearance on 
the stage at fifteen years of age, but subsequently 
resumed her studies for a vear. After two seasons 
in Mrs. Drew's theatre, Philadelphia, she joined 
Augustin Daly's company in New York city. She 
has been eminently successful in light comedy 
roles, such as Katherine in " Taming of the Shrew, 
and the principal female characters in such plays 
as - Cinderella at School," - Needles and Pins,*' " A 
Wooden Spoon," "The Railroad of Love," "After 
Business Hours," and " Our English Friend." Miss 
Rehan met with great success and favorable criti- 
cism when she appeared in London with Daly's 
American company in May, 1888. 

REHN, Frank Knox Norton, artist, b. in 
Philadelphia, Pa.. 12 April, 1848. He studied under 
Christian Schussele at the Pennsylvania academy 



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of fine arts, and for several years painted portraits 
in Philadelphia, but later devoted himself almost 
exclusively to marine and coast painting. He has 
exhibited at the academy, Philadelphia, and since 
1879 at the Academy of design, New York, to which 
city he came about 1882. He was awarded in 1882 
the first prize for marine painting at the St. Louis 
exposition, in 1886 the first prize at the water-color 
exhibition of the American art association, and in 
1886 a gold medal at the Prize fund exhibition. 
His paintings include " Looking down on the Sea 
from the Rocks at Magnolia, Mass." (1884-'5) ; " A 
Missing Vessel " (1885) ; " Close of a Summer Day " ; 
and " Evening, Gloucester Harbor " (1887). 

REICHEL, Charles Gotthold, Moravian bish- 
op, b. in Hermsdorf, Silesia, 14 July, 1751 ; d. at 
Niesky, Prussia, 18 April, 1825. He was educated 
in the Moravian college and theological seminary of 
Germany. In 1784 he came to this country in order 
to open a boarding-school for boys at ftazareth, 
which is still in existence, and over which he pre- 
sided, as its first principal, for sixteen years. Hav- 
ing been appointed presiding bishop of the southern 
district of the Moravian church, he was consecrated 
to the episcopacy in 1801. During his residence at 
Salem, N. C, the University of North Carolina con- 
ferred on him the degree of D. D. In 1811 he was 
appointed presiding bishop of the northern district 
of the church, and removed to Bethlehem. In 1818 
he attended the general synod at Herrnhut, Saxony, 
after which he remained in Europe and retired from 
active service. — His son, Levin Theodore, Mora- 
vian bishop, b. in Bethlehem, Pa., 4 March, 1812 ; 
d. in Berthelsdorf, near Herrnhut, Saxony, 23 May, 
1878, accompanied his parents to Germany in 1818, 
and was educated at the Moravian college and 
theological seminary, but returned to the United 
States in 1834, He had charge of the churches at 
Schoeneck, Era mans, Nazareth, and Lititz, Pa., and 
subsequently labored at Salem, N. C. In 1857 he 
attended the general synod at Herrnhut. which 
body elected him to the mission board. This office 
he filled until his death. On 7 July, 1869, he was 
consecrated to the episcopacy at Herrnhut He 
paid official visits to the Danish West Indies and 
to Labrador. He was the author of " History of 
Nazareth Hall, at Nazareth, Pa." (Philadelphia, 
1855) ; " The Moravians in North Carolina " (1&57) ; 
and " Missions-Atlas der Bruder-Kirche " (Herrn- 
hut, I860). An important history from his pen of 
the American branch of the Moravian church re- 
mains in manuscript. — Charles Gotthold's grand- 
son, William Cornelias, author, b. in Salem, N. 
C, 9 May, 1824; d. in Bethlehem, Pa., 15 Oct, 
1876, was the son of Rev. Benjamin Reichel, of 
Salem female academy. He entered Nazareth Hall 
in 1834, and in 1839 the Moravian theological semi- 
nary, where he was graduated in 1844. After serv- 
ing as tutor for four years at Nazareth Hall, he 
became a professor in the theological seminary. In 
1862 he was appointed to the charge of Linden Hall 
seminary, Lititz, Pa., which he resigned in 1868. 
From 1868 till 1876 he filled the duties of professor 
of Latin and natural sciences in the seminary for 
young ladies at Bethlehem. He was ordained a 
deacon in June, 1862, and a presbyter in May, 1864. 
Prof. Reichel did more than any one else to eluci- 
date the early history of the Moravian church in 
this country. In addition to articles in •• The Mo- 
ravian " and the local press, and a sketch of North- 
ampton county, prepared for Dr. William H. Egle's 
** History of Pennsylvania," he wrote ** History of 
Nazareth Hall " (Philadelphia, 1855 ; enlarged e<L, 
1869) ; " History of the Bethlehem Female Semi- 
nary, 1785-1858" (1858); "Moravianism in New 



York and Connecticut " (1860) ; M Memorials of the 
Moravian Church" (1870); "Wyalusing, and the 
Moravian Mission at Friedenshuetten " (Bethlehem, 
1871) ; " Names which the Lenni Lennape* or Dela- 
ware Indians gave to Rivers, Streams, and Locali- 
ties within the States of Pennsylvania, New Jersey, 
Maryland, and Virginia, with their Significations," 
from the manuscript of John Heckewelder (1872) ; 
" A Red Rose from the Olden Time, or a Ramble 
through the Annals of the Rose Inn on the Barony 
of Nazareth in the Days of the Province " (Phila- 
delphia, 1872); •• The Crown Inn, near Bethlehem, 
Pa., 1745 " (1872); "The Old Sun Inn at Bethlehem, 
Pa., 1758 " (Doylestown, Pa., 1873) ; " A Register of 
Members of the Moravian Church, 1727 to 1754" 
(Bethlehem, 1873); and a revised edition of John 
Heckewelder's " History, Manners, and Customs of 
the Indian Nations who once Inhabited Pennsyl- 
vania and the Neighboring States " (Philadelphia, 
1876). He left unfinished " History of Bethlehem " 
and " History of Northampton County." 

REID, Day Id Boswell, chemist b. in Edin- 
burgh, Scotland, in 1805 ; d. in Washington, D. C, 
5 April, 1863. He was educated at the University 
of Edinburgh, where he also studied medicine. 
After graduation he taught practical and analytical 
chemistry for four years at the university. In 1833 
he erected a class-room and laboratory larger than 
any in Edinburgh, which he opened in 1833, and 
thereafter he had about 300 pupils annually in his 
chemical classes. He was called in 1836 to make 
such alterations in the old house of commons as 
should secure its better ventilation, and in 1839 su- 
perintended similar changes in the house of peers, 
in 1840-*5 he had direction of the new houses. Sub- 
sequently he superintended the ventilation of St 
George's Hall, Liverpool, and in 1842 was appointed 
a member of the " Health of towns commission." 
In this capacity he gave a course of lectures at 
Exeter Hall, and also visited and superintended the 
introduction of improved methods of ventilation 
and sewerage in most of the cities of the United 
Kingdom. In 1856 he came to the United States, 
and after various engagements, including that of 
professor of applied chemistry in the University of 
Wisconsin, he became one of tne medical inspectors 
of the U. S. sanitary commission. Dr. Reiu was a 
fellow of the Royal society of Edinburgh, and, be- 
sides scientific contributions to journals in the 
United States and Europe, published •* Introduc- 
tion to the Study of Chemistry " (Edinburgh, 1825) ; 
u Elements of dhemistry " (1832) ; " Text-Book for 
Students of Chemistry*' (1834); "Rudiments of 
the Chemistry of Daily Life " (1836) ; u Outlines of 
the Ventilation of the House of Commons " (Lon- 
don, 1837) ; " Ventilation of the Niger Steamships w 
(1841); "Illustrations of the Theory and Practice 
of Ventilation, with Remarks on Warming " (1844) ; 
* 4 Ventilation in American Dwellings " (New Tort, 
1858) ; and " Short Plea for the Revision of Educa- 
tion in Science " (St. Paul, 1861). 

REID ; David Settle, governor of North Caro- 
lina, b. in Rockingham county, N. C, 19 April 
1 813. He studied law, was admitted to the bar, and 
began to practise in 1834. In 1835 he was elected 
to the legislature, serving continuously until 1848, 
when he was elected a representative to congress as 
a Democrat, serving from 4 Dec, 1843, till 3 March, 
1847. In 1848 he was the defeated Democratic can- 
didate for governor of North Carolina, but he was 
afterward successful, and held the office in 1851-5. 
He was then elected to the U. S. senate as a Demo- 
crat, in place of Willie P. Mangum, serving from 4 
Dec, 1854, till 3 March, 1859. He was chairman 
of the committees on patents, on the patent-office. 



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and on commerce. He was a delegate to the Peace 
convention that met in Washington in February, 
1861. Gov. Reid served in the Confederate con- 
gress, and after the civil war resided on his farm 
in Rockingham county. 

REID, George, soldier, b. in Londonderry, N. H., 
in 1738 ; d. there in September, 1815. His education 
was meagre. He became captain of a company of 
minute-men in 1775, and on receiving the news of 
the battle of Lexington joined Gen. John Stark's 
regiment at Medford, and took an honorable part 
at Bunker HiU. On 4 Nov.. 1 775, he was appointed 
lieutenant-colonel of the 2d New Hampshire regi- 
ment, served as colonel after the capture of Nathan 
Hale\ took part in the battle of Bemis Heights in 
October, 1777, and was present at the surrenders of 
Burgovne and Corn wmllia. He was made brigadier- 
general of New Hampshire militia in 1785, and 
sheriff of Rockingham county, N. H., in 1791. 

REID, Httgh Tfcompoon, soldier, b. in Union 
county, Ind., 18 Oct, 1811 ; d. in Keokuk, Iowa, 21 
Aug., 1874. He was of Scotch-Irish descent, and, 
after graduation at Bloomington college, Ind., stud- 
ied law, was admitted to the bar, and removed in 
1889 to Fort Madison, Iowa, practising there until 
1849, when he removed to Keokuk and practised 
occasionally. In 1840-*2 he was prosecuting attor- 
ney for Lee, Des Moines, Henry, Jefferson, and Van 
Buren counties, holding high rank as a land law- 
ver. He was president for four years of the Des 
koines Valley railroad. He entered the volunteer 
service as colonel of the 15th Iowa infantry in 
1861, and commanded it at Shiloh, where he was 
shot through the neck and fell from his horse, but 
remounted and rode down the lines, encouraging 
his men. He was in other actions, was appointed 
brigadier-general on 18 March, 1868, ana com- 
manded the posts of Lake Providence, Ijl, and 
Cairo, 111., until he resigned on 4 April, 1864. 

REID, John, British soldier, b. in Scotland, 18 
Jan., 1722 ; d. in London, England, 6 Feb., 1807. 
He was the son of Alexander Robertson, of Stra- 
loch, was educated at the University of Edinburgh, 
and entered the army as a lieutenant on 8 June, 
1745. On 8 June, 1752, he became captain in the 
42& regiment, and in 1758 he was appointed major. 
He served under Gen. James Wolfe and Gen. Jef- 
frey Amherst in the French war, and was wounded 
in the expedition against Martinique in 1762, and 
promoted lieutenant-colonel. In 1768 he was sent 
to the relief of Fort Pitt, and defeated its Indian 
besiegers in the well-fought battle of Bushy Run. 
In the summer of 1764 the 42d again participated 
in CoL Henry Bouquet's expedition against the 
Muskingum Indians. Lieut-Col. Reid commanded 
all the British forces in the district of Fort Pitt in 
1765, and an officer of the same name is mentioned 
as commandant at Fort Chartres, 111., in 1766. In 
1771 he obtained a lam tract of land in Otter 
Creek, Vt, from which his tenants were expelled 
in 1772 by the people of Bennington. He became 
major-general in October, 1781, lieutenant-general 
on 12 Oct, 1788, and general on 1 Jan., 1798. 

REID, Jalim Morrison, clergyman, b. in New 
York city, 80 May. 1820. He was graduated at 
the University of the city of New York in 1889, 
and became principal of the Mechanics* institute 
school, holding this office until 1844. After grad- 
uation at Union theological seminary he was ad- 
mitted to the New York Methodist Episcopal con- 
ference in 1844, and has preached in Connecticut, 
Long Island, and New York city. From 1858 till 
1864 he was president of Genesee college, Lima, 
N. Y., and he became corresponding secretary of 
the Missionary society of the Methodist Episcopal 



church in 1872. The University of the city of 
New York gave him the degree of D. I). in 1858, 
and the University of Syracuse that of LL. D. 
in 1888. He was editor of the " Western Christian 
Advocate," Cincinnati, in 1864, and of the " North- 
western Christian Advocate," Chicago, in 1868. He 
is the author of numerous tracts and articles, and 
of " Missions and Missionary Societies of the Meth- 
odist Episcopal Church " (2 vols., New York, 1880), 
and has edited M Doomed Religions " (1884). Dr. 
Reid was active in securing for the University of 
Syracuse the valuable library of Prof. Leopold von 
Ranke, the German historian, which includes about 
50,000 volumes, some of his manuscripts, and sev- 
eral paintings by German artists. 

REID, Mayae, author, b. in Ireland in 1818; d. 
near London, England, 22 Oct, 1888. He was the 
son of a Presbyterian clergyman, and was educated 
for the church', but preferring adventure to the- 
ology, came to this country in 1888. He encaged 
in hunting and trading expeditions on Red and 
Missouri rivers, and travelled through nearly every 
state of the Union. Subsequently he settled in 
Philadelphia, where he wrote for magazines and 
journals until the beginning of the Mexican war, 
when he became a captain in the U. S. service, and 
was present at Vera Crux and Chapultepec, where 
he led the forlorn hope and was wounded. In 1849 
he raised a company in New York to aid the Hun- 
garian revolutionists, but when he reached Paris the 
insurrection in Austria had been suppressed. He 
then settled in London, and devoted his life to 
writing tales of adventure for boys. His numerous 
stories, in which he usually incorporated much in- 
formation on natural history, and which number 
about fifty volumes, include " The Rifle Rangers " 
(London, 1850); "The Scalp-Hunters" (1851); 
" The Quadroon " (1855) ; " Osceola " (1858) ; " The 
Maroon " (1862) ; "The Cliff -Climbers" (1864): 
"Afloat in the Forest " (1866) ; "The Castaways" 
(1870) ; and " Gwen- Wynne " (1877) . A collective 
edition of his works was published in New York 
(15 vols., 1868). Late editions of his works have 
been published in London in 1875 and 1878. In 
1869 ne established in New York a short-lived 
journal, called " Onward." 

REID, Robert Raymond, governor of Florida, 
b. in Prince William parish, S. C, 8 Sept, 1789; d. 
near Tallahassee, Fla., 1 July, 1841. In early years 
he removed to Georgia, where he studied law, was 
admitted to the bar, and practised. From 1816 till 
1819, and again from 1823 till 1825, he was a judge 
of the state superior court, serving in the interval 
in congress from 18 Feb., 1819, till 8 March, 1828, 
having been chosen as a Democrat At the close 
of his term he was elected mayor of Augusta, Ga., 
and in 1882 he was appointed judge of the superior 
court for the eastern district of Florida, and while 
holding this office he was a member of the conven- 
tion that formed a state constitution, of which body 
he was also president From 1889 till 1841 he was 
governor of Florida. 

REID, Samuel Chester, naval officer, b. in 
Norwich, Conn., 25 Aug., 1788 ; d. in New York 
city, 28 Jan., 1861. He was the son of Lieut John 
Reid of the British navy, who was taken prisoner 
in a night boat expedition at New London, Conn., 
and afterward resigned his commission. At the 
age of eleven the son went to sea, was captured by 
a French privateer and confined six months at 
Basseterre, Guadeloupe. Subsequently he served 
as acting midshipman in the u Baltimore " in Com. 
Thomas Truxton's West India squadron, and dur- 
ing the war of 1812 he commanded the privateer 
brig " General Armstrong," with which he fought 



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one of the most remarkable naval battles on record 
at Fayal, in the Azores islands, 26 and 27 Sept, 
1814. While at anchor in a neutral port his snip 
was attacked by a British squadron, consisting of 
the flag-ship *• Plan U genet," of 74 guns, the frigate 
•* Rota," of 44 guns, and the brig " Carnation, of 
18 guns, and bearing more than 2,000 men. The 
** General Armstrong" carried 7 guns and 90 men. 
In a series of en- 
- counters Reid de- 

feated the enemy, 
and in his account 
of the engage- 
ment he wrote: 
" About 3 a. m. 1 
received a mes- 
sage from the 
American consul 
requesting to see 
me on shore, where 
he informed me 
the governor had 
sent a note to 
Capt. Lloyd, beg- 

?ing him to desist 
rom further hos- 
tilities. To which 
c Capt Lloyd sent 

So c \Jp ' ' \ I ' or an8Wer tnat 
*amujsvXj Vw'YVjlkjv^J he was now deter- 
mined to have the 
Srivateer at the risk of knocking down the whole 
)wd; and that if the governor suffered the 
Americans to injure the privateer in any manner, 
he should consider the place an enemy's port and 
treat it accordingly. Finding this to be the case, 
1 considered all nope of saving our vessel to be at 
an end. I therefore went on board and ordered 
all our wounded and dead to be taken on shore 
and the crew to save their effects as fast as pos- 
sible. Soon after this it became daylight, when 
the enemy's brig stood close in and commenced a 
heavy fire on us with all her force. After several 
broadsides she hauled off, having received a shot 
in her hull, her rigging much cut, and her fore- 
top-mast wounded. She soon after came in again 
and anchored close to the privateer. I then or- 
dered the 'General Armstrong' to be scuttled to 
prevent the enemy from getting her off. She was 
soon afterward boarded l>y the enemy's boats and 
set on fire, which soon completed her destruction. 
They also destroyed a number of houses in the 
town and wounded some of the inhabitants." The 
British lost 120 men killed and 180 wounded, while 
the Americans lost but two killed and seven 
wounded. A letter written from Fayal, by an Eng- 
lishman who witnessed the scene, describes the sec- 
ond attack : " At midnight, it being about full 
moon, fourteen large launches, containing about 
forty men each, were discovered to be coming in 
rotation for a second attack. When thev cot with- 
in gun-shot a tremendous and effectual discharge 
was made from the privateer, which threw the boats 
into confusion. They now returned a spirited 
fire, but the privateer kept up so continual a dis- 
charge it was almost impossible for the boats to 
make any progress. They finally succeeded, after 
immense loss, to get alongside of her, and at- 
tempted to board at every Quarter, cheered bv the 
officers with a shout of * No quarter ! ' which we 
could distinctly hear, as well as their shrieks and 
cries. The termination was near about a total mas- 
sacre. Three of the boats were sunk, and but one 
poor solitary officer escaped death in a boat that 
contained fifty souls ; he was wounded. The Amer- 



icans fought with great firmness. Some of the 
boats were left without a single man to row them ; 
others with three and four. The most that any 
one returned with was about ten. Several boats 
floated on shore full of dead bodies. . . . This 
bloody and unfortunate contest lasted about forty 
minutes. At daylight next morning the ' Carna- 
tion ' hauled in alongside and enga^d her, when 
the * Armstrong ' continued to make a most gallant 
defence, causing the ' Carnation ' to cease firing 
and to haul off to repair. . . . We may well say 
* God deliver us from our enemies ' if this is the 
way the Americans fight" The defeated vessels 
were part of an expedition concentrating at Ja- 
maica for a descent upon New Orleans, and their 
crippled condition prevented their immediate union 
with Admiral Sir Thomas Cochrane, Earl of Dun- 
donald, and consequently the expedition did not 
reach New Orleans until four days after Gen. An- 
drew Jackson's arrival, which saved Louisiana from 
British conquest After burning the abandoned 
wreck, Capt van Lloyd informed the governor that, 
unless the gallant little crew he had failed to cap- 
ture should be given to him as prisoners, he would 
send a force of 500 men to capture them. This 
was refused, and Reid and his men then took pos- 
session of and fortified an old convent, declaring 
that they would defend themselves to the last : but 
they were not molested. The attack upon the 
"General Armstrong" led to a protracted diplo- 
matic correspondence, from 1815 to the adminis- 
tration of President Zachary Taylor, who took 
measures to compel Portugal to assert the inviola- 
bility of its neutral port and indemnify the claim- 
ants for the loss of the vessel ; but after his death 
the case was submitted to the arbitration of Louis 
Napoleon, who decided against the Americans. 
The British government afterward apologized for 
the violation of the neutrality. Congress final- 
ly paid the claim in 1882. On his return to the 
United States Capt Reid landed at Savannah, and 
in travelling to the north received many honors. 
The legislature of New York gave him their thanks 
and a sword on 7 April, 1815. He was appointed 
a sailing-master in the navy, and held this post un- 
til his death, serving, meanwhile, as harbor-master 
and warden of the port of New York. He invent- 
ed and erected the signal telegraph at the Battery 
and the Narrows, ana regulated and numbered the 
pilot-boats of New York, and established the light- 
ship off Sandy Hook. He was also the designer 
of the present form of the United States flag, pro- 
posing to retain the original thirteen stripes and 
to add a new star whenever a new state should 
be admitted to the Union. This suggestion was 
adopted, and a flag conforming to his design was 
first raised over the hall of representatives in 
Washington on 18 April, 1818. See "The Origin 
and Progress of the U. S. Flag in the United 
States of America," by George H. Preble, U. S. N. 
(Albany, 1872).— His son, Sam Chester, lawyer, b, 
in New York city, 21 Oct, 1818, shipped before the 
mast at the age of sixteen, in 1888 was attached to 
the U. S. survey of Ohio river, and in 1889 settled 
in Natchez, Miss., where he studied law under Gen. 
John A. Quitman, and was appointed U. S. deputy 
marshal. He was admitted to the bar of Missis- 
sippi in 1841, to that of Louisiana in 1844, to the 
U. S. supreme court in 1846, and served in the 
Mexican war in Capt Ben McCulloch's company 
of Texas rangers, being mentioned for u meritorious 
services and distinguished gallantry," at Monterey. 
In 1849 he was attached to the '* New Orleans Pica- 
yune," and in 1851 he was a delegate to the Na- 
tional railroad convention in Memphis, Tenn., to 



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REID 



217 



decide upon a line to the Pacific In 1867 he de- 
clined the appointment of U. S. minister to Rome. 
He reported the proceedings of the Louisiana se- 
cession convention in 1861, and during the civil 
war was the Confederate war correspondent for a 
large number of southern newspapers. In 1865 he 
resumed his law-practice, and in 1867 he delivered 
an M Address on the Restoration of Southern Trade 
and Commerce " in the principal cities of the south. 
He established and incorporated in 1874 the Missis- 
sippi Valley and Brazil steamship company in St 
Louis, Mo. He presented the battle-sword of his 
father to the United States in 1887. Mr. Reid is 
the author of -The U. a Bankrupt Law of 1841, 
with a Synopsis and Notes, and the Leading Ameri- 
can and English Decisions " (Natchez, 1842) ; " The 
Scouting Expeditions of McCulloch's Texas Ran- 
gers n (Philadelphia, 1847); "The Battle of Chica- 
mauga, a Concise History of Events from the 
Evacuation of Chattanooga " (Mobile, 1868); and 
44 The Daring Raid of Gen. John H. Morgan, in 
Ohio, his Capture and Wonderful Escape with 
Capt. T. Henry Hines" (Atlanta, 1864); and re- 

S>rted and edited ** The Case of the Private-armed 
rig-of-War 'General Armstrong/ with the Brief 
of Facts and Authorities on International Law, 
and the Arguments of Charles O'Conor, Sam C. 
Reid, and P. Phillips, before the U. 8. Court of 
Claims at Washington. D. C, with the Decision of 
the Court" (New York, 1867). He also prepared 
44 The Life and Times of Col. Aaron Burr 1 ' in vin- 
dication of Burr's character, but the manuscript 
was destroyed by fire in 1850. 

REID, Whltelaw, journalist, b. near Xenia, 
Ohio, 27 Oct., 1887. He was graduated at Miami 
university in 1866, took an active interest in jour- 
nalism and politics before attaining his majority, 
made speeches in the Fremont campaign on the 
Republican side, and soon became editor of the 
Xenia " News." At the opening of the civil war 
he was sent into the field as correspondent of the 
Cincinnati M Gazette," making his headquarters at 
Washington, whence his letters on current politics 
(under tne signature of " Agate ") attracted: much 
attention by their thorough information and pun- 
gent style. From that point he made excursions 
to the army wherever there was a prospect of 
active operations. He served as aide-de-camp to 
Gen. William S. Rosecrans in the western Virginia 
campaign of 1861, and was present at the battle of 
Shiloh and the battle of Gettysburg. He was 
elected librarian of the house of representatives in 
1868, serving in that capacity three -years. He 
engaged in cotton-planting in Louisiana after the 
close of the war, and embodied the results of his 
observations in the south in a book entitled "After 
the War" (Cincinnati, 1866); then returning to 
Ohio, he gave two years to writing " Ohio in the 
War " (2 vols., Cincinnati, 1868). This work is by 
far the most important of all the state histories of 
the civil war. It contains elaborate biographies of 
moat of the chief generals of the army, ana a com- 
plete history of the state from 1861 till 1866. On 
the conclusion of this labor he came to New York 
at the invitation of Horace Greeley, and became 
an editorial writer upon the " Tribune." On the 
death of Mr. Greeley in 1872, Mr. Reid succeeded 
him as editor and principal owner of the paper. 
In 1878 he was chosen by the legislature of New 
York to be a regent for life of the university. 
With this exception, he has declined all public em- 
ployment He was offered by President Hayes the 
post of minister to Germany, and a similar appoint- 
ment by President Garfield. He is a director of 
numerous financial and charitable corporations, 



and has been for many years president of the Lotos 
club. Mr. Reid has travelled extensively in this 
oountry and in Europe. Besides the works men- 
tioned above and his contributions to periodical 
literature, he has published " Schools or Journal- 
ism " (New York, 1871) ; " The Scholar in Politics " 
(1878); "Some Newspaper Tendencies" (1879); 
and M Town-Hall Suggestions" (1881). 

REID, Sir William, governor of Bermuda, b. 
in Kinglassie, Fifeshire, Scotland, in 1791 ; d. in 
London, England, 21 Oct, 1868. He was educated 
at the Royal military academy, Woolwich, and, 
entering the army in 1809, served in the peninsula 
in this country during the war of 1812, and in 
Belgium in l£l5. He became major-general in 
1866, and was elected a fellow of the Royal society 
in 1889. He was appointed governor of Bermuda 
in 1888, improved the agriculture of the island, 
which was in a deplorable condition, and through 
his efforts introduced its products into the markets 
of New York. His many interests for their wel- 
fare greatly endeared him to the islanders, who 
remember nim as the •* good governor." In 1846 
he was appointed governor of the Windward isl- 
ands, and in 1848 he returned to England and 
was made commanding engineer at Woolwich. In 
September, 1861, he was knighted and appointed 
governor of Malta, which post he held through the 
Crimean war, returning to England in 1868. His 
interest in meteorology first took a definite form in 
1881, when he was detailed to superintend the re- 
pairs of the injury that had been done in Barbadoes 
by a severe hurricane. His correspondence with 
William C. Redfield (a. ».), in three folio volumes, 
was presented to the library of Yale university by 
John H. Redfield. Gen. Reid published "An 
Attempt to develop the Law of Storms by Means 
of Facts, arranged according to Place and Time " 
(London, 1888; 3d ed., I860), and "The Progress 
of the Development of the Law of Storms " (1849). 

REID, William, clergyman, b. in Aberdeen- 
shire, Scotland, in 1816. He was educated at 
King's college, Aberdeen, where he received the 
degree of M. A. in 1888, afterward studied in 
Divinity Hall, in the same city, and was licensed as 
a preacher in 1889. In August of that year he 
was sent to Canada as a missionary of the estab- 
lished church of Scotland, and in January, 1840, 
he was ordained pastor of the congregation of 
Graton and Colborne, Upper Canada. After the 
disruption of 1848 Mr. Reid cast in his lot with 
the Free church, and was one of the founders of 
the Presbyterian church of Canada. In 1849 Mr. 
Reid became minister of the church in Picton, 
about the same time became clerk of the synod, 
and soon afterward general agent of all the 
schemes of the church, and editor of the " Eccle- 
siastical and Missionary Record," of which he has 
had charge ever since. He was elected moderator 
of the general assembly of the Presbyterian church 
of Canada in 1861, of the Canada Presbyterian 
church in 1878, and of the general assembly of the 
Presbyterian church in Canada in 1879. In 1876 
he received the degree of D. D. from Queen's uni- 
versity, Kingston. 

REID, William James, clergyman, b. in South 
Argyle, Washington co., N. Y., 17 Aug., 1884. He 
was graduated at Union college in 1865, and at 
Alleghany union theological seminary in 1862. 
Since that date he has served as pastor of the 1st 
Presbyterian church in Pittsburg, Pa., and since 
1876 he has been principal clerk of the general 
assembly of the United Presbyterian church. 
Prom 1868 till 1872 he was corresponding secre- 
tary of the United Presbyterian board of home 

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218 



REILLY 



RE1NHART 



missions. Monmouth college, 111., gave him the 
degree of D. D. in 1874. In addition to sermons 
and pamphlets, he has published " Lectures on the 
Revelation " (Pittsburg, 1878), and " United Pres- 
byterianism " (1881 ; new e<L, 1882). 

REILLT, James W.. soldier, b. about 1842. 
He was graduated at the U. S. military acad- 
emy in 1868, appointed 1st lieutenant of ordnance, 
ana served as assistant ordnance officer at Wa- 
tertown arsenal, Mass., from 24 July, 1868, till 
24 Feb., 1864, as inspector of ordnance at Pitts- 
burg, Pa., from March till July, 1864, and as as- 
sistant ordnance officer of the Department of the 
Tennessee from 11 July till 11 Nov., 1864, being 
engaged in the battles of Atlanta, 22 and 29 July, 
1864. He was chief of ordnance of the Department 
of the Ohio from 11 Nov., 1864, till April, 1865, 
participating in the battles of Franklin, 30 Nov., 
1864, and Nashville, 15-16 Dec., 1864, after which 
he was on sick leave of absence. He was made 
brigadier-general of volunteers on 80 July, 1864, 
resigning on 20 April, 1865. In May, 1866, he was 
assistant ordnance officer in the arsenal in Wash- 
ington, D. C, and he was afterward assistant offi- 
cer at Watervliet arsenal, N. Y. 

REILY. John, soldier, b. in Leeds, England, 12 
April, 1752 ; d. in Myeretown, Lebanon co., Pa., 2 
May, 1810. He emigrated with his father, Benja- 
min, to Pennsylvania, studied law, and was ad- 
mitted to the bar just before the Revolution. He 
was commissioned as captain in the 12th Pennsyl- 
vania regiment, and was transferred to the 3d 
regiment in 1778, and severely wounded at Bon- 
haroton, N. J. Returning to his home, he recov- 
ered. He was not a brilliant orator, but was a 
polished writer, and left several manuscripts. He 
published " A Compendium for Pennsylvania Jus- 
tices of the Peaces which was the first work of its 
character printed in this country (Harrisburg, 
1795). He married Elizabeth Mver, daughter of 
the founder of Myerstown, Pa. One of their sons, 
Luther, practised medicine in Harrisburg, was 
elected to congress as a Democrat, serving from 4 
Sept, 1887, till 8 March, 1889, and died soon after 
the expiration of his term. 

REILY, William McClellan, clergyman, b. in 
York, Pa., a Aug., 1887. After graduation at Penn- 
sylvania college, Gettysburg, in 1856, he studied at 
Princeton theological seminary and at Berlin and 
other German universities. He was ordained in 
the German Reformed church, held pastorates in 
Lewisburg and Jonestown, Pa., was professor of 
languages at Palatinate college. Pa., its president 
in 1888, and is now (1888) president of the Allen- 
town, Pa., female college. He is the author of 
" The Artist and his Mission " (Philadelphia, 1881). 

RE1MENSN YDER, Junius Benjamin, clergy, 
man, b. in Staunton. Va., 24 Feb., 1841. He was 
graduated at Pennsylvania college, Gettysburg, in 
1861, and at the theological seminary there in 1865. 
Meanwhile he served in the 181st regiment of 
Pennsylvania volunteers from 1 Aug., 1862, till 26 
May, i868. Immediately after his ordination in 
1865 he became pastor in Philadelphia, where he 
remained until 1874. Afterward he was pastor in 
Savannah, Ga., in 1874-*80, and then in New York 
city, where he still (1888) remains. In 1880 he re- 
ceived the degree of D. D. from Newberry college, 
Newberry, S. C. His published works are " Heav- 
enward, or the Race for the Crown of Life " (Phila- 
delphia, 1874) ; " Christian Unity," a sermon (Sa- 
vannah, Ga., 1876); "Doom Eternal— The Bible 
and the Church — Doctrine of Everlasting Punish- 
ment" (Philadelphia, 1880); and "The Six Days 
of Creation ; The Fall and the Deluge " (1886). 



REINAGLE, Hugh, artist, b. in Philadelphia, 
Pa., about 1790 ; d. near New Orleans, La., in May, 
1884. He studied under John J. Holland, and be- 
came known as a landscape-painter, working in oil 
and water-colors. For many years he was engaged 
as a scene-painter in New York, and produced also 
a panorama of New York, which was exhibited in 
that city. In 1880 he went to New Orleans, where 
he died of cholera four years later. He was one of 
the original thirty members of the National acad- 
emy of design, and exhibited there, in 1831, a 
14 View of the Falls of Mount Ida." His "Mac- 
donough's Victory on Lake Champlain " was en- 
graved by Benjamin Tanner in 1816. 

BEINA MALDONADO, Pedro, Cuban R. C. 
bishop, b. in Lima, Peru, in the latter half of the 
16th century ; d. in Santiago de Cuba in 1661. He 
was canon of the church of Truxillo, afterward 
vicar-general, and next was transferred to Mexico, 
where he held high ecclesiastical appointments. 
He went to Spain in 1659 and was consecrated 
bishop of Santiago de Cuba. His works include 
"Declaration de las Reglas, que pertenecen a la 
Sintaxis para el uso de los Nombres y construocion 
de los verbos, con exposition del Libro quinto para 
la cantidad de las silabas " (Madrid, 162®) ; " Suma 
de los Sacramentos para uso de los ordenados y 
ordenandos, con las ceremonias de la Misa " (1628) ; 
"Resunta del Vasallo leal" (1647); " Apologia en 
favor de la Iglesia de Truxillo pidiendo la fuese 
a gobernar su electo Obispo D. Pedro de Ortega 
Sotomayor " ; " Discurso defensorio de la facultad 

?ue tiene el Prelado de dejar Gobernador en su 
glesia, cuando pasa al gobierno de otra" (1648); 
and " Norte claro de un Perfecto Prelado " (1658). 
BEINHART, Benjamin Franklin, artist, b. 
near Waynesburg, Pa., 29 Aug., 1829 ; d. in Phila- 
delphia, 8 May, 1885. At the age of fifteen he had 
some lessons at Pittsburg, in the use of oil-colors, 
and subsequently he studied at the National acad- 
emy. New York, for three years. After visiting 
several of the western cities and painting many 
portraits, he went to Europe in 1850. For the 
next three years he studied: in Paris and Dussel- 
dorf ; with the intention of devoting himself more 
to historical and genre painting. He followed his 
profession in New York and other cities until 1860, 
and then went to England, where he remained un- 
til 1868. After his return he settled in New York. 
In 1871 he was elected an associate of the National 
academy, where he had first exhibited in 1847. 
Among his works, many of which have been en- 
graved, are "Cleopatra*' (1865); "7 



Pocahontas" (1877); 



■• Evangeline " 
14 Katrina Van Tassel ' 



(1878) ; " Washington receiving the News of Ar- 
nold's Treason " ; •• Consolation* ; •• After the Cru- 
cifixion " (1875); u Nymphs of the Wood " (1879); 
" Young Franklin and Sir William Keith n ; - The 
Regatta " ; " The Pride of the Village " ; and "Cap- 
tain Kidd and the Governor " and " Baby Mine " 
(1884). His numerous portraits include those of 
the Princess of Wales, the Duchess of Newcastle, 
the Countess of Portsmouth, Lady Vane Tempest, 
Lord Brougham, John Phillip, R. A., Thomas Car- 
lyle. Lord Tennyson, Mark Lemon, Charles O'Con- 
or, George M. Dallas, James Buchanan, Edwin 
M. Stanton, Gen. Winfield Scott, John C. Breckin- 
ridge, Stephen A; Douglas, and Samuel Houston. 
— Bis nephew, Charles Stanley, artist, b. in 
Pittsburg, Pa., 16 May, 1844, went to Paris in 1867 
and studied for about a year at the Atelier Suisse. 
In 1868 he weut to Munich, where he became a 
pupil at the Royal academy. In January, 1870, he 
entered the establishment of Harper and: Brothers, 
New York, where he remained until July, 18761 



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RKINKE 



REMINGTON 



219 



After five rears of independent work in New York, 
during which time he made drawing! for various 
publishing houses, he renewed his contract with 
the Harpers in 1881. The same year he went to 
Paris, where he still (1888) resides. He is well 
known for his excellent work in black and white 
for book and magazine illustration. He has ex- 
hibited in Paris, Munich, and various cities of the 
United States, and is a member of the Water-color 
society and various other art associations. His 
works in oil include u Clearing Up" and " Caught 
Napping" (1875); " Reconnoitring " (1876); "Re- 
buke " (1877) ; " September Morning " (1879) ; - Old 
Life Boat" (1880); " Coast of Normandy " (1882) ; 
"In a Garden" 0888); "Mussel Fisherwoman" 
and "Plats at Villerville" (1884); "Sunday" 
(1885); "English Garden" and "Fishermen of 
Villerville" (1886); "Washed Ashore" (1887), 
which gained honorable mention at the salon of 
1887 and the Temple gold medal at the academy, 
Philadelphia, in 1888; and "Tide coming In" 
(1888). Among his water-colors are "Gathering 
Wood" and "Close of Day" (1877); "At the 
Ferry " (1878) ; and " Spanish Barber/ 

REINKE, Samuel, Moravian bishop, b. in 
Lititx, Pa, 12 Aug., 1791 ; d. in Bethlehem, P*,, 
21 Jan., 1875. He was one of the first three gradu- 
ates of the American-Moravian theological semi- 
nary. After serving as pastor of various churches, 
he was consecrated to the episcopacy in 1858. Two 
years later he became blind, and was obliged to 
retire from active service. An operation partially 
restored his sight, after which he frequently 
preached and ordained ministers. His lest official 
act, when he was seventy-nine years old, was to 
assist in the consecration of his son to the episco- 
pacy. He was a powerful and original preacher 
—His son, Amadens Abraham, Moravian bishop, 
b. in Lancaster, Pa, 11 March, 1822; d. in Herrn- 
hut Germany, 12 Aug., 1888. He was graduated 
at Bethlehem, Ps>, went as a missionary to the 
West Indies, and subsequently engaged in a mis- 
sionary exploratory tour on the Mosquito coast. 
On his return to the United States he was pastor 
successively of the churches at Graoeham, McL, at 
New Dorp, Staten island, in Philadelphia, and in 
New York city, where he resided for twentyyears. 
He was consecrated to the episcopacy in 187(1 

BEIS, Francisco Solera dot (ri-oes), Brasilian 
journalist b. in Maranhao, 22 April, 1800; d. there, 
16 Jan., 1871. He studied philosophy and rhetoric 
in the monastery of Our Lady of Carmo, was ap- 
pointed professor of Latin, and was director of the 
orphan asylum of Santa Theresa from 1864 till 
1870, He edited the" Argos da Lei "and" Maran- 
hense" (1825); the "Constitutional" (1881); the 
"Investigator de Maranhao" (1886); the " Re- 
vista" (1840); the "Observador" (1854); and in 
1856 obtained the editorship of the official paper 
"PublicadorMaranhense." In 1861 he abandoned 
his journalistic career. He published " Postillas 
de grammatics geral applicada a lingua Portu- 
guese pela analyse doe classicos" (Rio Janeiro, 
1862); "Grammatics Portuguese accommodada 
aos principles geraes da palavra seguidos da im- 
mediate applicacio practice" (186$; "Os com- 
mentario de Cains Julius Cesar." translated into 
Portuguese (1860) ; and " Curso de Literature Por- 
tuguese 4 Brasileira " (1870). 

SELF, Samuel, journalist, b. in Virginia, 22 
March, 1776; d. there, 14 Feb., 182a He was 
brought to Philadelphia, when a child, by his 
mother, and early became connected with the 
"National Gaxette," of which he was for many 
years the editor and its owner until, in 1810, he 



became financially involved through friends. His 
writings were highly esteemed. Be was the au- 
thor of a novel entitled " Infidelity, or the Vic- 
tims of Sentiment " (Philadelphia, 1797). 

REMESAL, Antonio do (ray-may-sal), Spanish 
clergyman, b. in Alaris, Galicia, in 1570: d. in 
Madrid in 1689. He studied in the University of 
Salamanca, was graduated as doctor of divinity, 
and united with the Dominicans. In 1618 he was 
elected visitor of the missions of Central America, 
and during his sojourn in the country in 1618-'17 
collected the materials for his "Historia de las 
provincias de Chiapa y Guatemala " (Madrid, 1619). 
He also published purely ecclesiastical works. 

REMINGTON, Joseph Price, pharmacist, b, 
in Philadelphia, Pa. 26 March, 1847. He was 
educated in private schools and academies in Phila- 
delphia, and graduated at the Philadelphia college 
of pharmacy In 1866. In 1874 he succeeded to the 
professorship of the theory and practice of phar- 
macy in the Philadelphia college, whioh chair he 
has since held, and in 1877 he Decame director of 
the pharmaceutical laboratory. Prof. Remington 
has invented various appliances that have had an 
extended use, among which are a still, a pill-com- 
pressor, and an apparatus for percolation. He was 
first vice-president of the committee of revision in 
1880 of the "U. a Pharmsoopcsia," and had the 
preparation of several classes of compounds for 
thai book under his immediate supervision. The 
honorary degree of master in pharmacy was con- 
ferred on him by the Philadelphia college, and in 
1880 he was elected the first president of the coun- 
cil of the American pharmaceutical association, 
which office he held for six years. Besides being 
a fellow of the Chemical, Linncan, and Pharma- 
ceutical societies of London, he is active in the 
national associations in the United States, and is 
an honorary member of many of the state phar- 
maceutical associations. He has been a volumi- 
nous writer on all subjects pertaining to the sci- 
entific advancement of pharmacy, as well as a flu- 
ent, a forcible, and interesting speaker. Prof. 
Remington is pharmaceutical editor of the " U. S. 
Dispensatory ^(Philadelphia, 1888), arid is the au- 
thor of "The Practice of Pharmacy" (1886), two 
standard authorities. 

REMINGTON, Philo, inventor, b. in Litch- 
field, N. Y„ 81 Oct, 1811 His father, Eliphalet 
Remington (1798-1861), as a boy obtained from 
a country blacksmith the privilege of using his 
forge on rainy days and winter evenings, and with 
such tools and appliances as his own ingenuity 
suggested produced a gun. It proved so satisfac- 
tory that he was encouraged to continue, and soon 
established his own forge, with trip-hammer and 
lathe, from which has developed the great factory 
now known as the Remington armory. Philo was 
educated at common schools and at Casenovia semi- 
nary, after which he entered the factory. Inherit- 
ing his father's mechanical genius, he was most 
carefully trained in the use of every tool that is 
employed in the manufacture of fire-arms, and in 
time became mechanical superintendent of the fac- 
tory. With his brothers, Samuel and Eliphalet, the 
firm of E. Remington and Sons was established, and 
for upward of twenty-five years he continued in 
charge of the mechanical department In the 
course of this experience his firm probably manu- 
factured a greater variety of fire-arms than any 
other like establishment, and their arms have a 
high reputation. The breech - loading rifle that 
bears the name of Remington, of which millions 
have been made and sold, is the best known of 
the guns that are made under their supervision. 



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220 



REMINGTON 



BtMY 



One of the early inventors of the tone-writer placed 
his crude model in the hands of this firm, and un- 
der their care the machine became the most suc- 
cessful instrument in use. In 1886 the Remingtons 
disposed of their type- writing-machine manufac- 
turing business, ana soon afterward the firm of 
E. Remington and Sons went into liquidation. 
Since then Mr. Remington has lived in retirement 
Philo Remington was for nearly twenty years 
president of the village of Ilion, and with his 
brother has given Syracuse university sums aggre- 
gating $250,000. 

REMINGTON, Stephen, clergyman, b. in Bed- 
ford, Westchester co., N. Y., 16 May, 1808; d. in 
Brooklyn, N. Y., 28 March, 1869. He held revival 
meetings when sixteen years old, and was admitted 
to the New York M. E. conference in 1825. While 
preaching to large congregations in Brooklyn and 
Albany. N. Y M Boston, Mass., and other cities, he 
pursued the study of medicine, obtained the degree 
of M. D. from Harvard in 1845, and practised inci- 
dentally with success. In 1845, while he was pastor 
of a church in Lowell, Mass., he withdrew from 
the Methodist communion ana joined the Baptists. 
He subsequently held pastorates in New York, 
Philadelphia, Boston, and Brooklyn. His " Rea- 
sons for Becoming a Baptist " (1849) was translated 
into various foreign languages. It was followed by 
" A Defence of Restricted Communion," which also 
had a wide circulation. 

REMSEN, Ira, chemist, b. in New York city, 
10 Feb., 1846. He studied at the College of the city 
of New York, and was graduated at the College of 
physicians and surgeons of Columbia in 1867. Se- 
lecting chemistry as his profession, he went to Mu- 
nich, where he spent a year, and then to Gottingen, 
where he received the degree of Ph. D. in 1870. Dr. 
Remsen then went to Tubingen at the invitation of 
Prof. Rudolph Fittig, and continued as assistant 
in the laboratory of that university for two years. 
In 1872 he returned to the United States, and ac- 
cepted the professorship of chemistry and physics 
at Williams. At that time there was no chemical 
laboratory in the college, but in the course of a 
year facilities were obtained and investigations on 
the action of ozone on carbon monoxide, on phos- 
phorus trichloride, and researches on parasulpho- 
oenzoic acid were completed. In 1876 he was 
called to fill the chair of chemistry in Johns Hop- 
kins university, then just founded, and since, with 
facilities that are unexcelled in the United States, 
he has carried on, without interruption, systematic 
scientific researches. Among these are studies on 
'* The Oxidation of Substitution-Products of Aro- 
matic Hydrocarbons " that have led to results of 
special interest ; researches " On the Relations be- 
tween Oxygen, Ozone, and Active Oxygen " ; an 
investigation ** On the Chemical Action in a Mag- 
netic Field," in which positive evidence is fur- 
nished for the first time that in some cases chem- 
ical action is influenced by magnetism ; and studies 
u On the Sulphinides," a new class of organic com- 
pounds, some of which have remarkable proper- 
ties. One, discovered in his laboratory, has come 
into prominence under the name of saccharine. 
It is about 250 times sweeter than ordinary sugar, 
and is not injurious in its action upon the sys- 
tem. Another substance, belonging to the same 
class as saccharine, is fully as sweet, another is 
intensely bitter, and two others have been inves- 
tigated, each of which tastes sweet when applied 
to the tip of the tongue, and bitter at the base of 
the tongue. The results of other investigations 
are given in papers " On a New Class of Coloring 
Matters known as Sulphon-Fluoresceins," " On the 



Decomposition of Diaso-Compounds by Alcohol,'' 
and ** On the Relative Stability of Analogous Halo- 
gen Substitution-Products." In 1881 he was in- 
vited by the city council of Boston to look into a 
peculiar condition of the city water, which was un- 
fit for use, owing to a disagreeable taste and odor. 
Dr. Remsen showed that the trouble was due to a 
large quantity of fresh-water sponge in one of the 
artificial lakes from which the water was drawn. 
He has also been intrusted with special researches 
by the National board of health, among which 
were M An Investigation of the Organic Matter in 
the Air " and " On the Contamination of Air in 
Rooms heated by Hot- Air Furnaces or by Cast- 
iron Stoves." He is a member of scientific societies 
at home and abroad, and in 1882 was elected to the 
National academy of sciences, on whose committees 
he has served, notably on the one that invest' 



igated 
(1884), 



the glucose industry of the United States (1884X 
and ne was chairman of the committee to consider 
the practicability of a plan to relieve manufactu- 
rers from the tax on alcohol by adding to it wood 
spirits, with the object of making it unfit for use 
as a beverage. In 1879 he founded the " American 
Chemical Journal," and he has since edited that 

K nodical, in which his papers have appeared. He 
s published a translation of Fittig s " Organic 
Chemistry" (Philadelphia, 1878); "The Principles 
of Theoretical Chemistry" (1877; enlarged eci, 
1887), of which English and German editions have 
appeared ; " Introduction to the Study of the Com- 
pounds of Carbon, or Organic Chemistry " (1885), 
of which English, German, and Italian editions 
have been published " : " Introduction to the Study 
of Chemistry " (New York, 1886}, of which English 
and German editions were made; and u The Ele- 
ments of Chemistry" (1887). 

REMY, Jules (ray-me), French traveller, b. in 
Livry, near ChAlons-sur-Marne, France, 2 Sept^ 
1826. After temporarily occupying the chair of 
natural history at the College RoUin from 1848 
till 1850, he set out in 1851 on along journey, dur- 
ing which he visited the Canary islands, BraziL 
Chili, Bolivia, Peru, and also the Marquesas ana 
Society islands. He devoted three years to the 
Sandwich islands, where he came near dying from 
the effects of poison that was administered by a 
native fanatic. He succeeded in collecting much 
material bearing on their history, language, bot- 
any, and ethnography. King Karaehameha III. be- 
came greatly interested in M. Remy, and made 
fruitless efforts to induce him to remain perma- 
nently at Honolulu as a member of the government. 
After leaving Oceania, he sailed for California, 
every part of which he explored in company with 
an English traveller named Brenchley. After 
spending three months at Salt Lake City, M. Remy 
returned to San Francisco. He then traversed 
Mexico, New Grenada, and the plateau of the 
equatorial Andes as far as Quito. After ascend- 
ing Pichincha and Chimborazo, he again visited 
Peru, Bolivia, and Chili, and embarked at Panama 
for the United States, where he travelled exten- 
sively. He then returned to France, and busied 
himself in arranging and publishing the mass of 
information he had collected. In 1868 he visited 
central Asia and parts of Thibet and the Hima- 
layas. He has since resided at Livry. Among 
other works he has published " Analecta Bolivians, 
seu genera et species plantarum in Bolivia crescen- 
tium " (2 vols., Paris. 1846-'7) ; M Monografia de las 
oompuestas de Chile" (Paris, 1849, with atlas); 
" Ascension du Pichincha" (Ch&lons-sur-Marne, 
1858); "Recits d'un vieux sauvage pour servir 
a rhistoire ancienne de Hawaii" (1859); "Voyage 



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221 



an pays des Mormons" (2 vols., Paris, 1860; Eng- 
lish translation, 1860) ; " On the Religious Move- 
ment in the United States " (London, 1861) ; " Ka 
Moolelo Hawaii: Histoire de 1 'arch i pel havaiien," 
text and translation, with an " Introduction on the 
Physical, Moral, and Political Condition of the 
Country H (Paris, 1862) ; and " Pelerinage d'un curi- 
eux au monastere bouddhique de Pemraiantsi" 
(Chalons, 1880). M. Remy has also translated into 
French several German works of travel, especially 
those of Hermann Wagner. 

REMY, Paul Edouard, French author, b. in 
La Rochelle in 1711 ; d. there in 1784. He was 
for several years in the navy department at Paris, 
and, becoming afterward one of the keepers of the 
state archives, made historical researches among 
the state papers there. He was obliged to publish 
his .works in Amsterdam anonvmously, as before 
the French revolution the publication of state 
papers was an unpardonable offence. They include 
" M£moire pour faire connoitre l'esprit, la conduite, 
et les operations de la Compagnie du Mississipi " 
(Amsterdam, 1759) ; " Mdmoire sur l'etablissement 
du commerce au Canada'* (1761); "Detail de la 
colonic de la Louisiana " (1762) ; " Considerations 
sur l'edit d'ltablisseroent de la Compagnie des 
Indes Occidentales " (1771); " Histoire naturelleet 
veritable des moeurs et productions du pays de la 
Nouvelle France Mlridionale, appelee com muni- 
ment Guiane " (1783) ; and *• Detail sur 1'eUt pre- 
sent de l'eglise et de la colonic de Hie de Saint 
Domineue (1784). 

RENARD, Gustave Henri (reh-nar), French 
explorer, b. in Evreux, in 1673 ; d. in Rouen in 
1741. He followed the sea, fought under Dugay- 
Trouin in the expedition against Rio de Janeiro, 6 
Oct, 1711, and became in 1714 lieutenant of the 
king in Santo Domingo. In 1717 he was given by 
the regent a mission to explore the northern prov- 
inces of South America, with the permission from 
King Philip V. of Spain. He visited Central Amer- 
ica, the Isthmus of Panama, New Granada, and 
the Guianas in 1718-'24, and returned with valu- 
able collections in natural history. These became 
afterward the property of the Academy of sciences, 
which presented them to the Royal botanical gar- 
den. Renard's works include " Choix de plantes 
nouvelles et peu connues de l'AraSrique du Sud " 
(8 vols., Pans, 1729) : ** Voyages d'explorations a 
trovers les forGts verges de la Guiane" (Rouen, 
1730) ; " Traite* des fougeres de 1'Amenque du Sud 
et en particulier du bassin de l'Orenoque " (2 vols., 
1732) ; " De naturalibus Antillorum " (2 vols., 
1739); and •• Histoire et description de Hie Es- 
pagnole ou de Saint Domingue, et de Hie de la 
Tortue ou des bouccaniers " (2 vols., 1740). 

BENAUD, Pierre Francois (reh-no), Flemish 
missionary, b. in Liege in 1641 ; d. in Lima, Peru, 
in 1703. He united with the Jesuits, was sent to 
South America about 1670, labored about twenty 
years among the Indians of the basin of Amazon 
river, and became afterward professor in the Col- 
lege of Lima. While he was in South America he 
wrote to his family and friends interesting letters, 
describing the Indians and the country, which were 
afterward collected and published under the title 
•* Experiences et tribulations du Pere Pierre Re- 
naud dans les deserts de 1'Amazonie en l'Amerique 
du Sud " (Amsterdam, 1708). 

BENAULD, Cegar Anrnste (reh-no), West In- 
dian poet, b. near Fort Koyal, Martinique, about 
1701 ; d. in that city in 1734. He was a negro 
slave, and at festivities and dances sang melodies 
of his own composition. An official of the colony 
heard him and reported to the governor, who sent 



for Cesar, and, ascertaining that, notwithstanding 
his total want of education, he composed creditable 
verses, enfranchised him and sent him to France 
in 1720, where he received considerable attention. 
In 1722 he recited verses before the regent, who 
save him an annual pension of 200 livres. and or- 
dered that he should be taught to read and write. 
Toward 1725 Cesar, who had adopted the name of 
Renauld, returned to Martinique, and was admitted 
into the household of the governor, where he after- 
ward lived. His poems were collected after his 
death and published under the title '* Romances et 
m61odies du po§te negre Cesar Auguste dit Re- 
nauld " (Fort Roval, 1761). 

RENAULT, Philip Francois (reh-no), colonist, 
b. in Picardy, France ; d. in France after 1744. He 
was the principal agent of the Company of St. Philip, 
and sailed from France for Illinois in 1719 with 
200 mechanics and miners. This company was a 
branch of the Western company, or "Mississippi 
scheme," organized in Paris in 1717 at the instiga- 
tion of John Law (q. v.). The headquarters of the 
company was established at Fort Chartres, about 
sixteen miles north of Kaskaskia in 1718. The wall 
of the fort, which contained four acres, was made of 
hewn stone, and, notwithstanding a large portion of 
it has been destroyed by encroachments of the Mis- 
sissippi river, the remnant that is left is a magnifi- 
cent ruin. Renault's company was organized in 
Paris for the express purpose of raining. In the 
West Indies he bought 500 negro slaves for miners, 
who were the ancestors of the slaves in Illinois and 
Missouri. He obtained large grants of land for 
mining purposes, and established the first smelt- 
ing-furaaoes for lead in the Mississippi valley. 
He returned to France in 1744. 

RENGINO, Luis (ren-ge-no), Mexican mis- 
sionary, b. in Mexico about 1520 ; d. there about 
1580. He entered the Dominican order in his 
native city in 1545, became known as a linguist 
and a successful missionary, and was appointed 
definer of the provincial chapter of his order. He 
wrote " Sermones y tratados doctrinales en diver- 
sas lenguas de los Indios de la N. E." (Mexico, 
1565), which has the text in Spanish, Aztec, Mis- 
tec Zapotec, Mije, Chocho, and Tarasco, and is 
now extremely rare. 

RENO, Jesse Lee (re-no), soldier, b. in Wheel- 
ing, W. Va., 20 June, 1823 ; d. on South Mountain, 
Md., 14 Sept, 1862. 
He was appointed 
a cadet in the U.S. 
military academy 
from Pennsylva- 
nia, where he was 
graduated in 1846, 
and at once pro- 
moted brevet 2d 
lieutenant of ord- 
nance. He served 
in the war with 
Mexico, taking 
part in the battles 
of Cerro Gordo, 
Contreras, Churu- 
busco, and Chapul- 
tepec, and in the 
siege of Vera Cruz. 
He was commis- 
sioned 2d lieuten- 
ant, 3 March, 1847, brevetted 1st lieutenant, 18 
April, for gallant conduct in the first-named en- 
gagement, and captain, 13 Sept., for bravery at 
Chapultepec, where he commanded a howitzer bat- 
tery, and was severely wounded. He was assistant 



cp? \z. /uUaso 



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RENO 



RENWICK 



professor of mathematics at the military academy 
from January till July, 1849, secretary of a board 
to prepare a " system of instruction for heavy artil- 
lery" in 1849-'o0, assistant to the ordnance board 
at Washington arsenal, D. C. in 1851 -'3, and on 
topographical duty in Minnesota in 1853-*4. He 
was chief of ordnance in the Utah expedition in 
lSST-D, and in command of Mount Vernon arsenal, 
Ala., from 1859 until its seizure by the Confederates 
in January, 1861. On 1 July, 1860, he was promot- 
ed captain for fourteen years' continuous service. 
From 2 Feb. till 6 Dec., 1861, he was in charge of 
the arsenal at Leavenworth, Kan. After being made 
brigadier-general of volunteers, 12 Nov., 1861, he was 
in command of the 2d brigade during Gen. Ambrose 
E. Burnside'8 expedition into North Carolina, being 
engaged in the capture of Roanoke island, where 
he led an attack against Fort Bartow, and the bat- 
tles of New Berne and Camden. From April till 
August, 1862, be was in command of a division in 
the Department of North Carolina, and on 18 July 
he was commissioned major-general of volunteers. 
In the campaign in northern Virginia, in the fol- 
lowing month, he was at the head of the 9th army 
corps, and took part under Gen. John Pope in the 
battles of Manassas and Chantilly. Still at the 
head of the 9th corps. Gen. Reno was in the ad- 
vance at the battle of South Mountain, where he 
was conspicuous for his gallantry and activity 
during the entire day. Early in the evening he 
was lolled while leading an assault 

RENO, Marcos A., soldier, b. in Illinois about 
1885; d. in Washington, D. C, 29 March, 1889. 
He was graduated at the U. S. military academy 
in 1857, and assigned to the dragoons. After 
serving on the frontier and being made lieutenant, 
he was commissioned captain, 12 Nov., 1861. Sub- 
sequently he took part, among other engagements, 
in the battles of Williamsburg, Gaines s Mills, 
Malvern Hill, Antietam, and the action at Kelly's 
Ford, Va., 17 March, 1868, where he was wounded, 
and was brevetted major for gallant and meritorious 
conduct He was also present at Cold Harbor and 
Trevillian Station, and at Cedar Creek on 19 Oct., 
1864, when he was brevetted lieutenant-colonel. 
From January till July, 1865, as colonel of the 
12th Pennsylvania cavalry, he was in command 
of a brigade and eucountered Mosby's guerillas at 
Harmony. Va. On 18 March, 1865, he was bre- 
vetted colonel in the regular army and brigadier- 
Seneral of volunteers for meritorious services 
uring the civil war. After serving as assistant 
instructor of infantry tactics in the U. S. military 
academy, and in the Freedmen's bureau at New 
Orleans, he was assigned to duty in the west. On 
26 Dec., 1868, he was promoted major of the 7th 
cavalry, and in 1876 ne was engaged with Gen. 
George A. Custer (a. v.), in the expedition against 
the hostile Sioux Indiana. His conduct in that 
campaign led to a court of inquiry, but he was 
held blameless. For other causes he was dismissed 
the service, 1 April, 188a 

RENSHAW, William Balnbridre, naval of- 
ficer, b. in Brooklyn, N. Y„ 11 Oct, 1816; d. near 
Galveston, Tex^ 1 Jan., 1868. He was appointed 
a midshipman on 22 Dec., 1881, passed the exami- 
nation for advancement in 1887, and was promoted 
lieutenant on 8 Sept, 1841, and commander on 26 
April, 1861. He was assigned the steamer M West- 
field,** of Admiral David G. Farragut's squadron, 
and was bv him placed in command of the gun- 
boats blockading Galveston, which place he cap- 
tured on 10 Oct, 1862. The city and island were 
held as a landing-place for future operations by the 
gun-boats alone, until in the latter part of De- 



cember, 1862, a detachment of troops arrived. Be- 
fore others could follow, the Confederate Gen. 
John B. Magruder attacked and captured the 
town. As the action began, the " Westfield," in 
taking position, ran aground on a sand-bank. Af- 
ter the defeat, Commander Renshaw determined to 
transfer his crew to another of the gun-boats and 
blow up his own vessel, on which there was a large 
supply of powder. After his men had been placid 
in tne boats, he remained behind to light the fuse, 
but a drunken man is supposed to have ignited the 
match prematurely, and in the explosion the com- 
mander was killed, together with the boats crew 
that was waiting for him alongside. 

RENWICK. Janes, physicist, b. in Liverpool, 
England, 80 May, 1790; d. in New York city, 12 
Jan., 1863. He was born during his parents' re- 
turn from a visit to Scotland, where nis mother, 
formerly a Miss Jeffrey, the daughter of a Scottish 
clergyman, had been a famous beauty. Burns cele- 
brated her in three of his songs. James was gradu- 
ated at Columbia in 1807, standing first in his class, 
and in 1813 became instructor in natural and exper- 
imental philosophy and chemistry in that college. 
In 1820 he was called to the chair of these sciences, 
which he then held until 1858, when he was made 
professor emeritus. He entered the U. S. service in 
1814 as topographical engineer with the rank of 
major, and spent his summers in this work. In 
1838 he was appointed by the U. S. government one 
of the commissioners for the exploration of the 
northeast boundary-line between the United States 
and New Brunswick. From 1817 till 1820 he was 
a trustee of Columbia, and in 1829 he received the 
degree of LL. D. from that college. Prof. Ren- 
wick was a vigorous writer and a frequent con- 
tributor to the first " New York Review," and on 
the establishment of the " Whig Review " he be- 
came one of its most valued writers, also contribut- 
ing to the "American Quarterly Review." He 
translated from the French Lallemand's " Treatise 
on Artillery" (2 vols., New York. 1820), and edited, 
with notes, American editions of Parkes's •• Rudi- 
ments of Chemistry " (1824) ; Lardner's •• Popular 
Lectures on the Steam-Engine " (1828); Daniell's 
"Chemical Philosophy" (2 vols., Philadelphia, 
1882); and Mose ley's "Illustrations of Practical 
Mechanics " (New York, 1889). His own works in- 
clude, besides official reports, lives of " David Rit- 
tenhouse" (1889); "Robert Fulton" (1845); and 
"Count Rumford" (1848), in Sparks's * Library 
of American Biography"; also "Outlines of Natu- 
ral Philosophy," the earliest extended treatise on 
this subject published in the United States (2 vols., 
New York. 1822-*3); "Treatise on the Steam-En- 
gine " (1880k which was translated into several lan- 
guages; "Elements of Mechanics" (Philadelphia, 
1882) ; " Applications of the Science of Mechanics 
to Practical Purposes" (New York, 1840); "Life 
of De Witt Clinton, with Selections of his Letters " 
(1840); "Life of John Jay [with Henry B. Ren- 
wick] and Alexander Hamilton" (1841); "First 
Principles of Chemistry" (1841); and "First Prin- 
ciples of Natural Philosophy " (1842). Prof. Ren- 
wick printed privately for the use of his classes 
"First Principles in Chemistry" (1888), and "Out- 
lines of Geology" (1888), and a synopsis of hk 
lectures on " Chemistry Applied to the Arts," taken 
down by one of his class, was printed.— His son, 
Henry Brevoorft, engineer, b. in New York city, 
4 Sept, 1817. was graduated at Columbia in 1886, 
and became assistant engineer in the U. S. service. 
He served as first assistant astronomer of the U. S. 
boundary commission in 1840-*2, and in 1848 was 
appointed examiner in the U. S. patent-office. In 



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RENWICK 



RBSTREPO 



1858 he became U. S. inspector of steamboat en- 
gines for the district of New York, and since his 
retirement from that office he has devoted himself 
to consultation practice in the specialty of me- 
chanical engineering, in which branch he is ac- 
cepted as one of the best authorities in the United 
States. Mr. Ren wick was associated with his fa- 
ther in the preparation of " Life of John Jay " 
(New York, 1841).— Another son, James, archi- 
tect, b. in Bloomingdale (now part of New York 
citv), 8 Nov., 1818, was graduated at Columbia in 
1836. He inherited a fondness for architecture 
from his father. At first he served as an engineer 
in the Erie railway, and then he became an assist- 
ant engineer on the Croton aqueduct, in which 
capacity he superintended the construction of the 
distributing reservoir on Fifth avenue between 
Fortieth and Forty-second streets. Soon after- 
ward he volun- 
teered to fur- 
nish a plan for 
a fountain in 
Union square, 
which was ac- 
cepted by the 
property -own- 
ers, who had 
decided toerect 
one at their ex- 
pense. When 
the vestry of 
Grace church 
purchased the 
property on 
Broadway at 
I 11th street Mr. 
Renwick sub- 
t mitted designs 
K for the new 
f edifice, which 
were accepted. 
The building, 
which is purely Gothic, was completed in 1845. All 
of the designs and working drawings were made 
by him. Subsequently he was chosen architect of 
Calvary church on Fourth avenue, and also of the 
Church of the Puritans, formerly on Union square, 
was selected by the regents of the Smithsonian 
institution to prepare plans for their building, and 
also built the Corcoran gallery in Washington. In 
1858 he was requested to make designs for a Roman 
Catholic cathedral to be built on Fifth avenue be- 
tween Fiftieth and Fifty-first streets. His plans 
were accepted, and on 15 Aug., 1858, the comer- 
stone of St Patrick's cathedral, seen in the accom- 
panying illustration, was laid. Its architecture is 
of the decorated or geometric style that prevailed 
in Europe in the 13th century, of which the cathe- 
drals of Rheims, Cologne, and Amiens are typical, 
and it is built of white marble with a base course 
of granite. On 25 May. 1879, the cathedral was 
dedicated by Cardinal McCloskey, and in 1887 the 
completion of the two towers was undertaken. 
Meanwhile residences for the archbishop and the 
vicar-general have been built It is estimated that 
upward of $2,500,000 will be expended before the 
group of buildings, as originally designed, will be 
completed. Later he planned the building for 
Vassar college, St. Bartholomew's church, and the 
Church of the Covenant, New York, the last two 
in the Byzantine style. Besides churches in vari- 
ous cities, including St Ann's in Brooklyn, he 
planned the building of the Young men's Christian 
association in 1860, and Booth's theatre in the same 
year, and other public edifices in New York city. 



—Another son, Edward Sabine, expert, b. in 
New York city, 8 Jan., 1823, was graduated at Co- 
lumbia in 1830, and then, turning his attention to 
civil and mechanical engineering, became the su- 
perintendent of large iron-works in Wilkcsbarre, 
ra., but since 1849 has been engaged mainly as an 
expert in the trials of patent cases in the U. S. 
courts. In 1862, in connection with his brother, 
Henry B. Renwick, he devised methods for the re- 
pair of the steamer •* Great Eastern " while afloat, 
and successfully accomplished it, replating a frac- 
ture in the bilge 82 feet long and about 10 feet 
broad at the widest place, a feat which had been 
pronounced impossible by other experts. He has 
invented a wrought- iron railway-chair for connect- 
ing the ends of rails (1850), a steam cut-off for 
beam engines (1856), a system of side propulsion 
for steamers (1862), and numerous improvements 
in incubators and brooders (1877-'86), and was one 
of the original inventors of the self-binding reap- 
ing-machine (1851). He has published a work on 
artificial incubation entitled "The Thermostatic 
Incubator "(New York, 1883). 

REQUIER, Augustus Julian, poet, b. in 
Charleston, S. C, 27 Ma?, 1825; d. in New York 
city, 19 March, 1887. His father was a native of 
Marseilles, and his mother the daughter of a French 
Haytian planter, who fied to the United States dur- 
ing the servile insurrection. The son received a 
classical education, wrote a successful play at the 
age of seventeen, and at nineteen was admitted to 
the bar. He began practice in Charleston, but soon 
removed to Marion Court- House, and in October, 
1850, to Mobile, Ala. In 1853 he was appointed 
U. S. district attorney, in which office he was con- 
tinued by President Buchanan, and at the begin- 
ning of the civil war he was judge of the superior 
court He was district attorney under the Confed- 
erate government At the close of the war he set- 
tled in New York city, became an active member of 
the Tammany political society, and was appointed 
assistant corporation counsel, and later assistant dis- 
trict attorney. He was a frequent contributor to 
periodicals. His drama of "The Spanish Exile," 
in blank verse, after being produced on the stage in 
Charleston and other places, was published. It was 
followed by a romance entitled ** The Old Sanctu- 
ary," the scene of which was laid in Charleston be- 
fore the Revolution (Boston, 1846). While living 
in Marion and Mobile he composed many pieces in 
verse and prose, including a tragedy ontitlcd " Mar- 
co Bozzaris," an •• Ode to Shakespeare," and a long 
poem called " Christalline." The poems were sub- 
sequently published in book-form (Philadelphia, 
1859). During the war he wrote many poems in 
praise of the Confederate cause, including an elab- 
orate "Ode to Victory." An allegory entitled 
•* The Legend of Tremaine " was composed for an 
English publication in 1864. •* Ashes of Glory," 
a martial lyric, was written as a reply to Father 
Abram J. Ryan's " Conquered Banner. His later 
poems have not been collected. A speculative 
treatise on the lost science of the races of antiquity 
was left in manuscript 

RESTREPO, Jos* Manuel (res-tray'-po), Co- 
lombian historian, It. in Envigado, Antioquia, in 
1780 : d. in Bogota about 1860. He studied in Bo- 
gota under the direction of his cousin, Dr. Felix 
Restrepo, and was there graduated in law, but 
gave himself with enthusiasm to the study of his- 
tory. In the revolution of 1810 he espoused the 
patriot cause, and in 1814 was deputy to the con- 
gress of the united provinces of New Granada, 
and elected a member of the executive junta at 
Tunja. lie was appointed in 1819 governor of his 



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REULING 



REVERE 



native province, in 1821 was deputy to the con- 
stituent congress of Cucuta, and in 1822 a member 
of the cabinet in Bogota as secretary of the inte- 
rior. Later he was secretary of state and an inti- 
mate friend of Simon Bolivar, and after the parti- 
tion of Colombia into the three republics of Vene- 
zuela, New Granada, and Ecuador, was appointed 
director of the mint in Bogota. In his leisure 
hours he entirely rearranged his historical work, 
which had first appeared in 1827. He wrote " En- 
sayo sobre la geografia, producciones, industria y 
poDlacidn de la provincia de Antioquia" (El Sema- 
nario, 1819 ; reprinted in Bogota, 1824), and " His- 
toria de la Revolucion de Colombia " (10 vols., Paris, 
1827 ; Bogota, 1868). 

REULING, George (roy'-ling), Dhysician, b. in 
Rom rod, Germany, 11 Nov., 1889. He studied 
medicine at Giessen from 1860 till 1865, and after 
graduation studied ophthalmology at Berlin under 
Karl F. von Graefe, and in Vienna under Ferdi- 
nand von Ardt. He was military surgeon in the 
Prussian army during the war with Austria, then as- 
sistant at the eye hospital at Wiesbaden in 1866-'7, 
and, after studying for a year longer at Paris under 
Liebreich, De Wecker, and Meyer, came to the 
United States, and established himself in Baltimore, 
Md., as a specialist in diseases of the eye and ear. 
In 1869 he was appointed physician-in-chief of the 
Eye and ear infirmary in that city. He was chosen 



professor of ophthalmology in the University of 
Baltimore, and in 1871-8 he was professor of eve 
and ear surgery in Washington university. Dr. 



Reuling has invented a microtome for microscopi- 
cal sections, and a ring-shaped silver-sling for the 
extraction of cataract within the capsule. He has 
written on " Detachment of the Choroid after Ex- 
traction of Cataract" (1868), "Extraction of Cata- 
ract within the Capsule," and " Destruction of a 
Cyst of the Iris by Galvano-Cautery " (1887). 

REVELS, Hiram R., senator, b. in Fayette- 
ville, N. G, 1 Sept, 1822. He is a quadroon, the 
son of free colored parents. After receiving his 
education at the Friends 1 seminary in Liberty,lnd., 
whither be removed in . 1844, and completing a 
theological course in Ohio, he was ordained a min- 
ister in the African Methodist Episcopal church, 
and became a popular preacher ana lecturer among 
the colored people of Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, ana 
Missouri. Before the beginning of the civil war 
he settled in Baltimore, Ohio, as a minister and 
principal of the high-school for colored students. 
He assisted in organizing the first colored regi- 
ment in Maryland, went to St. Louis, Mo., as a 
teacher, and aided in raising the first one there, 
which he accompanied ss chaplain to Vicksburg, 
where he renderea assistance to the provost-marshal 
in re-establishing order and industry among the 
freedmen. He followed the army to Jackson, Miss., 
preaching and lecturing among the emancipated 
slaves, and organizing churches. He spent two 
years in the same way in Missouri ana Kansas, 
He was elected to the Mississippi senate by a large 
majority on the reconstruction of the state gov- 
ernment, and, when the legislature assembled, was 
chosen by 81 votes against 88 to be Gen. Adelbert 
Ames's colleague in the U. S. senate. He took his 
seat on 25 Feb., 1870, and served till 8 March, 
1871, when his term expired. He was afterward 
pastor of a church at Holly Springs, Miss., until 
ne removed to Indiana, and .took charge of the 
Methodist Episcopal church in Richmond, Ind. 
Revels was the first man of his race to sit in the 
U. S. senate. From the close of his senatorial term 
till 1888 he was the president of Alcorn agricul- 
tural university, Rodney, Miss. 




*Joaa£, %/uuj 



4AJU 



REVERE, Paul, patriot, b. in Boston. Mass., 1 
Jan., 1785; d. there, 10 May, 1818. His grand- 
father, a Huguenot, emigrated from Sainte-For, 
France, to the island of Guernsey, whence his 
father removed to Boston, and there learned the 
trade of a goldsmith. The son was trained in this 
business, and became skilful in drawing and en- 
graving designs on 

silver plate. He 

took part in the 
expedition of 1756 
to capture Crown 
Point from the 
French, being ap- 
pointed a lieuten- 
ant of artillery, and 
stationed at Fort 
Edward, near Lake 
George. On his re- 
turn to Boston he 
married, and began 
business for himself 
as a goldsmith. He 
also practised cop- 
per-plate engraving, 
in which ne was 
self-taught, and pro- 
duced a portrait of 
Rev. Dr. Jonathan Mavhew, followed in 1766 by a 
picture emblematical of the repeal of the stamp-act, 
and next by a caricature entitled " A Warm Place 
— Hell," in which are represented the seventeen 
members of the house of representatives who voted 
for rescinding the circular of 1768 to the provincial 
legislatures. In 1770 he published a print repre- 
senting the Boston massacre, and in 1774 one rep- 
resenting the landing of British troops in Boston. 
He was one of the grand jurors that refused to 
serve in 1774 in consequence of the act of parlia- 
ment that made the supreme court judges inde- 
pendent of the legislature in regard to their sala- 
ries. In 1775 he engraved the plates for the paper- 
money that had been orderea by the Provincial 
congress of Massachusetts, made the press, and 

{>rinted the bills. He was sent to Philadelphia to 
earn the process of making gunpowder, and the 
proprietor of the mill there would only consent to 
show him the works in operation, but not to let 
him take memoranda or drawings. Nevertheless, 
on his return, he constructed a mill, which was 
soon put into successful operation. He was one 
of the prime movers of the " tea-party " that de- 
stroyed the tea in Boston harbor. In the autumn 
of 1774 he and about thirty other young men, 
chiefly mechanics, formed a secret society for the 
purpose of watching the movements of the British 
soldiers and detecting the designs of the Tories, 
which they reported only to John Hancock, Dr. 
Charles Warren, Samuel Adams, and two or three 
others, one of whom was the traitor, Dr. Benjamin 
Church, who communicated the transactions of the 
society to Gen. Thomas Gage. They took turns in 
patrolling the streets, and several aays before the 
battle of Xiexington they observed suspicious prepa- 
rations in the British barracks and on the ships in 
the harbor. On the evening of 18 April they ap- 
prised the Whigs that the troops had begun to 
move. Dr. Warren, sending for Revere, desired 
him to set out at once for Lexington in order to 
warn Hancock and Adams in time. Crossing to 
Charlestown bv boat, he procured a horse, and 
rode through Med ford, rousing the minute-men on 
the way, and, after barely escaping capture by 
some British officers, reached Lexington and de- 
livered his message. With Dr. Samuel Prescott 



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225 



and William Dawes he pushed on for the purpose 
of rousing the people of Concord and securing the 
military stores there. They awakened the minute- 
men on the route, but at Lincoln they were stopped 
by a party of British officers, excepting Prescott, 
who escaped capture by leaping a wall, and rode 
on to Concord, where he alarmed the inhabitants, 
while Revere and Dawes were taken by their cap- 
tors back to Lexington, and there released. Henry 
W. Longfellow has made the midnight ride of 
Paul Revere the subject of a narrative poem. Re- 
vere was the messenger that was usually employed 
on difficult business by the committee of safety, of 
which Joseph Warren was president He repaired 
the cannon in Fort Independence, which the Brit- 
ish, on leaving Boston, had sought to render use- 
less by breaking the trunnions, but which he made 
serviceable by devising a new kind of carriage. 
After the evacuation a regiment of artillery was 
raised in Boston, of which He was made major, and 
afterward lieutenant-colonel. He took part in the 
unsuccessful Penobscot expedition of 1770. After 
the war he resumed the business of a gold- and 
silver-smith, and subsequently erected a foundry 
for casting church-bells and bronze cannon. When 
copper bolts and spikes began to be used, instead 
of iron, for fastening the timbers of vessels, he ex- 
perimented on the manufacture of these articles, 
and when he was able to make them to his satisfac- 
tion he built in 1801 large works at Canton, Mass., 
for rolling copper, which are still carried on by the 
Revere copper company. He was the first in this 
country to smelt copper ore and to refine and roll 
copper into bolts ana sheets. As grand-master of 
the masonic fraternity he laid the corner-stone of 
the Boston state-house in 1796. In that year he 
aided in the establishment of the Massachusetts 
charitable mechanic association, of which he was 
the first president He was a munificent contribu- 
tor to enterprises of benevolence, and at the time 
of his death was connected with numerous chari- 
ties.— His grandson, Joseph Warren, soldier, b. 
in Boston, Mass., 17 May, 1813; d. in Hoboken, 
N. J., 20 April, 1880. He was made a midshipman 
in the U. 8. navy, 1 April, 1828, became a passed 
midshipman on 4 June, 1884, and lieutenant on 25 
Feb^ 1841. took part in the Mexican war, and re- 
signed from the navy on 20 Sept, 1860. He then 
entered the Mexican service. For saving the lives 
of several Spaniards he was knighted by Queen Isa- 
bella of Spain. He was made colonel of the 7th 
regiment of New Jersey volunteers on 81 Aug., 1861, 
and promoted brigadier-general of U. S. volunteers 
on 25 Oct. 1862. He led a brigade at Fredericks- 
burg, was then transferred to the command of tne 
Excelsior brigade in the 2d division, fought with it 
at Chanoellorsville, and after the engagement fell 
under the censure of his superior officer. In May. 
1868, he was tried by court-martial, and dismissed 
from the military service of the United States. He 
defended his conduct with great earnestness, and 
on 10 Sept, 1864. his dismissal from the army was 
revoked by President Lincoln, and his resignation 
was accepted. His "Keel and Saddie" (Boston, 
1872) relates many of his personal adventures. — 
Another grandson, Edward Hutchinson Rob- 
bias, physician, b. in Boston, Mass., 28Julv, 1827; 
d. near Sharpsburg, Md., 17 Sept., 1862, entered 
Harvard, but left in 1846, pursued the course 
in the medical school, and received his diploma 
in 1849. He practised in Boston, and on 14 Sept, 
1861, was appointed assistant surgeon of the 20th 
Massachusetts volunteers. At Ball's Bluff he was 
captured by the enemy's cavalry, and was kept 
as a prisoner at Leesburg, and afterward at Rich- 
vol. v.— 15 



mond, Va., till 22 Feb., 1862, when he was released 
on parole. He was exchanged in April, 1862, and 
served with his regiment through the peninsular 
campaign and Oen. John Pope's campaign on the 
Rappahannock, was present at Chantilly, and was 
killed at the battle of Antietam.— A brother of Ed- 
ward H. R., Paul Joseph, soldier, b. in Boston, 
Mass., 10 Sept, 1882; d. in Westminster, Md., 4 
July, 1868, was graduated at Harvard in 1862, and 
at tne beginning of the civil war entered the Na- 
tional army as major of the 20th Massachusetts vol- 
unteers. At Ball's Bluff he was wounded in the leg 
and taken prisoner, and he was confined in Libby 
prison until he and six other officers were selected 
as hostages to answer with their lives for the safety 
of Confederate privateersmen who had been con- 
victed of piracy in the U. S. court They were 
transferred to the Henrico county prison, and con- 
fined for three months in a felon's cell. Maj. 
Revere was paroled on 22 Feb., 1862, and in the 
beginning of the following May was exchanged. 
He was engaged in the peninsular campaign until 
he was taken sick in July. On 4 Sept, 1862, he 
was made a lieutenant-colonel, and served as as- 
sistant inspector-general on the staff of Gen. 
Edwin V. Sumner. At Antietam, where he dis- 
played great gallantry, he received a wound that 
compelled him to retire to his home. On his re- 
covery he was appointed colonel of his old regi- 
ment 14 April. 1068. and returned to the field in 
May. He was brevetted brigadier-general of vol- 
unteers for bravery at Gettysburg, where he re- 
ceived a fatal wound in the second day's battle. 

REVILLE, Albert (ray-vil), French Protestant 
theologian, b. in Dieppe, France, 4 Nov., 1826. He 
studied at Geneva ana Strasburg, was pastor of the 
Walloon church in Rotterdam in 1851 -'73, and in 
1880 became professor of the history of religions in 
the College of France. In 1886 he was made presi- 
dent of the section for religious studies in the Ecole 
dee hautes etudes at the Sorbonne. Besides nu- 
merous other works, he has published " Theodore 
Parker, sa vie et ses ceuvres" (Paris, I860), and 
M Les religions de Mexique, de l'Amlrique oentrale, 
et du Perou " (Paris. 1884), an English translation 
of which was published in the " Hibbert Lectures " 
(London, 1884). 

REVOIL, Benedict Henry (ray-vwol), French 
author, b. in Aix, Bouches du Rbdne, France, 16 Dec, 
1816. He is the son of the painter. Pierre Henri 
Revoil, of Lyons, who died in 1842. Benedict was for 
several years connected with the department of pub- 
lic instruction and with the manuscript section of 
the Bibliotheque rovale. Just after his father's death 
he visited the United States, where he remained 
nine years. During this period he collected the 
material for many of his works. Among these are 
44 Chasses et pfiches de l'autre monde " (Paris, 1856) ; 
" La fille des Comanches " (1867) ; " Les Parias du 
Mexique " (1868) ; and many translations from the 
English and German into French. Of the latter 
the best known, are " Les harems du nouveau 
monde" (1856); "Les pirates du Mississippi " 
(1857); "Les prairies du Mexique" (1865); and 
" Le flls de l'Oncle Tom " (1866). During his stay 
in New York city M. Revoil wrote and placed on 
the stage the plays " New York as it Is and as it 
Was," "Nut-Yer-Stick," a Chinese "fantasy," and 
M Horatius Trelay, or Fourierism." He also wrote, 
in French, the libretto of the " Yaisseau Fantdme," 
a two-act opera, and has contributed frequently to 
both the French and American press. 

REXFORD, Eben Eugene, poet b. in Johns- 
burg, Warren oo., N. Y., 16 July, 1848. He was 
educated at Lawrence university, Appleton, Wis, 



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and begin to write at the age of seventeen, con- 
tributing poems and stories to magazines. He has 
published in book-form a poem entitled M Brother 
and Loyer" (New York, 1887); "Grandmother's 
Garden" (Chicago, 1887): and a story entitled 
" John Fielding and His Enemy " (1888). He has 
written several popular songs, among which the 
best-known are J Surer Threads among the Gold " 
and "Only a Pansy-Blossom." Sinoe lm Mr. Bex- 
ford has given much attention to floriculture, con- 
ducting departments that are devoted to that sub- 
ject in several magazines. 

KEY, Anthony, clergyman, b, in Lyons, France, 
19 March, 1807; d. near CeraWo, Mexico, in 1840. 
He removed to Switserland at an early age, and 
prepared himself for a commercial career, but after- 
ward entered the Jesuit college of Fribourg, and 
united with the order in 1887. After his ordina- 
tion he was appointed professor in the institution. 
In 1840 he was sent to the United States, became 
professor of metaphysics and ethics in Georgetown 
college, and was transferred to St Joseph's church, 
Philadelphia, in 1848. In 1845 he was made as- 
sistant to the Jesuit provincial of Maryland, and 
also at the same time vice-president of Georgetown 
college and pastor of Trinity church in that place. 
He was appointed chaplain in the U. S. army in 
1846, and served on the staff of Gen. Zachary Tay- 
lor. When a part of the 1st Ohio regiment entered 
Monterey, he was always in the most exposed po- 
sitions walking about with a small cross while the 
shells were bursting around him, and stopping 



wherever the wounded and dying needed his ser- 
vices. After the siege was over he remained with 
the army in the city, but devoted his spare time 
to the ^ranchos" in the neighborhood, and was 
making, as he believed, successful efforts to reclaim 
the half-civilised rancheros. He set out to visit 
Matamoras, accompanied by a single servant, 
against the advice of the ofBoers in Monterey, 
trusting to his clerical character and to the influ- 
ence he thought he had acquired over the Mexicans. 
He reached Ceralvo in safety, and preached to a 
mixed audience of Americans and Mexicans. This 
was the last that was heard of him until his body 
was discovered, a few dap afterward, pierced with 
lances. It was supposed that he was killed by a 
band under a guerilla leader named Canales. 

REYNOLDS, Alexander W., soldier, b. in 
Clarke oounty, Vs., in August, 1817; d. in Alex- 
andria, Egypt, 26 May, 1876. He was graduated 
at the U7 8. military academy in 1888, served in 
the Florida war, became 1st lieutenant in 1889, be- 
came captain in 1848, and was dismissed in 1855. 
He was reappointed, with his former rank, in 1857, 
but joined tne Confederate army in 1861, and was 
made captain of infantry. He became colonel of 
the 50th regiment of Virginia infantry in July of 
the same year, and brigadier-general. 14 Sept., 
1868, his brigade being composed of North Caro- 
lina, and Virginia troops. He went to Egypt after 
the civil war, received the appointment of briga- 
dier-general in the khedive s army in 1866, and 
served in the Abyssinian war, but subsequently 
resigned, and resided in Cairo, Egypt. 

REYNOLDS, Daniel H- soldier, b. near Cen- 
treburg, Knox oo., Ohio, 14 Dec, 1882. He was 
educated at Ohio Weslevan university, settled in 
Somerville. Fayette oo., TeniL. in 1857, studied law. 
and wss admitted to practioe in 1858. He removed 
to Arkansas in May, 1858. settling at Lake Village. 
Chicot oounty. On 85 May, 1861, he was elected 
captain of a company for service in the Confed- 
erate army, and ne served in the campaigns in 
Arkansas and Missouri until April, 1862, when his 



regiment was ordered to the eastern side of Missis- 
sippi river, and fell back to Tupelo, Miss. He was 
promoted brigadier-general, 5 March, 1864. Gen. 
Reynolds participated in many of the battles of 
the western Confederate armies from Oak Hills, 
Mo^ to Nashville, Tenn. He was several times 
wounded, and lost a leg. He was state senator in 
Arkansas in 1866-*7. 

REYNOLDS, Elmer Robert ethnologist, b. in 
Dansville. Livingston «x, N. Y J» July, 1846. He 
emigrated with his parents to Wisconsin in 1848, 
and was educated in the public schools and at the 
medical school of Columbian university, Washing- 
ton, D. C. He served in the 10th Wisconsin bat- 
tery in 1861-75, participated in the battles of Cor- 
inth, Stone River, Knoxville, Reseca, Jonesboro, 
Atlanta, Bentonville, and numerous minor 



rengage- 
tered the 



ments, and at the end of the civil war eni 
U. 8. navy as school-teacher, serving in the Medi- 
terranean fleet in 1867, and in the West Indies and 
Yucatan in 1868. Since 1877 he has been in the 
U. 8. civil service. His last twenty years have been 
devoted to the exploration of aboriginal remains in 
the* valleys of the Potomac Piscataway, Wioomioo, 
Patuxent, Choptank, and Shenandoah rivers, his re- 
searches embracing their mortuary mounds, shell- 
banks, copper and soapstone mines, cemeteries, 
burial-caves, and ancient camps and earthworks. 
He was a founder of the Anthropological society of 
Washington, D. C, and its secretary in 1879-*81, 
received a silver medal from Don Carlos, crown 
prince of Portugal, in 1886, in recognition of his 
scientific researches, was knighted by King Hum- 
bert of Italy, in 1887, u for dktinguisbed scientific 
attainments," and is a member of numerous scien- 
tific societies. His publications include M Aborigi- 
nal Soapstone Quarries in the District of Colum- 
bia" (Cambridge, 1878); "The Cemeteries of the 
Piscataway Indians at Kittamaquindi, Md." (Wash- 
ington, D. C, 1880); "A Scientific Visit to the 
Caverns of Luray, and the Endless Caverns in 
the Massanutton Mountains " (1881) ; M Memoir on 
the Pre-Columbian Shell-Mounds at Newburg, Md\, 
and the Aboriginal Shell-Fields of the Potomac 
and Wicomico Rivers" (Copenhagen, Denmark, 
1884); "The Shell-Mounds, Antiquities, and Do- 
mestic Arts of the Choptank Indians of Maryland " 
(1886) ; and M Memoir on the Pre-Columbian Ossu- 
aries at Cambridge and Hambrook Bay, Md." (Lis- 
bon. Portugal, 1887). He has also a large amount 
of similar material in manuscript 

REYNOLDS, Ignatius Aloystvs, R. C. bishop, 
b. in Nelson county, Ky., 22 Aug.. 1798; d. in 
Charleston, &CJ March. 1855. His parents emi- 
grated from Maryland and settled on a farm near 
Bardstown, Ky. The son entered the diocesan 
seminary of St. Thomas, but was transferred to the 
Sulpitian seminary of Baltimore in 1819. On the 
completion of his theological course he was or- 
dained priest by Archbishop Marechal on 24 Oct, 
1828, and returned to Kentucky, where he was em- 
ployed till 1827 in teaching and missionary work. 
In the latter year he was appointed president of 
Bardstown college, which he need from debt In 
1880 he was appointed pastor of the cathedral, 
Bardstown, ana In 1884 he was made pastor of the 
only Roman Catholic church in Louisville, where 
he remained till 1840, founding an orphanage and 
parochial schools. He was sent to Europe in 1840 
on business relating to the affairs of the diocese, 
and returned in 1841. In 1842 he was appointed 
vicar-general of the diocese of Louisville. He was 
nominated successor to Bishop England in the see 
of Charleston in May, 1848, by the 5th provincial 
council of Baltimore, and consecrated by Bishop 



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Puroell in the cathedral, Cincinnati, on 19 March, 
1844. He proceeded at once to Charleston, and 
made a visitation of every part of his diocese, 
which he repeated annually. The number of 
Roman Catholics in the three states under his ju- 
risdiction was not large, but the popularity of Dr. 
England among all classes and creeds had prepared 
the way for his cordial reception, and he continued 
the methods of his predecessor. In 1845 he went 
to Europe to obtain pecuniary aid, and in 1860 laid 
the foundation of the cathedral of St Finbar, which 
was completed and consecrated in 1854 During 
the eleven years of his episcopate he took part in 
all the national and provincial councils of the 
Roman Catholic church in the United States, and 
his learning and eloquence counted for much in 
shaping the decrees of these bodies. But his labors 
gradually exhausted his constitution, which was 
never strong, and after a short visit to his native 
state in 1854 he returned broken in health. In a 
letter to the councils of the propagation of the 
faith in Europe in May, 1855, the bishops of the 
5th council of Baltimore said that he had "worn 
himself out in the service of his church." He edit- 
ed the M Works " of Bishop John England (5 vols., 
Baltimore, 1848). 

REYNOLDS, John, British naval officer, b, in 
England about 1700; d. there in January, 1776. 
He entered the navy at an early age, and rose 
through successive ranks to rear-admiral of the 
blue. While holding the rank of captain in the 
royal na*7, he was appointed the first colonial gov- 
ernor of Georgia on 6 Aug., 1754, under the plan 
for the civil government of the province that had 
recently been framed by the commissioners for 
trade and plantations. He landed at Savannah on 
29 Oct, 1754, and on 7 Jan., 1755, called together 
the first legislative assembly of the province. Capt 
Reynolds secured the friendship of the Indians, es- 
tablished courts of law, and set in operation the 
new charter, but resigned in February, 1757, on ac- 
count of a disagreement with the council. He se- 
cured the friendship of the Indian tribes of the 
state, established courts of judicature, and on 8 
Jan-, 1755, called together the first legislature of 
Georgia. 

REYNOLDS, John, governor of Illinois, b. in 
Montgomery oounty, Pa., 26 Feb., 1789 ; d. in Belle- 
ville, I1L, 8 May, 1865. He was of Irish descent, 
and, with his parents, emigrated in childhood to 
Kaskaskia, DL,' where he obtained a common-school 
education, and was admitted to the bar. He served 
as a scout in the campaigns against the Western 
Indians in 1812-'18, subsequently practised law in 
Cahokia, 111., became a justice of the state supreme 
court in 1818, served for many years in the legisla- 
ture, and was speaker of the house in 1858-'4. He 
was governor of Illinois in 1832-'4, commanded the 
state volunteers during the Black Hawk war in 
May and June of the former year, and was a mem- 
ber of congress in 1885-'7, and again in 1889-'48, 
having been elected as a Democrat He edited the 
" Eagle," a daily paper in Belleville, for several 
years, and is the author of u The Pioneer History of 
Illinois" (Belleville, I1L, 1848); M A Glance at the 
Crystal Palace and Sketches of Travel » (1854); and 
44 My Life and Times" (1855). 

REYNOLDS, John Parker, agriculturist, b. in 
Lebanon, Ohio, 1 March, 1880. He was graduated 
at Miami university in 1888, and in 1850 removed 
to Winnebago oounty, I1L, and engaged in farm- 
ing and thoroughbred stock-raising. In 1860-'71 
he was secretary of the State agricultural society. 
In 1868 he /emoved from Springfield to Chicago, 
and the next year he became first editor of the 



M National Live-Stock Journal" In 1878 he was 
called upon to assist in organizing an association 
for the promotion of industry, science, and art, 
and the erection of an exposition building in 
Chicago. He was elected secretary of the associa- 
tion, which post he now (1888). holds. On 9 Oct, 
1878. in commemoration of the great fire of 1871, 
the exhibition was formally opened, and every year 
since has been very successful, largely owing to the 
efforts of Mr. Reynolds. 

REYNOLDS, Joseph Jones, soldier, b. in Plem- 
ingsburg, Ky„ 4 Jan., 1822. He was graduated at 
the U. S. military academy in 1848, served in the 
military occupation of Texas in 1845-'6, became 1st 
lieutenant in 1847, and was principal assistant pro- 
fessor of natural and experimental philosophy in 
the U. a military academy from 1849 until his 
resignation from the army in 1856b He was then 
professor of mechanics and engineering in Wash- 
ington university. St Louis, Mo., till 1860, returned 
to the army as colonel of the 10th Indiana volun- 
teers in April, 1861, became brigadier-general of 
volunteers the next month, and was engaged in va- 
rious skirmishes and in the action at Green Brier 
river, 8 Oct., 1861. He resigned in January, 1862, 
served without a commission in organizing Indiana 
volunteers, became colonel of the 75th Indiana regi- 
ment, 27 Aug., 1862, and brigadier-general, 17 Sept 
of that year. He was in the campaign of the Army 
of the Cumberland in 1862-'8, became major-gen- 
eral of volunteers in November, 1862, and was en- 
gaged at Hoover's Gap, 24 June, 1868, and Chicka- 
mauga, 19-20 Sept, 1868. He was chief of staff of 
the Army of the Cumberland from 10 Oct to 5 
Dec. of that year, and participated in the battle of 
Chattanooga. He commanded the defences of New 
Orleans, La., from January till June, 1864, com- 
manded the 19th army corps, and organised forces 
for the capture of Mobile, Fort Gaines, and Fort 
Morgan in June and August He was in charge of 
the Department of Arkansas from November, 1864, 
till April, 1866, mustered out of volunteer service, 
1 Sept, 1866, and reappointed in the U. 8. army 
as colonel of the 26th infantry, 28 July, 1866. He 
received the brevet of brigadier-general, U. 8. 
army, 2 March, 1867, for gallant and meritorious 
service at the battle of Cniokamauga, and that of 
major-general, U. S. army, at the same date for 
Mission Ridge. During the reconstruction period, 
in 1867-72, he was in command of the 5th mili- 
tary district, comprising Louisiana and Texas, was 
elected U. S. senator from the latter state in 1871, 
but declined, commanded the Department of the 
Platte in 187&-'6, and in June, 1877, he was retired. 

REYNOLDS, Joseph Smith, soldier, b. in New 
Lenox, 111., 8 Deo., 1889. He went to Chicago in 
1856, was graduated at its high-school in July, 
1861, and in August of that year enlisted in the 
64th Illinois regiment He was commissioned 2d 
lieutenant on 81 Dec, and was in active service 
three veers and ten months. He took part in seven- 
teen tattles, was wounded three times, and for 
" gallant and meritorious service " was promoted to 
a captaincy, subsequently to colonel On 11 July, 
1865, he was brevetted brigadier-general of volun- 
teers. He then began the study of law, was gradu- 
ated at the law department of Chicago university 
in 1866, admitted to the bar, and has since practised 
his profession in Chicago. Gen. Reynolds has been 
elected as representative and senator to the Illinois 
legislature, was a commissioner from Illinois to the 
Universal exposition at Vienna in 1878, and has 
held other offices. 

REYNOLDS, William, naval officer, b.in Lan- 
caster, Pa^ 18 Deon 1815; d. in Washington, D. (X, 



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5 Nov., 1879. He was appointed midshipman in 
the U. a navy in 1881, served on Capt. Charles 
Wilkes's exploring expedition in 1888-'4ft, was com- 
missioned lieutenant in 1841, and was placed on 
the retired list in consequence of failing health in 
185L He was then assigned to duty in the Sand- 
wich islands, where he was instrumental in effecting 
the Hawaiian treaty of reciprocity. He returned 
to active service in 1861, was made commander in 
1862, with the charge of the naval forces at Port 
Royal, became captain in 1866, senior officer of the 
ordnance board in 1869-'70, and commodore in the 
latter year. He served as chief of bureau and act- 
ing secretary of the navy in 1873 and again in 1874, 
became rear-admiral in December, 1878, and in De- 
cember, 1877, was retired on account of continued 
illness. His last service was in command of the 
U. S. naval forces on the Asiatic station. Of Ad- 
miral Reynolds's services the secretary of the navy, 
Richard w. Thompson, in the order that announced 
his death, said : "In the administration of the du- 
ties committed to him, he did much to improve the 
personnel and efficiency of the enlisted men of the 
navy, and in the discharge of all the duties de- 
volving on him, during a long career in the ser- 
vice, he exhibited seal, intelligence, and ability, for 
all of which he was conspicuous." See w Reynolds 
Memorial Address," by Joseph O. Rosengarten 
(Philadelphia, 1880).— His brother, John Fulton, 
soldier, b. in Lancaster, Pa-, 20 Sept, 1820 ; d. near 
Gettysburg, Pa^ 1 July, 1868, was graduated at 

the U. a mili- 
tary academy 
in 1841, became 
1st lieutenant 
inl846,received 
the brevet of 
captain in June 
of that year for 
his service at 
Monterey, and 
was given that 
of major for 
Buena Vista in 
January, 1847. 
He became cap- 
tain in 1856,was 
mentioned in 
orders 



QwhcfoayrLsM* 



£1 



in the expedi- 
tion against the 
Rogue river In- 
dians in Ore- 
n, took part in the Utah expedition under Gen. 
inert Sidney Johnston in 185&and in 1850 became 
oommandant of cadets at the U. S. military acad- 
emy* He was appointed lieutenant-colonel of the 
14th infantry in May, 1861, and on 20 Aug. briga- 
dier-general of U. S. volunteers, and was assigned 
to the command of the 1st brigade of Pennsylvania 
reserves. He was appointed military governor of 
Frederioksburg, Vs., in May, 1862, and was engaged 
at the battle* of Mechanicsville, Gaines's Mills, and 
Glendale, where he was taken prisoner. So great 
was his popularity in Fredericksburg that the mu- 
nicipal authorities went to Richmond and solicited 
his exchange. During his captivity he prepared a 
careful report of the operations of his command 
under Gen. George B. McClellan. He rejoined the 
army on his exchange, 8 Aup., 1862, was engaged in 
the campaign of northern Virginia, and commanded 
his division at the second battle of Bull Run. At 
a critical time in that battle, when his brigade, un- 
able to hold the enemy in check, fell back in con- 



fusion, observing that the flag-staff of the 2d regi- 
ment had been broken by a bullet, he seized the flag 
from the color-bearer and, dashing to the right, 
rode twice up and down the line, waving it and 
cheering his men. The troops rallied, and Gen. 
George H. Gordon, in bis w Army of Virginia," says : 
u Reynolds's division, like a rock, withstood the ad- 
vance of the victorious enemy, and saved the Union 
army from rout." He was assigned to the com- 
mand of the state militia in defence of Pennsyl- 
vania during the Maryland campaign, and on 29 
Sept, 1862, received the thanks of the legislature 
for his services. He was commissioned major-gen- 
eral of volunteers, 29 Nov., 1862, succeeded Gen. 
Joseph Hooker in command of the 1st corps of the 
Army of the Potomac, was engaged on the left at 
the battle of Frederioksburg, and was promoted 
colonel of the 6th U. S. infantry, 1 June, 1868. On 
the opening day of the battle of Gettysburg, 1 July, 
1868, where he was in command of the left wing— 
the 1st, the 8d, and the 11th corps, and Buford's 
cavalry division — he encountered the van of Lee's 
army, and, after making disposition of his men in 
person, and urging them on to a successful charge, 
he was struck by a rifle-ball that caused instant 
death. A sword of honor was awarded him by the 
enlisted men of the Pennsylvania reserves at the 
close of the peninsula campaign. The men of the 
1st corps erected a bronze heroic statue of him, by 
John Q. A. Ward, on the field of Gettysburg, and 
subsequently placed his portrait, by Alexander 
Laurie, in the library of the U. 8. military acad- 
emy, and the state of Pennsylvania placed a gran- 
ite abaft on the spot where he fell at Gettysburg. 
On 18 Sept., 1884, the Reynolds memorial asso- 
ciation unveiled in Philadelphia a bronze eques- 
trian statue of Gen. Reynolds, by John Rogers, the 
gift of Joseph E. Temple. See " Reynolds Me- 
morial Address," by Joseph G. Rosengarten (Phila- 
delphia, 1880), and " The Unveiling of the Statue 
of Gen. John F. Reynolds, by the Reynolds Me- 
morial Association" (1884). 

REYNOLDS, William Morton, clergyman, b. 
in Fayette county, Pa., 4 March, 1812; d. in Oak 
Park, 1U., 6 Sept, 1876. His father, George Rey- 
nolds, was a captain in the Revolutionary war, 
and a relative of Sir Joshua Reynolds. After 
graduation at the theological seminary at Gettys- 
burg, Ps*, in 1828, and at Jefferson college, Pa^ 
in 1882, he became principal of the preparatory 
department in the newly established Pennsylvania, 
college, afterward was made professor of Latin 
in the college department, and in 1885 acted as 
financial agent of the new college. Licensed to 
preach in 1885, he became pastor of the Lutheran 
congregation at Deerfield, N. J., was ordained to 
the ministry in 1886, and recalled as professor of 
Latin to Pennsylvania college, serving until 1850. 
In 1850-'8 he was president of Capitol univer- 
sity, Columbus, Ohio, and in 1868-7 successive- 
ly principal of a female seminary in Easton, Pa., 
ana the classical academy at Allentown, Pa. 
He was president of Illinois state university in 
1857-60, after which he became principal of a 
female seminary in Chicago, 111. He took orders 
in the Protestant Episcopal church in 1864, and 
served parishes in that church until his death. 
In 1850 he received the degree of D. D. from Jef- 
ferson college. Dr. Reynolds was a thorough in- 
vestigator in the early history of the Lutheran 
church in America, an accomplished hymnologist, 
and an able writer. He founded the " Evangelical 
Magazine" in 1840, and in 1849 the M Evangelical 
Review," of which he was editor until 1862. He 
was also, in 1845, editor of the " Linnaan Record 



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REYNOSO 



RHETT 



and Journal" All these journals were published 
at Gettysburg, but hare long since ceased to exist 
Among bis numerous published works are M Amer- 
ican Literature,*' an address (Gettysburg, Pa*, 
1846); "The CaptiW of Plautus," with introduc- 
tion and notes (1846); "Inaugural Address as 
President of Capitol University " (Columbus, Ohio. 
1890) ; M Historical Address before the Historical 
Society of the Lutheran Church " (1848) ; u Inaugu- 
ral Address as President of Illinois State Univer- 
sity" (Springfield, 1858); and " History of New 
Sweden, by Israel Acrehus, translated, with Intro- 
duction and Notes " (Philadelphia, 1874). He was 
the chief editor of the hymn-book of the general 
synod (1850), and for many years an active member 
of its liturgical committee. 

REYNOSO, Alvaro (rav-no'-ao), Cuban scientist, 
b. in Duran, Cuba, about 1820. He studied in Ha- 
vana, and went to France in 1847 and in 1854, 
where he was awarded a first prise by the Acade- 
mic des sciences of Paris for bis experiments on 
chloroform. He was graduated as doctor of sci- 
ences by the academy, and returned to his native 
country in 1857. In 1865 he went again to France 
to make experiments on an apparatus that he had 
devised for the purpose of making the sugar-cane 
produce 80 per cent of sugar. He has published 
"Estudios sobre materia* cientificas" (Havana, 
1861) ; M Ensayo sobre el cultivo de la catia de azu- 
car " (1862) ; " Apuntes de varios cultivos cubanos " 
(Paris, 1867) ; "Agriculture de los indigenas de Cuba 
y Hayti " (1881) ; u Cultivo de la cafia de azocar en 
Espafia" (1882); "Memoire sur la presence du 
sucre dans lee urines" (1883); and numerous con- 
tributions to French and Spanish periodicals. He 
is a member of various scientific societies. 

R£ZE, Frederick (ray-say), R. C. bishop, b. in 
Hildesheim, Germany, in 1797; d. there, 27 Dec., 
1871. He entered the military service at an early 
age, and fought as a dragoon in the battle of 
Waterloo. Soon afterward he went to Rome to 
prepare himself for the priesthood, and. after 
studying in the College of the propaganda, he was 
ordained and sent to labor in Africa. On his re- 
turn to Germany he accepted an invitation from 
Bishop Fenwick to come to the United States, and 
was appointed his secretary. He went to Europe 
in 1827 to procure priests, and was successful in 
sending several missionaries to the United States. 
The Leopoldine society for helping poor missions 
in this country was founded in Austria principally 
through his exertions. He returned to Ohio in 
1828, and devoted himself with energy and success 
to the revival of Catholicity among the Indian 
tribes in that state and in Michigan. On his re- 
tarn he was appointed vicar-general. In 1888 the 
see of Detroit was created, embracing the present 
states of Michigan and Wisconsin, and Dr. Rea6 
was eonsecratea its first bishop on 6 Oct He at- 
tended the deliberations of the 2d provincial coun- 
cil of Baltimore a few weeks afterward. There 
were only about a dosen churches attended by ten 
priests in the diocese. Bishop Res6 founded a col- 
lege in Detroit and established academies there and 
ra Green Bay, which he placed under the control 
of the order of Poor Clares. He gave special at- 
tention to the spiritual and temporal interests of 
the Indians,, and opened schools for their benefit 
But faults of temper prevented his administration 
from being entirely successful, and he resigned his 
see in 1887, and lived for several years in Rome, 
but finally retired to Hildesheim, where he spent 
the remainder of his days. 

RHEES, lorru John, clergyman, b. in Gla- 
morganshire, Wales, 8 Dec^ 1760; d. in Somerset, 



Pa., 17 Sent, 1804 He received an excellent edu- 
cation, ana devoted himself to teaching, but after 
uniting with the Baptist church, he entered the 
college of that denomination in Bristol, with a view 
of preparing for the ministry. On the completion 
of nis course he was ordained over the church of 
Penv-garn, but becoming interested in the cause 
of the French revolution, he resigned his charge 
and went to France. He soon returned to Wales, 
and there established "The Welsh Treasury," in 
which he attacked the policy of the English minis- 
try ; but being compelled to give this up, he col- 
lected several of his friends and came to this coun- 
try. At first he travelled extensively through the 
southern and western states, preaching and search- 
ing for a suitable location for his colony, but find- 
ing none, he returned to Philadelphia. Two years 
later he purchased a large tract of land in Pennsyl- 
vania, which he called Cambria. He located and 
planned the capital, which he called Beulah, and 
thither in 1798 be removed his own family, accom- 
panied by a body of Welsh colonists. He was oc- 
cupied for several years with the charge of his pas- 
torate and his duties as a large landed proprietor, but 
finally was persuaded to settle in Somerset where 
he spent the remainder of his life. He was the 
author of sacred lyrics and other poetical pieces 
that he published in Wales, and of several orations 
and discourses that appeared in Pennsylvania.— His 
grandson, William Jones, bibliographer, b. in 
Philadelphia, Pa., 18 March, 1880. was educated in 
Philadelphia, and graduated at the Central high- 
school in 1847. From October. 1850, to June, 1852, 
he had charge of the social statistics and other du- 
ties in connection with the 7th census at the de- 
partment of the interior, and he was secretary of 
the central executive committee in Washington of 
the World's fair in London in 1851. In Julv, 1852, 
he became chief clerk of the Smithsonian institu- 
tion, which office he still (1888) holds, and for sev- 
eral months each year, during 1884-7, he was by 
appointment acting secretary of the institution, 
while Prof. Spencer F. Baird was absent on duties 
connected with the U. S. fish commission. His 
duties include the general charge of the publica- 
tions of the Smithsonian institution, and he has 
been its executive officer, under the secretary, since 
his appointment Mr. Rhees has been active in 
educational interests, and was a trustee of the pub- 
lic schools of Washington in 1862-*8, 1878-'4, and 
1878-1). He has also been an active member and 

S resident of the Young men's Christian associa- 
on. In 1856 he organised a lecture bureau for 
securing the services of eminent speakers to lecture 
in different parts of the country, and he had charge 
of Prof. John Tyndall's lectures in this country In 
1872. He invented and patented, in 1868, the Rhees 
ruler and pencil-case slate, which has received the 
approbation of various school-boards. He has ed- 
ited many of the Smithsonian publications, and 
has published M Manual of Public Libraries, Insti- 
tutions, and Societies in the United States and 
British Provinces of North America" (Philadel- 
phia, 1859) ; M Guide to the Smithsonian Institution 
and National Museum " (Washington, 1859) ; " List 
of Publications of the Smithsonian Institution" 
(1862 ; Uth ed., 1888); " Manual of Public Schools 
of Washington" (1868-'6); "The Smithsonian In- 
stitution : Documents Relative to its Origin and 
History " (1879) ; u The Scientific Writings of James 
Smithson/* edited (1879) ; » James Smithson and his 
Bequest "(1880); and "Catalogue of Publications 
of the Smithsonian Institution^ (1882). 

RHETT, Jtobert Barnwell, politician, b. in 
Beaufort & a, 24 Dec^ 1800 ; d. in St James par- 



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RHETT 



RHOADS 



ish, La., 14 Sept, 1876. He was the son of James 
and Marianna Smith, but in 1837 adopted the 
name of Rhett, which was that of a colonial ances- 
tor. He studied law, was elected to the legislature 
in 1826, and in 1832 became attorney-general of 
South Carolina. During the nullification contro- 
versy he was an ardent advocate of extreme state- 
rights views. He served six successive terms in 
congress, from 1837 till 1849, having been elected 
as a Democrat, and on the death of John C. Cal- 
houn he was chosen to All the latter's seat in the 
U. S. senate, which he took on 6 Jan., 1851. In 
congress he continued to uphold extreme southern 
views, and in 1851-'2, during the secession agita- 
tion in South Carolina, he advocated the immediate 
withdrawal of his state from the Union, whether 
it should be accompanied by others or not On 
the defeat of his party in the latter vear, he re- 
signed from the senate, and after the death of his 
wife in the same year he retired to his plantation, 
taking no part in politics for many years. He was 
an active member of the South Carolina secession 
convention of December, 1860, and prepared the ad- 
dress that announced its reasons for passing the 
ordinance. Subsequently he was a delegate to the 
provisional Confederate congress at Montgomery, 
Ala., in 1861, and presided over the committee that 
reported the Confederate constitution. He was 
afterward a member of the regular Confederate 
congress. Mr. Rhett was for some time owner of 
the Charleston "Mercury," the organ of the so- 
called " fire-eaters," in which he advocated his ex- 
treme views. During the war it was conducted by 
his son, Robert Barnwell Rhett, Jr. After the 
civil war Mr. Rhett removed to Louisiana, and was 
seen no more in public life, except as a delegate to 
the Democratic national convention in 1868. 

RHETT, Thomas Grlmk6, soldier, b. in South 
Carolina about 1825 ; d. in Baltimore, Md., 28 July, 
1878. He was graduated at the U. S. military 
academy in 1845, assigned to the ordnance corps, 
and served at Washington arsenal till 1846, when ne 
was transferred to the mounted rifles and ordered 
to Mexico. He was brevetted captain, 12 Oct, 
1847, for gallantry in the defence of Puebla, and 
after the war was on frontier duty, becoming cap- 
tain in 1853, and paymaster, with the rank of ma- 
jor, 7 April, 1858. He resigned on 1 April, 1861, 
and reported to the provisional Confederate gov- 
ernment at Montgomery, but not receiving the rec- 
ognition to which he thought himself entitled, re- 
turned to his native state, and was commissioned 
major-general by Gov. Francis W. Pickens. He was 
chief oi staff to Gen. Joseph E. Johnston till June, 
1862, when he was ordered to the trans-Mississippi 
department After the war Gen. Rhett was colo- 
nel of ordnance in the Egyptian army from 1870 
till 1878, when he had a paralytic stroke, and re- 
signed. He remained abroad till 1876, but found 
no relief from his malady. 

RHIND, Alexander Colden, naval officer, b. 
in New York city, 81 Oct, 1821. He entered the 
navy as midshipman, from Alabama, 3 Sept, 1888, 
became passed midshipman, 2 July. 1845 ; master, 21 
Feb., 1853; and lieutenant 17 March, 1854. He 
served in the •* John Adams," of the Pacific squad- 
ron, in 1855-'6, and in the '* Constellation," on the 
coast of Africa, in 1859-'61. At the beginning of 
the civil war he commanded the steamer " Cru- 
sader," on the South Atlantic blockade, and partici- 
pated in a series of operations in Edisto sound, 
S. C, for which he received the thanks of the navy 
department in 1861-2. He was commissioned lieu- 
tenant-commander on 16 July, 1862, and had charge 
of the " Seneca " in 1862, and the monitor " Kec- 




tZ^rdCt^ct 



kuk " in 1862-*8. Previous to the attack on the 
forts at Charleston he buoyed the channel on the 
bar, and in the attack the next day, 7 April, 1868, 
took the " Keokuk " within 550 yards of Fort Sum- 
ter, becoming the 
special target of all 
the forts. His vessel 
was hit ninety times 
and nineteen shot 
penetrated at or be- 
low the water-line. 
She withdrew from 
action sinking, but 
Rhind kept the ship 
afloat till next morn- 
ing, when she sank, 
but the crew were 
saved. He was com- 
missionedcommand- 
er, 2 Jan., 1863, 
continued on duty 
off Charleston, com- 
manding the steam- 
er *• Paul Jones " and 
the flag-ship "Wa- 
bash," and participated in engagements with Fort 
Wagner and other forts in 1863-*4. In the attack, 
18 July, 1868, he commanded the division of gun- 
boats. He was given the gun-boat " Agawam, of 
the North Atlantic squadron, in 1864- , 5, was in 
James river from May till October, 1864, co-operat- 
ing with Grant's army, and bombarded forts and 
batteries, especially Howlett's, for which he received 
the thanks of the navy department In the attack 
on Fort Fisher he was selected to command the 
44 Louisiana " with a volunteer crew from his vessel 
She was loaded with 215 tons of gunpowder and 
bombs, fitted with fuses set to explode by clock- 
work, and towed to within 200 yards of the beach 
and 400 yards from the fort. The perilous under- 
taking, suggested by Gen. Benjamin F. Butler, was 
successful, but did not injure the fort Commander 
Rhind was recommended for promotion, was com- 
missioned captain, 2 March, 1870, commanded the 
44 Congress," on the European station, in 1872, was 
light- house inspector in 1876-*8, and was commis- 
sioned commodore, 30 Sept, 1876. He was on spe- 
cial duty and president of the board of inspection 
from 1880 till 1882, became a rear-admiral on 30 
Oct, 1883, and on the following day was placed 
on the retired list 

RHINE, Alice Hyneman, author, b. in Phila- 
delphia, Pa., 81 Jan., 1840. She is a daughter of 
Leon Hyneman, and has gained a reputation as a 
writer of prose and verse for the periodical press. 
She has contributed numerous articles to the 
44 Popular Science Monthly," the u North American 
Review," and the " Forum," and has edited an illus- 
trated work on 44 Niagara" (New York, 1885). 

RHOADS, Samuel, member of the Continental 
congress, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., in 1711 ; d. there, 
7 April, 1 784. His father, John Rhoads, and grand- 
father, of the same name, were Quaker colonists 
from Derbyshire, England. Samuel was appren- 
ticed to the carpenter's trade, and became a wealthy 
builder. In 1741 he was chosen a member of the 
city council, but he does not appear to have held 
office again till 1761, when he was chosen, with 
Benjamin Franklin, to the assembly, to which he 
was again elected in 1762- '4 and 1771-4. In 1761 
he was chosen by the assembly a commissioner to 
attend a noted conference with the western Indiana 
and the Six Nations at Lancaster, Pa., and in 1774 
he was elected by the assembly a delegate to the 
Continental congress. During this year he was 



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RHODES 



BIBAUT 



231 



also elected mayor of Philadelphia. He was one 
of the founders of the Pennsylvania hospital, and 
became a member of its first board of managers, 
which post he filled until his death, a period of 
thirty years. He was one of the early members of 
the American philosophical society, and for many 
years a director of the Philadelphia library. 

RHODES, Albert, author, b. in Pittsburg, Pa., 
1 Feb., 1840. He was educated mainly at the 
academy of Elder's Ridge in the Tillage of that 
name in Indiana county, Pa. He has spent most 
of his time abroad. He was U. S. consul at Jeru- 
salem during the administration of President John- 
son, consul at Rotterdam and chargg d'affaires at 
the Hague under President Grant, and consul at 
Rouen, France, and at Elberfeld, Germany, from 
1877 till 1885. He has been a frequent contributor 
to American, French, and British periodicals, 
largely on the characteristics of life ana people on 
the European continent Since 1885 he has lived 
in Paris. His books are " Jerusalem as it Is " (Lon- 
don, 1867); "The French at Home "(New York, 
1875); and u Monsieur at Home" (London, 1888). 

RHODES, Mosheim, clergyman, b. in Williams- 
burg, Pa., 14 April, 1887. His educational facili- 
ties m early life were limited, but by persevering 
industry he acquired a fine classical education. 
He was graduated in theology at Missionary insti- 
tute, SeBnsgrove, Pa., in 1861, ordained to the 
ministry in 1862, and in 1877 received the degree 
of D. D. from Wittenberg college, Springfield, Ohio. 
Immediately after his ordination he became pastor 
of the Lutheran congregation at Sunbury, and 
from this date until 1874 he served as pastor in 
Lebanon and Columbia, Pa., and Omaha, Neb. In 
1874 he removed to St Louis, Mo., where he has 
built up a flourishing English Lutheran congre- 
gation. He was president of the general synod in 
1885-7. is the president of that body's board of 
education, and in 1887 was elected president pro 
tempore of Midland college, Atchison, Kan. Dr. 
Rhodes is an acceptable pulpit orator and lecturer, 
and a popular author. He is a frequent contribu- 
tor to the periodicals of his church, and many of 
his review articles and lectures have been published 
separately in pamphlet-form. Among his pub- 
lished works are " Sermon on the Assassination of 
President Lincoln n (Sunbury, Ps*, 1865); "The 
Proper Observance of the Lord's Day " (St Louis, 
1874) ; u Life Thoughts for Young Men " (Phila- 
delphia, 1879; "~ -• * * —~" 



ition in Heaven " (1881) ; 
Expository Lectures on Philippians " (1882); " Life 
Thoughts for Young Women" (1888); "Vital 
Questions Pertaining to Christian Belief n (1886); 
and " The Throne of Grace n (1887). 

RIALL, Sir Phineas, British soldier, b. in Eng- 
land about 1769; d. in Paris, France, 10 Nov., 
1851. He entered the British army as ensign in 
January, 1794, and was promoted through the dif- 
ferent grades to that of major in the same year. 
He was reduced in 1797, and remained on the re- 
serve list till 1804. He commanded a brigade in 
the West Indies in 1808-'10, taking part in the ex- 
peditions against Martinique and Saintes, and in 
the capture of Guadaloupe, became a colonel on 25 
July, 1810, and on 4 June, 1818, was made a major- 
general After serving for a few months on the 
staff in England, he was ordered to Canada to 
take part in the war between England and the 
United States. He served on the Niagara frontier, 
displaying energy and valor, but committing many 
military mistakes. He was wounded at Chippewa, 
where he was chief in command, as also at the bat- 
tle of Lundy*8 Lane. On 18 Feb., 1816, he was ap- 
pointed governor of the island of Grenada, where 



he remained for severalvears. He was promoted 
lieutenant-general in 1825, was knighted in 1888, 
and became a full general in 1841. 

RIB AS, Andres Peres de (re'-bas), Spanish 
missionary, b. in Cordova, Spain, in 1576 ; d. in 
Mexico, 26 March, 1655. After being ordained 
priest, he entered the Society of Jesus in 1602. and 
was sent immediately afterward to Mexico, where 
he became successively rector of a college and pro- 
vincial of New Spain. He was a successful and la- 
borious missionary among the Indians. He wrote 
" Vida, Virtudes y Muerte del Padre Juan de Le- 
desma" (Mexico, 1686), and " Historia de los 
triunfos de nuestra Santa Fe" entre los barbaros con 
lascostumbresde los indios n (Madrid, 1645). He 
left " Historia de la Provincia de la Compafifa de 
Jesus in Mexico," and " Historia de Sinaloa," which 
remain in manuscript in the Library of Mexico. 

RIBAS, Joel Felix (re'-bas), Venezuelan sol- 
dier, b. in Caracas, 19 Sept, 1775; d. in Tucupido. 
18 Jan., 1815. He married a maternal aunt of 
Simon Bolivar, was one of the most enthusiastic 
originators of the movement for independence in 
1810, and was appointed a member of the supreme 
junta of Caracas. He organized a battalion, of 
which he was appointed colonel, and took part in 
the unfortunate campaign against Monteverde. 
After the capitulation of Miranda, 25 July, 1812, 
Ribas obtained through family influence a passport 
from Monteverde, and went to Curacoa. Thence 
he accompanied Bolivar to Cartagena and in his 
invasion of Venezuela, being in command of the 
division that defeated the Spaniards at Niquitao. 
28 June, 1818, and at Horcones on 22 July, ana 
was promoted brigadier on 5 Oct, and chief of op- 
erations in the central provinces. When Boves, at 
the head of 7,000 men, attacked Caracas, Ribas, 
with only 1,500 men, intrenched himself at Victo- 
ria, and, after resisting for a whole day the furious 
attacks of Boves and Morales, totally routed them 
in the evening of 12 July, 1814. He defeated Ro- 
sete at Charallave, 20 Feb., was promoted lieuten- 
ant-general on 24 March, and took part in the vic- 
tory of Carabobo on 28 May. After the disaster of 
La Puerta he was sent to the eastern provinces, and 
when Bolivar presented himself, after the defeat 
of Aragua, in Carupano, Ribas's troops deposed Bo- 
livar and Marino, proclaiming Ribas and Piar first 
and second chief. But Ribas was totally routed 
at Urica by Boves on 5 Dec., and in Maturin by 
Morales on 11 Dec., and the last patriot army was 
totally dispersed. Kibas was captured in the farm 
of Tamanaco while awaiting provisions from the 
neighboring town of Valle de Pascua. He was 
shot in Tucupido, and his head was sent to Cara- 
cas to be exposed in a cage. 

BIBAUT, or RIBAULT, Jean (re-bo), French 
navigator, b. in Dieppe in 1520; d. in Florida, 28 
Sept, 1565. He was reputed an experienced naval 
officer when he proposed to Admiral Gaspar de Co- 
lignv. the chief of the Protestants in France, to 
establish colonies in unexplored countries, where 
they would be at liberty to practise the reformed 
religion. The admiral obtained a patent from 
Charles IX., and armed two ships, on which, besides 
55(1 veteran soldiers and sailors, many young no- 
blemen embarked as volunteers, and appointed 
Ribaut commander. The latter sailed from Dieppe, 
18 Feb^ 1562, and, avoiding routes where be might 
encounter Spanish vessels, as the success of the ex- 
pedition depended entirely on secrecy, sighted on 
80 April a cape which he named Francois. It 
is now one of the headlands of Matanias inlet 
The following day he discovered the mouth of, a 
stream, which he called Riviere de Mai (now St 



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RIBAUT 



RICE 



John's river), and on its southern shore he planted 
a cross bearing the escutcheon of the king of 
Prance, and took formal possession of the country. 
Moving northward slowly for three weeks, they 
named each stream after some French river, 
till they saw, in latitude 32° 15', a commodious 
haven, which received the name of Port Royal. 
On 27 May they crossed the bar, passed Hilton 
Head, and landed. Ribaut built a fort six miles 
from the present site of Beaufort, and, in honor of 
the king, named it Fort Charles. He left there one 
of his trusted lieutenants, Charles d' Albert, with 
twenty-five men and some supplies, and on 11 June 
sailed for France. His vessels were scarcely out of 
sight when trouble arose in the colony ; Albert was 
murdered, and the survivors, headed by Nicolas de 
la Barre, after difficulties with the Indians, who 
burned the fort and destroyed their provisions, 
constructed a small bark in which they set sail. 
They were rescued near the coast of Brittany in 
extreme misery by an English vessel and carried 
as prisoners to London. Ribaut, who had mean- 
while arrived safely in Dieppe on 20 July, was un- 
able to forward re-enforcements and supplies to his 
colony, owing to the religious war that then raged 
in France, in which he was obliged to take part 
After the peace he renewed the project of a 
Huguenot colony in Florida, and at his instance 
Cohgny sent, in April, 1564, Rene* de Laudonniere 
(a. v.) with five ships, who built Fort Caroline on 
St John's river. Ribaut followed on 22 May, 1505, 
with seven vessels, carrying 400 soldiers and emi- 
grants of both sexes, with supplies and provisions. 
They arrived on 29 Aug. and found Laudonniere 's 
colony starving and on the eve of dissolution. 
Ribaut immediately superseded Laudonniere in 
command, and, after landing his troops, went to ex- 
plore the country. On 4 Sept the French that 
nad been left to guard the snips sighted a large 
fleet and asked their object •* I am Pedro Me- 
nendei de Aviles," haughtily responded the com- 
mander, " who has come to hang and behead all 
Protestants in these regions. If I find any Catho- 
lic he shall be well treated, but every heretic shall 
die." The French fleet, being surprised, cut its 
cables, and Menendez entered an inlet which he 
named San Augustin, and here he began to in- 
trench himself. Ribaut rallied all his forces and 
resolved to attack the Spaniards against the ad- 
vice of his officers, especially Laudonniere. He 
embarked on 10 Sept, but was scarcely at sea when 
a hurricane dispersed his fleet The Spanish con- 
ceived the plan of attacking Fort Caroline by 
land, and captured it by surprise. Three days later 
Ribaut's ships were wreckea near Cape Canaveral, 
and he immediately marched toward Fort Caroline 
in two divisions. The first one arrived near the 
site of the fort and surrendered to Menendez, and its 
members were put to death. Ribaut's party ar- 
rived a few days later, and, as Menendez pledged 
his word that they should be spared, they agreed to 
surrender on 28 Sept, but they were likewise mur- 
dered, Ribaut being killed by Menendez'sown hands, 
and their bodies hung to the surrounding trees 
with the inscription: •• Executed, not as French- 
men, but as Lutherans." Ribaut's son, Jacques, 
with Laudonniere and a few others, when Fort 
Caroline was taken, escaped upon a small brig, " La 
Perle," and brought the news of the disaster to 
France. Ribaut's death was afterward avenged by 
Dominique de Gourgues (g. v.). The relation of 
Ribaut's first expedition to Coligny is known only 
in the English translation : " The whole and true 
Discovery of Florida, written in French by Cap- 
tain Ribaolt, the first that w hoi lye discovered the 



same, contevning as well the wonderful straunge 
Natures ana Maners of the People, with the mar- 
veylous Commodities and Treasures of the Coun- 
try ; as also the pleasaunt Portes and Havens and 
Waves thereunto, never found out before the last 
year 1562. now newly set forth in English the 
XXX of May 15G8 " (London, 1563). This volume 
is extremely rare, and was reprinted by Richard 
Hakluyt in his •• Voyages " (London, 1582). Lau- 
donniere's relation contains also an account of Ri- 
baut's death, as also the •* Discours de l'histoire de 
la Floride" (Dieppe, 1566), written by fitienne 
Challeux, a carpenter who had accompanied Ri- 
baut and who escaped in the brig " La Perle." 

RICAUD, James Bar roll (ry-cawd). jurist b. in 
Baltimore, Md., 11 Feb., 1808; d. in Chcstertown, 
Md., 26 Jan., 1866. He was educated at St Mary's 
college, Baltimore, Md., studied law, and on ad- 
mission to the bar entered into practice at Ches- 
tcrtown. He was a member of the Maryland sen- 
ate in 1888, and of the house of delegates in 1843 and 
succeeding sessions, and a presidential elector on 
the Harrison ticket in 1836, and on the Clay ticket 
in 1844. He was elected a member of congress by 
the American party for two successive terms, serv- 
ing from 3 Dec., 1855, till 3 March, 1850. He sub- 
sequently sat in the state senate, but resigned on 
being appointed a judge of the circuit court in 1864. 

RICAURTE, Antonio (re-kah-oor -tay), Co- 
lombian soldier, b. in Bogota in 1702; d. in San 
Mateo, Venezuela, 25 March, 1814. At the first 
patriotic movement he entered the ranks of the 
Independents, and served as captain in re-en- 
forcements that were sent by the state of Cundi- 
natnarca to Bolivar. With the latter he marched 
to Venezuela, taking part in numerous battles. 
He formed part of Bolivar's forces that awaited 
Boves's army at San Mateo between Victoria and 
the Lake of Valencia, and assisted in the defence 
of that place from 25 Feb. to 25 March. In the 
latter day the patriots resisted the attacks of 
Boves, when by a furious charge they were dis- 
lodged for a moment leaving their reserve ammu- 
nition in a sugar-mill on an eminence temporarily 
unprotected. Half of Boves's forces swept down 
on that point, when Ricaurte, who commanded the 
raUl with a small detachment, dismissed his men, 
aim, when the building was surrounded by thou- 
sands of the enemy, blew it up and perished in the 
explosion. The Spaniards in their confusion were 
routed by Bolivar. A monument has been erected 
to Ricaurte in his native city for his heroic deed. 

RICE, Alexander Hamilton, governor of Mas- 
sachusetts, b. in Newton Lower Falls, Mass., 80 
Aug., 1818. He received a .business training in 
his father's paper-mill at Newton and in a mer- 
cantile house in Boston, and, after his graduation 
at Union college in 1844, established himself in 
the paper business at Boston. He became a mem- 
ber of the school committee, entered the common 
council, was chosen president of that body, and 
in 1855 and 1857 was elected mayor of Boston 
on a citizens' ticket During his administration 
the Back Bay improvements were undertaken, the 
establishment of the Boston city hospital was au- 
thorized, ai.d on his recommendation the manage- 
ment of the public institutions was committed to 
a board composed in part of members of the com- 
mon council and in part chosen from the general 
body of citizens. He served several years as presi- 
dent of the Boston board of trade, and has been an 
officer or trustee of numerous financial and educa- 
tional institutions. He was elected to congress by 
the Republican party for four successive terms, 
serving from 5 Dec., 1850, till 8 March, 1867. He 



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•erred on the committee on naval affairs, and, as 
chairman of that committee in the 88th congress, 
introduced important measures. He was a dele- 
sate to the Loyalists' convention at Philadelphia 
in 1866, and to the Republican national conven- 
tion in 1868. He was governor of Massachusetts 
in 1876, 1877, and 187a 

RICE, Allen Thorndike, editor, b, in Boston, 
Mass., 18 June, 1858 ; d. in New York city, 16 May, 
1889. At the age of nine years he was taken 
abroad. In 1867 he returned to the United States, 
and remained here until 1871, when he went to 
England and was graduated at Oxford in 1875. 
On nis return to the United States he entered as 
a student at Columbia law-school.. In 1876 he 
bought the *' North American Review," of which 
he was afterward the editor. He organized in 1879 
and subsequently directed what is popularly known 
as the Charnay expedition, which was despatched 
under the joint auspices of the United States and 
Prance, to investigate systematically the remains 
of ancient civilization in Central America and 
Mexico. In 1884 he bought a controlling interest 
in M Le Matin," one of the chief papers of Paris, in 
which he continued a proprietor. He was actively 
interested in politics, and in 1886 received a Re- 
publican nomination for congress, but was defeat- 
ed by the local political leaders. A controversy 
succeeded, which resulted in the expulsion of Mr. 
Rice's opponents from the Republican organiza- 
tion. This event turned his attention to the Aus- 
tralian system of voting, which he was the first to 
recommend for adoption in the United States, and 
mainly owing to his advocacy a demand for ballot- 
reform was incorporated in the platforms of the 
Republican and United Labor parties in 1887. He 
edited " Reminiscences of Abraham Lincoln " (New 
York, 1886), and contributed to M Ancient Cities of 
the New World "(1887). 

BICE, Americas Yespaclas, soldier, b. in Per- 
rysville, Ohio, 18 Nov., 1885. He was graduated at 
Union college in 1860, and began the study of law. 
On 18 April, 1861, he enlisted in the National army, 
soon afterward was appointed a lieutenant, and 
then a captain in the 22d Ohio volunteers, and 
served in West Virginia. When his term of en- 
listment expired in August, 1861, he assisted in re- 
cruiting the 57th Ohio infantry, returned to the 
field as captain of a company, and became lieuten- 
ant-colonel, and afterward colonel, of the regiment 
He fought in Gen. William T. Sherman's cam- 
paigns, in Gen. William B. Hasen's division, was 
wounded several times, and at the battle of Kene- 
saw Mountain lost a leg. The people of his dis- 
trict gave him a majority of votes as the Demo- 
cratic candidate for congress in 1864, but he was 
defeated by the soldierrvote. He was promoted 
brigadier-general on 81 May, 1865, and mustered 
out on 15 Jan., 1866. In 1868 he became manager 
of a private banking business in Ottawa, Ohio. 
He was a delegate to the Democratic national con- 
vention at Baltimore in 1873, and was elected 
in 1874 to congress, and re-elected in 1876.— His 
cousin, BoselU, author, b. in Perrysville, Ohio, 
11 Aug., 1827. She began writing for the local 
papers at an early age, published a novel entitled 
" Mabel, or Heart Histories "(Columbus, 1858), and 
has since been a contributor of serial stories and 
humorous articles and of poems descriptive of 
nature to newspapers and magazines. She is also 
known as a public lecturer. In 1871-*2 she con-' 
tributed, under the pen-name of "Pipsissiway 
Potts," a serial entitled "Other People's Win- 
dows " to Timothy a Arthur's " Home Magazine.'' 
It attracted attention, and was followed by others 



with the same signature, M My Girls and I " and 
other tales signed M Chatty Brooks," and still other 
serials published under her own name.including 
M Fifty Years Ago, or the Cabins of the West." 

RICE, Benjamin Franklin, senator, b, in East 
Otto, Cattaraugus oo., N. Y., 26 May, 182a After 
obtaining his education in an academy, he taught 
for several winters, studied law, and was admitted 
to the bar at Irvine, Ky. He was a presidential 
elector in 1856, and was elected to the Kentucky 
legislature in 1865. Mr. Rice removed to Minne- 
sota in 1860, enlisted in the National army in 1361, 
was appointed a captain in the 8d Minnesota in- 
fantry, and served in that grade till 1864, when he 
resigned and established himself in the practice of 
law at Little Rock, Ark. He was the organizer of 
the Republican party in Arkansas in 1867, was 
chairman of its central committee, managed the 
electoral canvass during the predominance of his 
party, and was elected to the U. S. senate, serving 
horn 8 June, 1868, till 8 March, 1878. 

RICE, Daniel, showman, b. in New York city 
in 1822. His name was originally McLaren, but 
he changed it to Rice after removing to Pitts- 
burg, Pa^ and becoming an acrobat He after- 
ward travelled as a ciroue-clown through the west 
and southwest, and acquired such popularity that 
he was enabled to exhibit his own circus, which 
his rivals derisively called the ** one-horse show" 
because the chief attraction, besides his jests, was 
a trained Arabian stallion. He soon gathered a 
large company, and enhanced the reputation of 
his " great and only show" by munificent gifts 
for charitable purposes and public monuments. 
During the civil war he promoted recruiting by 
delivering patriotic speecnes in connection with 
his comio performances. He met with financial 
disaster, and performed under the management of 
others until intemperate habits interfered with his 
engagements. Having reformed, he occasionally 
lectured in advocacy of temperance. He resided in 
Cincinnati, Ohio, and subsequently in Texas, where 
he became a large land-owner. 

RICE, David, clergyman, b. in Hanover county, 
Va^ 29 Dec,, 1788; d. in Green county, Ky M 18 
June, 1816. He was graduated at Princeton in 

1761, studied theology, was licensed to preach in 

1762, and was installed as pastor of the Presbyte- 
rian church at Hanover, Vs., in December, 1768. 
At the end of five years he resigned on account of 
dissensions among the church-members, and three 

rrs later he took charge of three congregations 
the new settlements of Bedford county. Va~ 
Where he labored with success during the period of 
the Revolution. When Kentucky was opened to 
settlement he visited that country in October, 1788, 
removed thither with his family, and in 1784 or- 
ganized in Mercer county the first religious con- 
gregation in Kentucky, and opened in his house 
the earliest school He was the organizer and the 
chairman of a conference that was held in 1785 for 
the purpose of instituting a regular organization 
of the Presbyterian church in the new territory, 
and the principal founder of Transylvania academy, 
which developed into Transylvania university. He 
was a member of the convention that framed a 
state constitution in. 1702. In 1798 he removed to 



Green county. His wife, Mary, was a daughter of 
Rev. Samuel Blair. He published an "Essay on 
Baptism" (Baltimore, 1789) ^ a "Lecture on Divine 
Decrees" 



(1791): "Slavery Inconsistent with Jus- 
tice and Policy •* (1792); "An Epistle to the Citi- 
zens of Kentucky Professing Christianity, those 
that Are or Have Been Denominated Presbyterians" 
(1805); and "A Second Epistle to the Presorts- 



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rians of Kentucky," warning them against the 
errors of the day (1808) ; also " A Kentucky Pro- 
test against Slavery " (New York, 1812).— David's 
grandson, John Holt, clergyman, b. in New Lon- 
don, Va^ 28 Nov- 1777 ; d. in Hampden Sidney, 
Prince Edward co., Va., 8 Sept, 1881. He was 
educated at Liberty Hall academy, near Lexing- 
ton, began the study of medicine in 1799, afterward 
studied theology, was 
a tutor in Hampden 
Sidney college in 1801, 
was licensed to preach 
on 12 Sept, 1808, and 
on 29 Sept, 1804, was 
installed as pastor of 
a Presbyterian church 
at Cub Creek, Char- 
lotte co M Va. On 17 
Oct, 1812, he was in- 
stalled as pastor of the 
first separate Presby- 
terian church in Rich- 
mond, the Presbyte- 
rians having previous- 
ly worshipped in a 
/"It T-} . bu ilding with the Epis- 

M. IKajQjZs copalians. In July, 

1815, he began the 
publication of the 
" Christian Monitor," a religious periodical, which 
he conducted for several years. From 1818 till 
1829 he edited a similar publication called the 
M Virginia Evangelical and Literary Magazine." He 
was moderator of the general assembly at Phila- 
delphia in 1819. He was called to the presidency 
of Princeton in 1822, and a few weeks later to the 
professorship of theology in the Union theological 
seminary at Hampden Sidney college, which latter 
post he accepted. He received the degree of D. D. 
from Princeton in 1819. Dr. Rice was known as a 
powerful and fervent preacher, not alone in Vir- 
ginia, but in the northern states, which he often 
visited, chiefly for the purpose of obtaining an en- 
dowment for nis seminary. Besides review articles, 
controversial pamphlets, memoirs of friends, and 
numerous sermons, his only published work was a 
small volume entitled " Historical and Philosophi- 
cal Considerations on Religion " (1882), consisting 
of letters addressed to James Madison, originally 
published anonymously in 1880 in the " Southern 
Religious Telegraph," in which he endeavored to 
show that the propagation of the Christian religion 
ought to be fostered by statesmen in the interest of 
national prosperity. See his " Memoir " by William 
Maxwell (Philadelphia, 1835).— John Holt's brother, 
Benjamin Holt, clergyman, b. in New London, 
Va., 29 Nov., 1782 ; d. in Hampden Sidney college, 
24 Feb., J856, was educated under his brother's in- 
struction, taught at New Berne and Raleigh, N. C, 
was licensed to preach while at Raleigh, 28 Sept, 
1810, and was sent as a missionary to the seaboard 
counties of North Carolina. He removed to Peters- 
burg; Vil, in 1812, and organised a church in that 
place, of which he was installed pastor in 1814, 
and with which he remained for the following 
seventeen years. He was moderator of the Pres- 
byterian general assembly in 1829, and in 1882 
received from Princeton the degree of D. D. He 
was pastor of the church in Princeton, N. J., from 
15 Aug, 1888. till 26 April, 1847, and thence- 
forth of the Hampden Sidney college church till 
his death. His wife was a sister of Rev. Dr. Archi- 
bald Alexander. See " Discourse on the Death of 
Dr. Benjamin H. Rice," by the Rev. William E. 
Scheock (Philadelphia, 1806). 



RICE, Edwin Wilbur, clergyman, b. in Kings- 
borough, N. Y., 24 July, 1881. He was graduated 
at Union college in 1854, studied law for one year, 
and then theology in Union theological seminary. 
New York city, taught in 1857-*8, and became a 
missionary of the American Sunday-school union 
in 1859, receiving ordination as a Congregational 
minister in 1860. In 1864 he was made superin- 
tendent of the society's missions at Milwaukee, 
Wis., and in 1871 he became assistant secretary of 
missions and assistant editor of the periodicals of 
the union in Philadelphia. Since 1879 he has been 
editor of its periodicals and publications. The 
decree of D. D. was conferred on him by Union 
college in 1884. Dr. Rice conceived the idea of the 
series of lesson-papers that have been issued regu- 
larly since 1872, and edited all of these papers. 
He has also prepared since 1874 the "Scholar's 
Handbooks on the International Lessons," of 
which twenty-seven volumes have appeared down 
to 1888, and several have been translated into 
Dutch, Italian, Greek, and other languages. He 
has since 1871 edited the " Sunday-School World" 
and the " Youth's World," and since 1875 the 
"Union Companion" and " Quarterly." He con- 
tributed the geographical and topographical ar- 
ticles to Philip Schaffs M Bible Dictionary " (Phila- 
delphia, 1880), and edited Kennedy's " Four Gos- 
pels" fL881) and Paxton Hood's " Great Revival 
of the Eighteenth Century " (1882). His independ- 
ent publications are "Pictorial Commentary on 
Mark" (1881); "Historical Sketch of Sunday- 
Schools * (1886) ; "People's Commentary on Mat- 
thew" (1887); "People's Lesson-Book on Mat- 
thew " ; and " Stories of Great Painters " (1888). 

RICE, George Edward, poet, b. in Boston, 
Mass., 10 July, 1822; d. in Koxbury, Mass., 10 
Aug., 1861. He was graduated at Harvard in 
1842, studied in the Harvard law-school, was ad- 
mitted to the bar, and practised his profession in 
Boston until, near the close of his life, he became 
insane. He contributed to the " North American 
Review " and other periodicals. Some of his poems, 
with others by John Howard Wainwright, were pub- 
lished anonymously in a volume called " Ephem- 
era" (Boston, 1852). A fanciful adaptation of 
"Hamlet," under the title of "A New Play in an 
Old Garb," was published with illustrations (1852), 
and was acted with applause, as were two other 
plays that were published subsequently, entitled 
"Myrtilla," a fairy piece (1858), and "Blondel, a 
Historic Fancy " (1854). He was also the author 
of " Nugamenta," a book of poems (1859). 

RICE, Harvey, poet, b. m Conway, Mass., 11 
June, 1800. He was graduated at Williams in 
1824, and removed to Cleveland, Ohio, where he 
opened a classical school, at the same time studying 
law. He was admitted to the bar and began prac- 
tice in 1826. In 1828 he purchased a Democratic 
newspaper, which has called the "Independent 
News-Letter," and which has since been known as 
the Cleveland " Plaindealer." He was its editor in 
1829, and in 1880 was the first Democrat that was 
elected to the legislature from Cleveland. In the 
same year he was appointed agent at Millersburg 
for the sale of school lands in the Western Reserve. 
He was appointed clerk of the court of common 
pleas at Cleveland in 1888, and in 1884 and 1886 
was the unsuccessful Democratic candidate for 
congress. In 1851 he was ejected to the state sen- 
ate, and was the author of the bill for the reorgani- 
zation of the common-school system of Ohio, plac- 
ing the schools under a state commissioner, and 
recognizing the expediency of school libraries. He 
received the degree of LL.D. from Williams in 



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1871. He has been a frequent contributor to 
magazines, and in 1868 published " Mount Vernon, 
and other Poems " (4th ed., New York, 1864). He 
has also published " Nature and Culture " (Boston, 
1875) ; - Pioneers of the Western Reserve * (1882) ; 
"Select Poems" (1886); and "Sketches of West- 
ern Life n (1888). 

RICE, Henry Mower, senator, b. in Waits- 
field, VU 29 Not., 1816. He emigrated to the 
territory of Michigan in 1886, and was employed 
in making surreys of Kalamazoo and Grand riv- 
ers, and on the survey of the Sault Sainte Marie 
canal in 1887. He removed to Fort Snelling, Iowa 
territory, in 1889, and was post-sutler at Fort At- 
kinson in 1840-*2, and subsequently an agent of 
a fur-trading company, and est abli sh e d trading- 
posts from Lake Superior to the Red river of the 
North- On 2 Aug.. 1847, he served as U. S. com- 
missioner at Fona du Lac in making a treaty 
with the Ojibwav Indians for the cession of the 
country south of Crow Wing and Long Prairie 
rivers. On 21 Aug. he obtained from the Pillager 
band of Ojibways the cession of a large tract do- 
tween those rivers, known as the Leaf River coun- 
try. He assisted in making many other treaties. 
He settled in St Paul in 1849, was elected a dele- 
gate from Minnesota territory to congress in 1868, 
was re-elected in 1866, was the author of the law 
extending the right of pre-emption over unsur- 
veyed lands in the territory, and procured the pas- 
sage of an act authorizing the framing of a state 
constitution preparatory to the admission of Min- 
nesota into the Union. He was then elected to the 
U. S. senate, serving from 11 May, 1868, till 8 
March, 1868. Mr. Rice was a member of the com- 
mittees on finance and military affairs, and the spe- 
cial committee on the condition of the country in 
1860-'l, and a delegate to the Philadelphia nation- 
al union convention in 1866. He was the founder 
of Bayfield, Wis., and Munising, Mich., and has 
given Rice park to the city of St PauL 

RICE, Isaac Leopold, author, b. in Wachen- 
heim, Bavaria, 22 Feb., 1860. He was brought to 
the United States in 1866, educated at Philadel- 
phia high-school, and studied music in that city 
and in 1866-*8 at the Paris conservatoire, acting 
while there as correspondent of the Philadelphia 
" Evening Bulletin.*' He taught music and lan- 
guages for some time in England, and in the au- 
tumn of 1869 established himself as a music-teacher 
in New York city. He was graduated at Columbia 
law-school in 1880, founded the academy of politi- 
cal science, and was lecturer and librarian of the 
political science library of Columbia in 1882-*8. 
and then entered on the practice of the special 
branch of railroad law, acting also as instructor in 
Columbia college law-school till 1886. He was one 
of the founders of the " Forum " in New York city 
in 1886, and, besides articles on political science, 
has published " What is Music f " (New York, 1876) 
and " How Geometrical Lines have their Counter- 
parts in Music " (1880). 

RICE. James Clay, soldier, b. in Worthington, 
Mass., 27 Dec., 1829 ; d. near Spottsylvania Court- 
House, Va^ 11 May, 1864. He obtained an educa- 
tion by his own efforts, and, after graduation at 
Yale in 1864, engaged in teaching at Natchez, 
Miss., and conducted the literary department of a 
newspaper. He also began the study of law, and 
continued it in New York city, where he was ad- 
mitted to the bar in 1866 and entered into practice. 
When the civil war began he enlisted as a private, 
became adjutant and captain, and, on the organi- 
sation of the 44th New York regiment, was ap- 
pointed its lieutenant-colonel He became colo- 



nel of the regiment soon afterward, and led it in 
the battles of Yorktown, Hanover Court-House, 
Gaines's Mills. Malvern Hill, Manassas, Fredericks- 
burg, and Chancellorsville, and at Gettysburg 
commanded a brigade, and during the second day's 
fight performed an important service by holding 
the extreme left of the line against repeated at- 
tacks and securing Round Top mountain against 
a flank movement For this he was commissioned 
as brigadier-general of volunteers, 17 Aug., 1868. 
He participated in the advance on Mine Run and 
in the operations in the Wilderness, and was killed 
in the battle near Spottsylvania. 

RICE, Lather, philanthropist, b. in North- 
borough, Mass., 25 March, 1788; d. in Edgefield 
district, S. C, 26 Sept, 1886. He spent three 
years at Leicester academy, paying his expenses 
by his own exertions. While he was at Williams 
college, which he entered in 1807, he became deep- 
ly interested in the subject of foreign missions. 
Through his instrumentality a society of inquiry 
on this subject was formed, a branch of which 
was organized about the same time at Andover 
seminary. At this seminary, where he became a 
student, he engaged with Judson, Mills, Newell, 
and others in preparing a memorial to the General 
association of evangelical ministers in Massachu- 
setts, urgingthe claims of the heathen upon their 
attention. The result of their efforts was the for- 
mation of the American board of commissioners 
for foreign missions. Rice was not appointed with 
the first company of missionaries oy the board, 
but, being intent upon going, was allowed to do so 
on condition that ne should raise the money for 
his outfit and passage. This he did in a few days. 
He was ordained as a Congregational minister in 
Salem, Mass., 6 Feb., 1812, ana sailed for India on 
the 18th in the packet " Harmony." Shortly after 
his arrival in India he united with the Baptists. 
His associates. Adoniram Judson and his wife, had 
done the same thing a few weeks earlier. On 
account of opposition on the part of the English 
authorities, Mr. Rice sailed for the Isle of France, 
and thence for the United States, to adjust his re- 
lations with the American board. Reaching New 
York, 7 Sept, 1818, he went at once to Boston. His 
relations with the board were quickly dissolved, 
and he turned to the Baptist denomination, with 
which he now identified himself. Being commis- 
sioned as an agent by a company of Baptists in 
Boston, he traversed the country, stirring the Bap- 
tist churches to take up the cause of foreign mis- 
sions. Partly as a result of his efforts, delegates 
met in Philadelphia in May, 1814, and organized 
the general convention of tne Baptist denomina- 
tion in the United States for foreign missions. 
With his missionary zeal Mr. Rice united an eager 
interest in the cause of ministerial education. 
Mainly through his influence and efforts an insti- 
tution of learning was established in Washington, 
D. C, which is now known as Columbian university. 
He was for several years its agent and treasurer, 
while serving at the same time as missionary agent 
He sacrificed his life in seeking to promote the 
welfare of the college that he had founded. In 
1816 he was elected to the presidency of Transyl- 
vania university, Lexington, Ky., but he declined 
this call, as well as a similar one to Georgetown 
college, Ky. Mr. Rice was a preacher or great 
power. He left no published works, but few men 
nave exerted upon the Baptist denomination a 
wider and more lasting influence. 

RICE. Nathan Lewis, clergyman, b. in Garrard 
county, Ky., 29 Dec, 1807; d. in Chatham, Kv., 11 
June, 1877. He was educated at Centre college, 



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teaching Latin in the preparatory department, 
entered Prinoeton theological seminary in 1889, 
and was installed as pastor of the Presbyterian 
church at Bardstown, Ky., on 8 June, 1888. There 
he established and conducted a seminary for giris, 
and edited a paper called the *' Western Protest- 
ant" After resigning 
his pastorate in 1841 
he preached in Paris, 
Ky., where he held a 

Sublic discussion on 
le subject of bap- 
tism. The Baptists 
arranged for another 
debate,chooeing Alex- 
ander Campbell as 
their champion. It 
took place in Lexing- 
ton, Ky., and excited 
widespread interest 
throughout the west 
On 12 Jan., 1846, he 
assumed charge of a 
j church in Cincinnati, 

<w* ryJ0 s £3 where he held public 

«— ^x • Oc . 6GcjO debates, taught candi- 
dates for the ministry, 
and wrote several volumes. In 1800 he held a 
memorable public discussion with Archbishop 
John B. Purcell on the doctrines of the Roman 
Catholic church. His activity was as great while 
filling a pastorate in St Louis in 185&-7, where 
he edited the "St. Louis Presbyterian." He was 
moderator of the general assembly at Nashville 
in 1806. On 80 Oct, 1867, he was installed as 
pastor of a church in Chicago, where he conduct- 
ed the " Presbyterian Expositor." and in 1869-'61 
-filled the chair of didactic theology in the Theo- 
logical seminary of the northwest He entered 
on the pastorate of the Fifth avenue church in 
New York city on 88 April, 1861. His health soon 
began to decline, and on 16 April, 1867, he re- 
signed his charge and retired to a farm near New 
Brunswick, N. J. After resting from intellect- 
ual work for more than a year, he assumed the 
presidency of Westminster college, Fulton, Mo., 
and in October, 1874. exchanged this post for the 
professorship of didactic and polemic theology in 
the theological seminary at Danville, Ky., which 
he held till his death. His debate with Campbell 
on u Baptism " was published, as were also debates 
with E. M. Pingree on " Uniyersai Salvation " (Cin- 
cinnati, 1846) and with Jonathan Blanchard on 
•* Slavery" (1846). He was the author of other 
works, mostly on polemical subjects, including 
M Romahjsm the Enemy of Free Institutions ana 
of Christianity " (1861) ; " The Signs of the Times" 
(St Louis} 18W) ; " Baptism : the Design, Mode, and 
Subjects * (1866) ; " Our Country and the Church " 
(1861) ; M Preach the Word, a Discourse " (New York, 
1868) ; M The Pulpit : its Relations to Our National 
Crisis" (1868) ; and " Discourses " (1868). 

RICE, Samuel Allen, soldier, b. in Penn Yan, 
N Y., 87 Jan., 1888 : d. in Oskaloosa, Iowa, 6 July, 
1864 He was educated at Ohio university and at 
Union college, where he was graduated in 1849. 
He studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1868, 
and began practice at Oskaloosa, Iowa, where he 
was elected county attorney in 1868. In 1866 he 
was chosen attorney-general of Iowa, and in 1868 
he was continued in that office for a second term. 
He entered the National army as colonel of the 88d 
Iowa volunteers, his commission dating from 10 
Aug., 1&62. For bravery at Helena, Ark., he was 
promoted brigadier - general of volunteers on 4 



Aug., 1868, and served with credit through the 
campaigns of 1868-'4 in Arkansas until he was 
mortally wounded at Jenkin's Ferry, 80 April, 
1864.— His brother, Elliott Warren, soldier, b. 
in Pittsburg, Pa., 16 Nov., 1886: d. in Sioux City, 
Iowa, 88 June, 1887, was educated at Ohio uni- 
versity and Union law-school, admitted to the bar, 
and practised in Oskaloosa, Iowa. At the begin- 
ning of the civil war he entered the National army 
as a private, and first met the enemy at Belmont, 
Mo., 7 Nov., 1861. He rose to the rank of brigadier- 
general, his commission dating from 80 June, 1864, 
fought with distinction in the important battles 
of the southwest, and in Gen. William T. Sher- 
man's campaign in Georgia and the Carolines 
commanded a brigade in Gen. John M. Corse's di- 
vision. He was bre vetted major-general on 18 
March, 1866, and mustered out on 84 Aug. 

RICE, Thomas D., actor, b. in New York city, 
80 May, 1808; d. there, 19 Sept, 1860. He was 
first apprenticed to a wood-carver in his native 
place, and received his early theatrical training as 
a supernumerary. Later he became a stock-actor 
at several western play-houses. About 1888 he be- 
gan his career in negro minstrelsy at the Pittsburg 
and Louisville theatres with success, repeating his 
performances in the eastern cities for several years 
to crowded houses. In 1886 Rice went to Eng- 
land, where he made his dibut at the Surrey thea- 
tre in London. This was followed by prolonged 
engagements in the British capital ana other large 
cities of the United Kingdom. On 18 June, 1887, 
he married, in London, Miss Gladstone, and soon 
afterward returned to. his native land. He was 
for a long time the recipient of a large income, 
which was squandered in eccentric extravagance. In 
the days of his prosperity he wore a dress-coat with 
guineas for buttons, and his vest-buttons were stud- 
ded with diamonds. Rice's extraordinary career 
was suddenly brought to its close by paralysis, which 
destroyed tne humor of his performances. For a 
short time in 1868 he was with Wood's minstrels, 
where his name stood for the shadow of an attrac- 
tion. His life ended in poverty and suffering, and 
he was buried by subscription. Amonghis favor- 
ite entertainments were " Bone Squash Diavolo," a 
burlesque on M Fra Diavolo"; "Othello," a bur- 
lesoue tragedy ; and the farces of " Jumbo Jum " 
ana the " Virginia Mummy." His songs M Jim 
Crow," "Lucy Long," M Sich a gittin up Stairs," 
and " Clare de Kitchen," all set off by grotesque 
dancing, were hummed and whistled throughout 
the land, and became equally popular beyond the 
ocean. Rice was, in reality, an accomplished gen- 
teel comedian, who elevated negro-minstrelsy to 
respectability. He was without forerunner or suc- 
cessor. Ethiopian comedy died with him. 

RICE, Ylctor Moreau, educator, b. in Mayville, 
Chautauqua co., N. Y., 6 April, 1818; d. in Oneida, 
Madison co., N. Y., 17 Oct., 1869. He was gradu- 
ated at Allegheny college in 1841, studied law, and 
was admitted to the bar. though he did not follow 
the profession. In 1848 he became a teacher of pen- 
manship and of Latin in the schools of Buffalo, 
N. Y., and for some time was the editor of a jour- 
nal named the "Cataract," which was afterward 
called the " Western Temperance Standard." He 
again became connected with the schools of Buf- 
falo in 1846, and was elected superintendent of 
the city schools in 1858, and president of the State 
teachers' association in 1868. The legislature hav- 
ing created a department of public instruction in 
1864, Mr. Rice was elected the first state superin- 
tendent for three years. He was thrice re-elected 
filling the office till 1866. In 1861 he was a mem- 



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237 



ber of the legislature, and served as chairman of 
the committee on schools. In 1867 he induced the 
legislature to abolish rates, making all the schools 
free. During his first term as superintendent he 
collected ana collated the statutes relating to pub- 
lic instruction, and published them by legislative 
authority under the title of '* Code of Public In- 
struction " (Albany, 1806). He published a " Spe- 
cial Report on the Present State of Education in the 
United States and Other Countries " (Albany, 1867). 

RICE, William North, educator, b. in Marble- 
head, Mass., 21 Nov., 1845. He was graduated at 
Wesleyan in 1865, and then, devoting himself to 
the pursuit of natural history, studied at the Shef- 
field scientific school of Yale, and in two years re- 
ceived the degree of Ph. D. In 1867 he was ap- 
pointed professor of natural history and geology 
in Wesleyan, and after spending the first year on 
leave of absence, studying at the University of Ber- 
lin, he continued in 'the possession of that chair 
until 1884, when he became professor of geology in 
the same institution. He is a regularly ordained 
minister of the Methodist Episcopal church, and 
a member of the East New York conference, al 
though he has never filled a pastorate. Prof. Rice 
has spent two of his summers in zoological work 
with the U. S. fish commission at Portland, Me., 
and at Noank, Conn., and was engaged in geo- 
logical and zoological investigations in the Ber- 
muda islands during the winter of 1876-' 7. He is 
a fellow of the American association for the ad- 
vancement of science, and a member of other sci- 
entific societies, and in 1886 received the degree of 
LL. D. from Syracuse university. Prof. Rice has 
published articles in scientific, religious, and other 
periodicals, chiefly on points in geology and its 
cognate sciences, and on the relations of science 
and religion. At present (1888) he is preparing a 
work on zoological classification and one on the 
relations of science and religion. 

RICH, Charles Alonzo, architect, b. in Bever- 
ly, Mass., 22 Oct., 1855. He was graduated at the 
Chandler scientific department of Dartmouth in 
1875, and subsequently devoted his attention to the 
study of architecture, spending 1879-'80 in Europe 
for that purpose. On his return he settled in New 
York, and became professionally associated with 
Hugh Lamb. The firm has gained a good reputa- 
tion among those who stand high in the recent de- 
velopment of American architecture. Amonp the 
great number of buildings that they have designed 
are the Mount Morris bank in Harlem, the upper 
part of which is used for apartments, the Astral 
flats in Grecnpoint, the Pratt industrial institute, 
Brooklyn, and the East Orange opera-house, as 
well as many private residences in New York city. 

RICH, Isaac, merchant, b. in Wellfleet, Barn- 
stable co., Mass., in 1801 ; d. in Boston, Mass., 13 
Jan., 1872. He was of humble parentage, at the 
age of fourteen assisted his futher in the care of a 
fish-stall in Boston, and afterward hod an oyster- 
stall in Faneuil hall. In the course of years he be- 
came a successful fish-merchant, and subsequently 
a millionaire, gave largely to educational unci chari- 
table institutions, and, in addition to numerous be- 
quests, left the greater part of his estate, appraised 
at $1,700,000, to the trustees of the Boston Wes- 
leyan university. 

RICH, Obailah, bibliophile, b. in Truro, Mass., 
25 Nov., 1777; d. in London, England, 20 Jan., 
1850. He went to Sftain in early years, served as 
U. S. consul in Valencia from 18 1G till 1820. re- 
siding at Madrid, and as consul in Port Malum 
from 1834 till 1885. He gathered a large collec- 
tion of rare books and manuscripts relating to the 



early settlement and history of America, which he 
took to London, and constantly gave the benefit of 
his time and scholarship to authors and collectors. 
He compiled many valuable catalogues, which com- 
mand high prices, and are of service to the his- 
torian and bibliophile. Among these are " A Cata- 
logue of Books relating principally to America, 
arranged under the Years in which they were Print- 
ed, 1500-1700" (London, 1882); " Catalogue of Mis- 
cellaneous Books in all Languages " (1884) ; " Bib- 
liotheca Americana; or, a Catalogue of Books in 
Various Languages, relating to America, printed 
since the Year 1700 " (2 vols., London and New 
York, 1885); " Bibliotheca Americana Nova "(2 
vols., London, 1846) ; and part of the " Biblio- 
theca Americana Vetus," the manuscript of which 
was accidentally left in a hackney-coach and lost. 
George Ticknor, William H. Prescott, and George 
Bancroft testify to Mr. Rich's knowledge and valu- 
able service, and Washington Irving, in a letter 
under date of 17 Sept., 1857, says : " He was one of 
the most indefatigable, intelligent, and successful 
bibliographers in Europe. His house at Madrid 
was a literary wilderness, abounding with curious 
works and rare editions, in the midst of which he 
lived and moved and had his being, and in the 
midst of which I passed many months while em- 
ployed on my work. ... He was withal a man of 
great truthfulness and simplicity of character, of 
an amiable and obliging disposition, and strict in- 
tegrity." After his death nis sons continued the 
business. Their stock of books finally passed into 
the possession of Edward 0. Allen, of London, who 
issued a series of catalogues. There have been 
several auction sales of books in London purport- 
ing to be selections from the stock of Obadiah 
Rich, and it is believed that his collection has been 
dispersed in London. 

RICHARD, Gabriel, clergyman, b. in Saintes, 
Prance, 15 Oct, 1767; d. in Detroit, Mich., 18 
Sept, 1882. He was related, on his mother's side, 
to Bossuet, bishop of Meaux. After receiving his 
preliminary education in the college of his native 
town, he entered the seminary of Angers in 1784, 
received minor orders in 1785, and, to qualify him- 
self to become a member of the Sulpitian society, 
he repaired to their house at lssy, near Paris, where 
he was ordained priest in 1791. ' He taught mathe- 
matics iu the college at lssy till April, 1792, when 
ho embarked for the United States in company 
with Dr. Marechal, afterward archbishop of Balti- 
more. He engaged in missionary work in Illinois, 
and in 1798 was transferred to Detroit. His juris- 
diction extended over the region that is now era- 
braced in the states of Michigan and Wisconsin. 
He opened a school in Detroit in 1804, but the fire 
of the following year swept away this and other 
buildings that he had erected. In 1807 he was in- 
vited by the governor of the territory and other 
Protestant gentlemen to preach to them in the 
English language, as there was at the time no 
Protestant clergyman in Detroit, lie accordingly 
held meetings everv Sunday at noon in the council 
house, where he delivered instructions on the gen- 
eral principles on which all Christians are agreed. 
He established a printing-press in Detroit — the first 
in the territory — and began the publication of a 
journal in French, entitled the" Essais du Michi- 
gan,*' in 1809. The irregularity of the mails led to 
its discontinuance after some time, but he issued 
works of piety, controversy, and patriotism from 
his press, which was for several years the only one 
in Michigan. His advocacy of American princi- 
ples and his denunciation of the British at the 
beginning of the war of 1812 excited great indig- 



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nation in Canada, and he was soon afterward 
seiied and imprisoned at Sandwich until the close 
of the war, but was allowed to labor among the In- 
dian allies of the English, and he saved several 
American prisoners from torture and death. On 
his return to Michigan he found the people in des- 
titution, and collected money with whicn he pur- 
chased provisions for all that were in need. In 
1817 he began the erection of a church in Detroit, 
which was consecrated in 1819. In 1828 he was 
elected delegate to congress from the territory of 
Michigan, being the first Roman Catholic priest to 
receive this honor. He soon won the esteem of 
the members, especially of Henry Clay, who, when 
the abbe* did not make his meaning clear, owing 
to his defective knowledge of English, frequently 
repeated his arguments to the house. He obtained 
aia from the Federal government in opening routes, 
building bridges and quays, and for other works of 
public utility. He was again a candidate in 1826, 
but failed of re-election, and then engaged in a 
great many plans, most of which he was not able 
to realise for want of resources. He built several 
churches, and established Indian schools at Green 
Bay, Arbre Croche, and St. Joseph's. He studied 
Sicard's method of teaching the deaf and dumb, 
and delivered lectures in the normal school of 
Detroit, but he was never able to open the asylum 
that he projected. He was about to lay the founda- 
tion of a college at the beginning of the epidemic 
of Asiatic cholera in 1882. During its prevalence 
for three months he was almost constantly on his 
feet night and day, until he was prostrated by the 
disease on 9 Sept See a life of him by Louis Guerin, 
entitled " Le martyr de la charitl " (Paris, 1850). 

RICHARD, Louis Francois (re-shar), West 
Indian physician, b. in the island of St Martin in 
1757; d. in New Orleans, Le^ in 1800. He studied 
in New Orleans, and was for many years a marine 
surgeon. In 1799 he became president of the 
board of health of French Guiana, and performed 
remarkable experiments on yellow fever, even 
sleeping in beds of persons that were affected with 
the disease, and inoculating himself with their 
virus. In 1808 he was sent to Louisiana to study 
the effects of yellow fever; but he was attacked by 
the disease and died in New Orleans. His works, 
which were published by the Paris academy of 
medicine, include u Recherches generates sur les 
Measures causees par les fleches empoisonnees usees 
par les lndiens " (Paris, 1808) ; " Traite des simples 
et des poisons des lndiens* 1 (1805) ; " Monographic 
de la ffevre jaune " (1806) ; and u De la contagion de 
la fidvre jaune " (1807), in which the author defends 
the theory that yellow fever is not contagious. 

RICHARDS, Benjamin Wood, mayor of Phila- 
delphia, b. in Burlington county, N. J., in Novem- 
ber, 1797; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 18 July, 1851. 
After graduation at Princeton in 1815 he settled in 
Philadelphia, which he represented in the legisla- 
ture. In that body he offered the first resolutions 
to make appropriations for the organization and 
support of public schools, and was one of the first 
members of the board of control. He was ap- 
pointed by President Jackson a director of the U. S. 
bank, which office he resigned to become mayor of 
Philadelphia in 1880-'l. Subsequently he visited 
Europe, and on his return formed an association 
with Nathan Dunn, John Jay Smith, Frederick 
Brown, and Isaac Collins, to purchase and lay out 
the cemetery that is now known as Laurel Hill. 
He was one of the earliest directors of Girard col- 
lege, the originator, founder, and president until 
his death of the Girard life and trust company, and 
a founder with John V aughan of the Blind asylum. 



RICHARDS, Cyras Smith, educator, b. in 
Hartford, Vt, 11 March, 1806; d. in Madison, 
Wis., 19 July, 1885. He was graduated at Dart- 
mouth in 1885, from that year till 1871 was princi- 
pal of Kimball union academy, Meriden, N. EL, 
and from 1871 until his death had charge of the 
preparatory department of Howard university, 
Washington, D. C. Dartmouth gave him the de- 
gree of LL. IX in 1865. He was the author of 
" Latin Lessons and Tables " (Boston, 1859) ; M Out- 
lines of Latin Grammar " (Washington, 1882) ; and 
an " Introduction to Csasar : First Latin Lessons " 
(1888).— His first wife, Helen Dorothy Whiton, 
was the author of several juvenile books, including 
" Robert Walbar," " Hemlock Ridge," and "The 
Conquered Heart"— Their son, Charles Herbert, 
clergyman, b. in Meriden, N. H., 18 March, 1889, 
was graduated at Yale in 1860, and studied at 
Union theological seminary, and at Andover, where 
he was graduated in 1865. He was pastor of a 
Congregational church in Kokomo, IncL, in 1866-7, 
and since that time has had charge of the 1st Con- 
gregational church in Madison, Wis. Beloit col- 
lege gave him the degree of D. D. in 1882. He is 
the author of tt WM Phillips" (Boston, 1878); 
"Songs of Christian Praise n and " Scripture Se- 
lections for Public Worship n (New York, 1880) ; 
and " Songs of Praise and Prayer " (1888). 

RICHARDS, Georg©, author, b. probably in 
Rhode Island ; d. in Philadelphia about 1 March, 
1814 After the Revolution he was a school-master 
in Boston, and occasionally preached. He was pas- 
tor of a Universalist church in Portsmouth, N. H n 
from 1798 till 1809, and subsequently in Phila- 
delphia, where he established the "Freemason's 
Magazine and General Miscellany," and edited it 
for two years. He was the author of odes, ma- 
sonic orations, "An Historical Discourse on the 
Death of Gen. Washington" (Portsmouth, 1800), 
and many patriotic poems descriptive of the Revo- 
lution, extracts from which are contained in the 
" Massachusetts Magazine " (1789-*92). 

RICHARDS, James, clergyman, b. in New Ca- 
naan, Conn., 29 Oct., 1767 ; d. in Auburn. N. Y., 
2 Aug., 1848. He was descended from Samuel 
Richards, a Welshman, who settled near Stamford, 
Conn. After studying at Yale in 1789, he taught 
in Farmington, completed his academical and theo- 
logical course under Dr. Timothy Dwight in Green- 
field, Conn., and was licensed to preach in 1798. 
He served in the 1st Presbyterian church of Morris- 
town, N. J., from 1794 till 1797, when he became 
its pastor, and in 1809 was charged with the Presby- 
terian church of Newark, N. J. In 1828 he be- 
came professor of theology in Auburn theological 
seminary, which chair he held until his death. He 
was a trustee of Princeton college and seminary, 
and received the degree of A. M. from Yale in 1794, 
and that of D. D. in 1815. A selection of his 
" Lectures " was published, with a memoir, by the 
Rev. Samuel H. Gridley (New York, 1846), and a 
volume of his sermons, with an essay on his charac- 
ter, by the Rev. William B. Sprague (Albany, 1849). 

RICHARDS, John William, clergyman, b. 
at Reading, Pa., 18 April, 1808 ; d. there, 27 JaiL, 
1854. His father, Matthias Richards, was for many 
years an associate judge of the courts in Berks 
county, and his mother was a daughter of Henry 
Melchior Muhlenberg. He received his classical 
training in the academy in his native place, began 
his theological course under his pastor, Dr. Henry 
A. Muhlenberg, in 1821, and in 1824 was licensed 
by the ministerium of Pennsylvania, with which 
body he was connected until his death, and in which 
he neld many posts of honor and trust He 



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was pastor successively of churches in New Hol- 
land, Trappe, German town, and Reading, Pa. Dur- 
ing his pastorate at Easton he was professor of 
the German language and literature in Lafayette. 
He received the degree of D. D. from Jefferson 
college, Pa., in 1)852. Dr. Richards was a brilliant 
preacher and a forcible writer. His publications 
include "The Fruitful Retrospect," a sermon 
preached at Trappe at the centenary celebration 
of the laying of the corner-stone of the church 
(Pottstown, Pa., 1843), and ** The Walk about Zion," 
a sermon delivered at the close of his pastorate 
(Easton. 1851). Among his unpublished manu- 
scripts is the translation of a large part of " Hal- 
le'sche Nachrichten," a work published in two vol- 
umes (Halle, 1887), which is the primary source of 
American Lutheran history.— His son, Matthias 
Henry, clergyman, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 17 
June, 1841, was graduated at Pennsylvania college. 
Gettysburg, in 1860, and at the theological semi- 
nary there in 1864, and in the latter year was or- 
dained to the ministry. He has been successively 
tutor at Pennsylvania college in 1861-8, pastor at 
South Easton, Pa., in 1864-'5, and at Greenwich, 
N. J., in 1865-'8, professor of the English language 
and literature in Muhlenberg college in 1868-'73, 
pastor at Indianapolis, Ind., in 187$-'6, and again 
professor in Muhlenberg college since 1876, and 
secretary of the faculty. He has delivered a large 
number of lectures, and is a frequent contributor 
to periodicals. Since 1880 he has been editor of 
u Church Lesson-Leaves " and " Helper " (Philadel- 
phia), and since 1886 the managing editor of the 
** Church Messenger " at Allentown. Of his numer- 
ous sermons, addresses, and other literary produc- 
tions that have appeared in the various periodicals 
of the church, only three poems have Deen pub- 
lished separately in pamphlet-form, and ** Church 
Lesson Leaflet " (Philadelphia, 1887-'8). 

RICHARDS, Maria Tolman, author, b. in 
Dorchester, Mass., 8 Oct., 1821. Her maiden name 
was Tolman. After graduation at the Female 
seminary in Townsend, Mass., she married, in 1842, 
the Rev. Samuel Richards, who held pastorates in 
Edgartown, Mass., and Providence. R. I. For seven 
years they conducted in the latter city a school 
for girls, which was closed, owing to the impaired 
health of Mr. Richards. His death occurred in 
1883. Mrs. Richards has been identified with vari- 
ous departments of philanthropic and missionary 
work, having served as president of the Rhode Isl- 
and branch of the Woman's Baptist home mission 
society and of the Rhode Island branch of the 
Woman's national Indian aid association, and as a 
trustee of Hartshorn's memorial college, Richmond, 
Va. She has given courses of lectures on English 
and biblical literature in several cities, and is the 
author of ** Life in Judea, or Glimpses of the First 
Christian Age " (Philadelphia, 1854), and " Life in 
Israel" (New York, 1857). 

RICHARDS. Robert Hallowell, metallurgist, 
b. in Gardiner, Me., 26 Aug., 1844. He was gradu- 
ated at Massachusetts institute of technology in 
1868, was an assistant there until 1871, when he 
was chosen to the chair of mineralogy, and now 
holds the professorship of mining and metallurgy. 
His introduction of laboratory methods into the 
teaching of mining and metallurgy has been the 
great work of his life. Prof. Richards has in- 
vented a jet aspirator for chemical and phys- 
ical laboratories (1874); and an ore-separator foi 
the Lake Superior copper-mills (1883). During 
1886 he was president of the American institute 
of mining engineers, and he is a member of va- 
rious other scientific societies. He has devoted 



his attention largely to improved metallurgical 
processes, especially in copper, on which he is an 
accepted authority. His papers on that subject 
have been contributed to the ** Transactions of the 
American Institute of Mining Engineers." but his 
earlier publications tended more to chemistry and 
mineralogy and appeared in the »* American Jour- 
nal of science."— His wife, Ellen Henrietta, 
chemist, b. in Dunstable, Mass., 8 Dec, 1842, was 
graduated at Yassar in 1870, and at Massachusetts 
institute of technology in 1878. She continued at 
the institute as resident graduate, and married 
Prof. Richards in 1875. In 1878 she was made in- 
structor in chemistry and mineralogy in the Wom- 
an's laboratory of the institute, and in 1885 she 
became instructor in sanitary chemistry. Mrs. 
Richards has obtained deserved recognition as a 
chemist by her original investigations in that 
science. Her special work has been that of educa- 
tion, and her influence in developing scientific stud- 
ies among women has been large. The applica- 
tion of chemical principles and knowledge to the 
better conduction of the home is one of her chosen 
fields, and in teaching this subject to women she is 
probably the pioneer in this country. Mrs. Rich- 
ards was the first of her sex to be elected a mem- 
ber of the American institute of mining engineers, 
and she is a member of several other scientific 
bodies. In addition to various chemical papers, she 
has published " Chemistry of Cooking ana Clean- 
ing * (Boston, 1882) ; " Food Materials and their 
Adulterations" (1885); "First Lessons in Miner- 
als " (1885) ; and with Marion Talbot edited " Home 
Sanitation " (1887). 

RICHARDS, William, missionary, b.in Plain- 
field, Mass., 22 Aug., 1792 ; d. in Honolulu, 7 Dec., 

1847. After graduation at Williams in 1819, and 
at Andover theological seminary in 1822, he was or- 
dained, and on 19 Nov., 1822, embarked as a mis- 
sionary to the Sandwich islands. In 1838 he be- 
came councillor, chaplain, and interpreter to the 
king, and after the recognition of the independence 
of the islands by foreign powers was sent as am- 
bassador to England, and to other courts. On his 
return to Honolulu in 1845 he was appointed minis- 
ter of public instruction. 

RICHARDS, Sir William Buell, Canadian 
jurist, b. in Brockville, Ont, 2 May, 1815; d. 
in Ottawa, Ont., 26 
Jan., 1889. He en- 
tered parliament in 

1848, and became 
a member of the 
executive council 
in 1851. He was 
appointed queen's 
counsel in 1850, 
puisne judge of the 
court of common 

?leas of Ontario in 
858, and chief jus- 
tice of that court in 
1863. Judge Rich- 
ards became chief 
justice of Ontario 
in 1868, arbitrator 
for that province 
in the matter of the 
northwestern boun- 
dary in 1874, and chief justice of the supreme court 
of Canada in 1875. He was deputy to the governor- 
general of Canada in 1876 and in 1878, was knighted 
in 1877, and received the confederation medal in 
1885.— His brother, Albert Norton, Canadian law- 
yer, b. in Brockville, Ont, 8 Dec., 1822, after re- 




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RICHARDS 



RICHARDSON 



oei ving his education at the district-school of Johns- 
town, studied law, and was admitted to the bar of 
Upper Canada in 1848. He was created queen's 
counsel in 1868, entered parliament, and was a 
member of the executive council of Canada, and 
solicitor-general for Upper Canada. In 1863-'4 he 
sat in the Canada assembly as a representative from 
South Leeds. He accompanied William McDougall 
to the northwest as attorney-general in the provis- 
ional government in 1869, and for several years 
was land agent of the Dominion government in 
British Columbia. He was lieutenant-governor of 
thatprovince from 1875 till 1881. 

RICHARDS, William Carey, author, b. in 
London, England, 24 Nov., 1818. His father re- 
moved to this country in 1881, and the son was 
graduated at Madison university in 1840. He 
then went to the south, and for ten years was en- 
gaged in educational and literary work in Georgia. 
In 1849 he removed to Charleston, S. C, where he 
resided for two years. During his life in the south 
he edited the " Orion " magazine and " The School- 
fellow." In 1852 he returned to the north, and soon 
afterward entered the ministry. In 1855 he be- 
came associate pastor of the 1st Baptist church in 
Providence, R. I. Prom 1855 till 1862 he was 
pastor of the Brown street Baptist church in the 
same city, and he subsequently ministered to 
churches in Pittsfleld, Mass., in 1865-'9, and Chi- 
cago, 111., 1876-7. For twenty-five years he has 
given public lectures in the United States and 
anada on the popular aspects of physical science, 
illustrated by an extensive apparatus. He has re- 
ceived the honorary degree of Ph. D. Prof. Rich- 
ards has contributed frequently to magazines, and 
is the author of several college and anniversary 
poems. His principal works are " Shakespeare Cal- 
endar "(New York, 1850); *• Harrv's Vacation, or 
Philosophy at Home "(1854); " Electron " (1858) ; 
" Science in Song " (1865) ; " Great in Goodness, a 
Memoir of George N. Briggs, Governor of Massa- 
chusetts" (Boston, 1866); "Baptist Banquets" 
(Chicago, 1881); "The Lord is Mv Shepherd" 
(1884) ; " The Mountain Anthem " (1885) ; and " Our 
Father in Heaven " (Boston, 1886). — His wife, Cor- 
nelia Holroyd (Bradley), author, b. in Hudson, 
N. Y., 1 Nov., 1822, after graduation at New Hamp- 
ton literary and theological institute, married Dr. 
Richards on 21 Sept., 1841. She has written un- 
der the pen-name of " Mrs. Manners," and is the 
author ot " At Home and Abroad, or How to Be- 
have " (New York, 1853) ; " Pleasure and Profit, or 
Lessons on the Lord's Prayer " (1858) ; " Aspiration, 
an Autobiography" (1856); "Sedgemoor, or Home 
Lessons" (1857); "Hester and I, or Beware of 
Worldliness"(1860); •' Springs of Adion" (1863); 
and "Cousin Alice," a memoir of her sister, Alice 
B. Haven (1871).— His brother, Thomas Addison, 
artist, b. in London, England, 3 Dec., 1820, came 
to the United States at the age of eleven, and from 
1885 till 1845 resided in Georgia. Thence he went 
to New York, where for the next two years he was 
a pupil at the National academy. He was elected 
an associate of the academy in 1848, and an academi- 
cian in 1851. In 1852 he became its correspond- 
ing secretary, which post he still (1888) holds. In 
1858-'60 he was director of the Cooper union school 
of design for women, being the first to fill the office. 
Since 1867 he has been professor of art in the Uni- 
versity of the city of New York, which gave him 
the honorary degree of M. A. in 1878. He has re- 
sided in New York since 1845, but has travelled 
much, both at home and abroad. His numerous 
paintings include " Alastor, or the Spirit of Sol- 
itude," and " The Indian's Paradise — a Dream of the 



>y Hunting Ground " (1854) ; " Live Oaks of the 
South" (1858); "The French Broad River, N. C." 
(1859); " Sunnyside " (1862) ; "The River Rhine" 
and " Warwick Castle " (1869) ; " Chatsworth, Eng- 
land" (1870); "Lake Thun, Switzerland" (1871); 
" Italian Lake Scene " (1873) ; " Lake in the Adi- 
rondacks" (1875); " Lake Winnipiseogee " (1876); 
"Lake Brienz, Switzerland" (1879); and "The 
Edisto River, S. C." (1886). He is also well known 
as an author and illustrator of books, and has pub- 
lished "The American Artist " (Baltimore, 1838); 
"Georgia Illustrated" (Augusta, 1842); "The 
Romance of American Landscape " (1854) ; ** Sum- 
mer Stories of the South " (Charleston, S. C, 1852) ; 
and " Pictures and Painters " (London, 1870). For 
most of these he furnished both text and illustra- 
tions. He was also engaged on Appletons' " Hand- 
books of Travel." 

RICHARDS, William Trost, artist, b. in 
Philadelphia, Pa., 14 Nov., 1888. He had some in- 
struction from Paul Weber, and in 1855 went 
abroad, remaining about a year. In 1867 he visited 
Paris, and in 1878 he went again to Europe. Dur- 
ing 1878-'80 he had a studio in London, and ex- 
hibited at the Royal academy and the Grosvenor 
gallery. Mr. Richards has had his studio in Phila- 
delphia for many years, and is an associate of the 
Pennsylvania academy, and an honorary member 
of the National academy and the American water- 
color society. He gained a medal at Philadelphia 
in 1876, and the Temple silver medal in 1885. In 
his earlier years he was a pronounced pre-Raphaelite, 
and all of his paintings show a masterly treatment 
of detail. Of late years his attention has been es- 
pecially directed to marine painting. Among his 
works in oil are "Tulip-Trees" (1859); " Midsum- 
mer" (1862); "Woods in June" (1864); "Mid- 
Ocean" (1869); "On the Wissahickon" (1872); 
"Sea and Sky" (1875); "Land's End" (1880); 
" Old Ocean's Gray and Melancholy Waste " (1885) ; 
and " February " and " A Summer Sea " (1887). His 
work in water-colors has become widely known, 
and includes " Cedars on the Sea-Shore " (1878) ; 
"Paradise, Newport" (1875); " Sand- Hills, Coast, 
N. J." (1876); "King Arthur's Castle, Tintagel, 
Cornwall" (1879); "Mullion Gull Rock, Tintagel, 
Cornwall" (1882); "The Unresting Sea" (18&); 
"Cliffs of Moruch, Land's End" (1885); "A Sum- 
mer Afternoon " (1886) ; and " Cliffs of St. Colomb " 
and " A Break in the Storm " (1887). In the Met- 
ropolitan museum, New York, there are forty-seven 
of his landscape and marine views in water-colors. 
His " On the Coast of New Jersey " is in the Cor- 
coran gallery, Washington. 

RICHARDSON, Albert Deane, journalist, b. 
in Franklin, Mass., 6 Oct., 1833 ; d. in New York 
city, 2 Dec., 1869. He was educated at the district 
school of his native village and at Holliston acad- 
emy. At eighteen years of age he went to Pitts- 
burg. Pa., where he formed a newspaper connection, 
wrote a farce for Barney Williams, and appeared a 
few times on the stage. In 1857 he went to Kan- 
sas, taking an active part in the political struggle 
of the territory, attending anti-slavery meetings, 
making speeches, and corresponding about the is- 
sues ot the hour with the Boston "Journal." He 
was also secretary of the territorial legislature, 
Two years later he went to Pike's peak, the gold 
fever being then at its height, in company with 
Horace Greeley, between whom and Richardson a 
lasting friendship was formed. In the autumn of 
1859 he made a journey through the southwestern 
territories, and sent accounts of his wanderings to 
eastern journals. During the winter that preceded 
the civil war he volunteered to go through the south 



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as secret correspondent of the ** Tribune/' and re- 
turned, after many narrow escapes, just before the 
firing on Sumter. He next entered the field as war 
correspondent, and for two years alternated between 
Virginia and the southwest, being present at many 
battles. On the night of 3 May, 1863, he under- 
took, in company with Junius Henri Browne, a 
fellow-correspondent of the " Tribune," and Rich- 
ard T. Col burn, of the New York " World," to run 
the batteries of Vicksburg on two barges, which 
were lashed to a 'steam-tug. After they had been 
under fire for more than half an hour, a large shell 
struck the tug, and, bursting in the furnace, threw 
the coals on the barges and set them on fire. Out 
of 34 men, 18 were killed or wounded and 16 were 
captured, the correspondents among them. The 
Confederate government would neither release nor 
exchange the •* Tribune " men, who, after spending 
eighteen months in seven southern prisons, escaped 
from Salisbury, N. C, in the dead of winter, and, 
walking 400 miles, arrived within the National 
lines at Strawberry Plains, Tenn., several months 
before the close of the war. They had had charge 
of the hospitals at Salisbury, where a dreadful mor- 
tality prevailed, and brought with them a complete 
list, so far as procurable, of the deaths there, which 
they printed in the ** Tribune," furnishing the only 
information that kindred and friends in the north 
had of their fate. Richardson's death was the result 
of a pistol-shot fired by Daniel McFarland in the 
" Tribune " office on 26 Nov., 1869. McFarland had 
lived unhappily with his wife, who had obtained 
a divorce and was engaged to marry Mr. Richard- 
son. A few days before his death they were married, 
the ceremony being performed by the Rev. Henry 
Ward Beecher. Richardson's first wife had died 
while he was in prison. The last four years of his 
life were passed in lecturing, travel, and writing. He 
published " The Field, the Dungeon, and the Es- 
cape " (Hartford, 1805) ; " Beyond the Mississippi " 
(1866); and "A Personal History of Ulysses S. 
Grant" (1868), all of which sold largely. A collection 
of his miscellaneous writings, with a memoir by his 
widow. Abby Sage Richardson, was printed under 
the title "Garnered Sheaves" (1871). — Mrs. Rich- 
ardson has published " Familiar Talks on English 
Literature" (Chicago, 1881), and several compila- 
tions, and she has appeared frequently as a lecturer. 

RICHARDSON, Charles Francis, author, b. 
in Hallowell, Me., 29 May, 1851. He was graduated 
at Dartmouth in 1871, and was editorially con- 
nected with the ** Independent " in New York city 
in 1872-*8, with the "Sunday-School Times" in 
Philadelphia in 1878-'80, and with " Good Litera- 
ture," New York city, in 1880-*2. Since 1882 he 
has been professor of the Anglo-Saxon and English 
language and literature at Dartmouth. His publi- 
cations include "A Primer of American Litera- 
ture " (Boston, 1876) ; " The Cross," a volume of 
poems (Philadelphia, 1879); "The Choice of 
Books" (New York,1881); and "American Litera- 
ture " (2 vols., 1887-'8). 

RICHARDSON, Edmund, merchant, b. in 
Caswell county, N. C, 28 June, 1818 : d. in Jack- 
son, Miss., 11 June, 1886. He attended a common 
school for several terms, became a clerk in a store 
in Danville, Va., and at sixteen years of age settled 
in Jackson, Miss., where he gradually engaged in 
cotton-planting, shipping, and manufacturing to a 
large extent. At the close of the civil war he was 
bankrupt, but he successfully engaged in business 
again, and became the largest cotton-planter in the 
world. His fortune was estimated at from f 10,000,- 
000 to $12,000,000, and he was the owner of forty 
cotton-plantations in Louisiana. He was chairman 
▼ol. ▼. — 16 



of the board of management of the New Orleans 
centennial exposition in 1884-'5, and gave $25,000 
toward paying its expenses. 

RICHARDSON, Edward, mariner, b. in Bos- 
ton, Mass., in 1789 ; d. in Brooklyn, N. Y., 6 April, 
1876. He was bred a sailor, and for many years 
was captain of a line of packet ships that plied be- 
tween New York and Liverpool. He organized the 
Marine temperance society in 1838, and lived to 
see 52,000 names signed to its pledge. He retired 
from sea service about 1837, for several years was 
superintendent of the New York city seaman's 
home, and was a vice-president of the New York 
port society. At the age of seventy-three he organ- 
ized the Water street and Dover street missions for 
sailors, established day- and Sunday-schools in that 
vicinity, and was active in religious meetings for 
seamen and the residents of those streets. Much 
of his latter life was devoted to the welfare of the 
poor of New York and Brooklyn. 

RICHARDSON, Henry Hobson, architect, b. 
in Priestley's Point, St. James parish, La., 29 
Sept, 1838 ; d. in Brookline, Mass., 28 April, 1886. 
His father, Henry D. Richardson, was a planter of 
American birth, 
but his earlier 
ancestors were 
Scotchmen, who 
had moved to 
England before 
the family came 
to this country. 
His mother was 
Catherine Caro- 
line Priestley, a 
granddaughter of 
Dr. J oseph Priest- 
ley. He was at 
first intended for 
West Point and 
the army, but the /r v 

death of his father /// H /U ' _/, ^ 
changed his plans, /(/ .Al . JlACsfal/rttdCTl 
and he was gradu- 
ated at Harvard in 1859. His college career was 
not remarkable for proficiency or promise, but after 
his graduation he went to Paris, where he began 
the study of architecture, and at once developed 
remarkable powers and capacit v for work. The loss 
of his property during the civil war obliged him to 
serve in an architect's office for his support while 
he was pursuing his studies. In 1865 ne returned 
to this country and became a partner of Charles D. 
Gambrill in the firm of Gambrill and Richardson. 
His earliest buildings were in Springfield, Mass., 
where the railroad offices and the Agawam bank at 
once gave evidence of his power. The Church of 
the Unity in the same city is a Gothic building, 
and quite unlike the ecclesiastical structures of his 
later years. His strongest work began with the 
erection of Brattle street church in Boston in 
1871. The next year he presented his plans for 
Trinity church, Boston (shown in the accom- 
panying illustration), for which he was chosen 
to be the architect, and which occupied much of 
his thought and time till it was finished in 1877. It 
is after the manner of the churches of Auvergne 
in France, and gets its character from its great 
central tower, which, both within and without, is 
the feature of its architecture. Before he had done 
with Trinity, Mr. Richardson was already at work 
upon the Cheney buildings at Hartford, Conn., and 
not much later on the Memorial library at North 
Easton, the public library at Woburn, and the 
state capitol at Albany, on which last building he 



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RICHARDSON 



RICHARDSON 



was employed for many years, in connection with 
Leopold Eidlitz and Frederick Law Olmsted, to 
carry forward the work which had been begun by 
others. These buildings and others, which belong 

to the same 
period, show 
the full ripe- 
ness of nis 
powers. They 
nave the qual- 
ities that be- 
long to all his 
future work — 
breadth and 
simplicity, the 
1 disposition to 

E produce ef- 
fect rather by 
- the power of 
„ great mass 
■ and form than 
J by elabora- 
•* tion of detail, 
the free use 
of conventional types and models, and a freshness 
and variety that spring from sympathetic feeling 
of the meaning and necessities of each new struc- 
ture. A freely treated Romanesque preponderates 
in all his style, and was well suited to his own exu- 
berant but solid and substantial nature. His influ- 
ence began to be felt very soon and very widely. 
Without any effort or desire to create a school, he 
drew about him a large number of young men, on 
whom the impress that he made was very strong. 
After he came from New York to Brookline, in the 
neighborhood of Boston, about 1875, his house and 
working-rooms were thronged with students and 
alive with work. There he prepared his plans for 
Sever Hall and Austin Hall at Harvard; for li- 
braries at Quincy, Maiden, and Burlington ; for 
railroad-stations along the Boston and Albany and 
other roads ; for the cathedral at Albany, which, 
however, was not given to him to build ; for the 
Albany city-hall ; for dwellings in Washington and 
Boston ; for the two great buildings that he left 
unfinished at his death, the Board of trade in Cin- 
cinnati and the court-house in Pittsburg, Pa. ; for 
great warehouses in Boston and Chicago ; and for 
other structures of many sorts throughout the 
land. The result of them all has been a strengthen- 
ing, widening, and ennobling of the architecture 
of the country which must always mark an epoch 
in its history. Mr. Richardson was a man of fas- 
cinating intelligence and social power. He died in 
the midst of his work, although his last ten years 
were a long, brave, cheerful fight with feeble health 
and constant suffering. His life has been written, 
in an illustrated quarto, by Mrs. Schuyler Van 
Rensselaer (Boston, 1888). 

RICHARDSON, Israel Bash, soldier, b. in 
Fairfax, Vt, 26 Dec., 1815 ; d. in Sharpsburg, Md., 
8 Nov., 1862. He was graduated at the U. S. mili- 
tary academy in 1841, entered the 8d infantry, and 
served through the Florida war. He became 1st 
lieutenant in 1846, participated in the principal 
battles of the Mexican war, and received the bre- 
vets of captain and major for gallantry at Contreras, 
Churubusco, and Chapultepec. His coolness in ac- 
tion won him the name of " fighting Dick " in the 
army. He became captain in 1851, resigned in 
1855, and settled on a farm near Pontiac, Mich. 
At the beginning of the civil war he was appointed 
colonel of the 2d Michigan regiment, and when he 
reported with his regiment in Washington, D. C, 
Gen. Winfield Scott greeted him with " I'm glad 



to have my 'Fighting Dick* with me again." A 
few days afterward he was placed at the nead of a 
brigade with which he covered the retreat of the 
army at Bull Run, his commission of brigadier- 
general of volunteers dating from 17 May, 1861. 
He commanded a division of Gen. Edward V. Sum- 
ner's corps at the battle of the Chickahominy, 
where he acted with great gallantry, became major- 
general of volunteers, 4 July, 1862, was engaged at 
the second battle of Bull Run, at South Mountain, 
and Antietam, receiving fatal wounds in the latter 
fight He was a lineal descendant of Israel Putnam. 

RICHARDSON, James, clergyman, b. in Ded- 
ham, Mass., in 1817 ; d. in Washington. D. C, 10 
Nov., 1863. He was graduated at Harvard in 1887, 
and during his course aided in collecting Thomas 
Carlyle's "Miscellanies," which were published un- 
der Ralph Waldo Emerson's supervision (Boston, 
1886). He afterward became a clerk of a county 
court, taught in New Hampshire, and was principal 
of a school near Providence, R. I. He was graduated 
at the Harvard divinity -school in 1845, ordained in 
Southington, Conn., and in 1847 became pastor of 
the Unitarian society in Haverhill, Mass. He took 
charge of the churcn in Rochester, N. Y., in 1856, 
but was compelled by the failure of his health to 
resign in 185&, and returned to his former home in 
Dedham. He continued to preach and lecture for 
many years, and constantly contributed to the 
press. During the civil war nis services were given 
to the hospitals in Washington, D. C. He pub- 
lished several discourses, which include two fare- 
well sermons at Southington, Conn. (Boston, 1847). 

RICHARDSON, Sir John, Scottish naturalist, 
b. in Dumfries, Scotland, 5 Nov., 1787; d. near 
Grasmere, Scotland, 5 June, 1865. He studied in 
the medical department of the University of Edin- 
burgh, entered the navy as assistant surgeon in 1807, 
and was at the taking of Copenhagen. He was 
surgeon and naturalist to Sir John Franklin in 
his arctic expeditions in 1819-'22 and 1825-'7, and 
in the latter, with one detachment of the party, ex- 
plored the coast east of Mackenzie river to trie mouth 
of Coppermine river. He commanded one of the 
three expeditions that went in search of Sir John 
Franklin in 1848, and returned in November, 1849. 
He retired from the navy in 1855. His most im- 
portant work is the " Farina Boreali Americana," 
m which he was assisted by William Swainson and 
William Kirby (4 vols., London, 1829-'87\ He also 
is the author of the " Arctic Searching Expedition, 
a Journal of Boat Voyage through Rupert's Land " 
(2 vols., 1851), and "The Polar Regions " (Edin- 
burgh. 1861). See his " Life " by the Rev. John 
McIIraith (1868). 

RICHARDSON, John, Canadian author, b. 
near Niagara Falls, Ont., in 1797 ; d. in the United 
States about 1868. He served in the Canadian 
militia during the war of 1812, and was taken pris- 
oner at the battle of the Thames. After his libera- 
tion he entered the British army, and served in 
Spain, attaining the rank of major. He subse- 
quently resided for several years in Paris, and en- 
gaged in literary work. On his return to Canada, 
in 1840, he established at Brockville, Ont., " The 
New Era," which continued two years, and in 1848 
he began to publish at Kingston, Ont, •• The Na- 
tive Canadian." He afterward removed to the 
United States, continued his literary work, and 
wrote for the press till his death. Though he was 
a prolific writer, he does not rank high as an author. 
His novels are deficient in interest, and his his- 
tories are inaccurate. Among other works he pub- 
lished " Eearte\ or the Saloons of Paris " (New 
York, 1832) ; " Wacousta, or the Prophecy " (1833); 



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« War of 1812 " (1842); "Eight Years in Canada" 
(1847); "Matilda Montgoraerie " (1851): "Wau- 
man-gee, or the Massacre of Chicago " (1852) ; and 
" The Fall of Chicago " (1856). 

RICHARDSON, John Frani, educator, b. in 
Vernon, Oneida co., N. Y., 7 Feb., 1808 ; d. in 
Rochester, N. Y., 10 Feb., 1868. On his gradua- 
tion from Madison university in 1835 he was made 
tutor and then professor of Latin, which place he 
held till 1850. He accepted in that year the same 
chair in Rochester university, continuing in this 
relation until his death. Professor Richardson be- 
lieved he had discovered the true pronunciation of 
Latin, as spoken by the ancient Romans, and in 
the face of much opposition taught it to his pupils. 
It has since been adopted by many of the foremost 
educators. He published "Roman Orthoepy: a 
Plea for the Restoration of the True System of 
Latin Pronunciation " (New York, 1859), for which 
be received an autograph letter of thanks from 
William E. Gladstone. 

RICHARDSON, John Smythe, jurist, b. in 
Sumter district, 8. C, 11 April, 1777; d. in 
Charleston. S. C, 8 May, 1850. He was edu- 
cated in Charleston, studied law under John J. 
Pringle. and was admitted to the bar in 1799. 
While he was a member of the legislature in 1810 
he was the author of the general suffrage bill, 
which became a part of the state constitution, was 
speaker of the house, and resigned to become state 
attorney-general. He was appointed law judge in 
1818, declined the nomination of the Republican 
part? for congress in 1820, and in 1841 became 
president of the law court of appeals. He suc- 
ceeded David Johnson as president of the court of 
errors in 1846, and the next year successfully de- 
fended himself in an attempt to legislate him out of 
office on account of his alleged inability to perform 
his judicial duties. — His son, John Smythe, con- 
gressman, b. in Sumter district, S. C, 29 Feb., 1828, 
was graduated at the College of South Carolina in 
1850, admitted to the Sumter bar in 1852, and, 
while practising his profession, also engaged in 
planting. He served in the Confederate army 
throughout the civil war. attained the rank of colo- 
nel, and was a member of the South Carolina legis- 
lature in 1865-'7, of the Democratic national con- 
vention in 1876, and of congress in 1879-'83. 

RICHARDSON, Joseph, clergyman, b. in Bil- 
Ierica, Mass., 1 Feb., 1778; d. in Hingham, Mass., 
25 Sept, 1871. He was graduated at Dartmouth 
in 1802, and ordained pastor of the Unitarian 
church in Hingham in 1806, which post he retained 
until his death, surviving every person that was a 
member of his congregation at his settlement. At 
his death he was the oldest native citizen of Hing- 
ham. He served in the Massachusetts constitu- 
tional convention in 1820-'l, in the lower house of 
the legislature in 1821-'3, and in the state senate in 
1823, 1824, and 1826. He became a member of 
congress in the latter year, served by re-election till 
1831, and was succeeded by John Quincy Adams. 
He devoted his subsequent life to his parochial du- 
ties, to lecturing, and to literary work. His church 
edifice is said to be the oldest in the United States, 
having been built in 1681. 

RICHARDSON, Nathaniel Smith, clergy- 
man, b. in Middlebury, Conn., 8 Jan., 1810; d. in 
Bridgeport. Conn., 7 Aug., 1883. He was graduated 
at Yale in 1834, and pursued theological studies at 
the Episcopal general theological seminary, but was 
not graduated. He was ordained deacon in Trinity 
church, Portland, Conn.. 8 July, 1838, by Bishop 
Brownell, and priest in Christ cnurch, Watertown, 
Conn., in 1839, by the same bishop. He was assist- 



ant minister of Christ church, Watertown, in 
1838-*9, and its rector from 1839 till 1845, when 
he accepted a call to Christ church, Derby, Conn., 
and occupied that post for four years. In 1848 he 
removed to New Haven, Conn., and founded the 
** American Church Review," of which he was editor 
and proprietor for twenty years. He received the 
degree of D. D. from Racine college in 1849. He 
became rector of St Paul's church, Bridgeport, in 
1868, and labored there until 1881. In 1879 he es- 
tablished a new weekly paper in the interests of the 
Protestant Episcopal church, called * 4 The Guard- 
ian," which he edited until his death. Dr. Richard- 
son's publications include ** Reasons why I am 
a Churchman" (Watertown, 1843); "Historical 
Sketch of Watertown, Conn." (New Haven, 1845); 
"Churchman's Reasons for his Faith and Practice" 
(1846) ; " Reasons why I am not a Papist " (1847) ; 
and "Sponsor's Gift * (1852; new ed., 1867). He 
also contributed numerous valuable papers to the 
" Church Review." 

RICHARDSON, Richard, patriot, b. near 
Jamestown, Va., in 1704; d. near Salisbury, S.C., 
in September, 1780. He followed the profession of 
surveyor in Virginia, but in 1725 emigrated to 
South Carolina, and settling in Sumter district, 
which was then called " neutral ground," became 
a successful farmer, was made a colonel of militia, 
and in 1775 was elected from his district a member 
of the council of safety of Charleston. He was in- 
strumental in the same year in quelling a danger- 
ous revolt among the loyalist population of what 
was known as the " back country, for which he re- 
ceived the thanks of the Provincial congress, and 
was made brigadier-general. He served in the 
legislative council in 1776, and in the Provincial 
congress, and assisted in framing the constitution 
of South Carolina. He subsequently participated 
in the defence of Charleston, was made a prisoner 
of war at its fall, and sent to St Augustine. Lord 
Com wall is made fruitless efforts to win him over 
to the royalist cause. His health failing from 
confinement, he was sent home, but died soon 
afterward. Col. Tarleton subsequently burned his 
house, and disinterred his body to verify his death. 
— His grandson, John Peter, statesman, b. at 
Hickory Hill, Sumter district, S. C, 14 April, 1801 ; 
d. in Fulton, S. C, 24 Jan., 1864, was the son of 
James, who was governor of South Carolina in 
1802-'4. John was graduated at the College of 
South Carolina in 1819, admitted to the bar at 
Fulton in 1821, and extensively engaged in plant- 
ing. He served in the legislature in 1824-'36, 
steadily opposed nullification, and was an active 
member of the Union party. He was chosen to 
congress as a Democrat in 1836 to succeed Richard 
Manning, served till March, 1839, and was governor 
of South Carolina in 1840-'2. He then returned 
to the practice of his profession, in which he con- 
tinued until his death. He was a delegate to the 
southern convention in 1850, president of the 
Southern rights association in 1851, and a member 
of the South Carolina convention in 1860, in which 
he opposed secession. 

RICHARDSON, William Adams, jurist, b. in 
Tyngsborough, Mass., 2 Nov., 1821. He was gradu- 
ated at Harvard in 1843, and in the law department 
there in 1846, the same year was licensed to prac- 
tise, and was judge-advocate and governor's aid in 
Massachusetts. He was president of the common 
council of Lowell in 185S-'4. of the Wameset bank, 
and of the Mechanics' association. lie was ap- 
pointed to revise the statutes of Massachusetts in 
1855, and subsequently chosen by the legislature to 
edit the annual supplements of the general stat- 



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utes, which he continued to do for twenty-two 
years. He became judge of probate in 1856, and 
was judge of probate and insolvency from 1858 till 
1872. He declined a superior court judgeship in 
1869, and the same year became assistant secretary 
of the U. S. treasury. He went to Europe as a 
financial agent of the government in 1871 to ne- 
gotiate for the sale of the funded loan of the 
United States, and made the first contract abroad 
for the sale of the bonds. He became secretary 
of the treasury in 1873, resigning in 1874 to accept 
a seat on the bench of the U. S. court of claims, of 
which he became chief justice in 1885. In 1863-75 
he was an overseer of Harvard, and he is lecturer 
and professor in Georgetown law-school, D. C. Co- 
lumbian university gave him the degree of LL. D. 
in 1873. His publications include " The Banking 
Laws of Massachusetts "(Lowell, 1855); " Supple- 
ment to the General Statutes of the Commonwealth 
of Massachusetts," with George P. Sanger (Bos- 
ton, 1860-'82) ; •' Practical Information concerning 
the Debt of the United States " (Washington, D. C, 
1872); and "National Banking Laws" (1872); and 
he prepared and edited a " Supplement to the Re- 
vised Statutes of the United States" (1881); and 
" History of the Court of Claims " (1882-'5). 

RICHARDSON, William Alexander, sena- 
tor, b. in Fayette county, Ky„ 11 Oct., 1811 ; d. in 
Quincy, 111., 27 Dec., 1875. He was educated at 
Transylvania university, came to the bar at nine- 
teen years of age, and settled in Illinois. He be- 
came state attorney in 1835, was in the legislature 
several terms, serving as its speaker, and was a 
presidential elector on the Polk and Dallas ticket 
in 1844. He entered the U. S. army as captain of an 
Illinois company in 1846, and was promoted major 
for gallantry at Buena Vista. He was elected to 
congress as a Democrat in 1846, served in 1847-'56, 
when he resigned, and in 1863 was chosen U. S. 
senator to fill the unexpired term of Stephen A. 
Douglas. He was a delegate to the New York 
Democratic convention in 1868, but after that date 
retired from public life. 

RICHARDSON, William Merchant, jurist, b. 
in Pelham, N. H.. 4 Jan., 1774 ; d. in Chester, N. H., 
3 March, 1838. He was graduated at Harvard in 
1797, studied law, and settled in Groton, Mass. He 
was elected to congress as a Federalist in 1811, and 
served one year, when he resigned and removed 
to Portsmouth. He was at once appointed chief 
justice of New Hampshire, and discharged the 
duties of that offiee for twenty-two years. He was 
a jurist of great industry, talent, and information, 
and was highly regarded for his inflexible integri- 
ty. Dartmouth gave him the degree of LL. D. He 
is the author of the "New Hampshire Justice" 
(Concord, 1824) and "The Town Officer" (1824) 
and was co-reporter of the " New Hampshire Supe- 
rior Court Cases," of which the reports of several 
volumes are his alone (11 vols., 1819-'44). See 
his " Life " (Concord, 1839). 

RICH£, George Inman, educator, b. in Phila- 
delphia, 21 Jan., 1833. He was graduated at the 
Philadelphia high-school in 1851, studied law, and 
was admitted to the bar in Philadelphia in 1854. 
During the civil war he was paymaster of U. S. 
volunteers, and in 1864-*7 he was a member of 
the common council. He was for several years 
president of the Republican Invincibles, a political 
organization in Philadelphia. Mr. Riche is best 
known for his educational work. In 1867-86 he 
was the principal of the Philadelphia high-school. 

RICHE, Jean Baptlste (re-shay), president of 
Hayti, b. in Cape Haytien in 1780 ; d. in Port au 
Prince, 28 Feb., 1847. He was a negro, and began 



life as a slave, but afterward joined the army of 
the insurrectionists, and took part in the struggle 
for independence that terminated in 1803 after the 
surrender of Gen. De Rochambeau (q. v.) to the 
English. He then attached himself to Henry 
Christophe, who promoted him general in 1807, 
and made him his lieutenant Riche" also took part 
in the war against Alexandre Pltion (q. v.\ decided 
the success of the battle of Siebert, 1 Jan., 1807, 
and commanded the left wing of the army under 
Christophe that besieged Port au Prince in 1811. 
By his readiness in executing the sanguinary orders 
of Christophe he won the confidence of the latter, 
who appointed him to the command of the north- 
ern provinces. Here he followed a policy of ex- 
termination against the mulattoes, and even, to 
please Christophe, murdered, according to several 
historians, his own wife and children. Notwith- 
standing his acknowledged incapacity, he retained 
his command under the following administrations, 
which always found him a docile instrument. After 
the downfall of the party of Rividre Herard, the 
chiefs of the oligarchic faction of Boyer (q. v.) es- 
tablished a system of government which continued 
to elect to the presidency an old negro general, 
noted for his incapacity, under whose name they 
could rule, but, as trie newly elected president, Pier- 
rot, showed a tendency toward reforming the abuses 
of the administration, they organized an insurrec- 
tion in the provinces of Port au Prince and Arbito- 
nite, and proclaimed Riche* president, 1 March, 
1846. Pierrot endeavored at first to resist, but the 
defection of his array compelled him to make his 
submission, 24 March. After re-establishing the 
constitution of 1816, Riche\ incited by the foreign 
population, proposed thoroughly to reform the ad- 
ministration, when, on returning from a journey of 
inspection in the department of the north, he died 
suddenly, poisoned, according to several historians, 
by the same men to whom he owed his elevation. 

RICHEL, Nicolas Antoine (re-shel), Haytian 
naturalist, b. in Jacmel in 1745 ; d. in Cape Francais 
in 1799. He was one of the founders of the Acade- 
my of the Philadelphes, and a member of the 
Scientific society of Cape Francais, and the privy 
council of Gov. Blanchelande. He also took an 
active part in the troubles in Santo Domingo after 
the revolution of 1789, but was always on the side 
of the royal authority. At the arrival of the com- 
missioners of the Directory he raised a band of par- 
tisans, and once nearly succeeded in kidnapping 
Etienne Polverel (q. t».), but was taken prisoner 
afterward and transported to France, where he was 
kept in confinement for several years. Toward the 
close of 1798 he obtained permission to return to 
his countrv, where he lived in retirement till his 
death. His works include ** Histoire et description 
de Hie de Saint Domingue"(1785); "Tableau de la 
flore de Saint Domingue" (6 vols., 1785-*90); and 
" Expose* de la theorie d'acclimatation des plantes 
Europeennes dans les lies Antilles " (1791). 

RICHEPANSE, Antoine (reesh-pahns), French 
soldier, b. in Metz, 25 March, 1770; d. in Basse- 
Terre, Guadeloupe, 8 Sept., 1803. He was a ser- 
geant at the beginning of the French revolution, 
and soon rose by his valor to high rank. He 
was appointed in 1802 captain - general of the 
French possessions in South America, and, landing 
in Guadeloupe, forced the entrance of Pointe a 
Pitre. compelled the northern provinces to make 
their submission, and, after defeating Magloire 
Pelage (q. t».), restored the exiled governor, La- 
crosse (y. v.). After suppressing a new insurrec- 
tion, and compelling the rest of the insurgents to 
make their submission at Anglemont, he pre- 



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245 



pared to pass to Santo Domingo to co-operate in 
the conquest of the island, when he died of yellow 
fever. Richepanse was held in high esteem by 
Napoleon, who gave his name to a street in Paris. 

RICHERY, Joseph de (reesh-ree), French na- 
val officer, b. in Alons, Provence, 13 Sept, 1757; 
d. there, 21 March, 1799. He enlisted as a cabin- 
boy in 1766, became midshipman in 1774, and lieu- 
tenant in 1778, and co-operated in the capture of 
Newport by Count d'Estaing, taking part in the 
engagement with the English fleet as commander 
of the long boats that were ordered to destroy the 
fire-ships at the entrance* of the bay. He served 
afterward at Savannah in October, 1779, was pres- 
ent at the capture of St Vincent and Grenada, and 
took part in most of the engagements in the West 
Indies till 1781, when he was attached to the 
squadron of Baiili de Suffren, and served in the 
Indian ocean till the conclusion of peace. He was 
promoted captain in 1793 and rear-admiral in 1795, 
and appointed to the command of a fleet to destroy 
the fisheries of Newfoundland. Sailing from Tou- 
lon, 14 Sept, 1795, with five ships of the line and 
two frigates, he attacked, on 7 Oct, an English mer- 
chant fleet escorted by three ships of the line, took 
one of the latter and captured thirty other vessels, 
which he sold at Cadiz. He left Cadiz, 2 Aug., 
1796, and, arriving on 28 Aug. upon the great bank 
of Newfoundland, ruined all the fisheries, not only 
upon the coast but also at Saint Pierre and Mique- 
lon island, while he detached Capt Georges Alle- 
mand with two ships and one frigate to destroy the 
fishing stations along the coast of Labrador. In 
fifteen days he sank or captured upward of 100 
vessels, destroyed the settlements in null bay, and 
when he left for France the fishing industry was 
ruined in Newfoundland for several years. He 
arrived safely with his prizes at Rochefort on 5 
Nov. in time to take part in the expedition to Ire- 
land. Declining health compelled him to retire 
from active service in 1797. 

RICHET, J ales Cesar (re-shay), West Indian 
author, b. in St. Pierre, Martinique, in 1697; d. 
there in 1776. He was for many years civil judge 
of the tribunal of St Pierre. His works include 
M Essai sur Tart de la culture de la canne a sucre " 
(St Pierre, 1748); " Recueil de jurisprudence, a 
l'usage des lies du vent" (Paris, 1761); "Traite 
de legislation coloniale " (2 vols., 1766) ;" Memoire 
sur le cannellier de la Martinique " (1767) ; " Ob- 
servations sur la culture du caf6" (1769); and 
" Description abregee de la Martinique " (2 vols., St 
Pierre, 1772). 

RICHET, Matthew, Canadian clergyman, b. in 
Ramelton, Ireland, 25 May, 1803; d. in Halifax, 
Nova Scotia, 24 Oct, 1883. He was educated in 
Ireland, and afterward came to Canada, where he 
was principal of the Methodist academy at Cobourg 
in 1836-'9. He was subsequently stationed as a 
minister of the Methodist church at various places. 
Mr. Richey was superintendent of Methodist mis- 
sions in Canada and Hudson bay in 1846-'7, presi- 
dent of Canada conference in 1849, and president 
of the conference of eastern British America in 
1856-*60. He was eminent as a pulpit orator, and 
published ** Memoir of Rev. William Black, includ- 
ing an Account of the Rise and Progress of Meth- 
odism in Nova Scotia" (Halifax, 1636), and a vol- 
ume of sermons. The degree of D. D. was con- 
ferred upon him by Wesleyan university. Conn., in 
1847.— His son, Matthew Henry, Canadian jurist, 
b. in Windsor, Nova Scotia, 10 June, 1828, was 
educated at the collegiate school, Windsor, at 
Upper Canada college, Toronto, and at Queen's 
university, Kingston. He studied law, was ad- 



mitted to the bar of Nova Scotia in 1850, became 

3ueen's counsel in 1873, and received the honorary 
egree of D. C. L. from Mount Allison Wesleyan 
college in 1884. He was a member of the Do- 
minion parliament for Halifax from 1878 until 4 
July, 1883. when he was appointed lieutenant-gov- 
ernor of Nova Scotia. He was mayor of Halifax 
in 1864-*7 and 1875-'8, and has been a member of 
the senate of the university of that city. 

RICHINGS, Peter, actor, b. in London, Eng- 
land, 19 May, 1797; d. in Media, Pa., 18 Jan., 1871. 
His full name was Peter Richings Puget, and his 
father was Vice- Admiral Puget, of the British navy. 
The son was educated for the ministry at Pem- 
broke college. Later he became successively clerk 
in the India service at Madras, a lieutenant in the 
British army, and a student of law in Lincoln's 
Inn. None of these pursuits proving congenial, he 
figured for a time as a comedian at several minor 
theatres in the British provinces. In 1821 he came 
to this country, where he made his first appearance 
at the New Vork Park theatre, on 25 Sept., 1821, 
as Harry Bertram in Bishop's opera " Guy Manner- 
ing." Here he remained among the stock-company 
until 1839. In the autumn of that year he became 
stage-manager of the National theatre, Philadel- 
phia. In 1843 he was lessee of the Holliday street 
theatre, Baltimore, and from 1845 until 1854 he 
was connected with the Walnut street theatre, 
Philadelphia, both as stage-manager and manager. 
From that time onward, for about eleven years, 
he conducted the Richings opera troupe, a travel- 
ling company, appearing on frequent occasions as 
an operatic artist. At the close of this venture he 
retired permanently to a farm. Richings was one 
of the time-honored galaxy of the old Park theatre, 
and in romantic plays and melodramas became a 
general favorite. Jops, military officers, eccentric 
characters, and stage-villains were equally well 
represented by him. but he had no hola on the le- 
gitimate drama. His voice was a baritone, and 
was used judiciously on many occasions. Dandini 
in " Cinderella," Beppo in " Fra Diavolo," Pietro 
in " Masaniello," and Olifour in " La Bayadere," 
were rendered by him with remarkable effect — 
Caroline Mary, his adopted daughter, came to 
this country from England in her infancy. She 
first appeared in public as a pianist, and subse- 
quently became leading soprano of the Richings 
English opera troupe. In 1867 Miss Richings 
married Pierre Barnard, and retired from the stage, 
but returned in 1883. Her later life was spent at 
Richmond, Va., where she died in 1884 

RICHMOND, Charles Gordon Lennox, fourth 
Duke of, governor-general of Canada, b. in 1764 ; 
d. in Richmond, Lower Canada, 28 Aug., 1820. 
His father, Lieut-Gen. Lord George Henry Len- 
nox, was a grandson of the first Duke of Richmond, 
a son of Charles II. and the Duchess of Portsmouth. 
Charles entered the army in his youth, and in 1806 
succeeded to the dukedom at the death of his uncle. 
In 1808 he was appointed lord lieutenant of Ire- 
land, where his administration of affairs was pro- 
ductive of the happiest results in quieting the pub- 
lic discontent He succeeded Gen. Sherbrooke as 
governor-general of Canada, 29 July, 1819, and ad- 
ministered its government till his death. He was 
very popular, and though by nature conciliatory,, 
was determined and energetic, and did not hesitate 
to draw upon the funds in the hands of the re- 
ceiver-general when the legislature refused to 
£rant supplies to defray the civil list. While mak- 
ing a tour of Canada he purchased a tame fox. 
which, becoming rabid, bit him on the hand, and 
hydrophobia resulted, causing his death. In 1789 



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he married Charlotte, daughter of the fourth Duke 
of Gordon. Charles Gordon- Lennox, the present 
Duke of Richmond, is his grandson. — His uncle, 
Charles Lennox, third Duke of Richmond (1735- 
1306), was appointed in 1765 ambassador to France, 
in 1766 was constituted chief secretary of state, and 
in 1782 master-general of the ordnance. He was 
a man of superior talents, a friend of liberty and 
reform, and in 1778 proposed to recognize the in- 
dependence of the revolted American colonies. 

RICHMOND, Dean, capitalist, b. in Barnard, 
Vt, 81 March, 1804; d. in New York city, 27 Aug., 
1866. His ancestors were farmers, living in and 
about Taunton, Mass., but his father, Hathaway, 
removed to Vermont In 1812 the family removed 
again to Salina, N. T. Business reverses overtook 
the elder Richmond, and he went to the south and 
soon afterward died in Mobile. At the age of fif- 
teen years Dean entered upon the business of manu- 
facturing and selling salt at Salina with success. 
Before he had attained his majority he was chosen 
a director in a Syracuse bank. In 1842 he estab- 
lished himself in business in Buffalo, N. Y., as a 
dealer and shipper of western produce, with his 
residence at Attica, and subsequently at Batavia. 
He won a reputation for upright dealing and re- 
sponsibility that was not surpassed by any resident 
in the lake region. He became interested in rail- 
ways, was a leader in the movement to consolidate 
the seven separate corporations that subsequently 
constituted the New York Central railroad, and 
chiefly by his personal efforts procured the passage 
of the act of consolidation by the legislature. Upon 
the organization of the company in 1853 Mr. Rich- 
mond was made vice-president, and in 1864 he was 
chosen president, which post he held till his death. 
Mr. Richmond did not nave the advantages of an 
early education, but his extensive and careful read- 
ing in later years, and his observation of men and 
things, made him most intelligent Early in life 
he espoused the cause of the Democratic party, and 
while yet a boy he enjoyed the confidence of the 
leaders that constituted the " Albany regency." 
He became the leader of his party in the state qf 
New York, and for several years he was chairman 
of the Democratic state committee, but he never 
sought nor held public office. 

RICHMOND, James Cook, clergyman, b. in 
Providence, R. I., in 1808; d. in Fough keeps ie, 
N. Y., 20 July, 1866. After graduation at Har- 
vard in 1828, he studied in Gottingen and Halle, 
and was ordained deacon in the Protestant Episco- 
pal church in Providence, R. I., on 12 Oct., 1832, 
and priest on 13 Nov., 1833. In 1834-'5 he served 
as a missionary in Maine and Illinois, subsequently 
held pastorates in various cities, and succeeded his 
brother, William, as rector of St. James church, 
New York, remaining till 1842. While he was in 
Milwaukee in 1861 he became chaplain of the 2d 
Wisconsin regiment He travelled extensively in 
Europe, and was the author of a " Visit to Ion'a in 
1846 A ; " A Midsummer Day Dream " ; and " Meta- 
comet," the first canto of an epic poem. — His elder 
brother, William, clergyman, o. in Dighton, Mass., 
11 Dec, 1797; d. in New York city, 19 Sept, 1858, 
was graduated at Brown in 1814, was ordained in 
the Episcopal church and held various pastorates 
in New York city. — William's wife, Sarin Abigail 
Adams, b. in Maine in 1821 ; d. in New York city, 
1 Jan., 1866, founded the House of mercy, and the 
New York infant asylum. 

BICHTER, Henrr Joseph, R. C. bishop, b. in 
Neuenkirchen, Oldenburg, Germany, 9 April, 1838. 
He came to this country in 1854, was educated at 
St Paul's school and Mount St Mary's college, 




Cincinnati, and in 1860 entered the American col- 
lege in Rome, being graduated at the Propaganda 
as D. D., and receiving his ordination in 1865. Re- 
turning to Cincinnati in that year, he was made 
vice-president of Mount St Mary's seminary, where 
he was professor of dogma, philosophy, and litur- 
gy until 1870. He founded the Church of St Lau- 
rence, and was director of the Academy of Mount 
St. Vincent On the establishment of the diocese 
of Grand Rapids he was consecrated its first bishop, 
on 22 April, 1883, which diocese contains about 100 
churches, 60priests, and 32 parish schools. 

RICKETTS, James Brewerton, soldier, b. in 
New York city, 21 June. 1817; d. in Washington, 
D. C, 22 Sept, 1887. He was graduated at the 
U. S. military academy in 1839, assigned to the 
1st artillery, and 
served during the 
Canada border dis- 
turbances on gar- 
rison duty, and in 
the war with Mexi- 
co, taking part in 
the battle of Mon- 
terey, and hold- 
ing the Rinconada 
pass during the 
battle of Buena 
Vista. He had 
been made 1st lieu- 
tenant, 21 April, 
1846, became cap- 
tain on 8 Aug.. /7 6@kP w«w— 

1853, and served Ja**aj <<0 ^Zc^ttZXT 
in Florida against p 
the Seminole In- 
dians, and subsequently on frontier duty in Texas. 
At the beginning of the civil war he served in the 
defence of Washington, D. C, commanded a bat- 
tery in the capture of Alexandria, Va., in 1861, was 
wounded and captured at Bull Run on 21 July, and 
on that day was brevetted lieutenant-colonel, and 
made brigadier-general of U. S. volunteers. He was 
confined as a prisoner of war, and afterward was on 
sick leave of absence until June, 1862, when he en- 
gaged in operations in the Shenandoah valley, and 
participated with the Army of the Potomac in the 
northern Virginia, the Maryland, and the Rich- 
mond campaigns, fighting in all the chief battles. 
On 1 June, 1803, he became major of the 1st artil- 
lery, and he received the brevet of colonel, U. S. 
army, for gallant and meritorious services at Cold 
Harbor, Va., 3 June, 1864. He served in the siege 
of Petersburg, Va., in that year in the defence of 
Maryland against Gen. Jubal Early's raid, and in 
the Shenandoah campaign, receiving the brevet of 
major-general of volunteers on 1 Aug., 1864, for 
gallant conduct during the war, particularly in the 
battles of the campaign under Gen. Ulysses S. Grant 
and Gen. Philip H. Sheridan. He was severely 
wounded at Cedar Creek, Va., 19 Oct, 1864, and was 
on sick-leave from that date until 7 April, 1865. On 
13 March, 1865, he was brevetted brigadier-general. 
U. S. army, for gallant services at Cedar Creek, and 
major-general, U. S. army, for gallant and merito- 
rious service in the field. On 28 July, 1865, he was 
assigned to the command of a district in the De- 
partment of Virginia, which post he held until 80 
April, 1866, when he was mustered out of the volun- 
teer service. He was appointed lieutenant-colonel, 
21st infantry, on 28 July, 1866, but declined this 
post He was retired from active service on 8 Jan., 
1867, for disability from wounds received in battle, 
and served on courts-martial from that date until 
22 Jan., 1869. 



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R1CKOFF, Andrew Jackson, educator, b. in 
Mercer county, N. J., 28 Aug., 1824. After receiv- 
ing his education in Woodward college, Cincinnati, 
he taught, and has been superintendent of schools 
in Portsmouth, Cincinnati, and Cleveland, Ohio, 
and Yonkers, N. Y. The credit is awarded him of 
reorganizing the schools both of Cincinnati and 
Cleveland, and largely influencing the school sys- 
tems in Ohio. The radical changes that he car- 
ried into effect in organization and methods of in- 
struction have been widely approved by adoption 
throughout the north ana west. The system of 
schools in Cleveland was commended, by the Eng- 
lish commissioners to the International exposition 
in Philadelphia in 1876, as superior to any other in 
the United States. At this exposition Mr. Rickoff 
received a medal as the designer of the best plans 
for school-buildings. In their report to the gov- 
ernment, the French commissioners pronounced 
these buildings the best in the country. Since 
1888 Mr. Rickoff has held charge of Felix Adler's 
workingman's school, established in 1880. He is 
the author of many school-books, and has edited a 
series of six readers, which are extensively used. 

RICORD, Jean Baptiste (ree-cor), physician, b. 
in Paris. France, in 1777 ; d. in the island of Guade- 
loupe, W. I„ in 1887. He was educated in France 
and in Italy, whither his father had fled during the 
French revolution, and subsequently accompanied 
the latter to this country, and settled in Baltimore, 
Md. After graduation at the New York college of 
physicians and surgeons in 1810, he went to the 
West Indies to make researches in botany and natu- 
ral history, and travelled and practised medicine 
extensively in the islands until he returned to New 
York. He was an accomplished scholar, musician, 
and painter, and a member of various learned so- 
cieties in France and the United States. Many of 
his writings were signed " Madiana," the name of 
his homestead in France. In addition to contri- 
butions to scientific and other journals. Dr. Ricord 
published "An Improved French Grammar" (New 
York, 1812), and "Recherches et experiences sur 
les poissons d'Amerique," illustrated: by his own 
pencil (Bordeaux, 1826). He left manv manu- 
scripts, which have not been published. — fa is wife, 
Elizabeth, educator, b. in New Utrecht, L. I., 2 
April, 1788; d. in Newark, N. J., 10 Oct, 1865, was 
the daughter of Rev. Peter Stryker. She was edu- 
cated by private tutors, married Dr. Ricord in 
1810, and accompanied him in his expeditions to 
the West Indies. In 1829 she opened a young 
ladies' seminary in Geneva, N. Y ., of which she 
was principal until 1842. The great religious re- 
vival that spread through western New York in 
1882 originated in her seminary. In 1845 she 
moved to Newark, where she became interested in 
works of charity, and was a founder of the Newark 
orphan asylum, and its directress until her death. 
She contributed largely to magazines and journals, 
was the author of " Philosophy of the Mind " 
(Geneva, 1840), and " Zamba, or the Insurrection, 
a Dramatic Poem " (Cambridge, Mass., 1842), and 
left several manuscripts.— Their son. Frederick 
William, author, b. in Guadeloupe, W. 1., 7 Oct. 
1819, was educated at Hobart and Rutgers, and 
studied law in Geneva, N. Y., but did not practise 
his profession. He taught for twelve years in 
Newark, N. J., was a member of the board of edu- 
cation of that city from 1852 till 1869, serving as 
president in 1867-9. He was state superintendent 
of public schools of New Jersey in 1860-'3, sheriff 
of Essex county in 1865-'7, mayor of Newark in 
1870-*3, and associate judpe of the various county 
courts of Essex county in 1875-'9. He is now 



(1888) librarian of the New Jersey historical soci- 
ety. Judge Ricord received the degree of A. M. 
from Rutgers in 1845 and Princeton in 1861. He 
is one of the editors of the " New Jersey Ar- 
chives," and has published a "History of Rome" 
(New York, 1852) ; " The Youth's Grammar " (1853) ; 
M Life of Madame de Longueville," from the French 
of Victor Cousin (1854); "The Henriade," from 
Voltaire (1859); "English Songs from Foreign 
Tongues " (1879); and " The Self-Tormentor, from 
the Latin of Terentius, with more English Songs " 
(1885). He has ready for publication " The Gov- 
ernors of New Jersey," which gives the history of 
the state from its settlement to the Revolution. — 
Jean Baptiste's brother, Alexander, physician, b. 
in Baltimore, Md., in 1798; d. in Pans, France, 8 
Oct., 1876, was educated in his native city, removed 
to France in order to study under Cuvier, and re- 
ceived his diploma as doctor in medicine in Paris 
in 1824. He was assistant surgeon in the French 
navy, and correspondent of the Academy of medi- 
cine, but devoted his life chiefly to natural history, 
received the decoration of the Legion of honor in 



1845, and contributed largely to scientific journals. 
—Another brother of Jean Baptiste, Philippe, 
French surgeon, b. in Baltimore, Md., 10 Dec, 1800; 



d. in Paris, France, 22 Oct, 1889, was the grandson 
of a distinguished physician of Marseilles, and the 
son of a member of the Compagnie des In des, 
who came to the United States in 1790 in the hope 
of retrieving his fortunes. After pursuing a course 
of scientific studies with his brother, Jean B. 
Ricord, Philippe began the study of medicine in 
Philadelphia. In 1820 he visited Paris, taking with 
him a collection of animals and plants as a present 
to the National museum. In March, 1826, he re- 
ceived the degree of M. D., and began to practise at 
Olivet, near Orleans, afterward removing to Crouy- 
sur-Ourcq. In 1828 he returned to Pans, and de- 
livered a course of lectures on surgery, and in 1831 
he was appointed surpeon-in-chief to the Hopital 
des vene>iens du Midi. At this hospital, from 
which he retired on account of age in 1860, he 
gained a £reat reputation as a specialist. By a de- 
cree bearing date, 28 Julv, 1862, he was appointed 
physician in ordinary to Prince Napoleon, and on 
26 Oct, 1869, he was named consulting surgeon to 
Napoleon III., whom he had assiduously attended 
during a recent illness, and who in return had pre- 
sented him with a snuff-box and 20,000 francs. He 
was promoted commander of the Legion of honor, 
12 Aug., 1860, and grand officer, 23 June, 1871, for 
services as president of the ambulance corps during 
the siege of Paris. He also received many foreign 
decorations. Besides writing the works mentioned 
below. Dr. Ricord devised ana first performed many 
surgical operations, several of wnich have since 
been " crowned " by the Academy of sciences. Dr. 
Ricord in his eighty-ninth year was still engaged 
in the practice of his profession, daily visiting 
his numerous patients, and during his office hours 
receiving the crowds that came to consult him. 
For many years he was kuown in Paris as " the 
great American doctor," and he ever cherished 
a warm affection for his native land. He pub- 
lished •* De l'emploi du speculum," treating of his 
invention of the "bivalvular speculum" (Paris, 
1833) ; " De la blennorrhagie de la femine " (1834); 
" Eraploi de lonpient mercuriel dans le traite- 
ment de l'eresipele" (1836); "Monographic du 
chancre," being a thorough explanation of his 
system (1837); "Theorie sur la nature et le traite- 
ment de Tepid idy mite " (1838) ; " Traits des mala- 
dies v£n6riennes" (8 vols., 1838; new ed., 1863); 
"De rophthalmie blennorrhagique " (1842) ; "Cli- 



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RIDDLEBBRGER 



nique iconographique de !Ti6pitaI des veneriens" 
(1842-7S1) ; " De la syphilisation, etc" (1853) ; " Let- 
tres sur la syphilis A (1854 ; 8d ed., 1857); and a 
great number of ** Memoires," " Observations," •• Re- 
cherches," "Communications," etc, contributed 
principally to the " Memoires " and " Bulletins " of 
the Academy of medicine (1884-'50). 

RIDDELL, John Leonard, physician, b. in 
Leyden, Mass., 20 Feb., 1807 ; d. in New Orleans, 
La., 7 Oct., 1867. He was graduated at Rensselaer 
institute, in Troy, N. Y., and in 1885 at the Medical 
college of Cincinnati, where he became professor of 
botany and adjunct professor of chemistry. He 
occupied the chair of chemistry in the medical de- 
partment of the University of Louisiana from 1886 
till 1865. Dr. Riddel 1 was melter and refiner at 
the U. S. mint in New Orleans, the inventor of a 
binocular microscope and magnifying-glass, and 
discovered the microscopical characteristics of the 
blood and black vomit in yellow fever. He first 
brought to notice the botanical genus " Riddellia," 
which was named for him. He contributed to the 
" London Microscopical Journal," the " American 
Journal of Science and Arts," and other periodicals, 
and published " Synopsis of the Flora of the West- 
ern States " (Cincinnati, 1885) ; " Memoir advo- 
cating the Organic Nature of Miasm and Conta- 
gion R (1886); - A Monograph on the Silver Dollar" 
(New Orleans, 1845) : " A Memoir on the Constitu- 
tion of Matter" (1847) ; and a " Report on the Epi- 
demic of 1858 " (1854). 

RIDDLE, Albert Gallatin, lawyer, b. in Mon- 
son, Mass., 28 May, 1816. His father removed to 
Geauga county, Ohio, in 1817, where the son re- 
ceived a common-school education, studied law, 
was admitted to the bar in 1840, practised law, and 
was prosecuting attorney from 1840 till 1846. He 
served in the legislature in 1848-'9, and called the 
first Free-soil convention in Ohio in 1848. In 1850 
he removed to Cleveland, was elected prosecuting 
attorney in 1856, defended the Oberlin slave-res- 
cuers in 1859, and was elected to congress as a Re- 
publican, serving from 4 July, 1861, till 8 March, 
1868. He made speeches then in favor of arming 
slaves, the first on this subject that were delivered 
in congress, and others on emancipation in the Dis- 
trict of Columbia and in vindication of President 
Lincoln. In October, 1868, he was appointed U. S. 
consul at Matanzas. Since 1864 he has practised 
law in Washington, D. C, and, under a retainer 
of the state department, aided in the prosecution of 
John H. Surratt for the murder of President Lin- 
coln. In 1877 he was appointed law-officer to the 
District of Columbia, which office he now (1888) 
holds. For several years, from its organization, he 
had charge of the law department in Howard uni- 
versity. Mr. Riddle is the author of " Students and 
Lawyers," lectures (Washington, 1878); "Bart 
Ridgely, a Story of Northern Ohio " (Boston, 1878) ; 
"The Portrait, a Romance of Cuyahoga Vallev" 
(1874) ; " Alice Brand, a Tale of the Capitol " (New 
York, 1875); "Life, Character, and Public Ser- 
vices of James A. Garfield " (Cleveland, 1880) ; " The 
House of Ross " (Boston, 1881) ; " Castle Gregory " 
Cleveland, 1882); "Hart and his Bear" (Wash- 
ington, 1888); "The Sugar-Makers of the West 
Woods " (Cleveland, 1885); "The Hunter of the 
Chagrin" (1882); "Mark Loan, a Tale of the 
Western Reserve" (1888) ; " Old Newberry and the 
Pioneers" (1884); "Speeches and Arguments" 
(Washington, 1886); and "Life of Benjamin F. 
Wade" (Cleveland, 1886). 

RIDDLE, George, elocutionist, b. in Charles- 
town, Mass., 22 Sept, 1858. He was graduated at 
Harvard in 1874, made his first appearance as a 



reader in Boston in that year, and in 1875 made 
his (UbtU as an actor in that citv, playing Romeo 
after which he became connected with stock-com- 
panies in Boston, Montreal, and Philadelphia. 
From 1878 till 1881 he was instructor in elocution 
at Harvard. He appeared as (Edipus in the 
"CEdipus Tyrannus* of Sophocles at Harvard 
in May, 1881, which was the first production in 
this country of a Greek play in the originaL Mr. 
Riddle has given readings in the principal cities of 
the United States, the most successful of which are 
Shakespeare's •* Midsummer-Night's Dream " with 
Mendelssohn's music, Byron's " Manfred " with 
Schumann's music, and the " (Edipus Tyrannns " 
with the music of John K. Paine. 

RIDDLE, George Reade, senator, b. in New- 
castle, Del., in 1817; d. in Washington, D. C, 29 
March, 1867. He was educated at Delaware col- 
lege, studied engineering, and engaged in locating 
and constructing railroads and canals in different 
states. He then studied law, was admitted to the 
bar in 1848, and was deputy attorney-general of 
Newcastle county till 1850. In 1849 he was ap- 
pointed a commissioner to retrace Mason and Dix- 
on's line. (See Mason, Charles.) He was elected 
to congress as a Democrat, serving from 1 Dec, 
1851, till 8 March, 1855, and was afterward chosen 
U. S. senator in place of James A. Bayard, serving 
from 2 Feb., 1864, till 29 March, 1867. Mr. Riddle 
was a delegate to the Democratic national conven- 
tions of 1844, 1848, and 1856. 

RIDDLE, Matthew Brown, clergyman, b. in 
Pittsburg, Pa., 17 Oct, 1886. He was graduated 
at Jefferson college, Pa., in 1852, and at the New 
Brunswick theological seminary in 1859, after which 
he studied at Heidelberg. In 1861 he was chaplain 
of the 2d New Jersey regiment, and in 18o2- , 9 
he was pastor successively of Dutch Reformed 
churches in Hoboken and Newark, N. J. He 
travelled in Europe from 1869 till 1871, and in the 
latter year was appointed professor of New Testa- 
ment exegesis in the theological seminary of Hart- 
ford, Conn. In 1887 he accepted the same chair 
in Western theological seminary, Alleghany, Pa, 
Franklin and Marshall college, Pa., gave him the 
degree of D. D. in 1870. He was an original mem- 
ber of the New Testament revision committee 
formed in 1871, translated and edited the epistles 
to the Romans, Galatians, Ephesians, and Colos- 
sians in the American edition of Lange's " Commen- 
tary " (New York, 1869 ; new ed., 1886) ; contributed 
to Rev. Dr. Philip SchaflTs " Popular Illustrated 
Commentary on the New Testament " (4 vols.. New 
York and Edinburgh, 1878-'83), and to his" Inter- 
national Revision Commentary " (New York, 1882) ; 
edited the gospels of Mark ana Luke for the Amer- 
ican edition of H. A. W. Mever's " Commentary " 
(New York, 1884) ; revised and edited Edward Rob- 
inson's " Greek Harmony of the Gospels" (Boston, 
1885), and Robinson's "English Harmony" (1886); 
and edited parts of Bishop Arthur Cleveland Coxe'a 
edition of the " Ante-Nicene Fathers," contributing 
the " Teaching of the Twelve Apostles " and the 
"Second Clement" (Buffalo, 1886); Augustine's 
" Harmony of the Gospels" (New York, 1888); and 
Chrysostom's " Homilies on Matthew," in " Nicene 
Fathers " (1888). With Rev. John E. Todd, D. D., 
he prepared the notes on the International Sunday- 
school lessons for the Congregational publishing 
society of Boston in 1877-'81. 

RIDDLEBERGER, Harrison Holt, senator, 
b. in Edinburg, Va., 4 Oct., 1844 ; d. in Woodstock, 
Va., 24 Jan., 1890. After receiving a common- 
school education he studied at home under a tutor. 
During the civil war he served for three years in 



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RIDEING 



RIDGELBY 



the Confederate army as lieutenant of infantry and 
captain of cavalry. At the close of the war he 
studied law, was admitted to the bar, and began to 
practise at Woodstock, Va., where he continued to 
reside. His first civil office was that of common- 
wealth's attorney for his county, which he held for 
two terms. He was then elected and re-elected to 
the state house of delegates, serving for four years, 
and subsequently sat in the senate of Virginia for 
the same period." Since 1870 he has edited three 
local newspapers, "The Tenth Legion," "The 
Shenandoah Democrat," and " The Virginian." He 
was a member of the state committee of the Con- 
servative party until 1875, a presidential elector on 
the Democratic ticket in 1876, and on the " Read- 
juster " ticket in 1880. He was commonwealth's 
attorney and state senator when, in 1881, he was 
elected to the U. S. senate as a Readjuster in the 
place of John W. Johnston, Conservative. His 
term of service expired on 3 March, 1889. 

RIDEING, William Henry, author, b. in 
Liverpool, England, 17 Feb.. 1853. His father was 
an officer in the service of the Cunard line of 
steamers. After the death of his mother the son 
went to Chicago, 111., where he remained until 
1870. He early began writing for the press, and 
soon became connected with several journals. In 
1874 he gave up newspaper work to devote himself 
entirely to literature and magazine writing. He 
made several trips to Europe and elsewhere with 
different artists to obtain material on special sub- 
jects. In 1878 he served as special correspondent 
with the Wheeler surveying expedition m Colo- 
rado, New Mexico, Nevada, California, and Ari- 
zona. In 1881-*3 Mr. Rideing edited "Dramatic 
Notes** in London, England. On his return he 
again entered journalism in Boston, where he 
still remains (1888). Among his publications are 
u Pacific Railways Illustrated " (New York, 1878) ; 
"A-Saddle in the Wild West* (London, 1879); 
"Stray Moments with Thackeray " (New York, 
1880); "Boys in the Mountains* (1882); "Boys 
Coastwise" (1884); "Thackeray's London" (Lon- 
don, 1885); "Young Folks' History of London" 
(Boston, 1885); "A Little Upstart" (1885); and 
"The Boyhood of Living Authors" (1887). 

RIDER, George Thomas, clergyman, b. in 
Rice City, R. 1., 21 Feb., 1829. He was graduated 
at Trinity in 1850, studied divinity, and took orders 
in the Protestant Episcopal church. From 1853 
till 1855 he was rector of St. John's, Canandaigua, 
N. Y., and from 1856 till 1880 of St John's, Pitts- 
burg, Pa., which latter church edifice was built 
under his supervision. In 1860 he removed to 
Poughkeepsie, N. Y., where he conducted the 
Cottage Hill seminary for young ladies till 1874. 
He has since devoted his time to literary labor, 
and has been a contributor to many journals 
and periodicals. At present (1888) he is on the 
editorial staff of the New York "Churchman." 
Mr. Rider has published " Plain Music for the 
Book of Common Prayer" (New York, 1854); 
" Lyra Anglicana, or a Hymnal of Sacred Poetry, 
selected from the Best English Writers, and ar- 
ranged after the Order of the Apostles' Creed " ; 
and "Lyra Americana, or Verses of Praise and 
Faith from American Poets" (1864). 

RIDGAWAY, Henry Bascom, clergyman, b. 
in Talbot county, Md., 7 Sept, 1830. He was 
graduated at Dickinson in 1849, studied theology, 
and was ordained a minister of the Methodist Epis- 
copal church. He held pastorates successively in 
Virginia, Baltimore, Portland, Me., New York city, 
and Cincinnati, Ohio. In 1882 he became professor 
of historical theology in Garrett biblical institute, 



Evanston, 111., and in 1884 he was transferred to 
the chair of practical theology. He was fraternal 
delegate to the Methodist Episcopal church, south, 
in 1882, and was one of the regular speakers in the 
Centennial conference at Baltimore in 1881. He is 
the author of " The Life of Alfred Cookman " (New 
York. 1871) ; " The Lord's Land : A Narrative of 
Travels in Sinai and Palestine in 1878-'4 " (1876) ; 
"The Life of Bishop Edward S. Janes" (1882); 
"Bishop Beverly Waugh " (1883); and "Bishop 
Mathew Simpson " (1885). 

RIDGE, major, Cherokee chief, b. in Highwas- 
see, in what is now the state of Georgia, about 
1771 ; d. on the Cherokee reservation, 22 June, 1839. 
Prom his early years he was taught patience and 
self-denial, and to undergo fatigue; on reaching 
the proper ape he was initiated as one of the warri- 
ors of tne tribe with due solemnities. At fourteen 
he joined a war-party against the whites at Chees- 
toyce, and afterward another that attacked Knox- 
ville, Tenn. When he was twenty-one years old he 
was chosen a member of the Cherokee council. He 
proved a valuable counsellor, and at the second 
session proposed many useful laws. Subsequently 
he won the confidence of his people, and became 
one of the chief men of the nation. When the 
question of deporting the Cherokees from the state 
of Georgia to a reservation west of Mississippi was 
mooted, it was found that the nation was divided 
into two hostile camps, one of which bitterly op- 
posed removal, while the other favored it. ' The 
former was headed by John Ross, the principal 
chief, while the other was represented by Major 
Ridge, his son John, Elias Boudinot, Charles Vann, 
and others. Two commissioners on the part of 
the United States held several meetings with both 
parties, and finally made a treaty, the negotiations 
extending over a jperiod of three years. The west- 
ward journey of 600 or 700 miles was performed in 
four or five months, during which time, on account 
of the intense heat and other discomforts, over 4,000 
Indians perished. In June, 1839, Major Ridge, his 
son John, and Elias Boudinot were assassinated 
by members, it is supposed, of the party that were 
opposed to removal. Major Ridge was waylaid 
about fifty miles from his home and shot. — His 
son, John, Indian chief, was the second of five 
children. He received a good education, being first 
taught by Moravian missionaries, then at an acad- 
emy at Knoxville, Tenn., and finally in the foreign 
mission-school in Connecticut On returning home 
he began his career as a public man, and devoted all 
his energies to endeavoring to organize the Cherokee 
nation into an independent government Having 
taken an active part in negotiating the unpopular 
treaty at New Echota, by which the removal of his 
nation was finally agreed upon, he was taken from 
his bed in the early morning and nearly cut to 
pieces with knives.— John's son, John R., journal- 
ist, d. in Grass Valley, Nevada co., Cal., 5 Oct., 
1867, was a writer of much ability, and possessed 
some poetic talent He was at different times con- 
nected with several California journals. 

RIDGELEY, Charles Goodwin, naval officer, 
b. in Baltimore, Md., in 1784; d. there, 8 Feb., 1848. 
He entered the navy as midshipman, 10 Oct, 1799, 
cruised in the Mediterranean with Preble in the 
Tripolitan war in 1804-'5, and received a vote of 
thanks and sword for his gallant conduct. He 
was commissioned lieutenant, 2 Feb., 1807, served 
on the lakes, was commissioned master-comman- 
dant, 24 July, 1813, and commanded the brig *• Jef- 
ferson " on Lake Ontario in 1814, and the *' Erie" 
and "Independence" in Bainbridge's squadron 
during and after the Algerine war in 1815-17. He 



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RIDQELY 



R1DGWAY 



was made captain, 88 Feb., 1815, and was flap- 
officer, commanding the West India squadron, in 
1827-'30, protecting the commerce of the United 
States ana suppressing piracy. He was in charge 
of the Brooklyn navy-yard from 1833 till 1839, 
served as flag-officer, commanding the Brazil squad- 
ron from 1840 till 1842, and then on waiting orders 
until his death in 1848. 

RIDQELY, Charles, physician, b. in Dover, 
Del., 26 Jan., 1738; d. there, 25 Nov., 1785. He 
was educated at the Philadelphia academy, studied 
medicine under Dr. Phineas Bond, and began to 
practise in 1758 at Dover, Del., where he passed 
nis life. From 1765, with few intervals, till his 
death he was a member of the Delaware legisla- 
ture. He was presiding judge in Kent county of 
the court of common pleas, and before the Revolu- 
tion of the quarter sessions. He was elected a dele- 
gate to the State constitutional convention, and 
was afterward called again to the bench, which he 
occupied during the remainder of his life.— His son, 
Nicholas, jurist, b. in Dover, Del., 30 Sept, 1762; 
d. in Georgetown, Del., 1 April, 1830, studied law, 
was admitted to the bar of his native state, and 
after practising several years became successively 
attorney-general and member of the legislature. In 
1801 he was appointed chancellor of the state of 
Delaware, and neld that office for twenty-nine 
years until his death, that event occurring while 
the court over which he presided was in session. 
— His half-brother, Henry Moore, senator, b. in 
Dover, Del., in 1778; d. there, 7 Aug., 1847, re- 
ceived a good education, studied law, was ad- 
mitted to the bar, and began to practise at Dover. 
He was elected and re-elected to congress as a Fed- 
eralist, serving from 4 Nov., 1811, till 2 March, 
1815. He then returned to Dover and continued 
to practise his profession until he was elected U. S. 
senator from Delaware in place of Nicholas Van 
Dyke, deceased. He held the seat from 23 Jan., 
1827. till 3 March, 1829, when he retired and re- 
sumed the practice of his profession. 

RIDQELY, Charles, governor of Maryland, b. 
6 Dec, 1762 ; d. at Hampton, his estate, Baltimore 
co., Md., 17 July, 1829. His name was originally 
Charles Ridgely Carnan, but he was adopted by his 
uncle, Capt Charles Ridgely, who left him a for- 
tune at nis death in 1790, on condition that he 
should change his name. He served in the state 
senate, and was chosen governor of Maryland three 
times successively, in 1815-'17. He was also briga- 
dier-general of Maryland militia. Gov. Ridgely 
was the owner of about 400 slaves, all of whom he 
manumitted by his will. 

RIDGELY, Daniel Boone, naval officer, b. 
near Lexington, Ky., 1 Aug., 1813 ; d. in Philadel- 
phia, Pa., 5 May, 1868. He entered the navy as 
midshipman, 1 April, 1828, and was commissioned 
lieutenant, 10 Sept., 1840. During the Mexican 
war he was attached to the sloop " Albany," and 
participated in the bombardment and capture of 
Vera Cruz, Tuspan, Alvarado, and Tampico in 
1846-*9. He was attached to the naval observa- 
tory at Washington in 1850-2, cruised in the sloop 
"German town" in 1854 in the West Indies, and 
was commissioned commander, 14 Sept., 1855. In 
1857-'8 he commanded the steamer •* Atalanta" in 
the Paraguayan expedition. He was on leave when 
the civil war began, but volunteered for active ser- 
vice promptly, commanded the steamer •• Santiago 
de Cuba " in the West Indies during the early part 
of the contest, from 1861 till 1863, and was suc- 
cessful in capturing blockade- runners. He was 
commissioned captain, 16 July, 1862. In 1864-' 5 
he commanded the steamer " Shenandoah " on the 



North Atlantic blockade, and assisted in both at- 
tacks on Port Fisher. In the year 1865 he was 
on the " Powhatan " with Admiral Rodgers's squad- 
ron in the Pacific ocean, and returned in com- 
mand of the steamer " Lancaster " in 1867. Capt 
Ridgely was promoted to the rank of commodore, 
25 July, 1866, and was a member of the board of 
naval examiners at Philadelphia in the year 1867 
and at the time of his death. 

RIDGELY, James Lot, author, b. in Balti- 
more, Md., 27 Jan^ 1807 ; d. there, 16 Nov., 1881. 
He was educated at St Mary's college, Baltimore, 
and at Mount St. Mary's college, Emmettsburg, 
Md., studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1828, 
and began to practise in his native city. He was 
a member of the city council in 1834-*5, of the 
state house of delegates in 1838, and of the Consti- 
tutional conventions of 1849 and 1864. He was for 
twelve years register of wills for Baltimore county, 
several years president of the board of education, 
and aided in establishing the present public-school 
system in 1848. He was appointed by President 
Lincoln collector of internal revenue, and for many 
years was president of a fire-insurance company. 
He became an Odd-Fellow in 1829, was a member 
of the Grand lodge of Maryland in 1830. and of the 
Grand lodge of the United States in 1831. In 1836 
he was elected grand sire by the latter, and in 1842 
he became grand recording and corresponding sec- 
retary. He is the principal author of the various 
rituals that are now in use. He has also written 
"Odd-Fellowship— What is Itt" "The Odd-Fel- 
low's Pocket Companion" (Philadelphia, 1858); 
and many other works of a similar character. He 
was the editor of "The Covenant," the official 
magazine of the order. 

RIDGWAY, Robert, ornithologist, b. in Mount 
Carmel, 111., 2 July, 1850. He was educated at 
common schools in his native town, where he 
showed a special fondness for natural history. A 
correspondence with Spencer F. Baird in 1864 led 
to his appointment-, three years later, as naturalist 
to the U. S. geological exploration of the 40th 
parallel, under Clarence King. Since that time he 
Has been chiefly occupied in government work, and 
in 1879 he was appointed curator of the depart- 
ment of birds in the U. S. national museum, which 
place he now (1888) holds. Mr. Ridgway received 
the degree of M. S. from the Indiana state univer- 
sity in 1884, and has been vice-president of the Or- 
nithologists' union since its organization in 1884. 
He is also corresponding member of the Zoological 
society of London, and the Academies of science 
of New York, Davenport, and Chicago, foreign 
member of the British ornithologists' union, and 
member of the permanent ornithological commit- 
tee (Vienna), also honorary member of the Nuttall 
ornithological club of Cambridge, Mass., the Brook- 
ville, Ind., society of natural nistory, and of the 
Ridgway ornithological club of Chicago, 111. His 
published papers exceed 200 in number. Many of 
them have appeared in the •* Proceedings of the 
U. S. National Museum'* and are descriptive of 
new species and races of American birds, as well as 
several catalogues of North American and other 
birds contained in the museum. He was joint 
author with Spencer F. Baird and Thomas M. 
Brewer of "A History of North American Birds" 
(3 vols., Boston, 1874), and of " The Water Birds of 
North America" (2 vols., 1884), in which he wrote 
the technical parts. He is the author of " Report 
on Ornithology of the Fortieth Parallel " (Washing- 
ton, 1877) ; " A Nomenclature of Colors for Natu- 
ralists " (Boston, 1886) ; and " Manual of North 
American Birds" (Philadelphia, 1887). 



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RIDPATH, John Clark, educator, b. in Put- 
nam county, Ind., 26 April, 1840. His parents were 
from West Virginia, and began life under circum- 
stances of great discouragement and hardship. 
The son had no early educational advantages be- 
sides those that he obtained at frontier schools, 
but his appetite for books was insatiable, and at 
seventeen he was a teacher. At nineteen he entered 
Asbury (now De Pauw) university, where he was 

Kiduated with the highest honors of his class, 
fore graduation he had been elected to an in- 
structorship in the Thorn town, Ind., academy, and 
in 1864 he was made its principal. This office he 
held until 1867, when he was chosen to fill the chair 
of languages at Baker university, Baldwin City, 
Kan. During the same period he served as su- 
perintendent of the Lawrenceburg, Ind., public 
schools. In 1869 he was elected professor of Eng- 
lish literature in Asbury university, and two years 
later he was assigned to the chair of belles-lettres 
and history of the same institution. In 1879 he 
was elected vice-president of the universitv, and he 
was largely the originator of the measures by which 
that institution was placed under the patronage of 
Washington C. De Pauw, and took his name. In 
1880 he received the degree of LL. D. from the 
University of Syracuse, N. Y. He has published 
44 Academic History of the United States " (New 
York, 1874-'5); "Popular History of the United 
States n (1876) ; u Grammar-School History " (1877) ; 
"Inductive Grammar of the English Language" 
(1878-*9); "Monograph on Alexander Hamilton" 
(1880); "Life and Work of Garfield" (lSSl-^); 
44 Life of James G. Blaine," and a "History of 
Texas" (1884) ; and a " A Cyclopaedia of Universal 
History " (8 vols., 1880-'4). 

RIEDESEL, Baron Friedrich Adolph (re- 
deh-zel), German soldier, b. in Lauterbach, Rhine- 
Hesse, 8 June, 1788 ; d. in Brunswick, 6 Jan., 1800. 
His father, John William, was government assessor 
at Eisenach, and his mother, Sophie Hed wig, was the 
daughter of Baron von Borke, a Prussian lieutenant- 
general and governor of Stettin. He was educated 
at the law-school of Marburg, but while attending 
that school became an ensign in a Hessian battalion 
of infantry in garrison in that city, which soon 
afterward was received into the English establish- 
ment He served as general aide on the personal 
staff of Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick in the 
seven years' war, and, having acquitted himself 
gallantly in the execution of an important commis- 
sion at the battle of Minden, was rapidly promoted. 
He became captain of the Hessian hussars in 1760, 
lieutenant-colonel of the black hussars in 1762, 
adiutant-general of the Prussian army in 1767, and 
colonel of carbineers in 1772. Soon after the be- 

S'nning of the American Revolution, England 
kving hired of the petty German sovereigns 20,- 
000 troops, of which 4,000 were from Brunswick, 
CoL Rieaesel was at once advanced to the rank of 
major-general and given the command of the 
Brunswickers. On his arrival at Quebec, 1 June, 
1776, he drilled his men to meet the American 
style of fighting, exercising them on snow-shoes in 
winter and making them fire at long range and 
from behind bushes and trees. After spending a 
year in Canada, he accompanied Burgoyne on his 
unfortunate expedition. He rendered special ser- 
vice at the taking of Ticonderoga, and, by bringing 
up re-enforcements, in dispersing the Americans at 
Hubbardton ; and. had his advice been followed, 
the disastrous raia on Bennington would not have 
occurred. At the battle of 19 Sept., 1777, he alone, 
by bringing up his Brunswickers at a critical mo- 
ment, saved the English army from a complete 



rout; and, had his suggestions been carried out 
after the action of 7 Oct, Burgoyne would, in all 
probability, have made good his retreat into Can- 
ada. He was made prisoner at Saratoga on 17 
Oct, exchanged in 1779, and in November of that 
year received from Gen. Clinton a command on 
Long Island, with headquarters on what are now 
Brooklyn heights. He returned to Germany in 
the summer of 1788, was advanced to the rank 
of lieutenant-general in 1787, and appointed to 
the command of the Brunswick contingent that 
was sent into Holland to support the cause of the 
stadtholder. In 1794 he was appointed comman- 
dant of the city of Brunswick, which office he held 
until his death. His " Memoirs, Letters, and Mili- 
tary Journals," edited by Max von Eelking, have 
been translated by William L. Stone (2 volk, Al- 
bany, 1868). — His wife, Frederic* Charlotte 
Louisa, b. in Brandenburg in 1746 ; d. in Berlin, 
29 March, 1806, was a daughter of von Massow, 
commissary-in-chief of Frederick LL, and married 
Baron Rieaesel, after 
a romantic courtship, 
in 1762. She followed 
her husband to Can- 
ada in 1777, and was 
with him during the 
Burgovne campaign, 
and wherever he was 
afterward stationed 
in this country. She 
tenderly nursed Gen. 
Simon Fraser on his 
death-bed, and, while 
the British army were 
besieged by Gen. Ho- 
ratio Gates, minis- 
tered to the sick and 
wounded after shar- 
ing her own scanty 

rations with the half- c\ <ti c\ /i 

starved soldiers and *s> fJicQiuX 

their wives. Her let- " a 

ters to her husband •> - O n4 / 
before joining him in CfUjL UC JYUaaJmu* 
Canada, and to her 

mother while she was in this country, have become 
classic She was handsome, and rendered herself 
an object of wonder by riding in thick boots, and 
what was then called " the European fashion." She 
visited some of the principal families near Char- 
lottesville, Va., being always a welcome guest Of 
her nine children, three were living in 1856. Fred- 
erica, the second daughter of Madame Riedesel, 
who accompanied her in her wanderings in this 
country, became one of the most distinguished 
women of her day. She married Count Reden, 
who died in 1854, and resided at Buchwald, which 
was the resort of many celebrated men. After her 
death the king of Prussia, Frederick William, 
caused a beautiful monument to be erected to 
her memory. She left one daughter, who married 
Baron von Rotenhan, at Reutweinsdorf, in Ba- 
varia, with whom this branch of the family of Rie- 
desel dies out Madame Riedesel's letters were 
fmblished in Berlin in 1800, and a defective Eng- 
ish translation in New York in 1827. A complete 
translation was made by William L. Stone with the 
title " Letters and Journals relating to the War of 
the American Revolution " (Albany, 1867). 

RIEL, Louis, Canadian insurgent, b. in St 
Boniface, Manitoba, 28 Oct., 1844 ; d. in Regina, 
Northwest territory, 16 Nov., 1885. He was the 
son of Louis Riel, a popular leader of the Metis 
race, or Franco-Indians of the northwest, who in 




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1849 led a revolt against the authority of the 
Hudson bay company. The son was a protege* of 
Archbishop' Tach6, and after completing his edu- 
cation at the Jesuit college in Montreal he re- 
turned to Red river. In October, 1869, he became 
secretary of the ** Comite* national des Metis/' an 
organization formed in the interests of the native 
people to resist the establishment of Canadian 
authority in the territories, which had then been 
lately acquired from the Hudson bay company. 
Riel, on behalf of the half-breeds, demanded part 
of the money that had been paid by Canada to the 
company, and when this was refused he opposed, 
at the head of a band of his countrymen, the entry 
of William McDougall, the first lieutenant-gov- 
ernor under the Dominion government. On 8 Dec, 
I860, he was elected president of a provisional 
government that was established at Fort Garry, 
after his followers had taken possession of that 
place, and captured Dr. John Christian Schultz 
and 44 Canadians. In February, 1870, Archbishop 
Taehe, who had been sent for from Rome, was 
authorized to promise Riel and his followers a 
general amnesty. On 17 Feb., Riel captured Maj. 
Bolton and 47 men, and on 4 March one of his 
prisoners. Thomas Scott, an Ontario Orangeman, 
was executed by his order. On the approach of the 
expeditionary force under Sir Garnet (now Lord) 
Wolseley, Riel evacuated Fort Garry and escaped 
from the country. A reward of $5,000 was offered 
by the Ontario government for his apprehension, 
for his share in the execution of Thomas Scott. 
He soon afterward returned to Manitoba, but was 
not arrested, and in October, 1873, he was elected 
to the Dominion parliament for Provencher, but 
was not permitted to take his seat. At the ensuing 
election in January, 1874, he was re-elected, ana 
suddenly appeared in Ottawa and signed the roll 
of membership, after which he disappeared. He 
was expelled from parliament on 16 April, but was 
again returned for the same constituency by ac- 
clamation on 3 Sept, 1874. On 15 Oct. following 
a warrant of outlawry was issued against him by 
the court of Queen's bench of Manitoba, and in 
February, 1875, he was sentenced to five years' 
banishment and forfeiture of political rights. In 
1877 he was confined for several months in Beau- 
fort lunatic asylum, Quebec, under an assumed 
name, but whether this was owing to insanity, 
or for concealment and protection, is doubtful 
He afterward removed to Montana, where, in the 
summer of 1884, a deputation of half-breeds in- 
vited him to lead them in an agitation for their 
rights in Manitoba. On 8 July, 1884, Riel arrived 
at Duck Lake with his family, and at once began 
a systematic agitation among the half-breeds and 
Indians. On 5 Sept. he stated the claims of his 
followers, which were not granted, and in March, 
1885, he established for the second time a provisional 
government in the northwest. On the 18th the 
rebels made prisoners of the Indian agent at Duck 
Lake and several teamsters, and on the 25th they 
seized the government stores. The following day 
a collision occurred between the insurgents and a 
party of mounted police and volunteers under the 
command of Maj. L. N. F. Crozier, in which the 
former were successful. After the arrival of Maj.- 
Gen. Frederick D. Middleton with Canadian troops, 
the rebellion was speedily suppressed. Riel, who 
had been taken prisoner after the capture of Ba- 
toche, was conveyed to Regina, where ne was tried 
and convicted of treason- felony, and sentenced to 
death. The execution of Riel was followed by 
great public excitement in the province of Quebec, 
and the government was bitterly denounced for 



| not recommending the commutation of his sen- 
tence. It also led to a serious, though only tempo- 
rary, defection of supporters of the administration ; 
but finally Kiel's French-Canadian sympathizers 
generally recognized the justice of his sentence, 
and admitted that his mental aberration was not 
of such a character as to render him irresponsible. 

RIGAUD, Antoine, Baron (re-go), French sol- 
dier, b. in Agen, France, 14 May, 1758; d. in New 
Orleans, La., 4 Sept., 1 820. He enlisted in early life, 
served in this country under Rochambeau during 
the Revolution, was promoted a colonel in 1796, 
and major-general in 1807, and created baron, 19 
March, 1808. He served afterward in Spain and 
Germany, and at Waterloo. After the fail of Na- 
poleon I., he refused to make his submission and 
tried to incite a rebellion in behalf of his former 
chief. He was sentenced to death, 16 May, 1816. but 
escaped to the United States, and was a promoter 
of tne Champ d'Asile in Texas that was founded 
by exiled French officers. In 1828 he removed to 
New Orleans, and was attached to the U. S. en- 
gineering department. He executed some works 
in Mississippi river, and then went to Mexico, where 
he took part in a revolution. At the time of his 
death he was a teacher of mathematics in New Or- 
leans. Napoleon, in his " Memorial de Saint Hllene," 
names him " the martyr of glory," and left him in 
his will $20,000. 

RIGAUD, Beuolt Joseph Andr6 (re-go), Hay- 
tian soldier, b. in Les Caves, Hayti, in 1761; d. 
there in 1811. He was a mulatto, and held a sub- 
ordinate command in the militia of the colony at 
the time of the revolution of 1789. At first he 
fought against the French, but he afterward es- 
poused their cause, was made a brigadier-general, 
and in 1798 became commander against the British. 
In association with Alexandre Petion (0. v.), he de- 
feated Dessalines at Grand Goave, took Jacmel, and 
defeated Toussaint L'Ouverture near that place; 
but, his resources being exhausted and his army 
reduced to a few hundred men, he abandoned the 
colony in August, 1800, and passed to France, 
where he lived in retirement In 1810 he landed 
at Port au Prince, and was appointed by Petion 
commander of the Cayes ; but he had scarcely ar- 
rived in the latter place when he proclaimed him- 
self dictator of the southern counties. P£tion f 8 
advisers urged an expedition against the rebel, but 
the president, being afraid of the popularity and 
military talents of his rival, acknowledged his in- 
dependence. Rigaud died a few months later after 
thoroughly organizing the administration of his 
republic. He was noteworthy for his magnanimity 
in contrast with the useless cruelties of the other 
Havtian chiefs. 

ft I G DON, Sidney, Mormon elder, b. in St 
Clair township, Alleghany county. Pa., 19 Feb., 
1793; d. in Friendship, N. Y., 14 July, 1876. He 
worked on a farm till 1817, and after some expe- 
rience as a printer studied for the ministry, and 
was licensed to preach by the Baptist church on 
1 April, 1819. In January, 1822, he became pastor 
of the first church in Pittsburg, Pa., where he la- 
bored successfully. Following the example of Alex- 
ander Campbell and Walter Scott, he withdrew from 
that church and assisted in establishing the Disci- 
ples, or Campbell denomination. He began preach- 
ing the new doctrine in Bainbridge, Ohio, in 1828, 
and a year later went to Mentor, where he was very 
successful. In the autumn of 1830 four Mormon 
elders, Parley P. Pratt Ziba Peterson, Oliver Cow- 
dery, and Peter Whitmer, on their way to Missouri, 
stopped at Mentor. Mr. Pratt, who had been a 
Baptist clergyman, obtained permission to preach 



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in Mr. Rigdon's church, and the latter became in- 
terested, read portions of the 4 * Book of Mormon/' 
was converted to the doctrine of the Latter-day 
saints, and baptized in October, 1830. He at once 
became zealous, and in December, 1880. met Joseph 
Smith at Fayette, N. Y. It has been claimed that, 
through Ripdon's agency (and there is no doubt of 
their association in the scheme), Smith became 
possessed of a copy of Solomon Spaulding's manu- 
script, which he read from behind a blanket to his 
amanuensis, Oliver Cowdery, with such additions 
as suited the purposes of Rigdon and himself. (See 
Spauldlng, Solomon.) Rigdon transferred to Smith 
as many of his followers as he could influence, and 
the two men were thenceforth partners in all their 
enterprises, even to the practice of polygamy, and 
both claimed to have received revelations. When 
Smith removed to Kirtland, Ohio, in January, 1881, 
Rigdon went with him, and was his most efficient 
preacher. Subsequently they preached in Hiram, 
Ohio, where, on the ni^ht of 25 March, 1882, they 
were dragged from their beds by a mob and tarred 
and feathered. They returned to Kirtland, and a 
year later a church hierarchy was established, con- 
sisting of Smith, Rigdon, and Frederick O. Will- 
iams, who were elected presidents and styled " the 
first presidency." They established a mill and a 
store, and set up a " wild-cat " bank without a char- 
ter, Smith appointing himself president and mak- 
ing Rigdon cashier. The neighboring country was 
soon flooded with notes of doubtful value, and, in 
consequence of this and other business transactions, 
the partners were accused of fraudulent dealing. 
At the same time it was said that *' a revelation 
from the Lord " had declared that the sins of Rig- 
don and Williams were forgiven, and that hence- 
forth they were **to be accounted as equal with 
Joseph Smith, Jr.. in holding the keys of His last 
kingdom." In 1888, the bank having failed in No- 
vember, 1837, Smith and Rigdon fled in the night 
to avoid arrest, pursued by their creditors, and 
took refuge in Missouri. Large numbers of Mor- 
mons had preceded them, and, having become in- 
volved in quarrels with the inhabitants, had been 
driven by mobs from place to place until they set- 
tled in Caldwell county, in the town of Far West 
Here the fugitives joined them, and Rigdon became 
noted for the vigor of his denunciations against 
the persecutors of ** God's chosen people." After 
spending some time in jail, having been arrested 
by the state authorities on charges of treason, mur- 
der, and felony, Smith and Rigdon were found 
guilty, but after some months' imprisonment were 
allowed to escape, and joined the Mormon exodus 
to Illinois. When the church was established at 
Nauvoo, Rigdon was still one of its presidents. In 
the course of his connection with that body he had 
been twice tarred and feathered, and several times 
imprisoned for his alleged conspiracies and misde- 
meanors. When Joseph and Hyrum Smith were 
shot at Carthage, HI., 27 June, 1844, Rigdon aspired 
to the leadership of the sect, but the twelve apos- 
tles preferred Brigham Young. Rigdon refused to 
submit to his authority, and, for nis contumacy, 
was declared to be ** cut oft* from the communion 
of the faithful, and delivered to the devil, to be 
buffeted in the flesh for a thousand years." Thus 
cast out, he left the town of Nauvoo in the autumn 
of 1844 and went to Pittsburg, Pa., and thence to 
Friendship, N. Y., where he died declaring firm 
belief in the doctrines and truthfulness of the 
** Book of Mormon." 

RIGGS, Ellas, missionary, b. in New Provi- 
dence, Union co., N. J., 10 Nov., 1810. He was 
graduated at Amherst in 1829, and at Andover 




&*&C4C4 /c^GGa 



theological seminary in 1832. He was a mission- 
ary at Athens and Argos, Greece, for the American 
board, from 1882 till 1838, and in Smyrna, Asia 
Minor, from 1838 till 1853. Since the latter date 
he has labored at 
Constantinople. He 
visited the United 
States in 1856, taught 
Hebrew in Union 
theological seminary 
in 1857-'8, and was 
invited to become 
professor there, but 
preferred to return 
to his foreign field. 
The translation of 
the Scriptures into 
the Turkish language 
was placed in 1873 
by the British and 
foreign Bible society 
and the American 
Bible society in the 
hands of a commit- 
tee, of which he was 
a member. As a result of its labors, the entire 
Bible was published in both Arabic and Armenian 
characters in 1878. A revision was made by a 
larger committee, including Dr. Riggs, and the 
new work was issued in 1886. Mr. Riggs received 
the degree of D. D. from Hanover college, Ind., in 
1853, and that of LL. D. from Amherst in 1871. 
He is the author of "A Manual of the Chaldee 
Language, etc" (Andover, 1832; revised ed., New 
York, 1858; and several later editions); "The 
Young Forester, a Brief Memoir of the Early 
Life of the Swedish Missionary, Fjelstedt " (1840) ; 
4i Translation of the Scriptures into the Modern Ar- 
menian Language," completed with the aid of na- 
tive scholars (Smyrna, 1858 ; reprinted in many edi- 
tions in Constantinople and New York) ; *' Grammat- 
ical Notes on the Bulgarian Language " (Smyrna, 
1844) ; " Grammar of the Modern Armenian Lan- 
guage, with a Vocabulary" (1847; 2d ed., Constan- 
tinople, 1856); " Grammar of the Turkish Lan- 
guage as written in the Armenian Character"; 
44 Translation of the Scriptures into the Bulgarian 
Language " (1871 ; several editions, Constantinople 
and Vienna); 4t Suggested Emendations of the Au- 
thorized English Version of the Old Testament" 
(Andover, 1878); "A Harmony of the Gospels in 
Bulgarian" (Constantinople, 1880); *• Suggested 
Modifications of the Revised Version of the New 
Testament " (Andover, 1883) ; " A Bible Dictionary," 
in Bulgarian (Constantinople, 1884); and minor 
publications, including tracts, hymns, and collec- 
tions of hymns, in Greek, Armenian, and Bulgarian. 
RIGGS, George Washington, banker, b. in 
Georgetown, D. C, 4 July, 1818; d. at Green Hill, 
Prince George's co., Md., near Washington, 24 
Aug., 1881. He was educated at Yale, and in 1886, 
with William W. Corcoran, formed the banking- 
house of Corcoran and Riggs, which acquired a 
national fame during the Mexican war by taking 
up the entire loan that was called for by the gov- 
ernment in 1847 and 1848. This proved: a profita- 
ble transaction from the large commission tnatwas 
received and indirectly bv bringing the firm into 
great publicity. When Mr. Corcoran retired from 
business Mr. Riggs formed the present firm of 
Riggs and Co. He also entered largely into the 
purchase of real estate in Washington and other 
parts of the District of Columbia. Mr. Riggs took 
a great interest in the management of the affairs 
of the District, and in 1873 he acted as chairman of 



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the committee that presented a petition to congress 
asking tor an investigation into the conduct of the 
board of public works. The result of the investiga- 
tion was that the congressional committee reported 
in favor of abolishing the existing territorial gov- 
ernment, and a new system was inaugurated, which 
vested all authority in congress itself. Mr. Riggs 
possessed literary and artistic taste, and collected a 
library of valuable books and many works of art 

RIGGS, Stephen Return, missionary, b. in 
Steubenville, Ohio, 28 March, 1812: d. in Beloit, 
Wis^ 24 Aug., 1888. He was graduated at Jeffer- 
son college, ra., in 1884, and after spending a year 
in Western theological seminary at Allegheny, Pa., 
was licensed to preach by the presbytery of Chilli- 
cothe. Having been sent out as a missionary by 
the American board, he proceeded to Lake Harriet 
mission, near Fort Snelling in 1837. Here ho 
spent several months in studying the Dakota 
language, and subsequently joined the mission at 
Lac-qui-parle, where, in 1889, he entertained John 
C. Fremont and Jean Nicollet to. v.). In 1848 he 
opened a new mission station at Traverse des Sioux, 
and was in charge of it until December, 1846, when 
he returned to Lac-qui-parle, and remained there 
until 1854. In that year he removed to Hazelwood 
station, near the mouth of Yellow Medicine river, 
and built a boarding-school for Dakota children. 
Here, assisted after 1858 bv his son, Alfred, he 
labored until the summer of 1862, when his work 
was interrupted by the Indian insurrection of that 
year. (See Little Crow.) Mr. Riggs and his family 
left their home on 19 Aug., and, after travelling sev- 
eral days and after many hair-breadth escapes, suc- 
ceeded in reaching a place of safety. Hastening 
to St. Paul, Dr. Riggs offered his services to Gov. 
Ramsey, of Minnesota, who commissioned him 
chaplain of the military expedition that was sent 
out to protect the frontier and punish the hostile 
Indians. After the campaign closed, Dr. Riggs 
employed his summers in visiting mission sta- 
tions, and his winters in completing the transla- 
tion of the Bible into the Dakota language, which 
was published before his death. Nearly fifty books, 
consisting of translations and original writings in 
connection with Dakota history, customs and lan- 
guage, represent the literary work of his lifetime. 
He received the degree of D. D. from Beloit college 
in 1878 and that of LL. D. from Jefferson. He 
also wrote " The Dakota First Reading-Book." with 
Gideon H. Pond (Cincinnati, 1839); »' Wowapi 
Mitawi, Tamakece Kngu: My Own Book" (Bos- 
ton, 1842); "Dakota Tawoonspe, or Dakota Les- 
sons " (Louisville, 1850) ; and •• Dakota Vocabulary " 
(New York, 1852) ; and edited " A Grammar and 
Dictionary of the Dakota Language, collected by 
the Members of the Dakota Mission" (Washing- 
ton, 1852, being vol. iv. of "Smithsonian Contri- 
butions; revised ed., 1883); "Tahkoo Wakan, or 
the Gospel among the Dakotas " (1869) ; *« The Bi- 
ble in Dakota," with Dr. J. S. Williamson" (1879); 
and " Forty Years among the Sioux" (1880). He 
also edited:, with Rev. J. P. Williamson, " Hymns 
in the Dakota Language " (New York, 1869). 

RIGHTER. Chester Newell, missionary, b. in 
Parsippany, Morris co., N. J., 25 Sept., 1824 ; d. in 
Diarbekir, Turkey, 16 Dec., 1856. He was gradu- 
ated at Yale in 1846, and subsequently studied the- 
ology at New Haven and Andover. After travel- 
ling in Europe for his health, he was ordained, 22 
Sept, 1854, and sailed for the Levant the same 
year, where, on his arrival, he acted as an agent of 
the American Bible society. Extracts from his 
letters and journals will be found in " The Bible 
in the Levant ; or, The Life and Letters of the 



Rev. C. N. Righter, Agent of the American Bible 
Society in the Levant," by Rev. Samuel L Prime, 
D. D. (New York, 1859). 

RIKER, James, historian, b. in New York city, 
I 11 May, 1822; d. in Waverly, N. Y., 15 July, 1889. 
He traced his lineage from Abraham Rycker, of 
Amsterdam, who came to this country with WU- 
helm Kieft in 1638. After receiving his education 
at Cornelius institute, he taught in 1850-'8, and 
served in the office of the American home mission- 
ary society in 1858-'63 and in the U. S. revenue 
service in 1864-'7. In 1869 he removed to Waver- 
ly, where he lived twenty years. He established a 
library there, which was opened in 1885, and of 
which he was made librarian. He was a member 
of the historical societies of New York and Massa- 
chusetts, and of other similar associations. In 
addition to addresses and brochures upon the his- 
tory of the Dutch settlers of New Yoric, Mr. Riker 
is the author of "A Brief History of the Riker 
Family " (New York. 1851) ; " The Annals of New- 
town ,f (1852) ; •• Harlem ; its Origin and Early An- 
nals "(1881); and "The Indian History of Tioga 
County," in a gazetteer of that county (Syracuse, 
1888). At the time of his death he was preparing 
a " Dictionary of the First Settlers of New Nether- 
land Prior to the Year 1700." — His brother, John 
Lafayette, a colonel in the National army, was 
killed at the battle of Fair Oaks, 31 May, 1862. 

RIKER, Richard, lawyer, b. in Newtown. Long 
Island, N. Y., 9 Sept, 1773; d. in New York city, 

26 Sept, 1842. He was educated under Dr. John 
Witherspoon, studied law, and was admitted to the 
bar in 1795. From 1802 till 1840 he was district 
attorney for New York, Westchester, and Queens 
counties, and he was recorder of the city in 1815-'19, 
1821-U and 1824-'38. Mr. Riker was an earnest 
Republican, and on 14 Nov., 1803, was wounded in 
a political duel with Robert Swartwout He was 
known for his geniality and patience on the bench, 
and possessed a profound knowledge of criminal 
law. Fitz-Greene Hal leek made Mr. Riker the 
subject of his poem •* The Recorder." 

RILEY, Bennett, soldier, b. in Alexandria, Va^ 

27 Nov., 1787; d. in Buffalo, N. Y., 9 June, 1853. 
He entered the army from civil life at an early 
period, being appointed from Maryland an ensign 
of rifles, 19 Jan., 1818, and continued in the service 
until he died. He became lieutenant on 12 March, 
served in the war of 1812, and was promoted captain, 
6 Aug., 1818, major, 26 Sept, 1887, and lieutenant- 
colonel, 1 Dec., 1889. He served with gallantry in 
1828 in an action with the Arickaree Indians, and 
for his services at Chakotta, Fla., 2 June, 1840, he 
was bre vetted colonel. In the Mexican war of 
1846-7 he was given important commands. He 
led the 2d infantry under Scott, and the 2d brigade 
of Twiggs's division in the valley of Mexico. He 
received the brevet of brigadier-general, 18 April, 
1847, for gallantry at Cerro Gordo, and that of 
major-general, 20 Aug., 1847, for Contreras. After 
one of nis successful engagements with the enemy 
Gen. Winfield Scott assured him that his bravery 
had secured a victory for the American army. At 
the conclusion of the war Gen. Riley was placed in 
command of the Pacific department with head- 
quarters at Monterey. He was appointed military 
governor of California, and servea as the first chief 
magistrate of the territory and until the admission 
of the state into the Union. He became colonel 
of the 1st infantry on 31 Jan., 1850. 

RILEY, Charles Valentine, entomologist b. 

in London, England, 18 Sept, 1843. He attended 

I schools at Chelsea and Bayswater until he was 

i eleven years old, was then sent to the College of 



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St. Paul in Dieppe, Prance, and three years later 
went to Bonn, Orermany. In 1860 he came to the 
United States and settled on a farm in Illinois, 
where he acquired a practical knowledge of agri- 
culture. Subsequently he became editorially con- 
nected with the " Evening Journal " and the " Prai- 
rie Farmer " in Chicago. He relinquished these ap- 
E>intments in May. 1864, to serve with the 134th 
linois volunteers; and when his regiment was 
disbanded, toward the close of the war, he resumed 
his connection with the •* Prairie Farmer." In 1868 
he accepted the office of state entomologist of Mis- 
souri, which he held until 1877, and then he was 
appointed chief of the U. S. entomological commis- 
sion that had been formed under the auspices of 
the department of the interior for the purpose of 
investigating the Rocky mountain locust He was 
made entomologist to the department of agricul- 
ture in 1878, but soon gave up this office and re- 
turned to his work in the entomological commis- 
sion, for which he edited and wrote the more im- 
portant original and practical portions of its four 
large reports (1877-86). In 1881 he organized the 
entomological division of the department of agri- 
culture, to which the work of the commission was 
transferred, and he has since continued in charge of 
that division, also holding the office of curator of 
insects in the U. S. national museum, to which he 
presented his private entomological collection of 
more than 115,000 mounted specimens, including 
about 15,000 species. This is now the largest gen- 
eral collection in the United States. He has lec- 
tured on entomology at Cornell university, Kansas 
state agricultural college, Washington university, 
and Missouri state university, which institution 
conferred on him, in 1873, the honorary degree of 
Ph. D. Prof. Riley's great services to the com- 
munity have been accomplished by his valuable 
researches on the insects most injurious to Ameri- 
can agriculture, including the Rocky mountain 
locust, the army worm, the chinch-bug, the canker- 
worm, the cotton-worm, the potato-beetle, and the 
phylloxera. His researches on the latter attracted 
the attention of the French authorities, and in 1873 
he was presented by that government with a gold 
medal that was designed for the occasion. In 
1884 he received a gold medal for a collection of 
insects that he made at the International forestry 
exhibition in Edinburgh. He is a member of many 
scientific societies in the United States and abroad, 
was general secretary of the American association 
for the advancement of science in 1881, and vice- 
president of the section of biology in 1888, presi- 
dent of the St Louis academy of sciences in 
1876-*8, and first president of the Entomological 
society of Washington in 1883. In 1878, with 
Benjamin D. Walsh, he founded " The American 
Entomologist," but it was discontinued at the end 
of its second volume. It was resumed in 1880. but 

E'ven up again at the close of the volume. Prof, 
iley has contributed largely to the press and to 
cyclopedias. The titles of his separate papers are 
about 200 in number, and he has published in book- 
form "Reports on the Noxious, Beneficial, and 
other Insects of the State of Missouri " (9 annual 
volumes, Jefferson Citv, 1869-77) ; " Potato Pests " 
(New York, 1876); "The Locust Plague in the 
United States" (Chicago, 1877); and " Annual Re- 
ports as Entomologist of the Department of Agri- 
culture " ; also a number of bulletins from the ento- 
mological division (Washington, 1881 et seq.). 

RILEY, Henry Chauncey, P. E. bishop, b. in 
Santiago, Chili, 15 Dec, 1835. He was graduated 
at Columbia in 1858, studied theology in England, 
was ordained in 1866, and went to Mexico, where he 



labored as a missionary. He devoted his strength 
and his fortune to building up an Episcopalian or- 
ganization in that country, which was called the 
Church of Jesus, and was consecrated bishop of the 
valley of Mexico in 1879. Differences arose be- 
tween him and other clergymen interested in the 
undertaking, and in 1884 he resigned his office. 

RILEY, Henry Hiram, lawyer, b. in Great Bar- 
rington, Mass., 1 Sept, 1813; d. in Constantino, 
Mich., 8 Feb., 1888. He was left an orphan at the 
age of ten, received a common-rchool education in 
New Hartford, N. Y., learned the printer's trade in 
Hudson, N. Y., worked in New York city as a jour- 
neyman printer from 1834 till 1837, and from 1837 
till 1842 edited the "Seneca Observer," a Demo- 
cratic paper, at Watertown, N. Y., at the same time 
pursuing the study of law. He sold this and went 
to Kalamazoo, Mich., where he was admitted to 
the bar, and entered into practice in Constantino, 
taking a high rank in his profession. He was 
prosecuting attorney for St. Joseph county for six 
years, a member of the state senate in loSO-'l, a 
delegate to the Democratic convention of 1860 at 
Charleston, where he supported the candidacy of 
Stephen A. Douglas for the presidency, a state sena- 
tor again in 1862, an active member of the commis- 
sion tnat revised the state constitution in 1873, and 
afterward judge of the circuit court He contrib- 
uted to the " Knickerbocker Magazine," under the 
pen-name of " Simon Oakleaf," a series of articles 
called " Puddleford Papers, or Humors of the 
West," which were followed by " Puddleford and 
its People." The latter was issued in book-form 
(New York, 1854), and the earlier papers, which 
were partly humorous and partly descriptive of 
nature, were subsequently published in a volume 
in a revised form, and attained popularity (1857). 

RILEY, James, mariner, b. in Middle town, 
Conn., 27 Oct, 1777 ; d. at sea. 15 March, 1840. He 
became a sailor at the age of fifteen, was soon made 
master of a vessel, and commanded in 1808 the 
"Two Marys," which was seized and confiscated 
by the French. In April, 1815, he sailed from 
Hartford in the brig " Commerce." On the course 
from Gibraltar to the Cape Verde islands he was 
shipwrecked on the coast of Africa in August, 
1815. He was kept as a slave by the Arabs for 
eighteen months, and suffered such hardships and 
cruelties that his weight was reduced from 240 to 
60 pounds. He was finally ransomed, with his 
companions, by W. Willshire, the British consul at 
Mo$adore, whom the U. S. government reimbursed 
during the presidency of James Monroe. Riley 
settled in 1821 in Van Wert county, Ohio, where 
he founded the town of Willshire, and in 1823 was 
elected to the legislature. During that important 
session he assisted in maturing the measures for 
improving the state by navigable canals, establish- 
ing an ad valorem system of taxation, providing a 
sinking fund for the debt, and advancing the com- 
mon-school system of the state. In 1831 he re- 
sumed a seafaring life, and traded between Moga- 
dore and American ports till his death. During 
his last visit to Morocco he received from the em- 
peror a license to trade with people of the seaports 
that was more favorable than any that had before 
been granted to a Christian merchant. After his 
escape from captivity an " Authentic Narrative of 
the Loss of the American Brig * Commerce * on the 
Western Coast of Africa, with a Description of 
Tombuctoo " was prepared from his journals and 
log-books by Anthony Bleecker (New York, 1816), 
and was reprinted in England, obtaining a wide 
circulation in both countries, though it was sup- 
posed to be a fiction until others of the crew arrived 



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to corroborate the story. Another survivor of the 
shipwreck, Archibald Robbins, published a narra- 
tive (Hartford, 1842). Riley's son, William Will- 
shirk, published a " Sequel " to his narrative, em- 
bracing the story of his life, voyages, and travels 
after the shipwreck (Columbus, 1861). 

RILEY, James Whltcomb, poet, b. in Green- 
field, Ind., about 1852. He acquired a knowledge 
of men and a taste for a wandering life by trav- 
elling with his father, an attorney, and early left 
school and adopted the calling of a vagabond sign- 
writer, sometimes simulating blindness in order to 
attract custom. For some time he performed in a 
theatrical troupe, and became proficient in recasting 
plays and improvising songs. About 1875 he be- 
gan to contribute to the local papers verses in the 
western dialect, which he found more popular than 
serious poetry. He exhibited his imitative powers 
also by writing a short piece called " Leonainie," 
which many literary critics were deluded into ac- 
cepting as a poem of Edgar A. Poe. He finally 
obtained regular employment in the office of the 
Indianapolis " Journal, and in that paper, and 
latterly in the magazines, he has published nu- 
merous dialect ana serious poems. His collected 
works are "The Old Swimmin'-Hole, and 'Leven 
More Poems," by " Benj. P. Johnson, of Boone " 
(1888); "The Boss Girl, and other Sketches," con- 
sisting of stories and poems (Indianapolis, 1886); 
"Afterwhiles" (1887); and "Character Sketches 
and Poems" (1887). 

RILEY, John Campbell, physician, b. in 
Georgetown, D. C, 16 Dec, 1828; d. in Washing- 
ton, D. C, 22 Feb., 1879. He was graduated at 
Georgetown college in 1848, studied in the Na- 
tional medical college at Washington, taking his 
degree in 1851, and entered into practice in that 
city. Id 1850 he became professor of materia 
medics and therapeutics in the National medical 
college. He was secretary to the National conven- 
tion for revising the pharmacopoeia, and is the au- 
thor of a " Compend of Materia Medica and Thera- 
peutics" (Philadelphia, 1869). 

RIMMER, William, artist, b. in Liverpool, 
England, 20 Feb., 1816; d. in South Miltord, 
Mass., 20 Aug., 1879. His family emigrated to 
this country in 1818, and he began early to carve 
figures in gypsum and to paint In 1846 he be- 
gan the study of medicine, going to Bridgewater 
and then to South Boston, and supporting himself 
by painting. He remained in the profession six- 
teen years, and it was not until 1860 that he pro- 
duced his first important work of art. This was a 
colossal head of "St. Stephen," carved directly 
from granite without a model It was followed by 
the "Falling Gladiator" (1861), which is now in 
the Museum of fine arts, Boston, and which at- 
tracted wide attention. It was remarkable espe- 
cially as showing his profound knowledge of the 
construction and movement of the human figure. 
He was urged to come to Boston and open an art- 
school, which he did, lecturing also before the 
Lowell institute and at Harvard on art anatomy. 
In 1867 he became director of the School of design 
for women in the Cooper institute. New York city, 
where he remained four years, after which he re- 
turned to Boston. His other works include a statue 
of Alexander Hamilton, in Boston, and "Lions 
Fighting " (1874). Dr. Rimmer also executed nu- 
merous paintings, but he felt too deeply the want 
of opportunity and of a proper appreciation of his 
advanced ideas to produce many original works. 
His life was mainly devoted to teaching. He pub- 
lished " Elements of Design " (Boston, 1872 ; re- 
vised ed., 1879) and " Art Anatomy " (Boston, 1877). 



RINALDINI, Benito (ree-nal-dee'-nee), Spanish 
missionary, b. in Brijia, province of Valencia, 15 
June, 1695; d. in Michoacan about 1760. He en- 
tered the Jesuit order in 1712, and was sent to 
Mexico about 1780, and assigned to the missions of 
the Tepehuan Indians. He wrote "Arte para 
aprender la lengua Tepehuana" (Mexico, 1745). 

RINCON. Antonio del (reen-con'), Mexican 
missionary, o. in Tezcoco in 1541 ; d. in San Mar- 
tin, Tezmelucan, 2 March, 1601. He entered the 
Jesuit order in Tepotsotlan in 1578, taught in their 
colleges of Mexico and Puebla, and afterward gave 
his life to the teaching and conversion of the na- 
tives. Although paralytic, he continued exercising 
his ministry, was carried by his converts from one 
village to the other, and died while preaching to 
the Indians. He wrote " Grama tica 6 Arte de la 
lengua Mexicans " (Mexico, 1595; reprinted by An- 
tonio Penaflel, 1885). 

RINEHART. William Henry, sculptor, b. 
near Union Bridge, Carroll co., Md., 18 SepU, 1825 ; 
d. in Rome, Italy, 28 Oct., 1874, His youth was 
passed at the homestead, and he attended school 
until he was nearly eighteen years of age, when he 
began to work on his lather's farm, but became the 
assistant of a stone-cutter in the neighborhood. 
By strict attention to duty he soon excelled his 
employer, and in 1844 secured an apprenticeship in 
a Baltimore marble-yard, where he also took up 
drawing and other studies in his leisure hours. His 
energy and talent attracted the attention of his 
employers, who not only advanced him, but built 
a studio for him on their own premises. Many of 
the works that he produced during this time still 
exist in Baltimore. But after several years he de- 
cided to devote himself wholly to the art to which 
he had become attached, and in 1855 went to Italy 
to continue his studies. While there he executed 
two bas-reliefs in marble, " Night " and " Morning." 
On his return, two years later, he opened a studio 
in Baltimore, where he executed, besides numerous 
busts, a fountain-figure for the post-office at Wash- 
ington, and two figures, "Indian" and "Back- 
woodsman," to support the clock in the house of rep- 
resentatives. In 1858 he settled in Rome. During 
the succeeding eight years there came from his stu- 
dio " Hero and Leander " ; "Indian Girl" ; 4t St Ce- 
cilia " ; " Sleeping Babes " ; " Woman of Samaria " ; 
"Christ" and the "Angel of Resurrection" (both 
now in Loudoun cemetery) ; and the bronze statue, 
"Love, reconciled with Death," in Greenmount cem- 
etery, Baltimore. He completed also the bronze 
doors of the capitol, which Thomas Crawford left 
unfinished at his death. He made visits to this 
country in 1866 and in 1872, bringing with him in 
the latter year his statue of Chief-Justice Roger B. 
Taney, which in the same year was unveiled in 
Annapolis, Md. In 1878 he set sail once more for 
Italy with a large number of orders. A desire to fill 
these all in time induced him to remain in Rome 
longer than usual during the summer, and he fell a 
victim to malaria. Besides those already mentioned, 
Rine hart's principal works include "Antigone"; 
" Nymph " ; " Clytie," which he has called his mas- 
terpiece, and which is owned by the Peabody insti- 
tute; "Atalanta"; "Latona and her Children"; 
"Diana and Apollo"; " Endymion " (1874) ; and 
" Rebecca," in the Corcoran gallery at Washington. 

RINGGOLD, Samnel, congressman, b. in Ches- 
tertown, Kent co., Md.. 15 Jan., 1770 ; d. in 
Frederick county, Md., 18 Oct., 1829. He was 
educated by private tutors, served in the state 
senate for several years, was elected to congress as 
a Democrat in 1810 in place of Roger Nelson, re- 
signed, served till 1815, was re-elected in 1816, and 



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served till 1821. After his marriage with his first 
wife, Maria, daughter of Gen. John Cadwalader, 
he settled on his estate in Washington county, 
where he built one of the handsomest residences in 
the state. His second wife, Elizabeth, was the 
daughter of CoL Edward Lloyd, of Talbot county. 
Md. — His son, Samuel, soldier, b. in Washington 
county, Md., in 1800; d. in Point Isabel, Tex., 11 
May, 1846. He was graduated at the U. S. mili- 
tary academy in 1818, served for several years as 
aide-de-camp to Gen. W infield Scott, became 1st 
lieutenant in 1822, and was brevetted captain in 
1832. He became captain in 1836, participated in 
the Florida war, and was brevetted major " for ac- 
tive and efficient conduct " during hostilities. He 
then organized a corps of flying artillery, and was 
mortally wounded at Palo Alto, the first battle of 
the Mexican war. He introduced flying artillery 
into this country, invented a saddle-tree, which 
was subsequently known as the McClelland saddle, 
and a rebounding hammer made of brass for ex- 
ploding the fulminating primers for field-guns, that 
prevented the blowing away of the hammer. — An- 
other son, Cadwalader, naval officer, b. in Wash- 
ington county, Md., 20 Aug., 1802; d. in New 
York city, 29 April, 1867. He entered the navy as 
midshipman, 4 March, 1819, served in Com. Por- 
ter's ** mosquito fleet " in the West Indies in 
1823-'4 for the suppression of piracy, and was 
commissioned lieutenant, 17 May, 1828. In 1838 
he was appointed to command the brig " Porpoise " 
in Lieut Charles Wilkes's exploring expedition, 
and participated in making the discovery of the 
Antarctic continent In August 1840, he took 
part in an attack on the natives of Suahib, Feejee 
islands, where two of the officers of the exploring 
expedition had been killed by cannibals. He as- 
sisted in the survey of Columbia river, Puget 
sound, the harbor of San Francisco and Sacramento 
river, and among the South sea islands. He re- 
turned to New York in June, 1842, by way of the 
Cape of Good Hope, after circumnavigating the 
globe, and collected valuable scientific information 
concerning the Pacific and Antarctic oceans. On 
16 July, 1849, he was commissioned a commander. 
He was on special duty in California in 1849-'51, 
and in the bureau of construction at the navy de- 
partment in 1852, and took command of the North 
Pacific exploring expedition, sailing in the " Vin- 
cennes," but feeble health compelled him to re- 
turn home. In September, 1855, he was placed on 
the reserved list, and on 2 April, 1856, he was pro- 
moted to captain on the active list He had spe- 
cial duty in Washington in 1859-'60. When the 
civil war began he was placed in command of the 
frigate " Sabine." He was commissioned commo- 
dore, 16 July, 1862, and placed on the retired list, 
30 Aug., 1864. He was promoted to rear-admiral 
on the retired list, 25 July, 1866.— Their half- 
brother, George Hay, soldier, b. in Hagerstown, 
Met, in 1814; d. in San Francisco, CaL, 4 April, 
1864, was graduated at the U. S. military academy 
in 1833, and became 2d lieutenant, 6th infantry, on 
15 Aug., 1836. He resigned from the army in 1837 
and engaged in farming. He was reappointed with 
the rank of additional paymaster in 1846, and be- 
came major on the staff, and paymaster in 1847. 
He served in the pay department during the Mexi- 
can war, became lieutenant-colonel and deputy pay- 
master-general in May, 1862, and was in charge of 
the paymasters of the Department of the Pacific 
from 1861 till his death. He was an accomplished 
scholar, draughtsman, and painter, and published 
44 Fountain Rock.Amy Weir, and other Metrical 
Pastimes n (New York, I860). 

VOL. V. — 17 



RIO, Antonio del (ree'-o), Spanish soldier, b. in 
La Mancha in 1745; d. in Guatemala about 1789. 
He came in 1775 to this country as a captain, and 
was serving in Central America when; in 1786, the 
king of Spain appointed him commander of an 
expedition to make an examination of whatever 
ruins might be found in the territory of Guatemala, 
in order to settle the question, which was then 
greatly discussed, of whence America derived its 
inhabitants. Rio undertook his task in the same 
year with great zeal, and found the ruins of an an- 
cient city near Palenque, in the present state of 
Chiapas, Mexico, the splendor of which suggested 
to him the idea that it was built by the first Phoe- 
nician adventurers that are thought by some to 
have sailed across the Atlantic ocean. Rio died 
shortly after his return to Guatemala, but left a 
manuscript about his explorations, which some 
years afterward fell into the hands of Dr. Pablo 
Felix Cabrera, who translated it into English and 
published it under the title of " Description of the 
Kuins of an Ancient City discovered near Palenque, 
in the Kingdom of Guatemala" (London, 1794). 
The volume also contains an investigation into the 
historv of the American races, by Cabrera. 

RIO, Diego del (ree'-o), Spanish missionary, b. 
in Burgos about 1580 ; d. in Tlajiaco, Mexico, in 
1644. He went to Mexico in 1595 with the family 
of the viceroy, the Count of Monterey, studied in 
the Jesuit college, and entered the* Dominican 
order in Puebla de los Angeles in 1603, when his 
protector was promoted to the viceroyalty of Peru. 
Soon afterward he was sent to the missions of 
Oajaca, and began to study the Mistec language, 
until he was able to preach fluently to the Indians 
in that tongue. He was guardian of several 
convents, including the chief one of his order at 
Oajaca, and is buried in the church of the convent 
of Tlajiaco. He wrote "Diccionario copioso y 
erudito de la Lengua Misteca" and "Tratados 
espirituales y Sermones en Misteco," the manu- 
scripts of which, according to Burgoa, were in the 
library of the convent of Tlajiaco, but were re- 
moved on the secularization of the monastic orders. 

RIO DE LA LOZA, Leopoldo (ree'-o-dav-lah- 
lo'-thah), Mexican chemist, b. in the city of Mexico 
in November, 1807; d. there, 2 May, 1873. His 
father was an apothecary, and from early youth 
the boy assisted him in the laboratory, thus acquir- 
ing a taste for chemistry. After finishing his 
fmmary education, he entered the College of San 
ldetonso, and was graduated in surgery in 1827, 
but he continued his scientific studies, and was 
graduated in 1830 in pharmacy, and in 1833 in 
medicine. In that year, when the cholera ravaged 
the country, Rio de la Loza received a public testi- 
monial from President Gomez Farias for his ser- 
vices. In 1835 he began to give private lessons in 
chemistry and natural history, and in 1843 he was 
appointed professor of chemistry in the Medical 
school and the College of mines. He became suc- 
cessively professor of inorganic chemistry and 
chemistry applied to trades and agriculture in 
five different colleges, and in 1868 professor 
of analytical chemistry in the National school 
of medicine. During the American invasion 
of 1847, Rio de la Loza, as lieutenant of the 
academical company, took part in the battles of 
Pefion, Churubusco, and San Antonio. During the 
French intervention and the empire he was pre- 
vented by sickness from leaving the capital, out 
refused to accept any public employment He was 
a member of many scientific societies in Europe, 
the United States, and the Spanish- American re- 
publics, and in 1856 received from the Society for 



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the protection of industrial arts in London a gold 
medal for his chemical discoveries, lie was one of 
the principal members of the commission for pre- 
paring the new Mexican pharmacopoeia (1874). His 
works include " Introduced al estudio de la Qui- 
mica " (Mexico, 1849) ; •* Estudio sobre el estafiate " 
(1850): "Sobre los pozos artesianos y las apuas 
naturales de mas uso en la ciudad ae Mexico" 
(1854); " Un vistazo al lago de Texcoco; su influ- 
encia en la salubridad de Mexico; sus aguas; y 
procedencia de las sales que contiene" and "El 
Ahuautli " (1864); " El liquido tintoreo de la Baia 
California*' and **Dictaraen sobre el aerolito de la 
Descubridora " (1878); and scientific pamphlets. 

RIONS, Francois Charles Hector (TAlbert, 
Count de (re-ong), French naval officer, b. in 
Avignon, 10 Feb., 1728; d. in Paris, 3 Oct., 1802. 
He entered the navy in 1748, served in Canada 
during the war of 1756-'68, and was placed in 
charge of the station of Santo Domingo in 1769, 
where he made a survey of the coast of the Leeward 
islands. He served under D'Estaing at Newport, 
in the campaign of the Antilles in 1778-*81, and 
under Vaudreuil in the engagement with Admiral 
Arbuthnot in Chesapeake bay. He continued to 
serve under De Grasse in the following campaign, 
assisted in the battles off St. Christopher and Do- 
minica in April, 1782, and joined Vaudreuil at 
Boston. He emigrated in 1792, serving in Ger- 
many in the army of Conde\ returned to France in 
1800, and was pensioned in 1802. His works in- 
clude " Resume* des operations de l'armee navale du 
Comte de Grasse pendant les annees 1781-1782" 
(Toulon, 1786). 

RIORDAN, Patrick William, R. C. arch- 
bishop, b. in Ireland, 27 Aug., 1841. He was 
taken by. his parents to Chicago, 111., in 1848, and 
was educated at the University of St. Mary's of the 
Lake in that city. He was then sent to the Ameri- 
can college at Rome, but, being attacked by malaria, 
he completed his studies in Paris and Louvain. 
He was ordained a priest in Belgium in 1865 by 
Cardinal Sterckx, and on his return to the United 
States was appointed professor of ecclesiastical 
history and canon law in the theological seminary 
of St Mary's of the Lake. In 1867 he was trans- 
ferred to the chair of dogmatic theology. From 
1868 till 1871 he was engaged in missionary work 
at Joliet, 111., after which he became rector of St. 
James's church, Chicago. There he devoted him- 
self to sustaining and extending the parochial 
schools under the charge of the bisters of Mercy. 
While he was thus engaged he received notice of 
his appointment as titular bishop of Cabasa, and 
coadjutor, with the right of succession, to Arch- 
bishop Joseph S. Alemany, of San Francisco. He 
was consecrated at St. James's, 16 Sept., 1888, ar- 
rived in San Francisco in the following November, 
and at once, by visitations and in other ways, re- 
lieved his superior of many of the heavier burdens 
of the episcopate. After taking part with Dr. 
Alemany in the 8d plenary council of Baltimore, 
he succeeded to the archbishopric on the resigna- 
tion of the former in 1884. 

RIPLEY, Eleaxar Wheelock, soldier, b. in 
Hanover, N. H., 15 April, 1782 : d. in West Feliciana, 
La., 2 March, 1889. His father, Sylvanus, was pro- 
fessor of divinity for many years in Dartmouth, 
where the son was graduated in 1800. He then 
began the practice of law, settled in Portland, Me., 
was a member of the Massachusetts legislature in 
1810-'12, its speaker, and state senator the latter 
year. At the beginning of the second war with 
Great Britain he was appointed lieutenant in the 
21st infantry, became colonel in March, 1818, and 



was wounded in the attack on York ( now Toronto), 
Canada, 18 April, 1818. He was actively engaged 
on the frontier till 14 April, 1814, when he was ap- 
pointed brigadier-general, commanded the second 
brigade of Gen. Jacob Brown's array in July fol- 
lowing, and led it with gallantry in the battles 
of Chippewa and Niagara, winning the brevet of 
major-general for his conduct, and receiving se- 
vere wounds in the latter engagement In the de- 
fence of Fort Erie, 15 Aug., and the sortie of 17 
Sept, 1814, in which he was shot through the neck, 
he bore a gallant part and for his services during 
that campaign he received a gold medal from con- 
gress, on which was inscribed " Niagara, Chippewa, 
Erie." At the reduction of the army in 1815 he 
was retained in the service, but he resigned in 1820 
and removed to Louisiana, where he practised law, 
and was a member of the state senate. He waa 
elected to congress as a Jackson Democrat in 1884, 
and served until his death, which was the result of 
his old wounds. He published a Fourth-of-July 
oration (1805). 

RIPLEY, Ezra, clergyman, b. in Woodstock, 
Conn., 1 May, 1751 ; d. in Concord, Mass., 21 Sept, 
1841. He was graduated at Harvard in 1776, 
taught, and subsequently studied theology, and in 
1778 was ordained to the ministry in Concord, 
Mass., where, he continued for sixty-three years, 
preaching his last sermon the day after his nine- 
tieth birthday. Harvard gave him the degree of 
D. D. in 1818. Dr. Ripley was a leader in the 
temperance cause. At the time of his settlement 
in Concord the town was divided into two religious 
factions, but he quickly succeeded in binding them 
in a union that existed for nearly fifty years. He 
married the widow of the Rev. William Emerson, 
and his stepson, Ralph Waldo Emerson, said of 
him: "With a limited acquaintance with books, 
his knowledge .was an external experience, an In- 
dian wisdom. In him perished more personal and 
local anecdote of Concord and its vicinity than is 
possessed by any survivor, and in his constitu- 
tional leaning to their religion he was one of the 
rear-guard of the great camp and army of the 
Puritans." He gave the land in 1886 upon which 
the monument is built to commemorate the battle 
of Concord, 19 April, 1775. From the Revolution 
for fifty years there was a controversy between 
Concord and Lexington for the honor of " making 
the first forcible resistance to British aggression. 
Dr. Ripley wrote an interesting pamphlet on that 
subiect, entitled a " History of the Fight at Con- 
cord," in which he proved that though the enemy 
had fired first in Lexington, the Americans fired 
first in his own town (Concord, 1827). He also 
published several sermons and addresses, and a 
" Half-Century Discourse " (1828). 

RIPLET, George, scholar, b. in Greenfield, 
Mass., 8 Oct, 1802; d. in New York city, 4 July, 
1880. He was the young^est but one of ten chil- 
dren, four boys and six girls, all of whom he sur- 
vived. His father, Jerome Ripley, was a merchant 
a justice of the peace for nearly half a century, a 
representative in the legislature, and one of the 
justices of the court of sessions. His mother was a 
formal, precise, stately, but kind-hearted woman, a 
connection of Benjamin Franklin. She was ortho- 
dox in religion, and her husband was a Unitarian, 
which accounts for the singular mingling of con- 
servative feeling with radical tendencies in their 
child. George loved to hear the old tunes at Brook 
Farm, and always had on his table a copy of Dr. 
Watts's hymns, even when he was writing philo- 
sophical articles for the ** Tribune," and worship- 
ping in New York with an independent society of 



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JL*.<T. 9va.V%A1aa, 



the most liberal type. He was graduated at Har- 
vard in 1828, the first scholar in a class that in- 
cluded men of some intellectual distinction. His 
only rival was John P. Robinson, who might have 
outstripped him, but was suspended for the part 
he took in a " rebellion," ana so lost his degree. 
At Cambridge young Ripley was known as an ex- 
cellent scholar, espe- 
cially in languages 
and literature. He 
was also proficient 
in mathematics, 
which he taught for 
some time at the col- 
lege while he was 
studying theology. 
Three years were 
spent at the divin- 
ity-school, and on 8 
Nov., 1826, he was 
ordained pastor of a 
new religious socie- 
ty in Boston, Presi- 
dent Kirkland, of 
Harvard, preach- 
ing the sermon, Dr. 
Charles Lowell of- 
fering the prayer of ordination, and Dr. Henry 
Ware, Jr., giving the charge. The corner-stone of 
the new meeting-house, at the junction of Pur- 
chase and Pearl streets, was laid on 7 Sept., 1825, 
and the dedication took place on 24 Aug., 1826. 
In the same year Mr. Ripley married Sophia Wil- 
lard Dana, daughter of Francis Dana, of Cam- 
bridge. He was devoted to his work, and it was 
not nis fault that his ministry was unsuccess- 
ful in a material point of view. The population 
moved to other parts of the town, and in less than 
twenty-five years the building was sold to the 
Roman Catholics. The fire of 1872 swept it out of 
existence. Business occupied the spot, and every 
trace of it was lost At this time Mr. Ripley was 
a student of philosophical questions, a disciple 
of the intuitional school, a theoretical sympathizer 
with reformers, and a warm friend of advanced 
opinions. The first meeting of the Transcendental 
club was at his house, on 10 Sept, 1836. His library 
was large and fine, especially rich in German and 
French oooks. He wrote articles on " Degerando," 
"Religion in France," " Pestalozzi," "Ethical 
Philosophy," and " Martineau's * Rationale of Re- 
ligious Inquiry/ " thus going over the whole ground 
of philosophical speculation. In 1838 Ralph Waldo 
Emerson delivered his famous address before the 
alumni of the divinity-school which led to the con- 
troversy between the old and the new orders of 
thought Andrews Norton speaking for the former. 
George Ripley for the other. In 1838 appeared the 
first two volumes of the ** Foreign Standard Lit- 
erature." a series that extended to fourteen. This 
publication exerted a large influence on the edu- 
cated mind of New England, and the opening vol- 
umes, entitled " Philosophical Miscellanies," were 
republished in 1857 in Edinburgh. In 1840 the 
*• Dial "was established, in conjunction with Mr. 
Emerson and Margaret Fuller, who conducted it 
after his short editorship was closed. He wrote 
but two papers, one on "Orestes A. Brownson" 
and one a ** tatter to a Theological Student." The 
Brook Farm experiment begun immediately on his 
leaving the pulpit, in the spring of 1841, was a 
practical continuation of the ministry, its transfer- 
rence from the speculative to the working domain, 
the literal interpretation of the Now Testament as 
Mr Ripley understood it a reduction of his preach- 



ing to practice, the fulfilment of a dream that Dr. 
Chanmng had long entertained, of ** an association 
in which the members, instead of preying on one 
another and seeking to put one another down, 
after the fashion of this world, should live togeth- 
er as brothers, seeking one another's elevation and 
spiritual growth." The name of the community 
was "The Brook Farm Institute of Agriculture 
and Education," and its aim was to establish an 
agricultural, literary, and scientific school or col- 
lege, " in order to live a religious and moral life 
worthy the name." A stock company was formed, 
and a farm and utensils were purchased. The best 
minds were attracted, and the plan at first seemed 
full of promise. The freedom from care, the spon- 
taneousness of labor, the absence of all signs of toil 
and anxiety, the sense of equality in condition, and 
the abolition of all class distinctions, made work a 



delight There was exhilaration, joy, gavety. The 
new earth had come. Wealth was nothing, fame 
was nothing; natural development was all. Mr. 



Ripley was over, in, and through the whole. He 
taught intellectual and moral philosophy and mathe- 
matics, administered, wrote letters, milked cows, 
drove oxen, talked, lent a cheerful temper to every 
part of the arrangement animated the various 
groups, and sent his ringing laugh to all corners of 
the institution. When the Brook Farm undertak- 
ing failed, in 1847, from several causes, chief among 
which were financial embarrassments, infertility of 
the soil, and want of public interest in the scheme, 
Mr. Ripley went to Flatbush, L. I., for several 
months, where his wife taught and he labored at 
journalism. In 1848 they came to New York. She 
became an enthusiastic Roman Catholic, and died 
in 1861, after a painful, lingering illness, arising 
from an accident that induced cancer. The hus- 
band went into retirement, busy in the mean time 
with various literary enterprises. His ventures 
were too many to mention. The " New American 
Cyclopaedia," of which he was joint editor with 
Charles A. Dana, begun in 1857, was finished in 
1863, and under the same editors it was completely 
revised in 1873-*6. Late in 1861 he emerged* from 
seclusion in Brooklyn, came again to New York, 
went into society moderately, read for the press, 
wrote for the " Tribune " and other papers, spent 
hours daily in his study, noticed, planned, helped 
edit books. There was the same earnestness in the 
cause of humanity, but now his aim was to elevate 
the intellectual standard, refine the taste, purify 
the sentiments of the community. In 1865 he mar- 
ried Augusta Schlossberger, a young widow, Ger- 
man by birth, Parisian by education. She married 
Alphonse Pinede after Mr. Ripley's death, and 
lives in A gen, France. The union with Mr. Ripley 
was entirely happy ; the new life was bright and 
prosperous. He travelled abroad, saw many peo- 
ple, lived in the world, did a vast amount of lit- 
erary labor, was hearty and cheerful, the honored 
centre of a brilliant intellectual circle. The Uni- 
versity of Michigan conferred on him the degree 
of LL. D. in 1874. He died of angina pectoris. 
Besides his work as a critic, in which he endeavored 
to raise the level of literary achievement and en- 
courage talent, George Ripley was the friend of 
aspiring young men. poets, prose-writers, thinkers, 
without regard to creed or nationality. He was a 
cheery companion, a warm-hearted, genial, loyal 
. comrade ; modest unassuming, ready to serve. To 
strangers he seemed formal, reserved, and cold, but 
to his intimates he was frank and jovial, fond of 
jokes and laughter, responsive, and: sympathetic 
He left no extended work, though he projected a 
series of critical and biographical sketches. As a 



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promoter of sound learning he will be gratefully 
remembered. His " Life " has been written for the 
44 American Men of Letters " series, by Octavius B, 
Frothingham (Boston, 1882). 

RIPLEY, Henry Jones, clergyman, b. in Bos- 
ton, Mass., 28 Jan., 1798; d. in Newton Centre, 
Mass., 21 May, 1875. From the Boston Latin- 
school, where he was a " medal scholar,*' he passed 
to Harvard, where he was graduated in 1816. On 
closing his course in Andover theological seminary, 
he was ordained to the Baptist ministry in Boston 
in November, 1819. The early years or his minis- 
try were spent in preaching to the colored people 
of Georgia. In 1826 he was elected professor of 
biblical literature and pastoral duties in Newton 
theological institution, where he continued until 
his resignation in 1860. After his resignation he 
labored again for some time among the colored 
people of Georgia. He received the degree of D. D. 
from the University of Alabama in 1844 and from 
Harvard in 1845. Besides numerous articles for 
magazines and reviews. Dr. Ripley was the author 
of 44 Memoir of Rev. Thomas S. Winn " (Boston, 
1824); " Christian Baptism" (1838); "Notes on 
the Four Gospels " (2 vols., 1837-'8) ; " Notes on the 
Acts of the Apostles" (1844); "Sacred Rhetoric" 
(1849); "Notes on the Epistle to the Romans" 
(1857); "Church Polity" (1867); and "Notes on 
the Epistle to the Hebrews ^ (1868). 

RIPLEY, James Wolfe, soldier, b. in Wind- 
ham, Conn., 10 Dec., 1794; d. in Hartford, Conn., 
16 March, 1870. He was graduated at the U. S. 
military academy in 1814, entered the artillery, 
served in the second war with Great Britain, and 
participated in the defence of Sackett's Harbor. 
He became battalion quartermaster of artillery in 
1816, 1st lieutenant in 1818, was engaged during 
the Seminole war in the seizure of Pensacola and 
the capture of San Carlos de Barrancas, and was 
commissioner for running the boundary-line of the 
Forida Indian reservations in 1823-'4. He became 
captain in 1825, was in command at Charleston 
harbor during the threatened South Carolina 
nullification disturbances in 1832-'3, and became 
major in 1838. He was superintendent of the 
Springfield armory in 1841-54, and in May, 1848, 
was brevetted lieutenant-colonel " for the perform- 
ance of his duty in the prosecution of the Mexican 
war." He became full lieutenant-colonel in 1854, 
was chief of ordnance in the Department of the 
Pacific in 1855-'7, and became colonel and chief of 
ordnance, U. S. army, which he held till his re- 
tirement in 1863. He received the brevet of briga- 
dier-general, U. S. array, in July, 1861, and in 
August was promoted to the full rank. From 
his retirement until his death he was inspector of 
the armament of fortifications on the New England 
coast. In March, 1865, he received the brevet of 
major-general, U. S. army, for " long and faithful 
service/'— His nephew, Roswell Sabine, soldier, 
b. in Worthington, Franklin co., Ohio, 14 March, 
1828; d. in New York city, 26 March, 1887, was 
graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1848, 
served in the Mexican war, where he was engaged 
at Monterey, Vera Cruz, Cerro Gordo, Contreras, 
Churubusco, Molino del Rev, Chapultepec. and the 
capture of the city of Mexico, and was brevetted 
captain for Cerro Gordo and major for Chapulte- 
pec. He engaged in the Florida war in 1849, but 
resigned from the army in 1853 and engaged in 
business in Charleston, S. C. At the beginning of 
the civil war he entered the Confederate service, 
directed the fire on Fort Sumter, 18 April, 1861, 
and in August of that year was appointed briga- 
dier-general, with command of the Department of 



South Carolina and its coast defences. He was in 
charge of the 2d military district of that state 
from December, 1861, till May, 1862, commanded 
a brigade that was composed of two Georgia and 
two North Carolina regiments in the defence of 
Richmond, Va., in June, 1862, and with it partici- 
pated in the battles of Mechanicsville. Gaines's 
Mills, Malvern Hill, South Mountain, Antietam, 
and Fredericksburg. He then returned to South 
Carolina in charge of the 1st military district of 
that state, constructed the defences of Charleston, 
and met the naval attack on 7 April, 1863. After 
the evacuation of that city he joined Gen. Robert 
E. Lee in Richmond, and continued with him till 
the surrender. He went abroad after the war, re- 
sided in Paris for several years, and subsequently 
returned and engaged in business in Charleston, 
S. C. He published a " History of the Mexican 
War" (2 vols., New York, 1849). 

RISING, Johan Claesson, colonial governor, b. 
in Sweden about 1600. He was secretary of the 
College of commerce at Stockholm, and was sent 
over in 1654 to act as commissary and assistant 
governor in New Sweden, taking with him a com- 
pany of emigrants in the "Ornen," which arrived 
in Delaware bay on 18 May. He expelled the 
Dutch garrison from Fort Casimir, forced the 
Dutch settlers to take the oath of allegiance to 
Sweden, concluded a treaty of friendship with the 
Indians on 17 June, and denied to the English the 
privilege of buying lands in Swedish territory, at 
the same time inviting Swedes who had gone to 
Virginia to return to the Delaware. As soon as 
Queen Christina knew of the departure of Gov. 
Johan Printz (q. t\), she sent to Rising a commis- 
sion as temporary governor, dated 28 Feb., 1654. 
In August, 1655, Gov. Peter Stuyyesant, of New 
Amsterdam, conducted an expedition against the 
Swedish colony, recaptured the fort that he had 
erected on the west bank of the Delaware, invested 
the town of Christina, and demanded that the 
Swedes should evacuate the country, except such 
as were willing to accept Dutch rule. The direc- 
tor-general paid no attention to the proposal to 
have the territorial dispute settled by commission- 
ers, and, on 15 Sept., Rising was compelled to yield 
to his ultimatum. The Dutch offered to permit 
the Swedes to retain possession of the lands higher 
up the river, but Rising and his counsellors were 
unwilling to compromise the claim of their sov- 
ereign to the whole of New Sweden. The governor 
and other officials, the soldiers, and such colonists 
as were unwilling to become Dutch subjects, were 
taken back to Europe. Rising presented a plan in 
1656 for the reconquest of New Sweden, but the 
government was occupied with other projects, and 
contented itself with presenting a fruitless demand 
for indemnification to the states-general. 

RISING, Willard Bradley, chemist, b. in 
Mecklenburg, N. Y., 26 Sept, 1889. He was grad- 
uated at Hamilton college in 1864, and at the Uni- 
versity of Michigan as a mining engineer in 1867. 
After a short experience as instructor in the chem- 
ical laboratory in Ann Arbor, he was called in 1867 
to the chair of natural science in the University of 
California, where he remained for two years. Prof. 
Rising then spent some time at the University of 
Heidelberg, where in 1871 he received the degree 
of Ph. D., and at the University of Berlin, where 
he made a specialty of chemistry under the direc- 
tion of August W. Hofmann. On his return in 
1872 he was appointed professor of chemistry in 
the University of California, and he has since filled 
that chair. For several years he was consulting 
analyst to the state viticultural commission, ana 



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was entrusted with important studies connected 
with the chemistry of wine. In 1885 he was ap- 
pointed state analyst of California, with charge of 
the examination of various food-products. Prof. 
Rising is a member of the Chemical society of Ber- 
lin, and of similar societies in this country. His 
writings include accounts of original investigations 
in scientific journals, and, in addition to his official 
reports, he has published the results of his special 
studies prepared at the instance of the state board 
of health and other state bodies. 

RISLE Y, Samuel Doty (riz'-ly), physician, b. in 
Cincinnati, Ohio, 1 6 Jan., 1845. He entered the Na- 
tional army in 1802 as a private, served three years, 
and attained the rank of sergeant He was gradu- 
ated at the University of Iowa in 1868, at the medi- 
cal department of the University of Pennsylvania 
in 1870, and settled in Philadelphia. Alter his 
appointment as surgeon to the dispensary staff of 
the Episcopal hospital he abandoned general prac- 
tice, ae voting himself to eye and ear diseases, be- 
came chief of the dispensary for these diseases on 
the opening of the hospital of the University of 
Pennsylvania in 1875, lecturer on ophthalmoscopy 
in its medical department in 1877, and subse- 
quently assistant surgeon there in the same branch. 
He is a member of various medical societies, and 
has invented an optometer with perimeter attach- 
ment for measuring errors of refraction in the 
human eye and mapping the field of vision, and 
an ophthalmoscope with cylindrical lenses, securing 
a wide range of spherico-cylindrical lenses. He 
has published numerous papers on his specialty, 
which include "The More Frequently Occurring 
Forms of Conjunctival Disease" (1877), and the 
M Mydriatics Compared " (1884). 

RISTORI, Adelaide, Italian actress, b. in Civi- 
dale, Friuli, 29 Jan., 1822. Her parents, who were 
comedians, placed her upon the stage at a very early 
age. and she soon gained reputation in comedy, 
Soldoni's plays being her favorite pieces. She 
subsequently turned to tragedy, and attained emi- 
nence in that line. After her marriage with the 
Marquis Giuliano Capranica del Grillo she with- 
drew from the stage for several years. In 1855 she 
made her dibut in Paris, where she met with preat 
success. During the succeeding ten years Ristori 
made various touts in Europe, visiting all of the 
principal cities. In September, 1866, she began 
ner first American tour, which lasted until Mav ot 
the following year, and during 1869 she travelled 
through South America. In May, 1874, she began 
a journey around the world, in the course of which 
she appeared again in South America and in 
Mexico, going thence to the United States. Her 
last visit to this country was during the season of 
1884-'5, and lasted seven months. During this 
time, besides appearing in her principal rdles, she 
played in ** Macbeth " with Edwin Booth, and gave 
also one performance of **Mary Stuart" at the 
Thalia theatre, speaking English, while the other 
actors spoke German. The tragedies in which she 
especially excels are " Queen Elizabeth," " Marie 
Antoinette," "Maria Stuart," "Myrrha," "Fran- 
cesca de Rimini," " Macbeth," " Pia dei Toloraei," 
and ** Medea." Her autobiography, which is largely 
made up of analyses of her acting in some of ner 
best rdles, has been translated and published un- 
der the title "Studies and Memoirs" (London, 
England, 1888) and in the "Famous Women" 
senes (Boston, Mass., 1888). 

RITCH, John Warren, architect, b. in Putnam 
county, N. Y., 22 June, 1822. He came to New 
York m 1831, and, after spending eleven years in 
the office of William Hurry, the architect, he estab- 



lished himself in 1846 in the practice of his pro- 
fession in New York city, where he has since con- 
tinued. Among his important works in New York 
city are the Bank of commerce, the Union dime 
savings bank, the buildings of the American ex- 
press company and the Merchants' despatch com- 
pany, St. Luke's hospital, the State emigrant hos- 
pital, the Nursery and child's hospital, and the 
artificial islands and Quarantine hospital in the 
lower bay. He also designed and erected the 
bridge that crossed Broadway at Fulton street 
from 1867 till its removal two years later. During 
1847-8 he edited the " American Architect" 

RITCHIE, Alexander Hat, artist, b. in Glas- 
gow, Scotland, 14 Jan., 1822. He studied drawing 
under Sir William Allan at the Royal institution, 
receiving a premium during the first year. In 
1841 he came to New York, whence, after several 
years, he removed to Brooklyn, where he has since 
resided. He was elected an associate of the Na- 
tional academy in 1868 and an academician in 1871, 
and has exhibited frequently at the academy since 
1848. Mr. Ritchie is known both as a painter and 
as an engraver. His works in oil include " Mercy 
knocking at the Gate " (1860) ; " Fitting out Moses 
for the Fair" (1862); " Death of Lincoln" (1869); 
" Baby, who's that f " (1871) ; and numerous por- 
traits, among which are those of Prof. Charles 
Hodge (1868) and Dr. James McCosh (1870). 
Among his numerous engravings, mostly executed 
in the mezzo-tinto manner, are " Amos Kendall " ; 
" Mercy's Dream " (1850) ; " George Washington," 
after a painting by Peter F. Rothermel (1852k and 
" Lady Washington's Reception- Day," after Daniel 
Huntington; "On the March to the Sea." after 
Felix O. C. Darley (1868) ; and " Henry Clay '* (1848), 
"Washington and his Generals," and "Death of 
Lincoln," after his own paintings. He has en- 
graved a large number of portraits. 

RITCHIE, David, revenue officer, b. in Eng- 
land in 1886 ; d. in Bay Shore, L. I., 8 March, 1874. 
He was appointed to the U. S. revenue service from 
the District of Columbia in 1862 as, 3d lieutenant, 
and became 1st lieutenant in 1867, and captain in 
1871. While in command of the revenue steamer 
" Moccasin," 80 Aug., 1872, he went to the rescue 
of the passengers and crew of the steamer " Metis," 
which was wrecked off Watch Hill, R I. He and 
his crew picked up forty-two persons out of a 
rough and dangerous sea and recovered seventeen 
dead bodies. For this service Capt. Ritchie and 
his command received the thanks of congress by 
joint resolution, 24 Jan., 1873. 

RITCHIE, John William. Canadian jurist, b. 
in Annapolis, Nova Scotia, 26 March, 1808. He is 
the son of Thomas Ritchie, a Nova Scotia Judge, 
of Scottish origin. He was educated at Pictou, 
studied law, and was admitted to the bar of Nova 
Scotia in 1882, and to that of Prince Edward isl- 
and in 1886. In 1850 he was a commissioner for 
consolidating the statutes of Nova Scotia, and sub- 
sequently to adjust the tenant's right question in 
Prince Edward island. In 1864 he became a mem- 
ber of the executive council of Nova Scotia, and in 
1867 he was appointed to the Canadian senate. In 
June, 1870, Mr. Ritchie was appointed judge of 
the supreme court of Nova Scotia, and in 1873 he 
became judge in equity. — His brother. Sir William 
Johnston, Canadian jurist, b. in Annapolis, N. S., 
28 Oct., 1818, was educated at the Pictou academy, 
studied law with his brother, and was admitted to 
the bar of New Brunswick in 1838. He was ap- 
pointed queen's counsel in 1854, and was a member 
of the executive council of the province from Octo- 
ber, 1854, until he was appointed puisne judge of 



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the supreme court of New Brunswick, 17 Aug., 
1855. He held this place on the bench till 6 Dec., 
1865. when he became chief justice of New Bruns- 
wick. He was appointed a puisne judge of the 
supreme court of the Dominion, 8 Oct., 1875, and 
chief justice of Canada. 11 Jan., 1879. He repre- 
sentee! the city and county of St. John in the New 
Brunswick assembly from 1846 till 1851, when he 
retired, and served again from 1854 till his eleva- 
tion to the bench. He was knighted by the queen, 
1 Nov., 1881. Sir William was deputy governor of 
Canada during the absence of Lord lx>rne in Eng- 
land, from 6 July, 1881, till January, 1882, and 
again from 6 Sept. till December, 1882. On 5 
March, 1884, he was appointed deputy of the gov- 
ernor-general, Lord Lansdowne. 

RITCHIE, Robert, naval officer, b. in Phila- 
delphia, Pa., 21 Jan., 1798 ; d. there, 6 July, 1870. 
He entered the navy as midshipman, 1 Feb., 1814, 
and cruised in the sloop " Peacock," in the Medi- 
terranean squadron, in 1814-'18, and in the "Guer- 
riere," on the same station in 1819-'20. In 1821-2 
he was attached to the Philadelphia navy-yard. 
He served in Com. Porter's " mosquito fleet ' for 
the suppression of piracy in the west Indies in 
1823-'4, in 1827 was in the "Grampus" on the 
West India station, and was commissioned lieuten- 
ant, 13 Jan., 1825. In 1830 he was on surveying 
dutv. He cruised in the frigate "Java," on the 
Mediterranean station, in 1830-'l, and commanded 
the schooner •• Grampus " in a cruise in the West 
Indies in 1833-'5. lie was commissioned com- 
mander, 8 Sept., 1841, assigned to the frigate "Co- 
lumbia," on the Brazil station, in 1845, and attached 
to the Philadelphia navy-yard in 1848-'51. On 13 
Sept, 1855, he was placed on the reserved list, but 
he was restored to the active list and commissioned 
captain, 14 Sept, 1855. He was on leave until 
August, 1859, when he took command of the 
steamer " Saranac," in the Pacific squadron, until 
March, 1862. He was retired 21 Dec., 1861, and 
after his return from the last cruise in the Pacific 
resided at Philadelphia. He was promoted to com- 
modore on the retired list. 4 April, 1867. 

RITCHIE, Thomas, journalist, b. in Essex coun- 
ty. Va., 5 Nov., 1778; d. in Richmond, Va., 12 July, 
1854. His father, a native of Scotland, died when 
the son was six years old. The latter received an 
academic education and studied medicine, but 
abandoned it to become a teacher in Fredericks- 
burg, Va., where he remained till he removed to 
Richmond in 1804. He became editor in that city 
of the " Examiner " the same year, whose name he 
changed to the " Enauirer," and he continued to 
edit and publish it for forty years, exercising an 
influence that was not surpassed by any other jour- 
nal in the Union. At tne request of President 
Polk he resigned the " Enquirer " to his two sons 
in 1845, and, removing to Washington, assumed 
the editorial control of the " Union,' the organ of 
the adminstration, but retired in 1849. Mr. Ritchie 
was a Democrat of the extreme state-rights faction, 
and believed that nothing so became an editor as 
to be at war with all his rival contemporaries. He 
was a well-known figure in social and diplomatic 
circles, iu which he was welcome for his simple and 
generous though irascible nature and his Virginian 
peculiarities of speech and dress. 

RITNER, Joseph, governor of Pennsylvania, b. 
in Berks county. Pa., 25 March, 1780; d. in Car- 
lisle, Pa., 16 Oct, 1869. His father came to this 
country from Alsace. The son attended school 
during only six months, but wflile working on a 
farm he had access to a good library of German 
books, by which he profited so much as to supply 



largely the deficiencies of his early education. In 
1820 he was elected to the legislature, and he served 
there till 1827. He was the unsuccessful candidate 
of the anti-Masons for governor of Pennsylvania in 
1829, but was elected to that office in 1835, and served 
four years. He was nominated again for governor 
by the anti-Masons in 1838, but was defeated. Gov. 
Ritner was one of the originators of the school 
system of Pennsylvania, and was an earnest oppo- 
nent of slavery and intemperance. In 1849 he was 
for a short time director of the mint at Philadelphia, 
and he was a delegate from Pennsylvania to the 
National Republican convention that nominated 
John C. Fremont for president. 

RITTENHOUSE, William, paper- maker, b. in 
the principality of Broich, Holland, in 1644; d. in 
Roxborough, Philadelphia, Pa., in 1708. He was 
a Mennonite preacher, and with his sons, Claus 
and Gerhard, and his daughter, Elizabeth, came 
to this country from Amsterdam, Holland, and 
settled at Germantown, Pa., in 1687-8. His an- 
cestors for many generations had been paper-makers 
in Arnheiro, and he built in 1690 the nrst paper- 
mill in this country, on Paper-mill run, a branch 
of Wissahickon creek, in Roxborough township. 
The mill was owned by a company, among whom 
were, besides himself, Robert Turner, Thomas 
Tresse, Samuel Carpenter, and William Bradford, 
the first printer in the British colonies south of 
New England. In 1700-'l this mill was carried 
away by a freshet, but, with the aid of William 
Penn, was rebuilt of stone in 1702. Ritten house 
became 1 he sole owner of the paper-mill in 1704, 
and before his death gave it to nis son, Claus or 
Nicholas (1666-1734). The business increased, and 
soon an additional mill of stone was added. From 
paper that was made at this place William Brad- 
ford was supplied, and Gabriel Thomas writes: 
" All sorts of very good paper are made in the 
German Town." The business was carried on by 
direct descendants of William at the same place 
until well into the 19th century. William con- 
tinued his preaching in this country, being the 
first Mennonite minister in Pennsylvania, and he 
and his son were granted naturalization papers by 
Thomas Lloyd, the deputy governor, on 7 May, 1691. 
— Among Olaus's children was Matthias (1703- 
1779), who became a farmer and settled in Norri- 
ton township, Montgomery co.. Pa., and the lat- 
ter's eldest son was David, astronomer, b. in Rox- 
borough, Pa., 8 April, 1732 ; d. in Philadelphia; 
26 June, 1796. He 
was early trained 
to work on a farm, 
but an uncle, dying 
when the boy was 
about twelve' years 
old, left him a chest 
of tools, together 
with a few books 
that contained the 
elements of arith- 
metic and geome- 
try, and some 
mathematical cal- 
culations. These 
seem to have de- 
termined the bent 
of his life, for he ^r> >o 

covered the handle /C?ri D CP^dt — ^ 
of his plough, and '~<ya<V • yU#r*n/ust*#~ 
even the fences 

around the fields, with mathematical calculations. 
He was not without considerable mechanical abil- 
ity, as he had made a complete water-mill in 




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RITTENHOUSE 



miniature when he was eight years old, and at 
seTenteen he made a wooden clock, and later one 
in metal. In 1751 he persuaded his father to ad- 
vance money with which he purchased in Phila- 
delphia an outfit of tools, and then established 
himself in Norriton as a clock- and mathematical- 
instrument-maker. His days were spent in fol- 
lowing his trade, and- his nights were given to 
study. He solved abstruse mathematical and as- 
tronomical problems, discovering for himself the 
method of fluxions, and for a long time believing 
that he was its originator. He mastered an English 
translation of Newton's " Principia," also devoting 
himself to the study of optics. In 1751 he became 
acquainted with Thomas Barton (q. v.), who supplied 
him with books, from which he gained a knowledge 
of Latin and Greek. His clocks became celebrated 
for their accuracy ; he obtained a local reputation 
for astronomical knowledge, and through Mr. Bar- 
ton, who became his brother-in-law, he was intro- 
duced to men of learning. In 1763 he was called 
on to determine the initial and most difficult part 
of the boundary-line between Pennsylvania and 
Maryland, and this task was so well accomplished 
that he was offered extra compensation on its com- 
pletion. Although the instruments were of his 
own manufacture, when the official astronomers, 
Charles Mason and Jonathan Dixon, arrived in 1768, 
they accepted his observations without change. He 
was appointed in 1769, at the request of a commis- 
sion that was selected by New York and New Jer- 
sey, to settle the boundary-lines between these colo- 
nies. Meanwhile he continued his scientific re- 
searches, studied the variations in the oscillations 
of the pendulum that are caused by the expansion 
and contraction of the material from which it was 
made, and devised a satisfactory plan of compen- 
sation ; also about this time he made a thermome- 
ter on the principle of the expansion and contrac- 
tion of metals. Later he constructed an orrery on 
a new and more perfect plan than had ever before 
been attempted, which, when it was finished in 1770, 
was regarded by John Adams as "a most beautiful 
machine. ... It exhibits almost every motion in 
the astronomical world." Princeton purchased it 
for £800, and later Rittenhouse made a larger in- 
strument from the same model for the University 
of Pennsylvania, for which he received £400. In 
January, 1768, he was elected a member of the 
American philosophical society, and in June of that, 
year he addressed the society on the transit of Ve- 
nus- that occurred on 8 June, 1769, in consequence 
of which three committees were appointed by that 
body to make observations. One of these, under 
Rittenhouse, was stationed at his observatory in 
Norriton, and all of the preliminary arrangements 
were left to him. He set to work with great zeal ; 
Thomas Penn sent a reflector from Europe, and 
other apparatus was secured, all of which Kitten- 
house mounted. The observations, according to 
the testimony of the astronomer royal of England, 
were excellent, and, according to another authority, 
"the first approximately accurate results in the 
measurement of the spheres were given to the world, 
not by the schooled and salaried astronomers who 
watched from the magnificent royal observatories 
of Europe, but by unpaid amateurs and devotees 
to science in the youthful province of Pennsylva- 
nia." In 1769 he observed the transit of Mercury, 
and a year later he calculated the elements of the 
motion and the orbit of a comet In 1770 he re- 
moved to Philadelphia, where he continued to en- 
gage in mechanical pursuits, and also for some years 
had charge of the state-house clock. He continued 
his experiments, and in 1771 investigated the elec- 



trical properties of the gymnotus, or electric eeL 
In 1772 he was engaged to survey and ascertain the 
levels of the lands between the Susquehanna and 
Delaware rivers, and in 1778 he was chief of a com- 
misison to make the Schuylkill river navigable. 
He was commissioner from Pennsylvania in 1774 to 
determine the northwestern extremity of the boun- 
dary between New York and Pennsylvania. In 
March. 1775, the American philosophical society 
presented for the consideration of the Pennsylvania 
assembly a plan for the erection of an observatory 
under state control, with a view of tendering the 
appointment of director to Mr. Rittenhouse. The 
Revolutionary war prevented the carrying out of 
this project, and he was ordered " to prepare moulds 
for the casting of clock-weights, and send them to 
some iron-furnace, and oruer a sufficient num- 
ber to be immediately made for the purpose of ex- 
changing them with the inhabitants of this city for 
their leaden clock-weights." In October, 1775, he 
was appointed engineer to the committee of safety, 
and in that capacity he was called upon to arrange 
for casting cannon of iron and brass, to view a site 
for the erection of a Continental powder-mill, to 
conduct experiments for rifling cannon and musket- 
balls, to fix upon a method of fastening the chain 
for the protection of the river, to superintend the 
manufacture of saltpetre, and to locate a magazine 
for military stores on Wissahickon creek. He was 
appointed one of the committee of safety in April, 
17*6, its vice-president in August, and in Novem- 
ber the proclamations that vrsre issued bore his 
name as presiding officer. In March, 1776, he was 
elected a member of the assembly from Phila- 
delphia, and later he became a member of the con- 
vention that met on 15 July, 1776, and drafted the 
first constitution for the state of Pennsylvania. He 
was one of the board of war for the state of Penn- 
sylvania, and later one of the council of safety, 
to whom the most absolute powers were temporarily 
granted. In January, 1777, he was elected first 
state treasurer under the new constitution, and he 
was unanimously elected to the same office for 
twelve years, until finally, in 1789, he declined to 
serve any longer. On several occasions he was ap- 
pointed to act on various boundary commissions, 
and in 1792 he was appointed first director of the 
mint, which place he filled for three years. From 
1779 till 1782 he was professor of astronomy in 
the University of Pennsylvania, and also a trustee 
and vice-provost of the same institution. In 1772 
he received the honorary degree of A. M. from 
Princeton, and in 1789 the same college conferred 
on him the degree of LL. D. He was elected a fellow 
of the American academy of arts and sciences in 
1782, and in 1795 he was chosen an honorary fellow 
of the Royal society of London. In 1771 he was 
elected one of the secretaries of the American 
philosophical society, of which he became vice- 
president in 1786, and, on the death of Benjamin 
Franklin in 1790, he was chosen its president, which 
office he then held until his death. The early vol- 
umes of the transactions of that society were en- 
riched by his scientific contributions, about twenty 
in number; his most elaborate paper, "An Ora- 
tion on Astronomy " (Philadelphia, 1775), was de- 
livered on 24 Feb., 1775. Thomas Jefferson, who 
succeeded him as president of the Philosophical so- 
ciety, wrote : " We have supposed Mr. Rittenhouse 
second to no astronomer living ; that in genius he 
must be first, because he is self-taught" See " Life 
of David Rittenhouse," by James Renwick, in 
Sparks's " American Biography " (Boston. 18841 
and " Memoirs of the Life of David Rittenhouse, 
by William Barton (Philadelphia, 1818). 



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264 



RITTER 



RIVA AGtfERO 



RITTER, Abraham, author, b. in Philadelphia 
in September, 1792; d. there, 8 Oct, 1860. His 
father, Jacob, was a soldier in the Revolutionary 
war, and the son became a merchant in his native 
city. He was for fifty years a member of the board 
of elders of the Moravian church. He published a 
** History of the Moravian Church in Philadelphia, 
174&-'57" (Philadelphia, 1857), and " Philadelphia 
and her Merchants A (I860). 

RITTER, FrfrlSric Louis, musician, b. in 
Strassburg, Alsace, in 1834. His father came 
from a Spanish family, and the name was origi- 
nally Caballero. He began the study of music at 
an early age under Hauser and Hans M. Schlet- 
terer. When sixteen years old he received some 
instruction from Georges Kastner in Paris, whence 
he went to Germany to continue his studies there. 
In 1852 he received the appointment of professor 
of music in the Protestant seminary of Fen£- 
strange, Lorraine. Later he was also called to 
Bordeaux to conduct a series of concerts. About 
1856 he came to the United States. For several 
years after his arrival he resided in Cincinnati, 
doing much to advance the cause of music dur- 
ing his stav in that city. He organized the Ce- 
cilia and the Philharmonic societies, and under 
his leadership many works were produced for the 
first time in this country. In 1861 he went to 
New York and became conductor of the Sacred 
harmonic society and of the Arion, a choral society. 
In 1867 he organized and conducted at Steinway 
hall the first musical festival that was held in the 
city. He was appointed professor of music at Vas- 
sar college the same year, and since 1874 he has 
resided in Poughkeepsie. The University of New 
York conferred the degree of doctor of music upon 
him in 1878. As a writer on musical topics he is 
well known on both sides of the Atlantic. Besides 
numerous articles in English, German, and French 
periodicals, he has written " A History of Music in 
the Form of Lectures " (Boston, 1870-'4: 2d ed., 
London, 1876); "Music in England "(New York, 
1883); "Music in America" (1883); "Manual of 
Musical History, from the Epoch of Ancient Greece 
to our Present Time" (New York, 1886); and 
" Musical Dictation " (London, 1888). He edited 
the English edition of " Das Reich der Tone " — 
"The Realm of Tones"— (New York, 1883), for 
which he wrote the appendix, containing sketches 
of American musicians. He is also well known as 
a composer. His instrumental works include sev- 
eral symphonies and overtures for full orchestra, a 
septet for flute, horn, and string quintet, string 
quartets, and compositions for the piano and organ. 
Many of these have been rendered by the principal 
orchestral organizations and clubs for chamoer 
music in New York, Brooklyn, and Boston. His 
sacred music includes the 23d and the 05th Psalm, 
both for female voices, the 4th Psalm, " O Salu- 
taris," and an "Ave Maria." His compositions 
for the voice include more than one hundred Ger- 
man songs, and he has published also a " Practical 
Method for the Instruction of Chorus Classes," 
and compiled, with the Rev. J. Ryland Kendrick, 
D. D., "The Woman's College Hymnal," contain- 
ing tunes arranged for female voices only (Boston, 
1887).— His wife, Fanny Raymond, is also well 
known as a writer on musical topics. She has 
published translations of Louis Ehlert's " Letters 
on Music to a Lady " (London, 1877) and Robert 
Schumann's " Music and Musicians" (1877). Her 
other writings include the pamphlets " Woman as 
a Musician ' (New York, 1877) ; " Some Famous 
Songs" (London, 1878); "Troubadours and Min- 
nesingers"; "Haydn's 'Seasons'" (Poughkeepsie, 



1881) ; " Madrigals " (1882) ; and a volume of poenuv 
"Songs and Ballads" (New York, 1888). She is 
also known as the possessor of an excellent mezzo- 
soprano voice, and in the winter of 186&-'70 began 
a series of " historical recitals." 

RITTER, Henry, Canadian artist, b. in Mon- 
treal, Canada, in 1816; d. 21 Dec., 1853. He was 
designed by his father for a commercial career, but, 
his love for art early asserting itself, he obtained 
permission to visit Europe and pursue professional 
studies. He first went to Hamburg, but finally 
settled in DOsseldorf, where he obtained the high- 
est prizes in the local academies. His favorite sub- 
jects were connected with the sea. Mr. Ritter 
possessed a certain originality of invention, his 
coloring was good, and his execution showed great 
care. Among his principal works are " Smugglers 
struggling with English Soldiers" (1839); "Le 
Fanfaron^'; and "A Marriage Proposal in Nor- 
mandy" (1842). One of his best works is his 
" Young Pilot Drowned," which was purchased by 
the Art society of Prussia. His health having 
failed, he was not able to complete his largest can- 
vas, " The Poacher," till 1847. His " Indians fly- 
ing before a Burning Prairie " contains some of his 
most conscientious drawing. At his death Ritter 
left unfinished a large number of small pictures. 
He also made many sketches for purposes of illus- 
tration, among them a series for an edition of the 
works of Washington Irving that was not pub- 
lished until after his death. 

RITZEMA, Johannes, clergyman, b. in Holland 
in 1710 ; d. in Kinderhook, N. Y., 1795. He arrived 
in New York pending the negotiations for a coetns 
in connection with the Reformed Dutch church of 
New York, and was a prominent member in all the 
meetings of that bod v. He was senior minister of 
the Reformed Dutch church of New York city, 
held pastoral relations there from 1744 till 1784, 
and frequently preached at Harlem, Philipsburg, 
Fordham, and Cortlandt. He was one of the origi- 
nal trustees of King's (now Columbia) college, and 
a disagreement between him and other members 
of the coetus regarding a professorship there and 
other matters led to his withdrawal from that 
body. He published " Ware Vryheyt tot Vrede " 
(New York, 1761); "Aan den Eerwarden Do. Jo- 
hannes Leydt " (Philadelphia, 1763) ; and " Met een 
nodige voor Afspraak aan de nederduitse Gemeen- 
tens in de provincien van Niew-York en Niew- 
Jersey, door Johannes Ritzema" (New York, 1765). 
— His son, Rudolph, was graduated at King's col- 
lege in 1758, and became a lieutenant-colonel in 
the British army. 

RIVA AGt)ER0, JoȤ (re-vah-ah-goo-av'-ro), 
president of Peru, b. in Lima, 3 May, 1783; d. 
there, 21 May, 1858. He belonged to an illustrious 
family, received an excellent education and went 
to Spain, where he entered the military service. 
In 1808 he went to Buenos Ay res, where he be- 
came attached to the cause of South American in- 
dependence. He returned to Lima in 1809, and 
was appointed comptroller of the court of accounts, 
but resigned in 1813 to join the Independents. He 
maintained a correspondence with tne patriots of 
Buenos Ayres and Cnili, and in 1820 was appoint- 
ed colonel. After the landing of Gen. San Martin 
he was elected. 4 Aug., 1821, first prefect of Lima. 
For his military services he was rewarded by the 
unanimous vote of the army with an election as 

S resident of the republic, 28 Feb., 1823, and on 4 
[arch congress raised him to the rank of grand 
marshal. Soon afterward Gen. Canterac, at the 
head of a strong Spanish army, marched upon 
Lima, and the government retired to Callao. Riva 



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RIVADAVIA 



RIVERA 



265 



Aguero re-enforced his army and organized a navy, 
but the disagreements between the chiefs caused 
general discontent. He began negotiations with 
the Spanish authorities, and on 19 Aug. was de- 
posed oy congress. By order of Bolivar ne was ar- 
rested on 25 Nov., sent to Guayaquil and exiled to 
Europe, whence he began to write hostile pam- 
phlets against Bolivar. In 1831 congress revoked 
bis sentence of exile, and he returned in 1833, was 
elected in 1834 deputy to congress for Lima, and 
reinstated in his military rank, but did not appear 
again in politics. 

RIVADAVIA, Bernardino (re-vah-dah'-ve-ab), 
president of the Argentine Republic, b. in Buenos 
Avres in 1780; d. in Cadiz, Spain, 2 Sept., 1845. 
After acquiring his primary education he entered 
the College of San Carlos, and during his studies 
the first English invasion took place. After the 
reconquest of Buenos Ayres he took part as a lieu- 
tenant in the defence of the city during the sec- 
ond English invasion under Whitelock. In 1811 
he was appointed secretary of war and the treas- 
ury, in which place he subdued two revolts against 
the government In 1812 the government to which 
he belonged was deposed, and he retired to private 
life till 1814, when he was appointed envoy to sev- « 
eral European courts, and commissioned to solicit 
a protectorate from England, France, Austria, the 
United States, or in case of need from a prince of 
the house of Bourbon, in order to found a South 
American monarchy, as the conservative element 
did not believe that the country was ready for a 
republic After his negotiations for a protectorate 
had failed he returued in 1820 to Buenos Ayres. 
In 1821 Gov. Rodriguez appointed him secretary 
of the interior, in which place he accomplished 
many reforms and established the university. 
Rodriguez's successor, Las Heras, offered him the 
same place, but he refused and went as minister to 
Great Britain. On 18 Feb., 1826, he was elected 
president of the Argentine Republic, in which place 
he greatly aided the material progress of the re- 
public and sustained the war against the Brazilian 
invader of Uruguay, contributing to the independ- 
ence of that republic When the Federal party 
began to oppose nim, and several provinces rose in 
arms, Rivaoavia resigned on 29 June, 1827, retir- 
ing into private life. After the fall of Dorrego and 
Lavalle, he went to Europe in 1829, but returned 
in 1834, to answer his impeachment, was exiled to 
Montevideo, and went in 1842 to Europe. 

RIVA PALACIO, Mariano (re'-vah-pah-lah'- 
the-o), Mexican statesman, b. in the citv of Mexi- 
co, 4 Nov., 1803; 
d. there, 20 Feb., 
1880. He studied 
in the seminary 
of his native city, 
and, although tie 
was graduated 
with honors, never 
sought admission 
to the bar, but 
entered politics. 
He was chosen 
deputy to con- 
gress for the term 
of 1833- , 4, and 
from that time 
was almost con- 
Ss /%>. /&f • tinually either 
*€£. C/6c*st>~ C/«<C**<^o deputy or senator. 
In 1849 he was 
elected governor of the state of Mexico, where 
he introduced many important reforms, includ- 




ing a new system of direct taxation, which soon 
put the state treasury in a flourishing condition, 
and redeemed the credit of the state, by paying 
all its accumulated debts. He built the public 
market of Toluca, the prison, the court-house, 
and the city sewers, established a savings-bank, 
and began the penitentiary in Real del Monte. 
He was re-elected, and with the greatest difficulty 
obtained permission from the legislature to re- 
sign, when, in August, 1851, he was called by 
Gen. Arista to form a ministry, in which he took 
the portfolio of the treasury. After the fall of 
Santa-Anna's administration Gen. Martin Car- 
rera called Riva Palacio to form a ministry on 
16 Aug., 1855 ; but the latter declined and frankly 
told Carrera that as provisional president he ought 
not to appoint ministers. In December of that 
year, together with Luis de la Rosa, he accepted 
from Gen. Alvarez a commission to form a cabinet, 
but would not take the portfolio, and retired to 
private life. In 1857 he was again elected govern- 
or of the state of Mexico, established a mounted 
police to suppress the increasing brigandage, be- 
gan to drain the lagoon of Lerma, and projected a 
railroad to connect Toluca with the city of Mexico. 
Afterward he was president of the municipal coun- 
cil of Mexico, where he introduced gas-lights, con- 
structed new public markets, and established many 
other reforms. When the Republican government 
abandoned the capital, 31 May, 1863, before the 
French invasion. Kiva Palacio was prevented by 
sickness from following, but refused to form part 
of the ** junta de notables " that was formed in July 
of that year. In July, 1864, the emperor Maximil- 
ian invited him by a special commissioner to ac- 
cept the portfolio of the interior; but he declared 
that as a republican he could never take part in a 
monarchical and foreign administration. After the 
fall of Queretaro, in May, 1867, Maximilian ap- 

Sointed Riva Palacio, with Martinez de la Torre, to 
efend him before the council of war. Without a 
moment's hesitation, Riva Palacio hurried to Quere- 
taro, and, after consultation with the prisoner, went 
to San Luis Potosi to see Juarez ; but, notwithstand- 
ing his brilliant defence, he could not save his un- 
fortunate client. Later he received from the im- 
perial family a silver table-service. After the re- 
turn of the national. government to Mexico, Riva 
Palacio was elected president of the municipal 
council, and in 1868 he became deputy to congress, 
being permitted by a special law to retain his place 
in the municipality. In August, 1869, he was elect- 
ed president of congress, and in October of that year 
he was made governor of the state of Mexico, but 
returned, in December, 1871, to his seat in con- 
gress. In 1876, after the triumph of the revolution 
of Tuxtepec, he was appointed director of the na- 
tional Monte de Piedaa. He was one of the few 
public men of Mexico that had no enemy in either 
of thepolitical parties. 

RIVERA, Antonio de (re-vay'-rah), Spanish 
soldier, b. in Soria about the end of the 15th cen- 
tury; d. in Los Angeles, Peru, about 1560. He 
took part in the conquest of Cartagena in 1582 
with Pedro de Heredia {q. v.\ and in the several ex- 
peditions to the interior achieved great renown. 
In 1538 he went to Peru with the expedition that 
was commanded by the magistrate Juan de Badillo, 
and in 1540 he accompanied Gonzalo Pizarro as his 
lieutenant in the expedition to discover the country, 
of the cinnamon-tree. Rivera was a partisan of 
Gonzalo Pizarro against the viceroy Nuflez Vela, 
but, when Pedro de la Gasca arrived in 1547, he 
served under the latter's orders in the battle of 
Xaquixaguana, and till the country was pacified. 



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266 



RIVERA 



RIVERS 



and was rewarded with the government of Los 
Angeles, where he died shortly afterward. 

RIVERA, Joa6 Frnctuoso (re-vay'-rah), presi- 
dent of Uruguay, b. in Pay sand u in 1790; d. in 
Montevideo, 13 Jan., 1854. He was a "gaucho," 
began to serve under Artigas against the Spaniards 
in 1811, and when, in 1814, hostilities between that 
chief and the Argentine general, Alvear, began, 
Rivera, in command of a division, defeated Dorre- 
go, 10 Jan., 1815, at Guayabos, and entered Monte- 
video, of which he was appointed commander by 
Artigas. During the Portuguese invasion Rivera 
was his lieutenant, but in 1820 he capitulated on 
condition that his rank of colonel should be rec- 
ognized, and that he should be kept in command of 
a regiment of gaucho cavalry. On the invasion of 
the province by Jose Antonio Lavallcja (q. v.), he 
was surprised by that chief, on 29 May, 1825, but 
immediately went over to him with alf the forces 
at his command, and took a brilliant part in the 
battle of Sarandi on 12 Oct., for which ne was re- 
warded by the Argentine congress with a pension. 
In August, 1826, when Rivadavia appointed Gen. 
Alvear chief of the Argentine auxiliaries, there 
were disagreements, and Rivera, refusing his aid, 
was outlawed and fled to Corrientes. But on 21 
April, 1827, he returned with 100 adventurers from 
Santa Fc, invaded the Brazilian missions, and, gath- 
ering and disciplining a force of 1,800 Indians, kept 
the Brazilian army in check. For this he was par- 
doned, and when, after the independence, Laval- 
leja assumed the provisional presidency, 25 April, 
1829, he appointed Rivera commander-in-chief. 
After the proclamation of the constitution, con- 
gress elected Rivera president, 24 Oct., 1829; but 
La valleja plotted against him, and began an armed 
rebellion in 1832, but was defeated, 20 Sept, and 
forced to take refuge in Brazil. As president, Ri- 
vera paid little attention to the constitution, in- 
troducing a purely personal and arbitrary govern- 
ment. Although he was not dishonest for his own 
gain, he allowed his friends and former officers 
to pilfer the treasury, yet the commercial pros- 
perity of the country increased greatly. Lavalleja 
tried the fortunes of war once more in 1834, but 
was defeated and again took refuge in Brazil. In 
the elections of that year the opposition or Federal 
party obtained the victory, and on 1 March, 1835, 
Gen. Oribe was installed president; but he appoint- 
ed Rivera commander-in-chief. By instigation 
of the dictator Rosas (q. v.), Oribe persecuted the 
unionist chiefs, and Anally, being authorized by 
congress, called Rivera before a court of inquiry 
for some Arbitrary measures. The latter rose in 
rebellion, 10 July', 1836, declared the president a 
traitor to the nation for his connivance with Rosas, 
and, aided by the gauchos, the unionists, and the 
foreign colony, began a struggle against the gov- 
ernment. After a long civil war, Oribe resigned, 
20 Oct., 1838, and Rivera was elected president. 
The former took refuge with Rosas, who gave him 
the command of an army to subdue the revolution 
of Laval le and La Madrid (q. #•.), and declared war 
against Uruguay in 1842. Rivera invaded the 
province of Corrientes, but was defeated by Oribe 
at Arroyo Grande on 6 Nov. The victorious army 
in its turn invaded Uruguay, and in February, 1843, 
the famous siege of Montevideo began. Rivera, 
leaving Gen. Paz in charge, left with the cavalry to 
open a campaign in the interior, and held part of 
Rosas's army in check for two years, till it was re- 
enforced by Gen. Urquiza with 40,000 men, and 
Rivera was defeated at India Muerta, 28 March, 
1845. But finally Brazil signed a treaty with Uru- 
guay, 29 May, 1851, Oribe was killed in battle on 



8 Jan., 1852, and Rosas was defeated at Monte 
Caseros on 3 Feb. Juan Francisco Giro was elect- 
ed president, 1 March, 1852, and Rivera aided Gen. 
Venancio Flores in an insurrection. President 
Giro fled to a neutral man-of-war, and Flores, de- 
claring the executive chair vacant, instituted a tri- 
umvirate composed of himself, Lavalleja, and Ri- 
vera ; but the two latter soon died. The two chief 
towns of the department of Tacuarembo have been 
named after him, Rivera and Fructuoso. 

RIVERO, Mariano Eduardo de (re-vay'-ro), 
Peruvian scientist, b. in Arequipa in 1799; d. in 
Paris, France, 6 Nov., 1857. At the age of twelve 
he was sent to Europe and entered the college at 
Highgate, near London, studying chemistry under 
Sir Humphrey Davy. In 1816 he went to Par- 
is, where, after many difficulties, he was admitted 
in 1818 to the Royal college of mines. In 1820 he 
went to Germany to study the metallurgical dis- 
trict of Freibergi and discovered a new substance, 
which he called Humboltina. He made known in 
Europe the sodium nitrate of Tarapaca, which soon 
became one of tho principal exports of Peru. Af- 
terward he made a scientific trip to Spain, visiting 
the mines, especially those of mercury at Almaden. 
He returned to Paris in 1822, and there met Zea, 
the Colombian minister, by whom he was commis- 
sioned to go to Bogota to establish a mining-school. 
He selected some of his college companions to aid 
him ; and on their arrival in Venezuela, where they 
were well received by Gen. Bolivar, they began 
work, obtaining good results and making many 
discoveries. After three years he was called by his 
family to Peru, and resigned the charge of director 
of the school, Gen. Bolivar appointing him instead 
general director of mines and public instruction of 
Peru, which appointment was confirmed by Gen. 
La Mar, president of that republic. After his ar- 
rival in 1825 he devoted his time to science, and, 
together with Nicolas de Pierola (q. v.), published, 
from 1826 till 1828. the " Memorial de Ciencias Nat- 
urales." In 1829, during the civil war, he was de- 
posed and obliged to retire to Chili, where he made 
extensive geological studies. On his return to Peru 
the government appointed him director of the Mu- 
seum of natural history and antiquities of Lima. 
In 1832 he was a member of the national congress, 
as deputy for the province of Cailloma: but in 
1834, on account of his health, he retired to Are- 
quipa. In 1840 Gen. Gamarra reinstated him in 
the direction of the museum and public works. In 
1851 he accepted the charge of consul-general in 
Belgium, but he returned to Peru in 1852. In 1854 
he again occupied his place in Belgium. Rivero 
was a member of many foreign scientific societies. 
He wrote ** Memoria sobre las aguas mine rales de 
Yuro y otros puntos cercanos a Arequipa " (Lima, 
1827) ; *• Antiguedades Peruanas," with Dr. von 
Tschudi (Vienna, 1851); " Apuntes estadfsticos del 
Departamento de Junin" (Brussels, 1855); and 
*• Coleccion de memorias cientiflcas, agricolas e" in- 
dustriales" (2 vols., 1850-'7). 

RIVERS, Richard Henderson, clergyman, b. 
in Montgomery county, Tenn., 11 Sept., 1814. He 
was graduated at La Grange college, Ala., in 1835, 
the same year was chosen assistant professor of lan- 
guages in that institution, and in 1836-'41 was full 
professor. In 1843 he was elected president of the 
Athens female seminary, and in 1848 became pro- 
fessor of moral science in Centenary college, Jack- 
son, La., and in 1849 was elected its president, which 
office he held till 1854. In that year he became 
president of Ija Grange college, of which he retained 
charge till the civil war, and he subsequently as- 
sumed the presidency of Centenary college, ^urn- 



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raerfleld, Ala., where he remained during the war. 
In 1805 he undertook the management of a small 
school for young ladies at Somerville, Tenn., and 
afterward of other schools in the southwest. Since 
his twentieth year Mr. Rivers has preached as well 
as taught, has been pastor of various Methodist 
Episcopal churches, and is now (1888) pastor of the 
Shelby street (Louisville, Ky.) Methodist Episcopal 
church. In 1850 La Grange gave him the degree 
of D. D. lie has contributed largely to periodicals, 
and published text-books on " Mental Philosophy " 
(Nashville, 1800); " Moral Philosophy*' (1800); 
"Our Young People" (1880); "Life of Bishop 
Robert Paine" (1884); and edited a volume of 
sermons (1872). 

RIVERS, William James, educator, b. in 
Charleston, S. C, 18 July, 1822. After graduation 
at the College of South Carolina in 1841, he con- 
ducted a large private school for several years. In 
1850 he was elected professor of Greek literature in 
the College of South Carolina, and, upon the reor- 
ganization of that institution in 1805, he became 
professor of ancient languages and literature, and in 
1873 became president of Washington college, Md. 
He has local reputation as a poet, contributed to the 
periodical press of South Carolina, and published 
** A Catechism of the History of South Carolina" 
(Charleston, 1850), and "A Sketch of the History 
of South Carolina to the Close of the Proprietary 
Government by the Revolution of 1719" (1850). 

RIVES, John Cook (reeves), journalist, b. in 
Franklin county, Va., 24 May, 1795 ; d. in Prince 
George county, Md., 10 April, 1804. He removed 
to Kentucky at eleven years of age, was brought 
up by his uncle, Samuel Casey, acquired a good 
education, and in 1824 removed from Edwardsville, 
III (in which city he had been connected with a 
bank), to Washington, D. C, where he became a 
clerk in the fourth auditor's ofllce. During the 
early part of President Jackson's administration, 
with Francis Blair, senior, he founded the •* Con- 
gressional Globe," of which ho was sole proprietor 
till 1804. He possessed much humor, and was gen- 
erous in the extreme in his public and private bene- 
factions. Altogether he gave about $30,000 to the 
wives of soldiers who had enlisted in the National 
army from the District of Columbia, besides innu- 
merable smaller amounts to private individuals, and 
he subsequently gave $12,000 toward the equipment 
of two regiments in the District of Columbia. 

RIVES, William Cabell, senator, b. in Nelson 
county, Va., 4 Mav, 1798; d. at his country-seat, 
called Castle Hill, near Charlottesville, Va., 25 
April, 1808. He was 
educated at Hamp- 
den Sidney and Will- 
iam and ( Mary, and 
studied law and poli- 
tics under Thomas 
Jefferson. He served 
in 1814-15 with a 
body of militia that 
was called out for 
the defence of Vir- 
ginia during the sec- 
ond war with Great 
Britain, and was a 
member of the State 
constitutional con- 
vention in 1810 and 
of the legislature in 
1817-19. He was 
elected to congress in 
1822 as a Democrat, served three successive terms, 
and in 1829 was appointed by President Jackson 




M^o^y 



minister to France, where he negotiated the in- 
demnity treaty of 4 July, 1831. On his return in 
1832 he was chosen U. S. senator, in place of Lit- 
tleton Tazewell, as a Van Buren conservative, but 
he resigned in 1834 in consequence of his unwilling- 
ness to participate in the senate's vote of censure 
on President Jackson's removal of the U. S. bank 
deposits, of which he approved, but which the 
Virginia legislature reprobated. The political 
character of that body having changed, he was re- 
turned to the senate in 1835 in place of John Tyler, 
who had resigned, and held office till 1845. In 
January, 1837, he voted for Thomas H. Benton's 
"expunging resolution," which erased from the 
journal of the senate the resolution of censure for 
the removal of the bank deposits. He was again 
minister to France in 1849-'53. In 1801 he was 
one of the five commissioners to the " peace " con- 
gress in Washington. After the secession of Vir- 
ginia, with which he was not in sympathy, he 
served in the first and second provisional Confed- 
erate congresses. Mr. Rives possessed extensive 
culture, and a pleasing and popular address. He 
published numerous pamphlets and addresses, and 
"Life and Character of John Hampden" (Rich- 
mond, 1845); "Ethics of Christianity "(1855); and 
" History of the Life and Times of James Madison " 
(4 vols., Boston, 1859-'09). In the preparation of 
this work he had the advantage of a long and inti- 
mate acquaintance with its subject, and the use of 
all his manuscripts and papers. — His wife, Judith 
Page Walker, author, b. at Castle Hill, Albe- 
marle co., Va., 24 March, 1802 ; d. there 23 Jan., 
1882, was educated in Richmond, Va., and at sev- 
enteen years of age married Mr. Rives. She ac- 
companied him on both his missions to France, 
and on her return embodied her recollections of 
Paris in "Souvenirs of a Residence in Europe" 
(Philadelphia, 1842) and " Home and the World " 
(New York, 1857). Her other publications in- 
clude " The Canary-Bird " (Philadelphia, 1835) and 
" Epitome of the Holy Bible " (Charlottesville, Va., 
1840).— Their son, Alfred Landon, engineer, b. in 
Paris, France, 25 March, 1830, studied at Virginia 
military institute and at the University of Virginia, 
and in 1854 was graduated at the Ecole des ponts 
et chaussees, Paris. He was an assistant engineer 
in completing the U. S. capitol building, Washing- 
ton, D. C, and in building the aqueduct there, in 
charge of the U. S. survey in improving Potomac 
river, and designed and constructed the Cabin 
John bridge, near Washington, which at the time 
of its completion was the largest single-arch stone 
bridge in the world. Since the civil war he has 
been general manager of the Mobile and Ohio rail- 
road, and a vice-president and general manager of 
the Richmond and Danville railroad, and he is now 
(1888) superintendent of the Panama railroad. — 
His daughter, Amelie, author, b. in Richmond, 
Va., 23 Aug., 1803, was educated by private tutors. 
In June, 1888, she married John Armstrong Chan- 
lcr, of New York citv. Her first work was a story 
in the "Atlantic Monthly," which has since ap- 
peared with others in book-form under the title 
of "A Brother to Dragons, and Other Old-Time 
Tales" (New York, 1888). Her subsequent work 
includes stories and poems, and a novel entitled 
"The Quick or the Dead!" (Philadelphia, 1888). 

RIVINGTON, James, journalist, b. in Lon- 
don, England, about 1724: d. in New York city 
in July. 1802. Early in life he acquired wealth 
in London as a bookseller, which he lost at New- 
market, and, sailing to this country in 1700, re- 
sumed his occupation in Philadelphia, and in the 
next year in New York, where he opened a shop in 



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RIVINGTON 



ROACH 



Wall street. In 1773 he published "at his ever 
open and uninfluenced press " the first number of 
a newspaper entitled " The New York Gazetteer ; 
or the Connecticut, New Jersey, Hudson's River, 
and Quebec Weekly Advertiser." He advocated 
the measures of 
the British govern- 
ment with great 
zeal, and attacked 
the patriots so se- 
verely that in 1775 
the Whigs of New- 
port resolved to 
nold no communi- 
cation with him. 
In consequence of 
bis repeated at- 
tacks upon the 
Sons of Liberty, 
and especially 
Capt. Isaac Sears, 
that officer came 
to New York from 
Connecticut with 

ing Rivington's 
office, destroyed his press and converted the types 
into bullets. Rivington's conduct was examined by 
the Provincial congress, which referred the case to 
the Continental congress, and while the latter was 
considering it the publisher wrote a remonstrance, 
declaring " that however wrong and mistaken he 
may have been in his opinions, he has always meant 
honestly and openly to do his duty as a servant of 
the public" He then made his peace with the 
Whigs, and was permitted to return to his house, 
but, having incurred suspicion he afterward went 
to England, where he was appointed king's printer 
for New York. In 1777, after the British occupa- 
tion of that city, he returned with a new press, and 
resumed the publication of his paper under the 
title of "Rivington's New York Loyal Gazette," 
which he changed on 13 Dec., 1777, to "The Royal 
Gazette," On the day when Mai. John Andre* was 
taken prisoner his "Cow Chase was published by 
Rivington. About 1781, when the success of the 
British was becoming doubtful, Rivington played 
the part of a spy, furnishing Washington with im- 
portant information. His communications were 
written on thin paper, bound in the covers of books, 
and conveyed to the American camp by agents that 
were ignorant of their service. When New York 
was evacuated, Rivington remained in the city, 
much to the general surprise, removed the royal 
arms from his paper, and changed its title to 
"Rivington's New York Gazette and Universal 
Advertiser." But his business rapidly declined, his 
paper ceased to exist in 1783, and he passed the re- 
mainder of his life in comparative poverty-. There 
is a complete set of his journal in the library of 
the New York historical society. Rivington of- 
fended his readers by the false statements that ap- 
peared in his paper, which was called by the peo- 
ple •• The Lying Gazette," and which was even cen- 
sured by the royalists for its utter disregard of 
truth. The journal was well supplied with news 
from abroad, and replenished with squibs and 
poems against the leaders of the Revolution and 
their French allies. Gov. William Livingston in 
particular was attacked, and he wrote about 1780: 
"If Rivington is taken, I must have one of his ears; 
Governor Clinton is entitled to the other; and Gen- 
eral Washington, if he pleases, may take his head." 
Rivington provoked many clever satires from Fran- 



cis Hopkinson, Philip Freneau, and John Wither- 
spoon. Freneau wrote several epigrams at his ex- 
pense, the best of which was " Rivington's Last 
Will and Testament," including the stanza: 
" Provided, however, and nevertheless, 
That whatever estate 1 enjoy and possess 
At the time of my death (if it be not then sold) 
Shall remain to the Tories, to have and to hold." 
Alexander Graydon, in his "Memoirs," says of 
Rivington: "This gentleman's manners and ap- 
pearance were sufficiently dignified ; and he kept 
the best company. He was an everlasting dabbler 
in theatrical heroics. Othello was the character in 
which he liked best to appear." Ashbel Green 
speaks of Rivington as "the greatest sycophant 
imaginable; very little under the influence of any 
principle but self-interest, yet of the most courteous 
manners to all with whom he had intercourse." 
The accompanying portrait is from the original 
painting by Gilbert Stuart, in the possession of 
William H. Appleton, of New York. — His son, 
John, a lieutenant in the 83d regiment, died in 
England in 1809. 

ROACH, Isaac, soldier, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 
24 Feb., 1786; d. there, 29 Dec., 1848. He was 
commissioned 2d lieutenant in the 2d artillery, 2 
July, 1812, and served in the detachment under 
Capt. Towson in cutting out the British brigs 
"Caledonia" and " Detroit," lying under the guns 
of Fort Erie, 8 Oct., 1812. Lieut Roach was 
among the first to board the captured brig, the 
"Detroit" and, in the words of Winfield Scott, 
" certainly no one surpassed him in intrepidity and 
efficiency." He was wounded in the assault on 
Queenstown heights, 18 Oct., 1812, promoted cap- 
tain, 13 April, 1813, and in this capacity had com- 
mand of a piece of artillery, and formed a part of 
the advance-guard in the capture of Fort George, 
27 May, 1813. when he was again wounded. On 24 
June following, at the Beaver dam, he held his 
position for hours against a greatly superior force, 
which he repeatedly drove back, but toward the 
close of the day, through the misconduct of his 
i commanding officer, he was obliged to surrender. 
I He was held prisoner until the close of the war, 
I when, after escaping and being recaptured, he was 
liberated. On tne reduction of the array upon the 
peace establishment, he was transferred with his 
full rank to the corps of artillery. He was bre- 
vetted major for ten years' service, 13 April, 1823, 
and resigned, 1 April, 1824. In 1838 he was elected 
mayor of the city of Philadelphia, and be was 
treasurer of the mint in that city in 1844-'7. 

ROACH, John, ship-builder, b. in Mitchells- 
town, County Cork, Ireland, in 1815 ; d. in New York 
city, 10 Jan., 1887. At the age of fourteen he came 
penniless to New York, ana obtained work from 
John Allaire, in the Howell iron-works, New Jer- 
sey. In 1840 he went to Illinois to buy land, but 
he returned to New York, and worked as a ma- 
chinist for several years, and then established a 
foundry with three fellow-workmen. The explo- 
sion of a boiler nearly ruined him financially, out 
he rebuilt his works, which were known as the ^Etna 
iron-works. Here he constructed the largest en- 
gines that had been built in the United States at 
that time, and also the first compound engines. 
In 1868 he bought the Morgan iron-works in New 
York city, and also the Neptune, Franklin Forge, 
and Allaire works, and in 1871 the ship-yards in 
Chester, Pa., that were owned by Rainer and Sons. 
He established a ship-building plant that covered 
120 acres, and was valued at $2,000,000, under the 
name of the Delaware river iron ship-building and 
engine works, of which he was the sole owner, and 



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ROANE 



ROBBINS 



where he built sixty-three vessels in twelve years, 
chiefly for the U. S. government and large corpora- 
tions. Among these were six monitors that were or- 
dered during Qen. 
^^rov Grant's admin lstra- 

fc^J5****\ tion. The last ves- 

sels that he built for 
the U. S. navy were 
the three cruisers 
** Chicago," •* At- 
lanta," and •* Bos- 
ton." and the de- 
spatch-boat " Dol- 
phin." On the re- 
fusal of the govern- 
ment to accept the 
Dolphin" in 1885, 




j>~% . Mr. "Roach made 

// /J? /)# / an assignment, and 
*<LS u/hVU f/OvcuSv closed his works ; 
but they were re- 
opened when the vessel was accepted. He con- 
structed altogether about 114 iron vessels, and also 
built the sectional dock at Pensacola, Fla., and the 
iron bridge over Harlem river at Third avenue, 
New York city, in 1860. 

ROANE, John Seidell, governor of Arkansas, 
b. in Wilson county, Tenn., 8 Jan., 1817; d. in 
Pine Bluff, Ark., 7 April, 1867. He was graduated 
at Cumberland college, Princeton, Ky., and served 
in the legislature of Arkansas as speaker in 1844. 
Participating in the Mexican war as lieutenant- 
colonel of CoL Archibald Yell's Arkansas cavalry, 
he served with gallantry at Buena Vista, and com- 
manded the regiment after CoL Yell was killed, 
being made colonel on 28 Feb., 1847. From 1848 
till 1852 he was governor of Arkansas. Gov. Roane 
served in the civil war, being appointed brigadier- 

Sneral in the provisional Confederate army on 20 
arch, 1862, commanding the district of Little 
Rock, Arkansas. 

ROANE, Spencer, jurist, b. in Essex, Va., 4 April, 
1762 ; d. in Sharon Springs, Va., 4 Sept., 1822. He 
studied law with George Wythe, and also in Phila- 
delphia, after which he was a member successively 
of the Virginia assembly, council, and senate. He 
was appointed a judge in 1789 of the general court, 
and in 1794 of the court of errors. In 1819 he 
was one of the commissioners for locating the 
University of Virginia. His wife was the daiigh- 
ter of Patrick Henry. Judge Roane was a Jeffer- 
sonian Republican, and wrote several essays under 
the name of " Algernon Sidney," asserting the su- 
premacy of the state in a question of conflicting 
authority between Virginia and the United States, 
which were published in the •• Richmond Enquirer." 

ROANE, William Harrison, senator, b. in 
Virginia in 1788; d. at Tree Hill, near Richmond, 
Va., 11 May, 1845. After receiving an academical 
education he was a member of the state executive 
council and the house of representatives, and was 
elected to congress as a Democrat, serving from 4 
Dec., 1815, till 3 March, 1817. He was afterward 
chosen U. S. senator in place of Richard E. Par- 
ker, serving from 4 Sept, 1837, till 3 March, 1841. 

ROBB, James, banker, b. in Brown ville, Fay- 
ette co., Pa^ 2 April, 1814; d. near Cincinnati, 
Ohio, 30 July, 1881. His father died in 1819, and, 
after receiving a common-school education, the 
son left his home at the age of thirteen to seek his 
fortune, walking in the snow to Morgantown, Va., 
where be was employed in a bank and became 
its cashier. In 1837 ne went to the city of New 
Orleans, La., where he remained for twenty-one 
years, during which time he made six visits to 



Europe and fifteen to the island of Cuba. He 
built the first gas-works in the city of Havana in 
1840 and was president of the Spanish gaslight 
company, sharing the capital with Maria Christina, 
the queen-mother of Spain. He was active in es- 
tablishing eight banking-houses and commercial 
firms and agencies in New Orleans, Philadelphia, 
New York, San Francisco, and Liverpool, four of 
which were in existence in 1857. He was presi- 
dent of the railroad convention that met in New 
Orleans in 1851, and built the first railroad that 
connected New Orleans with the north. Mr. Robb 
was a member of the Louisiana senate. In 1859 
he removed to Chicago, where he was interested in 
railroad matters, declined the military governor- 
ship of Louisiana which was offered by President 
Lincoln, and the post of secretarv of the treasury, 
to which Andrew Johnson wished to appoint him. 
Afterward he established in New Orleans the Lou- 
isiana national bank, of which he was president in 
1866-'9. His residence, standing in the centre of 
a block, was the finest in that city. In 1871 he re- 
tired from business, and from 1873 until his death 
he resided in *• Hampden Place," near Cincinnati, 
Ohio. He was a regent of the University of Louisi- 
ana, and was the author of several reports, essays, 
and pamphlets on politics and political economy. 
—His son, James Hampden, banker, b. in Phila- 
delphia, Pa., 27 Oct, 1846, was graduated at Har- 
vard in 1866, and studied also in Switzerland, after 
which he engaged in banking and in the cotton 
business. He was a meml»er of the legislature of 
New York in 1882 and state senator in 1884-'5, 
where he was active in securing the State reserva- 
tion at Niagara, of which he was a commissioner 
from 1883 till 1887. He was also appointed com- 
missioner of the parks of New York city, and is 
now (1888) president of the board. 

ROBB, James Bnrch, lawyer, b. in Baltimore, 
Md., 14 April, 1817; d. in Boston, Mass., 3 Nov., 
1876. In his early years he removed to Washing- 
ton, D. C, was graduated at Georgetown college in 
1831, and then entered the U. S. military academy, 
but left owing to impaired health. He was clerk 
of the U. S. circuit court in Boston, Mass., from 
1845 till 1849, when he resigned and became a pat- 
ent lawyer, in which profession he was successftd, 
practising in Springfield, Mass.. where his father 
was superintendent of the National armory for 
several years. Mr. Robb prepared and published 
a valuable compilation of " Patent Cases in Su- 

?reme and County Courts of the United States to 
850 " (2 vols., Boston, 1854). 
ROBBINS, Ashnr, senator, b. in Wethersfield, 
Conn., 26 Oct, 1757; d. in Newport, R. I., 25 
Feb., 1845. After his graduation at Yale in 1782, 
he was tutor at the College of Rhode Island (now 
Brown university) from 1783 till 1788, studied 
law, was admitted to the bar, and began to prac- 
tise in Providence. He removed to Newport in 
1795, was appointed U. S. district attorney, and 
was a member of the legislature from 1818 till 
1825. He was elected to the U. S. senate as a 
Whig in place of James D'Wolf, serving from 5 
Dec., 1825, till 3 March, 1&39. after which he served 
again in the Rhode Island legislature. Brown 
gave him the degree of LL. D. in 1835. lie was an 
accomplished classical scholar and orator, and 
published several addresses and orations.— His 
nephew, Royal, clergyman, b. in Wethersfield, 
Conn., 21 Oct, 1788; d. in Berlin, Conn., 26 
March, 1861, was graduated at Yale in 1806, stud- 
ied theology, and was ordained pastor of the Con- 
gregational church at Kensington parish, Berlin, 
Conn., in 1816, serving until 1859. He contributed 



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to the "Christian Spectator'* and other Journals, 
to several works compiled by Samuel G. Goodrich, 
and was the author of brief biographies of the 
poets James G. Percival and John G. C. Brainard, 

Erefixed to editions of their writings ; many pub- 
shed sermons ; a text-book entitled " Outlines of 
Ancient and Modern History" (Hartford, 1889); 
and a " History of American Literature," intended 
as a supplement to Robert Chambers's " History of 
English Literature" (Hartford, 1887). 

BOBBINS, Chandler, clergyman, b. in Bran- 
lord, Conn., 24 Aug., 1738 ; d. in Plymouth, Mass., 
80 June, 1799. He was the son of Rev. Philemon 
Bobbins, pastor of a church in Bran ford, Conn., 
from 1732 till 1781, and was graduated at Yale in 
1756, taught in an Indian school in Lebanon, stud- 
ied theology, and was ordained pastor of the Con- 
gregational church in Plymouth, Mass., remaining 
there until his death. The degree of D. D. was 
conferred on him by Dartmouth in 1792, and by 
the University of Edinburgh in 1793. He published 
44 A Reply to John Cotton's Essays on Baptism " 
(1773); "An Address at Plymouth to the Inhabi- 
tants assembled to celebrate the Victories of the 
French Republic over their Invaders " (1793) ; •• An 
Anniversary Sermon on the Landing at Plymouth " 

S798) ; and other discourses.— His brother, Animl 
uhamah, clergyman, b. in Branford, Conn., 25 
Aug., 1740; d. in Norfolk, Conn., 30 Oct., 1813, 
was graduated at Yale in 1760, on 28 Oct, 1761, 
was ordained pastor of a Congregational church in 
Norfolk, Conn., and remained there until his death. 
In March, 1776, he joined Gen. Philip Schuyler's 
brigade at Albany as chaplain. He published sev- 
eral sermons, including a " Half-Century Sermon " 
(1811). — Ammi Ruhamah's son, Thomas, clergy- 
man, b. in Norfolk, Conn., 11 Aug., 1777; d. in 
Colebrook, Conn., 13 Sept, 1856, was graduated at 
Williams in 1796, had charge of the academy in 
Danville, Conn., 
from 1799U11 1802, 
and labored as a 
m issionary in Oh io 
in 1803- r 6. He 
was then pastor 
of Congregational 
churches in East 
Windsor, Conn., in 
1809-'27, in Strat- 
ford, Conn., in 
1830-'l, in Matta- 
poisett in 1831, 
and in Rochester, 
Mass., from 1832 
till 1842. Subse- 
quently he resided 
in Hart ford, Conn. 

in 1838. He was 
a founder of the Connecticut historical society, of 
which he was librarian in 1844, and to which he 
gave his private library. This was deposited in 
the Wads worth athenaeum at Hartford, and was 
valued at $10,000. It contains a pine chest that 
was brought over in the " Mayflower," on the lid of 
which the passengers signed: their compact His 
diary has been edited by Increase N. Tarbox (2 vols., 
Boston, 1886-'7). He delivered an oration on the 
44 Death of Gen. Washington " at Danbury on 2 Jan., 
1800. In addition to many sermons he was the au- 
thor of a " Historical View of the First Planters 
of New England," written for the "Connecticut 
Evangelical Magazine" (Hartford, 1815); revised 
and continued James Tytler's " Elements of Gen- 



eral History" (1815) ; and edited the first and sec- 
ond American editions of Cotton Mather's ** Mag- 
nalia Christi Americana " (1820 and 1853). He 
also issued anonymously a work on " All Religions 
and Religious Ceremonies" (1828). — Chandler's 
grandson. Chandler, clergyman, b. in Lvnn, Mass., 
14 Feb., 1810; d. in Weston, Mass., 11 Sept, 1882, 
was graduated at Harvard in 1829, and at the di- 
vinity-school iu 1883, when he was ordained pas- 
tor of the Second church in Boston, of which Ralph 
Waldo Emerson had been in charge. He remained 
there until his resignation in 1874, when he was 
the oldest settled pastor in Boston, and during his 
pastorate a new church edifice was erected in Boyl- 
ston street He was chaplain of the Massachusetts 
senate in 1834 and of the state house of representa- 
tives in 1845, and was largely interested in phi- 
lanthropy, and was a founder of the Children's nos- 
Eital in 1869. Harvard pave him the degree of 
>. D. in 1855. Dr. Robbins was a member of the 
Massachusetts historical society, an editor of its 
proceedings, a freouent contributor to periodicals, 
and the author of "A History of the Second or 
Old North Church in Boston " (Boston, 1852) ; " Lit- 
urgy for the Use of a Christian Church (1854) ; 
"Hymn -Book" (1854); "Memoir of Maria E. 
Clapp" (1858); "Memoir of William Appieton" 
(1863) ; " Memoir of the Hon. Benjamin R. Curtis, 
LL. D." (1878) ; and sermons and addresses. 

BOBBINS, Francis Le Baron, clergyman, b. 
in Caraillus, Onondaga co., N. Y., 2 May, 1830. He 
was graduated at Williams in 1854, studied theol- 
ogy at Auburn seminary, and in 1860 was ordained 
to the ministry and installed as pastor of a Pres- 
byterian church in Philadelphia. He founded the 
Oxford Presbyterian church in that city, which 
was dedicated in 1869, and became the pastor, re- 
signing the office in 1883. During his pastorate 
the church edifice, one of the handsomest in the 
city, and which had been constructed through his 
efforts, was destroyed by fire. Through Dr. Rob- 
bins's efforts a new building was erected. After 
resigning he travelled extensively in Europe, and 
on his return took up the work of founding a 
church in Kensington, the centre of the manufac- 
turing district of Philadelphia. In this he succeed- 
ed, and in 1886 the Beacon Presbyterian church 
was dedicated. Connected with it is a reading- 
room, and a hall where lectures on travel, art, sani- 
tation, and other popular and timely themes are 
delivered, and class-rooms for instruction in me- 
chanical arts, music, drawing, oratory, and a dis- 
pensary, in which more than 3,000 patients received 
free medical attention in 1887. He has received 
from Union college the degree of D. D. 

BOBBINS, Horace Wolcott, artist, b. in Mo- 
bile, Ala., 21 Oct, 1842. He went to Baltimore 
with his family at the age of six, and eleven years 
later came to 'New York, where be studied paint- 
ing under James M. Hart. In 1865 be made a visit 
with Frederick E. Church to the West Indies, and 
thence went to Europe. Here he studied for three 
years, after which he returned to New York. He 
was elected an associate of the Academy of design 
in 1864, and an academician in 1878, and in 1882 
he became recording secretary. He is also a mem- 
ber of the Water-color society and the New York 
etching club, and was president of the Artists* 
fund society during 1885-'7. Many of his works 
are pictures of mountain and lake scenery, in the 
delineation of which he has, perhaps, been most 
successful. His oil-paintings include " Blue Hills 
of Jamaica " (1874) ; "Passing Shower, Jamaica" 
(1875); "Roadside Elms" and "Harbor Islands, 
Lake George" (1878); "Lake Katahdin, Maine" 



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44 Early Autumn, Adirondacks M (1883) ; 
"Sunset on the Tunxis " and " Darkening in the 
Evening Glory " (1885) ; and *• The Lane." Among 
his water-colors are *• After the Rain/' ** New Eng- 
land Elms," and " New England Homestead/' a view 
at Simsbury, Conn., which last was bought by the 
French government at the exhibition of 1878. 

BOBBINS, Rensselaer David Chanceford, 
linguist, b. in Wardsborough, Vt., 28 Dec., 1811 ; 
d. in Newton Highlands, Mass., 8 Nov., 1882. 
He was graduated at Middlebury college, Vt, in 
1885, ana at Andover theological seminary in 1841, 
serving there as librarian until 1848, after which 
he was professor of languages at Middlebury until 
1872, and received from this college the degree of 
D. D. in 1882. Dr. Bobbins contributed to the 
44 Bibliotheca Sacra," translated u Egvpt and the 
Books of Moses" from the German of E. W. Heng- 
stenberg (Andover, 1843 ; 2d ed., with notes by 
W. Cooke Taylor, Edinburgh, 1845), and Xeno- 
phon's "Memorabilia of Socrates," with notes 
(New York, 1853), and edited the 8d and 4th edi- 
tions of Prof. Moses Stuart's *• Commentaries on 
the Epistles to the Romans, Hebrews, and Eccle- 
siastes" (Andover. 1854). 

ROBERDEAU, Daniel, soldier, b. in the island 
of St. Christopher, W. I., in 1727 ; d. in Winches- 
ter, Va^ 5 Jan., 1795. He was the son of Isaac 
Roberdeau, a French' Huguenot, and Mary Cunyng- 
ham, a descendant of the Earl of Glen cairn, in 
Scotland. He came to Philadelphia with his 
mother's family in his youth, became a merchant, 
and was a manager of the Pennsylvania hospital in 
l?56-'8 and 176o-'76. He was an early Mason in 
Philadelphia, associated in 1752-'4 with Franklin, 
Alexander Hamilton, and others. Roberdeau was 
elected to the Pennsylvania assembly in 1756 and 
served till 1760, when he declined further election. 
He was an elder in the Presbvterian church in 1765, 
and a friend of George Wnitefield, who baptized 
his eldest son. When the Revolution approached 
he joined the Pennsylvania associators, was elected 
colonel of the 2d battalion in 1775, and made presi- 
dent of the board of officers that governed the as- 
sociators. He presided at a public meeting at the 
state-house on 20 May, 1776, which bad great in- 
fluence in favor of the Declaration of Independ- 
ence. While in command of his battalion he fitted 
out, in partnership with his friend. Col. John 
Bayard, two ships as privateers, one of which 
captured a valuable prize, with $22,000 in silver, 
which he placed at the disposal of congress. He 
was chosen a member of the council of safety, and 
on 4 July, 1776, was elected 1st brigadier-general 
of the Pennsylvania troops, James Ewing being 
made 2d brigadier-general. All the associators 
were now called out to the aid of Washington, who 
was in a critical position in New Jersey. In Feb- 
ruary, 1777, Gen. Roberdeau was elected a mem- 
ber of the Continental congress. He was active in 
supporting the Articles of Confederation and af- 
fixed his name to that document on the part of 
Pennsylvania. He was three times elected to con- 
cress, and served till 1779. In April, 1778, there 
being a scarcity of lead in the array, Gen. Rober- 
deau received leave of absence from congress in 
order to work a lead -mine in Bedford county, 
where he was obliged to erect a stockade fort as a 
protection against the Indians. Most if not ail 
of the expense of this fort he paid out of his pri- 
vate purse, Samuel Hazard's " Register of Penn- 
sylvania "and Peter Force's "American Archives" 
contain much information about this fort and lead- 
mine ; the former was styled Fort Roberdeau. On 
24 and 25 May, 1779, Gen. Roberdeau presided at a 



public meeting in Philadelphia that had reference 
to monopolizers and the depreciation of the cur- 
rency. In 1783-'4 he spent a year in England. 
It is related of Roberdeau that, while travelling 
in his carriage across Blackheath, near London, he 
was attacked by highwaymen, who surrounded the 
carriage. He seized the leader, threw him down in 
the bottom of the carriage, and called to the coach- 
man to drive on and fire right and left He drove 
into London in this manner with the robber's feet 
hanging out of the carriage, and delivered him up 
to justice. After the war Gen. Roberdeau removed 
from Philadelphia to Alexandria, Va., where he 
often entertained Gen. Washington. A short time 
before his death he removed to Winchester, Va. 
— His eldest son, Isaac, soldier, b. in Philadelphia, 
Pa., 11 Sept, 1768 ; d. in Georgetown, D. C. 15 Jan., 
1829, was educated in this country and in England. 
His first public services were at the instance of Gen. 
Washington as as- 
sistant engineer 
in laying out the 
city of Washing- 
ton in 1791. In 
1792 he was en- 
gaged as engineer 
in building canals 
in Pennsylvania. 
He resided for 
some time in New 
Jersey, and, as 
major of brigade, 
delivered an ora- 
tion on the death 
of Gen. Washing- 
ton, 22 Feb., 1800. 
Only a few copies 
of this are known 
to exist; one of 
them is in the li- 
brary of congress. 
On 29 April, 1818, he was appointed major and topo- 
graphical engineer in the regular army, this corps 
being then just constituted by the appointment of 
four majors and four captains. At the close of the 
war with Great Britain he was ordered to survey the 
boundary between the United States and Canada, 
under the treaty of Ghent The treaty of 1783 bad 
fixed the boundary in the middle of the lakes and 
rivers, and the treaty of Ghent provided for a sur- 
vey to determine the location of that line. Col. 
Roberdeau was the engineer in charge of the survey, 
which was nearly 900 miles in length, through St. 
Lawrence river and the great lakes. In 1818 Col. 
Roberdeau was ordered to organize the bureau of 
topographical engineers in the war department, 
and was made its chief, which post he held until 
his death. He was a friend of President John 
Quincy Adams, and of John C. Calhoun, then secre- 
tary of war, and usually travelled with him on his 
official visits to military posts. He entertained 
Lafayette during the latter's visit to this country in 
1825. See •* Genealogy of the Roberdeau Family," 
by Roberdeau Buchanan (Washington, 1876). 

ROBEBT, Christopher Bhinelander, philan- 
thropist, b. in Brookhaven, Long Island, N. Y., 28 
March, 1802; d. in Paris, France, 28 Oct., 1878. 
His father, Daniel, a physician, practised for sev- 
eral years in the island of Santo Domingo. The 
son became a merchant's clerk in New York city, 
and after five years entered business for himself, 
carrying it on chiefly in New Orleans, La. In 1830 
he became head of the firm of Robert and Williams 
in New York, and he also held the presidency 
of a large coal and iron company. He retired 




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from business in 1862. Mr. Robert gave large 
sums to Hamilton college and Auburn theological 
seminary, but his chief benefactions were to the 
American college in Constantinople, which was 
named Robert college in his honor. He gave it 
$290,000 in his lifetime, and left it $125,000 in his 
will, besides real estate valued at $40,000.— His 
wife, Ann Maria, b. in New York city, 1 Aug., 
1802; d. there, 9 April, 1888, was a daughter of 
William Shaw, a merchant of New York city. She 
married Mr. Robert in 1829. accompanied him on 
his Eastern travels, and aided in the organization 
and support of numerous orphan asylums, homes 
for aged colored women, ana other religious and 
philanthropical institutions. 

ROBERT, Joseph Thomas, clergyman, b. in 
Beaufort district, 5. C, 28 Nov., 1807; d. in At- 
lauta, Ga., 5 March, 1884. He was graduated at 
Brown in 1828 and at South Carolina medical col- 
lege in 1832, after studying two vears at Yale. In 
1834 he was ordained pastor of the Baptist church 
in Roberts ville, S. C, but he soon removed to Ken- 
tucky. After several brief pastorates he became in 
1864 professor of languages in Iowa state uni- 
versity, and in 1869 he was made president of 
Burlington university in the same state. In 1871 
he took charge of the Augusta institute for the 
training of colored ministers, and when this insti- 
tute was removed in 1879 to Atlanta, and incor- 
porated with the Atlanta Baptist seminary, he was 
made its president In this service he continued 
until his death. The degree of LL. D. was given 
him by Denison university in 1869. — His son, 
Henry Hartyn, soldier, b. in Beaufort district, 
S. C, 2 May, 1837, was graduated at the U. a mili- 
tary academy in 1857. He received his commis- 
sion with the rank of lieutenant in the corps of 
engineers, and has ever since remained in that 
service. Soon after his graduation he was ap- 
pointed assistant professor of natural philosophy 
at West Point, but he was subsequently trans- 
ferred to the department of practical engineer- 
ing. In 1858 he was stationed at Fort Vancouver, 
and during the northwest boundary difficulties be- 
tween this country and Great Britain he had charge 
of the construction of defences on San Juan bland. 
At the beginning of the civil war, though of south- 
ern birth and with all his relatives in the south, Col. 
Robert unhesitatingly espoused the Union cause. 
He served on the staff of Gen. McClellan, and as- 
sisted in building the fortifications around Wash- 
ington. He was subsequently employed in similar 
services at Philadelphia and' New Bedford, Mass. 
He was promoted captain in 1863, and at the close 
of the war he was placed apain at the head of the 
department of practical engineering at West Point, 
where he remained till 1867. In that year he was 
made major, and in 1871, with headquarters at 
Portland, he had charge of the fortifications, light- 
houses, and harbor and river improvements in 
Oregon and Washington territory. He was trans- 
ferred in 1873 to Milwaukee, and assigned to a like 
duty on Lake Michigan. He was promoted lieu- 
tenant-colonel in 1888, and is now (1888) superin- 
tendent of river and harbor improvements and de- 
fences in the district of Philadelphia. Col. Robert 
is the author of " Robert's Rules of Order " (Chi- 
cago, 1876) and has supervised the preparation of 
"An Index to the Reports of the Chief Engineers 
of the U. S. A. on River and Harbor Improve- 
ments " (vol. L, to 1879, Washington, 1881 ; vol. il, 
to 1887, in preparation). 

ROBERTS, Benjamin Stone, soldier, b. in 
Manchester, Vt, in 1811 ; d. in Washington, D. C, 
29 Jan., 1875. He was graduated at the U. S. 



| military academy in 1835. and assigned to the 1st 
j dragoons, but after several years of frontier service 
! he resigned on 28 Jan., 1839, and as principal en- 
gineer built the Champlain and Ogdensburj^ rail- 
| road. He was assistant geologist of New \ ork in 
, 1841. and in 1842 aided Lieut George W. Whistler 
I in constructing the Russian system of railways. 
I He then returned to the United States, was ad- 
• mitted to the bar, and in 1843 began to practise in 
I Iowa. He became lieutenant-colonel of state mi- 
litis in 1844, and on 27 May, 1846, was reappointed 
I in the U. S. army as a 1st lieutenant of mounted 
rifles, becoming captain, 16 Feb., 1847. During 
j the war with Mexico he served at Vera Cruz, Cerro 
I Gordo, Contreras, Churubusco, where he led an 
advance party of stormers and for which he was 
brevetted maior, and the capture of the city of 
Mexico. He then took part in the actions at Mata- 
moras and the Galajara pass against guerillas, and 
was brevetted lieutenant-colonel. At the close of 
the war he received, 15 Jan., 1849, a sword of honor 
from the legislature of Iowa. From this time till 
the civil war he served on the southwestern fron- 
tier and on bureau duty at Washington, with fre- 
quent leaves of absence on account of feeble health. 
At the beginning of the civil war he was in New 
Mexico, and after his promotion to major, on 13 
May, 1861, he was assigned to the command first 
of the northern and then of the southern district of 
that territory, being engaged in the defence of 
Fort Craig against the Texan forces under Gen. 
Henry H. Sibley in 1862, the action at Valverde in 
the same year, where he was brevetted colonel for 

?Ulantry, and the combats at Albuquerque and 
eralta. On 1 June, 1861, he was ordered to Wash- 
ington, and on 16 July he was commissioned briga- 
dier-general of volunteers, and assigned as chief 
of cavalry to Gen. John Pope, with whose Anpv 
of Virginia he served during its campaign in 1862, 
acting also as inspector -general. In the latter 
part of the year he was acting inspector-general of 
the northwestern department, ana led an expedi- 
tion against the Chippewa Indians, and in 1863 he 
was in command first of the upper defences of 
Washington and then of an independent brigade 
in Westvirginia and Iowa. In 1864, after leading 
a division of the 19th corps in Louisiana, he was 
chief of cavalry of the Gulf department, till he was 
ordered, early in 1865, to the charge of a cavalry 
division in western Tennessee. At the close of 
the war he was brevetted brigadier-general in the 
regular army for services at Cedar Mountain, and 
major-general of volunteers for that action and 
the second battle of Bull Run. He became lieu- 
tenant-colonel of the 3d cavalry on 28 July, 1866, 
served on frontier and recruiting service till 1868, 
and then as professor of military science at Tale 
till his retirement from active service on 15 Dec, 
1870. He was the inventor of the Roberts breech- 
loading rifle, to the perfection and introduction of 
which he devoted many years of his life. In 1870 
he formed a company for its manufacture, which 
finally failed, though Gen. Roberts had secured a 
contract in Europe. 

ROBERTS, Charles George Douglas, Cana- 
dian poet, b. in Douglas, York co., New Brunswick, 
10 Jan., 1860. He was graduated at the University 
of New Brunswick, Fredericton, in 1879, became 
principal of the Chatham grammar-school in 1879, 
and of the York street school in 1882. He as- 
sumed the editorship of the Toronto •• Week n in 
December, 1883, and was appointed professor of 
English and French literature and political econo- 
my in the University of King's college, Windsor, 
Nova Scotia, in October, 1885. Those of his poeti- 



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cal compositions that are distinctively Canadian 
are regarded as being specially excellent. He has 
published "Orion, and other Poems" (Philadel- 
phia, 1880); "In Divers Tones'* (Boston and Mon- 
treal, 1887); and edited "Poems of Wildlife" in 
the series of Canterbury poets (1888). Mr. Roberts 
has also contributed to jperiodical literature, and is 
an earnest advocate of Canadian nationalism. 

ROBERTS, Edmund, diplomatist, b. in Ports- 
mouth, N. H., 29 June, 1784; d. in Macao, China, 
13 June, 1886. Waiving an appointment as mid- 
shipman at the age of thirteen in the (J. S. navv, 
he entered upon a mercantile career, living in 
Bueuos Ayres, and then in London until be was 
twenty-four years old. He was an extensive ship- 
owner, and. lost heavily by the Spanish and French 
privateers.* In 1827 he charterea the ship " Mary 
Anne " and sailed to Zanzibar, meeting the sultan 
and establishing a friendship that afterward de- 
veloped into treaty relations with the United States. 
Making further voyages to ports on the Indian 
ocean, ne studied the possible openings to Ameri- 
can trade. On his return, with the assistance of 
Levi Woodbury, his suggestions were brought be- 
fore congress, and in consequence the U. S. vessels 
** Peacock " and " Boxer " were sent out, with Mr. 
Roberts as special diplomatic agent, to make trea- 
ties with Muscat, Siam, and Cochin-China. His 
successes during a voyage of twenty-six months 
are detailed in his posthumous volume, " Embassy 
to the Eastern Courts " (New York, 1887). Leav- 
ing again in 1835 in the " Peacock," to exchange 
ratifications of the treaties that had been made 
with Muscat and Siam, and to visit Japan with like 
purpose, he died at Macao of fever that he had 
contracted in Siam. A monument over his grave, 
erected by Americans in China, and a memorial 
window in St John's church, Portsmouth, N. H., 
presented by his granddaughter, Mrs. John V. L. 
Fruyn, of Albany. N. Y., keep alive the memory of 
the first American diplomatist in Asia, whose un- 
finished work was consummated by Matthew Perry 
and Townsend Harris. His wife was the young- 
est daughter of Woodbury Langdon. Of his eight 
daughters who survived him, Catharine Whipple 
became the wife of Rev. Andrew P. Peabody, D. D., 
of Harvard University ; Sarah, author of several 
volumes and various poems, married Dr. James 
Boyle, of Canada ; and Harriet Langdon married 
the late Amasa J. Parker, of Albany, N. Y. 

ROBERTS, Elite Henry, journalist, b. in 
Utica, N. Y., 80 Sept., 1827. He was prepared for 
college at Wbitestown seminary and was graduated 
at Yale in 1850, was principal of the Utica acad- 
emy, taught Latin in the female seminary, be- 
came editor and proprietor of the Utica " Morning 
Herald " in 1850, served in the legislature in 1867, 
and was a delegate to the National Republican con- 
ventions of 1864, 1868, and 1876. He was elected 
to congress as a Republican, serving on the com- 
mittee of ways and means from 4 March, 1871, till 
8 March, 1875, after which he resumed the control 
of his paper in Utica, which he now (1888) con- 
tinues, and to which he contributed in 1878 a series 
of letters entitled " To Greece and Beyond." He 
was a defeated candidate for congress in 1876. 
Hamilton college gave him the degree of LL. D. 
in 1869, and Yale m 1884. He has been president 
of the Port Schuyler club, and is now (1888) presi- 
dent of the Oneida historical society. He delivered 
an address in Elmira, N. Y., on 29 Aug., 1879, at 
the Centennial celebration of the battle of New- 
town, and a course of lectures on " Government 
Revenue " at Cornell and Hamilton in 1884, which 
i published (Boston, 1884). Mr. Roberts is also 
vol. w— 18 



the author of " The Planting and Growth of the 
Empire State "in the "American Commonwealth 
Series" (Boston, 1887). 

ROBERTS, George Washington, soldier, b. 
in Chester county. Pa., 2 Oct, 1888 ; d. near Mur- 
freesborough, Tenn., 81 Dec, 1862. After gradu- 
ation at Yale in 1857, he studied law and practised 
in his native county, and in Chicago after i860. He 
was commissioned major of the 42d Illinois volun- 
teers on 22 July, 1861, and participated in the 
march of Gen. John C. Fremont to Springfield, 
111. He became lieutenant - colonel and colonel. 
He won honor in the campaign of 1862, command- 
ing a brigade of the Army of the Mississippi, 
served at the siege of Corinth in April and May, 
1862, and at Farmington, Tenn., 7 Oct., 1862. At 
the battle of Stone River, Tenn., 81 Dec, 1862, he 
had the advance of the 20th army corps, drove the 
enemy to their breastworks, and was killed while 
leading the 42d Illinois in a successful charge. 

ROBERTS, Howard, sculptor, b. in Philadel- 

Shia, Pa., 9 April, 1848. He first studied art un- 
er Joseph A. Bailly at the Pennsylvania academy. 
When twenty-three years of age ne went to Pans, 
where he studied at the Ecole des beaux-arts, and 
also under Dumont and Gumerv. On his return 
be opened a studio in Philadelphia, and produced* 
there his first work of note, the statuette " Hester 
and Pearl," from Hawthorne's "Scarlet Letter" 
(1872). It was exhibited at the academy in Phila- 
delphia, where it attracted much attention, and 
gained him an election to membership. In 1878 
he went again to Paris, and while there modelled 
" La premiere pose " (1876), which received a medal 
at the Philadelphia centennial exhibition of 1876. 
Among his other works are "Hypatia" (1870); 
" Lucille," a bust (1878) ; " Lot's Wife," a statuette ; 
and numerous ideal and portrait busts. His statue 
of Robert Fulton is in the capitol at Washington. 
ROBERTS, James Booth, actor, b. in New- 
castle, Del., 27 Sept, 1818. He was educated at 
the Newcastle academy, and made his first appear- 
ance at the Walnut street theatre in Philadelphia 
on 18 Jan., 1886, as Richmond to Junius Brutus 
Booth's Richard III. In 1851 he went to Eng- 
land and played at Drury lane theatre, London, in 
the characters of Sir Giles Overreach, King Lear, 
and Richard III. He wrote a version of Goethe's 
" Faust," which he produced in Philadelphia, play- 
ing Mephistopheles. 

ROBERTS, Job, agriculturist, b. near Gwvnedd, 
Philadelphia (now Montgomery) co., Pa., 28 March, 
1757; d. there, 20 Aug., 1851. From 1791 till 1820 
he was justice of the peace. He encouraged me- 
chanical and agricultural enterprise, improved the 
methods of farming, planted nedges, introduced 
green fodder in the feeding of cattle, and the use 
of gypsum as a fertilizer ; was among the first to 
introduce and breed merino sheep in Pennsylvania, 
and promoted the manufacture of silk. In 1780 be 
drove to the Friends' meeting in Gwynedd in a 
carriage that was made by himself, which was said 
to have been, at that time and for twenty-five years 
afterward, the only one in that county. He pub- 
lished " The Pennsylvania Farmer, being a Selec- 
tion from the most approved Treatises on Hus- 
bandry" (Philadelphia, 1804). 

ROBERTS, Jonathan, senator, b. in Upper 
Merion, Montgomery co., Pa., 16 Aug., 1771 ; a. in 
Philadelphia, 21 July, 1854. His father, of the 
same name, served many years in the assembly, 
and was one of the delegate* to the convention 
that ratified the constitution of 1787. The son 
developed unusual literary taste, but, on the com- 
pletion of his education in his seventeenth year, 

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wis apprenticed to a wheelwright On attaining 
his majority he returned home and assisted his 
father in the work of the farm, devoting his leisure 
time to studv. In 1798-*9 he was chosen to the 
assembly, and in 1807 to the state senate. He was 
then elected to congress, serving from 4 Nov., 
1811, till 28 Feb., 1814, and attaining note, particu- 
larly in his support of measures relating to the war 
of 1812. Pending the consideration of a declaration 
of war he made an able speech, closing with the 
words : " I repose safely on the maxim, * Never to 
despair of the republic'" Mr. Roberts had the 
entire confidence of. Mr. Madison, who availed him- 
self of his services in many important emergencies. 
During this period he wrote largely for public 
journals, many of his letters appearing in the 
44 Aurora,** his writings, notably a series of letters 
addressed to John Randolph, of Roanoke, attract- 
ing general public attention. When, in May, 1812, 
the president informed congress that there was no 
hope that Great Britain would abandon her ag- 
gressions, and an effort was made to adjourn con- 
gress, it was largely due to Mr. Roberts that an ad- 
journment was prevented, and his call for the pre- 
vious question forced the vote on the war bill, 18 
June, 1812. He urged a vigorous prosecution of 
the war, was a member of the committee of ways 
and means, and came to be regarded as the repre- 
sentative of Albert Gallatin, secretary of the treas- 
ury, on the floor of the house. While serving his 
second term he was chosen to the senate, ana en- 
tered on his duties, 28 Feb., 1814. In the senate 
he became notable for the part that he took in the 
famous controversy growing out of the bill to ad- 
mit Maine into the Union. When the bill was re- 
ported with an amendment admitting Missouri 
also, Mr.- Roberts moved the further amendment 
that slavery should be prohibited in the latter 
state. The debate on this motion, which lasted 
through three weeks, is historic On its defeat 
came that of Mr. Thomas, of Illinois, known as the 
"Missouri compromise," which Mr. Roberts ably 
and determinedly opposed. After completing a 
full term of service in the senate, he was chosen 
again to the state assembly, and he was subse- 
quently appointed by the governor one of the canal 
commissioners. For twenty years he took a chief 
part in Pennsylvania in the opposition to Andrew 
Jackson, both before and after the latter became 
president Mr. Roberts was an early and an active 
supporter of the protective tariff. In this interest 
he was a member of the national conventions that 
met at Harrisburg in 1827 and at New York in 
1880. He was a delegate in 1840 to the convention 
that nominated Gen. Harrison for the presidency, 
giving his support to Henry Clay, and on behalf 
of the Pennsylvania delegation he nominated John 
Tvler for the vice-presidency. When, on the death 
of Harrison, Tyler succeeded to the presidency, he 
appointed Mr. Roberts collector of the port of 
Philadelphia, which post he filled from April, 
1841, till the following year. In the contest that 
arose between Mr. Tvler and the Whig party, the 
president asked Roberts to remove about thirty 
officials in the customs department and to replace 
them with partisans of the president This Mr. 
Roberts refused to do, nor would he resign. Mr. 
Roberts had been a member of the Society of 
Friends, but was disowned by them because of the 
part he had taken in furthering the war of 1812. 
—His son, Jonathan Manning, investigator, b. in 
Montgomery county, Pa., 7 Dec, 1821 ; d. in Bur- 
lington, N. J., 28 Feb., 1888. studied law, was ad- 
mitted to the bar at Norristown, Pa., in 1850, and 
practised his profession for about a year, but 



abandoned it and engaged in commercial pursuits. 
These proving financially successful, he found time 
to gratify his desire for metaphysical investiga- 
tions. He also took an interest in politics, being 
an enthusiastic Whig and strongly^ opposed to 
slavery. He was a delegate to the Free-soil con- 
vention at Buffalo, N. Y., that nominated Martin 
Van Buren for president in 1848, and subsequently 
canvassed New Jersey for that candidate When 
the so-called spiritual manifestations at Rochester, 
N. Y., first attracted public attention, Mr. Roberts 
earnestly protested against the possibility of their 
having a supernatural origin. After several years 
of patient inquiry be came to the conclusion that 
they were facts that could be explained on scien- 
tific principles and resulted from the operation of 
natural causes. This conviction led to his estab- 
lishing an organ of the new faith at Philadelphia 
in 1878 under the title of "Mind and Matter." 
His fearless advocacy of his peculiar views involved 
him in litigation and caused his imprisonment 
Finding the publication of a journal too great a 
tax on his resources, be abandoned it and devoted 
the rest of his life to studv and authorship. Among 
his manuscript of which he left a large amount 
is "A Life of Apollonius of Tyana" and ** A His- 
tory of the Christian Religion," which he completed 
just before his death. 

ROBERTS, Joseph, soldier, b. in Middletown, 
Del., 80 Dec, 1814. He was graduated at the U. S. 
military academy in 1835, assigned to the 4th artil- 
lery, and served in the Florida war of 1886-7 as 
captain in a regiment of mounted Creek volunteers. 
From 1887 till 1849 he was assistant professor of 
natural and experimental philosophy at the U. S. 
military academy, and he was made 1st lieutenant 
on 7 July, 1848, and captain on 20 Aug., 184a In 
1850-'8 he was engaged in hostilities against the 
Seminoles in Florida and on frontier duty in Texas, 
Kansas, and Nebraska, and in 1859 he was assigned 
to the artillery-school for practice at Fort Monroe, 
Va., where he was a member of the board to ar- 
range the programme of instruction in 1859-*61. 
He was appointed major on 3 Sept, 1861, became 
chief of artillery of the 7th army corps on 19 Sept, 
1862, and commanded Fort Monroe in 1863-*5 
and Fort McHenry, Md., in 1865-'6, receiving the 
appointments of colonel of the 3d Pennsylvania 
heavy artillery, 19 March, 1863, and lieutenant- 
colonel, 4th artillery, 11 Aug., 1863. He was bre- 
vetted colonel and brigadier-general, U. S. army, 
to date from 13 March, 1865, and brigadier-general 
of volunteers on 9 April, 1865, for meritorious and 
distinguished services during the war. On 9 Nov., 
1865, he was mustered out of the volunteer service. 
From 1 May, 1867, till 1 April, 1868, he was acting 
inspector-general of the Department of Washing- 
ton, when ne was made superintendent of theoreti- 
cal instruction in the artillery-school at Fort Mon- 
roe. Va., serving until 13 Feb., 1877. He was pro- 
moted colonel in the 4th artillery on 10 Jan., 1877, 
and was placed on the retired list on 2 July, 1877. 
Gen. Roberts is the author of a " Hand- Book of 
Artillery" (New York, 1860). 

ROBERTS, Joseph Jenkins, president of Li- 
beria, b. in Norfolk, Va., 15 March, 1809 ; d. in Mon- 
rovia, Liberia, 24 Feb., 1876. He was a negro and 
the son of ** Aunty Robos," as she was familiarly 
called in Petersburg, Va.,whence she emigrated witn. 
her three sons to Liberia in 1829. When the colony 
of Liberia was founded by the American colonization 
society he was first lieutenant-governor and then 
governor of the colony, and, upon the formation of 
the republic in 1848, he was elected its first presi- 
dent serving four years. When there was a revolt 



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against President Edward J. Roye (q. v.) in 1871, 
he was again made president, serving until 1875. 
He encouraged agriculture, promoted education, 
favored emigration from the United States, and 
placed his people on friendly terms with European 
nations. From 1856 until his death he was president 
of Liberia college. — His brother, John n right, 
M. E. bishop, b. in Petersburg, Va., in 1815 ; d. in 
Monrovia, Liberia, 30 Jan., 1875, was educated in 
Liberia, entered the Methodist ministry in 1838, 
served as pastor, presiding elder, and secretary, 
and was made bishop in 1866. 

ROBERTS, Marshall Owen, merchant, b. in 
New York city, 22 March, 1814; d. in Saratoga 
Springs, N. Y., 11 Sept, 1880. His father, a phy- 
sician, came from Wales and settled in New York 
in 1798. The son received a good education, and 
would have been sent to college, as his father 
wished him to adopt his own profession, but the 
boy preferred a mercantile life. After leaving 
school he became first a grocer's clerk, but soon 
afterward secured a place with a ship-chandler. 
By the time he was of age he had saved enough 
money to begin business for himself, and in two 
years he obtained a contract to supply the U. S. 
navy department with whale-oil, on wnich he real- 
ized a handsome profit He was among the first 
to recognize the advantage of finely equipped 
steamers for Hudson river, and built* the "Hen- 
drik Hudson." He next turned his attention to 
railroads, was one of the early advocates of the 
Erie, and projected the Delaware, Lackawanna, and 
Western railroad. When the "California fever" 
began in 1849 he made a contract with the U. S. 
government to transport the mails to California by 
the Isthmus of Panama. He owned the " Star of 
the West," which was sent with provisions to Fort 
Sumter, and when Fort Monroe was threatened 
in the spring of 1861 he raised 1.000 men at his 
own expense and sent them in his steamer *• Amer- 
ica " to re-enforce the garrison. He took a great 
interest in the Texas Pacific railroad, and invested 
nearly $2,000,000 in the enterprise, and he was also 
largely interested in other railroads throughout 
the United States and Canada. He was also one 
of the earliest friends of the Atlantic telegraph 
cable. In 1852 be was nominated for congress oy 
the Whig party, but was defeated. In 1856 he 
was a delegate to the first National convention of 
the Republican party which met in Philadelphia 
and nominated John C. Fremont for the presi- 
dency. In 1865 he was nominated for mayor of 
New York by the Union party, but again was un- 
successful. The value of his gallery of pictures 
was estimated at $750,000. 

ROBERTS, Oran Milo, governor of Texas, b. 
in Laurens district S. C, 9 July, 1815. He was 
graduated at the University of Alabama in 1836, 
studied law, began to practise, and served in the 
Alabama legislature in 1839-'40. Removing to 
Texas in 1841, he was appointed district-attorney 
in 1844 and district judge in 1846, holding this 
office for five years. In 1857 he was elected to the 
supreme bench as associate justice, which post he 
held until the beginning of the civil war in 1861. 
He was elected president of the Secession conven- 
tion, and was colonel of a regiment in the Confed- 
erate army from 1862 till August, 1864, when he 
was called from the field to become chief justice 
of the supreme court In 1866 he was elected to 
the U. S. senate, but was not allowed to take his 
seat From 1868 till 1874 he taught law in private 
schools. In 1874 and 1876 he was again elected 
chief justice of the Texas supreme court. He was 
governor of Texas from 1879 till 1883, in which 



year he was made professor of law in the Univer- 
sity of Texas, whicn post he now (1888) holds. He 
has published a description of Texas entitled 4i Gov. 
Roberts's Texas " (St. Louis, 1881). 

ROBERTS, Robert Ellis, author, b. in Utica, 
N. Y., 3 June, 1809; d. in Detroit, Mich., 18 Feb., 
1888. He was educated by his father, the Rev. 
John Roberts, a Congregational clergyman, and in 
1827 went to Detroit, where he engaged in business. 
In 1832 he was a volunteer in the Black Hawk 
war, after which he again entered mercantile life. 
He was identified with the interests of Detroit, be- 
ing active in causing the thoroughfares to be paved, 
in organizing the fire department, of which he was 
the first president, and in establishing the water- 
works. He served on the board of education, es- 
tablished the public library, and held local offices. 
Mr. Roberts contributed to the Detroit "Free 
Press," and was the author of •• Sketches of the 
City of Detroit" (Detroit, 1855), and "The City of 
the Straits," illustrated by his daughter, Cornelia 
H. Roberts (1884}. 

ROBERTS, Robert Richford, M. E. bishop, 
b. in Frederick county, Md., 2 Aug., 1778; d. in 
Lawrence county, Ind., 26 March, 1843. His father 
was of Welsh and his mother of Irish ancestry, and 
they were communicants of the Church of Eng- 
land. They removed in 1785 to Ligonier Valley, 
Westmoreland co., 
Pa. The son united 
with the Methodist 
Episcopal church 
wnen he was four- 
teen years old. Un- 
til he was twenty- 
one he lived a thor- 
oughly frontier life, 
with few books and 
simple habits. Be- 
ing drawn gradual- 
ly toward the min- 
istry, he began to 
study, and in 1802 
entered upon that 
work, being licensed 
at Holmes's meet- 
ing-house, near Ca- 
diz, Ohio. About 
the same time he was admitted to the Baltimore 
conference and put in charge of a circuit including 
Carlisle, Pa., and twenty-nine other appointments, 
requiring a month to visit them all. He studied 
constantly, and in 1804 a senior colleague reported 
that " his moral character was perfect and his head 
a complete magazine." On 14 May, 1816, he was 
elected bishop, and he passed through all the dis- 
cussions that culminated in the establishment of 
the Methodist Protestant church. Bishop Simpson, 
writing of him, says : " While during these excite- 
ments severe and* exciting denunciations of the 
bishops were publicly made— while they were called 
'popes' and 'usurpers'— the patriarchal appear- 
ance and the humble and loving manner of Bish- 
op Roberts disarmed prejudice wherever he went" 
He emigrated to Indiana, and accomplished much 
for the western missions. He was a man of fine 
presence, simple and benevolent, an<J an eloquent 
preacher. He is buried at Greencastle, Ind., on 
thegrounds of De Pauw university. See his " Life," 
by Rev. Charles Elliott (New York, 1853). 

ROBERTS, Samuel, lawyer, b. in Philadelphia, 
Pa., 8 Sept, 1768 ; d. in Pittsburg, Pa., 13 Dec, 
1830. He was admitted to the bar ot Philadelphia 
in 1785, and after practising law there for a snort 
time removed to Lancaster, and thence to Sunbury. 



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In 1808 he was appointed president jud$e of the 
5th judicial district of Pennsylvania, which office 
he held until his death. He published " A Digest 
of Select British Statutes, etc., which appear to be 
in Force in Pennsylvania," a work of value (Pitts- 
burg, 1817: 2d ed., Philadelphia, 1847). 

ROBERTS. Solomon White, civil engineer, b. 
in Philadelphia, Pa., 8 Aug., 1811 ; d. in Atlantic 
City, N. J., 20 March, 1882. He was educated at 
the Friends' academy in Philadelphia. When he 
was sixteen years old he became an assistant to his 
uncle, Josiah White, who was directing the works 
of the Lehigh coal and navigation company in the 
construction of the Mauch Cnunk railway, the sec- 
ond of importance that was built in the country. 
He also assisted in the construction of the canal 
from Mauch Chunk to Easton. Entering the state 
service, he had charge of building a division of a 
canal on Conemaugh river, and then was principal 
assistant to Sylvester Welch in locating and con- 
structing the Portage railroad over the Alleghany 
mountains. Mr. Roberts's division was on the west 
side, including a tunnel 900 feet long, the first 
railroad tunnel in the United States, and the fine 
stone viaduct over Conemaugh river, near Johns- 
town, is his design and construction. While this 
road was in operation it was one of the wonders of 
the country. David Stephenson, the English en- 
gineer, says of it in his •* Sketch of the Civil En- 
gineering* of North America " (London, 1838) : 
" America now numbers among its many wonder- 
ful artificial lines of communication a mountain 
railway which, in boldness of design and difficulty 
of execution, I can compare to no modern work I 
have ever seen, excepting, perhaps, the passes of 
the Simplon and Mont Cenis in Sardinia." Re- 
maining in the state service several years, Mr. 
Roberts became in 1888 chief engineer of the Cata- 
wissa railroad, in 1842 was president of the Phila- 
delphia, Germantown, ana Norristown railroad, 
and from 1848 to 1846 president of the Schuylkill 
navigation com pan v. During the latter year he was 
chosen to the legislature, and from 1848 till 1856 
he was engaged in locating, constructing, and op- 
erating the railroad from Pittsburg to Crestline, a 
distance of 188 miles. He located and named the 
towns of Crestline and Alliance. In 1856 he was 
chosen chief engineer and general superintendent 
of the North Pennsylvania railroad, which post he 
resigned in 1879. He was a member of many 
learned societies, contributed numerous papers 
to the transactions of the American philosophi- 
cal society and to scientific journals, and wrote 
44 Reminiscences of the First Railroad over the Al- 
leghany Mountains," in the " Pennsylvania Maga- 
zine of History " (1878). He also published " The 
Destiny of Pittsburg and the Duty of her Young 
Men " (Pittsburg, 1850).— His wife, Anna Smith, 
poet, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 28 Dec., 1827; d. 
there, 10 Aug., 1858, was the daughter of Randall 
H. Rickey, and married Mr. Roberts in 1851. She 
contributed poems to the " Columbian and Great 
West" in 1850-'l, which were collected in " Forest 
Flowers of the West" (Philadelphia, 1851). 

ROBERTS, William, clergyman, b. in Llaner- 
chymedd, Wales, 25 Sept., 1809. He was educated 
at the Presbyterian collegiate institute in Dublin. 
Ireland, after which he was pastor and principal of 
the academy at Holyhead, Wales, pastor of the 
Countess of Huntingdon's chapel in Runcorn, Eng- 
land, in 1848- , 55, and had charge of Welsh Pres- 
byterian churches in New York city from 1855 till 
1868, in Scranton, Pa., from 1868 till 1875, and in 
Utica, N. Y., since 1875. Several times he has 
served as moderator of the United States Welsh 



Presbyterian general assembly, and as a represent- 
ative in councils of the alliance of the Reformed 
churches. The University of the city of New York 
gave him the degree of D. D. in 1868. He edited 
the " Traethodydd " in New York from 1857 till 
1861, and has conducted the " Cvfaill " in Scranton, 
Pa., and Utica, N. Y., since 187l. He is the author 
of " The Abrahamic Covenant " (New York, 1858), 
and " The Election of Grace " (1859), both of which 
are written in Welsh. 

ROBERTS, William Charles, clergyman, b. 
in Alltmai, near Aberystwith, Wales, 23 Sept., 1832. 
He was educated in the Evans high-school in Wales, 
and was graduated at Princeton in 1855, at the 
Theological seminary in 1858, and in that year be- 
came pastor of the 1st Presbyterian church in Wil- 
mington, Del. He was called in 1862 to the 1st 
Presbyterian church, Columbus, Ohio, to a church 
in Elizabeth, N. J., in 1864, and to the Westminster 
church in that city in 1866. He was elected cor- 
responding secretary of the board of home mis- 
sions in 1881, was chairman of the committee that 
laid the foundations of Wooster university, Ohio, 
and declined the presidency of Rutgers college in 
1882. In 1887 he became president of Lake Forest 
university, 111. He was a member of the first and 
third councils of the Reformed churches that met 
in Edinburgh and Belfast. From 1859 till 1863 he 
was a trustee of Lafayette college, and he has held 
the same relation to Princeton since 1866. He has 
travelled extensively in Europe, including Pales- 
tine, Turkey, and E^ypt Union college gave him 
the degree of D. D. in 1872, and Princeton that of 
LL. D. in 1887. Dr. Roberts is the author of let- 
ters on the great preachers of Wales (Utica, 1868); 
a translation of the shorter catechism into Welsh ; 
numerous occasional sermons ; and magazine arti- 
cles in English, Welch, and German. 

ROBERTS, William Mil nor, civil engineer, 
b. in Philadelphia, 12 Feb., 1810; d. in Brazil, 
South America, 14 July, 1881. His father was 
Thomas P. Roberts, treasurer of the Union canal, 
the first work of that kind undertaken in Pennsyl- 
vania. In 1825 the son was employed as chainman 
on canal surveys under Canvass White. At the 
age of eighteen he was given charge of the most 
difficult division of the Lehigh canal, and two years 
later he was appointed resident engineer in charge 
of the Uriion railroad and Union canal feeder. In 
1881-'4 he was senior principal assistant engineer 
on the Allegheny Portage railroad. In 1835 he 
planned and built the first combined railroad and 
highway bridge in this country. It crossed the 
Susquehanna at Harrisburg, ana was nearly a mile 
long. The piers are still used to support the great 
iron bridge of the Cumberland Valley railroad. In 
1885 he was made chief engineer on the Harris- 
burg and Lancaster railroad, and during the same 
year he was also appointed chief engineer of the 
Cumberland Valley railroad, which work was com- 
pleted by him. After 1836 he was chief engineer 
in charge of the Monongahela river slack water 
navigation, the Pennsylvania state canal, and the 
Erie canal of Pennsylvania. In 1841-2 he was a 
contractor on the Welland canal enlargement, in 
1845-'7 chief engineer and agent for the trustees 
of the Sandy and Beaver canal company, Ohio, in 
1847 chief engineer of the Pittsburg and Connells- 
ville railroad. In 1849 he declined the appoint- 
ment of chief engineer of the first proposed rail- 
road in South America (in Chili), to take that of 
the Bellefontaine and Indiana railroad, which he 
held until 1851. In 1852-'4 he was chief engineer 
of the Allegheny Valley railroad, consulting en- 
gineer of the Atlantic and Mississippi railroad, a 



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contractor for the whole Iron Mountain railroad of 
Missouri, and chairman of a commission of three 
appointed by the Pennsylvania legislature to ex- 
amine and report upon routes for avoiding the old 
Allegheny portage inclined planes. In 1855-'7 ho 
was contractor for the entire Keokuk, Des Moines, 
and Minnesota railroad, consulting engineer for the 
Pittsburg and Erie, and Terre Haute, Vandalia, 
and St Louis railroads, and chief engineer of the 
Keokuk, Mt Pleasant, and Muscatine railroad. In 
1857 he went to Brazil to examine the route of the 
Dom Pedro II. railroad, and, in company with 
Jacob Humbird. of Maryland, and other Americans, 
undertook the construction of that work. He re- 
turned to the United States in 1865, and at once 
took the field in the interests of the Atlantic and 
Great Western railroad for a proposed extension 
through northern Pennsylvania. In 1866 he was 
appointed U. S. civil engineer and given charge of 
the improvement of the Ohio river, which work he 
relinquished in 1868 to accept the appointment 
of associate chief engineer with James B. Eads 
on the great bridge across the Missouri at St. 
Louis. During Mr. Eads's absence in Europe of 
a year and more, Mr. Roberts had entire charge 
of the work at its most arduous and difficult stage. 
In 1870 he accepted the chief engineership of the 
Northern Pacific railroad, and in 1874 was ap- 
pointed on the commission of civil and military 
engineers to examine and report upon plans for 
the improvement of the mouth of the Mississippi, 
visiting the various rivers in Europe where jetties 
had been constructed. In 1879 he was appointed 
by the emperor of Brazil chief of the commission 
of hydraulic engineers to examine and report upon 
the improvement of harbors and navigable rivers 
of that empire. He had nearly completed the 
period of his service when he diecl of fever on the 
head-waters of San Francisco river. Mr. Roberts 
was a contributor, generally anonymously, to news- 
papers and scientific magazines. In 1879 he was 
elected president of the American society of civil 
engineers, and at the same time he became a mem- 
ber of the English institute of engineers and a 
fellow of the American geographical society. In 
1836 he married a daughter of Chief-Justice 
John Bannister Gibson, of Pennsylvania {q. v.). 
— His son, Thomas Paschall, civil engineer, b. 
in Carlisle, Pa., 21 April, 1843, was educated at 
Pennsylvania agricultural college and at Dickin- 
son college, and in 1863 joined his father in Brazil, 
where he was employed as an engineer on the Dom 
Pedro II. railway. He returned to the United 
States late in 1865. In the autumn of 1866 he 
was appointed principal assistant engineer on the 
United States improvement of the Ohio river, which 
poet he retained until October, 1870, when he be- 
came assistant engineer of the Montana division of 
the Northern Pacific railway. He made the first 
examination of the route that was finally adopted 
through the Rocky mountains for that road, and 
also examined and reported upon the navigability 
of the upper Missouri river. His report, with maps, 
wai printed by the war department in 1874. He 
was appointed in 1875 by the U. S. government to 
the charge of the surveys of the upper Mononga- 
hela river in West Virginia, and in 1876-*8 was 
chief engineer of the Pittsburg southern railroad. 
Subsequently he was engaged as chief engineer in 
charge of the construction of several southern 
roads until 1884, when he was appointed chief en- 
gineer of the Monongahela navigation company, 
and he has since been engaged in the extension of 
new locks for double locking this important system 
of steamboat navigation. 



ROBERTSON, Archibald, artist, b. in Monv- 
musk, near Aberdeen, Scotland, 8 May. 1765; d. in 
New York city, 6 Dec., 1835. During 1782-'91 he 
studied and practised art in Edinburgh, Aberdeen, 
and London. In 1791 he came to this country, 
and, soon after his arrival, went to Philadelphia 
to deliver to Gen. Washington a box made of wood 
from the oak-tree that sheltered Sir William Wal- 
lace after the battle of Falkirk. It had been com- 
mitted to his charge by the Earl of Buchan. At 
the earl's request Washington sat to Robertson, 
who first painted a miniature, and then a larger 
portrait, for Lord Buchan. Prom 1792 till 1821 
Robertson followed his profession as a painter and 
instructor in New York, working mostly in water- 
colors and crayons. In 1802 he assisted in the pro- 
ject of forming an art academy, and in 1816, on 
the founding of the American academy, he was 
elected a director. Though not an architect by 
profession, he furnished several plans for public 
buildings. He was also the author of a book on 
drawing.— His son, Anthony Lispenard, jurist, b. 
in New York city, 8 June, 1808 ; d. there, 18 Dec., 
1868, was graduated at Columbia in 1825, studied 
law, was admitted to the bar, and gained a high 
professional reputation. He was assistant vice- 
chancellor in 1846-'8, surrogate of New York city 
in 1848, and in 1859 was elected a judge of the su- 
perior court. In 1864 he was elected for a second 
term, and in 1866 was chosen chief justice by his 
associates. In 1867 he was a member of the State 
constitutional convention, and took an active part 
in its proceedings.— Archibald's brother, Alexan- 
der, artist, b. in Monymusk, near Aberdeen, Scot- 
land, in 1768; d. in New York. 27 May, 1841, fol- 
lowed his brother to the United States in 1792, 
after having some instruction in miniature-paint- 
ing from Shelly in London. He painted land- 
scapes in water-color, and. like his brother, was 
well known as a teacher. 

ROBERTSON, Charles Franklin, P. B. 
bishop, b. in New York city, 2 March, 1835 ; d. in 
St Louis, Mo., 1 May, 1886. He obtained a good 
education, and at first intended to enter upon 
a mercantile career, but, having his mind di- 
rected toward the ministry, he went to Yale, 
where he graduated in 1859. He then entered the 
Episcopal general theological seminary, and was 
graduated in 1862. He was ordained deacon in 
the Church of the Transfiguration, New York 
city, 29 June, 1862, by Bishop Horatio Potter, and 
priest in St. Mark's church, Malone, N. Y., 28 Oct., 
1862, by the same bishop. He was rector of St 
Mark's church, Malone, from 1862 till 1868, when he 
accepted a call to St James's church, Batavia, N. Y. 
Immediately afterward he was elected second bishop 
of Missouri, and was consecrated in Grace church, 
New York city, 25 Oct, 1868. He received the 
degree of S. T. D. from Columbia in 1868, that of 
D. D. from the University of the south, Lewanee, 
Tenn., in 1883, and that of LL. D. from the Uni- 
versity of Missouri, Columbia, Mo., in 1888. Bishop 
Robertson was vice-president of the St Louis social 
science association, and also of the National con- 
ference of charities and corrections. He published 
several special sermons and charges, ana was the 
author of valuable papers on " Historical Societies 
in Relation to Local Historical Effort" (St Louis, 
1883); "The American Revolution and the Mis- 
sissippi Valley " (1884) ; M The Attempt to separate 
the West from the American Union * (1885); and 
" The Purchase of the Louisiana* Territory in its 
Influence on the American System " (1885). 

ROBERTSON, George, jurist, b. in Mercer 
county, Ky., 18 Nov., 1790 ; d. in Lexington, Ky., 



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16 May, 1874. He received a classical education 
at Transylvania university, studied law, was ad- 
mitted to the bar in 1800, and began practice at 
Lancaster. In 1816 he was elected to congress, 
and be served two terms, being chairman of the 
land committee and a member of the judiciary 
committee. He was re-elected a second time, but 
resigned his seat in order to resume the practice of 
law He drew up the bill for the establishment of 
a territorial government in Arkansas, in the dis- 
cussion of which the house was equally divided on 
the question of prohibiting slavery, an amendment 
to that effect being carried, but afterward re- 
scinded by the casting vote of Henry Clay as 
speaker. The system of selling public lands in 
small lots to actual settlers at a cash price of $ 1.25 
per acre was projected by him. After his retire- 
ment from congress he was offered the attorney- 
generalship of Kentucky, but declined this and 
other appointments in order to devote himself to 
his profession ; yet in 1822 he was elected against 
his desire to the legislature, and remained in that 
body until the settlement of the currency question 
in the session of 1827, being a leader of the party 
that opposed the relief act that made the depreci- 
ated notes of the state banks legal tender for the 
payment of debts. He was speaker of the assem- 
bly from 1828 till 1827, except in 1824. when the 
inflationists, having gained a large majority in 
both houses, sought to abolish the court of appeals, 
which had decided against the relief bill, by creat- 
ing a new court He drew up a protest in 1824 
that contributed greatly to the final triumph of 
the anti-relief or old court party, and wrote and 
spoke frequently on the exciting questions at issue. 
He was also the author of a manifesto that was 
signed by the majority of the legislature in 1827. 
He was offered the governorship of Arkansas, the 
mission to Colombia in 1824, and in 1828 the Pe- 
ruvian mission, but he declined all these appoint- 
ments. For a time he filled provisionally the office 
of secretary of state in 1828. In the same year 
he was made a justice of the court of appeals, and 
in 1829 he became chief justice, which post he held 
till 1848, when he resigned and resumed active 
practice. From 1884 till 1857 he was professor of 
law in Transylvania university. The degree of 
LL. D. was conferred on him by Centre and Au- 
gusta colleges. His published works include " In- 
troductory Lecture to the Law Class " (Lexington, 
1836) ; " Biographical Sketch of John Boyle " 
(Frankfort, 1838); and "Scrap-Book on Law, Poli- 
tics, Men, and Times" (1856). A collection of his 
speeches, law lectures, legal arguments, and ad- 
dresses has been published. 

ROBERTSON. James, royal governor of New 
York, b. in Fifeshire, Scotland, about 1710; d. in 
England, 4 March, 1788. He was in his youth a 
private and then a sergeant in the British army, 
and in 1740. at Cartagena, New Granada, gained an 
ensigncy. He came to the American colonies in 1756 
as major of the royal American troops that were 
raised at that time, was deputy quartermaster under 
Gen. Abercrombie in 1758, Decoming lieutenant- 
colonel on 8 July, accompanied Lord Amherst to 
Lake Champlain in 1759, and tookpart in the expe- 
dition to Martinique in 1762. He was for many 
ears barrack-master in New York, in which post 
le acquired a fortune by various methods of pecu- 
lation and extortion. He paid for government 
supplies in clipped half-joes and moiaores, which 
came to be known as "Robertsons," until the 
Chamber of commerce resolved that such coins 
should be accepted only at their intrinsic value. 
He was promoted colonel in 1772, ordered to Boa- 



E 



ton in July, 1775, and at its evacuation oonnivfd 
at acts of rapine and shared in the plunder. He 
took command of the 60th regiment on 11 Jan., 
1776. commanded a brigade at the battle of Long 
Island, and in February, 1777, returned to England 
on leave of absence, and intrigued against Gov. 
William Tryon and Sir William Howe. He was 
commissioned as major-general on 29 Aug., 1777, 
was appointed civil governor of New York on 11 
May, 1779, and arrived in New York city on 21 
March, 1780. He brought a letter of instructions 
from Lord George Germaine, secretary of the colo- 
nies, ordering that the deserted property of rebels 
should be leased, and the rents appropriated to a 
fund for the aid of loyalist refugees. He was di- 
rected to restore the civil law ; yet, instead of re- 
opening the constitutional courts of justice, he 
established arbitrary police courts with summary 
jurisdiction in all classes of cases, first on Long 
Island, then on Staten Island, and in December, 
1780, in New York city, where, however, the new 
court could not decide civil cases involving more 
than £10. He ordered the neighboring farmers to 
deliver up half of their hay, and afterward seized 
a part of the remainder, had the wood cut on large 
estates near New York city, sequestrated the reve- 
nue of the markets and ferries, and committed 
many extortions in connivance with the military 
authorities, profiting greatly in his purse by all 
these acts, yet alienating many who might have 
been won over to the royal cause. When Maj. 
John Andre was captured, Gov. Robertson con- 
ferred with Gen. Natnanael Greene, but, instead of 
accepting the release of the British spy in ex- 
change for Benedict Arnold, sealed his fate by 
showing a letter from Arnold threatening retali- 
ation on the Americans. On the death of Gen. 
William Phillips, he obtained the command in Vir- 
ginia, and set out for the field, but returned when 
he heard of the arrival of Lord Com wall is. He 
was made a lieutenant-general, 20 Nov., 1782, and 
returned to England on 15 April, 1788. 

ROBERTSON, James, pioneer, b. in Bruns- 
wick county, Va., 28 June, 1742 ; d. in the Chickasaw 
country, Tenn., 1 Sept, 1814. He was of Scotch- 
Irish descent, and his father, a farmer, removed 
to Wake county, N. 
C, about 1750, where 
the son worked on a 
farm, receiving no ed- 
ucation. In 1759 he 
accompanied Daniel 
Boone on his third ex- 
pedition beyond the 
Alleghanies. He dis- 
covered a valley, wa- 
tered by the Watauga 
river, which he ex- 
plored while Boone 
went to Kentucky, 
planted corn, and then 
returned to North 
Carolina, after losing 
his way and being 
saved from death by 
hunters. In the fol- 
lowing spring Robertson led sixteen families to 
the west The settlers were upon the hunting- 
grounds of one hundred thousand savages, but they 
planted and harvested their corn in peace for 
fully four years. The emigrants supposed they 
were within the limits of the province of Vir- 
ginia, but when the line was run in the year 1773 
it was found to be thirty miles to the northward, 
and they were therefore on the land of the Chero- 




JLvJZd*x?tob 



OHT 



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kees. A lease wms concluded with the Indians, but 
in the midst of the festivities that followed a war- 
rior wms murdered by a white man, and the savages 
left the ground with threatening gestures. Hostili- 
ties were averted by Robertson, who went alone to 
pacify the savages, and they continued to be friends 
with the whites until 1776. In July of that year 
Oconostota (q. v.) invested a fort that John Sevier 
had built at Watauga; but Sevier and Robertson, 
with 40 men, withstood a siege of twenty days, and 
beat him off with a heavy loss in killed and wound- 
ed. After the Cherokees were subjugated the gov- 
ernor of North Carolina appointed Robertson to 
reside at the Indian capital to hold Oconostota in 
check and to thwart the designs of the British. In 
the spring of 1779 he explored the Cumberland re- 
gion, and afterward emigrated there with others, 
mostly from the Watauga settlement, of which he 
left Sevier in charge. One division of the settlers 
founded Nashville, Tenn M on 25 Dec, 1779, and 
after several months they were joined by the other 
division, and organised themselves into a civil and 
military body with Robertson at their head. The 
handful of pioneers had a long conflict with four 
savage nations, outnumbering them more than one 
hundred to one. Of 256 men, 39 fell within 60 days 
before the tomahawk of the Cherokee, and in a very 
few months 67 had perished. The crops were de- 
stroyed by a freshet and starvation was before 
them. Settlers began to leave, and of the original 
250 persons only 184 remained. These tried to in- 
duce their leader to abandon his post, but he re- 
Slied : " Each one should do what seems to him his 
uty. As for myself, my station is here, and here 

1 shall stay if every man of you deserts me." With 
his eldest son, Isaac Bledsoe, and a faithful negro, 
he made his way to Daniel Boone, at Boonesbor- 
ough, Ky., who gave him powder and shot On 

2 April, 1781, the fort of Nashville was besieged 
by 1,000 Indians, and Robertson's life was saved by 
the heroism of his wife. At the close of the Revo- 
lutionary war he was able to bring into the field 
about 500 men experienced in Indian warfare, and 
by his diplomacy he had made friends with the 
Choctaw* and Chickasaws, severed their alliance 
with Great Britain, and effected peace with the 
Cherokees. The half-breed Creek chief, Alexander 
McGillivray ty. v.) concluded a treaty with the gov- 
ernor of Louisiana to exterminate the Americans 
west of the Alleghanies, and made war against 
Robertson in 1784, continuing at intervals for 
twelve years. Robertson constantly performed 
heroic deeds and beat him back with small num- 
bers. Robertson was continually offered by the 
Spanish governor peace and the free navigation of 
the Mississippi if ne would but cut loose from the 
Union and establish, with Watauga and Kentucky, 
an independent government In 1790 he was ap- 
pointed a brigadier-general by Washington, and 
his military services did not end till 1796. He 
shared with Sevier the honor and affection of the 
Tennesseeans, and held the post of Indian commis- 
sioner until his death. See " The Life and Times 
of Gen. James Robertson," by Albigence W. Put- 
nam (Nashville, 1859), and " The Rear-Guard of 
the Revolution," bv James R. Gilmore (New York, 
1886).— His wife, Charlotte Reeves, pioneer, b. 
in Virginia, 2 Jan., 1751 ; d. in Nashville, Tenn., 
11 June, 1848, married Robertson in 1767, and ac- 
companied him to Watauga on its first settlement 
She was one of the number that made the perilous 
journey down the Holston and Tennessee in 1780, 
and was in the fort of Nashville when it was at- 
tacked by 1,000 Cherokees, some of whom, in their 
attempt to capture the horses of the whites, made a 



gap in their ranks, through which the settlers fled. 
Robertson's wife, mounted on the lookout, rifle in 
hand, seeing the stampede of the horses and the 
break in the Indian line, ordered the sentry to 
"open the gates and set the dogs upon them." 
The dogs flew at the savages, who drew toma- 
hawks upon them, and thus the whites were en- 
abled to escape. She is reported to have said to 
her husband : •* Thanks be to God, who gave to the 
Indians a dread of. does and a love for horses." 
She shared all of her nusband's perils, and was 
much esteemed for her noble qualities. — His grand- 
son, Edward White, lawyer, b. near Nashville, 
Tenn., 13 June, 1823 ; d. in Washington, D. C, 2 
Aug., 1887. His parents removed to Iberville parish, 
La., in 1825, and he was educated at Nashville uni- 
versity, but not graduated. He began to study law 
in 1845, but served in the war with Mexico in 1846 
as orderly sergeant of the 2d Louisiana volunteers, 
a six-months regiment In 1847-*9 he was a mem- 
ber of the legislature, and after his graduation at 
the law department of the University of Louisiana 
in 1850 he practised in Iberville parish, served in 
the legislature, and was state auditor of public 
accounts in 1857-62. He entered the Confederate 
service in March, 1862, as captain, and partici- 
pated in the engagements around Vicksburg and 
the siege of that place, after which his regiment 
was not in active service. After the war he re- 
sumed practice in Baton Rouge, and was elected to 
congress as a Conservative Democrat, serving from 
15 Oct., 1877, till 4 March, 1883. In 1886 he was 
chosen again, serving until the day of his death. 
—Edward White's son, Samuel Matthews, law- 
yer, b. in Plaquemine, La., 1 Jan., 1852, was gradu- 
ated at the University of Louisiana in 1874, studied 
law, was admitted to the bar, and served in the 
legislature. In 1880 he was made a member of the 
faculty of the State university and agricultural and 
mechanical college, where he served as professor of 
natural history and commandant of cadets until he 
was elected to the 50th congress as a Democrat to 
fill the vacancy caused by the death of his father. 
ROBERTSON, John Parish, Scottish author, 
b. in Kelso or Edinburgh, Scotland, about 1793 : d. 
in Calais, France, 1 Nov., 1843. He accompanied 
his father on a commercial voyage to La Plata, and 
soon returned alone to South America and became 
a clerk at Rio Janeiro when he was only fourteen 
years old. At twenty-one he was sent as a mer- 
cantile agent to Asuncion. In 1815 Dr. Jose" Fran- 
cia (a. v.) ordered him and his brother, William P., 
who had joined him, to leave Paraguay. He re- 
mained more than a year at Corrientes*, and, with 
the help of an Irish lieutenant of Artigas, named 
Campbell, established a large trade in hides, and 
was thus instrumental in reviving the prosperity of 
the province. From 1817 till 1820 he was engaged 
in Great Britain in enlarging his commercial con- 
nections. He purchased a large tract near Buenos 
Ayres, and settled on it a colony of Scotch agricul- 
turists. When his political friends had conquered 
the independence of Peru and Chili, he was the first 
to open those countries to commerce. He went to 
England in 1824 in the capacity of a political agent 
for several of the republics. His large possessions 
were swept a way in the financial crisis of 1826, and 
after spending four years in South America in the 
endeavor to recover some part of his fortune, he 
entered Corpus Christi college, Cambridge, and 
passed through the university course. He devoted 
himself for most of his remaining years to literary 
labor. He published, jointly with his brother, " Let- 
ters on Paraguay " (London. 1838) ; a continuation 
entitled "Francia's Reign of Terror" (1839); and 



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ROBERTSON 



"Letters on South America" (1848). "Solomon 
Seesaw " (1839) appeared under his name only.— His 
brother, William Parish, b. about 1795, was the 
author of another book of travel entitled " Visit to 
Mexico " (London, 1853). 

ROBERTSON, John Ross, Canadian Journalist, 
b. in Toronto, 28 Dec., 1841. He was educated at 
Upper Canada college, and founded the " Upper 
Canada College Times " in 1859, in connection with 
this institution. About 1860 he issued "Young 
Canada," a somewhat similar publication, the name 
of which he afterward changed to the " Young 
Canada Sporting Life," and still later to "The 
Sporting Life." At this time he published " Rob- 
ertson's Railway Guide," the first of the kind thai 
was issued in Canada. In 1862-'4 he published 
" The Grumbler," a weekly journal of satire which 
had been issued for some years before by Erastus 
Wiman. Mr. Robertson was city editor of the 
Toronto " Globe" from 1864 till 1866, and in May 
of the latter year, in conjunction with a partner, he 
issued the " Evening Telegraph," which became the 
chief paper in the Conservative interest. In 1872 
Mr. Robertson became agent of the Globe printing 
company in London, England, but he afterward re- 
turned to Canada and assumed the management of 
the ** Nation " newspaper. In 1876 he founded the 
Toronto " Daily Telegram," of which he is now 
(1888) the proprietor and managing editor, as well 
as publisher. He founded an annual prize in con- 
nection with Upper Canada college, and was one of 
the founders of the Lakeside home for little chil- 
dren in 1883. He has written " History of Craft 
and Capitular Masonry in Canada " (Toronto, 1888), 
and " History of Cryptic, Templar, and A. & A. Rite 
Masonry in Canada A (1888). 

ROBERTSON, Joseph GIbb, Canadian states- 
man, b. in Stuartfleld, Aberdeenshire, Scotland, 1 
Jan., 1820. He was educated in Canada, engaged 
in business as a merchant, and is now (1888) presi- 
dent of the Quebec Central railway company. He 
was for many years secretary and treasurer of the 
county of Sherbrooke, Quebec, and was mayor of 
Sherbrooke for about twenty years. In 1869 he 
was appointed a member of the executive council 
of the province of Quebec, and he was treasurer 
from that date till September, 1874, when he retired 
from the government He was reappointed treas- 
urer in De Boueherville's administration, 22 Sept., 
1874, and held this portfolio till 14 Jan., 1876, 
when he resigned. He was appointed treasurer of 
the province in October, 1879, resigned this office 
in January, 1882, and was a member of the execu- 
tive council and provincial treasurer from 1884 
till 1887. He held office in the Taillon administra- 
tion from 25 to 27 Jan., 1887. Mr. Robertson was 
a delegate to England on public business in 1874. 
Since he entered public life he has represented Sher- 
brooke, and is a Liberal-Conservative. 

ROBERTSON, Robert Henderson, architect, 
b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 29 April, 1849. He was 
educated at Rutgers college, studied architecture, 
and established himself in New York city. Among 
many buildings of his design are the Madison ave- 
nue Methodist church, St James's Episcopal church, 
the Young women's Christian association building, 
the Church of the Holy Spirit, Phillips Presbyte- 
rian church, the New York club building, the Rail- 
road men's building, St Augustine chapel, Grace 
chapel, and the Mott Haven railroad station, all in 
New York city. 

ROBERTSON, Thomas Boiling, governor of 
Louisiana, b. near Petersburg, Va.,Tn 1778; d. in 
White Sulphur Springs, Va., 5 Nov., 1828. He was 
graduated at William and Mary in 1807, became a 




lawyer, and removed to New Orleans on receiving 
the appointment of secretary for the territory or 
Louisiana. He was elected as the first congress- 
man from that state 
by the Democrats, 
and was returned for 
the three succeeding 
terms, serving from 
28 Dec., 1812, till 
1818, in which year 
he resigned his seat. 
Soon afterward he 
was elected govern- 
or. Resuming prac- 
tice in New Orleans 
on the expiration of 
his term, he was soon 
made attorney-gen- 
eral, and shortly af- 
terward appointed 

While visiting Paris ^ 

during the last days of the empire, he wrote letters 
to his family, which were published in the Rich- 
mond "Enquirer," and in book-form under the 
title of "Events in Paris" (Philadelphia, 1816).— 
His brother, John, jurist, b. near Petersburg, Va., 
in 1787; d. in Mount Athos, Campbell co., Va., 5 
Julv, 1878, was educated at William and Mary, 
studied law, was admitted to the bar, early gained a 
good position in his profession, and was appointed 
attorney-general of the state. He was elected to 
congress for three successive terms, serving from 8 
Dec., 1834, till 8 March, 1839. He was judge of the 
circuit court for many years. Although a strong 
believer in the doctrines of the Jeffersonian school, 
he deprecated civil war, and at the beginning of 
the secession troubles was sent by Virginia to dis- 
suade the southern states from extreme measures at 
the same time that John Tyler was despatched on 
a similar errand to President Buchanan. He pub- 
lished a tragedy called "Riego, or the Spanish 
Martyr M (Richmond, 1872), and a volume of occa- 
sional verses under the title of ** Opuscule*" — An- 
other brother, Windham, governor of Virginia, b. 
in Manchester, Chesterfield co., Va., 26 Jan., 1803 ; 
d. in Washington county, Va., 11 Feb., 1888, was 
educated at William and Mary, studied law, was 
admitted to practice in 1824, and established him- 
self in Richmond. He was chosen a councillor of 
state in 1830, and in 1833 was again elected to the 
council, which was reduced to three members. 
He became lieutenant-governor on- 81 March, 1836, 
and on the same day succeeded to the governor- 
ship for one Year through the resignation of Little- 
ton W. Tazewell. In 1838 he was elected to the 
legislature, and represented the city of Richmond 
until he removed to the country in 1841. Return- 
ing to the capital in 1858. he was again elected to 
the legislature, and took an active part in its delib- 
erations during the period of the civil war. He 
resisted the proposal of South Carolina for a 
southern convention in 1869, and after the seces- 
sion of that state and others he still urged the re- 
fusal of Virginia to join them. As chairman of a 
committee, he was the author of the anti-coercion 
resolution, in which Virginia, while rejecting se- 
cession, declared her intention to fight with the 
southern states if they were attacked. He opposed 
the regulation of the prices of food in I860, and 
offered his resignation in 1864 when the public de- 
manded such a measure, but resumed his seat on 
receiving a vote of approval from his constituents. 
He was the author of " Pocahontas, alias Matoaka, 



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and her Descendants through her Marriage with 
John Rolfe " (Richmond, 1887). He left in manu- 
script a "Vindication of the Course of Virginia 
throughout the Slave Controversy." 

ROBERTSON, Thomas James, senator, b. in 
Fairfield county, S. C, 8 Aug., 1823. He was gradu- 
ated at South Carolina college in 1843, and studied 
medicine, but became a planter. He was Gov. Rob- 
ert P. W. Allston's aide-de-camp in 1858-*0. Dur- 
ing the civil war he was a decided and open Union- 
ist He was a member of the State constitutional 
convention that was held after the passage of the 
reconstruction acts of congress, and was elected as 
a Republican to one of the vacant seats in the 
U. S. senate. He was re-elected for a full term, 
serving altogether from 22 July, 1868, till 8 March, 
1877, and held the chairmanship of the committee 
on manufactures. 

ROBERTSON, William, Scottish historian, b. 
in Borthwick, Scotland, 19 Sept., 1721 ; d. in Edin- 
burgh, Scotland, 11 June, 1798. He studied the- 
ology at the University of Edinburgh, where he was 
graduated in 1741. He held various livings, be- 
came, in 1762, principal of the University of Edin- 
burgh, and was appointed royal historiographer of 
Scotland in 1764. He devoted many years to writ- 
ing a "History of Scotland" (London, 1758-'9), 
which brought him fame and advancement, and 
encouraged him to apply the same degree of care 
and industry to a " History of the Emperor Charles 
V." (1769). He then undertook a "History of 
America," and published the first eight books, 
dealing with the settlement and history of the 
Spanish colonies (1777), but the Revolutionary war 
deterred him from carrying out his plan. The 
ninth and tenth books, containing the history of 
Virginia until 1688 and that of New England up 
to 1662, were published from his manuscripts by 
his son William (1796). Numerous collective edi- 
tions of Robertson's works have appeared. His 
biography has been written by Dugald Stewart 
(1801) ana by Lord Brougham in his " Lives of Men 
of Letters "(1857). 

ROBERTSON, William H., jurist, b. in Bed- 
ford, Westchester co., N. Y., 10 Oct., 1828. He 
received a classical education, studied law, and 
was admitted to the bar in 1847. He was elected 
superintendent of the common schools of Bedford, 
and in 1849 and 1850 was a member of the state 
assembly. In 1854 he was sent to the state senate, 
and he was elected county judge for three succes- 
sive terms, holding the office twelve years. In 
1860 he was a presidential elector on the Repub- 
lican ticket. Judge Robertson was a delegate to 
the Baltimore convention of 1864 and again an 
elector, and was then elected to congress, and 
served from 4 March, 1867, till 8 March, 1869. In 
1872 he returned to the state senate, and was one 
of the leaders of that body till 1881, when he was 
appointed collector of the port of New York. His 
nomination to the office by President Garfield 
without consultation with the senators from New 
York, Roecoe Conkling and Thomas C. Piatt, led 
to the defection of the so-called Stalwart wing of 
the Republican party. 

ROBERYAL, Jean Francois de la Roqne, 
Sieur de, French colonist, b. about 1500 ; d. at sea 
in 1547. He was a nobleman of Picardy, and the 
first person that attempted to colonize New France 
after Cartier. He had gained distinction as an 
officer in the army, and, having obtained the king's 
consent to govern and colonize Canada, he sailed 
for that country in 1542. He reached his destina- 
tion in safety, wintered at Stadacona (now Quebec), 
and sent two vessels to France for provisions, which 



he did not receive. He then led an unsuccessful 
expedition into the interior of the country, losing 
fifty-eight men at Quebec, and one ship. Instead 
of sending Roberval aid, the king ordered Cartier 
to bring him home, as his services would be valu- 
able in the war in Picardy. He performed several 
gallant exploits, but in 1547 sailed a second time 
for Canada with a large and valuable expedition, 
but was wrecked on the passage, and all perished. 

ROBESON, George Maxwell, secretary of the 
navy, b. in Warren county, N. J., in 1827. Ho was 
graduated at Princeton in 1847, studied law, was 
admitted to the bar in 1850, and began practice in 
Newark, N. J., removing afterward to Camden, 
where he was appointed prosecuting attorney for 
the county in 1859. He took an active part in 
organizing the state troops at the beginning of 
the civil war, holding a commission as brigadier- 
general under the governor. In 1867 he became 
attorney-general of New Jersey, but he resigned on 
receiving the appointment of secretary of the navy 
in the cabinet of President Grant on 25 June, 
1869. He held this office till March, 1877, and 
was subsequently a member of congress from 18 
March, 1879, till 8 March, 1888. 

ROBIDAUX, Joseph Emery, Canadian edu- 
cator, b. in St. Philippe, Laprairie, Quebec, 10 
March, 1844. He was educated at the Montreal 
and Jesuits' colleges, and graduated in law at 
McGill university in 1866. He was admitted to 
the bar in that year, was appointed queen's coun- 
sel, and has been professor of civil law at McGill 
university since 1877. In 1879 he was a commis- 
sioner to report on the administration of justice in 
Montreal, and a member of the commission to in- 
quire into matters connected with the building of 
the parliament house in Quebec. Mr. Robidaux 
was elected to the Quebec legislative assembly, 
26 March, 1884, and re-elected m December, 1886. 

ROBIE, Thomas, author, b. in Boston, Mass., 
20 March, 1689; d. there, 28 Aug.. 1729. He was 
graduated at Harvard in 1708, studied theology, 
and afterward took up the study of medicine, and 
obtained the degree of M. D. He was librarian of 
the college in 1712- , 18, and from 1714 till 1728 
was a tutor. He published a book entitled " The 
Knowledge of Christ " (Boston, 1721), and in the 
" Transactions " of the Philosophical society a pa- 
per on "Alkaline Salts" (1720) and one on "The 
Venom of the Spider" (1724). 

ROBIN, Claude CL French clergyman, b. in 
France about 1750. He accompanied Count Ro- 
c ham beau to the American colonies as chaplain. 
His experiences and observations in this country, 
with remarks on some of the actors and events of 
the Revolution, were £iven in "Nouveau voyage dans 
l'Amlrique septentnonale en 1781 et campagne de 
l'armee de M. le Comte de Rochambeau" (Paris, 
1782; English translation, Philadelphia, 1788). 
Abbe" Robin was the author also of "Voyages 
dans l'inteneur de la Louisiane " (Paris, 1807). 

ROBINS, Henry Ephraim, clergyman, b. in 
Hartford, Conn., 27 Sept, 1827. His education 
was received at the Literary institute, Suffield, 
Conn., and at Newton theological seminary, where 
he was graduated in 1861. In the same year he 
was ordained, and in 1862 he became pastor of the 
Central Baptist church, Newport, R. I. In 1867 
he took the pastorate of the 1st Baptist church, 
Rochester, N. Y., and he remained there until 
1878, when he was called to the presidency of Colby 
university, Waterville, Me. For nearly ten years 
he administered the affairs of this college with 
success. In 1882 he was elected to the chair of 
Christian ethics in Rochester theological seminary, 



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which place he still (1888) occupies. Dr. Robins has 
spent much time in study and travel in Europe. 

ROBINS, Thomas, banker, b. at South Point, 
his father's plantation, Worcester county, Md., 1 
Jan., 1797; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 13 April, 1882. 
He received an academic education in Maryland, 
and in 1815 removed to Philadelphia, where he 
engaged in mercantile pursuits until 1852. Mr. 
Robins was then called to the presidency of the 
Philadelphia bank, resigning in 1879, having extri- 
cated it almost from bankruptcy, and carried it 
safely through two panics, and leaving it the most 
prosperous in the city. He held many places of 
trust, and was at one time president of the com- 
mon council of Philadelphia. Mr. Robins was the 
author of "Notes of Travel" (printed privately, 
Philadelphia, 1873). 

ROBINSON, Annie Douglas, poet, b. in Plym- 
outh, N. H., 12 Jan., 1842. Her maiden name 
was Green. Under the pen-name of "Marian 
Douglas " she has contributed many poems to 
magazines and newspapers, and published in book- 
form " Picture Poems for Young: Folks " (Boston, 
1871) and a story in prose entitled "Peter and 
Polly, or Home Life in New England a Hundred 
Years Ago" (1876). 

ROBINSON, Beverly, soldier, b. in Virginia 
in 1723 ; d. in Thornbury, England, in 1792. He 
was the son of John Robinson, president of the 
council of Virginia in 1734, and afterward speaker 
of the house of burgesses. The son served under 
Wolfe as a major at 
the storming of Que- 
bec in 1759, and be- 
came wealth v by his 
marriage with Su- 
sanna, daughter of 
Frederick Phillipse. 
Though he opposed 
the measures that 
led to the separation 
of the colonies from 
the mother-country, 
he joined the loyal- 
ists when independ- 
ence was declared, 
removed to New 
^ sr%* . York, and raised the 

0j6V. WwwriScTiS' Loyal American regi- 
ment, of which ne 
was colonel, also commanding the corps called the 
guards and pioneers. Col. Robinson was also em- 
ployed to conduct several matters of importance 
on behalf of the royalists, and figured conspicu- 
ously in cases of defection from the Whig cause. 
He opened a correspondence with the Whig lead- 
ers of Vermont relative to their return to their 
allegiance, and was concerned in Arnold's treason. 
His country mansion was Arnold's headquarters 
while the latter was arranging his plan. (See illus- 
tration on page 95, vol. i.) After the trial and con- 
viction of Andre\ Col. Robinson, as a witness, ac- 
companied the commissioners that were sent by Sir 
Henry Clinton to Washington's headquarters to 
plead with him for Andre's life. Col. Robinson had 
previously addressed Washington on the subject of 
Andre's release, and in his letter reminded him of 
their former friendship. At the termination of the 
war he went to New Brunswick, and was a member 
of the first council of that colony, but did not take 
his seat He subsequently went to England with 
part of his family, and resided in retirement at 
Thornbury, near Bath, till his death. His wife was 
included in the confiscation act of New York, and 
the whole of the estate that was derived from her 



father passed from the family. As a compensation 
for this loss the British government granted her 
husband the sum of £17,000 sterling. She died at 
Thornbury in 1822, aged ninety-four years. — Their 
son, Beverly, b. in New York state about 1755; 
d. in New York city in 1816, was graduated at 
Columbia in 1778. and at the beginning of the 
Revolution was a student of law in the office of 
James Duane. He was a lieutenant - colonel in 
the Loyal American regiment, and at the evacu- 
ation of New York was placed at the head of a 
large number of loyalists, who embarked for 
Nova Scotia. He afterward went to New Bruns- 
wick, and resided principally at and near the city 
of St. John, receiving half-pay as an officer of the 
crown. He was a member of the council of New 
Brunswick, and on the occurrence of the war be- 
tween Great Britain and France, was ^riven com- 
mand of a regiment that had been raised in the 
colony. Col. Robinson did much to advance the 
interests of the city of St John. He died while 
on a visit to two of his sons that remained resi- 
dents of New York city. — Another son of the first 
Beverly, Morris, b. in the Highlands of New 
York in 1759; <L at Gibraltar in 1815, served as a 
captain in the queen's rangers during the war of 
the Revolution, and after the restoration of peace 
was continued in commission. At the time of his 
death he was a lieutenant - colonel and assistant 
barrack-master-general in the British army. — An- 
other son, John, b. in New York state in 1761 ; 
d. in St. John, New Brunswick, in 1828, was a 
lieutenant in the Loyal American regiment dur- 
ing the Revolution, and when the corps was dis- 
banded he settled in New Brunswick and received 
half-pay. He became a successful merchant, was 
deputy paymaster-general of the king's forces in 
the colony, a member of the council, treasurer 
of New Brunswick,, mayor of St John, and presi- 
dent of the first bank that was chartered in that 
city and in the colony. — Another son, Sir Fred- 
erick Phillipse, soldier, b. in the Highlands of 
New York in September, 1768; d. in Brighton, 
England, 1 Jan., 1852, was attached to his father's 
regiment, and in February, 1777, was commissioned 
an ensign. He was wounded and taken prisoner 
at the battle of Stony Point, but was exchanged, 
and left this country. He was promoted to the 
rank of captain in 1794, served in the West Indies 
under Sir Charles Gore, and was present at the 
siege of Fort Bourbon in the island of Martinique. 
In 1795 he returned to England, and in 1812 he 
served as brigadier-general in the peninsula. After 
the termination of the peninsular war he went 
to Canada as commander-in-chief of the troops in 
the upper province. He commanded the British 
force in the attack on Plattsburg under Gen. 
Prevost, and protested against the order of his 
superior officer when he was directed to retire. 
From 1 July, 1815, till 1816, he administered the 
government of Upper Canada during the absence 
of Francis Gore. He soon afterward removed to 
the West Indies, where he took command of the 
forces. He became a lieutenant-general in 1825, and 
in 1841 was promoted to the full rank of general. 
On 2 Jan., 1815, he was made a knight commander 
of the Bath, and in 1888 he became a knight 
grand cross of that order. — Another son. Sir 
William Henry, b. in the Highlands of New 
York in 1766 d. in Bath, England, in 1886, ac- 
companied his father to England, was appointed 
to a place in the commissariat department of the 
British army, and was its head at the time of his 
death. He was knighted for his long services. 
His wife, Catherine, daughter of Cortlandt Skin- 



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ROBINSON 



ner, attorney-general of New Jersey, d. at Wis- 
thorpe House, Marlow, England, in 1848. 

ROBINSON, Charles, governor of Kansas, b. 
in Hardwick, Mass., 21 July, 1818. He was educat- 
ed at Hadley and Amherst academies and at Am- 
herst college, but was compelled by illness to leave 
in his second year. He studied medicine at Wood- 
stock, Vt, and at Pittsfleld, Mass.. where he re- 
ceived his degree in 1843, and practised at Belcher- 
town, Springfield, and Fitchburg, Mass., till 1849, 
when he went to California by the overland route. 
He edited a daily paper in Sacramento called the 
" Settler's and Miners Tribune " in 1850. took an 
active part in the riots of 1850 as an upholder of 
squatter sovereignty, was seriously wounded, and, 
wnile under indictment for conspiracy and murder, 
was elected to the legislature. He was subsequently 
discharged by the court without trial. On his re- 
turn to Massachusetts in 1852 he conducted in 
Pitchburg a weekly paper called the "News" till 
June, 1854. when he went to Kansas as confiden- 
tial agent of the New England emigrants' aid 
society, and settled in Lawrence. He became the 
leader of the Free-state party, and was made chair- 
man of its executive committee and commander- 
in-chief of the Kansas volunteers. He was a mem- 
ber of the Topeka convention that adopted a free- 
state constitution in 1855, and under it was elected 
governor in 1856. He was arrested for treason and 
usurpation of office, and on his trial on the latter 
charge was acquitted by the jury. He was elected 
again by the Free-state party in 1858, and for the 
third time in 1859, under the Wyandotte constitu- 
tion, and entered on his term of two years on the 
admission of Kansas to the Union in January, 
1861. He organized most of the Kansas regi- 
ments for the civil war. He afterward served 
one terra as representative and two terms as sena- 
tor in the legislature, and in 1882 was again a can- 
didate for governor. In 1887 he became superin- 
tendent of Haskell institute in Lawrence.— His 
wife, Sarah Tappan Doollttle, author, b. in 
Belchertown, Mass., 12 July, 1827, was educated 
at the New Salem academy, and married Dr. Rob- 
inson at Belchertown on 80 Oct, 1851. Her 
maiden name was Lawrence. She has published 
44 Kansas, its Exterior and Interior Life * (Boston. 
1856), in which she describes the scenes, actors, ana 
events of the struggle between the friends and foes 
of slavery in Kansas, during which her house was 
plundered and burned, and her husband was im- 
prisoned for four months. 

ROBINSON. Charles Seymour, clergyman, b. 
in Bennington, vt, 81 March, 1829. He was gradu- 
ated at Williams in 1849, studied theology in 
1851-2 at Union seminary, New York city, and in 
1852-'8 at Princeton, and on 19 April, 1855, was 
ordained pastor of a Presbyterian church in Troy, 
N. Y. In 1860 he took charge of a church in 
Brooklyn. In 1868-'70 he had charge of the Ameri- 
can chapel in Paris. In 1870 he became pastor 
of a congregation in New York city, which soon 
afterward erected the Madison avenue Presbyte- 
rian church, resigning in 1887. He received the 
degree of D. D. from Hamilton in 1867 and that of 
LL. D. from Lafayette in 1885. Dr. Robinson has 

Kublished volumes of sermons and other works that 
ave passed through several editions, and collections 
of hymns and tunes that are extensively used. The 
titles of his publications are " Songs of the Church " 
(New York, 1862); "Songs for the Sanctuary" 
(1865); "Short Studies for Sunday-School Teachers" 
(1868); "Bethel and Penuel" (1878); "Church 
Work " (1878) ; " Psalms and Hymns " (1875) ; " Cal- 
vary Songs for Sunday-Schools " (1875) ; " Spiritual 



Songs for Church and Choir" (1878); "Studies in 
the New Testament " (1880) ; "Spiritual Songs for 
Social Meetings" (1881); "Spiritual Songs for 
Sunday-Schools" (1881); "Studies of Neglected 
Texts * (1888); "Laudes Domini" (1884); "Ser- 
mons in Songs" (1885); "Sabbath Evening Ser- 
mons " (1887) ; " The Pharaohs of the Bondage and 
the Exodus "(1887); and "Simon Peter, his Life 
and Times " (2 vols., 1888). 

ROBINSON, Christopher, soldier, b. in West- 
moreland county, Va., in 1760; d. in York (now 
Toronto), Upper Canada, in 1798. He was a de- 
scendant of Christopher Robinson (1645-'90). elder 
brother of Dr. John Robinson, bishop of Bristol 
and London, who came to America in 1660 and 
was afterward secretary of the colony of Virginia. 
The younger Christopher was educated at William 
and Mary, and early in the Revolution fled to New 
York, where he received a commission in the 
Loyal American regiment under his relative, Bev- 
erly Robinson. He served at the south, and was 
wounded, and at the peace went to Nova Scotia 
and received a grant of land at Wilmot He soon 
removed to Upper Canada, was appointed inspector 
of the reserves of the crown, ana finally settled in 
York. In 1796 he represented the counties of Len- 
nox and Addington in the assembly. — His son, Sir 
John Beverly, bart, b. in Berthier, Lower Can- 
ada, 26 July, 1791 ; d. in Toronto, 80 Jan., 1868, 
studied law, meanwhile serving as a clerk of the 
assembly, and, on being admitted to the bar in 
1812, was appointed attorney-general of Upper 
Canada, which office he held till 1815. He was 
solicitor-general in 1815— '18. attorney-general in 
1818-*29, and chief justice of Upper Canada from 
15 July, 1829, till his death. He was for eighteen 
years a member of the legislature, serving about an 
equal length of time in each chamber. When the 
war of 1812 began he was one of a company of 100 
volunteers that followed Sir Isaac Brock in the ex- 
pedition that led to the capture of Detroit, and he 
was present at the battle of Queenstown Heights. 
In November, 1850, he was appointed a companion 
(civil division) of the order of the Bath, and he was 
created a baronet, by patent 21 Sept, 1854. He 
was chancellor of Trinity college, Toronto, and the 
author of several works on Canada. — John Bev- 
erly's son. Sir James Lukin, of Toronto, suc- 
ceeded him as second baronet, 80 Jan., 1868. — An- 
other son, John Beverly, Canadian lawyer, b. at 
Beverly house, Toronto, 21 Feb., 1820, was educat- 
ed privately and at Upper Canada college, studied 
law, and was admitted: to the bar of Upper Canada 
in 1844. He served during the rebellion of 1887 
as aide-de-camp to Sir Francis Bond Head, and 

Cicipated in the engagement near Toronto. He 
in the practice of law at Toronto, was president 
of its city council, and was elected mayor in 1857. 
Mr. Robinson represented Toronto in the legisla- 
tive assembly of Canada from 1857 till 1861, and 
West Toronto from the latter date till 1868. He 
was elected for Algoma to the Dominion parlia- 
ment in 1872, and sat until the dissolution in 1874. 
Mr. Robinson was also a member of the executive 
council of Canada, and president of that body 
in the Cartier-Macdonald administration from 27 
March till 21 May, 1862. He was lieutenant-gov- 
ernor of Ontario in 1880-'7. 

ROBINSON, Christopher Black ett, Canadian 
publisher, b. in Thorah, Ori\, 2 Nov., 1887. He 
was educated at the public schools and by private 
tuition, engaged in journalism in 1857, and edited 1 
the " Canadian Post " in Beaverton. In 1861 he re- 
moved this paper to Lindsay, where he published 
it for ten years. In 1871 he sold his interest in the 



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44 Post " and removed to Toronto, where, in 1873, he 
established " The Canada Presbyterian/' the chief 
denominational paper of the country, which he still 
(1888) conducts. In conjunction with Prof. Gold- 
win Smith he also founded at Toronto " The Week," 
the principal literary periodical in the Dominion. 
Mr. Robinson publishes Sabbath-school papers, the 
" Canada Law Journal,'* •* Rural Canadian," and 
the "Dominion Oddfellow," of which he is also 
managing editor. He was president of the Cana- 
dian press association in 1884, and has been a di- 
rector in banking and manufacturing institutions. 
ROBINSON, Conway, jurist, b. in Richmond, 
Va., 15 Sept., 1805; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 80 
Jan., 1884 The first emigrant of this family was 
John Robinson, who settled in Virginia, apparent- 
ly in York county, where his son Anthony was a 
large landed proprietor in 1691. The family is not 
to be confused with that of the colonial treasurer, 
or with Christopher Robinson, president of the 
council. Conway Robinson's father, John, was ap- 
pointed in 1787 clerk of the superior court, Rich- 
mond, and was the author of " Forms in the Courts 
of Law of Virginia." The son received his education 
at a school in Richmond, and became deputy clerk 
under his father. Here he studied law and issued 
a new edition of his father's " Forms " (Richmond, 
1826), which is still valued by clerks in Virginia. 
He secured a large practice soon after entering on 
his profession. He next issued his •• Law and Equi- 
ty Practice in Virginia " (8 vols., 1832-'9), which 
has been highly praised. In 1842 Mr. Robinson 
became reporter to the Virginia court of appeals, 
but, after publishing two volumes of reports 
(1842-'4), he resigned the office in 1844. From 
1846 till 1849 he devoted himself, with other emi- 
nent lawyers, to a revision of the civil and crimi- 
nal code of Virginia, which went into effect on 1 
July. 1850. In the same year a constitutional con- 
vention met in Virginia, some of whose changes, 
such as the election of all judges by the people, 
were vainly opposed by Mr. Robinson. Further 
changes in the code being necessitated by the new 
constitution, he was chosen by Richmond its rep- 
resentative in the house of delegates in 1852, in 
order that he might assist in the revision. In 1860 
he took up his residence at " The Vineyard " near 
Washington, D. C, and practised in the supreme 
court. He had begun in 1854, and in 1874 com- 
pleted, " The Principles and Practice of Courts of 
Justice in England and the United States" (2 
vols., Richmond, 1855). This work was preceded 
by careful researches in England, where its value 
has been recognized by high authorities. Conway 
Robinson was for many years chairman of the ex- 
ecutive committee of the Virginia historical society, 
which published his ** Account of the Discoveries 
of the West until 1519 ; and of Voyages to and 
along the Atlantic Coast of North America, from 
1520 to 1578 " (1848). He made several important 
discoveries in history, and in 1858 found in the 
state archives in London a MS. journal of the first, 
legislative assembly in Virginia (1619). At the 
close of the above-named work on the early voy- 
ages to America he alluded to a work in prepara- 
tion, " The Annals of Virginia," but this was not 
published, as the later years of the author were de- 
voted to his *• History of the High Court of Chan- 
cery, and other Institutions of England ; from the 
time of Caius Julius Caesar until the Accession of 
William and Mary (in 1688-'9)." Of this work the 
first volume has been published (Richmond, 1882), 
and the second and concluding volume will proba- 
bly appear. The first volume possesses a value in- 
dependent of the secoud, and has large annotated 




*>c4tA>. ^t£-^t**> 



indices. It is the only work of the kind in Eng- 
lish, and is virtually a cyclopaedia of legal history 
in the eleven centuries that it coven. 

ROBINSON, Edward, biblical scholar, b. in 
Southington, Conn., 10 April, 1794; d. in New 
York city, 27 Jan., 1868. He was brought up on a 
farm, taught at East Haven and Farmington in 
1810-'ll, entered Hamilton college, where bis un- 
cle, Seth Norton, 
was a professor, 
and was gradu- 
ated in 1816. Af. 
ter studying law 
for a few months, 
he returned to the 
college as tutor in 
mathematics and 
Greek, and while 
there married a 
daughter of Sam- 
uel Kirk land. His 
wife died within a 
year. In 1821 he 
went to Andover 
to superintend the 
publication of an 
edition of Homer's 
" Iliad," with selected notes. He there began the 
study of Hebrew, aided Prof. Moses Stuart in the 
preparation of the second edition of the tatter's 
"Hebrew Grammar" (Andover. 1828), and in 
1828-'6 was his assistant, and for a part of the 
time his substitute, in the chair of sacred litera- 
ture in the theological seminary. In 1826 he 
went to Germany, and pursued philological studies 
at Halle and Berlin. He manned the daughter of 
Prof. Ludwig Heinrich von Jakob, of Halle, in 
1828, and after travelling through Europe returned 
home in 1880, and was appointed extraordinary 

Jirofessor of sacred literature in Andover seminary, 
n 1881 he began the publication of the " Biblical 
Repository," which he edited for four years. After 
spending three years in Boston, engaged on a 
scriptural Greek lexicon, he accepted in 1837 the 
chair of biblical literature in Union theological 
seminary. New York city. He explored Palestine 
in 1838 with the Rev. Eli Smith, and in 1839-'40 
remained in Berlin to digest his notes and verify 
his discoveries. This work gave the first impetus 
to modern biblical research. He returned to the 
duties of his professorship, and in 1848 edited the 
first volume of the •• Bibhotheca Sacra," into which 
was merged the " Biblical Repository." He revis- 
ited Jerusalem in 1852, being again accompanied 
by the Rev. Dr. Smith. He began in 1856 the re- 
vision of his works on scriptural geography, but 
did not live to complete it. His biblical library 
and maps were purchased after his death for Ham- 
ilton college, with the exception of many volumes 
that he had given to Union theological seminary. 
He received the degree of D. D. from Dartmouth 
in 1832. and from the University of Halle in 1842, 
that of LL. D. from Yale in 1844, and received a 
gold medal from the London royal geographical 
society in 1842. While associated: with Prof. Stu- 
art, he assisted in making a translation of George 
B. Winer's " Greek Grammar of the New Testa- 
ment" (Andover, 1825). He published independ- 
ently a " Greek and English Lexicon of the New 
Testament" (1825), based on the "Clavis Philo- 
logica " of Christian A. Wahl : revised Augustine 
Calmet's u Dictionary of the Bible" (Boston, 1832}; 
translated from the German Philip Buttman * 
" Greek Grammar " (1833) ; compiled a '* Dictionary 
of the Holy Bible for the Use of Schools and 



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ROBINSON 



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285 



Young Persons M (Boston, 1888) ; prepared a " Har- 
mon y of the Gospels in Greek" (Andover. 1884): 
translated from the Latin of Wilhelm Gesenius the 
M Hebrew Lexicon of the Old Testament, including 
the Biblical Chaldee" (Boston, 1886; 5th ed., with 
corrections and additions, 1854) ; and produced a 
M Greek and English Lexicon of the New Testa- 
ment" (Boston, 1888; last revision, New York, 
1850), a work which superseded his translation 
of Wahl's work, became a standard authority 
in the United States, and was several times re- 
printed in Great Britain. The fruit of his first 
survey of Palestine and historical study of scrip- 
tural topography was " Biblical Researches in Pal- 
estine, Mt Sinai, and Arabia Petnea, a Journal of 
Travels in 1888, by E. Robinson and E. Smith, un- 
dertaken in reference to Biblical Geography " (Bos- 
ton and London, 1841 ; German translation, Halle, 
1841). It was recognized in all countries as the 
most valuable contribution to biblical geography 
and archeology that had appeared since the days 
of Hadrian Reland, and incited other students to 
enter this then neglected field of investigation. A 
second " Harmony of the Pour Gospels in Greek " 
(Boston, 1845) was followed by a " Harmony of the 
Gospels in English " (Boston. 1846; London, 1847) ; 
also in French (Brussels, 1851). After his second 

S* >urney in the East Dr. Robinson published " Later 
iblical Researches in Palestine and the Adjacent 
Regions : a Journal of Travels in the Year 1852, by 
Edward Robinson, Eli Smith, and others, drawn up 
from the Original Diaries, with Historical Illustra- 
tions " (Boston and London, 1856 ; German trans- 
lation, Berlin, 1856). Revised editions of the Greek 
and English " Harmonies," edited by Matthew B. 
Riddle, were published in 1885 and 1886. A " Me- 
moir of Rev. William Robinson, with some Account 
of his Ancestors in this Country " (printed private- 



ly. New York, 1850), is a sketch of his father, who 
for fortv-one years was pastor of the Congrega- 
tional church in Southington, Conn. Dr. Robin- 



son's last work, " Physical Geography of the Holy 
Land," a supplement to his •• Biblical Researches,'' 
was edited by Mrs. Robinson (New York and Lon- 
don, 1865JL See "The Life, Writings, and Char- 
acter of Edward Robinson," by Henry B. Smith 
and Roswell D. Hitchcock (New York, 1868).— 
His wife, Therese Albert! na Louise von Jakob, 
author, b. in Halle, Germany, 26 Jan., 1797; 
d. in Hamburg, Germany, 18 April, 1869, went 
in 1807 to Russia with her father, who held 
high posts under the government, and returned to 
Halle in 1816. In Russia she acquired an intimate 
knowledge of the Slavic languages and literature, 
and wrote her first poems. After her return to 
Germany she translated Walter Scott's " Old Mor- 
tality " and " Black Dwarf," which she published 
under the pen-name of " Ernst Berthold " (Halle, 
1822). All her other works were signed " Talvi," 
an anagram formed from the initials of her maiden 
name. She wrote many original tales, some of 
which were collected in a volume bearing the title 
of " Psyche H (1825). A German translation of the 
popular songs of the Servians was issued under the 
title of - Volkslieder der Serben " (Halle, 1826 ; new 
ed., Leipsic, 1858). After her arrival in the United 
States she translated into German John Pickering's 
work " On the Adoption of a Uniform Orthogra- 
phy for the Indian Languages of North America 4 ' 
(Leipsic, 1884). Her other works in the German 
language that were published during her residence 
in this country are " Characteristik der Volkslieder 
germanischen Nationen" (Leipsic, 1840); "Die 
Unechtheit der Lieder Ossians * (1840) ; "Aus der 
Geechichte der ersten Ansiedelungen in den Ver- 



einigten Staaten," comprising a history of John 
Smith (1845) ; " Die Colonisation von New Eng- 
land " (1847), which was imperfectly translated into 
English by William Hazlitt. Jr. ; and three tales 
that were originally published in Leipsic and trans- 
lated into English by her daughter, appearing 
under the titles of " Heloise, or the Unrevealea 
Secret" (New York, 1850); "Life's Discipline: a 
Tale of the Annals of Hungary" (1851); and "The 
Exiles" (1858), which last was republished as 
" Woodhill, or the Ways of Providence " (1856). 
She contributed occasional essays in English on 
the subjects that engaged her study to the " North 
American Review," the " Biblical Repository," and 
other American periodicals. One series of articles 
was reissued in book-form under the title of " His- 
torical View of the Languages and Literature of 
the Slavic Nations, with a Sketch of their Popular 
Poetry " (New York and London, 1850). After the 
death of her husband, Mrs. Robinson resided in 
Hamburg, where her son, Edward, was American 
consul. Her last work waspublished in the United 
States under the title of "Fifteen Years, a Picture 
from the Last Century " (New York, 1870). A col- 
lection of her tales, with her biography by her 
daughter, was published (2 vols., Leipsic, 1874). 

ROBINSON, Eiektel Gilman, educator, b. in 
Attleborough, Mass., 28 March, 1815. He was 
graduated at Brown in 1888, and at Newton theo- 
logical seminary in 1842. From 1842 till 1845 he 
was pastor of the Baptist church in Norfolk, Va., 
during which period: he served for one year, bv 
permission of his church, as chaplain at the Uni- 
versity of Virginia. After a short pastorate in 
Cambridge, Mass., he became in 1846 professor of 
biblical interpretation in Western theological semi- 
nary, Covington, Ky. In 1850 he was chosen pastor 
of the Ninth street Baptist church, Cincinnati, 
Ohio. In 1858 he was elected professor of theology 
in Rochester theological seminary, and in 1860 he 
was made its president In 1872 he resigned his 
place at Rochester to become president of Brown 
university, which office he still (1888) holds. 
Under his administration this college nas advanced 
its already high reputation. Dr. Robinson is pre- 
eminently a teacher, broad and full in his scholar-, 
ship, stimulating and inspiring in his methods. 
While he is faithful to his special educational work, 
his high reputation as a preacher and lecturer has 
kept him much in the pulpit and on the platform. 
He has been a trustee of Vassar college from its 
foundation, and received the honorary degrees of 
D. D. and LL. D. from Brown in 1858 and 1872 re- 
spectively. Dr. Robinson's published writings con- 
sist chiefly of sermons, addresses, and review arti- 
cles. For several years he was editor of the 
" Christian Review/' His books include a revised 
translation of Neander's " Planting and Training 
of the Church " (New York, 1865) ; " Yale Lectures 
on Preaching " (1888) ; and " Principles and Prac- 
tice of Morality *' (Boston, 1888). 

ROBINSON, Fayette, author, b. in Virginia; 
d. in New York city, 26 March, 1859. He was the 
author of " Mexico and her Military Chieftains " 
(Philadelphia, 1847); "Account of the Organisa- 
tion of the Army of the United States, with Biog- 
raphies of Distinguished Officers" (1848); "Cali- 
fornia and the Gold Regions" (New York, 1849); 
"Grammar of the Spanish Language" (Philadel- 
phia, 1850) ; a romance entitled " Wizard of the 
Wave" (New York, 1858); a translation of An- 
thelme Brillat-Savarin's "Physiologic du gout;" 
(Philadelphia, 1854), and novels from the French. 

ROBINSON, George Dexter, governor of 
Massachusetts, b. in Lexington, Mass., 20 Jaiu, 



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1884. He was graduated at Harvard in 1856, was 
principal of the hiffh-school at Chicopee, Mass., for 
.nine years, studied Taw with his brother Charles, and 
was admitted to the bar in 1866. He practised at 
Chicopee, was elected to the legislature in 1874, en- 
tered the state senate in 1876, and later in the same 
year was elected to congress as a Republican, tak- 
ing his seat on 15 Oct., 1877. He was thrice re- 
elected, and resigned his seat in 1888, having been 
elected governor. In 1884 and 1885 he was re- 
elected, serving till the close of 1886. 

ROBINSON, Horatio Nelson, mathematician, 
b. in Hartwick, Otsego co., N. Y., 1 Jan., 1806; d. 
in Elbridge, N. Y., 19 Jan., 1867. He received 
only a common-school education, but early evinced 
a genius for mathematics, making the calculations 
for an almanac at the age of sixteen. A wealthy 
neighbor gave him the means to study at Prince- 
ton, and at the age of nineteen he was appointed an 
instructor of mathematics in the navy, which post 
he retained for ten years. He then taught an 
academy at Canandaigua, and afterward one at 
Genesee, N. Y., until in 1844 he gave up teaching 
because his health was impaired, and removed to 
Cincinnati, Ohio. There he prepared the first of a 
series of elementary mathematical text-books, 
which have been adopted in many of the academies 
and colleges of the United States. In revising and 
completing the series he had the assistance of other 
mathematicians and educators. He removed to 
Syracuse, N. Y., in 1850, and to Elbridge in 1854. 
His publications include "University Algebra " 
(Cincinnati, 1847), with a " Key " (1847) ; " Astrono- 
my, University Edition " (1849) ; " Geometry and 
Trigonometry'' (1850); "Treatise on Astronomy" 
(Albany, 1850); " Mathematical Recreations" (Al- 
bany, 1851^; "Concise Mathematical Operations" 
(Cincinnati, 1854); " Treatise on Surveying and 
Navigation n (1857), which, in its revised form, was 
edited by Oren Root (New York, 1868); "Analyti- 
cal Geometry and Conic Sections" (New York, 
1864); "Differential and Integral Calculus " (1861), 
edited by Isaac F. Quinby (1868). 

ROBINSON, James Sidney, soldier, b. near 
Mansfield, Ohio, 14 Oct, 1827. He learned the 
printer's trade in Mansfield, and in 1846 established 
the Kenton "Republican," which be edited for 
eighteen years. In 1856 he was secretary of the 
first convention of the Republican party that was 
held in Ohio. He was for two sessions clerk of the 
state house of representatives. At the beginning 
of the civil war he enlisted in the 4th Ohio regi- 
ment, and was soon made a captain. He took part 
in the operations at Rich Mountain, Va., was pro- 
moted major in October, 1861, served under Gen. 
John C. Fremont in the Shenandoah valley, and 
became lieutenant-colonel in April, and colonel in 
August, 1862. He was engaged at the second bat- 
tle of Bull Run, and at Cedar Mountain and Chan- 
cellorsville, and was severely wounded at Gettys- 
burg. He commanded a brigade under Gen. Joseph 
Hooker and Gen. Alpheus S. Williams in the At- 
lanta campaign and the march to the sea, was com- 
missioned brigadier-general of volunteers on 12 
Jan., 1865, received the brevet of major-general on 
18 March, and was mustered out on 81 Aug. On 
his return to Ohio he became chairman of the state 
Republican committee. In 1879 he was appointed 
by the governor commissioner of railroads and 
telegraphs. He was elected to congress for two 
successive terms, serving from 5 Dec., 1881, till 12 
Jan., 1885, and subsequently held the office of 
secretory of state of Ohio. 

ROBINSON, John, clergyman, b. probably in 
Lincolnshire, England, in 1575 or 1576 ; d. in Ley- 



den, Holland, about the beginning of March, 1625. 
He entered Corpus Christi, Cambridge, in 1592, 
was chosen a fellow, and is supposed to have re- 
ceived the degree of M. A. in 1599. He officiated 
as a minister of the established church near Nor- 
wich, but omitted parts of the ritual, having be- 
come inclined toward Puritan doctrines at the uni- 
versity, and was soon suspended from his functions. 
He removed to Norwich, where he gathered about 
him a band of worshippers. In 1604 he formal lv 
withdrew from the national church, resigning his 
fellowship, and connected himself with a body of 
dissenters in Gainsborough, Lincolnshire, and the 
adjacent district He was one of ministers of the 
congregation at Scrooby, Nottinghamshire. A 
part of the flock went with the other minister to 
Holland. Some months later, Robinson and the 
rest of the congregation determined to emigrate, 
in order to escape persecution. After being de- 
tained by the police and enduring various hard- 
ships, the entire congregation escaped to Amster- 
dam, and, after passing nearly a year there, settled 
in Leyden in tne early summer of 1609, where 
Robinson, with three others, in 1611, purchased a 
large house with an enclosed court. The church 
met for worship in the house, and some of the com- 

Siny seem to nave built homes within the court, 
e was recognized by his opponents as " the most 
learned, polished, ana modest spirit that ever sepa- 
rated from the Church of England," and in Leyden 
gained a high reputation by his disputations in de- 
fence of Calvinism in 1618 with Episcopius, the 
successor of Arminius. He became also a member 
of the university in September, 1615. His congre- 
gation was increased by accessions from England, 
and when, in 1617, the plan of emigration to Amer- 
ica was discussed, he took the heartiest interest in 
the scheme, and was active in promoting negotia- 
tions with the Virginia company. There was diffi- 
culty in bringing the matter to a conclusion, and 
about the beginning of 1620 he was a party to a 
proposition to certain Amsterdam merchants to 
remove to New Amsterdam ; but the states-general 
declined to further the plan, and Robinson and his 
company fell back on their original purpose. And 
when the younger members of the congregation 
sailed in the "Speedwell " in July, 1620, he took 
leave of them in a memorable sermon, intending to 
follow with the others the next year. A part of 
the remainder of the church departed after his 
death : as also, in 1681, did his son, Isaac, who has 
many descendants in the United States. The Ley- 
den pastor was the author of "An Answer to a 
Censorious Epistle" (1609); "A Justification of 
Separation from the Church of England against 
Mr. Bernard's Invective entitled * The Separatist's 
Schism 1 " (1610); "Of Religious Communion, Pri- 
vate and Public" (1614); "A Manumission to a 
Manuduction" (1615); "The People's Plea for the 
Exercise of Prophecy " (1618) ; " Apologia justa et 
necessaria " (1619), which was translated into Eng- 
lish in 1625 ; " Defence of the Doctrine propounded 
by the Synod of Dort " (1624) ; " Letter to the Con- 
gregational Church in London" (1624); "Appeal 
on Truth's Behalf" (1624); "Observations Divine 
and Moral" (1625); "On the Lawfulness of Hear- 
ing of the Ministers in the Church of England " 
( 1684) ; and " A Brief Catechism concerning Church 
Government," the earliest known edition of which 
was printed in 1642. The " Works of John Robin- 
son, Pastor of the Pilgrim Fathers," have been 
published, with a memoir and annotations by Rob- 
ert Ash ton, and an inaccurate account of his de- 
scendants by William Allen (8 vols., London and 
Boston, 1851). 



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ROBINSON, John, clergyman, b. in Cabarrus 
county, N. C M 8 Jan., 1768 ; d. in Poplar Tent, 
N. C, 14 Dec., 1848. He received an academic 
education at Winnsborough, S. C, studied theology, 
was licensed to preach on 4 April, 1793, and organ- 
ized several churches in Dupin county, N. C. He 
accepted the charge of the Presbyterian church at 
Fayetteville in 1800, established a classical school, 
preached in Poplar Tent in 1801-'5, and then in 
Fayetteville again till 1818, when he returned to 
Poplar Tent. The University of North Carolina 
gave him the degree of D. D. in 1829. He was one 
of the most popular and persuasive preachers of his 
faith, and not less eminent as an instructor. He 
published only a "Eulogy on Washington" (1800). 

ROBINSON, John Cleveland, soldier, b. in 
Binghamton, N. Y., 10 April, 1817. He was ap- 
pointed a cadet at the U. S. military academy in 
1835, left a year before graduation to study law, 
but returned to military service in October, 1839, 
when he was commissioned as 2d lieutenant in the 
5th U. S. infantry. He joined the army of occu- 
pation in Texas at Corpus Christi in September, 
1845, as regimental and brigade quartermaster, 
being promoted 1st lieutenant in June, 1846, was 
at Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma, served with 
distinction at Monterey, and participated in the 
concluding operations of the Mexican war. He was 
made captain in August, 1850, was engaged against 
hostile Indians in Texas in 1858-'4, was ordered in 
1856 to Florida, where he led expeditions against 
the Seminoles in the Everglades and Big Cyprus 
swamp, and in 1857-8 took part in the Utah expe- 
dition. At the beginning of the civil war he was 
in command at Fort McHenry, Baltimore, and pre- 
vented its capture by the insurgents by means of a 
successful ruse. Subsequently he was engaged in 
mustering volunteers at Detroit, Mich., and Colum- 
bus, Ohio, and in September, 1861, he was appoint- 
ed colonel of the 1st Michigan volunteers. He was 
promoted major in the IT. S. army in February, 
1862, was commissioned as brigadier-general of 
volunteers on 28 April, 1862, and commanded a 
brigade at Newport News. He was soon trans- 
ferred to the Army of the Potomac, and com- 
manded the 1st brigade of Oen. Philip Kearny's 
division. He took part in the seven days' battles 
before Richmond, and commanded a division at 
Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, and Gettysburg, 
where he earned the brevet of lieutenant-colonel, 
U. S. army, and in the operations at Mine Run and 
in the battles of the Wilderness, receiving the 
brevet of colonel for his services there. At Spott- 
sylvania Court-House, while leading a gallant 
charge on the enemy's breastworks, he received a 
bullet in his left knee, necessitating amputation at 
the thigh. He received the brevet of major-gen- 
eral of volunteers on 24 June, 1864. He was un- 
lit for further service in the field, and subsequently 
commanded districts in New York state, being 
brevetted brigadier- and major-general, U. S. army, 
in March, 1865, served as military commander and 
commissioner of the Bureau of freed men in North 
Carolina in 1866, was promoted colonel in the regu- 
lar army in July, 1866, mustered out of the volun- 
teer service on 1 Sept., 1866, commanded the De- 
partment of the South in 1867, and the Department 
of the Lakes in 1867-8, and on 6 May, 1869, was 
retired with the full rank of major-general. In 
1872 he was elected by the Republicans lieutenant- 

Jovernor of New York on the ticket with Gov. 
ohn A. Dix. He was chosen commander-in-chief 
of the Grand army of the republic in 1877 and 1878, 
and president of the Society of the Army of the 
Potomac in 1887. 



ROBINSON, John M., senator, b. in Ken- 
tucky in 1793; d. in Ottawa, III, 27 April, 1843. 
When a boy he moved with his parents to Carrai, 
111., where he afterward resided, engaging in the 
practice of law. He was chosen to the if. S. sen- 
ate in place of John McLean, deceased, and served 
from 4 Jan., 1831, till 3 March, 1841. In the year 
of his death he was elected one of the supreme 
court judges of Illinois. 

ROBINSON, Lucius, governor of New York, 
b. in Windham, Greene co., N. Y., 4 Nov., 1810. 
He was educated at the academy in Delhi, N. Y., 
studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1832. 
He became district attorney, and was appointed 
master of chancery in New York city in 1843 and 
reappointed in 1845. Leaving the Democratic 
party on the formation of the Republican organi- 
zation, he was elected a member of the assembly 
in 1859 and comptroller of the state in 1861 and 
1863. In 1865 he was nominated for the same of- 
fice by the Democrats, but failed of election. In 
1871-2 he was a member of the constitutional com- 
mission. In 1875 he was elected comptroller bv 
the Democrats. He was chosen governor in 1876. 
In 1879 he was again nominated by the Demo- 
crats for the governorship, but was not elected. 
One of the entrances to the Niagara Falls park is 
named in his honor. 

ROBINSON, Matthew, Baron Rokeby, b. near 
Hythe, Kent co., England, in 1713; d. 30 Nov., 
1800. He was educated at Westminster and Cam- 
bridge, and elected to parliament from Canterbury 
in 1747 and 1754. He led a life of primitive sim- 
plicity, and was an enthusiast for liberty, and the 
measures for the coercion of theAraerican colonies 
were especially repugnant to his sense of justice. 
He succeeded his uncle, Richard Robinson, arch- 
bishop of Armagh, as Baron Rokeby in the peerage 
of Ireland on 10 Oct, 1794. He published •' Con- 
siderations on the Measures Carrying on with re- 
spect to the British Colonies in North America'* 
(2d ed., London, 1774); "Considerations on the 
British Colonies" (1775); "A Further Examina- 
tion of our American Measures" (1776); and 
" Peace the Best Policy " (1777). 

ROBINSON, Herritt M., lawyer, b. in Louisi- 
ana about 1810 ; d. there, 5 June, 1850. He was the 
reporter of the supreme court of Louisiana from 
1841 till 1847. He published a useful - Digest of 
the Penal Laws of Louisiana, Analytically Ar- 
ranged" (New Orleans, 1841). His "Reports," 
comprising sixteen volumes, including four that 
he edited, were enriched with valuable marginal 
notes (New Orleans, 1842-'7). 

ROBINSON, Samuel, soldier, b. in Cambridge, 
Mass., 4 April, 1707; d. in London, England. 27 
Oct., 1767. His father, of the same name, was the 
third son of William Robinson, one of the early 
Cambridge colonists, and who, it is said, was a 
kinsman of Rev. John Robinson, of Leyden, pastor 
to the pilgrims that came in the " Mayflower." In 
1736 Samuel settled in Hard wick, Mass., where he 
was selectman ten years, assessor three years, and 
town-clerk four years, and a deacon of the church. 
From 1755 till 1759 he commanded a company in 
the French war. On his return to Massachusetts 
from one of his campaigns, mistaking his route, he 
passed by accident through what is now Benning- 
ton, Vt, and, impressed Dy the attractiveness of 
the country, determined to settle there. He formed 
a company at Hard wick, purchased the rights of 
the original grantees of lands, and, taking a colony 
with him in 1761, settled Bennington, this being 
the first town in what is now Vermont He " was 
the acknowledged leader in the band of pioneers 



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ROBINSON 



ROBINSON 



in the settlement of the town, and continued to 
exercise a controlling influence in its affairs daring 
the remainder of his life." Gov. Wentworth com- 
missioned him, 8 Feb., 1762, a justice of the peace, 
and he was then the first person that was appoint- 
ed to a judicial office within the limits of that ter- 
ritory. He was chosen to present a petition to the 
king for relief during the controversy between 
New York and New Hampshire regarding jurisdic- 
tion, and reached London in February, 1767. His 
mission was partially successful, but it was left in- 
complete by nis sudaen death from small-pox. He 
was buried in the cemetery connected with the 
church of his favorite preacher, Rev. George White- 
field, and a monument with an elaborate inscrip- 
tion was erected to his memory in the cemetery at 
Bennington Centre.— His son, Samuel, soldier, b. 
in Hardwick, Mass., 9 Aug., 1788; d. in Benning- 
ton, Vt, 8 Mav, 1818, at the age of seventeen was 
a member of nis father's company, and the next 
year was adjutant of Col Ruggles's regiment He 
accompanied his father to Bennington, and was 
active in the New York controversy and in the af- 
fairs of the town. He commanded a company in 
the battle of Bennington, performed other military 
services during the Revolution, and rose to the 
rank of colonel. In 1777-*8 he had charge, as over- 
seer, of the Tory prisoners, in 1779-*80 he repre- 
sented the town in the assembly, and he was for 
three years a member of the board of war. He 
was the first justice of the peace appointed in town 
under the authority of Vermont m 1778, and was 
also during the same year one of the judges of a 
special court. Col. Robinson was one of the few 

5 arsons who managed a correspondence with the 
ritish general Haldimand during the Revolution- 
ary war, securing Vermont from invasion. — An- 
other son, Moses, governor of Vermont, b. in 
Hardwick, Mass., 15 March. 1741 ; d. in Benning- 
ton, Vt, 26 May, 1818, removed to Bennington with 
his father, and became one of the foremost citizens 
of Vermont He was chosen town-clerk at the 
first meeting of the town, and served for nineteen 
years ; was colonel of the militia, and at the head 
of his regiment at Mount Independence on its 
evacuation by Gen. St Clair, and was a member of 
the council of safety at the time of the battle of 
Bennington and during the campaign of that year. 
He was appointed the first chief justice of the su- 

Sreme court of Vermont, which office he held for 
m years. In 1789 he became the second governor 
of the state. In 1782 he was one of the agents of 
Vermont to the Continental congress, and on the 
admission of Vermont into the Union he became 
in 1791 the first U. a senator, serving until 1796. 
He was a warm friend of Madison and Jefferson, 
and bitterly opposed Jay's treaty. The degree of 
A. M. was conferred on him by Yale in 1789, and 
by Dartmouth in 1790. — Another son, David, sol- 
dier, b. in Hardwick, Mass., 4 Nov., 1754; d. in 
Vermont, 11 Dec., 1848, removed to Bennington 
with his father in 1761. While his brother Moses 
was on duty at the Catamount tavern as one of the 
committee of safety, David and his brothers Leon- 
ard and Silas were in the Bennington battle, as 
members of the company that was commanded by 
their brother Samuel Afterward, by regular pro- 
motion^David attained to the rank of major-gen- 
eral of Vermont militia, which post he held from 
1812 till 1817. He was sheriff of the county for 
twenty-two years, ending in 1811, after which he 
was U. S. marshal for Vermont for eight years. He 
was a member of the Constitutional convention in 
1828. — Another son, Jonathan, senator, b. in 
Hardwick, Mass,, 24 Aug., 1756 ; d. in Bennington, 



Vt, 8 Nov., 1819, received a classical education, 
studied law, was admitted to the bar, and prac- 
tised in Bennington. He was town-clerk six years, 
in the legislature thirteen years, chief justice of 
the state from 1801 till 1807, and, when his prede- 
cessor on the bench, Israel Smith, resigned his seat 
in the U. S. senate, was elected to serve through 
the unexpired term, and on its conclusion was re- 
elected, serving from 26 Oct, 1807, till 2 March, 
1815. In the latter year he became judge of pro- 
bate and held the office for four years, and in 1818 
again represented Bennington m the legislature. 
The honorary degree of A. B. was conferred on 
him by Dartmouth in 1790, and that of A. M. in 
1808.— The grandson of Moses, Jonn Staniford, 
governor of Vermont, b. in Bennington, Vt, 10 
Nov., 1804; d. in Charleston, S. C, 24 April, I860, 
was graduated at Williams in 1824, studied law in 
Bennington, was admitted to the bar in 1827, and 
took a nigh position among the lawyers of the 
state. He was a member of the legislature for 
many terms, and was elected governor in 1858 as a 
Democrat on joint ballot of the two houses, there 
being no choice by the people. His party had not 
elected a candidate before for forty years. He was 
frequently a Democratic candidate for congress. 
He was a delegate to the National Democratic con- 
vention in 18o0, and died during its sessions. 

ROBINSON, Solon, author, b. near Tolland, 
Conn., 21 Oct, 1808; d. in Jacksonville, Fla., 8 
Nov., 1880. He received a common-school educa- 
tion, and began to learn the carpenter's trade at the 
age of fourteen, but was not strong enough to con- 
tinue, and turned to peddling and to other means 
of gaining a living. He early acquired a literary 
reputation by contributing graphic papers to the 
Albany " Cultivator,** and became a popular writer 
on agricultural subjects for newspapers and maga- 
zines. About 1870 he removed to Jacksonville, 
Fla. While conducting the agricultural depart- 
ment in the New York "Tribune," he occasion- 
ally wrote sketches of New York city life among 
the poorer classes, which were printed in the local 
columns. One of these articles attracted popular 
attention, and was expanded into a book entitled 
"Hot Corn, or Life Scenes in New York" (New 
York, 1858), of which 50,000 copies were sold in six 
months. He was the author also of M How to Live, 
or Domestic Economy Illustrated n (1860); "Facta 
for Farmers; also for the Family Circle,'' which 
had an extraordinary circulation (1864) ; and u Me- 
won-i-toc"(1867). 

ROBINSON, Stillraan Williams, civil en- 
gineer, b. in South Reading, Vt, 6 March, 1888. 
He studied at schools in Vermont, and was gradu- 
ated as a civil engineer at the University of 
Michigan in 1868. Entering the service of the 
U. S. lake survey, he continued so engaged until 
1866, when he was appointed instructor of civil 
engineering at the University of Michigan. In 
1870-*8 he neld the chair of mathematics in Illinois 
industrial university, and he was then appointed 
professor of physics and mechanical engineering 
in Ohio state university, which place he now 
(1888) holds. Among his important inventions are 
the Robinson photograph-trimmer; the Templet 
odontograph; a wire grip fastening machine; a 
boot and shoe nailing machine; and iron piling 
and substructure machinery — most of which are in 
active operation under the control of specially 
organiseu corporations. Prof. Robinson is a fellow 
of the American association for the advancement 
of science, and a member of the American society 
of civil engineers, and of the American society of 
mechanical engineers. In addition to chapters in 



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railway reports, and numerous scientific papers in 
periodicals and transactions, he has published " A 
Practical Treatise on the Teeth of Wheels" (New 
York, 1876); " Railroad Economies, or Notes with 
Comments" (1882); and "Strength of Wrought- 
Iron Bridge Members" (1882). 

ROBINSON, Stuart, clergyman, b. in Strabane, 
County Tyrone, Ireland, 14 Nov., 1814; d. in 
Louisville, Ky., 5 Oct., 1881. The family settled 
in New York city in 1817, and several years later 
removed to Berkeley county, Va. The son was 
graduated at Amherst in 1836, studied theology at 
Union seminary, Va., and at Princeton, and was 
ordained as a Presbyterian minister on 8 Oct., 
1841. lie preached and taught for six years at 
Maiden, Va. From 1847 till 1852 he was pastor of 
the church in Frankfort, Ky., where he established 
a female seminary. He accepted the pastorate of 
an independent church in Baltimore in 1852, but 
resigned in 1854. and with a large part of the 
congregation organized a regular Presbyterian 
church. He established and conducted a periodi- 
cal called the " Presbyterial Critic " (1855->6). In 
1856-*7 he was professor of church government and 
pastoral theology at Danville seminary. In 1858 
he took charge of a church in Louisville, Ky., which 
removed soon afterward into a large new edifice. 
He purchased the " Presbyterian Herald," changed 
its name to the " True Presbyterian,** and in its 
-columns maintained with zeal the doctrine of the 
non-secular character of the church, which brought 
him into sharp conflict with the section of the 
Presbyterians in Kentucky who upheld the con- 
trary view. His loyalty being called in question, 
his paper was suppressed in 1862 by the military 
authorities, and trie editor removed to Canada, 
where he preached to large audiences in Toronto 
till the close of the war. In April, 1866, he re- 
turned to his church in Louisville, and resumed 
the publication of his paper, chanting the title 
to the " Free Christian Commonwealth." He was 
expelled from the general assembly of 1866 at St 
Louis on account of his action in signing what 
was known as the "Declaration and Testimony," 
which protested against political deliverances by 
that body. Dr. Robinson and his colleagues of the 
presbytery of Louisville were, by an order of that 
body, debarred from seats in the courts of the 
church, and, after an earnest controversy with the 
Rev. Dr. Robert J. Breckenridge, he induced the 
synod of Kentucky to unite with the general assem- 
bly of the Southern Presbyterian church in 1869, 
of which he was chosen moderator by acclamation. 
He was instrumental in inducing the Southern 
-church to join in the Pan- Presbyterian alliance at 
Edinburgh in 1877, which he attended as a dele- 
gate, andin securing the adoption of a revised book 
of government and discipline. From the period of 
his ministry in Frankfort he was accustomed to 
expound the Old Testament on Sunday evenings. 
These lectures were widely read in pamphlet- form 
and subsequently published in a volume. One of 
these discourses, delivered in Toronto in February, 
1865, on the subject of "Slavery as Recognized by 
the Mosaic Civil Law. and as Recognized also anil 
Allowed in the Abrahamic, Mosaic, and Christian 
Church," was expanded and published (Toronto, 
1865). He was also the author of " The Church 
of God as an Essential Element of the Gospel " 
(Philadelphia, 1858), and of a book of outlines of 
sermons entitled "Discourses of Redemption" 
(New York, 1866). 

ROBINSON, William Erlgena, Journalist, b. 
near Cookstown, County Tyrone, Ireland, 6 May, 
1814 He attended Cookstown classical school, and 
vol. v.— 19 



entered the Royal academical institution at Bel- 
fast, but was compelled by sickness to leave. He 
emigrated to the United States in 1886, was gradu- 
ated at Yale in 1841, and studied in the law-school 
there. While a member of the college he founded 
the " Yale Banner," and wrote editorial articles for 
the daily press. He was engaged as editor of the 
New Haven " Daily Courier," but left it on account 
of its Know-Notning sentiments, and became a 
journalist in New York city. His articles, signed 
" Richelieu,*' in the " Tribune," established his repu- 
tation. He was editor for a time of the Buffalo 
" Express," and subsequently of the " Irish World." 
He organized the movement for the relief of Ire- 
land in 1847, and procured the authorization by con- 
gress of the sending of the frigate " Macedonian " 
with provisions to Ireland. In 1848-'9 he edited a 
weekly paper called " The People." An address on 
•• The Celt and the Saxon " that he delivered before 
a college society in 1851 at Clinton, N. Y., was pub- 
lished, and provoked animadversions in English 
newspapers and reviews and in the debates of par- 
liament In 1854 he entered on the practice of law 
in New York city. He was appointed U. S. assessor 
of internal revenue for Brooklyn in 1862, and held 
that office for five years. He was elected to congress 
as a Democrat in 1866, and was again elected in 1880, 
and continued in his seat by re-election in 1882. 
His management and persistent advocacy secured 
the passage in 1868 of a bill asserting the rights of 
expatriation and naturalization, which resulted in 
the abandonment of the doctrine of perpetual alle- 
giance by Great Britain and Germany. Besides his 
political writings in the daily press, he has pro- 
duced popular poems and delivered lectures and 
addresses on literary subjects. He is preparing for 
publication a book on Irish-American genealogies, 
ROBINSON, William Stevens, journalist, b. in 
Concord, Mass., 7 Dec., 1818 ; d. in Maiden, Mas&>, 
11 March, 1876. He was educated in the public 
schools of Concord, learned the printer's trade, at 
the age of twenty became the editor and publisher 
of the •• Yeoman's Gazette " in Concord, and was 
afterward assistant editor of the Lowell ** Courier." 
He was an opponent of slavery while he adhered to 
the Whig party, and when the Free-soil party was 
organized ne le'ft the "Courier," and in July, 1848, 
took charge of the Boston " Daily Whig." His 
vigorous and sarcastic editorials increased the cir- 
culation of the paper, the name of which was 
changed to the " Republican " ; yet, after the presi- 
dential canvass was ended, Henry Wilson, the pro- 
prietor, decided to assume the editorial manage- 
ment and moderate the tone of his journal Rob- 
inson next edited the Lowell "American," a Free- 
soil Democratic paper, till it died for lack of 
support in 1853. He was a member of the legisla- 
ture in 1852 and 1858. In 1856 he began to write 
letters for the Springfield " Republican " over the 
signature " Warrington," in which questions of the 
day and public men were discussed with such bold- 
ness and wit that the correspondence attracted wide 
popular attention. This connection was continued 
until his death. From 1862 till 1878 he was clerk 
of the Massachusetts house of representatives. 
" Warrington," by his articles in the newspapers 
and magazines, was instrumental in defeating Ben- 
jamin F. Butler's effort to obtain the Republican 
nomination for governor in 1871, and in 1878 he 
was Butler's strongest opponent. Besides pam- 
phlets and addresses, he published a " Manual of 
Parliamentary Law" (Boston, 1875). His widow 
published personal reminiscences from his writings 
entitled "Warrington Pen- Port raits," with a me- 
moir (Boston, 1877).— His wife, Harriet Hanson, 



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b. in Boston, Mass., 8 Feb., 1825, was one of the in- 
tellectual circle of factory-jrirls that composed the 
staff of the " Lowell Offering." She is a sister of 
John W. Hanson. She contributed poems to the 
Lowell M Courier ** while Mr. Robinson was its edi- 
tor, and from this introduction sprang a friendship 
that resulted in their marriage on SO Nov., 1848. 
She was his assistant in his editorial work, and was 
as devoted as himself to the anti-slavery cause. 
She has also taken an active part in the woman's- 
rights movement, and in 1888 was a member of 
the International council of women at Washing- 
ton. D. C. Her works include " Massachusetts m 
the Woman Suffrage Movement" (Boston, 1881); 
"Early Factory Labor in New England" (1888); 
and " Captain Mary Miller,** a drama (1887). 

ROBITAILLE, Theodore, Canadian states- 
man, b. in Varennes, Quebec, 29 Jan., 1834. He 
was educated at the Seminary of Sainte The'rese, 
Laval university, and McGill college, where he was 
graduated in medicine in 1858. He became a suc- 
cessful physician, and represented Bonaventure in 
the Canada assembly from 1861 till 1867, and in 
the Dominion parliament from 1867 till July, 1878. 
He also represented that place in the Quebec as- 
sembly from 1871 till January, 1874, when he re- 
tired in order to confine himself to the Dominion 
parliament He became a member of the privy 
council of Canada, and was received-general from 
80 Jan., 1879, till 5 Nov. of that year, when he re- 
signed with the administration. He was lieuten- 
ant-governor of the province of Quebec from 26 
July, 1870, until September, 1884. He became a 
member of the Canadian senate, 28 Jan., 1885. — 
His brother, Loafs, Canadian physician, b. in Va- 
rennes, Quebec, 80 Oct, 1886, was educated at the 
Seminary of Sainte Therese and at McGill uni- 
versity, where he was graduated as a physician in 
1860. He established himself at New Carlisle, and 
was successful in his practice. Dr. Robitaille was 
appointed in January, 1869, surgeon of the regi- 
mental division of Bonaventure, in 1871 commis- 
sioner for the census for the county of Bonaven- 
ture, and in 1875 vice-consul of France for the 
district of Gasp6. He was collector of customs at 
New Carlisle in 1878-*88, and was a member of the 
Dominion senate from 8 Feb., 1888, till 25 Jan., 
1885, when he resigned. In 1885 he was appointed 
inspector of customs, and vice-president of the Baie 
des Chaleurs railway. In 18<9 he was elected to 
the Dominion parliament for Bonaventure, but de- 
clined. He has travelled extensively. Both the 
brothers are Conservatives in politics. 

ROBLEDO, Joiie (ro-blay A -do), Spanish soldier, 
b. in Spain in the beginning of the 16th century ; 
d. in Santiago de Armas, Colombia, 1 Oct, 1546. 
He went to New Granada with the expedition of 
Pedro de Heredia (a. v.) in 1588, and in 1587 ac- 
companied the expedition of the governor of Carta- 
gena, Pedro Badillo, for the conquest of the prov- 
ince of Antioquia, which had been discovered by 
Francisco Cesar. After the unsuccessful return of 
Badillo, Robledo, with part of the former's followers 
and fresh troops, penetrated again to the interior 
in 1589, and founded in the valley of Aserma the 
city of Santa Ana de los Caballeros. In 1541 he left 
Santa Ana with 160 men for the conquest of 
Antioquia, and, after defeating the Pastusos and 
Pijaos Indians, founded the city of Santa Cruz de 
Antioquia. He went to Spain in 1542 to obtain a 
royal commission as governor, and during his ab- 
sence Pedro de Heredia and Velalcazar disputed 
the title to the province, the latter remaining at 
last in possession. On Robledo's return from 
Spain in 1546 he tried to reconquer the territory, 



but was surprised by Velalcazar at Loma de las 
Coles, carried to Armas, and executed there. 

ROBLES PEZUELA, Manuel (ro-bles-pay- 
thway'-lah), Mexican soldier, b. in Guanajuato about 
1810; d. in Chalchimocula, 24 March, 1862. He 
entered the Military college in his youth, and in 
1882 the engineer corps. In 1842 he became cap- 
tain, and was appointed professor in the Military 
college, and in 1846 he became lieutenant-coloneL 
In the same year he was engineer-in-chief of the 
fortifications of Vera Cruz during the siege and 
bombardment by the U. S. forces. He also forti- 
fied the passes of Cerro Gordo and Peflon Viejo. and 
from 11 till 13 Sept, 1847, served under Santa- 
Anna at Chapultepec. After the evacuation of 
the capital by the Mexican forces he retired with 
the army to Queretaro. and in the next year served 
under Bustamante against the revolution of Para- 
des in Quanajuato. Afterward he took part in the 
whole campaign of Sierra Gorda. In 1852 Gen. 
Arista made him secretary of war, and in the same 
year he marched to the northern frontier to subdue 
the revolutionary forces of Carbajal. After the 
accession of Santa- Anna he was banished, and 
travelled through the United States and Europe 
to study fortification, being present during part of 
the Crimean war. He returned to Mexico in Sep- 
tember, 1858, joined Gen. Echeagaray against the 
government of Zuloaga, and, after the fall of that 
president, Robles took charge of the executive. 
His government was of short duration, as he did 
not receive the necessary support from the other 
generals, and resigned the executive, 21 Jan., 1859. 
In the same year he was appointed by Miramon 
commander of the forces that were besieging Vera 
Cruz, and he took part with that general in the 
campaign against the constitutional forces until 
the battle of Calpulalpam, 28 Dec., 1860. He then 
lived in retirement until the foreign invasion in 
December, 1861, when, as the Republican govern- 
ment distrusted him, he was confined to the inte- 
rior and ordered to reside in Zacatecas; but he 
disobeyed, and was on his way to Join the French 
army when he was arrested at Tuxtepec on 20 
March, carried to San Andres, and condemned by 
court-martial to be shot. The sentence was exe- 
cuted, notwithstanding the intervention of Gen. 
Prim, and the envoys of France, Belgium, and the 
United States. 

ROCAFUERTE, Vicente (ro-cah-foo-air'-tay). 
South American statesman, b. in Guayaquil, Ecua- 
dor, 8 May, 1788; d. in Lima, Peru, 16 May, 1847. 
In 1812 he was elected deputy for his province to 
the Spanish cortes, where his opposition to the ar- 
bitrary government of Ferdinand VII. caused him 
to be persecuted, and he fled to France. In 1819 
he went to Lima and the United States, where he 
published, by order of the Mexicanpatriots, a work 
advocating independence. In 1824 he went to 
Mexico and became secretary of Gen. Michelena on 
a diplomatic mission to England. In December of 
that year the British government recognized the 
independence of Mexico. Soon afterward Miche- 
lena returned, and Rocafuerte, remaining as charge* 
d'affaires, concluded in 1826 a commercial treaty 
with Great Britain. In 1830 he resigned and re- 
turned to Mexico, where he was co-editor of the pa- 
per " F£nix de la Libertad,*' attacking the despotic 
administration of Gen. Bustamante. For this he 
was persecuted, and he resolved to return to Guaya- 
quil, where he arrived in 1888. • Soon after his ar- 
rival he was appointed deputy to congress for the 
province of Pichincha, but he was exiled for his 
opposition to the administration. The province of 
Guayaquil now declared against the government 



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ROCHAMBBAU 



of Gen. Flores, and appointed Rocafuerte supreme 
chief. He was taken prisoner by Flores, but they 
were reconciled, and Rocafuerte promised to co- 
operate in the reorganization of the republic. He 
was appointed chief of the provinces of Guayaquil 
and Manabi, and 
in 1885 was elect- 
ed constitutional 
president of the 
republic. He in- 
troduced many re- 
forms, especially 
in the public treas- 
ury. In 1839 he 
was appointed 
governor of the 
province of Guay- 
aquil, and in 1848 
he was a deputy to 
the convention 
that was held, in 
Quito. The pro- 
visional govern- 
ment of 6 March, 
1845, appointed 
him minister to 
Peru, whence 'he 
sent arms and 
other implements 
of war. In 1845 
he was elected sen- 
ator by four provinces, and in the congress of 1846 
he became president of the senate. On account of 
the expedition that Gen. Flores was preparing in 
Europe, Rocafuerte was appointed minister to Chili, 
Peru, and Bolivia, to arrange for means of defence 
against that invasion. Although he was ill, he 
accepted this patriotic mission, but died soon after 
his arrival in Lima. The illustration represents h*is 
tomb in Lima. He wrote " Ideas necesarias a todo 

Sueblo independiente, que quiere ser libre " (Philad- 
elphia, 1820) ; " Bosquejo ligerisimo de la revolu- 
ci6n de Mejico, desde el grito de Iguala hasta la pro- 
claraaci6n imperial" (1821); *• El sistema Colom- 
bian© popular, electivo y representative, es el que 
mis conviene a la America independiente" (1828); 
M Cartas de un Americano sobre las ventajas de los 
gobiernos retmblicanos federative* " (London, 1825) ; 
M Ensayo soore carceles " and " Ensayo sobre toler- 
ancia religiosa, bajo el aspecto politico, y como me- 
dio de colonizaci6n y de progreso " (Mexico, 1881). 
ROCHA, JastinUno Joft6 da (ro'-chah), Bra- 
zilian journalist, b. in Rio Janeiro, 8 Nov., 1812 ; 
d. there in 1868. He received his education in 
France, at the College of Henry IV., and returned 
to S. Paulo, where he was graduated in law. In 
1886 he founded the periodicals "Atlanta" and 
M Chronista," the last in opposition to the regent, 
Diego Antonio Feijo. In 1889 he became a mem- 
ber of the Conservative party, and, ceasing to pub- 
lish the " Chronista," founded the " Brazil* in 1840, 
in which he opposed the declaration of the majority 
of the emperor. When the ministry of the major- 
ity was organized on 24 July, his journal became 
the organ of the opposition. In 1888 he had been 
appointed professor of ancient history and geogra- 
phy in the Imperial college of Pedro II. In 1841 
he obtained the chair of law in the Military college 
of Rio Janeiro, and in 1850 he taught Latin and 
French in the same institution. He was also an 
editor of the **Jornal de Commercio," and wrote 
M Consideracios sobre a Justica criminal no Brazil 
e specialraente sobre a luridiccao on que son dem- 
onstrado os defeitos raaicales de esta tan reputada 
Institute*) " (Rio Janeiro, 1885) ; " Conciso de geo- 



graphia elementaria offrecida ao Governo de sua 
majestada e* accepjtada por el los para el uso dos 
volumnosdo Collegio Imperial Pedro II." (1888); 
and translations of French novels (1839-'45). 

ROCHAMBEAU, Jean BaptUte Donation 
de Vimenre, Count de (ro-sham-bo), French sol- 
dier, b. in Vendome, 1 July, 1725 ; d. in his castle 
at Thore, 10 May, 1807. His father was a lieuten- 
ant-general and governor of Vendome. The son 
was destined for the church, and received his edu- 
cation in the college of the Jesuits at Blois, when 
the death of his elder brother left him sole heir 
to the paternal estate. He entered the army in 
1742 as comet in the regiment of Saint Simon, and 
served across the Rhine, and in Bavaria and Bo- 
hemia. He was promoted as colonel in March, 

1747, was present at the siege of Maestricht in 

1748, and after the conclusion of peace won for his 
regiment a great reputation for precision in drill. 
On 1 June, 1749, he succeeded his father as gov- 
ernor of Vendome. At Minorca, in April, 1756, 
he Jed his regiment to the assault of Fort St. 
Philippe, and greatly contributed to the capture of 
Port Manon. He was then created a knight of St 
Louis, promoted brigadier-general, and served with 
preat credit in Germany in 1758-'61. He became 
inspector-general of cavalry in 1769, and lieuten- 
ant-general, 1 March, 1780. Count Rochambeau 
was appointed to the command of the army that 
was destined to support the American patriots, and 
obtained from Louis XVI. permission to increase it 
to 6,000 men. He embarked at Brest, 2 May, 1780, 
and sailed immediately under the escort of Cheva- 
lier de' Ternay with five ships of the line. Off Ber- 
muda a British fleet attacked them ; but it was 
driven )t>ack, and on 12 July they landed safely in 
Rhode Island. Rochambeau began immediately 
to erect fortifications by which he prevented Si: 
Henry Clinton and Admiral Arbuthnot from mak- 
ing an attack that they had concerted. After es- 
tablishing his headquarters at Newport, he wrote 
to Lafayette, on 27 Aug., urging the adoption of a 
cautious plan of operations, and in an interview 
with Washington at Hartford, on 22 Sept, con- 
certed the operations of the following campaign. 
He established a 

severe discipline 
among his troops, 
and sent his son 
to Paris on 28 
Oct to urge the 
forwarding of 
money, supplies, 
and re -enforce- 
ments. After re- 
ceiving tidings of 
the arrival of 
Count de Grasse 
with 8.000 men, 
he had another 
interview with 
Washington, in 
which the plan of 
the Virginian - <■>. 
campaign was de- J& (^^Ac/mh/auo 
termined. He 

left his quarters, 18 June, 1781, and, marching to- 
ward Hudson river, defeated on Manhattan island 
a detachment of Clinton's army, and crossed the 
river as if he intended to enter New Jersey, but, in- 
stead, joined Washington's army at Phillipsburg, 
nine miles from Kingsbridge. This skilful move- 
ment compelled Clinton to abandon his proposed 
expedition for the relief of Cornwallis, ana obliged 
the latter to retire from Virginia. After crossing 



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Delaware river at Trenton, the united armies were 
reviewed by congress at Philadelphia, and Rocham- 
beau and Washington, taking tne advance with a 
small escort, arrived at Williamsburg, Va., on 14 
Sept, where they met Lafayette and Count de 
Saint Simon, who had just landed. They concerted 
the plan of campaign, and the siege of Yorktown 
was begun on 29 Sept Two assaults were led 
against the place by Saint Simon and Rochambeau, 
and Count de Grasse having driven back the Eng- 
lish fleet, Cornwallis understood that further resist- 
ance was impossible, and he surrendered. After 
returning to his winter-quarters, Rochambeau sent 
Lauzun's legion to the aid of Gen. Greene, and, in 
April, 1782, marched to invest New York, but the 
plan was abandoned. After visiting Washington 
be went to Providence, R. I., and arranged for the 
embarkation of his army at Boston. He paid again 
a visit to Washington at New Windsor, and em- 
barked in Chesapeake bay, 14 Jan., 1783, upon the 
frigate " Emeraude," arriving in Brest in March 
following. After the surrender at Yorktown, con- 
gress presented him with two cannons that had 
been taken from the enemy, upon which were en- 
graved his escutcheon ana a suitable inscription. 
Louis XVI. created him a knight of the Saint 
Esprit, appointed him governor of Picardy and Ar- 
tois, and presented him with two water-color paint- 
ings by Van Blarenberghe, representing the cap- 
ture oi Yorktown, and the English army defiling 
before the French and Americans. Before he left 
Boston, congress had presented him with resolu- 
tions that praised his bravery, the services he had 
rendered to the cause of independence, and the se- 
vere discipline he had maintained in his army, and 
had also instructed the secretary of foreign rela- 
tions to recommend him to the favor of Louis 
XVL He was deputy to the assembly of the nota- 
bles in 1788, repressed riotous movements in Al- 
sace in 1790, was created field* marshal, 28 Dec, 
1791, and, after refusing to become secretary of war, 
was appointed to the command of the Army of the 
North, but resigned, 15 June, 1792, and retired to 
his castle. He was imprisoned in the Conciergerie 
at Paris in 1793 and narrowly escaped the scaffold. 
In 1804 he was created a grand officer of the Legion 
of honor by Napoleon and given a pension. One 
of the four statues forming* part of the Lafayette 
monument to be erected in Washington by the U. S. 
government, will be that of Rochambeau. Luce 
de Lancival wrote at his dictation his " Memoires 
du Marechal de Rochambeau " (2 vols., Paris, 1809; 
translated into English by William E. Wright, 
London, 1838). His wife died 17 May, 1824.— 
His son, Donation Marie Joseph de Yimenre, 
Viscount de, French soldier, b. in the castle of 
Rochambeau, near Vendome, 7 ApriL 1750; d. 
near Leipsic, Saxony, 18 Oct, 1813. became in 
1767 a lieutenant in the regiment of Bourbonnois, 
was promoted captain in 1773 and colonel in 1779, 
ind in 1780 accompanied his father to the United 
States as assistant adjutant-general. On 28 Oct. 
he was sent to France with cipher despatches for 
the king, and in March following he rejoined his 
father at Newport He was promoted major-gen- 
eral in 1791, and lieutenant-general, 9 July, 1792, 
appointed in August following governor-general of 
tne Leeward islands, and pacified Santo Domingo, 
but in Martinique he was opposed by the royalist 
army, under the Count de Behagues, the former 

S)vernor-general, who was also supported by the 
ritish. Rochambeau compelled the latter to re-em- 
bark; but they returned, 14 Feb., 1794, with 14,000 
men. Although his forces numbered only about 
700 men, Rochambeau sustained a siege in the for- 



tress of St. Pierre for forty-nine davs. and obtained, 
on 22 March, an honorable capitulation. In 1796 
he was again appointed governor-general of Santo 
Domingo ; but being opposed by the commissioners 
of the Directory, he was removed and transported 
to France, where he was imprisoned in the fortress 
of Ham. He was appointed in 1802 deputy com- 
mander of the expedition to Santo Domingo, and, 
landing on 2 Feb. at Fort Dauphin, defeated Tous- 
saint 1 Ouverture (q. v.) at Crete de Pierrot, in the 
valley of Artibonite, and at Ravine de Couleuvre, 
and, pursuing his success, destroyed the insurgent 
army in the passes of the Cohas range. After the 
death of Victor Leclere (q. t\), 2 Dec, 1802, he 
continued the war with vigor ; but his severity and 
the heavy taxes he imposed upon the country dis- 
pleased the wealthy population, and his army di- 
minished daily by desertions, famine, and yellow fe- 
ver. Nevertheless, he recaptured Fort Dauphin, de- 
feated Dessalinesand Christophe, and twice relieved 
the garrison of Jacmel, but was besieged at last in 
Cape Francais by Dessalines, who was supported 
by an English fleet. Provisions being exhausted, 
he evacuated the city. 80 Nov., 1803, and surrendered 
to the English admiral. He was transported to 
Jamaica, and in 1805 was sent to England and 
imprisoned in a fortress till 1811, when he obtained 
his release bv exchange. He took part in the cam- 
paign of 1813 in Germany, and commanded a 
division of the corps of Lauriston in the battles of 
Lutzen and Bautzen, and at Leipsic, where he was 
killed toward the close of the action. 

ROCHE, Alexandre de la, French colonizer, 
b. in Dieppe in 1594 ; d. in Le Moule, Guadeloupe, 
in 1067. He was the younger son of a wealthy 
family, early entered the army, and in 1627 joined 
the expedition of Diel d'Knambue to St Christo- 
pher. He took an honorable part in the contest 
between the English and the Spanish in that isl- 
and, and in 1635 accompanied Diel du Parquet to 
Martinique. He assisted in the establishment of 
the colony, and was afterward a lieutenant of 
Houel in Guadeloupe. There he founded the city 
of Le Moule, in Grande Terre, and built a fort 
which he successfully defended against the Span- 
ish. He was granted hereditary letters of nobility 
by Louis XIV ., with a concession of land that now 
forms the counties of Le Moule and Saint Francois. 

ROCHE, James Jeffrey, author, b. in Queen's 
county, Ireland, 31 May, 1847. His parents re- 
moved to Prince Edward island when he was an 
infant and he was educated in St Dunstan's col- 
lege in that province. He went in 1866 to Boston. 
Mass. In 1883 he joined the editorial staff of the 
" Pilot" and he is still (1888) connected with that 
journal. He has contributed to periodicals and 
published "Songs and Satires" (Boston, 1887). 

ROCHE, Troll us de Mesgouat, Marquis de la, 
French colonizer, b. in Nantes, France, in 1549 ; d. 
in Paris in 1606. He had already attained fame as 
a general, when he received a commission from 
Henry IV. in 1598, by virtue of which he was em- 
powered to found establishments in New France 
and on the coast of North America, of which he 
was appointed governor and lieutenant-general. 
He fitted out three vessels and sailed from Dieppe, 
bringing with him 120 emigrants, most of whom 
were drawn from the French prisons. Champlain 
speaks of this expedition and attributes its failure 
to the scant knowledge that his pilot Guillaume 
Chetodel, had of the American coast At the sug- 
gestion of the latter, he landed forty of his men 
on Sable island, where they remained nearly seven 
years without succor, and then explored the shores 
of Acadia. After obtaining such information as 



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ROCHEFORT 



ROCHESTER 



he desired, he sailed for Prance, intending to take 
on board those that he had left on Sable island, bnt 
he was prevented by head-winds from landing. On 
his arrival in Prance his pilot was ordered by the 
parliament of Rouen to go in search of his follow- 
ers, who would have perished of cold and hunger 
if they had not chanced to discover some wrecked 
vessels on the coast The marquis was imprisoned 
for a year by the Duke de Mercceur, lieutenant of 
the king in the provinces of Brittany and Nor- 
mandy. After his release he endeavored to obtain 
supplies in Paris for his colony, but the contempt 
and indifference of the court were insurmountable 
obstacles to his enterprise, and he is said to have 
died from vexation at not being allowed to com- 

Slete his discoveries. Narratives of Roche's expe- 
ition are inserted in the *• Voyages " of Champiain 
and in the histories of Lescarbot and Charlevoix. 
Some writers assign an earlier date for the discov- 
eries and imprisonment of the marquis. 

ROCHEFORT, Cesar de (rosh-for), French au- 
thor, b. in Belley in 1630 ; d. there in 1691. His . 
real name appears to have been Louis de Poinpy. 
He lived for some time in the Antilles, and wrote 
-Histoire naturelle et morale des lies Antilles, 
avec un diction n aire caralbe" (Rotterdam, 1658; 
translated into Dutch, 1662; German, Munich, 
1664 ; and English, London, 1666), and " Tableau 
de llle de Tabago. ou de la Nouvelle-Oualchre, 
Tune des Antilles de PAmenque" (Ijevden, 1665). 
ROCHEFOUCAULD • LIANCOURT D'£S- 
T188AC, Francois Alexandre Frederic, Duke 
de la (rosh-foo-co), French publicist, b. in La 
Roche-Guyon, 14 Jan., 1747 ; d. in Paris, 28 March, 
1827. He was known in his vouth as Count de 
la Rochefoucauld, but in 1767 took the title of 
Duke de Liancourt, and on 28 May, 1783, succeeded 
his father as a peer. He rose to be a lieutenant- 
general in 1790, and was knighted in 1784. As ear- 
ly as 1775 he carried on agricultural improvements 
on his estate of Liancourt, and in 1780 founded 
there, at his own expense, a school of mechanical 
arts for soldiers' sons, which has become the school 
of " Arts et metiers " of Prance. He was a favorite 
of Louis XVI., who reposed much confidence in 
him, and sought his advice before concluding a 
treaty of alliance with the United States, which the 
duke urged him to sign. He was deputy to the as- 
sembly of notables in 1788, and to the states-gen- 
eral in 1789, presided over the constituent assem- 
bly during the night of 4 Aug., 1789, in which the 
abolition of titles of nobility was voted, was mili- 
tary commander at Rouen in 1792, and endeavored 
to save the king. He was dismissed, 12 Aug., 1792, 
and passed to England, where he sojourned till 
1794, when he came to the United States. After 
travelling through the principal states, he devoted 
himself to the study of the agricultural methods of 
the country, and bought a farm in Pennsylvania, 
where he spent some time in experiments. In 1798 
he visited Denmark and Holland, and in 1799 he 
returned to live on his estate of Liancourt, which 
Bonaparte restored to him ; but he steadily refused 
to accept any office at the imperial court, though 
he was a member of the corps legislatif during the 
whole of Napoleon's reign. At the restoration of 
Louis XVIII. he was created a peer, and afterward 
he devoted himself to the prosecution of useful 
arts and to benevolent institutions. He established 
in Paris the first savings-bank, and was also influ- 
ential in introducing vaccination in France. To- 
ward the close of his life he became an eager op- 
ponent of the government, advocating American 
principles and American institutions, and acquired 
through his benevolence and philanthropic actions 



great popularity, which caused the loyalists to 

give him the mock surname of the *' Saint Vincent 
e Paul of the liberal party." His life has been 
written by his son (1829). His works include 
" Etudes sur les prisons de Philadelphia " (Phila- 
delphia, 1796), and "Voyage dans les Etats-Unis" 
(8 vols., New York, 1795- , 7). 

ROCHESTER. Nathaniel, pioneer, b. in Cople 
parish, Westmoreland co., Va., Si Feb., 1752; d. in 
Rochester, N. 7., 17 May. 1831. He was a descend- 
ant of Nicholas Rochester, who came to the colony 
of Virginia from the county of Kent, England, in 
1689, and bought 
land in Westmore- 
land county. When 
he was two years of 
age his father died, 
and when he was 
seven his mother 
married Thomas 
Critcher, and the 
family removed to 
Granville county, 
N.C.,inl768. His 
means of education 
were limited, but he 
lost no opportunity 
of his busy life to / 

deficiencies. In 1768 /f) j4 / VZ) ^2^7—^ 
he became a clerk in C^^X (/CpcAUI^ 

Hillsboro,N.C.,and 

in 1778 entered into partnership with his employer. 
In 1775 he was appointed a member of the com- 
mittee of safety for Orange county, and in August 
1775, he attended, as a member, the first provincial 
convention in North Carolina, and was made pay- 
master, with the rank of major, of the North Caro- 
lina line, consisting of four regiments. On the re- 
assembling of the convention in May, 1776, the 
provincial force was increased to ten regiments, 
and a resolution was passed, 10 May, " that Na- 
thaniel Rochester, Esquire, be appointed a Deputy 
Commissary-General of military and other stores 
in this county for the use of the Continental army." 
He entered upon his duties at once ; but his health 
failed, and he was compelled to resign. The same 
year he was elected to the legislature of North 
Carolina. He filled other useful offices, and was 
a commissioner to establish and superintend a 
manufactory of arms at Hillsboro, the iron for 
which had to be drawn from Pennsylvania in wag- 
ons. In 1778 he began business again with Col. 
Thomas Hart, father-in-law of Henry Clay, and 
James Brown, afterward minister to France, and 
in 1783, in connection with the former, he began 
the " manufacture of flour, rope, and nails at 
Hagerstown, Md. While living in that place he 
became in succession a member of the Maryland 
assembly, postmaster, and judge of the county 
court, and in 1808 he was chosen a presidential 
elector, and voted for James Madison. He became 
the first president of the Hagerstown bank that 
year, and at that time was conducting large mer- 
cantile establishments in Kentucky as well as in 
Maryland. In 1800 he first visited the " Genesee 
country," where he had previously bought 640 acres, 
and in September of that year he made large pur- 
chases of land in Livingston county, N. x ., near 
Dansville, in connection with Mai. Charles Car- 
roll, Col. William Fitzhugh, and Col Hilton. In 
1802 he purchased, jointly with Carroll and Fitz- 
hugh, the •• 100-acre or Allan Mill tract," in Falls 
Town (now Rochester), and in May, 1810, he re- 
moved from Hagerstown and settled near Dana- 



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ville, where ho remained five year*, building a 
paper-mill and making various improvements. In 
1815 he removed to Bloorafield, Ontario co.. and 
in April, 1818, took up his residence in Rochester, 
which had been named for him. In 1816 he was 
a second time chosen a presidential elector, in 
January, 1817, he was secretary of a convention 
held at Canandaigua to urge the construction of 
the Erie canal, and in the course of the year he 
went to Albany as agent of the petitioners for the 
erection of Monroe county, but aid not succeed in 
his mission until 1821. He was the first clerk of 
the new county, and its first representative in the 
state legislature of 1821-2. In 1824 he was promi- 
nent in organizing the Bank of Rochester, and was 
made its first president. Shortly afterward he re- 
signed the post and retired from active life. He 
was in religion an Episcopalian, and was one of 
the founders of St Luke's church in Rochester. 
—His grandson, Thomas Fortescue, physician, 
b. in Rochester, N. Y., 8 Oct., 1823; d. in Buffalo, 
N. Y., 24 May, 1887, was graduated M. A. at Ho- 
bart (then Geneva) college in 1845, and studied 
medicine at the University of Pennsylvania. He 
was graduated M. D. in 1848, and after serving 
for a year as interne in Bellevue hospital. New 
York, continued his studies in Europe for a year 
and a half longer, and then began practice in 
New York city. He married, on 6 May, 1852, 
Margaret Munro, daughter of Bishop William H. 
De Lancey. In 1853 he established himself in 
Buffalo, where he took the chair of the principles 
and practice of medicine, together witn that of 
clinical medicine, in the Medical department of 
the university of Buffalo. From 1853 till 1883 he 
was attending physician to the Sisters of Charity 
hospital, and in 1861 he became consulting physi- 
cian to the Buffalo general hospital In March, 
1868, he was appointed a special inspector of field 
hospitals. He was president of the New York 
state medical society in 1875-'6, and its delegate to 
the International medical congress at Philadelphia 
in 1876. Besides many technical papers on profes- 
sional topics, he published ** The Army Surgeon " 
(Buffalo, 1863); and u Medical Men and Medical 
Matters in 1776" (Albany, 1876).— Another grand- 
son, William Beatty. soldier, b. in Angelica, N. Y., 
15 Feb., 1826, entered the U. S. service as major 
and additional paymaster of volunteers on 1 June, 
1861. He was transferred to the permanent estab- 
lishment as paymaster on 17 Jan., 1867, and on 17 
Fek, 1882, was appointed paymaster-general of the 
army, with the rank of brigadier-general. See 
** Early History of the Rochester Family in Ameri- 
ca,'* by Nathaniel Rochester (Buffalo, 1882). 

ROCKINGHAM, Charles Watson Went- 
worth, Marquis of, English statesman, b. in Eng- 
land, 19 March, 1730 ; d. in Wimbledon, Surrey, 
England, 1 July, 1782. He attached himself with 
ardor to the Whig party in his youth, escaping 
from home in December, 1745, to bear arms in the 
army of the Duke of Cumberland against the last 
of the Stuarts. The Hanoverian princes rewarded 
his devotion with distinctions and honors. In 1750 
he succeeded his father in the marquisate. The 
reactionary course of George III. impelled him to 
resign his office of lord chamberlain, and on the 
death of the Duke of Devonshire in 1764 he became 
the recognized chief of the Whig party, and was 
called on 80 June, 1765, to preside over a cabinet. 
The principal task that he set before himself was 
to restore a harmonious feeling between the mother 
country and the colonies in North America, exas- 
peratea as they had been by the measures of the 
preceding ministry. In this object he was opposed 




by the king and was not supported by his col- 
leagues. The ministry made a show of carrying 
the stamp-act into execution, but recoiled from the 
work of enforcing it with the bayonet, and when the 
manifestations in America had made clear the state 
of feeling there, Rockingham was able, in March, 
1766, to secure the 
repeal of the stamp 
duties. Before he 
succeeded in redeem- 
ing his promise to re- 
move the restrictions 
on commerce or to 
carry further meas- 
ures of conciliation 
he was compelled, by 
the defection of the 
Duke of Grafton and 
the ill will of the 
king, to give up the 
seals of office in May. 
During the minis- 
tries of the Duke of 
Grafton and Lord 
North he combated 
the errors of his suc- 
cessors, and led in op- 
position the younger 
statesmen that finally repaired them. At the 
height of the crisis, when England, distracted by 
faction, had to face a coalition of France, Spain, and 
the United States, Rockingham was again called to 
the direction of affairs, but had scarcely taken up the 
work when he died. He accepted office on the ex- 
press condition that peace should be concluded with 
the United States, and began negotiations with the 
belligerents. In the earner stages of the conflict 
Rockingham and his secretary, Edmund Burke, 
were not inclined to accept the claims of the colo- 
nists to immunity from taxation and from parlia- 
mentary control that were supported by William 
Pitt Rockingham was the representative of the 
aristocratic traditions of the Whig party, while 
Pitt was the precursor of Democratic ideas. He 
was not an orator, and as a man of affairs was 
hampered by a timid disposition. Yet his good 
sense and his uprightness in a period of corruption 
and intrigue aided in regenerating the Whig party. 
Burke, in eulogising his patron, said that *• in op- 
position he respected the principles of government, 
and in the ministry protected the liberties of the 
people." See the Elarl of Albemarle's " Memoirs of 
the Marquis of Rockingham and his Contempora- 
ries " (London, 1852). 

ROCKWELL, Alphonso David, physician, b. 
in New Canaan, Conn., 18 May, 1840. He was 
educated at Kenyon college and graduated in medi- 
cine at Bellevue medical college, New York city, 
in 1864. Entering the army as assistant surgeon 
of the 6th Ohio cavalry, he was soon promoted 
surgeon of brigade with the rank of major, and 
served through the campaigns of 1864 and 1865 in 
Virginia. In 1866 he associated himself with Dr. 
George M. Beard for the study of the uses of elec- 
tricity in the cure of nervous diseases. He was 
electro-therapeutist to the New York state women's 
hospital from 1874 till 1884, and has since been 
professor of electro-therapeutics in the New York 
post-graduate medical school and hospital. With 
Dr. Beard, he was the originator of important meth- 
ods of using electricity, especially general faradiza- 
tion as a tonic agent, and the pioneer in establish- 
ing electro-therapeutics on a scientific basis in the 
United States, where electricity had been neglected 
by the profession and had fallen into the hands of 



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charlatans. He described the constitutional effects 
of general electrization in the " New York Medical 
Record " in 1866, and subsequently wrote, with Dr. 
Beard, five articles on "Medical Uses of Elec- 
tricity " which attracted much attention and were 
translated into various European languages. In 
1868 he published an article on " General Electri- 
zation in certain Uterine Disorders," and in 1869 
he issued a monograph on " Electricity as a Means 
of Diagnosis." He also published an article on 
the " Comparative Value of the Galvanic and Fara- 
dic Currents" in 1870; in 1871 one on " Electroly- 
sis and its Application to the Treatment of Disease." 
There appeared also an exhaustive treatise, by him 
conjointly with Dr. Beard, on the ** Medical and 
Surgical Uses of Electricity" (New York, 1872; 
revised ed., 1875 ; new ed., with much additional 
matter, 1878; 6th revised ed., New York, 1888). 
Among his other monographs and papers are 
M Clinical Researches in Electro-Surgery h (1878); 
M Application of Electricity to the Central Nervous 
System" (1878); "Electrolytic Treatment of Can- 
cer" (1874); " Physiological and Therapeutical 
Relations of Electricity to the Nervous System " 
(1875); "Aphasia" (1876); "Intermittent Hemi- 
plegia " (1877) ; a volume of " Lectures on the Re- 
lation of Electricity to Medicine and Surgery" 
(1878); "Use of Electricity in the Treatment of 
Epilepsy " (1880) ; " Differential Indications for the 
Use of the Dynamic and Franklinic Forms of 
Electricity" (1882); and "Successful Treatment of 
Extra-Uterine Pregnancy" (1888). 

ROCKWELL, James Otis, poet, b. in Lebanon, 
Conn., 8 Nov., 1808 ; d. in Providence, 'R. L, 7 
June, 1881. His family removed to Manlius, N. Y., 
when he was about fourteen years old. He was 
apprenticed to a printer in Utica, and soon began 
to write poems that gained for him more than 
a local reputation. Going to Boston at the age 
of eighteen, he worked at his trade, and subse- 
quently obtained editorial employment in the office 
of the "Statesman." In the autumn of 1829 he 
became editor of the Providence " Patriot" Some 
of his poetry is preserved in Rufus W. Oriswold's 
"Poets and Poetry of America" (Philadelphia, 
1842), and in Charles W. Everest's " Poets of Con- 
necticut "(Hartford, 1848). 

ROCKWELL, Joel Edson, clergyman, b. in 
Salisbury, Vt, 4 May, 1816; d. in Brooklyn, N. Y., 
20 July, 1882. He was graduated at Amherst in 
1887, and in 1841 at Union theological seminary, 
New York city, ordained on 18 Oct, 1841, and was 
pastor of the Presbyterian church at Valatie, N. Y., 
till 1847, and then for four years in Wilmington, 
Del. He next had charge of the Central church in 
Brooklyn, N. Y., till 1868, and subsequently of the 
church at Stapleton, on Staten island. From 1852 
till 1860 he edited the " Sabbath-School Visitor " in 
New York city. He received the degree of D. D. 
from Jefferson college in 1859. He published 
"Sketches of the Presbyterian Church" (Phila- 
delphia, 1854); "The Young Christian Warned" 
(1857) ; " Visitors' Questions R (1857) ; " Scenes and 
Impressions Abroad " (New York, 1859) ; and " My 
Sheet-Anchor" (Philadelphia, 1864). 

ROCKWELL, John Arnold, jurist b. in Nor- 
wich, Conn., 27 Au&, 1808; d. in Washington, 
D. C, 10 Feb., 1861. He was graduated at Yale in 
1822, and studied and practised law in Norwich. 
He was a state senator in 1888-*9, became judge of 
the New London county court in 1840, ana in 1845 
was elected to congress, serving two terms. Among 
the measures that he introduced was one for com- 
muting the spirit ration in the navy for its equiva- 
lent in money. As chairman of the committee on 



claims he was the chief originator of the court of 
claims in Washington, to which he mainly con- 
fined his practice after his service in congress. He 
was the author of a standard treatise on " Spanish 
and American Law in Relation to Mines and Titles 
to Real Estate" (2 vols., New York, 1851- , 2). 

ROCKWELL, Julius, jurist, b. in Colebrook, 
Coiul, 26 April, 1805 ; d. in Lenox, Mass., 19 May, 
1888. He was graduated at Yale in 1826, studied 
at the law-school, was admitted to the bar in 1829, 
and settled in Pittsfield, Mass., in the following 
year. He was elected a member of the Massachu- 
setts legislature in 1884, its speaker in 1885-*8, and 
then served as bank commissioner /or three years. 
He was a representative in congress from 2 Feb., 
1844, till 8 March, 1851, having been elected as a 
Whig for four successive terms. He was a delegate 
to the Massachusetts constitutional convention in 
1858. On Edward Everett's resignation of his seat 
in the U. S. senate, Mr. Rockwell was appointed to 
fill the vacancy, and served from 15 June, 1854, till 
Henry Wilson was elected by the legislature and 
took his seat on 10 Feb., 1805. He was a presi- 
dential elector on the Fremont ticket in 1856, was 
again elected to the state house of representatives 
in 1858, and was chosen speaker, which office he 
had held when in the legislature before. In 1859 
he was appointed one of the pudges of the superior 
court of Massachusetts, serving till 1871, when he 
resigned. He has since resided in Lenox, Mass., and 
been connected with various banks. — His cousin, 
Charles, author, b. in Colebrook, Coniu, 22 Nov., 
1806; d. in Albany, N. Y., 17 April, 1882, was 
graduated at Yale in 1826, taught for five years in 
the American deaf and dumb asylum, Hartford, 
Conn., and then studied theology at Andover semi- 
nary, where he was graduated in 1884. He was or- 
dained on 80 Sept, 1884, as a Congregational min- 
ister, was a chaplain in the U. S. navy for the next 
three years, and from 1888 till 1845 was pastor of a 
church at Chatham, Mass. He afterward preached 
in Michigan and Kentucky and in New England 
towns, taught in Boston, Mass., and Brooklyn, 
N. Y., in 1856-*9, was pastor of the Reformed church 
at Kiskatom, N. Y., m 1860-'6, and afterward sup- 
plied various pulpits. He was the author of 
44 Sketches of Foreign Travel and Life at Sea" (2 
vols^ Boston, 1842), and "The Catskiil Mountains 
and the Region Around" (New York, 1867). 

ROCK WOOD, Charles Greene, mathematician, 
b. in New York city, 11 Jan., 1848. He was gradu- 
ated at Yale in 1864, where in 1866 he received the 
degree of Ph. D. in course for advanced scientific 
studies. In 1868 he was called to the professorship 
of mathematics and natural philosophy at Bowdoin. 
and in 1878 he accepted that of mathematics and 
astronomy at Rutgers, whence in 1877 he passed 
to the chair of mathematics in Princeton, which he 
now (1888) holds. Prof. Rockwood was a member 
of the Princeton eclipse expedition that was sent to 
Colorado in 1878, is a fellow of the American as- 
sociation for the advancement of science, and a 
member of the American metrological society, of 
which he was the first secretary. He has acquired 
considerable reputation by his studies of American 
earthquakes, on which subject he has contributed 
papers to the " American Journal of Science " since 
1872. The annual summaries of progress in vul- 
canology and seismology in the reports of the 
Smithsonian institution for 1884- f 6 were his. 

RODDEY, Philip Dale, soldier, b. in North 
Carolina in 181& He was for many years owner 
and captain of steamboats in the navigation of 
Tennessee river. He organized a company of scouts 
early in 1861 for the Confederate service, and eub- 



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RODGERS 



sequently a brigade, and was commissioned briga- 
dier-general, 31 Aug., 1863. His command was 
clothed, armed, and subsisted without cost to the 
Confederate government He was one of the most 
successful of partisan officers, and was engaged in 
many of the £reat battles. Since 1870 he has re- 
sided chiefly in London, England. 

RODENBOUGH, Theophilus Francis, soldier, 
b. in Easton, Pa., 5 Nov., 1838. He was educated 
at Lafayette college, engaged in mercantile busi- 
ness, and on 27 March, 1861. was appointed 2d 
lieutenant in the 2d U. S. dragoons. He was pro- 
moted 1st lieutenant on 14 May, was engaged at 
Gaines's Mills and the subsequent operations of 
the peninsular campaign of 1862, being promoted 
captain on 17 July, was captured at Manassas, but 
was immediately exchanged, and commanded a 
squadron in Stoneman's raid and a regiment at 
Gettysburg. He was engaged in the cavalry opera- 
tions of 1864, was wounded at Trevillian's Station, 
and again at Winchester, losing his right arm 
while leading his regiment in a charge. He was 
brevetted major for his bravery on this occasion, 
and lieutenant-colonel for meritorious conduct dur- 
ing the war, was appointed colonel of the 18th 
Pennsylvania cavalry on 29 April, 1865, and re- 
ceived the brevets of brigadier-general of volun- 
teers for services during tne war, of colonel, U. S. 
army, for bravery at Toad's Tavern, and of briga- 
dier-general, U. S. army, for gallant conduct at 
Cold Harbor. He was mustered out of the volun- 
teer service on 31 Oct., 1865, became major of the 
42d U. S. infantry on 28 July, 1866, and was re- 
tired from active" service on 15 Dec., 1870, on ac- 
count of wounds received in the line of duty, with 
the full rank of colonel of cavalry. He became 
secretary of the Military service institution in 
1879, and as assistant inspector-general of the state 
of New York in 1880-'3 was efficient in improving 
the militia organization. Gen. Roden bough is the 
author of "From Everglade to Cation with the 
Second Dragoons" (New York, 1875); "Afghanis- 
tan and the Anglo-Russian Dispute" (1886); and 
" Uncle Sam's Medal of Honor" (1887). 

RODES, Robert Emmett, b. in Lynchburg, 
Va., 29 March, 1829; d. in Winchester, Va., 19 
Sept : 1864. He was graduated at Virginia mili- 
tary institute in 1848, and was professor in the in- 
stitute for several years. He tnen moved to Mo- 
bile, Ala., entered the Confederate army as colonel 
of the 5th Alabama infantry in 1861, and was pro- 
moted brigadier-general, 21 Oct., 1861, and major- 
general, 2 May, 1863. His brigade was composed 
of six Alabama regiments of infantry, in Gen. Dan- 
iel H. Hill's division, Jackson's corps, Army of 
Northern Virginia. His division was composed of 
the brigades of Gens. Doles, Daniel, and Kamseur. 
He was killed at the battle of Winchester. 

RODGERS, John, clergyman, b. in Boston, 
Mass., 5 Aug., 1727 ; d. in New York city, 7 May, 
1811. His "parents removed in 1728 to Philadel- 
phia, Pa. He was fitted for the ministry by Rev. 
Samuel Blair at New Londonderry, Pa., and on 16 
March, 1749, was installed as pastor of the Presby- 
terian church at St George's, Del In September, 
1765, on the death of David Bostwick, he assumed 
the pastoral charge of the latter's congregation in 
New York city, which rapidly grew in numbers, 
and in 1767 erected a second building, on the cor- 
ner of Beekman and Nassau streets. In 1768 he 
received the degree of D. D. from Edinburgh uni- 
versity. He was an antagonist of the Episcopal ians, 
through whose influence an act of incorporation 
was refused to his society, and throughout tne Revo- 
lution he was an ardent and active patriot Near 




//fr^i. rfLrdj/t/ 



the close of February, 1776, he removed his family 
from New York, and did not return till its evacua- 
tion by the British at the end of the war. During 
the summer of 1776 he acted as chaplain to Gen. 
William Heath's brigade. The following winter he 
spent in the south, 
and was re|K)rted as 
engaged in an at- 
tempt to win over 
the Regulators of 
North Carolina to 
the American cause. 
He was chaplain of 
the New York pro- 
vincial con gress, and 
afterward of the 
council of safety, 
and of the first legis- 
lature in 1777. Dur- 
ing the war he 
preached at Amenia, 
N. Y., Danbury, 
Conn., and Laming- 
ton,N.J. The Brit- 
ish used the church 
in Wall street for 
barracks, and the brick church on Beekman street 
for a hospital, and left both in ruins. While they 
were rebuilding, the vestry of Trinity church per- 
mitted the Presbyterians to worship in St. Paul's 
church and St George's chapel. The united Pres- 
byterian congregations decided to employ but one 
minister, ana he remained the sole pastor till a 
coadjutor was engaged in 1789. Dr. Rodgers was 
moderator of the first general assembly held in 
1789. He was vice-chancellor of the New York 
state university from its creation in 1787. and was 
chosen president of the Missionary society, which 
was established in 1796. A contemporary says: 
" Dr. Rodgers is certainly the most accomplished 
gentleman for a clergyman, not to except even Dr. 
Cooper, that I have ever been acquainted with. He 
lives in elegant style, and entertains company as 
genteelly as any gentleman in the city." 

R0D&ER8, John, naval officer, b. in Harford 
county, Md., 11 July, 1771 ; d. in Philadelphia, 
Pa., 1 Aug., 1838. His father was a Scotchman, 
and served as colonel of militia in the war of inde- 
pendence. The son entered the merchant marine 
when he was thirteen years old, and was a captain 
in 1789. He entered the navy as lieutenant, 9 
March, 1798, and was executive of the " Constella- 
tion " at the capture of the French frigate ** L'ln- 
surgente " off Nevis, W. I., 9 Feb., 1799, receiving 
a silver medal and vote of thanks to Capt Trux- 
tun and his officers for this capture. He took the 
•• Insurgents " to port and suppressed an attempt 
of the captured crew to rise against his prize crew 
of eleven men. Obtaining leave, he bought a ves- 
sel and sailed to Santo Domingo, where he saved 
many lives in an insurrection of slaves. He was 
promoted to captain, 5 March, 1799, and in March, 
1801, carried despatches to France. He was as- 
signed the "John Adams" in 1802, sailed to Trip- 
oli, and in May, 1803, captured the Moorish ship 
"Meshonda" in an attempt to run the blockade. 
On 21 July, 1808, he destroyed a Tripolitan corsair, 
after engagement with nine gun-boats, in which 
the " Enterprise " co-operated. He returned home 
in December, 1808, but in July, 1804, again sailed 
to Tripoli in command of the " Congress," joining 
the squadron under Com. Barron, whom he suc- 
ceeded in command on 22 May, 1805. Rodgers 
continued the operations, and on 3 June, 1805, ob- 
tained a treaty with Tripoli abolishing the tribute 



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that had been exacted of European powers and 
forbidding slavery of Christian captives. In Sep- 
tember. 1805, he compelled the bey of Tunis to 
sign a similar treaty, after which he returned home. 
He was then in charge of gun-boats at New York 
until 1809. From February, 1809, till 1812 Rod- 
gers commanded the home squadron, cruising on 
the Atlantic coast to prevent impressment of 
Americans by British cruisers. At 8 p. m., on 16 
May, 1811, in his flag-ship, the "President," near 
New York, he hailed a strange vessel, who.repeated 
the hail and fired a gun. the shot from which struck 
the " President's " main-mast. The shot was an- 
swered and several broadsides were exchanged, 
which demonstrated the stranger's inferiority. 
At daylight Rodgers boarded the crippled vessel, 
which was the British ship " Little Belt," whose 
captain declined assistance. This episode widened 
the breach between the countries, and contra- 
dictory reports were made, but a regular court ac- 
quitted Rodgers of all blame. The British made 
no investigation. Three days after the declaration 
of war in 1812 he sailed in the " President," in 
command of a squadron, to intercept the British 
West India fleet, and on 23 June, 1812, he met the 
British frigate " Bel vide ra," which escaped after 
a running fight of eight hours. Rodgers was 
wounded in the engagement by the bursting of a 
gun on the •• President" The captain himself fired 
the first gun — the first shot in the war. He made 
four cruises, searching for British men-of-war, in 
the u President," and on the third visited Irish 
channel, capturing twelve vessels, including the 
** Highflyer. His prizes numbered twenty-three 
in all, and applause and honors greeted his return. 
In June, 1814, he went to assist in the defence of 
Baltimore, where he rendered valuable service in 
command of the sailors and marines that co-oper- 
ating with the military, defeated the British in the 
battle of North Point and the attack on Fort 
McHenry. The naval forces under Rodgers de- 
fended the water battery, the auxiliary forts Cov- 
ington and Babcock, and the barges of the naval 
flotilla. At a critical moment several vessels were 
sunk in the channel to prevent the larger British 
frigates from passing. After the war he declined 
the office of secretary of the navy, but was ap- 
pointed president of the naval commissioners, which 
office he held from 1815 till 1837, except for the 
years 1824-7, when he commanded the Mediter- 
ranean squadron. His father's male descendants 
are numerous, and, as a rule, have entered the army 
or navy. — His son, John, naval officer, b. in 
Harford county, Md., 8 Aug., 1812; d. in Wash- 
ington, D. C, 5 Mar, 1882, entered the navy as 
midshipman, 18 April, 1828, served in the " Con- 
stellation " in the Mediterranean in 1829-'32, at- 
tended the naval school at Norfolk in 1882-'4, and 
became passed midshipman in the last-named year. 
After a year's leave, during which he attended the 
University of Virginia, he was in the brig " Dol- 
phin," on the Brazil station, in 1886-*9, and com- 
manded the schooner "Wave" on the coast of 
Florida in 1889. He was commissioned lieutenant, 
22 Jan., 1840, had charge of the schooner M Jeffer- 
son " in surveying the Florida Keys, and in hos- 
tilities with the Seminoles in 1840-'8, and was 
again surveying on the coast of Florida in 1849-'52. 
The charts and sailing directions for this coast 
bear witness to his faithful work. He commanded 
the steamer "John Hancock" and the U. S. sur- 
veying and exploring expedition in the North Pa- 
cific and China seas in l&52-'5. In April, 1855, he 
took the M Vincennes " into the Arctic ocean, and 
obtained valuable commercial and scientific in- 



formation. He was commissioned commander, 14 
Sept., 1855, and continued on special duty in con- 
nection with the report of the exploring expedition. 
In 1861 he was among the first to ask for duty in 
the civil war, and in May, 1861, was ordered to 
superintend the building of the " Benton " class of 
western river iron-clads. In November he joined 
the expedition to Port Royal, where he hoisted the 
flag on Fort Walker after the engagement In 
May, 1862, he commanded an expedition in James 
river, leading in the attack on Fort Darling, 15 
May, 1862, during which his vessel, the " Galena," 
an iron-clad steamer, was hit 129 times, two thirds 
of his crew were killed or wounded, and all his am- 
munition was expended, when he withdrew. He was 
commissioned captain, 16 July, 1862, and in 1868 
sailed in command of the monitor " Weehawken " 
from New York, encountering a heavy gale off 
the Delaware breakwater, where he declined to 
take refuge because he wished to test the sea-going 
qualities of monitors. On 17 June, 1868, he fought 
the powerful Confederate iron -clad "Atlanta," 
which he captured, after an engagement of fifteen 
minutes, in War- 
saw sound, Ga,, 

during which 
the "Weehawk- 
en" fired only 
five shots. Con- 
gress gave him 
a formal vote of 
thanks for his 
" eminent zeal 
and ability," and 
he was promoted 
to commodore 
from 17 June, 
1868, the date of 
his victory. He 
commanded the 
monitor " Dicta- 
tor" in 1864-'5, 
on special ser- 
vice. In 1866 he 
took the double- 
turret monitor " Monadnock " through the Straits 
of Magellan to San Francisco. He stopped at Val- 
paraiso just before its bombardment by the Span- 
ish, which, with Gen. Kilpatrick, the U. S. min- 
ister, he strove to prevent. He proposed joint 
armed interference to the English admiral, but the 
latter refused to co-operate. These negotiations 
added to his reputation as a diplomatist. He 
had charge of the Boston navy-yard in 1866-*9, 
was commissioned rear-admiral, 81 Dec., 1869, and 
commanded the Asiatic fleet in 1870-*2, when he 
rendered great service by suppressing outrages on 
American commerce by the Coreans. Admiral 
Rodgers was commandant of Mare island navy- 
yard, Cal., in 1873-7, and superintendent of the 
U. S. naval observatory at Washington from 1 May, 

1877, until his death. His services at the observa- 
tory contributed to the advancement of science, 
and under his administration Prof. Asaph Hall 
discovered the moons of Mars. Admiral Rodgers 
was also successful in his efforts to have a new 
site selected for a future observatory. He was 

? resident of the transit of Venus commission. In 
868 he had been one of the fifty corporate mem- 
bers of the National academy of sciences that 
were named by congress in that year. On 28 June, 

1878, he was elected to succeed Prof. Joseph Henry 
as chairman of the light-house board, and per- 
sonally superintended and participated in experi- 
ments in optics and acoustics to improve the ser- 



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rice. His able counsels were in constant demand 
on advisory boards, especially for reconstructing 
the navy, and for the "Jeannette" relief expedition, 
for which his personal knowledge of the Polar sea 
was valuable. See a memoir by Prof. J. Russell 
Solev, U. S. navy (printed privately, Annapolis, 
1882).— The first John's brother, George Wash- 
ington, naval officer, b. in Harford county, Md., 22 
Feb., 1787; d. in Buenos Ayres, South America, 21 
May. 1832. entered the navy as midshipman, 2 
April, 1804, was commissioned lieutenant, 24 April, 
1810, and served in the sloop " Wasp " in the cap- 
ture of the " Frolic," 18 Oct., 1812, for which he 
was included in a vote of thanks by congress, and 
received a silver medal. He commanded the brig 
" Firefly" in the Algerine war in 1815, was com- 
missioned master-commandant, 27 April, 1816, and 
had charge of the ship "Peacock" in 1816-'18 in 
the Mediterranean. He was commissioned cap- 
tain, 3 March, 1825. was on the board of examiners 
in 1828-'30, and at his death was commodore com- 
manding the Brazil sauadron. His wife, Anna 
Maria, sister to Com. Perry, d. in New London, 
Conn., 7 Dec, 1858, aged sixty.— -Their son, Chris- 
topher Raymond Perry, naval officer, b. in 
Brooklyn, N. Y., 14 Nov., 1819, was appointed a 
midshipman on 5 Oct., 1833, and while serving on 
the schooner "Flirt" in 1839 and in command 
of the schooner " Phoenix " in 1840-*1, was active- 
ly engaged in the 
Seminole war. He 
was promoted lieu- 
tenant on 4 Sept., 
1844, was engaged 
in blockading the 
coast of Mexico in 
1847, and was in the 
trenches at the siege 
of Vera Cruz and 
the capture of Ta- 
basco and Tuspan. 
In 1856-7 he com- 
manded the steamer 
"Bibb" and the 
schooner •* Gallatin " 
in the coast sur- 
/• /p fl /D ^t vey. He was com- 

U./L.f. '/Zsir-CLCiAAs* missioned as com- 
' mander on 15 Oct., 

1861, and served with distinction on the " Wabash," 
and as fleet-captain of Rear-Admiral Samuel F. 
Du Pont's fleet at the battle of Port Royal and in 
command of the naval force in the trenches at the 
capture of Fort Pulaski. He directed the move- 
ments of a fleet of gun-boats that was engaged in 
occupying strategic points on the coast south of 
Port Royal, commanding an expedition to St. 
Augustine and up St. Mary's river in March, 1862, 
and was fleet-captain in the " New Ironsides " in 
the attack of 7 April, 1868, on the defences of 
Charleston and in the subsequent operations of 
the South Atlantic blockading squadron, till in the 
autumn of 1863 he was assigned to the command of 
the steam sloop •* Iroquois," in which he was em- 
ployed on special service till the end of the war. 
He was commissioned as captain on 25 July, 1866, 
commanded the "Franklin in the Mediterranean 
in 1868-'70, became a commodore on 28 Aug., 
1870, was on special service in Europe in 1871, 
then chief of the bureau of yards ana docks till 
1874, was commissioned as rear-admiral on 14 
June, 1874, and was superintendent of the naval 
academy, except in 187&-'80. when he commanded 
the naval forces in the Pacific, until on 14 Nov., 
1881, he wte placed on the retired list Rear- 



Admiral Rodgers presided over the international 
conference at Washington in 1885 for the purpose 
of fixing a prime meridian and universal day. — 
Another son, George Washington, naval officer, 
b. in Brooklyn, N. Y., 30 Oct., 1M22: d. off Charles- 
ton harbor, S. C, 17 Aug., 1803, entered the navy 
as midshipman, 30 April, 1836, became jtassed mid- 
shipman, 1 July, 1842, and was in the steamer " Col. 
Harney "and the frigate "John Adams" during 
the Mexican war, at Vera Cruz, Tuspan, Alvarado, 
and other points on the Gulf coast, where he served 
as acting master from 4 Nov., 1846. He was on 
I the U. S. coast survey in 1849-'50, was commis- 
i sioned lieutenant, 4 June, 1850, cruised in the 
, "Germantown" on the home station in 1851-*3, 
and was at the naval academy in 1861 -'2. In 
April, 1861, he saved the "Constitution" from a 
threatened attack by secessionists at Annapolis, 
and took the naval academy to Newport, R. I. He 
was commissioned commander, 16 Jan., 1862, and 
in October commanded the monitor " Catskill." in 
which he participated in the attacks on Charles- 
ton. On 7 April, 1863, he impetuously took her 
almost under the walls of Port Sumter. Admiral 
Dahlgren appointed him chief of staff, 4 July, 
1863, and, still commanding the "Catskill," he 
was distinguished by the cool and deliberate man- 
I ner in which he fought his ship. In the attack on 
■ Fort Wagner, 17 Aug., 1863, he took command 
of his vessel as usual, and while in the pilot-house 
he was instantly killed by a shot that struck the 
top of the house and broke it in. It was of Com- 
mander Rodgers that Miles O'Reilly wrote one of 
his most admired stanzas : 

"Ah me ! George Rodgers lies 
With dim and dreamless eyes, 
He has airly won the prize 
Of the sthriped and starrv shroud." 
RODMAN, Isaac Peace, soldier, b. in South 
Kingston, R. I., 18 Aug., 1822; d. in Sharpsburg, 
Md., 30 Sept., 1862. He received a common-school 
education, entered into partnership with his father, 
and became a prominent woollen-manufacturer. 
He sat in both houses of the legislature for several 
terms. At the first call for troops in 1861 he 
raised a company, which was incorporated in the 
2d Rhode Island regiment, and was engaged at 
Bull Run. For gallantry in that action he was 
made lieutenant-colonel of the 4th Rhode Island 
volunteers, 25 Oct., 1861, and soon afterward was 
promoted colonel. He served with f?reat credit at 
Roanoke island and New Berne, and in the capture 
of Fort Macon, and in July, 1862, was commis- 
sioned as brigadier-general of volunteers, to date 
from 28 April. At the Antietam he commanded 
the 3d division of the 9th corps, and was mortally 
wounded while leading a charge. 

RODMAN, Thomas Jefferson, soldier, b. in 
Salem, Ind., 30 July, 1815 ; d. in Rock Island, III, 7 
June, 1871. He was graduated at the U. S. mili- 
tary academy in 1841, assigned to the ordnance de- 
partment, and served at Alleghany arsenal till 1848, 
going to Richmond, Va., in 1845 to prepare machin- 
ery for testing gun-metal and supervise the manu- 
facture of cannon, and to Boston in September, 
1846, for the purpose of experimenting with Col 
George Bom ford's columbiads of 12-inch calibre. 
He invented a method of casting guns on a hollow 
core, through which a stream of cold water is kept 
running, greatly improving their tenacity. In 1847 
he supervised the manufacture of columbiads on 
this system at Pittsburg, Pa. During the Mexican 
war he served as ordnance officer at Camargo and 
Point Isabel depots. Returning to Alleghany ar- 
senal, he continued his experiments. He was in 



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command of the arsenal in 1854, and of the one at 
Baton Rouge, La., in 1855-'6. Although colum- 
biads made by his method showed greater power of 
resistance than those that were cast solid, yet they 
failed under severe tests, and, as the result of a 
series of experiments at Pittsburg in 1856, he recom- 
mended that no more guns of large calibre should 
be made of that pattern. In 1857-8 he experi- 
mented with a pressure-gau^e of his invention, con- 
sisting of a piston working in a hole bored into the 
wall of a gun and acting on an indenting tool, for 
the purpose of determining the pressure in the 
bore at aifferent points. He devised a new form of 
columbiad which was determined on the hypothesis 
that the pressure is inverselv as the square root of 
the space behind the shot. 'The first 15-inch Rod- 
man gun was completed in May, I860. In the trials, 
mammoth (or very large-grained) powder, and pow- 
der in perforated cakes, were also tested, and in the 
following year the mammoth powder was adopted 
for heavy ordnance. The perforated cake powder 
for rifled cannon of large calibre was at once 
adopted by the Russian government, which ob- 
tained specimens from Fortress Monroe in 1800, 
and soon afterward came into use in Prussia, and 
more recently the military authorities in England 
decided on using the mammoth powder, there 
called pebble powder, in their big rifled guns. 
Rodman, who had reached the grade of captain of 
ordnance on 1 July, 1855, and was promoted major 
on 1 June, 1863, was in command of Watertown 
arsenal during the civil war, being detached at in- 
tervals for various services, especially to supervise 
the manufacture and trials of 12-inch rifled and 
20-inch smooth-bore cannon. Many 13- and 15-inch 
Rodman guns were made during "the war for the 
monitors and the fort* along the coast. The meth- 
od of casting about a hollow core and cooling the 
metal from the inside was applied to shells as well 
as to cannon, and from 27 Sept., 1864, he was en- 
gaged in supervising the manufacture of ordnance 
and projectiles by this method. He originated the 
idea of making heavy guns without prc|>ondcrance 
at the breech, on which plan all the heavy cast-iron 
cannon were subsequently constructed in the Unit- 
ed States. In March, 1885, he was brevettcd lieu- 
tenant-colonel, colonel, and brigadier-general for 
his services in the ordnance department. He was 
placed in command at Rock Island on 4 Aug., 1865, 
and promoted lieutenant-colonel on 7 March. 1867, 
served on various boards for testing inventions in 
fire-arms, and at the time of his death was engaged 
in completing the arsenal at Rock Island, which 
was constructed at his suggestion and under his 
superintendence. 

RODNEY, Caesar, signer of the Declaration of 
Independence, b. in Dover, Del., 7 Oct., 1728; d. 
there, 29 June, 1784. An old family manuscript 
says : ** It hath been a constant tradition that wc 
came into England with Maud, the empress, from 
foreign parts ; and that for service done by Rode- 
ney, in her wars against King Stephen, the usurper, 
she gave them hind within this kingdom/' A 
painted monument in the village of Rodney-Stoke, 
Somerset co., Iwars the Arms of this family. Ilis 
grandfather, William Rodney (1052-1708), came 
from Bristol, England, to Philadelphia soon after 
William Pcnn had settled Pennsylvania, located at 
Lewes on the Delaware, where in 1081) he was elect- 
ed sheriff of Sussex county, and removed to Dover, 
Kent co., Del., where he held local ofllecs. In 
lGiW-'O he was a member of the assembly and again 
in 1 700-'4, serving as speaker in the last year, when 
he was made justice or the peace. In 1008-'!) he 
was a member of William I'cnn's council, and in 




1707 was appointed justice of New Castle. Carsar 
inherited a large estate from his father, Ca?sar 
(1707-45). In 1755-'8 he was high sheriff of Kent 
county, and at the expiration of his term he was 
made a justice of the 
peace and judge of 
all the lower courts. 
In 1756 he was a cap- 
tain in the county 
militia. In 1759 he 
was a superintendent 
for the printing of 
£27,000 of Delaware 
currency, and commis- 
sioner for the support 
of a company raised 
for the French and In- 
dian war. In 1762-'8 
he represented Kent 
county in the assem- 
bly, was recorder in 
1764, and justice of the 
peace in 1764-'6. In 
1765 he was sent as a 
delegate to the stamp- 
act congress at New York, and on the repeal of that 
act he was one of three commissioners that were 
appointed by the legislature of Delaware to frame 
an address of thanks to the king. In 1766 he was 
made register of bills, and in 1767, when the tea- 
act was proposed by the British parliament, the 
Delaware assembly appointed him. with Thomas 
McKean and George Head, to formulate a second 
address to the king, in which armed resistance to 
tyranny was foreshadowed. In 1769 ho was super- 
intendent of the loan office, and from 1769 till 1773 
was an associate justice. In 1770 he was clerk of 
the peace, and in 1770-'4 Dedimus potestatimus. 
In 1772 he was a commissioner to erect the state- 
house and other public buildings in Dover. A bill 
having been introduced into the colonial assembly 
for the better regulation of slaves, Mr. Rodney 
warmly supported a motion that the bill I* so 
amended as to prohibit the importation of slaves 
into the province. The amendment was negatived 
by only two votes. When fresh aggressions of the 
British ministry disappointed the expectations of 
the colonists, Mr. Rodney and his former col- 
leagues were assigned the' task of presenting the 
complaints of the freemen of Delaware to the sov- 
ereign. These pacific measures failing to secure a 
redress of grievances, the colonies entered into a 
correspondence regarding their common defence. 
Mr. Rodncv became chairman of the committee of 
safety of Delaware, and in 1774, meetings of the 
people having liccn held at New Castle and Dover 
to demand the assembling of a convention, he 
issued a call as speaker of the assembly for the 
representatives of the people to meet at New Castle 
on 1 Aug. He was chosen chairman of the con- 
vention, and was elected a delegate to the Conti- 
nental congress, in which he was a mcmlicr of the 
general committee to make a statement of the 
rights and grievances of the colonists. In March, 
1775. he was again elected to congress after the 
assembly, by a unanimous vote, had approved of 
his action, and that of his colleagues, at tin; 1st 
congress. In May he was appointed a colonel, and 
in September he l>ccamc brigadier-general, of Dela- 
ware militia. In 1776 he was alternately in his 
seat in congress, and at work in Delaware, stimu- 
lating the patriots and repressing the royalists. 
When the question of indc|>cndcnce was introduced 
in congress, Mr. Rodney, having obtained leave of 
akjsencc, went through the southern part of Dcla- 



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ware preparing the people for a change of govern- 
ment. His colleagues, Thomas McKean and George 
Read, were divided on the question, and the former, 
knowing Rodney to be favorable to the declaration, 
urged. him by special message to hasten his return. 
He did so, ana by preat exertion arrived just in 
season for the final discussion. His affirmative vote 
secured the consent of the Delaware delegation to 
the measure, and thus effected that unanimity 
among the colonies that was so essential to the 
cause of independence. The opposition of the roy- 
alists, who abounded in the lower counties, pre- 
vented his election the succeeding year ; but as a 
member of the councils of safety and inspection he 
displayed great activity in collecting supplies for 
the troops of the state that were then with Wash- 
ington in Morristown, N. J. He went to Trenton, 
where Lord Stirling made him post commandant, 
and then to Momstown, but, by Washington's 

girmission, he returned home in February, 1777. 
e refused the appointment as a judge of 'the su- 
preme court, organized in February, 1777, and on 
5 June, 1777, was chosen judge of admiralty, but 
retained his military office, suppressed an insurrec- 
tion against the government in Sussex county, and 
when, in August, the British advanced into Dela- 
ware, he collected troops, and, by direction of Gen. 
Washington, placed himself south of the main 
army to watch the movements of the British at the 
head of Elk river, Md., and, if possible, to cut them 
off from their fleet ' During this period he was in 
correspondence with Gen. Washington, with whom 
he had long been on terms of friendly intimacy. 
In September he became major-general of militia, 
and in December he was again elected to congress ; 
but he did not take his seat, as in the mean time 
he had been elected president of Delaware, which 
office he held for four years, till January, 1782, 
when he declined re-election. He was then chosen 
co congress, and again in 1788, but did not take his 
seat He had been suffering for many years from 
a cancer on the face, which ultimately caused his 
death. As a public man he displayed great integ- 
rity and elevation of character, and, though a firm 
Whig, never failed in the duties of humanity toward 
those that suffered for adhering to opinions that 
differed from his own. — His brother, Thomas, 
jurist, b. in Sussex county, Del., 4 June, 1744 ; d. in 
Rodney, Miss., 2 Jan., 1811, was a justice of the 
peace in 1770 and again in 1784, a member of the 
assembly in 1774 to elect delegates to the first Con- 
stitutional congress, and in 1775 a member of the 
council of safety. He was. colonel of the Delaware 
militia and rendered important services to the Con- 
tinental army during the Revolutionary war. In 

1778 he was chief justice of Kent county court, in 

1779 register of bills, and was a delegate from 
Delaware to the Continental congress in 1781-8 
and in 1785-7. In 1787 he was made speaker of 
the assembly, and in 1802 was appointed: superin- 
tendent of the Kent county almshouse and Dedi- 
mus potestatimus. He was appointed in 1808 U. S. 
judge for the territory of Mississippi, and became a 
land-owner in Jefferson county, where the town of 
Rodney was named in his honor.— Thomas's son, 
Cesar Augustus, statesman, b. in Dover, Del., 4 
Jan., 1772 ; d. in Buenos Avres, South America, 10 
June, 1824, was graduated at the University of 
Pennsylvania in 1789, studied law, was admitted 
to the bar in 1798, and practised at Wilmington, 
Del. He was elected to congress from Delaware as 
a Democrat, serving from 17 Oct, 1808, till 8 March, 
1805, was a member of the committee of ways and 
means, and one of the managers in the impeach- 
ment of Judge Samuel Chase. In 1807 he was ap- 



pointed by President Jefferson attorney-general of 
the United States, which place he resigned in 1811. 
During the war with Great Britain in 1812 he com- 
manded a rifle corps in Wilmington which was 
afterward changed to a light artillery company, 
which did good service on the frontiers of Canada, 
In 1818 he was a member of the Delaware commit- 
tee of safety. He was defeated for congress and in 
1815 was state senator from New Castle county. 
In 1817 he was sent to South America by President 
Monroe as one of the commissioners to investigate 
and report upon the propriety of recognizing the 
independence of the Spanish-American republics, 
which course he strongly advocated on his return 
to Washington. In 1820 he was re-elected to con- 
gress, and In 1822 he became a member of the U. S. 
senate, being the first Democrat that had a seat in 
that body f rem Delaware. He served till 27 Jan., 
1828, when he was appointed minister to the United 

{>rovinces of La Plata. With John Graham he pun- 
ished " Reports on the Present State of the United 
Provinces of South America " (London, 1819). 

RODNEY, Daniel, senator, b. in Delaware in 
1764; d. there, 2 Sept, 1846. He was the great- 
grandson of William Rodney, the first of the fam- 
ily to come to this country, and a second cousin 
of Caesar Augustus Rodney. He was a presiden- 
tial elector in 1809, and governor of Delaware in 
1814-'17. He received the electoral vote of that 
state for vice-president in 1821. was elected to 
congress, serving from 2 Dec, 1822, till 8 March, 
1824. He was appointed United States senator 
from Delaware, to fill the uncompleted term of 
Nicholas Van Dyke, deceased, and served from 4 
Dec, 1826, till 23 Jan., 1827. 

RODNEY, George Brydges, Baron, English 
naval officer, b. in Walton-upon-Thames. Surrey, 
19 Feb., 1718; d. in London, 21 May, 1792. At 
the age of twelve he left Harrow school and en- 
tered the navy, becoming 
a lieutenant in 1789. cap- 
tain in 1742. and in 1748 
governor and command- 
er-in-chief of the station 
of Newfoundland. On 
his return to England in 
1752 he was elected to 
parliament for Saltash, 
and he was promoted rear- 
admiral in 1759, and ap- 
pointed in 1761 com- 
mander-in-chief of Bar- 
badoes and the Wind- 
ward islands, capturing 
St. Pierre, Grenaoa, and 
St Lucia. He was pro- 
moted vice-admiral in the 
following year, created a 
baronet in 1764, appoint- 
ed master of Greenwich 
hospital in 1765, and re- 
turned to parliament for Northampton in 1768. 
He resigned his governorship of Greenwich in 1771, 
on being appointed commander-in-chief at Jamaica, 
which post he held till 1774, when he returned to 
England, but, failing to make arrangements with 
his creditors, he sought refuge from them in 
France. Obtaining money to pay his debts, he re- 
turned to England in 1779, was promoted admiral, 
and when Spain joined France in the war against 
England he sailed to the West Indies as com- 
mander-in-chief of the station, with a fleet of 
twenty-two ships-of-the-line and eight frigates. On 
16 Jan., 1780, off Cape St Vincent he fell in with 
a Spanish division of eleven ships and two frigates 




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under Juan de Sangara, and after an obstinate 
action captured five vessels and destroyed two. 
After relieving Gibraltar and Minorca, he sailed 
again for this country, and met the French fleet, 
under Count de Guichen, near Martinique, 15 and 
17 April. Although no general battle was fought, 
he broke through the enemy's line and was re- 
warded by parliament with a vote of thanks and 
a peusion of £2,000. He was elected to parliament 
for Westminster, created a K. B., and in December, 
1780, made an unsuccessful attack on St. Vincent, 
but in 1781 captured the Dutch colonies of St. 
Eustatius, Demerara, Essequibo, and Berbice. Re- 
turning to England in the autumn of 1781, he was 
appointed vice-admiral of England, and assigned 
to command in the West Indies. In April, 1782, 
he met, in the channel of Dominica, with Count 
de Grasse, who was escorting a convoy of 150 sail 
that carried an invading army to Jamaica. On 9 
April a partial engagement was fought and on 12 
April, Rodney, having the advantage of the wind, 
attacked the French. The battle lasted nearly 
twelve hours, and was one of the most obstinate 
that was ever fought in those waters. As Vau- 
dreuirs division was unable, on account of the 
wind, to co-operate in the action, and De Grasse's 
flag-ship was sinking, the latter was compelled to 
lower his flag, the French losing seven ships and 
two frigates, and the English three vessels. Vau- 
dreuil abandoned the expedition to Jamaica, owing 
to subsequent orders, ana a truce was signed, which 
led to the peace of 1788. The Whigs, who had 
meanwhile come into office, had despatched, before 
the victory was known, an officer to supersede 
Rodney, who arrived in England, 21 Sept, 1782. 
He was greeted with enthusiasm, elevated to the 
peerage as Baron Rodney, and received an addi- 
tional pension of £2,000, made revertible to his 
heirs. Owing to infirmities, he retired from active 
service. Jamaica, which he saved, voted £1.000 
for the erection of a monument over his grave, and 



Lord Rodney " CZ vols., London, 1880). 

RODRIGUEZ, Cayetano Jos* (ro-dre-ffeth'), 
Argentine clergyman, b. in Rincon ae San Pedro 
in 1761 ; <L in Buenos Ayres, 21 Jan., 1828. He 
entered the Franciscan order in 1777, and was or- 
dained priest in 1788. During twenty years he 
was director of the convents of Santa Catalina and 
Santa Clara, and he also taught philosophy, and 
theology in the convent of Buenos Ayres and the 
University of Cordova. From the beginning of 
his career as a teacher he foresaw the future inde- 
pendence of his country, and when the Spanish 
yoke was thrown off in 1810 he was one of the 
most ardent followers of the patriotic cause. As 
a representative of his native province he was a 
member of the congress of Tucuman in 1816, and 
as secretary of that body signed the act of inde- 
pendence on 25 July of that year. When, in 1822, 
the ecclesiastic reform was initiated, Rodriguez 
defended the rights of the church in the paper 
"Oficial del Dia" with great force, and he is 
considered one of the most powerful writers of 
that period. He was also a poet of great merit, 
and many of his compositions appeared in maga- 
zines, but no collection has lieen issued. 

RODRIGUEZ, Diego, Mexican mathematician, 
b. in Atitatl in 1597; d. in Mexico in 1668. He 
entered the military order of Merced, in Mexico, 
on 8 April, 1618, and rose to be commander of 
that order and professor of theology in its college. 
In 1687 he was appointed professor of mathematics 



| in the Literary academy. He wrote 4t Tratado 
! etheorol6gico sobre el Cometa aparecido en Mexico 
en 1652" (Mexico, 1652); "Tractatus Procemia- 
lium disciplinarum Mathematicarum, et de Com- 
mendatione Elementorum. Euclidis"; "Geometria 
cspeculativa " ; " De Aritmetica " ; ** Tratado de 
Ecuaciones, con Tabla Algebraicadiscursiva"; and 
44 Arte de fabricar Relojes horizon tales, verticales, 
etc, con declinaciones y sin ellas." All but the 
first are in manuscript They were taken from the 
convent of Merced to the National library, and 
they are to be published soon to show the early 
development of mathematics in Mexico. 

RODRIGUEZ, Manuel, Chilian patriot, b. in 
Santiago in 1786; d. in Tiitil, 26 May, 1818. In 
1811 he began to take part in the struggle for in- 
dependence, and during the government of Gen. 
Carrera in 1814 he served as secretary of the lat- 
ter. After the disaster of Rancagua he emigrated 
to the Argentine, and was secretly sent to Cnili to 
foment the revolution there. The province of Col- 
chagua was the centre of his one rations, and the 
Spanish government vainly triea to surprise him, 
offering large rewards for his capture. After the 
triumph of San Martin in Chacabuco, Rodriguez 
continued to serve the cause of the republic till 
the defeat of Cancha Rayada, when he proclaimed 
himself chief of Santiago. The reorganized forces 
obtained the victory or Maypu, in which Rodri- 
guez took part as chief of the Husares de la 
Muerte. Tne other chiefs, especially O'Higrgins, 
began to be jealous of the popularity of Rodriguez, 
and, in order to remove him, he was offered the 
mission to the United States. On his refusal his 
death was decreed by the Lautaro secret society, 
and soon afterward he was imprisoned and sent to 
Quillota, to be tried by a court-martial. He was 
delivered to an officer, Navarro, who on the road 
ordered him to be shot without any trial. On the 
place of his execution a granite column has been 
erected, which was dedicated on 26 May, 1868. 

RODRIGUEZ, Manuel del Socorro, Cuban 
scientist, b. in Bayamo, Cuba, in 1758; d. in Bogo- 
ta, Colombia, in 1818. Being of poor parentage, 
he was obliged to work for a livinjr from early life, 
and received only a scanty education ; but he sup- 
plied this deficiency by his energy and love for 
study, and without any teacher obtained a pro- 
found knowledge of science, history, and literature. 
He followed Jose de Ezpeleta in 1789 to New 
Granada, and, being appointed director of the pub- 
lic library of Bogota, began at once to aid the in- 
tellectual development of the country, associating 
his name with many literary and scientific enter- 
prises for that purpose. At his suggestion the 
viceroy founded the ** Papel periodico de Santa Pe 
de Bogota," the first newspaper in the colony, the 
editorship of which was assigned to Rodriguez in 
January, 1791. He suggested also the idea of 
creating an astronomical and meteorological ob- 
servatory, and was appointed one of its directors. 
He founded several scientific and literary newspa- 
pers and reviews. When the country revolted 
against the Spanish rule in 1810, Rodriguez sided 
with the patriots and shared their fortunes. Al- 
though he wrote much, especially on scientific sub- 
jects, many of his works are lost The principal 
manuscript that is preserved is "Historia de la 
Pundacion de la Enscfianza." Humboldt praises 
him in several parts of his numerous writings. 

RODRIGUEZ, Manuel Domingo, Argentine 
statesman, b. in Buenos Ayres in 1780; d. there in 
1840. He served in the war of independence, and 
was a colonel at the time of the establishment of 
the republic by the congress of Tucuman, 9 July, 



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1816. After the fall of the last director. Rondeau, 
in January, 1820, the municipality of Buenos 
Ayres gave the military command successively to 
various chiefs, but anarchy reigned everywhere, so 
that the governors of Santa Fe and Entrerios 
easily routed the forces of Buenos Ayres in Cafiada 
de la Cruz, and occupied the city. In this emer- 
gency Rodriguez was elected governor of Buenos 
Ayres, 9 May, 1820, and, re-establishing order, 
signed a treaty of peace with Lopez, governor of 
Santa Fe\ by which the independence of the prov- 
inces was recognized. In 1821 he called to his cabi- 
net Bernardino Rivadavia (q. v.) as secretary of the 
interior, and Dr. Manuel Garcia as secretary of the 
treasury, and with their co-operation many reforms 
were introduced in the administration. Liberty 
of the press and separation of church and state 
were decreed, convents were suppressed, with the 
exception of two in Buenos Ayres, the emigration 
of foreigners was promoted, and numerous savings 
banks, the national bank, an academy of sciences, 
and the University of Buenos Ayres were estab- 
lished in 1828. Rodriguez was a member of the 
cabinet of both his successors. When, after the 
proclamation of a unitarian constitution by con- 
gress, 24 Dec., 1826, there was general discontent 
and revolt in the interior provinces. President Riva- 
davia resigned with his cabinet, 20 June, 1827, and 
Rodriguez retired to private life. 

ROE, Axel Stevens, author, b. in New York 
city, 16 Aug., 1798 ; d. in East Windsor Hill, Conn., 
1 Jan., 188o. He received an academic education, 
and, after serving as a clerk in a mercantile house 
in New York, became a wine-merchant in that city. 
He finally retired from business and settled at 
Windsor, Conn. Having lost most of his property 
by freely indorsing for persons that subsequently 
failed, he applied himself successfully to literature. 
«. _„ui:-i_-!> « t _ %x„*.._„ _»»..., beenThink- 

Loved" 
and Win" 
(1852); " A Long Look Ahead" (1855); "The Star 
and the Cloud "(1856) ; " True to the Last " (1859) ; 
'•How could He Help it!" (1860); "Looking 
Around" (1865); "Woman our Angel" (1866); 
"The Cloud in the Heart " (1869) ; and "Resolu- 
tion, or the Soul of Power" (1871). Most of his 
works were republished in London. 

ROE. Edward Payson, author, b. in Moodna, 
New Windsor, Orange co., N. Y., 7 March, 1888; 
d. in Cornwall, N. 
Y., 19 July, 1888. 
He was educated 
at Williams, but 
not graduated, 
owing to an affec- 
tion of the eyes. 
In after years 
the college gave 
him the degree of 
B.A. He studied 
at Auburn and 
at Union theo- 
logical seminary, 
New York city, 
and in 1862 be- 
came a chaplain 
in the volunteer 
service, where he 
./ , . CD JP remained till Oc- 

C*u<r**.U T. /L*<s-\ tober, 1865. He 
then became pas- 
tor of a Presbyterian church at Highland Falls, 
N. Y., where his lectures on topics connected with 
the civil war, to raise funds for a new church, first 



railed, ne applied mmseii successiuuy 10 iiu 
He published " James Montjoy, or I've been 
ing ,, (New York, 1850); " To Love and be i 
(1852); "Time and Tide, or Strive and 



brought him into notice as a successful speaker. 
He visited the ruins of Chicago after the great fire, 
and wrote " Barriers Burned Away," a novel, which 
was published as a serial in the New York " Evan- 
gelist," and afterward appeared in book-form (New 
York, 1872). Of the cheap edition (1882), 87,500 
copies were sold. The great success of his book, 
together with impaired health, induced Mr. Roe to 
resign his pastorate and to settle at Cornwall-on- 
the-Hudson in 1874. At this place he devoted his 
time to literature and the cultivation of small fruits. 
He was a very prolific writer, and the sales of his 
books in this country alone have largely exceeded 
one million copies. They have been republished in 
England and other countries, where also the sales 
have been large. In addition to the work already 
mentioned, Mr. Roe published " Play and Profit in 
My Garden" (New York, 1878); "What can She 
Dot" (1878); "Opening a Chestnut Burr" (1874); 
" From Jest to Earnest* (1875) ; " Near to Nature's 
Heart" (1876); "A Knight of the Nineteenth Cen- 
tury" (1877) ; " A Face Illumined " (1878) ; " A Day 
of Fate" (1880); "Success with Small Fruits * 
(1880); "Without a Home" (1880); "His Sombre 
Rivals " (1888) ; " A Young Girl's Wooing " (1884) ; 
"Nature^ Serial Story ' y (1884); "An Original 
Belle " (1885) ; " Driven Back to Eden " (1885) ; " He 
fell in Love with his Wife " (1886) ; and " The Earth 
Trembled "(1887). 

ROE, Francis Asbnry, naval officer, b. in 
Elmira, N. Y., 4 Oct., 1828. He entered the navy 
as midshipman, 19 Oct., 1841, and was at the naval 
academy at Annapolis in 1847-8. He left the ser- 
vice for eleven months from June, 1848. In 1851-2 
he served in the mail-steamer " Georgia," on the 
New York and West India line. He was attached 
to the brig " Porpoise " in the North Pacific ex- 
ploring expedition. He was commissioned master, 
8 Aug., 1855, and lieutenant, 14 Sept, 1855. In 
1857-8 he served in the coast survey. In 1862 he 
was executive officer of the " Pensacola " in Far- 
ragut's squadron, and, on account of the illness of 
his commanding officer, took charge of the ship in 
passing Fort Jackson and Fort St Philip. He was 
commissioned lieutenant-commander, 16 July. 1862, 
had charge of the steamer " Katahdin " in 1862-^3 
in the operations on Mississippi river, defeated Gen. 
John C. Breckinridge's attack on Baton Rouge, and 
assisted in the destruction of the Confederate ram 
" Arkansas," 7 Aug., 1862. In 1864 he commanded 
the steamer " Sassacus " in the North Atlantic block- 
ading squadron, and captured and destroyed sev- 
eral blockade runners in the sounds of North 
Carolina, and co-operated in the defeat of the Con- 
federate iron-clad ram " Albemarle," 5 May, 1864. 
In this engagement Roe gallantly rammed the 
iron-clad, which then fired a 100-pound rifle-shell 
through the " Sassacus," killing and scalding many 
of the crew by exploding in the boiler. In the con- 
fusion that was caused by escaping steam, Roe 
skilfully handled his ship and compelled the "Al- 
bemarle's " Qonsort, the " Bombshell," to surrender. 
After the war he commanded the steamer " Michi- 
gan" on the lakes in 1864-'6. He was commis- 
sioned commander, 25 July, 1866, and in 1866-'7 
commanded the steamer "Tacony" on a special 
mission to Mexico. His firmness as senior officer 
prevented a bombardment of Vera Cruz. On 8 
Aug., 1867, he was detached, and in recognition of 
hi? services was ordered as fleet-captain of the Asi- 
atic station, where he served until December, 1871. 
He was commissioned captain, 1 April, 1872, and 
was attached to the Boston navy-yard in 1872-'3. 
His last cruise was in command of the " Lancaster" 
on the Brazil station in 1878-'5. He was attached 



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to the naval station at New London in 1875-'6, on 
special duty at Washington in 1879-'80, and pro- 
moted to commodore, 26 Nov.. 1880. In 1883-'4 he 
was governor of the Naval asylum at Philadelphia. 
He was commissioned rear-admiral, 3 Nov., 1884, 
and placed on the retired list, 4 Oct., 1885. 

ROE. Henry, Canadian educator, b. in Henry- 
ville. Missisquoi co.. Quebec, 22 Feb., 1829. He 
was educated at McGill college and Bishop's col- 
lege, and was graduated at the latter in 1854. He 
was ordained a priest in the Anglican church in 
1852, became rector of St. Matthew's church, Que- 
bec in 1855, and of St. Ann's, Richmond, in 1868, 
and was appointed examining chaplain to the 
bishop of Quebec in 1864. He became professor 
of divinity in the University of Bishop's college 
in 1873, and is now vice-principal and dean of the 
faculty of divinity in that institution. In 1879 
he received the degree of D. D. from Bishop's col- 
lege. Dr. Roe has been for twenty-five years the 
Canadian correspondent of the London •* Guard- 
ian." Besides sundry sermons, he has published 
•* Pamphlet on Episcopal Veto " (1859) ; " Treatise 
on Purgatory, Transuostantiation, and the Mass " 
(1862); " Pamphlet on Clerical Studies" (1864); 
u Tract on the Place of Religious Giving in the 
Christian Economy" (1880); and "Pamphlet on 
the Place of Laymen in the Spiritual Work of the 
Church "(1887). 

ROEBLING, John Augustus (ray'-bling). civil 
engineer, b. in Muhlhausen, Prussia, 12 June, 1806 ; 
d. in Brooklyn, N. Y., 22 July, 1869. He was 
graduated at the Royal polytechnic school in Ber- 
lin with the degree of C. E. in 1826, paid spe- 
cial attention to suspension-bridges during nis 
course, and wrote his graduating thesis on this sub- 
ject After spending the three years required by 
law in government service, during which time he 
was engaged chiefly as an assistant on the construc- 
tion of military roads in Westphalia, he came to the 
United States. He settled near Pittsburg, Pa., where 
he devoted himself to agricultural pursuits, and 
determined to build a village of frontiersmen. The 
various systems of canal improvements and slack- 
water navigation were then in course of develop- 
ment, and to these his services were attracted. 
Later his attention was given to new railroad en- 
terprises. One of his earliest engagements was in 
surveying the lines of the Pennsylvania railroad 
across the Alleghany mountains from Harrisburg 
to Pittsburg. He then entered upon the manu- 
facture of iron and steel wire, from which he 
sained the valuable knowledge of the nature, capa- 
bilities, and requirements of wire that enabled him 
to revolutionize the construction of bridges. The 
first specimens of that wire that was ever produced 
in the United States were made by him, and his 
belief in its efficacy for bridge-construction was 
soon put to the test. During the winter of 1844-'5 
he had charge of the building of a wooden aque- 
duct across the Alleghany river at Pittsburg, and 
Sroposed that it should consist of a wooden trunk 
> nold the water, supported on each side by a 
continuous wire cable seven inches in diameter. In 
spite of ridicule from the engineering profession, 
he succeeded in completing his bridge, which com- 
prised seven spans, each of 162 feet. His next 
undertaking was the construction in 1846 of a 
suspension-bridge over Monongahela river at Pitts- 
burg. In 1848 he built four similar works on the 
line of the Delaware and Hudson canal. On the 
completion of these bridges he settled in Trenton, 
N. J., whither he removed his wire-manufactory. 
In 1851 he was called to build a suspension-bridge 
the Niagara river to connect the New York - 



Central railroad with the Canadian railway systems. 
This structure, the first of the jrreat suspension- 
bridges with which his name is connected, was 
built in four years, and, when it was finished, was 
regarded as one of the wonders of the world. It 
was the first suspension-bridge that was capable of 
bearing the weight of railroad- trains. The .span 
was 825 feet clear, and it was supported by four 
10-inch cables. His next undertaking was a wire- 
cable bridge for common travel over Alleghany 
river at Pittsburg, which is considered one of the 
best pieces of bridge engineering in existence. In 
1856 ne began the building of the great bridge be- 
tween Cincinnati and Covington, but the work was 
not finished until 1867. Its success showed engi- 
neers throughout the country that the problem of 
suspension-bridge making was solved upon a prin- 
ciple that could not be superseded. According to 
Gen. John G. Barnard, " to Mr. Roebling must be 
conceded the claim of practically establishing the 
sufficiency of the suspension principle for railroad 
bridges and of developing the manner of their con- 
struction." His eminent success in this line of 
work led in 1868 to his being chosen chief engineer 
of the East river bridge, connecting Brooklvn and 
New York. He at once prepared plans for the 
structure, which received the approval of the Na- 
tional authorities, and in 1869 the company for the 
construction of the bridge was duly organized and 
work was at once begun. While he was making 
observations his foot was crushed between the pil- 
ing and rack of one of the ferry-slips during the 
abrupt entry of a ferry-boat. Mr. Roebling was 
then removed to his residence, but, in spite of medi- 
cal skill, his death occurred from lockjaw sixteen 
days later. Mr. Roebling published " Long and 
Short Span Railway Bridges " (New York, 1869). 
—His son, Washington Augustus, civil engineer, 
b. in Saxenburg, Pa., 26 May, 1837, was gradu- 
ated as a civil engineer at Rensselaer polytechnic 
institute in 1857, and began his professional work 
at once under his father on the Alleghany suspen- 
sion-bridge. In 1861 he enlisted as a private in 
the 6th New York artillery, and served a year with 
that battery in the Army of the Potomac, In 1862 
he was transferred to the staff of Gen. Irvin Mc- 
Dowell, and assigned to various engineering duties, 
notably the construction of a suspension -bridge 
across Rappahannock river. Later he served on 
Gen. John Pope's staff, and was present at South 
Mountain, Antietam, and the campaign that ended 
in the second battle of Bull Run, during which time 
he built a suspension-bridge across Shenandoah 
river at Harpers Ferry. He was also engaged on 
balloon duty, and was in the habit of ascending 
every morning in order to reconnoitre the Confed- 
erate army. By this means he discovered, and was 
the first to announce, the fact that Gen. Lee was 
moving toward Pennsylvania. From August, 1868, 
till March, 1864, he was attached to the 2d corps, 
serving on engineering duty and then on staff duty 
with the 5th corps during the overland campaign. 
He attained the rank of major on 20 April, 1864, 
also receiving three brevets, including that of colo- 
nel, and resigned in January, 1865. Col. Roebling 
then assisting his father on the Cincinnati and Cov- 
ington bridge, of which he had almost the entire 
charge. He then went abroad to study pneumatic 
foundations before sinking those of the East river 
bridge, to the charge of which he was called on the 
death of his father, but before any of the details 
had been decided on. In 1869 he settled in Brook- 
lvn, and gave his attention almost exclusively to 
tne sinking of the caissons. His devotion to the 
work, with the fact that he spent more hours of the 

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ROEBUCK 



RCEMER 



twenty-four in the compressed air of the caissons 
than any one else, led to an attack of caisson fever 
early in 1872. He soon rallied and resumed his 
work, but he was so weak that he was unable to 
leave his room. Nevertheless, he prepared the most 

minute and ex- 
act directions 
for making the 
cables, and for 
the erection of 
all the compli- 
cated parts of 
the superstruc- 
ture. In 1873 
he was com- 
pelled to give 
up work entire- 
ly, and spent 
several months 
in Europe, but 
on his return 
he resumed 
charge of the 
bridge, which 
he held until 
its completion 
J in 1888. The 
. structure he 
built, which is 
the longest 8UH- 
pension-bridge 
in the world, cost about $13,000,000. The picture 
shows it before completion. Its total length, in- 
cluding approaches, is 5,989 feet, of which the 
middle span takes up 1,596 feet, while the length 
of the suspended structure from anchorage to an- 
chorage is 3,456 feet. He has since spent his 
time in directing the wire business in Trenton, 
N. J., and in the recuperation of his health. Be- 
sides various pamphlets on professional subjects, 
he is the author of " Military Suspension-Bridges " 
(Washington, 1862). 

ROEBUCK, John Arthur, English politician, 
b. in Madras, India, 29 Dec., 1802; d. in England, 
80 Nov., 1879. His grandfather, Dr. John Roe- 
buck, wrote u An Inquiry on the War in Ameri- 
ca" (London, 1776). From 1815 till 1824 the son 
resided in Canada; then going to London, Eng- 
land, he studied law, and in 1831 he was admit- 
ted as a barrister. In 1832 he was elected to par- 
liament, and became prominent as a radical re- 
former. In 1835 he was appointed agent for the 
Lower Canada assembly dunng the contest between 
that house and the executive. His advocacy of the 
Confederate states and his opposition to trades- 
unions led to his defeat in 1868. In 1877-8 he 
vigorously supported the policy of Earl Beacons- 
field, and was sworn a privy councillor in 1878. 
He was one of the stanchest supporters of the 
rights of Canada against what he regarded as the 
aggressions of the crown. Besides numerous arti- 
cles in the •• Westminster Review " and the " Edin- 
burgh Review," he wrote ** Existing Difficulties in 
the Government of the Canadas " (London, 1836) ; 
"Plan for the Government of the English Colo- 
nies" (1849); and •' History of the Whig Ministry 
of 1830" (ia52). 

ROELKER, Bernard, lawyer, b. in Osnabruck, 
Hanover, Germany, 24 April. 1816 ; d. in New York 
city, 5 March, 1888. He was graduated in 1835 at 
the University of Bonn, where he had devoted him- 
self to the study of law and philology. Later he 
came to this country, and after teaching German 
and music in Bridgeport, Conn., was appointed to 
a tutorship at Harvard in 1837, was admitted to 



the bar, and practised for several years in Boston. 
In 1856 he removed to the city of New York, and 
entered the firm of Laur and Roelker. He soon 
established a large practice among the Germans, 
and when his partner died he had gained a repu- 
tation as an authority on wills and contracts. In 
1868 he won the suit of Meyer w. Roosevelt, the 
first of the legal-tender cases before the U. S. su- 

Sreme court, which attracted general attention. 
[e continued to practise until advancing age com- 
pelled him to relinquish a large part of his business. 
His last important argument was made before the 
New York court of appeals in October. 1887. Mr. 
Roelker was a personal friend of Samuel J. Tilden, 
and was associated with him in the organization 
of the Prairie du Chien railroad. He published 
** Constitutions of Prance " (Boston, 1848) ; •• Argu- 
ment in Pavor of the Constitutionality of the Le- 
gal-Tender Clause in the Act of Congress, Peb. 25, 
1862 " (New York. 1863) ; and •• Manual for the Use 
of Notaries Public and Bankers "(3d ed., 1853; 
edited by J. Smith Homans, New York, 1865). He 
also translated from the Swedish " The Mapic 
Goblet," a "novel, and made a German adaptation 
of Cushing's " Manual of Parliamentary Practice." 
ROEMER, Jean, author, b. in England about 
1815. He was taken in infancy to Hanover, and 
afterward to Holland. His early education was 
conducted by private tutors under the guardian- 
ship of William 1., king of the Netherlands, and 
Prederica Louisa Wilhelmina, Princess of Orange, 
and wife of Charles George Augustus, heir-apparent 
of the crown of Brunswick. He was destined for 
the army, and served on the Dutch side throughout 
the war of secession between Holland and Belgium, 
at the close of which he visited the great military 
establishments of Prance, Prussia, and Austria, 
and completed his studies in Lombardy under the 
guidance and auspices of Field- Marshal Count 
Radetzky. Subsequently he resided in Naples, 
where a close intimacy with the Prince of Syracuse, 
ex-viceroy of Sicily, and some articles that were 
attributed to him, caused much comment. They 
gave umbrage to King Ferdinand II., whose dis- 
trust of the liberal tendencies of his brother lent 
to this friendship a political significance. It be- 
came the subject of diplomatic correspondence, 
and led to the visitor's recall from Italy early in 
1845. Some time after the death of William 1., 
whose successor on the throne appears to have been 
influenced by a different spirit from that of his 
father concerning Mr. Roemer, the pretensions of 
the latter began to take a definite form, setting 
forth claims to titles and estates, the right to which 
was denied him on special grounds, which ever since 
have been maintained against him. Strong efforts 
made in his behalf have not availed, and even at the 
congress of German sovereigns, held in Frankfort 
in 1863, a well-supported attempt at compromise 
and conciliation remained without result. Since 
1846 he has resided in the United States. In 1848 
he accepted the post of professor of the French 
language and literature in the New York free 
academy, and in 1869 he was appointed vice-presi- 
dent of the College of the city or New York, which, 
place he occupies at present (1888). In addition 
to articles and pamphlets on agriculture, education, 
and linguistics, he has published a " Dictionary of 
English-French Idioms '* (New York, 1853) ; " Poly- 
glot Readers" (5 vols., 1858); " Cavalry: its His- 
tory, Management, and Uses in War" (1863); 
*• Cours de lecture et de traduction " (3 vols., 1884) ; 
"Principles of General Grammar" (1884); and 
*' Origins of the English People and of the English 
Language" (1888). 



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ROGER* Juan, Spanish missionary, b. in Pam- 
plona, Spain, about 1540 ; d. in Vera Cruz, Mexico, 
in 1618. He was a Jesuit, and sailed from San 
Lucar for this country in 1560. The vessel on 
which he had embarked was driven on the coast of 
Florida and several of his companions were killed 
by the natives, but he escaped and went to Havana, 
where he spent several months in studying the 
language of the part of Florida near Cape Cana- 
veral. With the aid of natives that were then in 
Havana, whom he converted, he drew up vocabu- 
laries and then returned to the province. The In- 
dians among whom he labored were a branch of 
the Creeks and of a very degraded type, and, nbt 
meeting with much success, Tie went to Havana, 
where he established an Indian school. In 1569 he 
sailed again for Florida, landing at the post of 
Santa Helena, on Port Royal harbor, and ne was 
the first resident priest in South Carolina. Here 
he attended to the religious wants of the garrison 
for some time, and then advanced about forty miles 
into the interior, finding a race of Indians that 
were superior to any he hadpreviously encountered, 
probably the Cherokees. He entered their town of 
Crista and was well received ; but, although he per- 
suaded the natives to plant corn, which he dis- 
tributed among them, and to build houses, he did 
not make many converts. His visits to other tribes 
were equally fruitless, and he returned to Santa 
Helena in 1570. He then went to Havana to ob- 
tain relief for the colony, which was suffering from 
hunger, taking with him Indian boys from the 
various tribes to educate. He was again in Florida 
in 1572, and his last missionary act in the country 
was to convert eight Indians that had been con- 
demned to death for murder. He then returned 
with the other missionaries of his order to Havana, 
and afterward went to Mexico, where he labored 
for many years with great success. 

ROGERS, Ebenezer Piatt, clergyman, b. in 
New York city, 18 Dec, 1817; d. in Montclair, 
N. J., 23 Oct^ 1881. He was graduated at Yale in 
1887, and, after spending a year at Princeton theo- 
logical seminary, finished his studies in Hartford, 
Conn. In June, 1840, he was licensed to preach in 
Litchfield county, Conn., and he was ordained in 
November. He neld Congregational pastorates in 
Chicopee Falls, Mass., in 1840-*3, in Northampton 
in 1843- , 6, and had charge of Presbyterian churches 
in Augusta, Ga., till 1854, and Philadelphia till 
1856. He then became pastor of the 1st Reformed 
Dutch church of Albany, and in 1862 accepted the 
charge of the South Reformed church in New York 
city, where he continued until a few months before 
his death. He received the degree of D. D. from 
Oglethorpe college in 1858. Besides various minor 
publications, he was the author of " Earnest Words 
to Young Men in a Series of Discourses " (Charles- 
ton, S. Cl, 1837), and •* Historical Discourse on the 
Reformed Protestant Dutch Church of Albany" 
<New York, 1858). 

ROGERS, Ezeklel, clergyman, b. in Wethers- 
field, Essex, England, in 1500; d. in Rowley, Mas&, 
28 Jan., 1660. He was graduated at Cambridge, 
England, in 1604, and became chaplain to Sir 
Francis Barrington, who bestowed on him the 
benefice of Rowley in Yorkshire. He exercised his 
ministry there for about twenty years, when he was 
silenced for non-conformity, and in 1688 came with 
many of his Yorkshire friends to this country. He 
was urged to settle in New Haven, but preferred to 
begin a new plantation, which he named Rowley. 
He was ordained in December, 1639, and attained 
great reputation as a preacher. In 1643 he deliv- 
ered a sermon on election that, according to Cotton 
vol. v. — 20 



Mather, made him " famous through the country." 
It advocated that the same man should not be 
chosen chief magistrate for two successive years ; 
but, in spite of his efforts, Gov. John Winthrop was 
re-elected. The demands upon his time were so 
great that he soon received an assistant. He be- 
queathed his library to Harvard college, and his 
house and lands to the town of Rowley. 

ROGERS, Fairman, civil engineer, b. in Phila- 
delphia, Pa., 15 Nov., 1883. He was graduated at 
the University of Pennsylvania in 1858, and two 
years later became professor of civil engineering, 
which chair he hela until 1870, also lecturing on 
mechanics in the Franklin institute from 1858 till 
1865. Prof. Rogers served as a volunteer in the 
National cavalry in 1861, and then became a 
volunteer officer in the U. S. engineers. Under the 
auspices of the U. S. coast survey in 1862 he com- 
pleted the survey of Potomac river northward from 
Blakiston island. In 1871 he was elected a trustee 
of the University of Pennsylvania, and he is a 
member of the American society of civil engineers 
and of the American philosophical society. He 
was one of the original members of the National 
academy of sciences, and has served on its com- 
mittees and its council. Among his more impor- 
tant scientific papers are " Combinations of Mech- 
anism representing Mental Processes" (1874); 
"Notes on Grant's Difference Engine" (1874); 
and "Terrestrial Magnetism and the Magnetism 
of Iron Ships" (New York, 1883). 

ROGERS, Franklin Whiting, artist, b. in 
Cambridge, Mass., 27 Aug., 1854. He became a 
pupil of J. Foxcroft Cole in 1874, and later studied 
also with Wm. M. Hunt and Thomas Robinson. He 
has devoted himself especially to the painting of 
dogs. Among his works are " The Two Friends," 
44 Steady," ** Resignation." " Loo," and " Mischief 

ROGERS, George Clarke, soldier, b. in Pier- 
mont, Grafton co., N. H., 22 Nov., 1838. He was 
educated in Vermont and Illinois, whither he re- 
moved in early life, began the study of the law 
while teaching, and was admitted to the bar in 
1860. He earnestly supported Stephen A. Douglas 
during the presidential canvass of 1860, in which 
he made a reputation as an extemporaneous speaker. 
He was the nrst to raise a company in Lake county, 
111., at the opening of the civil war, became 1st 
lieutenant, 24 May, 1861, and soon afterward cap- 
tain. At the battle of Shiloh he received four 
wounds, but refused to leave the field, and led his 
regiment in the final charge. He was at once pro- 
moted to lieutenant-colonel for his gallant conduct, 
and soon afterward was commissioned colonel for 
gallantry at the battle of the Hatch ie. At Cham- 
pion Hills he received three wounds, from one of 
which he has never fully recovered. To the engi- 
neering skill of Col. Rogers were due the works at 
AUatoona, Ga., where Gen. John M. Corse (g. v.) 
checked Gen. Hood in his flank movement after 
the capture of Atlanta. He commanded a brigade 
nearly two years, including the Atlanta campaign, 
and on 13 March, 1865, was brevetted brigadier- 

feneral of volunteers. He has practised law in 
Uinois and Kansas since the war, and was three 
times a delegate to National Democratic conven- 
tions. He was made chairman of the board of 
pension appeals on 15 June, 1885. 

ROGERS, Henry J., inventor, b. in Baltimore, 
Md., in 1811 ; d. there, 20 Aug., 1879. He devised 
the code of signals by means of flags that is known 
by his name, which was adopted by the United 
States navy in 1846 and modified in 1861. Mr. 
Rogers also devised a code of signals by means of 
colored lights, which was the first pyrotechnic sys- 



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tem in the United States. He was one of the prac- 
tical advisers of Samuel F. B. Morse in the con- 
struction of the first electro-magnetic recording 
telegraph-line in the United States which was es- 
tablished in 1844 between Washington and Balti- 
more. When the experiment had reached a suc- 
cessful issue he was appointed superintendent of 
the line, with his office in Baltimore, and there 
made numerous improvements in the system. Sub- 
sequently he invented several important telegraphic 
instruments, and he was one of the incorporators, 
on 15 March, 1845, of the Magnetic telegraph com- 
pany, the first telegraph company iu the United 
States. He was associated in 1848 in the incorpo- 
ration of the American telegraph company, and had 
charge of its lines from Boston to New York. Mr. 
Rogers was its first superintendent, and was like- 
wise superintendent of the Western union, Bank- 
ers and brokers*, and Southern and Atlantic lines. 
During the civil war he was acting master in the 
volunteer navy, and he afterward returned to 
Baltimore, where he spent the remaining years of 
his life. Mr. Rogers published " Telegraph Diction- 
ary and Seaman*s Signal-Book " (Baltimore, 1845); 
*• American Semaphoric Signal - Book n (1847) ; 
M American Code of Marine Signals " (1854) ; and, 
with Walter F. Larkins, edited " Rogers's Commer- 
cial Code of Signals for all Nations* (1859). 

ROGERS, Horatio, lawyer, b. in Providence, 
R. I., 18 May, 1836. His grandfather, John Rogers, 
and two of his great-uncles, were officers in the 
Revolution. The grandson was graduated at 
Brown in 1855, admitted to the bar, served with 
great credit during the civil war, and was bre vetted 
brigadier - general of volunteers, 13 March, 1865. 
Gen. Rogers has served for several years as attor- 
ney-general of Rhode Island. He is a prolific 
newspaper and magazine writer, and has delivered 
several orations on public occasions, the most nota- 
ble being at the unveiling of the equestrian statue 
of Gen. Burnside in Providence, R. I., 4 July, 1887. 
He also published u The Private Libraries or Provi- 
dence " (Providence, 1878), and annotated and pub- 
lished the " Journal of Lieut. James M. Hadden, 
Chief of the English Artillery during the Burgoyne 
Campaign " (Albany, 1884), the prefatory chapter 
and the notes to which work are characterized by 
great research. 

ROGERS, James, Canadian R C. bishop, b. in 
Mount Charles, Donegal, Ireland, 11 July, 1826. 
He was ordained a priest in 1851, became professor 
at St Mary's college, Halifax, in 1859, and was 
consecrated the first Roman Catholic bishop of 
Chatham. New Brunswick, in 1860. 

ROGERS, James Blrthe, chemist, b. in Phila- 
delphia. Pa., 11 Feb., 1802; d. there, 15 June, 1852. 
He was the eldest son of Patrick Kerr Rogers, who 
was graduated at the medical department of the 
University of Pennsylvania in 1802, and in 1819 
was elected professor of natural philosophy and 
mathematics at William and Mary, where he re- 
mained until his death. James was educated at 
William and Mary, and, after preliminary studies 
with Dr. Thomas E. Bond, received the degree of 
M.D. from the University of Maryland in 1822. 
Subsequently he taught in Baltimore, but soon 
afterward settled in Little Britain, Lancaster co., 
Pa., and there practised medicine. Finding this 
occupation uncongenial, he returned to Baltimore 
and became superintendent of a large manufactory 
of chemicals. He devoted himself assiduously to 
the study of pure and applied chemistry, and 
became professor of that branch in Washington 
medical college, Baltimore, also lecturing on the 
same subject at the Mechanics' institute. In 1835 



he was called to the same chair in the medical 
department of Cincinnati college, where he re- 
mained until 1889, spending his summer vacations 
in field-work and chemical investigations in con- 
nection with the geological survey of Virginia, 
which was then under the charge of his brother 
William. In 1840 he settled permanently in 
Philadelphia, where he became an assistant to his 
brother Henry, at that time state geologist of Penn- 
sylvania, and in 1841 he was appointed lecturer on 
chemistry in the Philadelphia medical institute, a 
summer school He was elected professor of gen- 
eral chemistry at the Franklin institute in 1844, 
and held that chair until his election in 1847 to 
succeed Robert Hare as professor of chemistry in 
the University of Pennsylvania. Prof. Rogers was 
a representative at the National medical conven- 
tion in 1847, and a delegate to the National con- 
vention for the revision of the U. S. Pharmacopoeia 
in 1850, and a member of various learned societies. 
He contributed papers to scientific journals, and 
with his brother Robert prepared the seventh edi- 
tion of Edward Turner's "Elements of Chemis- 
try " and William Gregory's u Outlines of Organic 
Chemistry," in one volume (Philadelphia, 1846V. 
See " Memoir of the Life and Character of James B. 
Rogers," by Dr. Joseph Carson (Philadelphia, 1852). 
—His brother, William Barton, geologist, b. in 
Philadelphia, Pa., 7 Dec., 1804; d. in Boston, 
Mass., 30 May, 1882, was educated by his father 
and at William and 
Mary. In 1827 he 
delivered a series of 
lectures on science 
before the Maryland 
institute, and in 
1828 he succeeded 
his father in the 
chair of physics and 
chemistry at Will- 
iam and Mary, where 
he remained for 
seven years. At this 
time he carried on 
investigations on 
dew and on the vol- 
taic battery, and 
prepared a series of 

marl of eastern Vir- 
ginia and their value as fertilizers. He then ac- 
cepted the professorship of natural philosophy 
and geology in the University of Virginia, where 
he remained until 1858, attaining a high reputa- 
tion as a lecturer. In 1835 he was called upon to 
organize the geological survey of Virginia, mainly 
in consequence of his printed papers and addresses. 
His brother, Henry D. Rogers, was at that time 
state geologist of Pennsylvania, and together they 
unfolded the historical geology of the great Appa- 
lachian chain. Among their joint special investi- 
gations were the study of the solvent action of 
water on various minerals and rocks, and the dem- 
onstration that coal - beds stand in close genetic 
relation to the amount of disturbance to which 
the inclosing strata have been submitted, the coal 
becoming harder and containing less volatile mat- 
ter as the evidence of the disturbance increases. 
Together they published a paper on " The Laws of 
Structure of' the more Disturbed Zones of the 
Earth's Crust," in which the wave theory of 
mountain-chains was first announced. This was 
followed later by William B. Rogers's statement of 
the law of distribution of faults. In 1842 the 




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work of the survey closed, and meanwhile he had 
published six u Reports of the Geological Survey 
of the State of Virginia" (Richmond, 188ft- f 40), 
which have since been edited and issued in one 
volume as "Papers on the Geology of Virginia" 
(New York, 1884). He resigned his professorship 
at the University of Virginia in 1858, and removed 
to Boston, where he became active in the scientific 
movements under the auspices of the Boston so- 
ciety of natural history and the American acade- 
my of arts and sciences, in whose proceedings and 
the " American Journal of Science M his papers of 
this period were published. About 1850 he began 
to interest the people of Boston in his scheme for 
technical education, in which he desired to have 
associated, on one side research and investigation 
on the largest scale, and on the other agencies for 
the popular diffusion of useful knowledge. This 
project continued to occupy his attention until in 
i860 it culminated in the organization of the 
Massachusetts institute of technology, of which he 
became first president Three years later, failing 
health made it necessary for him to relinquish that 
office, which he resumea in 1878 ; but he gave it up 
again in 1881, and was made professor emeritus of 
physics and geology, which cnair he had held in 
connection with the presidency. He delivered a 
course of lectures before the Lowell institute on 
- The Application of Science to the Arts " in 1862, 
and in 1861 had been appointed inspector of gas 
and gas-meters for the state of Massachusetts. 
Harvard gave him the degree of LL. D. in 1866. 
Prof. Rogers was chairman of the American as- 
sociation of geologists and naturalists in 1845 
and again in 1847, also calling to order the first 
meeting of the American association for the ad- 
vancement of science, of which body he was 
president in 1875, and elected its first honorary 
fellow in 1881, as a special mark of distinction. 
He was active in founding the American social 
science association and its first president ; also he 
was one of the corporate members of the Na- 
tional academy of sciences, and its president from 
1878 until his death. Besides numerous pa- 
pers on geology, chemistry, and physics, contrib- 
uted to the proceedings of societies and techni- 
cal journals, he was the author of " Strength 
of Materials" (Charlottesville, 1838) and "Ele- 
ments of Mechanical Philosophy " (Boston, 1852). 
— Another brother, Henry Darwin, geologist, b. 
in Philadelphia, Pa., 1 Aug., 1808; d. near Glas- 
gow, Scotland, 29 May, 1866, was educated in Bal- 
timore, MtL, and Williamsburg, Va., and in 1830 
was elected Professor of chemistry and natural phi- 
losophy at Dickinson college, Pa. In 1831 he went 
to Europe and studied science in London. During 
the winter of 1833-'4 he delivered a course of lectures 
on geology at the Franklin institute, and in 1835 he 
was elected professor of geology and mineralogy at 
the University of Pennsylvania, where he remained 
until 1846. In 1835 he was chosen to make a geo- 
logical and mineralogical survey of New Jersey, 
and, in addition to a preliminary report in 1836, he 
published " Description of the Geology of the State 
of New Jersey" (Philadelphia, 1840). On the or- 
ganization of the geological survey of the state of 
Pennsylvania in 1836, he was appointed geologist 
in charge, and engaged in active field-work until 
1841, when the appropriations were discontinued. 
During the ten ensuing years his services were re- 
tained as an expert by various coal companies, but 
the field-work of the survey was resumed in 1851 
and continued until 1854. Six annual reports were 
published between 1836 and 1842, and in 1855 the 
preparation of a final report was confided to him. 



Finding that the work could be done less expen- 
sively abroad, he transferred his residence to Edin- 
burgh and issued " The Geology of Pennsylvania, 
a Government Survey" (2 vols., Edinburgh, 1858). 
In 1858 he was appointed nrofessor of natural his- 
tory in the University of Glasgow, and he contin- 
ued in that chair until his death. Prof. Rogers 
also delivered a series of lectures on geology in 
Boston during 1844. He received the degree of 
A. M. from the University of Pennsylvania in 1834, 
and that of LL. D. from the University of Dublin 
in 1857. During his residence in Philadelphia he 
was active in the American philosophical society 
and in the Philadelphia academy of natural sciences, 
and he was a member of other American societies, 
and of the Geological society of London, a fellow 
of the Royal society of Edinburgh, and president 
of the Philosophical society of Glasgow in 1864-'6. 
He edited ** The Messenger of Useful Knowledge " 
in 1830-'l, and later was one of the conductors of 
the " Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal." His 
published papers are about fifty in number, and 
pertain chiefly to geology. In addition to his geo- 
logical reports, he published " A Guide to a Course 
of Lectures in Geology," and is the author of a geo- 
logical map of the United States and a chart of 
the arctic regions in the "Physical Atlas." In 
conjunction with William and Alexander K. John- 
son, he published a geographical atlas of the Unit- 
ed States (Edinburgh, 1857).— Another brother, 
Robert Emple, chemist, b. in Baltimore, Md., 29 
March, 1813 ; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 6 Sept, 1884, 
was educated first under the care of his father, and 
then by his elder brothers. It was intended that 
he should be a civil engineer, and for a time he 
acted as assistant in the survey of the Boston and 
Providence railroad, but he abandoned this in 1888, 
and was graduated at the medical department of 
the University of Pennsylvania in 18o6, where he 
followed a full course of chemistry under Robert 
Hare. The active practice of medicine not being 
congenial to him, he was appointed chemist to the 
geological survey of Pennsylvania in 1836, and con- 
tinued so for six years. In 1841 -'2 he was tempo- 
rary instructor in chemistry at the University of 
Virginia and was elected, in March, 1842, to the 
chair of general and applied chemistry and ma- 
teria medica in that institution. He continued in 
this place until 1852, when he was called to suc- 
ceed nis brother James as professor of chemistry at 
the University of Pennsylvania, where he became 
dean of the medical faculty in 1856. In 1877 he 
resigned these appointments to accept the profes- 
sorship of chemistry and toxicology in Jefferson 
medical college, which he then retained till 1884, 
when he was made professor emeritus. During the 
civil war he served as acting assistant surgeon, in 
1862-'3, at the West Philadelphia military hospital. 
Prof. Rogers was appointed in 1872 by the U. S. 
treasury department one of a commission to exam- 
ine the melters' and refiners* department of the 
U. S. mint in Philadelphia. He visited the mint 
in San Francisco in 1873, and in 1874 the assay- 
office in New York, and subsequently until 1879 he 
was frequently engaged on government commis- 
sions for the various mints, making valuable re- 
ports, in addition to which he served on the annual 
assay commissions in 1874-'9. From 1872 until his 
death he was one of the chemists that were em- 
ployed by the gas-trust of Philadelphia to make 
analyses and daily photometric tests of the gas. 
The degree of LL. 1). was conferred on him by 
Dickinson in 1877. He was a fellow of the College 
of physicians and surgeons, member of various sci- 
entific societies, one of the incorporators of the 



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National academy of sciences, and president of the 
Franklin institute in 1875-'9. Besides various arti- 
cles in the transactions of the societies of which he 
was a member, and in scientific journals, he was as- 
sociated with his brother James (a. v.) in editing 
" Elements of Chemistry " (Philadelphia, 1846), and 
edited Charles G. Lehman's " Physiological Chemis- 
try " (2 vols., 1856). See " The Brothers Rogers," by 
William S. W. Ruschenberger (Philadelphia, 1885). 

ROGERS, James Webb, lawyer, b. in Hills- 
borough, N. C, 11 July, 1823. He was graduated 
at Princeton in 1841, and then studied for the 
ministry. After taking orders in the Protestant 
Episcopal church, he became pastor of St Paul's 
parish in Franklin, Tenn., and while in that state 
was instrumental in building six churches. He 
was a partisan of the south at the beginning of 
the civu war, and served in the Confederate army 
under Gen. Leonidas Polk. Subsequently he went 
to England, remaining there for some time, and in 
1878 he became a Roman Catholic, but could not 
be admitted to the priesthood on account of his 
being married. On his return to the United States 
he settled at first in New York city, afterward in 
Indianapolis, Ind., where he edited " The Central 
Catholic," and then removed to Washington, where 
he studied law. After being admitted to practice, 
he became associated with nis son as attorney in 
the protection and sale of the latter's inventions. 
His publications include "Lafltte, or the Greek 
Slave " (Boston, 1870) ; " Madame Surratt, a Drama 
in Five Acts" (Washington, 1879); "Arlington, 
and other Poems" (1883); and "Parthenon" (Bal- 
timore, 1887).— His son, James Harris, electrician, 
b. in Franklin, Tenn., 18 July, 1850, was educated 
in this country and abroad. In 1877 he was ap- 
pointed electrician at the IT. S. capitol in Wash- 
ington, D. C, and he continued in tnat office until 
1883. He was the inventor of the secret telephone 
that was sold in New York for $80,000, also of the 
national improved telephone, and of the pan-elec- 
tric system, comprising patents on electric mo- 
tors, lights, telegraphs, telephones, and telemorphs, 
which attracted greater attention from the circum- 
stance that Gen. Joseph E. Johnston, Senator Au- 
gustus H. Garland, Senator Isham G. Harris, and 
other government officials capitalized the inven- 
tions at $15,000,000, and secured, it was alleged at 
the time, the interposition of the government to 
defend some of the patents. He has lately devised 
what he calls " visual synchronism." 

ROGERS, John, founder of a sect, b. in New 
London, Conn., in 1648 ; d. there in 1721. He be- 
came a dissenter from the Congregational church, 
assumed the ministerial offices of preaching and 
baptizing, and, having gained a few disciples, 
founded a sect whose members were called Roger- 
enes, and also Rogerene Baptists or Quakers. He 
and his followers were frequently fined and im- 
prisoned for profanation of the Sabbath, for, al- 
though they worshipped on that day, they regard- 
ed themselves free to labor. Rogers was put in 
the stocks for an insult to the assembled congrega- 
tion, and upon his release from prison rushed into 
the meeting-house and disturbed the services, for 
which he was sent to Hartford for trial and was 
seated on a gallows with a halter around his neck 
for several hours. He frequently came into collision 
with the town authorities, and his aggressive spirit 
did not cease with his old age, for in 1711 he was 
fined and imprisoned for misdemeanor in court, 
contempt of its authority, and vituperation of the 
judges. Upon his release he was charged with in- 
sanity and confined in a dark prison. The popu- 
lace became enraged, and several English officers 



applied to the town authorities to mitigate his treat- 
ment He finally escaped in a boat to Long Island, 
went to New York, and begged the protection of 
Gov. Hunter. On his return to New London he 
prosecuted his judges, but was nonsuited and 
charged with a heavy fine. He wrote many books 
on theology, including " The Midnight Cry.' 5 

ROGERS, John, congressman, u. in Annapolis, 
Md., 23 Sept, 1789. His parentage and the date 
of his birth are unknown. He was a member of 
the committee of safety in 1774-'5, a trustee of the 
Lower Marlborough academy in 1775, a delegate to 
the Continental congress in 1775-'6, one of the 
executive council on the organization of the state 
government in February, 1777, and chancellor of 
Maryland from 10 March, 1778, until his death. 

ROGERS, John, sculptor, b. in Salem, Mass^ 
80 Oct, 1829. He received his education at the 
Boston high-school, and afterward worked, first in 
a dry-goods store and later in a machine-shop, at 
Manchester, N. H. While at this latter place his 
attention was first drawn to sculpture, and he be- 
gan to model in clay in his leisure hours. In 1856 
he sought work in Hannibal, Mo., and in % 1858 he 
visited Europe. On his return in 1859 he went to 
Chicago, where he modelled, for a charity fair, 
14 The Checker-Players," a group in clay, which at- 
tracted much attention. He produced also some 
other groups, but " The Slave Auction," which was 
exhibited in New York in 1860, first brought him 
to the notice of the general public This was the 
forerunner of the well-known war series of statu- 
ettes (1860-'5), which included, among others, the 
44 Picket Guard," 44 One more Shot " (1864), <4 Taking 
the Oath and drawing Rations" (1865), and " Union 
Refugees," 4i Wounded Scout," and 44 Council of 
War (1867-'8). His works on social subjects, most 
of which have been produced since the war, have 
also been very popular. Among these are 44 Com- 
ing to the Parson" (1870); "Checkers up at the 
Farm " ; 44 The Charity Patient " ; " Fetching the 
Doctor"; and 44 Going for the Cows" (1878). He 
has produced also several statuettes in illustration 
of passages in the poets, particularly Shakespeare. 
They include 44 Ha! I like not that, from "Othel- 
lo " ; " Is it so nominated in the Bond t " from the 
"Merchant of Venice" (1880); "Why don't You 
speak for Yourself f " from " Miles Standish " ; and 
a series of three groups illustrating Irving's " Rip 
Van Winkle " (1870). These statuette groups, about 
fifty in number, and each from eighteen to twenty 
inches in height, have nearly all been reproduced 
in composition, and have haa large sales. He has 
been most successful in illustrating every-day life 
in its humorous and pathetic aspects, and " Rogers's 
Groups" have had a large share in elevating the 
artistic taste of the masses. Mr. Rogers has also 
executed an equestrian statue of Gen. John F. Rey- 
nolds (1881-'3), which stands before the city-hall, 
Philadelphia, and in 1887 he exhibited •• Ichabod 
Crane and the Headless Horseman," a bronze group. 

ROGERS, Mary Cecilia, b. about 1820; d. 
in Weehawken, N. J., 25 July, 1841. She was 
the daughter of a widow that kept a boarding- 
house in Nassau street, and was engaged by John 
Anderson as a shop-girl in his tobacco-store on 
Broadway, near Duane street, where young men of 
fashion bought their cigars and tobacco. No sus- 
picion had ever been attached to her character, and 
much excitement was manifested when she sud- 
denly disappeared. A week later she reappeared at 
her accustomed place behind the counter, and in 
reply to all inquiries said that she had been on 
a visit to her aunt in the country. Several years 
afterward she left her home one Sunday morning 



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to visit a relative in another pare of the city. She 
requested her accepted suitor, who boarded with 
her mother, to come for her in the evening; but, as 
it rained, he concluded that she would remain over 
night, and did not call for her. The next day she 
failed to return, and it was ascertained that she 
had not visited her relative. Four days later her 
body was found floating in Hudson river, near 
Weehawken, with marks that showed beyond doubt 
that she had been murdered. Every effort was 
made to determine by whom she had been killed, but 
without success. A few weeks later, in a thicket 
on the New Jersey shore, part of her clothing 
was found, with every evidence that a desperate 
struggle had taken place there ; but these appear- 
ances were believed, on close inspection, to nave 
been arranged to give it that aspect Subsequent- 
ly it was shown that she had been in the habit of 
meeting a young naval officer secretly, and it was 
alleged that she was in his company at the time of 
her first disappearance. He was able to account 
for his whereabouts from the time of her leaving 
home until the finding of her body, and the murder 
would have been forgotten had not Edgar Allan 
Poe revived the incident of the crime in his " Mys- 
tery of Marie Roget" With remarkable skill he 
analyzed the evidence, and showed almost conclu- 
sively that the murder had been accomplished by 
one familiar with the sea, who had dragged her 
body to the water and there deposited it. Many 
persons were suspected of the crime, and, among 
others, John Anderson, whose last years, he claimed, 
were haunted by her spirit 

ROGERS. Nathaniel, clergyman, b. in Haver- 
hill, England, in 1598 ; d. in Ipswich, Mass., 3 July, 
1655. He was the son of the Rev. John Rogers, of 
Dedhara, who has been supposed, but on insufficient 
evidence, to have been a grandson of John the mar- 
tyr, was educated at Cambridge, and preached in 
Booking, Essex, and Assington, Suffolk. Through 
the influence of Thomas Hooker he came to Massa- 
chusetts, 16 Nov., 1686. In 1637 he was a member 
of the synod that met in Cambridge to settle the 
Antinomian controversy. He was invited to Dor- 
chester, but found his followers could not be accom- 
modated there, and went to Ipswich, where he was 
ordained on 20 Feb., 1638, with Rev. John Norton 
as colleague, serving until his death. Cotton Mather 
said that Mr. Rogers " mi^ht be compared with the 
very best of the true ministers which made the best 
days of New England," and his son-in-law, Thomas 
Hubbard, said " he had eminent learning, singular 
piety, and zeal." He published a letter on the 
M Cause of God's Wrath against the Nation " (Lon- 
don, 1644), and left in manuscript a vindication in 
Latin of the Congregational form of church gov- 
ernment, of which Cotton Mather has preserved a 
considerable extract— His son, John, clergvman, 
b. in Coggeshall, England, in January, 1631; d. 
in Cambridge, Mass., 2 July, 1684, came with his 
father to New England, was graduated at Harvard 
in 1649, and studied both medicine and theology. 
He first preached in Ipswich in 1656, and subse- 
quently snared the duties of the ministry there. 
From 1682 till 1684 he was president of Harvard. 
The provincial records say that in December, 1705, 
the legislature ordered two pamphlets, that were 
sent them by John Rogers and his son John, to be 
burned by the hangman in Boston. These prob- 
ably expressed disapproval of the opposition of the 
legislature in regard to the governor s salary. 

ROGERS, Nathaniel, artist, b. in Bridge- 
hamptou, L. I., in 1788; d. 6 Dec., 1844 He was 
apprenticed to a ship-carpenter when he was a 
boy, but, having been disqualified by an accident 



for such a trade, turned his attention to art, for 
which he had always had a predilection. After 
painting by himself for some time, he went to 
New York in 1811 and became a pupil of Joseph 
Wood. Not long afterward he opened a studio 
for himself, and soon took high rank as a painter 
of miniatures. Among these were admirable por- 
traits of the friends and literary partners, Fitz- 
Greene Halleck and Joseph Rodman Drake. His 
professional life was spent principally in New York, 
and he was one of the founders of the National 
academy in that city. 

ROGERS, Nathaniel Peabody, editor, b. in 
Portsmouth, N. H., 8 June, 1794; d. in Concord, 
N. H., 16 Oct, 1846. He was graduated at Dart- 
mouth in 1816, and practised law until 1838, when 
he established in Concord, N. H., the " Herald of 
Freedom," a pioneer anti-slavery newspaper. He 
also wrote for the New York " Tribune " under the 
signature of " The Old Man of the Mountain." His 
fugitive writings were published, with a memoir, by 
the Rev. John Fierpont (Concord, 1847). 

ROGERS, Randolph, sculptor, b. in Waterloo, 
near Auburn, N. Y., 6 July, 1826. Until the age 
of twenty-three he was engaged in mercantile pur- 
suits in Ann Arbor, Mich., and in New York city. 
He then went to Italy and studied with Lorenzo 
Bartolini, at Rome, from 1848 till 1850. On his 
return he opened a studio in New York, where he 
remained until 1855. In that year he returned to 
Italy, where he has resided since that time. Among 
his earlier works are " Ruth," an ideal bust (1851) ; 
"Nydia" (1856); "Boy Skating," "Isaac," full- 
length, and the statue of John Adams, in Mt. 
Auburn cemetery (1857). One of his best-known 
works, the bas-reliefs on the doors of the capitol 
at Washington, representing scenes in the life of 
Columbus, was designed in 1858, and cast in bronze 
at Munich. In 1861 he completed the Washington 
monument at Richmond, which had been left un- 
finished by Thomas Crawford, adding the statues 
of Marshall, Mason, and Nelson, for which Craw- 
ford had made no design, as well as some allegori- 
cal figures. His other works include "Angel of 
the Resurrection," on the monument of Col. Samuel 
Colt, Hartford, Conn. (1861-'2); "Isaac," an ideal 
bust (1865) ; memorial monuments for Cincinnati 
(1863-'4), Providence (1871), Detroit (1872), and 
Worcester, Mass. (1874); "Lost Pleiad" (1875); 
" Genius of Connecticut," on the capitol at Hart- 
ford (1877) ; and an equestrian group of Indians, in 
bronze (1881). He has also executed portrait statues 
of Abraham Lincoln, for Philadelphia (1871), and 
William H. Seward, for New York (1876). 

ROGERS, Robert, soldier, b. in Londonderry, 
N. H., in 1727 ; d. in England about 1800. He en- 
tered the military service during the old French 
war, for which he raised and commanded " Rogers's 
rangers," a company that acquired reputation for 
activity, particularly in the region of Lake George. 
His name is perpetuated there by the precipice 
that is known as " Rogers's slide," near which he 
escaped from the Indians, who, believing that he 
had slid down the steep defile of the mountain 
under the protection of the Great Spirit, made no 
attempt at further pursuit On 18 March, 1758, 
with 170 men. he fought 100 French and 600 In- 
dians, and, after losing 100 men and killing 150, 
he retreated. In 1750 he was sent by Sir Jeffrey 
Amherst from Crown Point to destroy the Indian 
village of St. Francis near St Lawrence river, which 
service he performed, killing 200 Indians, and in 
1760 he was ordered by Amherst to take possession 
of Detroit and other western posts that were ceded 
by the French after the fall of Quebec Ascending 



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the St Lawrence with 200 rangers, he Tinted Fort 
Pitt, had an interview with Pontiac, and received 
the submission of Detroit He visited England, 
and suffered from want until he borrowed money 
to print his journal, which he presented to the 
king, who in 1765 appointed him governor of 
Mackinaw, Mich. ; but while holding this office he 
was accused of plotting to plunder his own fort and 
to deliver it to the French, and was consequent- 
ly sent to Montreal in irons and tried by court- 
martial. In 1789 he revisited England, but was 
soon imprisoned tor debt Afterward he returned 
to this country. Dr. John Wheelock, of Dart- 
mouth college, wrote at this period : " The famous 
Maj. Rogers came to my house from a tavern in the 
neighborhood, where he called for refreshment I 
had never before seen him. He was in but an ordi- 
nary habit for one of his character. He treated me 
with great respect ; said he came from London in 
July, and had spent twenty days with the congress 
in Philadelphia, and I forget how many at New 
York ; had been offered and urged to take a com- 
mission in favor of the colonies, but *» he was on 
half-pay from the crown, he thought it proper not 
to accept it " ; and also " that he had got a pass, or 
license to travel, from the Continental congress." 
Maj. Rogers's accounts of himself were probably 
not accurate, but he had been a prisoner of con- 
gress, and was released on parole, promising that 
he would bear no arms against the American colo- 
nies. Soon after leaving Dr. Wheelock he wrote 
to Gen. Washington: "I love America; it is my 
native country, and that of my family, and I in- 
tend to spend the evening of my days m it" It is 
believed that at this very moment he was a spy. 
Being suspected by Washington, he was secured in 
1776, and during his examination, pretending that 
he had business with congress, was sent to Phila- 
delphia under the care of an officer. That body 
decided that he should be disposed of by the Pro- 
vincial congress of New Hampshire. Notwith- 
standing his parole, he accepted the commission of 
colonel in the British army, for which he raised 
the Queen's rangers, a corps that was celebrated 
throughout the contest To encourage enlistments 
he issued a printed circular promising to the re- 
cruits "their proportion of all rebel lands." On 
21 Oct, 1776, ne escaped being taken prisoner by 
Lord Stirling at Mamaroneck. Soon afterward he 
went to England, and in 1778 he was proscribed 
and banished. His subsequent history is lost 
Rogers was the author of "A Concise Account of 
North America " (London, 1765) ; •* Journals," giv- 
ing an account of his early adventures as a ranger 
(1766; Dublin, 1770); and "Ponteach, or the 
Savages of America," a tragedy in verse (1766). 
This was printed anonymously, and is now very 
rare. His " Diary of the Siege of Detroit in the 
War with Pontiac " was published, with other nar- 
ratives and with notes, by Franklin B. Hough 
(Albany, 1860; new ed., 1888). The names of the 
officers of Rogers's rangers are given in the " Re- 
port of the Adjutant-General of New Hampshire," 
and his exploits are chronicled in Gen. John Wins- 
low's unpublished •* Journal," and in manuscript 
letters in the Massachusetts archives. The " Jour- 
nals" mentioned above are condensed in "Remi- 
niscences of the French War," edited by Caleb 
Stark (Concord, 1881), and also appear in an 
abridged form in a" Memoir of John Stark " by 
the same author (1860). The best edition is that 
edited by Franklin B. Hough (Albany, 1888). 

ROGERS, Thomas J., congressman, b. in 
Waterford, Ireland, in 1781 ; d. in New York city, 
7 Dec, 1882. He came to the United States in 



1784, learned printing, and for many years pub- 
lished and edited a political newspaper. He was 
elected to congress from Pennsylvania as a Demo- 
crat serving from 24 March, 1818, till 26 April, 
1824, when he resigned, having been appointed 
recorder of deeds for Northampton county, Pa- 
He was the author of M A New American Bio- 
graphical Dictionary; or, Remembrancer of the 
Departed Heroes, Sages, and Statesmen of Ameri- 
ca * (Easton, Pa~ 1818 ; last ed., 1829). 

ROGERS, William, clergyman and educator, 
b. in Newport, R. I., 22 July, 1751 ; d. in Philadel- 
phia, Pa., 7 April, 1824. He was graduated in 
1769 at Rhode Island college (now Sown), where 
he was the first and for several dap the only stu- 
dent He afterward became principal of an acad- 
emy at Newport, and in 1772- '5 was pastor of the 
1st Baptist church in Philadelphia. In ApriL 
1776, he was chosen chaplain to Col. Samuel 
Miles's Pennsylvania rifle regiment, and served 
until June, 1778, when he was made brigade chap- 
lain in the Continental army, retiring from the 
service in June, 1781. After quitting the army he 
received calls from three churches, of different 
denominations, to settle in the ministry. In 1789 
he was chosen professor of oratory and English 
literature in the College of Philadelphia, and in 
1792 to the same post in its successor, the Univer- 
sity of Pennsylvania, which place he resigned in 
1811. He was chosen in 1790 vice-president of 
the Pennsylvania society for the gradual abolition 
of slavery, in 1797 vice-president of the Philadel- 
phia society for alleviating the miseries of public 
prisons, in 1802 one of the correspondents and 
editors of the London " Evangelical Magazine," in 
1805 chaplain to the Philadelphia militia legion, 
in 1816-'l7 to the legislature of ferilBsylvania, and 
in 1819 vice-president of the Religious historical 
society of Philadelphia. He received the degree 
of A. M. from the University of Pennsylvania in 
1778, Yale in 1780, and Princeton in 1786, and in 
1790, from the first named, the degree of D. D. 
He published " A Circular Letter on Justification " 
(1785; reprinted in London, 1786); "An Introduc- 
tory Prayer," at the request of the Pennsylvania 
society of the Cincinnati (1789) ; " A Sermon on the 
Death of Rev. Oliver Hart " (1796) ; " An Introduc- 
tory Prayer, occasioned by the Death of General 
Washington " (1800) ; KA- Circular Letter on Chris- 
tian Missions ; and various moral, religious, and 
political articles in newspapers and magazines. 

ROGERS. William Augustus, astronomer, b. 
in Waterford, Conn., 13 Nov., 1832. He was grad- 
uated at Brown in 1857, taught in Alfred academy, 
where he had been prepared for college, and in 
1858 was given its cnair in mathematics and as- 
tronomy, which he held for thirteen years. Mean- 
while, during leaves of absence, he passed a year 
at the Sheffield scientific school of Yale as a stu- 
dent of theoretical and applied mechanics, one year 
as a special student of astronomy in the Harvard 
observatory, which was followed by six months' 
experience as an assistant, and spent fourteen 
months in the U. S. naval service during the civil 
war. The observatory at Alfred was Duilt and 
equipped by him. In 1870 he was appointed 
assistant in the Harvard observatory, and he be- 
came in 1877 assistant professor of astronomy. In 
1886 he was called to the chair of astronomy and 
physics at Colby university. His special work at 
the Harvard observatory consisted in observing 
and mapping all the stars down to the ninth mag- 
nitude in a narrow belt, a little north of our 
zenith. The observations on this work extended 
over a period of eleven years, and required fifteen 



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yean for their redaction. Four volumes of these 
observations have already been issued, and two 
more are in preparation. While Prof. Rogers has 
severed his connection with Harvard, he still re- 
tains supervision of his unfinished work at the 
observatory. One of the earliest difficulties that 
he met with was the finding of micrometer spider- 
webs that were suitable for his work. After nu- 
merous experiments he succeeded in etching glass 
plates witn the moist fumes of hydrofluoric acid 
so satisfactorily that the U. 8. government ordered 
the plates, which were used Dy the expeditions 
that were sent out from this country to observe 
the transit of Venus. His study of this subject, 
extending over sixteen years, has made him a 
universally acknowledged authority in all that per- 
tains to micrometrical work. He has specially 
studied the construction of comparators for the 
determination of differences in length, and has 
established useful working standards of measure- 
ment for practical mechanical work, resulting in 
the Rogers-Bond universal comparator, built by 
the Pratt and Whitney company of Hartford, 
who were thus enabled to make their system of 
standard gauges. In 1880 he was sent abroad to 
obtain authorized copies of the English and 
French standards of length. These were used as 
the basis of comparison ior the bars that he con- 
structed and that now serve as standards of length 
for Harvard, Yale, Columbia, Princeton, the ITT S. 
signal service, the Lick observatory, and other im- 
portant institutions. Prof. Rogers's micrometer 
rulings, both on metal and glass, are known to 
microscopists for their accuracy as regards divis- 
ions, and also for the character and beauty of the 
lines. In 1880 he was made a fellow of the Royal 
society of London, and he has since been advanced 
to the grade of honorary fellow. He was elected 
in 1885 to the National academy of sciences, and 
was vice-president of the American association for 
the advancement of science in 1882-'8, presiding 
over the section in mathematics and astronomy. 
In 1886 he was chosen president of the American 
society of microscopists. The degree of A. M. was 
conferred on him by Yale in 1880, and that of 
Ph. D. in 1886 by Alfred university. His pub- 
lished papers, nearly fifty in number, relate to 
his specialties, and have been published in scien- 
tific journals or in the transactions of the learned 
societies of which he is a member. 

ROGERS, Woodes, English navigator, b. in 
Derbyshire, England, about 1665; d. in London 
in 1732. He was a commander in the navy when 
he was chosen in 1706 as captain of an expedition 
that was sent by merchants of Bristol, at the sug- 
gestion of William Dampier, to explore the Pacific 
ocean. He sailed from Bristol on 1 Aug., with 
two ships, with Dampier as pilot A f ter advancing 
far to the south, disappointed in not finding a great 
southern continent, they steered to the north, and 
landing, 1 Feb., 1709, at Juan Fernandez island, 
rescued Alexander Selkirk (q. v.). On the southern 
coast of Peru, Rogers secured some rich Spanish 
prizes, attacked the city of Guayaquil, exacting 
from the citizens an enormous ransom, and sailed 
along the coast as far as Cape San Lucas in Lower 
California. After visiting Batavia he passed the 
Cape of Good Hope, and anchored in tne Downs, 
2 Oct, 1711. In 1717 he was commissioned gov- 
ernor of New Providence in the Bahamas, and 
was sent with a division against the pirates that 
had ravaged the neighboring islands. He published 
M Narrative of a Cruise -around the World " (Lon- 
don, 1712). Edward Cook, who commanded one of 
the ships in Rogers's expedition, published " Voy- 



age in the South Sea and Around the World, made in 
the Years !708- , &- , 10- , ll"(1712). 

ROHDE, Lewin Jtfnren (ro'-deh), West Indian 
naval officer, b. in St Thomas, 28 Oct, 1786 ; d. 
in Copenhagen, Denmark, 2 Aug., 1857. He was 
the son of a governor of St Thomas, entered the 
Copenhagen naval school in 1806, and served cred- 
itably at the bombardment of that city. In 1821 
he was promoted harbor-master of St Thomas, and 
sent to make a nautical survey of the coast of the 
colony. His charts are still considered standards. 
In 1835 he was retired with the rank of captain. 
His works include " Historic og befolkning at Oeen 
St Thomas " (2 vols., Copenhagen, 1822), and " Ful- 
staendig Signal System til Brag for alle nationers 
Skibe" (1885; revised ed., 1846), which has been 
translated into all European languages. 

ROJAS, ttabrlel de (ro'-has), Spanish soldier, b. 
in Cuellar. in the 15th century ; d. in Charcas, Peru, 
17 Dec, 1548. He came to South America in 1514 
with Pedrarias Davila, in 1524 took part in the con- 
quest of Nicaragua with Cordova, commanded in the 
campaign against Gil Gonzales Davila, and assisted 
in the discovery of the Desaguadero, and the foun- 
dation of Gracias a Dios. In 1583 his old friend, 
Francisco Pizarro, solicited his aid, and Rojas 
armed two ships and 200 men ; but Pedro Alvarado, 
who was planning an expedition of his own, took 
possession of the ships and the forces. Rojas es- 
caped with only a few followers and sailed to Peru, 
landing at San Miguel de Piura. With an escort 
that was provided Dy Sebastian de Velalcazar, he 
joined Pizarro in the valley of Pachacamac, took 
part in the foundation of Jauja, and was appointed 
lieutenant-governor of the town. He assisted after- 
ward in the defence of Cuzco, during the siege by 
Manco Inca Yupanqni (q. v.), and in the civil wars 
between the Pizarros and the Alraagros. He was 
then commissioned by Yaca de Castro to settle 
Charcas, and when, on his return to Cuzco, he 
found Gonzalo Pizarro at the head of a rebellion, 
he fled to Lima. On his arrival the viceroy Nunez 
de Vela was already imprisoned, and Rojas narrow- 
ly escaped being killed by Francisco de Carvaial, 
but Gonzalo Pizarro pardoned him on account of his 
former services. When President De la Gasca ar- 
rived, Rojas joined the royal forces, and was ap- 
pointed commander of the artillery, which he di- 
rected at the battles of Huarinas and Xaquixaguana. 
In recompense he was appointed magistrate of' 
Potosi, but he died shortly afterward. 

ROJAS, Juan Ram6n, Argentine poet, b. in 
Buenos Ayres in 1784; died at sea, 9 Sept, 1824. 
He studied in the College of San Carlos, and as an 
officer of artillery was present at the sieges of Mon- 
tevideo in 1812 and 1816. In 1813 he was pro- 
moted commander of the squadron of grenadiers, 
and as such took part in the battle of Sipe-Sipe. 
He served in the staff of the armies of the United 
Provinces in 1818. In the first days of the revolu- 
tion he began to write poetry, and published " Can- 
ci6n her6ica al sitio de Montevideo *' (1811), and " k 
la apertura de la Sociedad patri6tica " (1812). In the 
collection of "Poesias patrias" (Buenos Ayres, 
1820) his best patriotic compositions were published. 
He perished in a shipwreck. 

ROLANDER, Daniel (ro'-lan-dair), Swedish 
naturalist, b. in the province of Smaaland in 1720 ; 
d. in Lund in 1774. After receiving his education 
in Upsala he became preceptor of the children of 
Linnaeus, and engaged later in botanical researches 
under the direction of the great naturalist At 
Linneus's suggestion, he accompanied to Surinam 
a wealthy citizen of the colony, and on his arrival, 
20 June, 1755, began immediately to explore the 



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country. After studying the flora of the province 
of Paramaribo, he sojourned several months on 
the banks of Commewyn river, where he engaged 
in geological and botanical researches. Being de- 
feated in an attempt to explore the interior of Gui- 
ana, through an uprising of the slaves, he went to St 
Eustatius, in February, 1756, and made a thorough 
study of the flora of the island, returning to Stock- 
holm, 20 Oct, with rich collections and a herbari- 
um of 1,500 plants. As he had difficulties with 
Linneus,*who wished to make free use of the col- 
lections, and the privilege of printing his works 
having meanwhile neen refused by the government 
Rolander sold his manuscripts and collections 
to Prof. Rottboell, of Copenhagen, and retired to 
private life. His works include "Descriptio et 
lconum rariorium et pro maxima parte, novas 
plantas,illustrium" edited by Prof. Rottboell (Co- 
penhagen, 1778) ; " Observationes ad genera que- 
clam rariora exoticarum plantarum" (1776); and 
M Descriptiones rariura plantarum in Guiana cres- 
centium" (1776). The two last works were pub- 
lished by the Medical society of Copenhagen. The 
Danish government afterward bought, from the 
heirs of Prof. Rottboell, Rolander's manuscripts 
and collections, which are now preserved in the 
museum at Copenhagen. His journal has been 
published, " Diarum Surinamense " (2 vols., 1840). 

ROLFE, William James, editor, b. in New- 
buryport Mass., 10 Dec, 1827. His youth was 
spent in Lowell, Mass., and in 1845 he entered Am- 
herst Although he was not graduated, the college 
authorities afterward enrolled his name among the 
regular graduates of 1840. On leaving college he 
taught m Maryland and Massachusetts, finally 
settling in Cambridge, Mass., in 1862, as master of 
the high-school, which post he resigned in 1868. 
Since 1869 he has been an editor of the " Popular 
Science News," formerly the " Boston Journal of 
Chemistry," and for several years he has had 
charge of the Shakespearian* in the u Literary 
World." The degree of A. M. was conferred on 
him by Harvard in 1859 and by Amherst in 1865, 
and that of Litt D. by Amherst in 1887. With 
Joseph H. Hanson he published a *• Hand- Book of 
Latin Poetry " (Boston, 1865) ; M Selections from 
Ovid and Virgil*' (1866; 2d ed., 1867); and with 
Joseph A. Gillet "The Cambridge Course of Phys- 
ics," including "Chemistry," M Natural Philosophy," 
♦and u Astronomy" (6 vols., 1867-'8). In 1867 he pub- 
lished an edition of George L. Craik's ** English of 
Shakespeare," which led to the preparation of " The 
Friendly Edition " of Shakespeare (40 vols., New 
York, 1870-'88). Mr. Rolfe has also edited " Select 
Poems of Goldsmith" (1875); "Select Poems of 
Gray " (1876) ; Tennyson's " Select Poems " (1884) ; 
"Young People's Tennyson" (1886); "Select 
Poems of Browning "(1887); "Enoch Arden,and 
other Poems" (1887); Scott's "Complete Poems" 
(1887) ; " Blot in the Scutcheon, and other Dramas 
of Browning" (1887); Byron's "Childe Harold" 
(1887); "Minor Poems of Milton" (1887); "Tales 
of Chivalry, from Scott " (1888); - Tales from Eng- 
lish History" (1888); "Select Poems of Words- 
worth "(1888); and Thomas Babington Macau lay's 
"Lays of Ancient Rome " (1888). 

ROLLE, Dennis, colonist b. in Devonshire, 
England, about 1780 ; d. in England in 1797. In 
1766 he purchased a district in Florida, and led 
there 1,0<X) persons to form a colony; but owing to 
the unhealthfulness of the climate and the deser- 
tion of those that escaped disease, he soon was left 
without colonists and without money, and was 
compelled to work his passage back to England in 
an American vessel. He then settled on his in- 



herited estate, was elected to the house of com- 
mons, was high sheriff, and devoted much time to 
improving the condition of the lower classes. 

ROLLIN, Ambroise Lnelen (rol-lang), West 
Indian historian, b. in Trois Rivteres, Guadeloupe, 
in 1692 ; d. in Pointe a Pitre in 1749. His family 
was among the early settlers in Guadeloupe and 
contributed much to the improvement of the colo- 
ny. In 1725 he was appointed deputy lieutenant 
of the king in the colony, which post he retained 
till his death. Devoting his leisure time to re- 
searches upon the Caribes and other Indians, who 
formerly inhabited the West Indies, he wrote some 
remarkable works, which are yet considered a* 
authorities. They include ** Histoire des Indiens" 
(2 vols., Paris, 1789) ; " Les Indiens et la conqudte 
Espagnole" (1740); "Histoire et description des 
Caralbes, leur condition avant la conqulte " (1748) ; 
" De la civilisation Indienne comparee a leur 6tat 
social" (1745); and "Les incas du Plrou et la con- 
quSte Espagnole " (1748). 

ROLLINAT, Andre (rol-le-nah), French his- 
torian, b. in Bordeaux in 1741 ; d. in Nantes in 
1793. He was early appointed librarian of the city 
of Nantes and devoted himself to researches upon 
the early navigators that have been credited with 
the discovery of America before Columbus. His 
works include " Recherches sur les precurseurs de 
Christophe Colorab en Amlrique " (Nantes, 1785) ; 
*' Les Sagas norvegiennes et les navigateurs scan- 
dinaves (1788) ; " Tableau des dimes payees au 
denier de Saint Pierre pendant le treizigme et le 
quatorzidme siecle par le pays du vin " (1790) ; 
" Histoire des navigateurs normands" (1791); and 
"Recherches sur la decouverte du Bn$sil par un 
navigateur dieppois du xv. siecle " (1791). 

ROLLINS, Alice Wellington, author, b. in 
Boston, Mass., 12 June, 1847. She was taught br 
her father, Ambrose Wellington, and completed 
her studies in Europe. She taught for several 
years in Boston, ana married Daniel M. Rollins, 
of New York, in 1876. She is the author of -The 
Ring of Amethyst" poems (New York, 1878) ; " The 
Story of a Ranch " (1885) ; " All Sorts of Children n 
(1886) ; and " The Three Tetons " (1887). 

ROLLINS, Daniel G., lawyer, b. in Great Falls, 
N. H., 18 Oct. 1842. He was graduated at Dart- 
mouth in 1860, studied law in his native place and 
at Harvard, and practised for some time in Port- 
land, Me., but afterward removed to New York 
city. He was assistant U. S. attorney for the 
southern district of New York in 1866-'9, assistant 
district attorney of New York county in 1878-*80, 
then district attorney till 1 Jan., 1882, and then 
surrogate of the county till 1 Jan., 1888. In 1887 
he was Republican candidate for a supreme court 
judgeship. Mr. Rollins has won reputation as a 
lawyer. He has been associated in practice for 
some time with James C. Carter. 

ROLLINS, Edward Henry, senator, b. in Som- 
ersworth (now Rollinsford), N. H., 8 Oct, 1824; d. on 
Isle of Shoals, N. H., 81 July, 1889. Several of his 
ancestors, of New Hampshire, served in the Revolu- 
tionary army, and his great-grandfather, Ichabod, 
was an active patriot and a member of the state 
convention that resolved itself into an independent 
government on 5 Jan., 1776. His name was given 
to the portion of Somersworth in which he resided. 
Edward Henry was educated in Dover, N. H., and 
South Berwick, Me^ became a druggist's clerk in 
Concord and Boston, and subsequently entered 
business there on his own account In 1855-'7 he 
was a member of the legislature, serving in the last 
year as speaker, and he was chairman of the New 
Hampshire delegation to the National Republican 



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convention of 1860. He served in congress from 
4 July, 1861, till 3 March, 1867, and was a firm 
opponent of the measure that was adopted in Jnly, 
1864, doubling the land-grant of the Union Pacific 
railroad company, and making the government 
security a first instead of a second mortgage upon 
the road. From 1868 till 1876 he was secretary and 
treasurer of the company, and from 4 March, 1877, 
till 4 March, 1888, he was U. S. senator. He was 
a founder of the First national bank in Concord. 
an owner of Fort George island, Fla., and was for 
several years president of the Bostou, Concord, and 
Montreal railroad company. 

ROLLINS, Ellen Chapman, author, b. in 
Wakefield, N. H., 80 April, 1831 ; d. in Philadel- 
phia, Pa., 29 May, 1881. Her maiden name was 
Hobbs, and in 1855 she married Edward Ashton 
Rollins (brother of Daniel G.), who was U. S. com- 
missioner of internal revenue from 1864 till 1869, 
and afterward president of the Centennial national 
bank of Philadelphia. She wrote under the pen- 
name of " E. H. Arr," and her chief publications 
are u New-England Bygones" (Philadelphia, 1880), 
and - Old-Time Child Life " (1881). 

ROLLINS, James Sidney, lawyer, b. in Rich- 
mond, Madison co., Ky., 19 April, 1812 ; d. near 
Columbia, Mo., 9 Jan., 1888. After graduation at 
the University of Indiana in 1830 and at the law- 
school of Transylvania university, Ky., in 1884, he 
Sractised law in Boone county, Mo. 'He served on 
le staff of Gen. Richard Gentry during the Black 
Hawk war, and in 1886 became an editor of the 
Columbia " Patriot," a Whig journal. From 1838 
till 1844, and again in 1854-'6, he served in the 
Missouri house of representatives, and he was a 
member of the state senate from 1846 till 1850, 
boldly opposing the extension of slavery into the 
territories. He was defeated as the Whig candi- 
date for governor in 1848 and 1857. Mr. Rollins 
was a delegate to the Baltimore convention of 
1844, which nominated Henry Clay for president, 
and was active in the canvass that followed. He 
was elected to congress as a Conservative, taking 
his seat in the special session that was called bv 
President Lincoln, serving from 4 July, 1861, till 
8 March, 1865. In 1862 he introduced a bill to 
aid in the construction of a railroad and telegraph 
line from the Missouri river to the Pacific, which, 
with a few amendments, became a law in July, 
1862, and under its provisions the Union Pacific, 
Central Pacific, and Kansas Pacific railroads were 
built. He voted for the adoption of the thirteenth 
amendment to the constitution, although at the 
time he was one of the largest slave -owners in 
Boone county. He was a delegate to the Phila- 
delphia Union convention in 1866, and in that year 
served again in the legislature of Missouri, where 
he introduced and secured the passage of a bill to 
establish a normal department in the state uni- 
versity. He was appointed a director of the Union 
Pacific railroad company, but resigned, and again 
served in the state senate, introducing a bill to 
establish an agricultural and mechanical college. 
He was also the author of many important meas- 
ures that were passed by the legislature to advance 
the interests of the state university, and from 1869 
till 1887 was president of its board of curators, 
which in 1872 declared him " Pater Universitatis 
Missouriensis." 

ROLPH, John, Canadian physician, b. in Thorn- 
bury, England, 4 March, 1792 ; *d. in Toronto, Can- 
ada, 19 Oct, 1870. He emigrated to -Canada, prac- 
tised as a physician in Toronto, and took part 
in the insurrection of 1887. On 18 Nov. of that 
year Rolph, William L. Mackenzie (q. v.), and 



others determined at a secret meeting to capture 
Toronto on 7 Dec., and then to summon a popular 
convention to which would be submitted a consti- 
tution that had already been drafted. In carrying 
out these plans Dr. Rolph was to be the sole ex- 
ecutive authority, while Mackenzie was to arrange 
the details. Rolph, fancying that the government 
had heard of the proposed attack on Toronto, 
changed the date to 4 Dec., which so disarranged 
Mackenzie's plans that the attack on the city 
utterly failed. In the mean time Dr. Rolph, though 
suspected, was sent by the governor as one of the 
bearers of a flag of truce to the insurgents. At 
the same time Rolph induced Mackenzie to delay 
the attack until nightfall, when he promised that 
the disaffected in the city would join them. After 
the failure of the attempt upon Toronto, Dr. 
Rolph, despairing of success, fled to the United 
States, and subsequently went to Russia, where he 
resided for several years. He returned to Canada 
after the amnesty bad been declared, and prac- 
tised law and medicine in Toronto. He was a 
member of the Canadian parliament, and founded 
the '* People's school of medicine," which is now 
(1888) a department of Victoria college, Cobourg. 

ROLPH, Thomas, Canadian author, b. about 
1820; d. in England in 1888. He practised as a 
physician at Ancaster, Upper Canada, and was ap- 
pointed emigration commissioner for the govern- 
ment of Canada. He wrote " A Brief Account of 
the West Indies and United States w (Dundas, 
1836); u Emigrant's Manual" (1848); and "Emi- 
gration and Colonization " (1844). 

ROMAN, Andrew Blenvenne, governor of 
Louisiana, b. in Opelousas, La., 5 March, 1785 ; d. 
in New Orleans, La., 26 Jan., 1866. His ancestors 
emigrated from Provence, Prance. After his 
graduation at St Mary's college, Md.. in 1815, he 
settled as a sugar-planter in St. James's parish, and 
represented it many years in the legislature, of 
which he was speaker for four terms, and parish 
judge in 1826-'8. He was governor of Louisiana 
in 1881-5, and again in 1839-'41, and during his 
administration founded Jefferson college, cleared 
the state water -courses of rafts, and formed a 
company to drain the swamp lands around New 
Orleans* and protect it from overflow. He was a 
member of the State constitutional convention in 
1845, and was sent to Europe in 1848 as agent of a 
financial company. He was a member of the Con- 
stitutional convention of 1852, and of the Secession 
convention of 1861. He had been a Whig in poli- 
tics throughput his career, and used all his influ- 
ence to prevent disunion. With John Forsyth 
and Martin J. Crawford he was appointed by the 
Confederate provisional congress to confer with 
the U. S. government in Washington for the pur- 
pose of securing a peaceable separation. 

ROMANS, Bernard, engineer, b. in Holland 
about 1720; d. probably at sea in 1784. He was 
educated in England, and sent to this country by 
the government as a civil engineer about 1 755. He 
was also its botanist in Florida, receiving a pension 
of £50 a year for his services. He was early im- 
bued with the Revolutionary spirit, and enjoyed 
the acquaintance of Washington, who suggested 
that the New York committee of safety engage 
him as their engineer, ne entered that service in 
1775 in the hope of obtaining a commission in the 
Continental army, and on 18 Sept submitted his 
plans and estimates of the expenses of erecting the 
proposed fortifications on the Highlands, opposite 
West Point, offering to complete the same for 
$5,000, the ordnance onlv excepted. The com- 
mittee decided to employ him at a salary, and his 



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application for a colonelcy was subsequently re- 
f used. He succeeded in entering the Pennsylvania 
artillery with the commission of captain in Febru- 
ary, 1776, and with his regiment invaded Canada. 
In May of the same year he was tried for various 
alleged offences, but was acquitted, and remained 
in the Continental service till 1779, when he was 
captured by the British and taken to England. 
Although his exchange was refused, he pursued 
his profession there with great success. He set 
out to return to this country in 1784, but is sup- 
posed to have been murdered at sea for a large sum 
of money which he carried with him. In a diary 
of the principal part of his life, Romans claims to 
have been the first surveyor in Florida. He was 
a mathematician, an artist, and an author. In 1771 
he became a member of the American philosophi- 
cal society, to which he contributed various papers. 
His publications include " A Concise Natural His- 
tory of East and West Florida," which, though it 
contains curious typographical errors, such as print- 
ing the pronoun I as a small letter, and is composed 
in a grandiloquent style, is full of minute and well- 
arranged information, illustrated with twelve cop- 
per-plates and two whole-sheet maps, and is rare 
and valuable (New York, 1775). His other works 
are " Map of the Seat of War" (1775); " Annals 
of the Troubles in the Netherlands ' (English trans- 
lation, 2 vols., Hartford, 1778); and "Compleat 
Pilot of the Gulf Passage " (1779). 

ROMAY, Tomas fro-mi'), Cuban physician, b. 
in Havana in 1769 ; a. there in 1849. He studied 
in his native city, was graduated in medicine in 
1791, and soon afterward was appointed to a profes- 
sorship in the University of Havana. In 1798 he 
published an interesting memoir on the yellow 
fever, which was soon translated into English and 
French and is still one of the best essays on the 
subject The Madrid academy of medicine made 
him one of its honorary members. In 1802 he pub- 
lished a memoir against the custom of burying the 
dead in churches and cities, and advocated the es- 
tablishment of a publio cemetery outside of Ha- 
vana, which was carried into effect soon afterward. 
In 1804 he published another memoir advocating 
the introduction of vaccine virus in the island of 
Cuba. The members of his family were the first 
that were vaccinated, and during forty-five years 
he was one of the most constant advocates of vac- 
cination. In 1806 he published also an extensive 
memoir on the culture and propagation of apiaries, 
contributing in great part to the development of 
this industry in the island. During the first chol- 
era epidemic in Havana, in 1888, Komay devoted 
all his time and energy to restraining the disease, 
and published several pamphlets upon the subject. 
The Madrid government rewarded his services by 
appointing him honorary physician of the royal 
cnamber, a distinction that was very seldom con- 
ferred in those times. He was also elected director 
of the Royal economical society of Havana, and in 
this capacity gave his attention to the promotion 
of publio education by the foundation of public 
schools. Besides the publications noticed above, 
he was the author of •♦ Conjuracidn de Bonaparte " 
(1806). and his complete works were published 
after his death (Havana, 1858). 

ROMERO, Matias (ro-may'-ro), Mexican states- 
man, b. in Oaxaca, Mexico, 24 Feb., 1887. He was 
educated at the Institute of arts and science in his 
native town, where he studied philosophy and then 
law. In 1858 he settled in the city of Mexico, and 
through the influence of Benito Juarez was enabled 
to enter the foreign office. Meanwhile he con- 
tinued his legal studies at the Academy of theoreti- 




cal and practical law, and was admitted to the bar 
in 1857. In the revolution of that year he sided 
with the government, and after the abandonment 
of Mexico he retired to Guadalajara, where Juarez 
appointed him to an office in the department of 
foreign affairs. He 
continued to follow 
the fortunes of the 
constitutional gov- 
ernment in its mi- 
grations, and at Vera 
Cruz served as secre- 
tary to MelchorOcam- 
po (q. v.), and chief 
clerk of the several de- 
partments under that 
statesman's charge. 
In December, 1859, 
he was appointed sec- 
retary of the Mexican 
legation in Washing- 
ton, and he was subse- 
?[uently charge 1 d'af- ^ 

aires until April, Jf ^^^ 

1868. The period ^ /%77?1&10. 
during which he was 

in office at the legation was probably the most dif- 
ficult in the annals of Mexican diplomacy, involving 
grave and complicated questions from the capture 
of the Spanish vessel " Maria Concepcion " down 
to the French intervention in Mexico. On his re- 
turn to Mexico in 1863 he resigned his diplomatic 
post, and, soliciting an appointment in tne army, 
was commissioned colonel, and became chief of 
staff to his college friend, Gen. Porfirio Diaz. He 
was employed on several military missions of a diplo- 
matic nature, and in September returned to Wash- 
ington as minister to the United States. This 
place he then held until July, 1868, and negotiated 
several important treaties with this country after 
the downfall of the empire in Mexico. He accept- 
ed the treasury portfolio in Juarez's cabinet in 
August, 1868, ana for five years administered the 
finances of his native country with skill and judg- 
ment His health failing, he retired to the Sooo- 
nusco district and engaged in agricultural pursuits, 
also serving as a member of congress from that 
part of Mexico. In 1876 he was a member of the 
senate, and on the election of Gen. Diaz to the 

S residency he returned to his post in the treasury 
epartment, which he then held until 1 April, 1879. 
He was appointed postmaster-general in February, 

1880, but on the inauguration of Gen. Manuel Gon- 
zalez was retired from that office. In the spring of 
1881 he became interested in the Mexican Southern 
railway company, and accompanied Gen. Grant on 
his tour of inspection through Mexico, From May, 

1881, till February, 1882, he was general superin- 
tendent of the company in Mexico. During Presi- 
dent Garfield's administration the boundary ques- 
tion between the United States and Mexico became 
a matter of public consideration, and also that be- 
tween Mexico and Guatemala, and he was again 
sent as minister from Mexico. Both difficulties 
were adjusted by him and a treaty of reciprocity 
between the United States and Mexico was signed 
He resigned his post at Washington on the expira- 
tion of Gonzalez's presidential term, but was re- 
appointed by Gen. Diaz in 1884, and still (1888) 
retains the office. Romero has published upward 
of fifty volumes, but they are chiefly official reports. 
Among the more important are "Circulars and 
other Publications maae by the Mexican Legation 
at Washington during the French Intervention," 
1862-7 (2 vols., Mexico, 1868) ; M Coffee-Culture on 



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315 



the Southern Coast of Chiapas" (1875); "Corre- 
spondence of the Mexican Legation at Washington 
during the French Interrention " (9 vols., 1870-%5) ; 
M Historical Sketch of the Annexation of Chiapas 
and Soconnsco to Mexico " (1877) ; and " The State 
of Oaxaca" (Barcelona, Spain, 1886). 

ROMEYN, Theodorlc (called Dibck) (ro-mine), 
clergjman, b. in Hackensack, N. J., 12 June, 1744 ; 
d. in Schenectady, N. Y., 16 April, 1804. His an- 
cestor, Claas Jause, a native of Holland, emi- 
grated to this country from Rotterdam in 1661. 
Dirck was graduated at Princeton in 1765, studied 
theology, and was ordained in 1766, subsequently 
becoming pastor of the Reformed Dutch churches 
in Hackensack and Schraalenburgh, N. J. Dur- 
ing the Revolution he suffered from the depreda- 
tions of the British, but continued to serve his 
congregation at great personal risk. He declined 
the presidency of Rutgers in 1784, and again in 
1791, became pastor of the church in Schenec- 
tady, N. Y., in May of the former year, and con- 
tinued in that charge until his death. He was one 
of the founders of the academy that subsequently 
became Union college, and from 1797 till 1804 was 
professor of theology in the general synod of the 
Reformed Dutch church. Rutgers gave him the 
degree of D. D. in 1789.— His brother, John Brod- 
head, clergvman, b. in Marbletown, Ulster co., 
N. Y., 8 Nov., 1777; d. in New York city, 22 Feb., 
1825, was graduated at Columbia in 1795, and in 
1796 was licensed to preach. He became pastor of 
the Reformed Dutch church in Rhinebeck, N. Y M 
in 1799, and of the Presbyterian church in Sche- 
nectady in 1808, was in charge of the church in 
Albany for the succeeding four years, and then ac- 
cepted the charge of the Cedar street church, New 
York city, which he held until his death. Prince- 
ton gave him the degree of D. D. in 1809. Dr. 
Romeyn was one of the most popular preachers of 
his day, and an able theologian. He declined calls 
to numerous wealthy parishes, and the presidencies 
of Transylvania university and Dickinson college. 
He was one of the founders of Princeton theologi- 
cal seminary, a trustee of that institution and of 
Princeton college, and at the age of thirty-three 
was moderator of the general assembly of the Pres- 
byterian church. He published a large number of 
occasional discourses, which were collected and re- 
published (2 vols.,.New York, 1816).— Dirck's neph- 
ew, Nicholas, physician, b. in Hackensack, N. J., 



in September, 1756; d. in New York city, 21 July, 
1817, wrote his family name Romavne. He was 
the son of a silversmith, and received great educa- 
tional advantages. At the beginning of the Revo- 
lution he went to Edinburgh, where he was known 
as an able scholar, and took the degree of M. D., 
presenting a thesis entitled "De Qeneratione Puris," 
which was at one time famous. He subsequently 
studied in Paris, London, and Leyden, and on his 
return settled in Philadelphia, and then in New York 
city, where he practised his profession. He em- 
barked in the William Blount conspiracy in insti- 
gating the Cherokee and Creek Indians to aid the 
British in their attempt to conquer the Spanish 
territory in Louisiana in 1797, was seized and im- 
prisoned, and subsequently again visited Europe. 
He was the first president of the New York medi- 
cal society, and of the New York college of physi- 
cians and surgeons, of which he was a founder, and 
in which he taught anatomy and the institutes of 
medicine. Dr. John W. Francis says of him : " He 
was unwearied in toil and of mighty energy, dex- 
terous in legislative bodies, and at one period of 
his career was vested with almost all the honors the 
medical profession can bestow." He published an 



address before the students of the New York col- 
lege of physicians and surgeons on " The Ethnolo- 
gy of the Red Man in America " (New York, 1806). 
— Nicholas's brother, Jeremiah (Romevn), clergy- 
man, b. in New York city, 24 Dec, 1768 ; d. m 
Woodstock, Ulster co., N. Y., 17 July, 1818, was 
educated by Dr. Peter Wilson in Hackensack, 
N. J., studied theology under Dr. Dirck Romeyn, 
and was pastor successively of Dutch Reformed 
churches in Livingston Manor and Red Hook, 
N. Y., from 1788 till 1806, after which he took 
charge of the church in Harlem till 1814. He was 
an eminent linguist, and from 1797 till his death 
was professor of Hebrew in the Dutch Reformed 
church. — Another nephew of Dirck, James Van 
Campen, clergyman, b. in Minisink, N. Y., 14 
Nov., 1765 ; d. in Hackensack, N. J., 27 June, 1840, 
was educated at Schenectady academy, studied 
theology under his uncle Dirck, and was ordained 
in 1787. From 1788 till 1799 he was pastor of the 
Reformed Dutch church of Greenbusn, N. Y., hav- 
ing charge also of the churches of Schosack and 
Wpantskill, N. Y., at different periods. In 1799- 
1884 he was pastor of the united congregations of 
the Dutch Reformed church in Hackensack and 
Schraalenburgh, N. J. He was a trustee of Rut- 
gers from 1807 till his death, and one of the most 
successful collectors for the theological professional 
fund. He published an " Address to the Students 
of the Theological Seminary."— J amee Van Cam- 
pen's son, James, clergyman, b. in Greenbusn, 
N. Y., in 1797 ; d. in New Brunswick, N. J., 7 Sept, 
1859, was graduated at Columbia in 1816, licensed 
to preach in 1819, and was successively pastor of 
Reformed Dutch churches in Nassau, N. Y., Six 
Mile Run and Hackensack, N. J., Catskill, N. Y., 
Leeds, N. Y., and Bergen Neck, N. J. He abandoned 
preaching in 1852 on account of the failure of his 
health. Columbia gave him the degree of S. T. D. 
in 1888, but he refused it. He published "The 
Crisis," a sermon (New Brunswick, 1842), and a 
" Plea for the Evangelical Press " (1848).— His son, 
Theodore Bayard, clergyman, b. in Nassau, N. Y., 
22 Oct, 1827; d. in Hackensack, N. J., 29 Aug., 
1885, was graduated at Rutgers in 1846, and at the 
New Brunswick theological seminary in 1849. He 
was pastor of the Reformed Dutch church in Blaw- 
enburg, N. J., in 1850-'65, and from the latter 
date until his death of the 1st Reformed church 
at Hackensack. Rutgers gave him the degree of 
D. D. in 1869. He contributed regularly to the re- 
ligious press, and, besides sermons and addresses, 
published " Historical Discourse on the Reopening 
and Dedication of the 1st Reformed (Dutch) Church 
at Hackensack, N. J., May 2, 1869" (New York. 
1870), and "The Adaptation of the Reformed 
Church in America to American Character " (1876). 
See " Memorial," published by the consistory (New 
York, 1885). 

RONAYNE, Maurice, clergyman, b. in Castle- 
martyr, County Cork, Ireland, in 1828. He was 
educated by private tutors, and at Carlow college, 
and entered the ecclesiastical college of Maynooth, 
but left before completing his course in theology, 
and became a Jesuit in 1858. He finished his theo- 
logical studies in Laval seminary, France, and 
came to the United States in 1856. He taught in 
St. John's college, Fordham, and in St Francis 
Xavier's, New York, up to 1868, and then went to 
Rome, returning in the following year. He is at 
present (1888) professor of history in St Francis 
Aavier's college. He has written articles in Roman 
Catholic publications, and especially in the Phila- 
delphia " Catholic Quarterly Review," principally 
on the labor question, and on the social and moral 



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RONCKENDORFF 



ROOD 



oondition of Roman Catholic nations. He is the 
author of " Religion and Science : their Union His- 
torically Considered" (New York, 1879), and is 
Sreparing for the press a work entitled "God 
Allowable and Known." 

RONCKENDORFF, William, naval officer, b. 
in Philadelphia, Pa^ 9 Nov., 1812. He entered the 
nary as midshipman, 17 Feb., 1882, became passed 
midshipman. 23 June, 1838, was commissioned 
lieutenant, 28 June, 1843, and in June, 1845, was 
bearer of despatches to the commander-in-chief of 
the Pacific squadron, with which he served during 
the Mexican war. He was in the " Savannah " at 
the capture and occupation of Monterey and points 
on the coast of California, and returned to New 
York in September, 1847. He commanded the 
steamer " M. W. Chapin " in the Paraguay expedi- 
tion of 1859 and on coast survey duty in 1860, was 
commissioned commander, 29 June, 1861, and had 
charge of the steamer •* Water Witch " from 1 
March till 12 Oct, 1861, in the Gulf squadron. On 
27 Dec., 1861, he took command of the steamer 
"San Jacinto," with which he was present in 
Hampton Roads to fight the " Merrimac." and par- 
ticipated in the attack on Sewell's Point, 15 May, 
1862, and in the capture of Norfolk on 18 May. 
He was in the u Ticonderoga," searching for priva- 
teers in 1863, and in February, 1864, he commanded 
the monitor " Monadnock " in operations in James 
river until the evacuation of Richmond, when he 
cruised to Havana in search of the " Stonewall." 
In July, 1865, he was transferred to the monitor 
" Tonawanda." He was commissioned captain, 27 
Sept, 1866, and was at Philadelphia until 1 Oct, 
1870, when he took charge of the iron-clads at New 
Orleans until 8 April, 1872. He commanded the 
steamer " Canandaigua," of the North Atlantic 
squadron, in 1872-*3, was promoted to commodore, 
12 Sept, 1874, and was placed on the retired list 
on 9 Nov., 1874, by. reason of his age. 

RONDE, Lambertus de, clergyman, b. in Hol- 
land in the 18th century. He was pastor of Dutch 
Reformed churches in Surinam, British Guiana, in 
1746, New York and Harlem in 1751-'84, and 
Schaghticoke in 1784r-'95. In 1749 he proposed to 
the classis to publish a book of first truths in Ne- 
gro-English and Dutch. The classis requested 
him to transmit it to them for approval, and in 
1751 complained that he had been installed over 
the church ot New York without their knowledge, 
and that he had signed the letter of the coetus 
without any explanation of his new relationships. 
He became a member of the conference party 
after the disruption in 1755, and was never absent 
from their meetings. Though he was one of the 
committee that procured Dr. Laid lie to preach in 
English, he afterward turned against him, and was 
the leading spirit in the "Dutch party" in the 
famous lawsuit that grew out of this matter. 
Many were determined not to submit to the inno- 
vation of English preaching. The " Dutch party " 
lost the suit and paid £300 costs. During the 
Revolution, De Ronde preached in Schaghticoke, 
N. Y., and in 1780 represented the churches of Red 
Hook and Saugerties in the classis of Kingston. 
His publications are " De gekruisige Christus, als 
het voornaemste toeleg van Gods gebrouwe Krins- 
gesanten, in hunne prediking." or "The Christ 
Crucified as the Principal Subject of God's Faith- 
ful Servants of the Cross in their Sermons" 
(New York, 1751); "De ware gedachniss," an ac- 
count of the death of the Rev. Gualtems Du Bois 
(New York, 1751) ; ** A System containing the Prin- 
ciples of the Christian Religion Suitable to the 
Heidelberg Catechism " (1763). This is the first 



book published in the English language by a mem- 
ber of the Reformed Dutch church in America. It 
was prepared before the call of Laidlie, to meet the 
growing necessity for instruction in English, and 
De Ronde offered to preach in English if the con- 
sistory thought him qualified. He also published 
44 True Spiritual Religion " (New York, 1767), and 
numerous u Letters to Holland." 

RONDEAU, Jose (ron-do), Argentine soldier, 
b. in Buenos Ayres in 1773 ; <L there in 1834. He 
was educated in Montevideo, entered the military 
service in 1793, and when Montevideo was captured 
by the British, 7 Feb., 1807, he was taken prisoner 
and sent to England, but he was liberated in July 
of that year. Going to Spain, he served in the 
peninsula against the French invasion, but in 
August 1810, he returned to Buenos Ayres, and 
joined the patriots soon afterward. He succeeded 
m April, 1811, to the command of the Argentine 
forces that were operating against Montevideo, 
gained the victory of Las Piedras, 18 May, 1811, 
and in June began the siege of that city, which 
was raised on 23 Oct of that year by a treaty with 
the Spanish general Elio. After the hostilities 
against Montevideo had begun again, Rondeau, in 
command of the vanguard, gained, on 81 Dec, 1812, 
the victory of Cerrito, and in January, 1813, super- 
seded Sarratea in the command of the Argentine 
forces, and began the second siege of Montevideo, 
but in 1814 he was superseded by Alvear, and pro- 
moted to the command in upper Peru. In Decem- 
ber of that year he refused: obedience to Alvear, 
who intended to deprive him of his command, and 
when that general was removed, 15 April, 1815, 
Rondeau was chosen supreme director ; but he re- 
mained in command of the army, routing Gen. 
Pezuela at Puesto del Marquez, 14 April, 1815, and 
occupying Potosi, but suffering defeat at Sipe-Sipe. 
28 Nov., 1815. On 10 June, 1819, he was elected 
director of the republic, but was deprived of office. 
12 Feb., 1820, when the supreme power was vested 
in a commission of the municipal body, and the 
separation of the different provinces was virtually 
consummated. Rondeau retired to private life, but 
took part in the campaign for the liberation of 
Uruguay, and on 17 Sept, 1828, was elected pro- 
visional president resigning on 25 April, 1829. 

RONDTHALER, Edward, clergyman, b. in 
York, Pa., 6 Sept, 1817; d. in Nazareth, Pa^ 5 
March, 1855. He was graduated at the Moravian 
theological seminary, and from 1841 till 1853 was 
in the active ministry. In 1853-*4 he was president 
of Nazareth Hall. He was the author of a M Life of 
John Heckewelder " (Philadelphia, 1847). 

ROOD, Ogden Nicholas, physicist o. in Dan- 
bury, Conn., 3 Feb., 1831. He was graduated at 
Princeton in 1852, and then studied at the Sheffield 
scientific school of Yale, and at the universities of 
Munich and Berlin, making a specialty of science. 
In 1858, soon after his return, he was chosen pro- 
fessor of chemistry and physics at Troy university, 
where he remained for nearly five years. He was 
called in 1863 to the chair of physics in Columbia, 
and has since delivered lectures there and in the 
School of mines of that institution. His original 
investigations have been numerous, and include 
special studies of questions in mechanics, optics, 
acoustics, and electricity. Prof. Rood was one oi 
the first to apply photography to the microscope, 
and to take binocular pictures with that instru- 
ment. His studies of the nature of the electric 
spark and of the duration of the flashes are par- 
ticularly interesting, involving the determination 
of much more minute intervals of time than any 
that were ever measured before. In 1880 he de- 



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vised a mercurial air-pump giving an exhaustion 
of jir millionth of an atmosphere, a degree that 
has not been attained by other pumps up to the 
present time (1888). The methods of photometry 
that he has originated, and his investigations of 
phenomena that depend on the physiology of vision, 
are very ingenious, and he was the first to make 
quantitative experiments on color-contrast Al- 
though not an artist by profession, he paints in 
water-colors, is frequently represented at the an- 
nual exhibitions, and has been a member of the 
American water-color society since its foundation 
in I860. He was elected to the National academy 
of sciences in 1865, and in 1867 was vice-president 
of tie American association for the advancement 
of science. The results of his various researches 
are included in about sixty memoirs that have 
appeared in scientific journals, both in the United 
States and abroad, but ohiefly in the •* American 
Journal of Science." Sixteen of his most important 
memoirs were originally read before the National 
academy of sciences. Prof. Rood has published 
44 Modern Chromatics," a work that, besides pre- 
senting the fundamental facts as to perception of 
color, contains the results of numerous original in- 
vestigations on the subject (New York, 1881). 

ROORBACK, Orville Augustus, publisher, 
b. in Red Hook, Dutchess co., N. Y., 20 Jan., 1808; 
<L in Schenectady, N. Y., 21 June, 1861. He was 
educated in Albany, opened a book-store in Charles- 
ton, S. CL, about 1826, and was engaged in business 
there till 1845. During the latter part of that 
time he also carried on the book trade in New 
York city, whither he removed in 1845, and con- 
tinued in that business till 1855, when he began to 
publish and edit the " Booksellers' Medium. He 
compiled and arranged the " Bibliotheca Ameri- 
cana,'' a catalogue of American publications, in- 
cluding reprints and original works from 1820 till 
1861 (4 vols.. New York, 1852-'61). 

ROOSA. Daniel Bennett Si John (ro'-zah), 
physician, b. in Bethel Sullivan co., N. Y., 4 April, 
1888. His ancestor, Isaac, was a captain in the 
Continental army during the Revolution. Daniel 
entered Yale in 1856, but left on account of the 
failure of his health, subsequently studied chemis- 
try under Dr. John W. Draper in New York city, was 
graduated at the medical department of the Univer- 
sity of New York in 1860, and became resident phy- 
sician in the New York hospital in 1862. He stud- 
ied abroad in 1868, devoting himself especially to 
ophthalmology and otology, and in 1864 settled in 
practice in New York city. He was professor of 
the diseases of the eye ana ear in the medical de- 
partment of the University of the city of New York 
from 1868 till 1882, occupied the same chair in the 
University of Vermont in 187&-'80, was a founder 
of the Manhattan eve and ear hospital, and is now 
<1888) professor of those diseases in the New York 
post-graduate medical school, of whose faculty he 
is president. Dr. Roosa is a successful practitioner, 
eminent as a surgeon, and an acknowledged au- 
thority in the branch of his profession to which he 
has devoted himself, having performed the most 
difficult and delicate operations that occur in the 

Srosecution of his specialty. He was president of 
tie International otologics! society in 1876, and of 
the New York state medical society in 1879. Yale 
gave him the honorary degree of A. M. in 1872, and 
the University of Vermont that of LL. D. in 1880. 
He has translated from the German " Troltsch on 
the Ear" (New York, 1863), and, with Dr. Charles 
E. Hackley, "Stellwag on the Eye" (1867); and is 
the author of " Vest- Pocket Medical Lexicon " (New 
York, 1865); " Treatise on the Ear," republished in 



London and translated into German (1866); "A 
Doctor's Suggestions" (1880); and " On the Neces- 
sity of Wearing Glasses " (Detroit, 1887). 

ROOSEVELT, Nicholas J, inventor, b. in New 
York city, 27 Dec, 1767; d. in Skaneateles, N. Y., 
80 July, 1854. His ancestors were early citizens of 
New York. His father, Isaac, was a member of the 
New York provincial congress, the legislature, and 
the city council, and for many years was president 
of the Bank of New York. Nicholas was carefully 
educated. His connection with the invention of 
vertical steamboat paddle-wheels is described by 
John H. B. Latrobe in his " Lost Chapter in the His- 
tory of the Steamboat " (Baltimore, Md., 1871). Mr. 
Latrobe's investigations show that, soon after the 
evacuation of New York by the British, Roosevelt 
returned to New York from Esopus, where he then 
resided, and where he had made a small wooden 
boat, across which was an axle projecting over the 
sides with paddles at the ends, made to revolve by a 
tight cord wound around its middle by the reaction 
of hickory and whalebone springs. In New York 
he engaged in manufacturing and inventing in that 
city, subsequently became interested in the Schuy- 
ler copper-mines in New Jersey on the Passaic 
river, and from a model of Josiah Horn blower's at- 
mospheric machine completed a similar one, built 
engines for various purposes, and constructed those 
for the water-works of Philadelphia. He was also 
at the same time under contract to erect rolling- 
works and supply the government with copper 
drawn and rolled for six 74-gun ships. In 1797, 
with Robert R. Livingston and John Stevens, he 
agreed to build a boat on joint account, for which 
the engines were to be constructed by Roosevelt, 
and the propelling agency was to be tnat planned 
by Livingston. This experiment failed, the speed 
attained being only equivalent to about three miles 
an hour in still water. On 6 Sept, 1798, Roose- 
velt had fully described to Livingston a vertical 
wheel, which he earnestly recommended. This is 
the first practical suggestion of the combination 
that made steam navigation a commercial success, 
although four years later Robert Fulton believed 
that chains ana floats were alone to be relied on. 
Livingston, however, had replied to Roosevelt's 
proposition on 28 Oct., 1798, tnat M vertical wheels 
are out of the question." But in the spring of 1802, 
Livingston having communicated Roosevelt's plan 
to Fulton, they adopted the former's view, and in 
January of the next year launched a boat that was 
propelled by Roosevelt's vertical wheels. Roose- 
velt in the mean time became greatly embarrassed 
financially, the government failed to fulfil its con- 
tract with him, and he was unable to put his plans 
in operation. In 1809 he associated nimself with 
Fulton in the introduction of steamboats on the 
western waters, and in 1811 he built and navigated 
the " New Orleans," the pioneer boat that descend- 
ed the Ohio and Mississippi rivers from Pittsburg 
to New Orleans in fourteen days, he having pre- 
viously descended both rivers in a flat-boat to ob- 
tain information. In January, 1815, he applied to 
the legislature of New Jersey for protection as the 
inventor of vertical wheels, for which he had ob- 
tained letters-patent from the United States in De- 
cember, 1814. The legislature, after discussion, de- 
cided that " it was inexpedient to make any special 
provision in connection with the matter in contro- 
versy before the body," and there the matter rested. 
Roosevelt's papers came into the possession of 
Richard S. Cox, his executor, from whom they were 
obtained in 1828, and from these, with others from 
the papers of Chancellor Livingston, a case was 
prepared and submitted to Roger B. Taney, which 



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ROOSEVELT 



ROOSEVELT 



had been already submitted to William Wirt, and, 
both opinions being favorable, a suit was about to 
be begun when the consideration of the great ex- 
pense involved in its prosecution caused trie whole 
matter to be abandoned. Roosevelt had by this 
time retired from active life, residing with his fam- 
ily at Skaneateles. In the case submitted for Mr. 
Wirt's opinion, it is said that Fulton never made 
oath to the application for a patent for vertical 
wheels over the sides; and that the application 
itself was signed by another person — a statement 
that would seem to be corroborated to a great ex- 
tent by Fulton's own account of his invention in 
an interview with B. H. Latrobe on 7 Feb,, 1809, 
when the latter was endeavoring to bring about 
what subsequently took place — a connection between 
Fulton ana Roosevelt in regard to the introduction 
of steamboats on the western waters. " I have no 
pretensions," said Fulton, " to be the first inventor 
of the steamboat Hundreds of others have tried 
it and failed. Neither do I pretend to the right to 
navigate steamboats, except in New York. . . . 
That to which I claim an exclusive right is the 
so proportioning the boat to the power of the en- 
gine and the velocity with which the wheels of the 
boat, or both, move with the maximum velocity 
attainable by the power, and the construction of 
the whole machine." In the same conversation 
Mr. Fulton said : " As to Mr. Roosevelt, I regard 
him as a noble-minded, intelligent man, and would 
do anything to serve him that I could." — His 
nephew, Cornelias Tan Schalk, merchant, b. in 
New York city, 80 Jan., 1794 ; d. in Oyster Bav, 
L. I., 17 July, 1871, inherited a large fortune, stud- 
ied at Columbia, but was not graduated, and, en- 
gaging in business, was a successful merchant 
For forty-seven years. During the latter part of 
his life he devoted a portion of his large income 
to charity.— Cornelius's son, Robert Barnwell, 
congressman, b. in New York city, 7 Au£., 1829, 
was admitted to 
the bar in 1850. 
While in prac- 
tice he also con- 
tributed to the 
magazines, was 
an enthusiastic 
sportsman, and 
organized several 
clubs to restrain 
the indiscrimi- 
nate slaughter of 
game. During the 
civil war he was 
an active Demo- 
crat, and a found- 
er of the allot- 
/"V ^^ ^tfV men t commission 

Cs4>i^y~^ Ox*-^aaa€%s¥- — - and the Loyal na- 
tional league. He 
founded the New York state fishery commission 
in 1867, and was appointed one of the three fish 
commissioners, on which he has served without 
a salary. The reports of that body were prepared 
chiefly by him, and have led to the appoint- 
ment of similar commissions in other states. His 
first experience in politics was in the organiza- 
tion of the Citizens' association at the time of the 
Tweed ring administration in New York city. He 
was a founder of the Committee of seventy, and 
first vice-president of the Reform club. With 
Charles G. Halpine he edited the "Citizen," the 
organ of that association, and after Halpine's death 
succeeded to the sole charge of the paper. In 1870 
he was chosen to congress as a Democrat. Al- 



though the pressure of anti-Tammany Democratic 
organizations forced Tammany Hall to approve his 
nomination, he denounced the measures of the cor- 
rupt clique. In May, 1888, he was appointed U. S. 
minister to the Netherlands, whereupon he re- 
signed the office of fish commissioner, giving, in 
his letter to the governor, a review of what had 
been accomplished during his twenty years of 
service. He was instrumental in establishing paid 
fire and health departments in New York city, 
was a commissioner of the Brooklyn bridge, and 
for many years served as president of the Fish 
culture association, of that for the protection of 
game, of the New York 'sportsman's club, of the 
International association for the protection of 
game, of the Holland trust company, a founder 
of the Lotus and Arcadian clubs, and a member of 
the American association for the advancement of 
science. He has published "The Game Fish of 
North America" (New York, 1860); "The Game 
Birds of the North " (1866); " Superior Fishing" 
(1866); "Florida and the Game Water Birds' 9 
(1868) ; " Five Acres too Much," a satire on ama- 
teur farming that was provoked by Edmund Mor- 
ris's "Ten Acres Enough" (1869); "Progressive 
Petticoats," a humorous illustration of modern 
medical habits (1871) ; and edited the " Political 
Works of Charles G. Halpine," with a memoir 
(1869). — Another son of Cornelius, Theodore, mer- 
chant, b. in New York city, 22 Sept., 1831 ; <L there, 
9 Feb., 1878, joined the firm of Roosevelt and Co., 
glass importers, and continued in that business 
till 1876, when he established a banking-house. 
President Hayes appointed him collector of the 
port of New York, Dut he was not confirmed by 
the senate. For many years he devoted much of 
his fortune to charity, contributed large sums to 
the Newsboys' lodging-house and the Young men's 
Christian association, was a founder of the Orthopae- 
dic hospital, under the care of the Children's aid so- 
ciety, organized the Bureau of united charities, and 
was a commissioner of the State board of charities. 
He was a director of the Metropolitan museum of 
art and of the Museum of natural history. — Theo- 
dore's son, Theodore, author, b. in New York city, 
27 Oct., 1868, was graduated at Harvard in 1880, 
and the next year was elected to the New York as- 
sembly as a Republican. He led the minority dur- 
ing the session of 1882, was active in reform meas- 
ures, and on his re-election in 1888 was largely in- 
strumental in carrying out the state civil-service 
reform law, and an act for regulating primary 
elections. As chairman of the committee on cities 
in 1884, he succeeded in abolishing the fees of the 
county clerk and register, and in providing for 
their payment by salaries, curtailing abuses in the 
sheriff's and surrogate's offices, and securing the 
passage of a bill that deprived aldermen of the pow- 
er to confirm appointments to office, and centred 
in the mayor the responsibility of administering 
municipal affairs. He was chairman of the New 
York delegation to the National Republican con- 
vention in 1884, and an unsuccessful candidate for 
mayor of New York in 1886. He has spent much 
of his time in the west, exploring the country and 
hunting big game. He is the president of the Boone 
and Crockett club, of New York, and a member 
of the London Alpine club, and is a trustee of the 
American museum of natural history, and on the 
board of the State charities aid association. To- 
gether with his brother he has continued his father's 
work in the Newsboys' lodging-house. He has pub- 
lished " History of the Naval War of 1812" (New 
York, 1882); "Hunting Trips of a Ranchman" 
(1883); "Life of Thomas H. Benton" (Boston, 



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1887); and "Life of Gouverneur Morris," in the 
M American Statesmen Series " (1888) ; also " Ranch 
life and the Hunting Trail n (New York, 1888).— 
Cornelius's brother, James John, jurist, b. in New 
York citv, 14 Dec., 1795; d. there, 5 .April, 1875, 
was graduated at Columbia in 1815, admitted to 
the bar in 1818, and became the partner of Peter 
Jay. He early identified himself with the Demo- 
cratic party, and was active in the canvass of Gen. 
Jackson for the presidency in 1828. He retired 
temporarily from professional life in 1880, went to 
Europe, and was in Paris during the disturbances 
that followed the revolution. He resumed practice 
on his return in 1881, was a member of the legis- 
lature in 1885 and 1839-'40, and in 1841-*8 sat in 
congress, but declined renomi nation in 1844. He 
then went abroad again and studied foreign law 
in the courts of England, Holland, and France. 
He became a justice of the state supreme court in 
1851, during one term was ex-officio judge of the 
state court of appeals, resigned in 1859 to become 
U. S. district attorney for southern New York, 
and retired in 1860. — His wife, Cornelia, was the 
daughter of Cor- 
nelius P. Van Ness, 
of Vermont, and 
a leader in New 
York society. She 
did good service 
in organizing hos- 
pital and charita- 
Dleassociations for 
the aid of the Na- 
tional troops dur- 
ing the civil war, 
and was subse- 
quently active in 
benevolent enter- 
prises in New York 
city. — Cornelius's 
cousin, James 

<J4c,<&.&**u*u £KuffiS«; 

York city, 10 Nov., 
1800; d. there, 80 Nov., 1868, was graduated at 
Columbia in 1819, and studied law, but was pre- 
vented by delicate health from practising. He 
never married, and the fortune that he inherited 
was not large, but by investments in real estate, and 
a simple and unostentatious manner of living, he 
accumulated the sum that he intended from his 
early manhood to leave for some charitable object 
Bv the terms of his will he left the principal part 
of his estate to found a noble hospital in New York 
city which bears his name, and was formally opened, 
2 Nov., 1871. The property left by him was valued 
at about $1,000,000, but, in the interval of eight 
years between his death and the opening of the 
hospital, the estate had been so administered by 
the trustees that the principal aggregated at least 
$1,000,000 exclusive of thegrouna upon which the 
buildings were erected in West 59th street, and, as 
the buildings themselves represented an expendi- 
ture of about $950,000. the property is now (1888) 
worth $2,000,000. On the tablet that is placed to 
his memory in Roosevelt hospital is inscribed : " To 
the memory of James Henry Roosevelt, a true son 
of New York, the generous founder of this hospital, 
a man upright in his aims, simple in his life, and 
sublime in his benefaction." — Cornelius's grandson, 
Hllborne Lewis, organ-builder, b. in New York 
city, 21 Dec, 1849; d. there, 80 Dec, 1886, entered 
an organ-factory in early youth, and subsequently 
studied his trade in Eurone from an artistic stand- 
point, especially in regard to electric inventions as 



applied to organ-manufacture. On his return to 
New York he engaged in business to a large ex- 
tent, established factories in that city, Philadel- 
phia, and Baltimore, and built some of the largest 
organs in the United States, including that in Gar- 
den City cathedral, Long Island, Grace church, 
New York citv, each of which contains twenty 
miles of electric wire, that in Trinity church, New 
York, and the organ in the main building of the 
Philadelphia centennial exposition. He was widely 
known among electricians, invented several impor- 
tant details of the telephone, enjoyed a royalty for 
many years in the telepnone-switch, and was largely 
interested in the Bell telephone company. 

ROOT, David, clergyman, b. in Pomfret, Vt, 
in 1790 ; d. in Chicago, 111., 80 Aug., 1878. He 
was graduated at Middiebury in 1816, entered the 
ministry, and was pastor successively of Presbyte- 
rian churches in Georgia and Cincinnati, Ohio, and 
of the Congregational church in Dover, N. H. In 
the latter city ne identified himself with the Anti- 
slavery party, which he served with such devotion 
that he suffered persecution both there and in Wa- 
terbury, Conn., whence he subsequently removed. 
He then held pastorates in Guilford ana New Ha- 
ven, Conn., till 1852, when he retired. He gave 
$10,000 to endow a professorship in Beloit college, 
Wis., $20,000 to Yale theological seminary, and 
$5,000 to the American missionary society. 

ROOT, Elihu, lawyer, b. in Clinton, Oneida co., 
N. Y., 15 Feb., 1845. His father, Oren, was pro- 
fessor of mathematics in Hamilton college from 
1849 till 1885. The son was graduated there in 
1864. adopted the profession of law, and settled in 
New York citv, where he has attained high reputa- 
tion. In 1888-'5 he was U. S. district attorney for 
the southern district of New York. 

ROOT, Erastas, congressman, b. in Hebron, 
Conn., 16 March, 1778; d. in New York city, 24 
Dec, 1846. He was graduated at Dartmouth in 
1798, studied law in 
his native town, and 
in 1796 settled in 
practice in Delhi, 
N. Y. He was in the 
legislature in 1798- 
1802, and a mem- 
ber of congress in 
1808-'5, in 1809-'ll, 
in 181 2-' 15, and in 
1881-*8. He was sub- 
sequently returned re- 
peatedly to the as- 
sembly, was lieuten- 
ant-governor in -1820- 
•2, and state senator 
inl840-'4. For many 
years he was major- ^ 
general cf state mili- fr *£• /ft) r*~ 

tia. Mr. Root was an CPOrOdZtOf c/Urtfl 
ardent Democrat of 

the George Clinton school and an able and popu- 
lar politician. Halleck celebrated him in one of 
the "Croakers." Mr. Root published "Addresses 
to the People " (New York, 1824). 

ROOT, George Frederick, musician, b. in Shef- 
field, Berkshire co., Mass., 80 Aug., 1820. While 
working on his father's farm he found opportunity 
to learn unaided to play several musical instru- 
ments, and in his eighteenth year he went to Bos- 
ton, where he soon found employment as a teacher 
of music. From 1839 till 1844 ne gave instruction 
in the public schools of the city and was also di- 
rector of music in two churches. He then went to 
New York and soon was occupied in teaching mu- 



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ROSAS 



tic at Tartans educational institutions. In 1860 he 
went to Paris, where he spent a year in study. 
After his return he published in 1868 his first 
•song, " Hazel Dell/' which became very popular. 
It appeared as the work of " Wursel." the German 
equivalent of his family name, and the same pen- 
name appeared on many of his later pieces. Many 
of the numerous songs that Dr. Root has written 
have achieved a national popularity. Among them 
are a Rosalie, the Prairie-Flower" (1866); "Battle 
€ry of Freedom " (1861) ; " Just Before the Battle, 
Mother" (1868); "Tramp, Tramp, Tramp, the 
Boys are Marching " (1864); "The Old Folia are 
Gone n ; " A Hundred Years ago " ; ** Old Potomac 
Shore"; and the well-known quartet, "There's 
Music in the Air." His cantatas include "The 
Flower -Queen" (1853) and "The Haymakers" 
(1867). He was the originator of the normal mu- 
sical institutes, and when the first one was held at 
New York in 1852 was one of the faculty. Since 
1860 he has resided in Chicago, where in 1872 the 
degree of Doctor of Music was conferred on him by 
the university of that oity By his compositions 
and his work as a teacher he has done much to- 
ward elevating the standard of music in this coun- 
try. Besides his numerous songs he has composed 
much sacred music and published many collections 
of vocal and instrumental music He is also well 
known as an author, his work in that line com- 
prising " methods " for the piano and organ, hand- 
books on harmony and teaching, and innumerable 
articles for the musical press. — His son, Frederic 
Woodman, musician, b. in Boston, 18 June, 1846, 
began his musical education under his father, and 
studied also with William Mason and James Flint, 
and took vocal lessons with Carlo Basaini, of 
New York, and Vannucdni, of Florence. During 
1869-'70 he studied and travelled in Europe, and 
since his return he has been occupied in teaching, 
composing, and conducting. From 1866 till 1871 
he was in the employof Root and Cadv, the Chicago 
music publishers. His compositions include songs, 
cantatas, an operetta, and other pieces. He has 
been very successful as a teacher of vocal music, 
and has published "Root's School of Singing" 
{Cincinnati, 1878). From 1871 till 1875 he edited 
the " Song Messenger." 

ROOT, Jesse, member of the Continental con- 
gress, b. in Coventry, Conn., 28 Dec, 1786 : d. there, 
29 March, 1822. He was graduated at Princeton 
in 1756 and preached several years, but in 1768 
was admitted to the bar and settled in Hartford, 
Conn. Early in 1777 he raised a company, with 
whioh he joined Washington's army at Peekskill, 
and was made lieutenant-colonel. He was a dele- 
gate to the Continental congress in 1778-'83, 
was appointed a judge of the superior court in 
1789, and was chief justice of Connecticut in 1796- 
1807. He subsequently was a member of the legis- 
lature and of the American and Connecticut acade- 
mies of arts and sciences. He published " Reports 
of Cases Adjudged in the Courts of Errors of Con- 
necticut" (2 vols., Hartford, 1789-1802). 

ROPES, John Codman, author, b. in St. Pe- 
tersburg, Russia, 28 April, 1886. His father, a 
merchant, resided in St. Petersburg in 1882-7. 
The son was graduated at Harvard in 1857 and at 
the law-school in 1861, and since has practised his 
profession. Air. Ropes has taken much interest in 
military history. He has contributed to the pub- 
lications of the Military historical society of Mas- 
sachusetts and to periodicals, and is the author of 
" The Army under Pope," in ** Campaigns of the 
Civil War ''(New York, 1881), and "The First Na- 
poleon, a Sketch, Political and Military" (1885). 



ROSA OF LIMA. Santa, Peruvian nun, b. m 
Lima, 80 April, 1586; <L there, 24 Aug., 1617. 
Her secular name was Isabel Flores, and she was 
the daughter of a member of the viceroys! guard 
of arquebusiers. She showed great piety in early 
life, and, to avoid hearing the praises of her beauty, 
disfigured her face with oil of vitriol. By her ex- 
emplary conduct she won the admiration of the 
church authorities, and was permitted to enter a 
convent without the usual dowry. She united with 
the Dominican order in 1602, and led for fifteen 
years an austere life, which brought about her early 
death. Her funeral was attended by all the au- 
thorities of Lima, and the archbishop pronounced 
a panegyric on her in the cathedral, 26 Aug., 1617. 
Soon after her death, efforts were made by the 
Peruvian church to push claims for her canonisa- 
tion, and it was decreed by Clement X. in 167L 
See " Vita, Sancte Rose," by the Dominican Hansen 
(2 vols., Rome, 1664-81 and " Concentus Domini- 
cano, Bononiensis ecclesie in album Sanctorum 
Ludovici Bertrandi et Rosa? de Sancta Maria, ordi- 
nem prwdicatorum," by Vicente Orsini, afterward 
Pope Benedict XIII. (Venice, 1674). 

ROSAS, Joan Manuel de (ro'-sas), Argentine 
dictator, b. in Buenos Ayres, 80 March, 1798 ; d. 
in Swathling, Southampton, England, 14 March, 
1877. He belonged to a noble family that owned 
large cattle farms, but he received only a limited 
education, and from his youth took part in the 
work of nis father's farm. During the English 
invasion he served until the evacuation of Buenos 
Ayres and Montevideo, when he returned to the 
country to take charge of his father's property. 
When Gov. Rodriguez, of Buenos Ayres, was threat- 
ened with invasion in 1820 by the governors of 
Santa Fe* and Entre Rios, he appointed Rosas cap- 
tain of militia, and the latter, with a force of 600 
?iuchos, assisted in the battles of San Nicolas and 
avon. Afterward he was appointed commander- 
in-chief of the southern frontier against the Pam- 
pas Indians. Under President Rivadavia he was 
appointed commander-in-chief of all the forces of 
the province of Buenos Ayres, but later he joined 
the insurrectionary forces against the government, 
and Rivadavia resigned in consequence. He was 
a sustainer of the Federal administration of Dor- 
rego, and when the government of the latter was 
overthrown by Lavalie, Rosas joined the forces of 
Gov. Lopez against Lavalie. The legislature of 
Buenos Ayres appointed Rosas governor on 6 Dec*, 
1829. Although nominally he sustained the Fed- 
eral principle, nis government soon became arbi- 
trary, and numerous executions of his political 
enemies took place by his orders. At the expira- 
tion of his term in December, 1882, he resigned in 
the expectation of being re-elected, but the legisla- 
ture took him at his word and chose Gen. Balcarec 
Rosas immediately began an active opposition, and, 
tired of continual strife, Balcarec resigned in 1888, 
as also did his successor, Col. Viamonte, soon after- 
ward. Several other governors were elected by 
the legislature, but, fearing the vengeance of Rosas, 
were afraid to accept, so that the president of the 
legislature, Manuel Vicente Maza, took charge pro- 
visionally of the executive. The representatives of 
the province elected Rosas governor in 1885 with 
extraordinary powers, and on 18 April he began a 
tyrannical dictatorship, which ended only with his 
night in 1852. Soon he formed alliances with some 
of the governors of the interior, and those that re- 
sisted his authority he vanquished, so that he be- 
came arbiter of the destiny of all the Argentine 
Republic. Two of the principal Federal chiefs, 
Quiroga and Lopez, died suddenly, and it was sus- 



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ROSCIO 



321 



pected that Rosas caused their death. He now •re- 
mained undisputed chief of his party, and turned 
his attention against the Centralization party, or 
Unitarians, whom he persecuted cruelly. When 
Oribe's government fell there, in October, 1838, and 
President Rivera favored the Argentine refugees, 
Rosas declared war against him. and in July, 1889, 
invaded the territory of that republic with 7.000 
men. Although his army was at first defeated, and 
Gen. Laval le invaded the Argentine at the head 
of an army, Rosas organized a force the command 
of which he gave to Gen. Oribe, and began a war 
against the Unitarian chiefs of the interior, and a 
price was set on their heads. A law was promul- 
gated that every one, male and female, should use 
a red ribbon as the badge of the Federal party, 
and all political documents were headed with the 
words " Long live the holy federation ; death to the 
savage Unitarians." In January, 1843, Gen. Oribe, 
at the head of an Argentine army of 14,000 men, 
invaded the republic of Uruguay again, and the 
siege of Montevideo, which lasted for nearly nine 
years, began. France and England interfered, and 
the blockade of Buenos Ayres began on 18 Sepk, 
1845, but Rosas resisted the demands of the allies 
until, in November, 1849, a treaty favorable to the 
•dictator was signed. This treaty left the naviga- 
tion of La Plata, Uruguay, and upper Parana 
rivers entirely in the hands of the province of Bue- 
nos Ayres, excluding even the interior provinces, 
and this caused general dissatisfaction, especially 
in the river provinces of Entre Riosand Corrientes. 
The governor of the former, Gen. Urquiza, pub- 
lished a manifesto on 1 May, 1851, inviting alt the 
provinces to throw off the yoke of the dictator, and 
on 29 May he concluded an offensive and defensive 
alliance with Brazil and Uruguay. Assisted by the 
money and array of Brazil, he marched against 
Rosas's array in Uruguay, and after he had de- 
feated Oribe the troops of the latter joined him. 
Re-enforced in this manner, and assisted by the 
Brazilian fleet, he marched with 80,000 men against 
Buenos Ayres. Rosas, with an army of about 
equal force, was intrenched at Palermo and Santos 
Lugares, but at the first attack of Urquiza his 
troops wavered. They were defeated, 8 Feb., 1852, 
at Monte Caseros, and Rosas escaped on board a 
foreign vessel to England, where he afterward 
lived in retirement In 1859 the Argentine con- 
gress ordered proceedings to be instituted against 
him, and on 17 April, 1861, sentence was pro- 
nounced, condemning him to death as a " pro- 
fessional murderer and famous robber." In this 
trial 2,034 assassinations, by his personal orders, 
were proved against him, while the historian, Jose 
Rivera Indarte (q.v.\ gives a detailed account of 
22,405 victims of Rosas s policy. 

ROSATI, Joseph, R. C. bishop, b. in Son, Italy, 
80 Jan., 1789 ; <L in Rome, 25 Sept, 1843. He be- 
came a member of the Lazarist order, and studied 
philosophy and theology in their seminary of Monte 
Citorio, Rome. He devoted himself, with great 
zeal to the spiritual improvement of the prisoners 
in the city, and at the same time became noted as 
a pulpit orator. He gave his leisure to the study 
of the English language, and when Bishop Dubourg, 
of New Orleans, invited him to come to the United 
States, ho accepted without hesitation, and landed in 
Baltimore on 23 July, 1816. After spending nearly 
a year in Louisville, Ky., he went to St Louis on 17 
Oct., 1817, designing to found a Lazarist college, 
but, after consultation with Bishop Dubourg, it was 
decided to establish the institution in the Barrens, 
Perry county, Mo. Here Father Rosati and his 
brother Lazarists erected a rude building with their , 
vol. v. — 21 



own hands. It was ready to receive students in 
1819, and he was appointed its first superior, at the 
same time filling the chairs of logic and theology. 
From this beginning was developed St Mary s 
college and seminary at the Barrens, which after- 
ward took high rank. He was made superior of 
the Lazarists in- the United States in 1826, and in 
1823 rebuilt his seminary on a larger scale. The 
same year he obtained a colony of Sisters of Loretto 
to take charge of an academy and a home for In- 
dian girls. In March, 1824, he was made coadjutor 
of Bishop Dubourg, and in 1827 he was appointed 
bishop of St. Louis, which had been erected the 
previous year into an episcopal see. He was also 
for some time administrator of the diocese of New 
Orleans, and retained the post of superior of the 
Lazarist order up to 1830. He co-operated with 
the Jesuits in founding St Louis university and 
the House of novices at Florissant, and introduced 
various sisterhoods. By his aid and patronage St. 
Louis hospital, said to have been the first of its 
kind in the United States, was established, and 
he also built a fine cathedral, which he consecrated 
in October, 1834. He attended the first four pro- 
vincial councils of Baltimore, and exercised much 
influence in their deliberations. Bishop Rosati was 
very successful in making converts to his church. 
In 1840 he sailed for Europe, and on his arrival in 
Rome he was appointed apostolic delegate to Hayti, 
to settle a controversy that had arisen between tnat 
republic and the court of Rome, and also to bring 
about a reorganization of the Haytian church. On 
his return to Rome the pope expressed his approval 
of the diplomacy of Bishop Rosati, who prepared 
to sail for the United States from a French port, 
but he fell sick in Paris, and was advised by his 
physicians to go back to Rome, where he died 
shortly after his arrival 

ROSBRUGH, John (rose'-bruh). clergyman, b. 
in Scotland in 1714 ; d. in Trenton, N. J., 2 Jan., 
1777. He came to this country about 1740, and 
after the death of his wife taught for some time 
and then entered Princeton, where he was gradu- 
ated in 1761. He studied theology under the Rev. 
John Blair, and was licensed to preach on 16 Aug., 
1763. His first field of labor was in Warren county, 
N. J., where in October, 1764, he was called to Mans- 
field, Oxford, and Greenwich, and was ordained 
at the latter place on 11 Dec. For five years 
he remained with this parish, but in 1769 he was 
transferred to the Forks of Delaware, Pa., where 
he remained for the rest of his life. During the 
Revolutionary war he joined with his neighbors in 
the formation of a military company, and on reach- 
ing Philadelphia was commissioned chaplain of the 
3d battalion of the Northampton county militia. 
He served during the campaign in New Jersey, and 
was taken prisoner in Trenton by a party of Hes- 
sians, who brutally murdered him. See "Ros- 
brugh : A Tale of the Revolution." by the Rev. 
John C. Clyde, D. D. (Easton, Pa., 1880). 

ROSCIO, Juan German (ros'-se-o), Venezuelan 
statesman, b. in Caracas in 1769 ; d. in Cucuta in 
1821. He was graduated in law at the University 
of Caracas in 1795, joined the revolutionists in 

1810, and was elected deputy to the congress of 

1811, edited the manifesto of the confederation of 
Venezuela, assisted in forming the Federal consti- 
tution, and in 1812 was appointed a member of 
the Federal executive. On the surrender of Gen. 
Miranda to the Spanish general, Monteverde, 
Roscio and other members of the executive were 
sent as prisoners to Cadiz. In 1814 he and three 
others escaped, and took refuge in Gibraltar, but 
the governor delivered them up to the Spanish 



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authorities. In 1810 he regained his liberty and 
went to Jamaica, and in 1818 to Philadelphia, 
where he wrote a work entitled "Triunfo ae la 
Libertad sobre el Despotismo." He returned to 
South America in 1818, and wrote for a Republican 
paper called " Correo del Orinoco.** He was soon 
appointed director of the revenues, and elected to 
the congress of 1810. At his death he was vice- 
president of Colombia. 

ROSE, Aqnlla. poet, b. in England in 1695 ; d. 
in Philadelphia, Pa., 22 Aug., 1728. He is de- 
scribed by Benjamin Franklin in his " Autobiogra- 
phy" as "an ingenious young man of excellent 
character, much respected in the town, secretary 
to the assembly, and a pretty poet** His writings 
were issued as M Poems on Several Occasions, by 
Aquila Rose: to which are prefixed some other 
Pieces writ to Him, and to his Memory* after his 
Decease. Collected and published by his Son, 
Joseph Rose " (Philadelphia, 1740}. 

ROSE, Chauncey, philanthropist, b. in Wethers- 
fleld, Conn., 24 Dec, 1794; d. in Terre Haute, 
Ind., 18 Aug., 1877. He was educated in the 
common schools of his district, and during the 
autumn of 1817 visited the states of Indiana, Illi- 
nois, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Alabama, looking 

for a place in 
which to re- 
side and en- 
gage in busi- 
ness. After 
spending the 
winter in Mt. 
Sterling, Ky., 
he settled in 
• April in Terre 
Haute, and 
soon after- 
r ward moved to 
f Parke county, 
where for six 
|f years he de- 
voted his at- 
- tention to mill- 

ing. In 1825 he returned to Terre Haute and en- 
tered business, becoming one of the most successful 
merchants of that region. His profits were judi- 
ciously invested in land, and he acquired a Large 
fortune. He was active in securing railway trans- 
portation in Indiana, and was the principal pro- 
moter of the Terre Haute and Indianapolis railroad. 
On the death of his brother John, he found that 
the will, if it were executed under the laws of New 
York, would not accomplish the clearly defined in- 
tentions of the testator. He accordingly instituted 
legal proceedings to have it set aside, and after six 
years of litigation succeeded in doing so. The 
estate was then valued at $1,600,000, to which he 
became sole heir. Although legally entitled to 
the money, he at once endeavored to carry out his 
brother's wishes and expended about $1,500,000 
in charities, principally in New York. Besides 
other sums, he contributed $12,000 to endow an 
academy in Wethersfield, and his gifts for philan- 
thropic purposes in Terre Haute and vicinity ex- 
ceed $1,000,000. Among the special objects of his 
interest were the Providence hospital, the Free dis- 
pensary, and the Rose orphan asylum, which he 
endowed with sufficient money to assure its per- 
manency. His chief benefaction was the build- 
ing ana equipment of Rose polytechnic institute 
(of which the principal building is shown in the 
accompanying illustration), to which he left the 
greater part of his estate, so that this institution 
has a productive capital, exclusive of the buildings, 



of at least $500,000. In 1874 it was organised aa 
the Terre Haute school of industrial science, with 
Mr. Rose as president of its board of managers, and 
in 1875 it assumed its present designation. Its 
chief purpose is to provide higher education in 
mechanical engineering, and it is the only separate 
school of its character in the western states. 

ROSE, Ernestine Louise Lasmond Potow- 
Sky. reformer, b. in Peterkoff, Poland, 18 Jan., 
1810. She was born of Jewishparentage, but early 
abandoned that creed. In 1829 she visited Eng- 
land, became a disciple of Robert Dale Owen, and 
soon afterward married William E. Rose. In 1836 
she came to New York and circulated the first pe- 
tition for the property rights of married women, 
there being in 1837 a bill pending in the New York 
legislature on this subject. Mrs. Rose lectured in 
the chief cities of the United States, and was a 
delegate from the National woman suffrage asso- 
ciation to the Woman's industrial congress in 
Berlin on 9 Nov., 1869. Later .she attended all of 
the woman*s-right8 conventions, and she has re- 
peatedly addressed legislative assemblies. She has 
lived for some time in France and England, and 
frequently speaks on religious topics, temperance, 
and the enfranchisement of women. 

ROSE, George Maclean, Canadian publisher, 
b. in Wick, Caithness-shire, Scotland, 14 March, 
1829. He was educated at the Presbyterian acade- 
my in his native place, and learned the printing 
trade in the office of the " John O'Groat Journal/* 
In 1851 he came to Canada, and in 1858, with his 
brother Henry, he established a small job-printing 
office in Montreal In 1856 the partnership was 
dissolved, and George, removing to Upper Canada, 
aided in founding the Merrickviile M Chronicle," 
and was also city editor of the London "Proto- 
type.** Since 1858 he has been in the printing busi- 
ness in Toronto and Montreal as manager or pro- 
prietor, and with his brother Daniel he now (1888) 
nas the most extensive publishing and printing es- 
tablishment in the Dominion. Mr. Rose has long 
been an active temperance reformer in the United 
States as well as in Canada. He was president of 
the Toronto board of trade in 1882, and for five 
years a director of the Ontario bank. A mong other 
books he has edited "The Life of Henry Ward 
Beecher ** (Toronto, 1887). 

ROSE, Sir John, bark, Canadian statesman, b. 
in Turriff, Aberdeenshire, Scotland, 2 Aug., 1820. 
He was educated at King's college, Aberdeen, and 
in 1886 he accompanied his parents to Canada, and 
settled with them in Lower Canada. He took an 
active part in suppressing the rebellion of 1887, 
taught for a time in the eastern townships, after- 
ward studied law in Montreal, was admitted to the 
bar in 1842, and soon had the largest commercial 

Sractice in the city. Mr. Rose was a member for 
lontreal in the Canada assembly from 1857 till 
1861, and for Centre Montreal from 1861 till the 
union, when he declined to be a candidate for that 
constituency, and was elected for Huntingdon, 
which he continued to represent until his retire- 
ment in 1869. He was solicitor-aeneral for Lower 
Canada from November, 1857, till August, 1858, a 
member of the executive council of .Canada from 
6 Aug., 1858, till June, 1861, and became receiver- 
general, 6 Aug., 1858. He was a second time so- 
ficitor-generalfor Lower Canada from 7 Aup., 1858. 
till 10 Jan., 1859, and commissioner of public works 
from 11 Jan., 1859, till 12 June, 1861, when he re- 
tired, owing to feeble health. In 1864 he was ap- 
pointed by the British government a commissioner 
ior the settlement of claims that arose under the 
Oregon treaty with the U. S. government. He be- 



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came a member of the privy council, 80 Not., 1867, 
and held the portfolio of minister of finance from 
that date until his retirement from public life in 
1869. He was a delegate to London, England, dur- 
ing the sitting of the 

colonial conference in 

1867, representing the 
Protestant educational 
interests of Lower Can- 
ada, and again in 1868 
as minister of finance 
on public business. He 
was requested by the 
governor -general, on 
behalf of the British 
government, to make a 
confidential examina- 
tion into the alleged 
grievances of the prov- 
ince of Nova scotia 
relative to the financial 
terms that were grant- 
ed it on its entering 
the Dominion, and rec- 
ommended the extend- 
ing of large financial 
concessions to the province. In 1869 he was selected 
by the government of Canada to confer with the U. S. 
government on the subject of reciprocal trade, the 
fisheries, copyright, patent laws, the navigation of 
the St Lawrence, and the extradition of criminals. 
In 1869 he removed to England, where he became a 
partner in the banking firm of Morton, Rose and 
Co., London, and was for several years afterward 
recognized as the unofficial representative of Can- 
ada in the British isles. Sir John Rose was re- 
quested in 1870 by the British government to go on 
a confidential mission to the United States, which 
led to the treaty of Washington. Since his resi- 
dence in London he has been a member of various 
royal commissions, and was chairman of the finance 
committee of the Colonial and Indian exhibition of 
1886. He was appointed by the Prince of Wales a 
trustee of the Royal college of music, and became 
a member of the council of the duchy of Cornwall, 
and on 24 July, 1888, its receiver-general In con- 
sideration of his public services he was created (in 
1870) a knight commander of the order of St. 
Michael and St George, advanced to the dignity of 
knight grand cross of the same order in 1878, cre- 
ated a baronet of the United Kingdom in 1872, and 
made a privy councillor in 1886. In 1848 he mar- 
ried Charlotte, daughter of Robert Emmet Temple, 
of Rutland. Vt, and after her death he marriea (2 
Jan.. 1887) Julia, Marchioness of Tweeddale. 

ROSE. Thomas Ellwood, soldier, b. in Bucks 
county, Pa., 12 March, 1830. He was educated in 
the common schools, entered the National army 
as a private in the 12th Pennsylvania regiment in 
April, 1861, became captain in the 77th Pennsyl- 
vania in October of the same year, was engaged at 
Shiloh, the siege and battles of Corinth and Mur- 
freesboro', became colonel in January, 1868, and 
fought at Liberty Gap and Chickamauga, where 
he was taken prisoner. He escaped at Weldon, 
N. C, was retaken the next day, and sent to Libby 
prison, Richmond, Va., on 1 Oct, 1868. He almost 
immediately began preparations to escape. With 
the aid of Maj. Archibald G. Hamilton, of the 12th 
Kentucky cavalry, he cut a hole in the solid ma- 
sonry of the kitchen fire-place largo enough to ad- 
mit a man's body into the cellar below, tneir only 
implements being a broken jack-knife and an old 
chisel found in the prison, and their time of work- 
ing between the hours of 10 p. u. and 4 a. m. This 



having been completed, a working-party of fifteen 
men was organized, under the command of Col. 
Rose, who undertook the most dangerous and 
arduous part of the task. They cut through the 
stone wall of the cellar, and dug a tunnel fifty feet 
long through an earthen embankment emerging 
at a point where the sentry could not see them, 
whence they found easy access to the street This 
work occupied nearly three months, and during 
much of tne time CoL Rose and Mai. Hamilton 
worked alone. On the night of 9 Feb., 1864, the 
tunnel was completed, and 109 soldiers escaped, of 
whom 48 were retaken, including CoL Rose. Rose 
was suffering from a broken ankle, and was in sight 
of the National lines when he was recaptured. He 
was again confined in Libby prison, but left there 
on 80 April, 1864, and was ordered to Columbus, 
Ohio, where he was formally exchanged on 20 May, 
1864, rejoined his regiment and served with it from 
6 June, 1864, until the close of the war, participat- 
ing in the engagements around Atlanta and in the 
battles of Columbia, Franklin, and Nashville. He 
was brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers "for 
gallant and meritorious service during the civil 
war" on 22 July, 1865, and major and lieutenant- 
colonel in the regular army on 2 March, 1867, for 
Liberty Gap and Chickamauga. He became cap- 
tain in the 11th infantry in 1866, and in 1870 was 
transferred to the 16th infantry. 

ROSEBRUGH, Abner Mo In oil and (rose- 
brew), Canadian physician, b. near Gait Ont, 8 Nov., 
1885. He was educated at Victoria college, Toron- 
to, and studied medicine in New York and Lon- 
don. He practised successfully in Toronto, and in 
1868 revived the Free dispensary of that city, which 
had been closed for want of funds, establishing it 
upon a firm basis, and in 1867 he organized the 
Toronto ear and eye infirmary. He has devoted 
his attention to medical electricity and ophthal- 
mology, and delivered lectures on the latter sub- 
ject at Victoria college in 1870-'l. In 1864 he in- 
vented a new demonstrating ophthalmoscope, and 
in that year he photographed the living fundus 
oculi. In 1865 he photographed the inverted reti- 
nal image of an object placed in front of the eye. 
In 1878 he, in association with a friend, Mr. G. 
Black, anticipated Van Rysselberghe in rendering 
practical the simultaneous transmission of tele- 
phonic and telegraphic messages on the same wire. 
He has published " An Introduction to the Study 
of the Optical Defects of the Eye " (1866) ? " Chlo- 
roform and a New Way of Administering It" 
(New York, 1869); "A Hand-Book of Medical 
Electricity " (1885) ; and a pamphlet on " Recent 
Advances in Electro-Therapeutics " (1887). 

ROSECRANS, William Starke, soldier, b. in 
Kingston, Ohio, 6 Sept, 1819. He was graduated 
at the U. S. military academy in 1842, standing 
fifth in his class, and entered the corps of engineers 
as brevet 2d lieutenant He served for a year as 
assistant engineer in the construction of fortifica- 
tion at Hampton Roads, Va , and then returned to 
the military academy, where he remained until 1847 
as assistant professor, first of natural and experi- 
mental philosophy, and then of engineering. Sub- 
sequently he served as superintending engineer in 
the repairs of Fort Adams, R. I., on surveys of 
Taunton river and New Bedford harbor, improve- 
ments of Providence and Newport harbors, and at 
the Washington navy-yard until 1 April, 1854, 
when he resigned, after attaining the rank of 1st 
lieutenant He then established himself in Cin- 
cinnati as an architect and civil engineer. In 
1855 he took charge of the Cannel coal company, 
Coal river, W. Va,, becoming also in 1856 presi- 



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ROSECRANS 



ROSECRANS 



dent of the Coal river navigation company, and in 
1857 he organized the Preston coal-oil company, 
manufacturing kerosene. At the beginning of the 
civil war he volunteered as aide to Gen. George B. 
McClellan, who was then commanding the De- 
partment of the Ohio, and assisted in organizing 
and equipping home-guards. He was appointed 
chief engineer of 
Ohio, with the rank 
of colonel, on 9 June, 
1861, and on 10 June 
was made colonel of 
the 23d Ohio volun- 
teers. Soon after 
organizing Camp 
Chase, at Columbus, 
Ohio, he received a 
commission as brig- 
adier-general in the 
regular army, to date 
from 16 May, 1861 ; 
he took the field with 
command of a pro- 
visional brigade un- 
x- y sO ^ er ^ en * McClellan 

". c7. SZ&i*4.6*ric4*0 in western Virginia. 
His first important 
action was that of Rich Mountain, which he won 
on 11 July, 1861. After Gen. McClellan's call to 
higher command, Rosecrans succeeded him, on 25 
July, in the Department of the Ohio, which con- 
sisted of western Virginia, Ohio, Michigan, and 
Indiana. He had command of the National forces, 
and defeated Gen. John B. Floyd at Carnifex Fer- 
ry, 10 Sept., 1861, and thwarted all Lee's attempts 
to gain a footing in western Virginia. These ser- 
vices were recognized by unanimous votes of thanks 
of the legislatures of Ohio and West Virginia, and 
in May ne was ordered to report to Gen. Henry 
W. Halleck, before Corinth, and given command 
of Gen. Eleazar A. Paine's and Gen. David Stan- 
lev's divisions in the Army of the Mississippi, with 
which he participated in the siege of Corinth. He 
succeeded Gen. John Pope in the command of the 
Army of the Mississippi, and with four brigades 
fought the battle of luka on 19 Sept., where he 
defeated Gen. Sterling Price, after which he re- 
turned to Corinth, where, anticipating an attack, 
he fortified the town, and on 3 and 4 Oct. defeated 
the Confederate army under Gen: Earl Van Dorn 
and Gen. Sterling Price, which he pursued for 
forty miles when ne was recalled. On 25 Oct. he 
was sent to Cincinnati, where he found orders 
awaiting him to supersede Gen. Don Carlos Buell, 
and was made commander of the Department of 
the Cumberland, which was to consist of whatever 
territory south of the Cumberland he should wrest 
from the enemy. This command he held from 27 
Oct., 1862, till 19 Oct., 1868, and during that time 
conducted a campaign remarkable for brilliant 
movements and heavy fighting. After reorgan- 
izing his army and providing twenty days' rations 
at Nashville, he advanced on the Confederate forces 
under Gen. Braxton Bragg, on Stone river, 30 Dec., 
1862. On the following morning the Confederates 
attacked the right wing of the National army and 
drove it back, while the left wing engaged the Con- 
federate right. Meanwhile Rosecrans was obliged to 
re-enforce nis right, and personally directed the re- 
formation of the wing, thereby saving it from rout, 
although not without very hard fighting, in which 
both sides lost heavily. Two days later the battle 
was renewed by a furious assault on the National 
lines, but After a sharp contest the enemy was 
driven back with heavy loss. Unwilling to engage 



in a general action, the Confederate army retreated 
to the line of Duck river, and the Army of the 
Cumberland occupied Murfreesboro*. This battle 
was one of the bloodiest in the war, and resulted 
in a loss of 9.511 by the National forces and 9,236 
by the Confederates. As soon as Vicksburg was 
beyond the reach of possible succor from Bragg, 
by a brilliant flank movement Rosecrans dislodged 
him from his intrenched camps at Shelbyville 
and Tullahoma, and in fifteen days, 24 June to 7 
July, 1863, drove him out of middle Tennessee. 
As soon as the railway was repaired, he occupied 
Bridgeport and Stevenson, From 7 July till 14 
Aug. railway bridges and trestles were rebuilt, 
the road and rolling-stock put in order, supplies 
pushed forward, and demonstrations made to con- 
ceal the point of crossing Tennessee river. From 
14 Aug. till 1 Sept he crossed the Cumberland 
mountains and the Tennessee river, and, threatening 
Bragg's communications, compelled him to with- 
draw from impregnable Chattanooga, 9 Sept., and 
retire behind the Chickamauga until Gen. Joseph 
E. Longstreet's arrival with his corps. Rosecrans 
concentrated his forces with the utmost despatch 
to meet the inevitable combat The battle was 
opened on the 19th by an attempt to gain posses- 
sion of the road to Chattanooga, continued through 
the day, and resulted in Rosecrans defeating the 
attempt and planting Gen. George H. Thomas's 
corps, re-enforced by Gen. Richard W. Johnson's 
ana Gen. John M. Palmer's divisions, firmly upon 
that road ; but during the night Longstreet came 
up, and was immediately given command of the 
Confederate left On the following morning the 
contest was renewed by a determined attack on 
the National left and centre. At this moment, 
by the misinterpretation of an order, Gen. Thomas 
J. Wood's division was withdrawn, leaving a gap 
in the centre, into which Gen. Longstreet pressed 
his troops, forced Jefferson C. Davis's two bri- 
gades out of the line, and cut off Philip H. Sheri- 
dan's three brigades of the right, all of which, 
after a gallant but unsuccessful effort to stem this 
charge, were ordered to re-form on the Dry Val- 
ley road at the first good standing-ground in rear 
of the position they had lost. The two divisions 
of Horatio P. Van Cleve and Davis, going to suc- 
cor the right centre, were partly shattered by this 
break, ana four or five regiments were scattered 
through the woods, but most of the stragglers 
stopped with Sheridan's and Davis's commands. 
The remainder, nearly seven divisions, were un- 
broken, and continued the fight. The gallant Gen. 
George H. Thomas, whose orders the night before, 
reiterated a few moments before this disaster, were 
to hold his position at all hazards, continued the 
fight with seven divisions, while Gen. Rosecrans 
undertook to make such dispositions as would 
most effectually avert disaster in case the enemy 
should turn the position by advancing on the Dry 
Valley road, ana capture the remaining commis- 
sary stores, then in a valley two or three miles to 
the west. Fortunately, this advance was not made, 
the commissary-train was pushed into Chattanoo- 
ga, the cavalry, ordered down, closed the ways 
behind the National right, and Gen. Thomas, after 
the most desperate fighting, drew back at night to 
Rossville in pursuance of orders from Gen. Rose- 
crans. On the 23d the army was concentrated at 
Chattanooga. The battle was a victory to the 
Confederates only in name ; for Chattanooga, the 
objective point of the campaign, remained in the 
possession of the National forces. The total Na- 
tional loss, in killed, wounded, and missing, was 
16.179; the Confederate loss, 17,804. Gen. Rose- 



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326 



orans was relieved of his command on 38 Oct, and 
he was assigned to the Department of the Missouri 
in January, 1864, with headquarters in St Louis, 
where he conducted the military operations that 
terminated in the defeat and expulsion from the 
state of the invading Confederate forces under 
Gen. Price. He was placed on waiting orders at 
Cincinnati on 10 Dec, 1864, mustered out of the 
volunteer service on 15 Jan., 1866, and resigned 
from the army on 28 March, 1867, after receiving 
the brevet of major-general in the regular army 
for his services at the cattle of Stone River. Later 
in 1867 he was offered the Democratic nomination 
for governor of California, but declined it He 
was appointed minister to Mexico on 27 July, 1868, 
and held that office until 26 June, 1869, when he 
returned to the United States, and declined the 
Democratic nomination for governor of Ohio. Sub- 
sequently he resumed the practice of engineering, 
and in 1872-'3 was engaged in an effort to initiate 
the construction of a vast system of narrow-gauge 
railways in Mexico, at the instance of President 
Juarez. He became president in 1871 of the San 
Jose mining company, and in 1878 of the Safety 
powder company in San Francisco. He was also 
intrusted with a charter for an interoceauic rail- 
way from the Gulf of Mexico to the Pacific, made 
by the Mexican republic under considerations urged 
by him when envoy to Mexico, and he was requested 
to use his influence to induce American railway 
building skill and capital to undertake the work. 
He memorialized congress to cultivate friendly and 
intimate commercial relations with Mexico, and to 
encourage and assist the material progress of that 
country : and at the instance of American and Eng- 
lish railway builders, and of President Juarez, he 
went to Mexico. He had for fifteen months so ably 
discussed in the newspapers the benefits of railway 
construction to Mexico that the legislatures of 
seventeen of the Mexican states passed unanimous 
resolutions urging their national congress to enact 
the legislation advocated, and the governors of six 
other states sent official recommendations to the 
same effect. In 1876 Gen. Rosecrans declined the 
Democratic nomination for congress from Nevada. 
He was elected as a Democrat to congress from 
California, served from 5 Dec., 1881, till 4 March, 
1885, and was appointed register of the U. S. 
treasury in June. 1885, which office he still (1888) 
holds. For a full account of the Tennessee cam- 
paigns, see Gen. Henry M. Cist's " Army of the 
Cumberland " (New York, 1882); "Rosecrans's 
Campaign with the 14th Army Corps, or the Army 
of the Cumberland," by W. D. Bickham' (Cincin- 
nati, 1868); and Van Home's " History of the 
Army of the Cumberland " (2 vols., Cincinnati, 
1875).— His. brother. Sylvester Horton, R. C. 
bishop, b. in Homer, Licking co., Ohio, 5 Feb., 
1827; d. in* Columbus, Ohio, 21 Oct., 1878, was 
graduated with distinguished honor at Kenvon 
college, Ohio, in 1845. A letter from his brother, 
Gen. Rosecrans, announcing the conversion of the 
latter to the Roman Catholic church, turned his 
thoughts in the same direction. He became a 
Roman Catholic in 1845, and entered St John's 
college, Fordham, N. Y., where he was graduated 
in 1846. He then affiliated himself with the dio- 
cese of Cincinnati, and was sent by Bishop Purcell 
to study theology in the College of the propa- 
ganda, Rome, where he received his doctor's de- 
gree in 1851. He was ordained in 1852, and re- 
turned immediately to the United States. For 
several months after his arrival he acted as pastor 
of the Church of St. Thomas in Cincinnati, and 
he was then appointed one of the pastors at the 



cathedral, which post he held till 1859. A col- 
lege was opened in that year for the education of 
Roman Catholic youths, of which Dr. Rosecrans 
was made president. He continued to reside in 
this institution until made bishop of Columbus. 
He also edited the " Catholic Telegraph," and spent 
much time in instructing the theological students 
of his diocese. On 25 March, 1862, ne was conse- 
crated as auxiliary of the archdiocese of Cincin- 
nati, under the title of bishop of Pompeiopolis. 
In 1868 the archdiocese was divided and a new 
see was erected at Columbus. Dr. Rosecrans was 
nominated first bishop, and took possession of his 
see on 8 March of the same year. Shortly after- 
ward the Academy of St. Mary's of the Springs 
was founded near Columbus, and the bishop began 
St Mary's cathedral, one of the first buildings in 
the city. He also erected St Aloysius's seminary, 
and through his initiative numerous other schools 
were founded. He was taken suddenly ill on Sun- 
day, 20 Oct, 1878, as he was about to enter his 
cathedral for vesper service, and died on the fol- 
lowing day. Bishop Rosecrans's life was one of 
great simplicity ana self-denial He lived in the 
orphan asylum, taught daily in the Academy of 
the Sacrea Heart, and went several times weekly 
to St. Mary's of the Springs for the same purpose. 
All that he had he gave to the poor, and he was 
often obliged to walk long distances, even when 
in delicate health, because he had not the money 
to pay his car-fare. All the money that was in his 
possession at his death was two silver half-dollars. 
ROSELIUS, Christian, lawyer, b. near Bre- 
men, Germany, 10 Aug., 1808 ; d. in New Orleans, 
5 Sept, 1878. His early education was limited to 
the elementary branches, and at sixteen he left his 
native land on board the bark " Jupiter "for New 
Orleans, having secured his passage by the sale of 
his services for a stated penod after his arrival, 
which was in July, 1820. He was employed for 
several years in a printing-office, and in 1825, with a 
partner, established 
and edited the first 
literary journal pub- 
lished in Louisiana. 
It was called "The 
Halcyon," and, fail- 
ing to prove remu- 
nerative, was aban- %Ar v ^^7 
doned for the study 
of the law, Mr. 
Roselius supporting 

himself at this pe- ^^ jXxm ^ 

riod by teaching. f/&M) M$W^ *'// 
His legal studies * ritAr r~ 
were pursued in fll/ f 

company with his 
friend, Alexander 

Dimitry, in the of- ff S71+5 P ' A 
fice of Aupuste De- *</ uV-wsuutsw 
vesac, beginning in 

December, 1826, and terminating in March, 1828, 
at which time he was admitted to practice by the 
supreme court, consisting of Judges Martin, Mat- 
thews, and Porter. His love of the civil law 
became a passion, and soon placed him in the 
front rank and eventually at the head of the 
Louisiana bar. In 1841 he was appointed attor- 
ney-general of the state and served for a term 
of two years. During the same decade he was 
honored with an invitation to become the law 
partner in Washington of Daniel Webster, which 
ne, however, declined, preferring to remain in the 
south. For many years he was dean of the faculty 
of the University of Louisiana, and for the last 




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ROSENGARTEN 



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twenty-three yean of his life professor of civil 
law. In 1868 he was offered the highest place in 
the reconstructed supreme court of the state; but 
he declined to accept the appointment unless the 
court should be secured from military interference. 
Mr. Roselius possessed one of the finest private 
libraries in the south. It was particularly rich in 
the Latin classics, of which he was a constant 
reader, and in Shakespeariana, of which he was a 
devoted student. He conversed equally well in 
English, French, and German. His house and 
spacious grounds at Carrollton, a suburb of the 
great city, was noted for its generous hospitality, 
few persons of distinction visiting New Orleans 
during the last two decades of his life without be- 
ing entertained by Mr. Roselius, who was a cheery 
and charming host. His hand and purse were 
always open to the unfortunate, and one of several 
visits to nis native land was for the sole purpose of 
aiding some of his less prosperous kinsmen. 

ROSENGARTEN, Joseph George, lawyer, b. 
in Philadelphia, Pa., 14 July, 1885. He was gradu- 
ated at the University of Pennsylvania in 1852, 
studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1856, 
studied in Heidelberg in 1857, and practised after 
his return to his native city. During the civil war 
he served on the staff of Gen. John P. Reynolds in 
the Army of the Potomac He has delivered nu- 
merous addresses before various literary and chari- 
table associations, including one before the Penn- 
sylvania historical society on the " Life and Public 
Services of Gen. John F. Reynolds" (Philadelphia, 
1880), and contributed frequently to periodicals. 
He is the author of " The German Soldier in the 
Wars of the United States " (Philadelphia, 1881). 

ROSENTHAL, Lewis, author, b. in Baltimore, 
M<L, 10 Sept, 1856. He was graduated at Dart- 
mouth in 1877, went to Paris, and was for four 
years a journalist and tutor. He has been a fre- 
quent writer for magazines and the daily press, and 
has published "America and France: tne Influ- 
ence of the United States in France in the Eight- 
eenth Century " (New York, 1882). 

ROSENTHAL, Max, artist, b. in Turck, Russian 
Poland, 23 Nov., 1888. In 1847 he went to Paris, 
where he studied lithography, drawing, and paint- 
ing with M. Thurwanger, with whom he came to 
Philadelphia, Pa., in 1849, where he completed his 
studies. He made the chromo-Uthograpnic plates 
for what is believed to be the first fully illustrated 
book by this process in the United States, " Wild 
Scenes and Wild Hunters.** In 1854 he drew and 
lithographed an interior view of the old Masonic 
temple in Philadelphia, the plate being 22 by 25 
inches, the largest chromo-lithograph that had been 
made in the country up to that time. He designed 
and executed the illustrations for various works, 
and during the civil war followed the Army of the 
Potomac, and drew every camp, up to the battle of 
Gettysburg. These drawings he reproduced at the 
time. Up to 1884 he did miscellaneous works, 
including about 200 lithographs of distinguished 
Americans. After 1884 he turned his attention to 
etching, and he has since executed 150 portraits of 
eminent Americans and British officers, together 
with numerous large plates, among which are 
44 Storm Approaches/' alter the painting by Henry 
Mosler, illustrations for several of Longfellow s 
poems, and original etchings entitled " Doris, the 
Shepherd's Maiden," and " Marguerite." He is a 
member of the Pennsylvania academy of fine arts, 
and one of the founders of the Sketch club. — His 
son, Albert, artist, b. in Philadelphia, 30 Jan., 1863, 
studied art under his father and at the Pennsylva- 
nia academy. He turned his attention to etching, 



and has become widely known for his work, which, 
like that of his father, includes numerous por- 
traits of American historical characters. He is a 
member of the Academy of fine arts, the Sketch 
club, and the Art students* union. 

ROSENTHAL, Toby Edward, artist, b. in 
New Haven, Conn., 15 March, 1848. He removed 
with his family to San Francisco in 1855, and began 
the study of art there under Fortunato Arriola in 
1864. The following year he went to Munich and 
became a pupil at the Royal academy, then studied 
under Carl Kaupp, and later (186&-*74) again at 
the academy, under Carl von Piloty. He gained 
medals in Munich in 1870 and 1888, and in Phila- 
delphia in 1876. Excepting some visits to his 
home, his professional liie has been spent in Eu- 
rope. His more important works are " Love's Last 
Offering" and 44 Spring's Joy and Sorrow " (1868) ; 
14 Morning Prayers in Bach s Family," which was 
bought by the Saxon government, and is now in 
the museum of Leipsic (1870); "Elaine" (1874); 
44 Young Monk in Refectory" (1875); "Forbidden 
Longings," 44 Who laughs Last laughs Best," and 
"Girls' Boarding-School Alarmed^ (1877); "A 
Mother's Prayer* (1881); "Empty Place " (1882) ; 
"Trial of Constance de Beverley" (1883); "De- 
parture from the Family " (1885) ; and " Dancing 
Lesson during the Empire." " Out of the Frying- 
Pan into the Fire," executed in 1871, is one of the' 
most popular of his works, and has been frequent- 
ly engraved. He has also painted some sixty por- 
traits, in Europe, and, during his visits in 1871 and 
1879-'80, in San Francisco. Very few of his works 
have been exhibited in this country. 

ROSIER, James, explorer, b. in Norfolk, Eng- 
land, about 1575 ; d. about 1685. He was gradu- 
ated at Cambridge, and was engaged by Lord 
Arundel, of Wardour, to accompany Capt George 
Wavmouth on his voyage, during which Rosier 
explored the coast of Maine and Penobscot river. 
On his return he published " A True Relation of 
the most properous voyage made this present yeare 
by Captaine George Waymouth in tne Discovery 
of the Land of Virginia : where he discovered 60 
miles of a most excellent River ; together with a 
most fertile land," written by James Rosier, 44 a 
Gentleman employed on the voyage" (London, 
1605), which is reprinted in volume iv. of " Purchas 
his Pilgrimmes" (1625). 

ROSS, Alexander, British soldier, b, in Scot- 
land in 1742; d. in London, 29 Nov., 1827. He 
entered the army as an ensign in the 50th. foot in 
February, 1760, served in Germany, came to this 
country as a captain in May, 1775, and was present 
at the principal battles of the war of the Revolu- 
tion. He became brevet major in 1781, was aide- 
de-camp to Lord Cornwallis, and represented him 
as commissioner to arrange the details of the sur- 
render of Yorktown. He afterward served as 
deputy adjutant-general in Scotland, went thence 
to India, and served in a similar capacity while 
Cornwallis commanded in that country. He at- 
tained the rank of general, 1 Jan., 1812. — His son, 
Charles, published "Correspondence of Charles. 
First Marquis Cornwallis; Edited with Notes" 
(London, 3 vols., 1859). This work throws much 
light on the services of the marquis in this country. 

ROSS, Alexander, author, b. in Nairnshire, 
Scotland, May, 1783; d. in Colony Gardens (now 
in Winnipeg, Manitoba), Red river settlement, Brit- 
ish North America, 23 Oct, 1856. He came to 
Canada in 1805, taught in Glengarry, U. C, and in 
1810 joined John Jacob Astor's expedition to 
Oregon. Until 1824 he was a fur-trader and in the 
service of the Hudson bay company. About 1825 



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he remored to the Bed river settlement and was a 
member of the council of Assineboia, and was 
sheriff of the Bed river settlement for several 
years. He was for fifteen years a resident in the 
territories of the Hudson bay company, and has 
given the result of his observations in the works 
" Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon 
or Columbia River ; being a Narrative of the Expe- 
dition fitting out by John Jacob Astor to establish 
the Pacific Pur Company, with an Account of some 
Indian Tribes on the Coast of the Pacific" (Lon- 
don, 1849); "The Pur-Hunters of the Far West, a 
Narrative of Adventures in the Oregon and Rocky 
Mountains" (2 vols., 1855); and "The Bed River 
Settlement, its Rise, Progress, and Present State " 
(1856).— His son, James, b. in Bed river settle- 
ment, Manitoba, 9 May, 1885; d. in Winnipeg, 
Manitoba, 20 Sept, 1871, was educated at St John's 
college. Bed river, and at Toronto university, 
where he was graduated with honors in 1857. In 
1858 he taught as assistant classical master in 
Upper Canada college, Toronto. In 1859, return- 
ing home, he was appointed postmaster, sheriff, 
and governor of the jail at Red river, was con- 
nected as part proprietor and editor with the 
"Nor'-wester" in l860-'4, subsequently as asso- 
ciate editor of the Hamilton " Spectator, and was 
also a writer on the Toronto " Globe." He was 
afterward admitted to the bar of Manitoba, in 
1870 was appointed chief justice of the provisional 

Sovernment under Louis Kiel, and is said to have 
rawn up the petition of right He was opposed 
to Riel'8 violent and arbitrary acts. 

ROSS, Alexander Coffman, merchant b. in 
Zanesville, Ohio, 81 May, 1812; <L there, 25 Feb, 
1883. He became a merchant in his native place, 
sang in a church choir, and in the presidential can- 
vass of 1840 was a member of a Whig glee-club. 
A friend having suggested that the tune " Little 
Pigs" would be a suitable chorus for a political 
song, Boss set himself to compose the song, and 
one Sunday during sermon-time produced •• Tippe- 
canoe and Tyler too." This was sung by his glee- 
club at a mass-meeting in Zanesville, and at once 
became popular. When he went to New York in 
September, to buy goods, he sang it at a great 
meeting in Lafayette hall, the audience tooK up 
the chorus, after the meeting it was repeated by 
crowds in the streets and about the hotels, ana 
thenceforth it was the most successful song of a 
canvass in which Gen. Harrison was said to have 
been sung into the White House. From a boy 
Mr. Boss was interested in scientific inventions, ana 
he is said to have produced the first daguerreotype 
ever made in this country. He was one of the 
most enterprising business men in Zanesville, and 
accumulated a large property. See " Our Familiar 
Songs, and Those who Made Them," by Helen K. 
Johnson (New York, 1881). 

BOSS, Alexander Milton, Canadian natural- 
ist b. in Belleville, Ont, 18 Dec., 1882. He at- 
tended school at Belleville till his eleventh year, 
when the death of his father compelled his re- 
moval. He evinced a great love for natural his- 
tory at an early age. In his .boyhood he came 
to New York city, and after struggling with many 
adversities became a compositor on the " Evening 
Post" William Cullen Bryant, its editor, was 
much interested in him, and remained his friend 
ever afterward. During this period he became 
acquainted with Garibaldi, who was then a resi- 
dent of New York; and in 1874 Boss was in- 
strumental in # securing a pension for Garibaldi 
from the Italian government In 1851 he began 
the study of medicine under the direction of Dr. 



Valentine Mott in New York, and after four years 
of unremitting toil, working as a compositor dur- 
ing the day and studying medicine at night, he 
received his degree of M. D. in 1855. Soon after 
Tiis graduation lie was appointed a surgeon in the 
forces in Nicaragua, under William Walker. In 
1856 he became actively engaged in the anti-slavery 
struggle in the United States, becoming a personal- 
friend of John Brown. During the civil war 
he served for a short time as a surgeon in the Na- 
tional army, and afterward he was employed by 
President Lincoln as confidential correspondent 
in Canada, where he rendered important services 
to the U. S. government receiving the thanks of 
the president and Sec Seward. At the close of 
the war Dr. Boss offered his services to President 
Juarez of Mexico, and received the appointment of 
surgeon in the Mexican army. After the over- 
throw of the empire he returned to Canada and 
began to collect and classify the fauna and flora of 
that country, a work that had never before been 
.attempted by a native. He has collected and clas- 
sified hundreds of species of birds, eggs, mammals, 
reptiles, and fresh-water fish, 8,400 species of insects, 
and 2,000 species of Canadian flora. After his re- 
turn to Canada he became a member of the Col- 
lege of physicians and surgeons of Quebec and 
Ontario, and was one of the founders of the So- 
ciety for the diffusion of physiological knowledge 
in 1881. Dr. Boss has been appointed treasurer 
and commissioner of agriculture for the province 
of Ontario, and he has removed from Montreal 
to Toronto. He was knighted by the emperor of 
Russia, and by the kings of Italy, Greece, and Sax- 
ony in 1876, and by the king of Portugal in 1877. 
He was appointed consul in Canada by the kings 
of Belgium and Denmark, and received the decora- 
tion of the " Academie Francaise " from the govern- 
ment of France in 1879. He is a member of many 
scientific societies, and is the author of " Recollec- 
tions of an Abolitionist " (Montreal 1867) ; " Birds 
of Canada " (1872) ; *' Butterflies and Moths of Can- 
ada "(1878); "Flora of Canada" (1878): "Forest 
Trees of Canada " (1874) ; " Ferns and Wild Flow- 
ers of Canada" (1877) ; " Mammals, Reptiles, and 
Fresh-water Fishes of Canada " (1878) ; " Vaccina- 
tion a Medical Delusion " (1885) ; and " Medical 
Practice of the Future " (1887). 

ROSS, David, congressman, b. in Maryland 
about 1750. He was a delegate from that state to 
the Continental congress in 1786-7. On 11 Mar, 
1787, he voted on the motion to amend the article 
passed on 29 Aug., 1786, making it read " that the 
proceedings of congress do not authorize the secre- 
tary of the United States for the department of 
foreign affairs to enter into any stipulation with 
the minister of his Catholick majesty." He also 
voted on 27 Sept, 1787, to offer a resolution of 
thanks to John Adams for his service as min- 
ister to England, and on 18 Oct, 1787, voted for 
Mr. Pierce Butler's motion that it was the de- 
sire of congress to entertain the friendship exist- 
ing between the United States and his "Catho- 
lick majesty." 

ROSS, Edmund Gibson, senator, b. in Ash- 
land, Ohio, 7 Dec., 1826. He was apprenticed at 
an early ape to a printer, received a limited educa- 
tion, and in 1847 removed to Wisconsin, where he 
was employed in the office of the Milwaukee " Sen- 
tinel " for four years. He went to Kansas in 1856, 
was a member of the Kansas constitutional con- 
vention in 1859, and served in the legislature until 
1861. He was also editor of the Kansas "State 
Kecord" and the Kansas "Tribune," which was 
the only Free-state paper in the territory at that 



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time, the others having been destroyed. In 18(12 | 
he enlisted in the National army as a private, and 
in 1865 became major. On his return to Kansas, I 
after the war, he was appointed to succeed James j 
H. Lane in the U. S. senate, and was elected to All I 
out the term, serving from 25 July. I860, till 4 
March, 1871. He voted against the impeachment < 
of President Johnson, thus offending the Republi- 
can party, with which he had always acted, and 
was charged with having adopted this course from 
mercenary and corrupt motives. After his term 
ended he returned to Kansas, united with the 
Democratic party, and was defeated as their candi- 
date for governor in 1880. In 1882 he removed to 
New Mexico, where he published a newspaper, and 
in May, 1885, was appointed by President Cleveland 
governor of that territory. 

ROSS, Frederick Augustus, clergyman, b. in 
Cobham, Cumberland co., Va., 25 Dec, 1796 : d. in 
Huntsville, Ala., 13 April, 1883. He was educated 
at Dickinson college, Carlisle, Pa., entered the Pres- 
byterian ministry, emancipated ^iis slaves, and from 
lo25 till 1851 was pastor of a church in Kings- 
ford, Tenn., where he had removed in 1818. In 
1828 he labored as an evangelist in Kentucky and 
Ohio. At the division of the Presbyterian general 
assembly in 1887-8 he adhered to the new school 
branch, and in 1855 he became pastor of the 1st 
Presbyterian church in Huntsville, Ala., holding 
this charge until 1875 and continuing pastor emeri- 
tus until his death. With James Gal lane r and 
David Nelson he edited a monthly publication en- 
titled "The Calvinistic Magazine, founded in 
1826, and he published a book entitled " Slavery as 
ordained of God " (Philadelphia, 1857). 

ROSS, George, signer of the Declaration of In- 
dependence, b. in Newcastle, Del., in 1730; d. in 
Lancaster, Pa., in July, 1779. His father, George 
(1676-1754), left the Presbyterian ministry for that 
of the Church of Eng- 
land and came from 
Scotland to Delaware 
about 1703. He verv 
soon rose to promi- 
nence, becoming one 
of the pillars of the 
Episcopal church in 
the American colonies, 
and acting as chaplain 
to severalof the pro- 
prietary governors of 
Pennsylvania. The 
son at the age of 
eighteen began the 
study of the law, and 
on his admission to 
/^5>—» 9X^ir the bar, in 1751, set- 

UUr- /Wf) m Ued in Lancaster, Pa. 
He was a member of 
the Pennsylvania assembly in 1768-70, and ap- 
pointed by the convention that assembled, after 
the dissolution of the proprietary government, to 
prepare a declaration of rights. Mr. Ross was 
elected to the 1st general congress at Philadel- 
phia in 1774, and continued to represent his state 
until June, 1777, when, through failing health, he 
resigned his seat. On this occasion, the citizens 
of Lancaster having voted him a piece of plate 
worth £150, he declined the gift on the ground 
that " it was the duty of every man, especially of 
every representative of the people, to contribute 
by every means within his power to the welfare 
of his country without expecting pecuniary re- 
wards." On first entering congress he was ap- 
pointed by the legislature to report to that body a 



set of instructions by which his conduct and that 
of his colleagues were to be guided. He was among 
the foremost leaders in the provincial legislature 
in espousing measures for the defence of the com- 
munity against British aggression, and in 1775 
drew up a replv to a message of Gov. Penn that 
deprecated any defensive measures on the part of 
the colonies. He was also the author of the report 
urging vigorous action for putting the city of 
Philadelphia in a state of defence. On 14 April, 
1779, he was appointed judge of the court of ad- 
miralty for Pennsylvania, which post he filled un- 
til his 'death three months later. Judge Ross pos- 
sessed a benevolent disposition, which often led nim 
to espouse the cause of the Indians and to save 
that people from the consequences of the frauds 
that were practised on them by the whites. As a 
lawyer he was early claased among the first of 
the profession, and as a judge he was learned and 
upright, and remarkable for the ease and rapidity 
with which he despatched business. He was the 
last man of the Pennsylvania delegation to sign the 
Declaration of Independence. — His half-brother,, 
John, lawyer, b. in New Castle, Del., in 1714 ; d. in 
Philadelphia, 8 May, 1776, was admitted to the bar 
of the supreme court of Pennsylvania, 27 Aug., 
1785, and so rapidly rose in his profession that in 
1743 he was the chief rival of Andrew Hamilton 
before the courts. In 1744 he engaged in the 
manufacture of pig-iron in Berks county with John 
Leaner, and he continued his interest in the same 
until his death. In 1750, with others, he was con- 
sulted by the governor and council in relation to a 
law for recording warrants and surveys, and thus 
render the title to real estate more secure. In 1760 
he took part in the organization of St Paul's Epis- 
copal church, and was its first warden. Alexander 
Graydon says: "Mr. John Ross, who loved ease 
and madeira much better than liberty and strife, 
declared for neutrality, saying that, Met who would 
be king, he well knew that he should be subject ' " ; 
and John Adams writes of him in his diary, 25 
Sept., 1775, as •* a lawyer of peat eloquence and 
heretofore of extensive practice, a great Tory, but 
now they sav beginning to be converted." He was 
a friend and correspondent of Benjamin Franklin, 
and an early member of the American philosophi- 
cal society. 

ROSS, George William, Canadian statesman, 
b. near Nairn, Middlesex co., Ont., 18 Sept, 
1841. His family came from Ross-shire, Scotland, 
in 1832. He was educated at his native place and 
at the Toronto normal school, and taught from 
1857 till 1871, when he was appointed inspector of 
public schools for the county of Lamb ton. He 
was active in the movement for the creation of 
county model schools, and did much to perfect 
them when they were established, preparing the 
syllabus of lectures, and serving for a time as in- 
spector of model schools. He was a member of 
the central committee of examiners from 1876 till 
1880. Mr. Ross was elected to the Dominion par- 
liament in 1872, re-elected by acclamation in 1874, 
and chosen again in 1878 and 1882, but he was 
unseated in October, 1883, for bribery by agents 
during his canvass. He was appointed minister of 
education for Ontario, 23 Nov., 1883, elected to the 
legislative assembly of Ontario. 15 Dec., 1883. and 
re-elected in 1886. Mr. Ross has been for many 
years active in the temperance and prohibitory 
movements in Canada. He was an honorary com- 
missioner at the Colonial and Indian exhibition 
in London, England, in 1885. He has edited the 
Strath roy " Age " and the Sea forth «• Expositor," 
and was also one of the conductors of tne •* On- 



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Urio Teacher." Mr. Ross studied law, and obtained 
the degree of LL. B. from Albert university in 
1879, but never practised. 

ROSS, Henry Howard, lawyer, b. in Essex, 
N. Y M 9 May, 1790; d. there, 14 Sept., 1862. He 
was graduated at Columbia in 1808, studied law, 
was admitted to the bar, practised in Essex for fifty 
years, and was elected to congress as a Whig, serv- 
ing from 5 Dec, 1825, till 3 March, 1827. In 
1^7-*8 he was' a county judge, and in 1848 was a 
presidential elector. He was adjutant on the staff 
of Gen. John E. Wool at the battle of Plattsburg, 

11 Sept, 1814, and was afterward appointed major- 
general of the state militia. The University of 
Vermont gave him the degree of A. M. in 1818. 

ROSS, James, senator, b. in York county. Pa., 

12 July, 1762; d. in Alleghany City, Pa., 27 Nov., 
1847. He entered the school of the Rev. Dr. John 
McMillan and accepted the post of teacher of Latin. 

In 1782 Mr. Ross be- 
came a student at 
law, was admitted to 
the bar in 1784, went 
to Washington, Pa., 
where he practised 
until in 1795 he re- 
moved to Pittsburg. 
In 1789 Mr. Ross was 
elected a member of 
the convention to 
frame a new consti- 
tution for the state. 
The ability that he 
displayed in this body 
gave nim a reputa- 
tion which, with his 
fame as an orator 
and lawyer, secured 
his election to the 
U. S. senate, in April, 
1794. for the unex- 
pired term, ending 8 
March. 1797, of Albert Gallatin, who had been 
thrown out because he had not been for nine years 
a citizen, as required by the constitution. In 
1797 he was again elected to succeed himself. To 
Senator Ross undoubtedly belongs the chief cred- 
it of the peaceful ending of the whiskey insur- 
rection. On 17 July, 1794, Gen. Neville, the chief 
excise officer, was attacked, and his house and 
other property were destroyed. At a tumultuous 
meeting of the people at Washington, Pa., a rally 
of armed men was called, to be held on 1 Aug., 
at Braddock's Field. Mr. Ross, in a powerful 
speech, alone opposed the will of an excited popu- 
lace. He was told that he had that day destroyed 
all chances of future political preferment, but, 
nothing daunted, he attended the Braddock's Field 
meeting and also that of the delegates from west- 
ern Pennsylvania and Virginia, at Parkinson's 
Ferry. By his personal appeals and arguments a 
party was formed, which, if not very numerous, 
included many citizens of note, several of whom 
had been active on the other side. While he was 
at Parkinson's Ferry a messenger from the capi- 
tal brought Senator Ross the information that tie 
had been appointed by Washington the chief of a 
commission to compose the insurrection. Senator 
Ross more than prepared the way for his colleagues, 
and the insurrection was virtually at an end before 
they joined him. Mr. Ross had been for several 
years intimate with Gen. Washington, being con- 
sulted as counsel, and now, at the president's re- 
quest, became his attorney in fact for the sole man- 
agement of his large estates in western Pennsyl- 




vania. While still in the senate, he was nominated, 
in 1799, as governor of the state. The nomination 
was esteemed to be equivalent to an election, but 
Mr. Ross refused to canvass the state in his own 
behalf and was defeated. At the next election Mr. 
Ross was again nominated and was again unsuc- 
cessful. The same disposition to defend the right, 
regardless of personal consequences, that had in- 
duced him. as a boy at Dr. McMillan's school, to 
volunteer against marauding Indians, that had 
separated him from friends and neighbors during 
the whiskey war, that in the senate had urged war 
against Spain to protect the mouths of the Missis- 
sippi for the use of the west, induced him to be- 
friend the cause of a party of friendless negro slaves 
who had escaped from their masters and found 
refuge in Philadelphia. Impassioned .oratory gained 
the case. The " Port Folio," published in Philadel- 
phia in 1816, says that Mr. Ross received the thanks 
of the Abolition society ; but the generous act dimin- 
ished his popularity. In 1808, for the third time, 
he was nominated for governor, and was again un- 
successful. With this election the power of the Fed- 
eralists in Pennsylvania was broken, and with it the 
political life of Mr. Ross came to an end. He de- 
clined to connect himself with other parties ; only 
as a Federalist would he hold public office. Except 
a short sketch in the " Port Folio " for 1816, there 
is no published life of James Ross, and even that in 
great measure consists of extracts from his speeches. 

ROSS, James, Canadian educator, b. in Pictou, 
Nova Scotia, in July, 1811. His father, who came 
from Forfarshire, Scotland, in 1795, was pastor of 
the Presbvterian church at Pictou for nearly forty 
years. The son was educated at the Pictou acad- 
emy, and had charge of the grammar-school at 
Westmoreland, New Brunswick, for four years. 
After completing a course in theology he was 
licensed to preach in 1835, and became pastor of 
the congregation to which his father had ministered 
at Pictou. In 1842 Mr. Ross became editor of the 
"Presbyterian Banner." He afterward was pro- 
fessor of Hebrew and biblical criticism in Dalhousie 
college, and upon the opening of the theological 
seminary at West River was placed in charge of it 
After Truro college was amalgamated with Dal- 
housie college Mr. Ross was appointed its president, 
and also acted as a professor. 

ROSS, John, merchant, b. in Tain, County 
Ross, Scotland, 29 Jan., 1726; d. in Philadelphia 
in March, 1800. He early removed to Perth, Scot- 
land, and entered into mercantile pursuits, but in 
1768 came to Philadelphia, where he became a 
shipping-merchant At the beginning of the diffi- 
culties with the mother country he espoused the 
cause of the colonies, and was a signer of the non- 
importation agreement of the citizens of Philadel- 
phia in 1765. He presided at the meeting of the 
mechanics and tradesmen of the city that was held 
on 9 June, 1774, to consider a letter from the artifi- 
cers of New York, and was a member of the com- 
mittee to reply to the same. On 16 Sept, 1775, he 
was appointed muster-master of the Pennsylvania 
navy, which office he resigned, 28 Feb., 1776, on ac- 
count of the importance of his commercial affairs. 
In May, 1776, he was employed by the committee 
of commerce of congress to purchase clothes, arms, 
and powder for the use of the army. This necessi- 
tated the establishment of agencies in Nantes and 
Paris, and repeated visits to France during the war. 
In this duty he advanced or pledged his credit for 
£20,000 more than he was supplied with by con- 
gress, much to his embarrassment and subsequent 
loss. He was on terms of familiar intercourse with 
I Washington, Franklin, and Robert Morris, and 



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there are several entries in the diary of Gen. Wash- 
ington, during the sittings of the convention to 
frame the United States constitution, of engage- 
ments to dine with Mr. Ross at his country place, 
the Grange, named after the home of Lafayette. 

ROSS, Sir John, British explorer, b. in Balsar- 
roch, Scotland, 24 June, 1777; d. in London, Eng- 
land, 80 Aue., 1856. He was the son of a clergy- 
man, entered the royal navy in 1786, and was se- 
verely wounded four times under the batteries of 
Bilbao, Spain, receiving a pension of £150 per an- 
num. In 1817 he was offered the command of two 
vessels for an arctic expedition to ascertain the 
existence of a northwest passage, and on 25 April, 
1818, he sailed in the "Isabella," accompanied by 
Lieut William E. Parry in the ** Alexander." He 
returned to England in November of that year, and 
was made post-captain on 7 Dec., 1818. In May, 
1829, he sailed in the steamer •* Victory," equipped 
by Sir Felix Booth, sheriff of London, and was ac- 
companied by a small tender of sixteen tons, the 
" Krusenstein." In September, 1830, he became 
ice-bound in the Gulf of Boothia, and he aban- 
doned his ship on 20 May, 1832. In August, 1833, 
his party was rescued by the ** Isabella,* then en- 
gaged on a whaling expedition. He arrived in 
London in 1833, and was knighted, 24 Dec., 1834, 
and made companion of the bath- From 1839 till 
1845 he was consul at Stockholm, and in 1850 he 
commanded the " Felix," a vessel of ninety tons, 
in search of Sir John Franklin, returning in 1851, 
in which year he became rear-admiral. His publi- 
cations include "A Voyage of Discovery made 
under the Orders of the Admiralty for the Purpose 
of exploring Baffin's Bay, and inquiring into the 
probability of a N. W. Passage " (London, 1819); 
44 Observations on * Voyages of Discovery and Re- 
search within the Arctic Regions,' by Sir John 
Barrow " (1819 ; 2d ed., 1846) ; " Treatise on Navi- 
gation by Steam " (1828) ; i4 Narrative of a Second 
Voyage in Search of a Northwest Passage, etc., in- 
cluding the Reports of Capt. James Clarke Ross 
and the Discovery of the Northern Magnetic Pole " 
(1835) ; * 4 Memoirs and Correspondence of Admiral 
Lord de Saurey" (2 vols., 1838); "Arctic Expedi- 
tion, with a Summary of the Searching Expeditions 
for Sir John Franklin " (1850) ; and a * 4 Narrative 
of the Circumstances and Causes which led to the 
Failure of the Searching Expeditions sent out by 
the Government and Others for the Rescue of Sir 
John Franklin " (1855).— His nephew, Sir James 
Clarke, explorer, b. in London, England, 15 April, 
1800 ; d. in Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire, England, 
3 April, 1862, entered the navy in 1812, and accom- 
panied his uncle on his first arctic expedition in 
1818. From 1819 till 1827 he was with Capt. Parry 
in his voyages in search of a northwest passage, and 
also in his expedition of 1827. He was appointed 
commander on 8 Nov., 1827, sailed with his uncle 
in 1829, was absent four years, and discovered what 
he believed to be the northern magnetic pole. On 
his return to England he was made post-captain, 
28 Oct, 1834, crossed the Atlantic in 1836 to search 
for missing whaling vessels, and after his return 
engaged in a magnetic survey of Great Britain and 
Ireland. In April, 1839, he was appointed to com- 
mand the '* Erebus," and in September of that year, 
in company with the 44 Terror, sailed for the Ant- 
arctic seas to make magnetic and meteorological 
observations and investigations. After a success- 
ful voyage of four years, in which much valuable 
information regarding this region was gained, he 
returned to England in September, 1843. In Janu- 
ary. 1848, be was appointed to the " Enterprise " 
and made an unsuccessful voyage to Baffin bay in 



search of Sir John Franklin, going as far as Bar- 
row strait. In 1841 he was presented with the 
founder's gold medal of the London geographical 
society, and he also received a gold medal from the 
Geographical society of Paris, was knighted in 
1844, and received in that year the degree of D. C. L. 
from Oxford. He was the author of " A Voyage 
of Discovery and Research in the Southern and 
Antarctic Regions during the Tears 1889-'43 " (2 
vols., London, 1847). 

ROSS, John, or Kooweskoowe, Indian chief, b. 
in the Cherokee country, Ga., about 1790; <L in 
Washington, D. C, 1 Aug., 1866. He was a half- 
breed, and at an early age acquired a good Eng- 
lish education. In 1817-19 Georgia attempted to 
induce the Indians to remove west of Mississippi 
river, and for this purpose a liberal bribe was of- 
fered to Ross, who became chief of his tribe in 
1828, by William Mcintosh, a half-breed Creek ; but 
this was refused and the Creek was publicly dis- 
graced. The proceedings of the Georgia legislature 
with reference to the Cherokees in 1829 lea to an 
appeal on the part of the Indians to the supreme 
court of the United States, Ross acting as their 
agent This resulted in a decision in their favor; 
but Georgia refused to obey, and aggressions upon 
the Indians increased. In 1835 a treaty was con- 
cluded between an agent of the United States and 
the Cherokees, a portion of the latter agreeing to 
surrender their lands and remove west within two 
years, while nearly 1,200 remained to become citi- 
zens of the states in which they resided, and are 
known as the Eastern band. Against this treaty 
Ross and more than 15,000 of his tribe protested in 
an appeal that was written by Ross and addressed 
to the president of the United States, saying that 
the treaty had been obtained fraudulently. The 
government sent a force under Gen. Winfield Scott, 
to compel its fulfilment The Cherokees yielded, 
and, with Ross at their head, removed to their new 
home, a moderate allowance being made to them 
for their losses. Ross continued to be chief of the 
Cherokees. He at first resisted all movements con- 
nected with the civil war, issuing a proclamation 
of neutrality on 17 May, 1861, but on 20 Aug.. 
1861, he called a council at Talequah and formed 
an alliance with the Confederate states. His wife 
opposed this union until the last moment, and 
when an attempt was made to raise a Confederate 
flag over the council-house her opposition was so 
spirited that the act was prevented. Political ques- 
tions originating in the sale of lands in Georgia 
divided the Cherokees into two parties, between 
which bitter enmity existed. One of these factions 
has been always known as the * 4 Ross party," and 
was headed by William R. Ross, the son of John, 
who was appointed U. S. agent to the confederated 
tribes of the Indian territory. Ross was the au- 
thor of a " Letter to a Gentleman in Philadelphia" 
(1836). By the act of 3 March, 1883, the Eastern 
band of Cherokees was authorized to institute a 
suit in the court of claims against the United 
States to determine its rights to stocks and bonds 
held by the United States in trust for the Chero- 
kees, arising out of the sale of lands west of the 
Mississippi, and also of the permanent annuity 
fund, to which suit the Cherokee nation west was 
made a party defendant Judgment was rendered 
against the Eastern band, which was affirmed by 
the U. S. supreme court on 1 March. 1886, the de- 
cision defining the status of these Indians, whose 
condition became more unsettled. 

ROSS, John, Canadian statesman, b. in the 
County Antrim, Ireland, 10 March, 1818 ; d. near 
Toronto, Canada, 31 Jan., 1871. He came to Can- 



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ada with his parents in infancy, and was edu- 
cated at the district school, B rock vi lie. He then 
studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1839, and 
soon attained reputation as a practitioner and as a 
supporter of the Liberals. In 1848 Mr. Ross be- 
came a member of the legislative council. He de- 
clined an executive office in the government, but 
in 1851 accepted that of solicitor-general. In 1852 
he went to England to superintend the completion 
of the contracts for the construction of the Grand 
Trunk railway, and he was afterward president of 
this road for ten years. On his return to Canada he 
was attorney-general till 1854, and then speaker of 
the legislative council till April, 1856 ; and in the be- 
ginning of 1858 he was appointed receiver-general 
in the administration of John A. Macdonald, re- 
taining office until his colleagues were out of power 
in August of the same year. He resumed office a 
few days later as president of the executive coun- 
cil in Cartier's administration. At the time of 
the confederation he became a member of the Do- 
minion senate. He was engaged in journalism at 
one time, and established a newspaper that advo- 
cated his favorite political reforms. 

ROSS, Sir John, British soldier, b. at Stone- 
house, Cumberland, England, 18 March, 1829. He 
entered the army in 1846 as 2d lieutenant in the 
rifle brigade. He was present at the battles of the 
Alma and Inkerman in 1854, as adjutant of the 2d 
battalion, and received a brevet majority, with three 
medals, for his services in the Crimea. He served 
during the Indian mutiny, took part in the action 
of Cawnpore and the capture of Lucknow, and 
afterward raised a camel corps, which he success- 
fully commanded in the Central Indian campaign 
under Sir Hugh Rose. For these services he re- 
ceived a brevet lieutenant-colonelcy and a medal, 
and was made a companion of the bath. He com- 
manded the Bengal troops in the Perak expedition 
of ISTS-'e, and in 1878 was chosen to lead the 
brigade of Indian troops that was sent to Malta 
during the Eastern crisis. On his return to India he 
commanded the Calcutta district brigade, until he 
was given charge of the reserve division of the Af- 
ghanistan field force, under Sir Frederick Roberts, 
with whom, in 1880, he marched from Cabul to 
Candabar, in command of the Indian brigades. 
For his services on this occasion he received the 
Afghan medal and star and was made a knight- 
commander of the bath, and received the thanks of 
parliament In 1881 he was appointed to the com- 
mand of the Poonah division of the Bombay army, 
which he relinquished in 1886, when he was pro- 
moted lieutenant-general. In the spring of 1888 Sir 
John was appointed general officer commanding 
the forces in Canada, and in May of the same year 
he was sworn in as administrator of the government 
of Canada, pending the arrival of the newly ap- 
pointedgovernor-general, Lord Stanley, of Preston. 

BOSS, John Jones, Canadian senator, b. in 
St Anne de la Perade, 16 Aug., 1832. He was edu- 
cated at Quebec college and became a physician. 
Dr. Ross represented (Jhamplain in the Canada as- 
sembly from 1861 till the union, when he was re- 
turnea for that constituency to the Dominion par- 
liament and the legislative assembly. In 1867 he 
resigned his seat in the latter on his appointment 
to the legislative council of Quebec. He continued 
to represent Champlain in the Dominion parlia- 
ment till 1874, when he retired. Dr. Ross was a 
member of the executive council of Quebec and 
speaker of the legislative council from 27 Feb., 
1873, till August, 1874. He was reappointed on 
27 Jan., 1876, and held office till March, 1878, 
when the ministry was dismissed by the lieutenant- 



governor. He again became a member of the ex- 
ecutive council and speaker of the legislative coun- 
cil, 31 Oct, 1879, and was commissioner of agri- 
culture and public works from July, 1881, till 
March, 1882, when he retired from the cabinet 
After the resignation of the Mousseau ministry he 
formed an administration on 23 Jan., 1884, becom- 
ing premier and commissioner of agriculture and 
public works. He and the members of his admin- 
istration resigned in January, 1&87, and in April 
of the same year he was appointed a member of 
the Canadian senate. Dr. Ross is vice-president 
of the Provincial college of physicians and sur- 
geons and a member of the Agricultural council 
of Quebec, and was elected vice-president of the 
North Shore railway company in 1875. 

ROSS, Lawrence Sullivan, soldier, b. in Ben- 
tonsport, Iowa. 27 Sept, 1838. He was graduated 
at Florence Wesleyan ' university, Florence, Ala., 
commanded Texas frontier troops under Gen. Sam- 
uel Houston, and became colonel of the 6th Texas 
regiment of cavalry in the Confederate army on 
24 May, 1862. He was made brigadier-general 21 
Dec., 1863, and led a brigade in wheeler's cavalry 
corps of the Army of Tennessee. In 1886 Gen. 
Ross became governor of Texas. 

ROSS, Leonard Fulton, soldier, b. in Fulton 
county, 111., 18 July, 1823. He was educated in 
the common schools of Illinois and at Jacksonville 
college, studied law, and was admitted to the bar 
in 1845. In 1846 he joined the 4th Illinois volun- 
teers for the Mexican war, became 1st lieuten- 
ant, and was commended for services at Vera Cruz 
and Cerro Gordo, commanding the body-guard of 
Gen. James Shields while making a difficult re- 
connoissance. He also bore important despatches 
from Metamora to Gen. Zachary Taylor and to 
Gen. Robert Patterson in Victoria, Mexico. After 
the war he resumed his practice, and was probate 
judge for six years. He was chosen in May, 1861, 
colonel of the 17th Illinois regiment which he had 
raised, and served with it in Missouri and Ken- 
tucky, bearing himself with great gallantry at 
Fredericktown, Mo., 21 Oct, 1861, where his horse 
was shot under him. In 1862 he was in command 
of Fort Girardeau, Mo. He was commissioned 
brigadier-general of volunteers on 25 April, 1862, 
after commanding a brigade since the capture of 
Fort Donelson, Tenn., 16 Feb., 1862. After the 
evacuation of Corinth, 80 May, 1862, he was pro- 
moted to the command of a division and stationed 
at Bolivar, Tenn. In 1867 he was appointed by 
President Johnson collector of internal revenue 
for the 9th district of Illinois. He has been three 
times a delegate to National Republican conven- 
tions, and was twice a defeated candidate for con- 
gress. Since 1866 he has given his attention to 
Farming and has been interested in various agri- 
cultural societies. He has imported fine stock 
into this country, and now (1888) has a large farm 
in Iowa. — His brother, Lewis W., was a repre- 
sentative in congress in 1863-'9. 

ROSS, Robert, British soldier, b. in Ross Tre- 
vor, Devonshire, England, about 1770; d. in North 
Point, Md., 12 Sept., 1814. He was graduated at 
Trinity college, Dublin, became an officer in the 
20th foot served in Holland, Egvpt, and the pen- 
insula, and was selected by the buke of Welling- 
ton to command the corps that was sent to this 
country in 1814. He arrived in Chesapeake bay 
with 3*500 men from Wellington's army, and was 
re-enforced by 1,000 marines from Sir George 
Cockbum's blockading squadron. The entire force 
landed at Benedict, on the Patuxent, near Wash- 
ington. Ross advanced with caution, and, joining 



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Cockburn, marched to Bladensburg, where he de- 
feated the American army, consisting mostly of 
undisciplined militia, on 24 Aug., 1814, and burned 
and sacked Washington. He was killed while lead- 
ing the advance toward Baltimore, Md. 

ROSSEL, Elisabeth Paul Edooard (ros-sel), 
Chevalier de, French navigator, b. in Sens, 11 Septl, 
1765; <L in Paris, 20 Nov., 1829. He entered the 
marine guards in 1780, served under De Grasse in 
the West Indies, fought at Yorktown in October, 
1781, and afterward served under Vaudreuil till 
the conclusion of peace in 1783. He was attached 
under D'Entrecasteaux to the station of the Indian 
ocean in 1785, became lieutenant in 1789, and was 
flag-captain during the expedition in search of 
La P&ouse (</. v.) in 1791-95, of which he assumed 
command in 1794 after the death of the two com- 
manders. After publishing, at the expense of the 
government, the narrative of D'Entrecasteaux's ex- 
pedition, he succeeded Fleurieu (q. v.) in 1811 as 
member of the longitude office, and in 1812 Bou- 
gainville (q. v.) in the institute. He was brevetted 
rear-admiral in 1822, and became, on 81 Dec., 1826, 
keeper of the logs and charts in the navy depart- 
ment, a post which he held up to the time of his 
death. He was one of the founders of the French 
geographical society in 1821, and its first president. 
His works include " Instructions nautiques pour 
les cdtes de la Guvane " (Paris, 1808) ; " Voyage de 
D'Entrecasteaux a la recherche de La Perouse" 
{2 vols.. 1809); "Signaux de jour, de nuit et de 
brume (2 vols., 1819-*21); and "Instructions pour 
la description nautique des ofites de la Martinique " 
(1828). He was also one of the chief editors of the 
M Collection des voyages et decouvertes des Espa- 

Soles dans rAmeriaue du Sud " (10 vols., 1840). 
s name has been given to a small island in the 
Pacific ocean south of America. 

ROSSER, Leonidas, clergyman, b. in Peters- 
burg, Va., 81 July, 1815. He was graduated at 
Wesleyan university in 1888, and then entered the 
New York conference of the Methodist church. In 
1839 he was transferred to the Virginia conference, 
where he has since been stationed, and was presiding 
elder of the districts of Fredericksburg in 1852-'3, 
Norfolk in 1853-'6, Lynchburg in 1856-'8, Rich- 
mond in 1865-'9, and Randolph Macon in 1877-'81. 
Dr. Rosser was delegate to trie general conference 
of the Methodist Episcopal church, south, every four 
years from 1850 tin 1866, and during the civil war 
was general missionary to the Confederate army. 
In 1858 the degree of D. D. was conferred on him 
by Emory and Henry college, and during 1858-'9 
he edited the Richmond " Christian Advocate." 
His publications include " Baptism, its Nature, Ob- 
ligation, Mode, Subjects, and Benefits" (Richmond, 
1848}; ** Experimental Religion, embracing Justi- 
fication, Regeneration, Sanctiflcation, and the Wit- 
ness of the Spirit " (1854) ; •' Class-Meetings " (1855) ; 
" Recognition in Heaven " (1856) ; '• Reply to How- 
ell's * Evils of Infant Baptism ' " (1856) ; and " Open 
Communion "(1858). 

ROSSER, Thomas Lafayette, soldier, b. in 
Campbell county, Va.. 15 Oct, 1836. He entered 
the U. S. military academy in 1856, but when Vir- 
ginia seceded from the Union, although in the 
graduating class and about to receive a commis- 
sion in the U. S. army, he resigned and entered 
the Confederate array as 1st lieuteuant of artil- 
lery. His services soon gained him promotion, 
and he was made captain in October, 1861, and 
lieutenant-colonel of artillery in June, 1862. Dur- 
ing the same month he was given command of a 
regiment of cavalry and attached to the Army of 
Northern Virginia. He attained the rank of briga- 



dier-general on 10 Oct., 1868, and was given com- 
mand of the Virginia cavalry in the Shenandoah 
valley. In this capacity he served under Gen. 
Jubal A. Early when the latter was ordered to 
command the Confederate forces in the valley 
of the Shenandoah, and was present at the bat- 
tle of Cedar Creek. Gen. Rosser was conspicu- 
ous for his services in this campaign, and was 
constantly opposed by Gen. George A. Custer, who 
had been his classmate at the military academy. 
In November, 1864, he was made a major-general 
of cavalry. After the war he turned his atten- 
tion to engineering, and had charge of the Da- 
kota, Yellowstone, and Missouri divisions of the 
Northern Pacific railway from 1870 till 1879. He 
held the office of chief engineer of the Canadian 
Pacific railroad in mi-*2 f and is now (1888) presi- 
dent and general manager of the New South min- 
ing and improvement company, and consulting en- 
gineer of tne Charleston, Cincinnati, and Chicago 
railroad company. 

ROSSITER, Thomas Prlchard, artist, b. in 
New Haven, Conn., 29 Sept., 1817; d. in Cold 
Spring, N. Y., 17 May, 1871. He was educated in 
New Haven, and subsequently began the study of 
art there with Nathaniel Jocelyn. About 1838 he 
began to practise 
his profession in 
his native city, but 
in 1840-'l he stud- 
ied in London and 
Paris. During the 
next five years he 
had a studio in 
Rome, sketching 
and painting dur- 
ing the summers in 
Italy, Germany, and 
Switzerland. On 
his return to the 
United States he es- 
tablished himself in 
New York, where 
he was chiefly en- ^ ^ ^^ - 

riam dancing be- & 

fore the Hosts," " Return of the Dove to the Ark," 
"Jeremiah the Prophet,'" "Ascension," "The Ideals," 
and "The Jews in Captivity." In 1853 he went 
again to Europe, making an extended tour. In 
December of the same year he opened a studio in 
Paris, where he remained about three years. Dur- 
ing this time he produced "Joan of Arc in Prison," 
" Venice," " Wise and Foolish Virgins," and many 
other works. At the Universal exhibition of 1855 
he received a gold medal for his " Venice in the 
15th Century " (1854), and at the salon of the same 
year he was awarded a medal of the third class. 
From 1856 till 1860 he was in New York, after 
which he removed to Cold Spring, where he resided 
until his death. He painted a large number of 
pictures, mostly historical or scriptural subjects, 
and also numerous portraits. Besides those already 
mentioned, they include " The Representative Mer- 
chants," " The Home of Washington," painted in 
conjunction with Mignot (1858); "The Discover- 
ers * (1859) ; " Washington's First Cabinet " ; and a 
series of pictures on the " Life of Christ." He 
was elected an associate of the National academy 
in 1840, and an academician in 1849. 

ROST, Pierre Adolph, jurist, b. in France 
about 1797; d. in New Orleans, La., 6 Sept, 186a 
He was educated at the Lyc£e Napoleon and the 
Ecole polytechnic in Paris. With his fellow-etu- 




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dents he served in the defence of Paris when Na- 
poleon retired to Elba, and on the restoration of 
the empire he applied for a commission, which 
would nave been granted but for the defeat at 
Waterloo. In 1816 he came to Louisiana and set- 
tled at Natchez, Miss., and soon afterward he stud- 
ied law with Joseph E. Davis. After his admission 
to the bar he settled in Natchitoches, where the 
population was largely French, and soon attained 
a profitable practice. In 1826 he* was elected to 
the state senate, and four years later he was nomi- 
nated for congressman, but was defeated. He then 
removed to New Orleans, and continued there in 
the practice of his profession until 1838, when he 
went to Europe. On his return he was appointed 
judge of the supreme court, but soon resigned to 
engage in agricultural pursuits. In 1846, when 
the reorganization of the court was effected, he 
again accepted a seat on the bench. On account 
of his ample knowledge of both civil and commer- 
cial law, he took rank among the foremost judges 
that Louisiana has ever possessed. It is said of 
him that " for clearness of diction and logical per- 
spicacity in the application of legal principles to 
tne facts of the case in hand, his decisions will 
stand comparison with those rendered by the fore- 
most jurists in the land." On the formation of the 
provisional Confederate government he was ap- 
pointed its commissioner to Spain, and remained 
abroad until after the civil war. He then resumed 
his practice, and devoted his energies to the resto- 
ration of his property. 

ROSTAING, Just Antoine Henri Marie Ger- 
main, Marquis de,. French soldier, b. in the cha- 
teau of Vauchette, near Montbrison, France, 24 
Nov., 1740; d. there in September, 1826. He was 
first attached to the household of the " grand dau- 
phin/' and afterward was first page to Louis XV. 
After serving in Germany as a cavalry officer, he 
joined the musketeers in 1769, and became colonel 
of the Auzerrois regiment He was transferred to 
the command of the Gatinois, and ordered to this 
country under the command of Rochambeau, where 
he remained from 1780 till 1788. For his bravery 
in the attack on St. Lucia, and at the siege of 
Yorktown, he received the cross of St Louis, 
was made a member of the Society of the Cincin- 
nati, and promoted brigadier. After his return to 
France he was a delegate to the constituent assem- 
bly, and on 20 March, 1792, he was commissioned 
lieutenant-general. Shortly afterward he retired 
to his estates, where he spent his remaining days. 

BOTCH, Arthur (roach), architect, b. in Bos- 
ton, Mass., 18 May, 1850. He was graduated at 
Harvard in 1871, and then studied architecture for 
two years in the Massachusetts institute of tech- 
nology, and for five years in the Ecole des beaux 
arte in Paris. While he was in France he had 
charge of the restoration of the Chateau de Che- 
nonceau. In 1880 he became senior member of 
the firm of Rotch and Tilden, in Boston, and since 
that time he has built various churches and the 
Memorial library building in Bridgewater, Mass., 
gymnasiums of Bowdoin college and Phillips Exeter 
academy, Associates' hall, high -school, and academy 
in Milton, Mass., the art schools and art museum 
of Wellesley college, and many private houses and 
business blocks throughout the United States. Mr. 
Rotch has exhibited water-colors in the Paris salon, 
the London academy, the New York academy of 
design, and elsewhere. He is chairman of the visit- 
ing committee of fine arts of Harvard university, 
and is one of the corporation of the Massachusetts 
institute of technology. In conjunction with his 
brother and sisters he founded, as a memorial to 



his father, who married a daughter of Abbott 
Lawrence, the Rotch travelling scholarship, which 
annually sends a student of architecture to Europe 
for two years' study and travel. 

BOTCH, Charity Rodman, philanthropist b. 
in Newport R. I., 81 Oct, 1766 ; d. in Kendol, Ohio, 
8 Aug., 1824 She was the daughter of a sea-cap- 
tain, and married Thomas Rotch, of Nantucket in 
1790. For some time she lived in that town, but 
in 1801 she settled in Hartford, and in 1811 failing 
health led her to take up her residence in Kendol, 
Ohio. Her husband died in 1828 and bequeathed 
to her his personal property to be disposed as she 
should decide. She determined to found a school 
for orphan and destitute children, and a few years 
after her death the fund that she left reached the 
sum of $20,000. The interest of this money was 
subsequently applied to the purchase of a farm of 
185 acres near Massillon, Ohio, on which was 
erected, at a cost of $5,000, a building for educa- 
tional and dwelling purposes. In this institution 
boys are thoroughly instructed in the art of hus- 
bandry and girls in culinary duties and the mak- 
ing of their own wearing-apparel. The course is 
four Years in length. 

ROTH, John, clergyman, b. in Sarmund, Prus- 
sia, 8 Feb., 1726; <L in York, Pa., 22 July, 1791. 
He was educated in the Roman Catholic church, 
but in 1748 united with the Moravians. In 1756 
he was despatched to Pennsylvania, and three 
years later he entered the Moravian Indian mis- 
sion, serving for fifteen years in Pennsylvania and 
Ohio. Returning to Pennsylvania in 1773, he was 
employed in rural congregations till his death. 
Roth made a special study of the Unami dialect 
of the Lenape language, and composed in it an 
extensive religious work, " Ein Versuch ! der Ge- 
schichte unsers Herrn u. Heylandes Jesu Christi 
in die Delawarische ubersetzt der Unami, von der 
Marter-Woche an bis zur Himmelfahrt unsers 
Herrn, im Yahr 1770 u. 1772 zu Tschechschequa- 
nung an der Susquehanna," which is still in manu- 
script—His son, John Lewis (1773-1841), was the 
first white male child that was born in Ohio. 

ROTHERMEL, Peter Frederick, artist b. in 
Nescopack, Luzerne co., Pa., 18 July, 1817. He re- 
ceived a common-school education, and, after study- 
ing land-surveying for some time, took up the . 
study of art at the age of twenty-two. He was 
instructed in drawing by John R. Smith, and sub- 
sequently became a pupil of Bass Otis in Phila- 
delphia. During 1856-9 he was in Europe, resid- 
ing for about two years in Rome, and visiting also 
the principal cities in England, France, Germany, 
Belgium, and Italy. Since his return he has lived 
in Philadelphia, where he was elected a member of 
the Pennsylvania academy, of which institution he 
had been director from 1847 to 1855. He possesses 
much facility of composition, and has produced a 
large number of works, including " De Soto dis- 
covering the Mississippi" (1844); " Embarkation 
of Columbus," in tne Pennsylvania academy; 
•' Christian Martyrs in the Colisseum " ; a series of 
paintings illustrative of William H. Prescott's 
"History of the Conquest of Mexico" (about 
1850); "The Virtuoso * (1855); "Vandyke and 
Rubens"; "King Lear" (1856); "Patrick Henry 
before the Virginia House of Burgesses"; "St 
Agnes " (1858) ; " Paul at Ephesus " ; " Paul before 
Agrippa ; "St Paul preaching on Mars Hill to 
the Athenians " ; " Trial of Sir Henry Vane " ; 
"Battle of Gettysburg" (finished in 1871), in Me- 
morial Hall, Fairmount park, Philadelphia; "The 
Landsknecht" (1876); and "Bacchantes" (1884). 
Very many of his paintings have been engraved. 



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ROTHROCK 



ROUARIE 



ROTHROCK, Joseph Trimble, physician, b. 
in McVeytown, Pa., 9 April, 1889. He was gradu- 
ated at the Lawrence scientific school of Harvard 
in 1864 and at the medical department of the Uni- 
versity of Pennsylvania in 1868. Dr. Rothrock 
began practice in Centre county, Pa., but in 1870 
removed to Wilkesbarre, making a specialty of dis- 
eases of the eye and ear, and in 1876 established 
the North Mountain school of physical culture in 
Luzerne county, also during the same year he was 
appointed by the American philosophical society 
lecturer on ioi 



in execution of the Michaux 
legacy, and so has 'been able to contribute largely 
toward developing the growing forestry sentiment 
in Pennsylvania. In 1877 he was called to the 
chair of botany in the University of Pennsylvania, 
which he has since held. During the civil war he 
entered the army as a private in the 181st Penn- 
sylvania regiment, and became a captain in the 
20th Pennsylvania cavalry. In 1865-M5 he was as- 
sociated with the exploring party of the Western 
Union extension telegraph in British Columbia, 
and in 1878-'5 he was botanist and surgeon to the 
Geographical and geological exploration and sur- 
vey west of the 100th meridian under Lieut George 
M. Wheeler. He is a member of the American 
philosophical society and of other scientific soci- 
eties. Besides his account in voL vi of Lieut 
Wheeler's reports, he is the author of various pa- 
pers in medical journals, and of botanical memoirs. 
ROTOURS, Jean Julien Anrot (ro-toor), 
Baron des, French colonial governor,!), in the castle 
of Rotours, Orme, 2 June, 1778; d. in Paris, 28 
March, 1844. He entered the navy, 11 June, 1791, 
took part in the expedition of 1798 to Santo Do- 
mingo, and assisted in the engagement at Cape 
Francais, 21 June, where, although bearing a flag 
of truce, he was taken prisoner by the negroes, but 
afterward released, and went on an American mer- 
chant-vessel to Philadelphia, where he was fur- 
nished the means of returning to France. He was 
promoted commander in 1808, and captain in 1814, 
and in 1816-' 19 made a successful campaign in the 
West Indian waters, for which he was created baron, 

25 May, 1819. Afterward he was despatched with 
a corvette to protect the French fisheries on the 
coast of Newfoundland, when a difficulty with 
England threatened to end in war, and was pro- 
moted rear-admiral in 1821. Rotours was ap- 
pointed governor-general of Guadeloupe in 1826, ar- 
rived at Basse-Terre on 81 May, and found that the 
city had been nearly destroyed by the ' urricane of 

26 July, 1825. He immediately began to rebuild it 
on a more elaborate plan, and, after inquiring into 
the wants of the colony, proposed to the king a 
plan to unify the colonial administration, by 
which the island was allowed partial self-govern- 
ment through delegates that formed a council-gen- 
eral. Rotours also provided means to check the 
return of yellow-fever epidemics, established a hos- 
pital and a camp for the soldiers in Matouba, at 
the coolest station in the mountains, drained the 
deadly marshes that surrounded Pointe-a-Pitre, 
executed great works in that harbor, completed the 
canal Vatable, and also constructed in Grande Terre 
several other canals, which proved of great benefit 
to the colony. One of these has since received the 
name of Canal des Rotours. He founded the city 
of Bordeaux-Bourg. erected schools, churches, and 
bridges, and opened roads. Under his adminis- 
tration Guadeloupe attained a high state of pros- 
perity, and when Rotours obtained his recall in 
May, 1880, regret was felt at his departure. His 
works include ** Memoire sur le mode de procedure 
criminelle en vigueur a la Guadeloupe" (Paris, 1826). 



ROTTERMUND, Baron de, French geologist, 
b. in France in 1818 ; d. in Montreux, Switzerland, 
in 1858. He came to Canada, and was for some 
time in the service of the crown-lands department 
as an inspector of mines. He is principally re- 
membered because of his attacks upon T. Sterry 
Hunt, the geologist, in 1850, and for nis opposition 
to the theory of Sir William Logan that there are 
no coal-mines in Lower Canada. The baron held 
that coal existed both at Gaspe* and Quebec, having 
discovered particles at the latter place. French 
geologists to whom these particles were submitted 
agreed with him, but finally the correctness of Sir 
William Logan's opinion was demonstrated. He 
wrote a report to the mayor of Quebec on com- 
bustible minerals to be found in that city. 

ROUARIE, Armand Taffln (roo-ah-ree), Mar- 
quis de la, French soldier, b. in tne castle of Rou- 
arie, near Rennes, 14 April, 1756; d. in the castle 
of La Guyomarais, near Lamballe, Brittany, 80 
Jan., 1798. He was admitted in 1775 to the body- 
guard of the king, but a duel about an actress 
caused his dismissal. Chagrin and anger led him 
to attempt suicide, but his life was saved and he 
came to the United States, 10 May, 1777, under the 
assumed name of Count Armand. Congress ac- 
cepted his services and gave him the commission 
of colonel. He participated in the engagement at 
Red Bank, was with Lafayette in New Jersey, was 
active in Westchester county, N. Y., and in Con- 
necticut, and served under Gen. Horatio Gates 
against Cornwallis. He opposed the forces of Sim- 
coe, Emmerick, and Barremore; he captured the 
last-named near King's Bridge, 8 Nov., 1779, and 
defeated the others. In the following year his corps 
was incorporated with Pulaski's, and he rendered 
good service at Warren Tavern and in central New 
Jersey. Toward the beginning of 1781 he was 
called away to France on account of family mat- 
ters, but he returned in time to participate in the 
victory of Torktown, and brought with nim a sup- 
ply of clothing and ammunition. He took part in 
the campaign of 1782 in the south, and was very 
severe in his denunciation of Gen. Gates on account 
of the defeat at Camden. On 26 March, 1788, he 
was made brigadier-general by congress and be- 
came a member of the Society of the Cincinnati 
After the conclusion of peace he returned to France, 
where he lived in private till 1788, when he was 
elected one of the twelve deputies sent by the 
province of Brittany to plead before the king for 
the preservation of its privileges. The king, being 
irritated by his inconsiderate seal, committed him 
to the Bastille for a few weeks. On his release in 
1789 be bitterly denounced the principles of the 
revolution, and planned to unite the provinces of 
Brittany, Anjou, and Poitou, and to raise an army 
to operate with the allies. His plans were ap- 

S roved by the brothers of Louis XvL at Coblentz, 
Dec., 1791, and he was appointed high royal com- 
missioner in Brittany. On 5 March, 1792, the chiefs 
of the confederacy met at his castle, and every- 
thing was in readiness for action, when the plot 
was revealed to the legislative assembly, and troops 
were sent to secure Rouarie. He eluded them for 
several months, but he was taken sick and died 
after a short illness in the castle of Guyomarais 
His papers, which he had buried in an iron bo> 
six feet below the surface of the soil, were discov- 
ered by accident, and their contents caused the ar- 
rest of the whole family of Guyomarais, of which 
twelve members were sent to the scaffold. A few 
weeks later the great uprising of Les Chouans was 
organized in Vendee on the plans that were left by 
La Rouarie. He was a man of great ability, urbane 



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ROULARD 



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and polished in manners, and an eloquent and per- 
suasive speaker. 

ROULARD, Charles (roo-lar). West Indian 
poet, b. in the island of St Martin in 1751 ; d. in 
Paris in 1787. He went in his youth to Paris, 
where he studied philosophy. His first verses at- 
tracted the attention of Voltaire, who complimented 
the young poet In 1781 he became librarian of 
the navy department at Paris, which post he held 
till his aeath. His works include " Chants du soir 
et du matin " (1774) ; " Les quatre saisons " (1777) ; 
and " Le cycle de la conquete," an original work 
in prose and verse which narrates the Spanish con- 
quest of America (1788). 

ROUHFORT, Augustas Louis, soldier, b. in 
Paris, France, 10 Dec, 1796 ; d. in Harrisburg, Pa., 
2 Aug., 1878. He came with his father to Phila- 
delphia, Pa., about 1805, was graduated at the 
U. S. military academy in 1817, and, after a short 
service in the marine corps in Washington and 
Philadelphia, resigned on 18 Aug., 1818. He was 
then professor of mathematics at Mount Airy col- 
lege, Germantown, till 1826, and from that time 
tifi 1884 superintendent of a military school in that 
town, where many young men were prepared for 
West Point He was reappointed in the army by 
Gen. Jackson as military store-keeper of ordnance 
in 1884, and served at Frankford arsenal till 1841, 
when he resigned again. Meanwhile he had be- 
come an active Democratic politician, and was in 
the legislature in 1848-'4, and harbor-master of 
Philadelphia in 1845-'8. He had been made cap- 
tain of Pennsylvania militia in 1820, and in 1848 
had risen to the rank of brigadier-general, in which 
capacity he showed much vigor and prudence in 
suppressing the native American riots m 1844. He 
was connected with railroads from 1850 till 1860, 
and from 1868 till 1866 was mayor of Harrisburg, 
where he won reputation by his success in main- 
taining order during the crisis of the Confederate 
invasion. After this he engaged in literary pur- 
suits till his death. 

ROUND, William Marshall Fitts, author, b. 
in Pawtucket, R. L, 26 March, 1845. He received 
an academic education and entered Harvard medi- 
cal school, but was not graduated, owing to ill 
health. In 1872 he was appointed U. S. commis- 
sioner to the World's fair that was held at Vienna 
in 1878, where he had charge of the New England 
department, and on his return he devoted himself 
to journalism and literature. He gave attention to 
the subject of prison reform, ana in 1888 became 
corresponding secretary of the Prison association 
of New York. In 1885, with Franklin B. Sanborn, 
Francis Wa viand, and others, he reorganized the 
National prison association of the United States, 
and was elected its secretary, and in 1886 he was 
sent as a delegate from the United States to the 
International penitentiary congress in Rome, Italy. 
Mr. Round laid out in 1867-'8 the general scheme 
for the Burnham industrial farm, an institution 
for unruly boys, based upon the principles that 
have dominated the similar institution at Mettray 
in France and the Rauhehaus near Hamburg in 
Germany. His books include "Achsah, a New 
England Life-Study" (Boston, 1876); " Child 
Marion Abroad" (1876); "Torn and Mended" 
(1877) ; " Hal : the Story of a Clodhopper " (1878) ; 
and "Rosecroft"(1880). 

ROUNDS, Sterling Parker, printer, b. in 
Berkshire, Vt, 27 June, 1828; d. in Omaha, Neb., 
17 Dec, 1887. At twelve years of age he removed 
with his parents to what is now Kenosha, Wis., and 
soon entered the printing-office of the " Southport 
American." He became in 1845 foreman in the 



state printing-office at Madison, afterward was in 
printing-offices at Milwaukee, Racine, and Buffalo, 
and migrated to Chicago in 1851. Here he engaged 
in the printing business, and soon afterward opened 
a printers' warehouse, in which was kept in stock 
everything that was needed in the trade. In 1856 
the business was extended by the addition of the 
printers' electrotype-foundry, and the first number 
of ** RoundYs Printers' Cabinet" still in existence, 
was issued. Extending his business still further, 
he engaged in the manufacture of printing-presses, 
the first that were made in the northwest Mr. 
Rounds was appointed public printer in 1881 ; but 
he removed to Omaha in 1885 and was identified 
with the " Republican " till his death. 

ROUQUETTE, Francois Dominique, poet b. 
in New Orleans, La., 2 Jan., 1810. He studied at 
the Orleans college in his native city, and then fol- 
lowed classical studies at the College de Nantes in 
France. In 1828 he returned to the United States 
and studied law with William Rawle in Philadel- 
phia. The active practice of his profession be- 
ing uncongenial, he returned to France and has 
since devoted himself to writing. Besides his con- 
tributions to " L'Abeille de la Nouvelle Orleans," 
the " Propagateur Catholique," and other journals, 
he has published "Les Meschaolbeenes ' (Paris, 
1889); "The Arkansas" (Fort Smith, Ark., 1850); 
and " Fleurs d'Amerique : Poesies nouvelles " (New 
Orleans, 1857). He has also written in French and 
English a historical work on the Choctaw nation. 
—His brother, Adrien Emmanuel, author, b. in 
New Orleans, La., 18 Feb., 1818 ; d. there, 15 July, 
1887, was educated at the College de Nantes, and 
spent ten years thereafter in the capitals of Europe. 
He then returned to this country and studied law, 
but becoming interested in the Choctaw Indians, 
who were located in the parish of St. Tammany, lie 
devoted his attention to their welfare. Determin- 
ing to spend his life among them, he settled in 
their midst, learned their language, and, fixing it 
in print, taught the Indians to read and write. 
As the work progressed he became interested in 
their religious welfare, and in 1845 presented 
himself for orders in the Roman Catholic church. 
He continued among the Indians, who called him 
"Chatah-iona," during the troublesome times of the 
civil war, when their territory was alternately over- 
run by the soldiers of both armies. Abbe* Rouquette 
worked in their behalf until the year before his 
death, when failing health compelled him to return 
to New Orleans, where he spent his last days, ten- 
derly cared for by the Sisters of Charity at the 
H6tel Dieu. His scholarly attainments were uni- 
versally recognised, and his poetry, written in the 
emotional and sentimental style of Chateaubriand, 
was commended by Sainte-Beuve and other French 
critics. His works include " Les Savanes, po&ies 
Americaine8" (Paris, 1841), in which "Souvenir de 
Kentucky" is the best known; "Wild Flowers: 
Sacred Poetry" (New Orleans, 1848); "LaThebaMe 
en Amerique, ou apologie de la vie solitaire et 
contemplative " (1852) : " L'Antoniade, ou la soli- 
tude avec Dieu, pofime eremitique " (1860) ; " Poemes 
patriotiques" (I860); and "Catherine Tegeh- 
kwitha ''(1878). In 1865 he translated into French 
the select poems of Estelle Anna Lewis, and also 
edited "Selections from the Poets of all Coun- 
tries." His last work was a satire on George W. 
Cable's " Grandissimes," entitled "Critical Dia- 
logue between Aboo and Caboo on a New Book, or 
a Urandissime Ascension," edited by E. Junius, 

ROUS, John, naval officer, b. probably in 
Massachusetts; d. in Portsmouth, England, 8 
April. 1760. He had command of the expedition 



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ROUSSEAU 



ROUTH 



from Massachusetts that in 1744 cut out a fleet of 
French vessels from the harbor of Fishotte, New- 
foundland, and laid waste all the French posts on 
that coast In 1745 he had •* The Shirley " in the 
expedition against Cape Breton, and assi>ted in the 
capture of the Frencn frigate •• Vigilant" as she 
was approaching the coast. After the reduction of 
Louisburg he was sent to England with despatches, 
and for his services was commissioned, on 24 Sept., 
1745, royal post -captain. He commanded the fleet 
that conveyed the expedition against the French in 
the Bay of Fundy, and afterward destroyed their 
forts and houses on St. John's river. Two years 
later he had the frigate " Winchelsea " in the un- 
successful expedition against Louisburg, but was 
successful in the capture of a French sloop of six- 
teen guns after a stout resistance. Subsequently 
he hall command of the ''Sutherland," with which 
he participated in 1758 in the siege of Louisburg, 
ana in 1759 in that of Quebec Capt. Rous was a 
member of the colonial council in 1754 

ROUSSEAU, Lovell Harrison, soldier, b. in 
Lincoln county, Ky., 4 Aug., 1818 ; d. in New 
Orleans, La., 7 Jan., 1869. He received but little 
schooling, and in 1833 his father died, leaving a 
large family in reduced circumstances. On be- 
coming of age he 
went to Louis- 
ville, Ky., and be- 
gan the study of 
law. Subsequent- 
ly he removed to 
Bloom field, Ind., 
where in Febru- 
ary, 1841, he was 
admitted to the 
bar. In 1844-'5 
he was elected to 
the Indiana legis- 
lature, of which 
he became an ac- 
tive member. He 
raised a com pan v 
during the Mexi- 
- can war, and was 
attached to the 2d 
Indiana regiment, with which he participated in the 
battle of Butna Vista. After losing nearly one 
third of his men in that contest, he fell back to the 
hacienda, doing good service when the wagon-trains 
were attacked by the Mexicans. In 1847, four days 
after his return from Mexico, he was elected to the 
Indiana senate, and served for two terms. He 
removed to Louisville, Ky., in 1849, and there fol- 
lowed his profession, being very successful in the 
management of difficult cases, especially in ad- 
dressing the jury. At the beginning of the civil 
war he was earnest in his efforts to restrain Ken- 
tucky from joining the Confederacy, and, resigning 
his seat in the state senate, began the organiza- 
tion of troops for the National army, and was ap- 
pointed colonel of the 5th Kentucky volunteers in 
September, 1861. On 1 Oct., 1861, he was commis- 
sioned brigadier-general of volunteers and attached 
to Gen. Don Carlos Buell's army. He took part 
in the battle of Shiloh, where he led a brigade of 
Gen. Alexander M. McCook's division, and partici- 
pated in the battle of Perryville on 8 Oct., 1862, 
where for his bravery he was promoted major- 
general of volunteers. Subsequently he succeeded 
Gen. Orm*by M. Mitchel in the command of the 
5th division of the Army of the Cumberland, serv- 
ing with great credit in the battle of Stone River, 
the Tullahoma campaign, the movement at Chatta- 
nooga, and the battle of Chickamauga. From 



d~l/\r^\A>s^-*( Uv^«u 



November, 1863, till November, 1865, when he re- 
signed, he had command of the districts of Nash- 
ville, Tenn., and middle Tennessee, and during 
this time made a raid into Alabama, destroying 
the Montgomery and Atlanta lines of railway. In 
1864 he held the important post of Fort Rosecrans 
in the defence of Nashville against Gen. John B. 
Hood. He was elected to congress from Kentucky 
as a Republican, serving from 4 Dec., 1865, to 21 
July, 1866, when he resigned after being censured 
by the house for publicly assaulting Josiah B. 
Grinnell, of Iowa, in the capitol : but be was re- 
elected, serving from 3 Dec., 1866, till 3 March, 
1867. He served ou the committee on military 
affaire, and was one of the representatives that 
were selected to attend the funeral of Gen. Winfleld 
Scott in 1866. President Johnson appointed him 
brigadier-general in the regular army on 28 March, 
1867, and ne also received at the same time the 
brevet of major-general in the U. S. army for 
services during the civil war. He was then sent 
officially to receive Alaska from the Russian gov- 
ernment and to assume control of the territory. 
Gen. Rousseau was summoned to Washington to 
testify in the impeachment trial of President 
Johnson, and was subsequently assigned to the 
command of the Department of the Gulf, with 
headquarters at New Orleans. He succeeded Gen. 
Philip H. Sheridan in this command and continued 
there until his death. 

ROUSSEL, Gabriel Edmond (roo-sel), French 
explorer, b. in Dinan in 1717; d. in Sceaux in 1781. 
He accompanied La Condamine (g. v.) to South 
America, and afterward was sent to explore Brazil 
and the La Plata provinces, returning in 1779 with 
valuable collections, which were deposited in the 
Museum of natural history. At the instance of 
the Academy of sciences, Louis XVI. gave $2,000 
from his privy purse for the publication of Rous- 
sel's works, which include •* Voyages d'explorations 
a travers le Bresil, les Guianes et les con trees 
arrosees par la riviere de la Plata*' (2 vols., Paris, 
1781); "Flora Americana, seu genera plantarum 
quas in Amazonia crescent" (3 vols., 1784); "Re- 
sume" de Thistoire et de la decouverte du Bresil " 
(1785): and "Description generate de I'Amerique 
du Sud, sa flore et sa faune, ses produits, son etat 
politique et social " (3 vols., 1787). 

ROlsSELOT DE SURGY, Jacques Phlli 
bert (roo-seh-lo), French author, b. in Dijon, 26 
June, 1737; d. in Paris, 11 March, 1791. He held 
for many years an office in the French treas- 
ury department, and was afterward royal cen- 
sor of new publications. His "Melanges interes- 
sants et cuneux "(10 vols., Paris, l?63-'5) treat of 
the natural, civil, and political history of Asia and 
America ; the six last volumes are devoted to the 
latter country, and contain some interesting infor- 
mation that is scarcely to be found elsewhere, as 
the author in his official capacity had access to the 
French archives of state, many of which have been 
missing since the revolution of 1789. His other 
works include *• Mtfmoires gdographiques, phvsiques 
et historiaues sur I'Amerique au Sud (2 vols., 
1767). ana "Histoire naturelle et politique de la 
Pensylvanie, et de retablissement des Quakers dans 
cette con tree," in part translated from the German 
of Kalms and Untellber^er (3 vols., 1770). 

ROUTH, Sir Randolph J., Canadian states- 
man, b. in Poole, Dorset, Kngland, in 1787; d. in 
London in 1858. His father, Richard Routh, was 
at one time chief justice of Newfoundland. The 
son was educated at Eton, and served in the Brit- 
ish army thirty-seven years. He was present In 
the peninsula and at Waterloo, and in 1826 was 



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e 



ROUX DE ROCHELLE 



ROWAN 



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made a commissary -general. Having settled in 
Canada, he was a member of the executive council 
and received the honor of knighthood by patent 

ROUX DE ROCHELLE, Jean Baptist* 
Oaspard (roo), French historian, b. in Lous-Ie- 
Saulnier in 1762; d. in Paris in March, 1849. He 
was consul at New York in 1822-'4. and minister to 
the United States from 1880 till 1838. His works 
include •* Lee Turiages," a poem (Paris, 1816) : " La 
Byzanciade," a poem (1822); "Lettres des Etats- 
\fn\B n (1885); ; "Histoire des Etats-Unis" (2 vols.. 
1886) ; and " Epopee de Fernan Cortes," a poetical 
history of the conquest of Mexico. 

ROWAN, John, jurist, b. in Pennsylvania in 
1778; d. in Louisville, Ky., 18 July, 1858. He 
moved with his parents to Kentucky in 1783, and 
was educated in Bardstown. In 1795 he was ad- 
mitted to the bar, and in 1799 he became a mem- 
ber of the State constitutional convention. He 
was chosen secretary of state in 1804, and was 
elected to congress from Kentucky, serving from 
9 Jail, 1807, till 8 March, 1809. During 1819-*21 
he was judge of the court of appeals, and he at- 
tained a high reputation as a lawyer in criminal 
cases. Subsequently he was elected to the U. S. 
senate, serving from 5 Dec, 1825, till 8 March, 
1831, during which time he made able speeches on 
the amendment of the judiciary system and on 
imprisonment for debt Later he was appointed 
commissioner of claims against Mexico under the 
treaty of 11 April, 1889, and was sent in 1848 as 
minister to Naples, where he remained until 1850. 
Judge Rowan was president of the Kentucky his- 
torical society in 1888-'43, and published in 1880 
his speeches in the senate on Henry S. Foote's 
resolutions and on imprisonment for debt 

ROWAN, Stephen Clegg, naval officer, b. near 
Dublin, Ireland, 25 Dec, 1808; d. in Washington, 
D. C, 31 March, 1890. He was appointed midship- 
man in the navy from Ohio, 15 Feb., 1826, when he 
was a student at Oxford college. He became 
passed midshipman, 28 Feb., 1882, and during the 
Seminole war cruised in the sloop " Vandalia " on 
the west coast of Florida, conducting boat expe- 
ditions and participating in operations on shore 
from November, 1882, till October. 1886. He was 
commissioned as lieutenant, 8 March, 1837, served 
in the coast survey in 1838-'40, was executive of- 
ficer of the sloop " Cyane " in the Pacific squadron 
in 1846-*8, and during the Mexican war took part 
in the capture of Monterey and San Diego, where 
he landed and hoisted the American flag, 29 July, 
1846. On blockade duty in the Gulf of California 
the M Cyane " captured twenty Mexican vessels and 
caused the destruction of several gun-boats, Lieut. 
Rowan commanded the naval bngade under Com. 
Robert F. Stockton at the victories of San Gabriel 
and La Mesa, 9 and 10 Jan., 1847, was slightly 
wounded in the shoulder, and highly commended 
for his valor and ability. He subsequently com- 
manded an expedition ten miles into the interior 
of Mexico, where he routed a large force of Mexi- 
cans, who then ceased to attack the U. S. naval 
garrison. He was on ordnance duty in 1850-'8 
and again in 1858-'61, commanded the store-ship 
•* Relief" in 1853-'5, and was promoted to com- 
mander, 14 Sept., 1855. When tne civil war opened 
he was in charge of the steam sloop " Pawnee," 
which he brought to Washington from Philadel- 
phia in February, 1861. Rowan was a resident 
of Norfolk, Va., where he had married, but, not- 
withstanding this and his affection to the south, 
he announced his adhesion to the National govern- 
ment, and was continued in the command of the 
44 Pawnee." At the capture of Alexandria he cov- 
vol. v. — 22 



^^t*. 



ered the city with his guns. On 25 May, 1861, he 
took the " Pawnee " to Acquis creek and partici- 
pated in the first naval engagement of the war by 
the attack on the Confederate batteries there. He 
commanded this 
vessel in the bom- 
bardment and 
capture of the 
forts at Hatter- 
as inlet by the 
squadron under 
Com. Stringham, 
and fully shared 
the honor of this 
success. Rowan 
then destroyed 
Fort Ocracoke, 
twenty miles 
south of Hatteras. 
In January, 1862, 
he led the vessels 
inGoldsborough's 
expedition to the 
sounds of North 
Carolina. The 
"Delaware" was 
his divisional flag-ship, and, in the attack on Roan- 
oke island, 8 Feb., 1862, he directed the movements 
of the vessels. After the forts surrendered, the en- 
emy's flotilla was pursued by Rowan with fourteen 
improvised gun-boats into Pasquotank river, where 
he completely destroyed the Confederate vessels 
and defences. Several expeditions were conducted 
by Rowan through the sounds of North Carolina. 
On 12 March, 1862, he and Gen. Bumside co-oper- 
ated in the expedition to New Berne, N. C, where 
he compelled the forts to capitulate. He also cap- 
tured Fort Macon at Beaufort, N. C, 25 April, 
1862, and continued to follow up his successes by 
expeditions until the authority of the government 
was completely re-established in the waters of 
North Carolina. Rowan was commissioned cap- 
tain, 16 July, 1862, and for his conspicuous gal- 
lantry he was also promoted to commodore on the 
same day. He next commanded the •• New Iron- 
sides" off Charleston, and in many months of 
constant conflict with the enemy increased his 
reputation. In the spring of 1864 his services in 
the " New Ironsides " were no longer required, and 
Rowan was relieved. He received a vote of thanks 
from congress, and on 25 July, 1866, was promoted 
to rear-admiral by selection, in recognition of his 
eminent services. He commanded the Norfolk 
navy-yard in 1866-7, was commander-in-chief of 
the Asiatic squadron in 1868-70, and while on 
this duty was promoted to vice-admiral. He was 
in command of the naval station at New York in 
1872-*0, served as president of the board of exam- 
iners in 1879-'81, was governor of the Naval asylum 
at Philadelphia in 1881, and became superintendent 
of the Naval observatory in 1882. Admiral Rowan 
acted as chairman of the light-house board after 
January, 1883, at Washington, D. C. 

ROWAN, Sir William, British general, b. in 
Countv Antrim, Ireland, in 1789 ; d. in Bath, Eng- 
land, 26 Sept., 1879. He entered the army as an 
ensign in tne 52d regiment in 1808, and served 
with it for twenty-five years in the peninsular 
war, at Waterloo, and in North America. He was 
civil and military secretary to Lord Seaton, lieu- 
tenant-governor of Upper Canada, from 1882 till 
1889. He was made a major-general, in 1846, and 
in 1849 was appointed commander of the British 
forces in Canada, which post he held till 1855. 
During part of this time he was administrator of 



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ROWLAND 



ROWLEY 



the government of Canada, while the Earl of Elgin 
was absent in England. He was knighted in 1856, 
and was a field-marshal, and colonel of the 52d 
foot at the time of his death. 

ROWLAND, Henrr Augustus, clergyman, b. 
in Windsor, Conn., 18 Sept, 1804; d. in Boston, 
4 Sept, 1859. He was graduated at Tale in 1828, 
and at Andover theological seminary in 1827. Dur- 
ing the three years following he was agent of the 
American Bible society in New York and Con- 
necticut, and he was ordained in the Presbyterian 
church on 24 Nov., 1880. He was called to Fay- 
ette ville, N. C, in 1881, and three years later to 
the pastorate of the Pearl street church, New York 
city. In 1848 he accepted charge of the Hones- 
dale, Pa., parish, and from 1855 till his death was 
pastor of the Park Presbyterian church in Newark, 
N. J. The degree of D. D. was conferred on him 
by Union college in 1858. He published many 
single sermons, and. besides contributions to the 
religious press, was the author of " On the Common 
Maxims of Infidelity" (New York, 1850); "The 
Path of Life "(1851); "Light in a Dark Alley" 
(1852); and "The Way of Peace" (1858). See 
" Memorial of the Life and Services of the Late 
Henry A. Rowland," by E. R. Faircbild (New York, 
1860). — His son, Henry Augustus, physicist, b. in 
Honesdale, Pa., 27 Nov., 1848, was graduated at 
Rensselaer polytechnic institute in 1870 as a civil 
engineer, and engaged during 1871 in the surveying 
of a railroad in western New York. He then taught 
for a time in Wooster university, but in 1872 re- 
turned to the institute as instructor in physics, 
becoming assistant professor in 1874. Prof. Row- 
land spent a year abroad studying with Helm- 
holtz in Berlin and in examining physical labora- 
tories in Europe. In 1876 he was invited to accept 
the chair of physics, with charge of the laboratory, 
in the newly founded Johns Hopkins university, and 
he has since held that place. The honorary degree 
of Ph. D. was conferred on him by that university 
in 1880. He was a member of the electrical con- 
gress that met in Paris in 1881, and served on the 
jury of the electrical exhibition there in that year, 
ana for his services was made a chevalier of the 
Legion of honor. Prof. Rowland is a permanent 
member of the International commission for estab- 
lishing electrical units, is corresponding member 
of the British association for the advancement of 
science, one of the twelve foreign members of the 
Physical society of London, ana is an associate of 
the American academy of arts and sciences, from 
which in 1884 he received the Rumford medal for 
his researches in light and heat, and in 1881 he 
was elected to the National academy of sciences. 
In 1883 he presided over the section on physics of 
the American association for the advancement of 
science at Minneapolis, and delivered a valuable 
address entitled "A Plea for Pure Science." His 
original work has been extensive, and includes 
numerous researches that have been made under 
his supervision at the Johns Hopkins. While he 
was in Berlin he showed experimentally that a 
moving charge of statical electricity has the same 
magnetic effect as a current. He has more recently 
gained reputation by his large diffraction gratings, 
which are ruled, by a method of his own, directly 
on concave mirrors. An image of the spectrum is 
thus produced without the aid of lenses. The pho- 
tographs of the solar spectrum that he has suc- 
ceeded in making with the aid of these gratings 
surpass anything else of the kind that has ever 
been done. They were exhibited to the National 
academy of sciences in 1883. He has also made an 
extremely accurate determination of the value of 



the ohm, the absolute unit of electrical resistance. 
Among his papers are " On Magnetic Permeabili- 
ty" (1873); "On the Magnetic Permeability and 
Maximum Magnetization of Nickel and Cobalt" 
(1874) ; " Studies on Magnetic Distribution " (1875) ; 
"On a Magnetic Effect of Electric Connection" 
(1876) ; " Research on the Absolute Unit of Elec- 
trical Resistance" (1878); "On the Mechanical 
Equivalent of Heat * (1880); "On Concave Grat- 
ings for Optical Purposes" (1883); "On the Rela- 
tive Wave-Lengths at the Lines of the Solar Spec- 
trum" (1886); and the article on "Screws" in the 
" Encyclopaedia Britannica " ; also he has published 
"On the Mechanical Equivalent of Heat "(Balti- 
more, 1880), and "Photographs of the Normal 
Solar Spectrum " (seven plates, 1886). 

ROWLANDSON.Mary, captive. She was a 
daughter of John White, and wife of the Rev. 
Joseph Rowlandson, the first minister of Lan- 
caster, Mass., who died in 1678. On 10 Feb., 1676. 
during King Philip's war, the Indians surprised 
and burned Lancaster, and took her captive. For 
several days she had no food, and after her child 
was frozen to death and buried in the forest, she 
was sold by her Narragansett captor to a Sagamore 
named Quanopin, in whose wife she found a " most 
uncomfortable mistress," who treated her with 
insolence. The Indians with whom she lived re- 
mained near the site of Petersham, Worcester oo., 
Mass., until they crossed Connecticut river on hear- 
ing that they were pursued. Mrs. Rowlandson 
then met King Philip, who treated her with much 
civility. Soon the Indians returned to Worcester 
county. Timothy Dwight says : " Mrs. Rowlandson 
went through almost every suffering but death. 
She was beaten, kicked, turned out of doors, refused 
food, insulted in the grossest manner, and at times 
almost starved. Nothing but experience can enable 
us to conceive what must be the hunger of a person 
by whom the discovery of six acorns and two chest- 
nuts was regarded as a rich prize. At times, in or- 
der to make her miserable, they announced to her 
the death of her husband and children." Her cap- 
tivity lasted nearly three months, and was ended 
through the agency of a resident of Concord, Mass. 
She was redeemed for about eighty dollars, which 
was contributed by several women of Boston. She 
published her experience in a book entitled the 
" Narrative of the Captivity and Removes of Mrs. 
Mary Rowlandson among the Indians " (Cambridge 
and London, 1682; 2d eo., Boston, 1720; new ed., 
1723). The 5th edition was edited by Joseph Wil- 
lard VLancaster, Mass., 1828). 

ROWLEY (rhymes with Cowley), Thomas Al- 

BN>, soldier, b. in Pittsburg, Pa., 5 Oct, 1806. 
e was educated in private schools, held several 
public offices in Pittsburg, and entered the U. 8. 
army as 2d lieutenant of Pennsylvania volunteers 
to serve in the war with Mexico. . He was afterward 
promoted to captain, and served' in Maryland and 
District of Columbia regiments. Prom 1867 till 
1860 he was clerk of the courts of Alleghany county, 
and at the beginning of the civil war he enlisted aa 
captain in the 18th Pennsylvania volunteers, and 
was promoted to be major and colonel. Re-enlist- 
ing as colonel of the 102d Pennsylvania volun- 
teers, he served three years, was made brigadier- 
general for services at Fredericksburg, Va., on 29 
Nov., 1862, and resigned his commission on 20 Deo. 
1864. From 1866 till 1870 he was U. S. marshal 
for the western district of Pennsylvania, and he 
now (1888) practices law in Pittsburg, Pa. 

ROWLEY, William Reuben, soldier, b. in 
Oouverneur, St Lawrence co., N. Y., 8 Feb., 1824; 
d. in Chicago, 111., 9 Feb., 1886. After teaching in 



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ROWSB 



ROYAL 



Brown county, Ohio, he settled in Galena, 111., 
where he held* various civil offices, and in Novem- 
ber, 1861, entered the military service as 1st lieu- 
tenant in the 45th Illinois regiment After the 
capture of Fort Donelson he was commissioned 
captain, 26 Feb., 1862, and appointed aide-de-camp 
on the staff of Gen. Ulysses S. Grant He distin- 
guished himself at Shiloh by riding from the thick- 
est of the fight at the Horners Nest toward 
Crump's Landing with orders to Gen. Lewis Wal- 
lace to bring his troops to the field, for which service 
he was promoted major, 1 Nov., 1862. He served 
on the staff until the siege of Vicksburg, when he 
was temporarily detached from headquarters, and 
acted as provost-marshal-general of the depart- 
ments of the Tennessee and Cumberland, with 
headquarters at Columbus, Ky. When Gen. Grant 
was promoted lieutenant-general, Maj. Rowley 
was made lieutenant-colonel and military secretary 
on his staff, which office he held until 80 Aug., 1864, 
when he resigned, owing to impaired health. He 
was brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers on 
18 March, 1865. He then returned to Galena, 111., 
was elected county judge in 1877, which office he 
held at his death, and was also engaged in real- 
estate business. Before his death he was the only 
surviving member of Gen. Grant's military staff 
when he commanded the Army of the Tennessee, 
and he died on the day that closed the official term 
of mourning for Gen. Grant 

ROWSETSamael Worcester, b. in Bath. Me., 
89 Jan., 1822. He has devoted himself to drawing 
in black and white, and his works in crayon, chiefl v 
portraits and ideal heads of children, are well 
known to the public. Many of them have been 
reproduced by photography 'and other processes. 
Among his portraits are those of Ralph Waldo 
Emerson and Nathaniel Hawthorne. 

ROWSON, Susanna, author, b. in Portsmouth, 
England, in 1762; d. in Boston, Mass., 2 March, 
1824. She was the only daughter of Lieut William 
Haswell, of the British navy, who, being engaged 
in the revenue service on the American station, 
settled in Nantasket, Mass. Miss Haswell's talents 
attracted the attention of James Otis, who was a 
frequent guest at her father's house, and who called 
her his "little scholar." During the early part of 
the Revolution, Lieut Haswell's property was con- 
fiscated, and he and his family were removed on 
parole to Hingham in 1775, and in 1777 to Abing- 
ton. He subsequently sailed in a cartel with his 
family to England, and, after serving as governess, 
Miss Haswell married in 1786 William Rowson, 
a musician. In that year she published a novel, 
••Victoria" (London), which was dedicated to 
the Duchess of Devonshire, who introduced her to 
the Prince of Wales, from whom she procured a 
pension for her father. Her husband became 
bankrupt, and in 1792-'8 she appeared on the stage 
with him in Edinburgh. In 1798 they came to 
this country, appearing for the first time in An- 
napolis, McL, and subsequently in Philadelphia 
ana Baltimore. In 1796 she played in Boston at 
the Federal street theatre, appearing in several 
of her own plays, and closing with her comedy, 
M Americans in England," in May, 1797. She then 
opened a school for girls. She retired in 1822. 
Mrs. Rowson poss es s ed many accomplishments, was 
active in charities, and was a successful teacher. 
She edited the Boston " Weekly Magazine," and 
contributed to other periodicals. She wrote numer- 
ous popular odes and songs. Her plays include 
u The volunteers : a Farcer founded: on the whis- 
key insurrection in western Pennsylvania (Phila- 
delphia, 1798), and M The Slaves in Algiers.* Her 



most popular novel was " Charlotte Temple, or a 
Tale of Truth " (London, 1790). Montraville, the 
hero, was in reality the author's kinsman. Col. 
John Montresor, while serving in the British army, 
persuaded Charlotte Stanley, a descendant of the 
Earl of Derby, to embark with him in 1774 to 
New York, wnere he abandoned her. She died in 
the Old Tree House on Pell and Dovers streets at 
the age of nineteen years, and was buried in the 
grave-yard of Trinity church. In addition to the 
inscription, the slab bore the quarterings of the 
house of Derby, and in after-years the name of 
Charlotte Temple was substituted for that of Stan- 
ley. Among Mrs* Rowson's publications are " The 
Inquisitor, or Invisible Rambler" (8 vols., Lon- 
don, 1788; Philadelphia, 1794); "Trials of the 
Human Heart " (4 vols., Philadelphia, 1795} ; " Reu- 
ben and Rachel, or Tales of Old Times " (2 vols., 
1798); and "Miscellaneous Poems" (Boston, 1804). 
Her sequel to •• Charlotte Temple," entitled •* Lucy 
Temple, or the Three Orphans," was published 
after ber death (Boston, 1828). See a memoir by 
Elias Nason (Albany, 1870). — Her sister-in-law, 
Charlotte Rowson, b. near London about 1779; 
d. in 1856, came to this country in 1798 and ap- 
peared on the stage in light characters and sang 
popular songs with much effect She married 
William P. Johnston, of Philadelphia, publisher 
of the first daily paper in that city. Their son, 
David Claypoole (q. v.), became an eminent artist 
ROYAL, Joseph, Canadian statesman, b. in 
Repentigny, Quebec, 7 May, 1887. He was edu- 
cated at the Jesuit college, Montreal, studied law, 
and was admitted to the bar of Lower Canada in 
1864, and to that of Manitoba in 1871, was coun- 
sel in important cases, retired in 1880, and is 
now the agent for Le credit foncier Franco-Cana- 
dien for Manitoba. He has written much for the 
French Canadian periodical press for many years, 
and edited and established various newspapers. 
He was elected to the legislative assembly of Mani- 
toba in 1870, and was re-elected in 1875 and 1878. 
In 1879 he was chosen to the Dominion parliament, 
and he was re-elected in 1882 and 1887. He was 
elected speaker of the first legislative assembly of 
Manitoba in 1871, which post he held till March, 
1872, when he was appointed a member of the 
executive council and provincial secretary, but re- 
signed in July, 1874 He was minister of public 
works from 8 Dec., 1874, till he was appointed 
attorney-general in May, 1876, and held the latter 
office till the resignation of the government, when 
he became minister of public works in f he new ad- 
ministration. He was appointed a member of the 
executive council of the Northwest territory in 
1878, and was the first superintendent of educa- 
tion for Manitoba. He has been a delegate to Ot- 
tawa on the subject of obtaining better terms for 
Manitoba, and also regarding the enlargement of 
her boundaries. In October, 1875, he aided in se- 
curing a readjustment of the financial arrange- 
ments of Manitoba with the Dominion. Mr. Royal 
was a commissioner to consolidate the statutes* of 
Manitoba in 1877, and since that year has been 1st 
vice-chancellor of the University of Manitoba. He 
received the confederation medal in 1885, and in 
June, 1888, was appointed lieutenant-governor of 
the Northwest territory. He is the author of " Le 
traits de reciprocite" (1864) : " Vie politique de 
Sir Louis H. Lafontaine " (1864) ; " Considerations 
sur les nombreux changements constitutionels de 
l'Amerique Britannique du Nord, lannexion" 
(1866); M Notes' par un Nicoletain" (1866); "La 
colonisation en 1866" (1867): "Le sacrifice et 
l'egolame " (1867) ; and M Le gout-theorie " (1867). 



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EOYALL 



ROYE 



ROYALL, Anne, editor, b. in Virginia, 11 June, 
1769; d. in Washington. D.C.. 1 Oct., 1854. "' 



She 



was stolen bv the Indians in early life, and remained 
with them for fifteen years. Afterward she mar- 
ried a Cspt Royall and settled in Alabama, where 
she learned to read and write. Subsequently she 
removed to Washington, D. C, where she secured 
an old Ramage printing-press and a font of bat- 
tered type, and with the aid of journeymen print- 
ers published on Capitol hill a small weekly sheet 
called the " Washington Paul Pry/' and afterward 
the " Huntress." John Quincy Adams described 
her as going about ** like a virago-errant in en- 
chanted armor, redeeming herself from the cramps 
of indigence by the notoriety of her eccentricities 
and the forced currency they gave to her publica- 
tions.*' She was a prominent character during the 
succeeding administrations, and John W. Forney 
says : " She was the terror of politicians, and espe- 
cially of congressmen. I can see her now tramp- 
ing through the halls of the old capitol, umbrella 
innand, seizing upon every passer-by and offering 
her book for sale. Any public man who refused 
to buy was certain of a severe philippic in her 
newspaper. . . . She was a woman of great indus- 
try and astonishing memory, but at last she seemed 
to tire of a vocation which grew more and more un- 
profitable with better times and milder manners." 
At last she became so unendurable that she was 
formally indicted by the grand jury as a common 
scold, and was tried in the circuit court before Judge 
William Cranch, and sentenced to be ducked, ac- 
cording to the English law in force in the District 
of Columbia ; but she was released with a fine. Mrs. 
Royall was the author of " Sketches of History, 
Life, and Manners in the United States by a Trav- 
eller " (New Haven, 1826) ; " The Tennessean, a Nov- 
♦el founded on Facts" (1827); "The Black Book, or 
a Continuation of Travels in the United States" 
(Washington, 1828); "The Black Book, or Sketch- 
es of History, Life, and Manners in the United 
States" (8 vols., 1829); "A Southern Tour, or a 
Second Series of the Black Book " (2 vols., 1830-'l) ; 
and " Letters from Alabama" (1880). 

ROYALL, Isaac, soldier, b. about 1720; d. in 
England in October, 1781. He was a wealthy resi- 
dent of Medford, which he represented for many 
Years in the general court. For twenty-two years 
he was a member of the executive council. He 

Sarticipated in the French war, and was appointed 
rigadier-general in 1761, beings the first resident 
of New England to bear that title. During the 
Revolution he sympathized with Great Britain, 
and left this country on 16 April, 1775. He was 
proscribed, and his estate was confiscated in 1778, 
and it is said that " to carry on his farm after his 
departure was found to be some times difficult 
for the honest man's scythe refused to cut Tory 
grass, and his oxen would not plough Tory ground.'' 
Among numerous bequests, ne left 2,000 acres of 
land in Worcester county, Mass., for the endow- 
ment of a law professorship in Harvard. This was 
established in 1815, and Is known by his name. 
The town of Royalston. Worcester ca, Mass., was 
named for him. One of his daughters married the 
younger Sir William Pepperell. 

ROYALL, William Bedford, soldier, b. in Vir- 
ginia, 15 April, 1825. He took part in the Mexican 
war in New Mexico as 1st lieutenant of Missouri 
mountain volunteers, and did good service at the 
capture of Puebla de Taos and in the skirmish with 
Comanche Indians on Coon creek, 18 June, 1848. 
He returned to civil life in October, 1848. In recog- 
nition of his gallantry he received a commission in 
the regular army, dating from 8 March, 1855, and 



he participated in an expedition to the headwaters 
of Uonchos river in the following vear. In 1850 he 
won great credit by a brilliant defence of his camp 



against hostile Comanches. Escaping from Texas 
in the beginning of the civil war, he was commis- 
sioned as captain, 21 March, 1861, and was engaged 
at Falling Waters, the siege of Torktown, Will- 
iamsburg, Hanover Court- House, where he earned 
the brevet of major, and Old Church, where he cut 
through the enemy to escape capture, receiving 
sabre wounds which disabled nira for several years. 
He was brevetted lieutenant-colonel, was made a 
major on 7 Dec, 1868, and during the remaining 
period of the war was engaged in recruiting ser- 
vice. On 18 March, 1865, he was brevetted colonel. 
In 1868 he took the field against the hostile In- 
dians in Kansas, commanding in a combat at Prai- 
rie Dog creek. For a part of the time he was the 
commander of the Republican river expedition of 
1869, and was engaged in several affairs with the 
hostile Indians. He was promoted lieutenant-colo- 
nel on 2 Dec, 1875, and in 1876 took part in the 
Yellowstone expedition, and was engaged at Rose- 
bud creek and in other actions. He was promoted 
colonel of cavalry on 1 Nov., 1882, and retired 
from active service on 19 Oct, 1887. 

ROYCE, JosIaIl author, b. in Grass Valley, 
Nevada co., CaL, 20 Nov., 1855. He was graduated 
at the University of California in 1875, studied at 
Leipsic and Gottingen in 1875-*6, and in 1876-*8 
was a fellow of Johns Hopkins university, where 
he obtained the degree of Ph. D. in 1878. He was 
instructor in English literature and logic at the 
University of California in 1878-*82, and from 1882 
till 1885 instructor in philosophy at Harvard, and 
since 1885 he has been assistant professor of philoso- 
phy there. He is the author of " A Primer of Logi- 
cal Analysis, for the Use of Composition Students" 
(San Francisco, 1881); "The Religious Aspect of 
Philosophy: a Critique of the Basis of Conduct 
and Faith** (Boston, 1885); u California from the 
Conquest in 1846 to the Second Vigilance Com- 
mittee : a Study of American Character," in the 
" American Commonwealth " series (1886) ; and 
" The Feud of Oakfield Creek : a Novel of Califor- 
nia Life " (1887). 

ROYCE, Stephen, governor of Vermont, b. in 
Tinmouth, Vt„ 12 Aug., 1787; d. in East Berkshire, 
Vt., 11 Nov., 1868. He was graduated at Middle- 
bury in 1807, studied law, and was a member of 
the legislature from Sheldon, Franklin county, in 
1815-16, and from St Albans, Franklin county, 
in 1822-'4 From 1825 till 1827, and from 1829 
till 1852, he was judge of the supreme court of 
Vermont, and he served as chief judge from 1846 
till 1852. He was governor of Vermont in 1854-'6 
The University of Vermont gave him the degree 
of LL. D. in 1887.— His nephew, Homer Elfliii, 
jurist, b. in East Berkshire, Vt, 14 June, 1820. 
was educated in the common schools, was admitted 
to the bar in 1842, and practised in his native 
town. He was a member of the state house of rep- 
resentatives in 1846-7 and 1862, prosecuting attor- 
ney for Franklin county in 1848-*9, and state sena- 
tor in 1848-'51, and was elected to congress as a Re- 
Jublican, serving from 7 Deo, 1857, till 8 March, 
861. From 1870 till 1882 he was associate judge 
of the supreme court of Vermont, and since 1882 
he has been chief judge. He was a delegate to 
the National Republican convention of 186a 

ROTE, Edward James, president of Liberia, b. 
in Newark, Ohio, 8 Feb., 1815 ; d. near Monrovia, 
Liberia. 12 Feb., 1872. He was educated at the 
high-school in his native town and at Ohio uni- 
versity, Athens, Ohio. Emigrating to Liberia in 



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ROZE 



RUFF 



341 



1846, he became a wealthy merchant, and was the 
first Liberian to export African commodities to 
Europe and the United States in his own vessel. 
He was elected to the Liberian house of representa- 
tives, serving as speaker in 1840, was chief jus- 
tice from 1865 till 1868, and was elected fifth presi- 
dent of Liberia, entering office in 1870. During 
his service the people voted on a proposition to 
change the presidential term from two to four 

J ears ; but it was defeated, and a new president, 
oseph J. Roberts, was elected in 1871. Notwith- 
standing this, Mr. Roye attempted to remain at 
the head of the government, and he was condemned 
to imprisonment He escaped, and, while endeavor- 
ing to swim to a steamer that was bound for Liver- 
pool, he was drowned in the harbor of Monrovia. 

ROZE, Pierre Gustave, French naval officer, 
b. in Nimes in 1812 ; d. in Paris in 1882. He en- 
tered the navy as midshipman in 1826, was pro- 
moted post-captain in 1856 and attached to the sta- 
tions of the West Indies and South America. In 
January, 1862, he was appointed commodore of the 
fleet to operate in Mexico, and transported to Vera 
Cruz the division of Gen. Lorencez (q. v.). In the 
following March he was appointed military com- 
mander of Vera Cruz and fortified the city, holding 
off the Mexicans after the retreat of Lorencez and 
before the arrival of succor from France. For 
those services he was promoted rear-admiral, 19 
July, 1862, and he remained in command of the 
French navy in Mexico till the withdrawal of Gen. 
Bazaine, when he was sent to China. He was pro- 
moted vice-admiral, 26 May, 1869, and retired in 
1877. He published " Resume* des operations na- 
val es pendant la guerre du Mexique" (Paris, 1869). 
RUCKER, Daniel Henry, soldier, b. in Belle- 
ville, N. J„ 28 April, 1812. In his youth he re- 
moved to Grosse Isle, Mich. He entered the U. S. 
army as 2d lieutenant in the 1st dragoons on 18 
Oct, 1887, became 1st lieutenant, 8 Oct, 1844, and 
captain, 7 Feb., 1847, and served in Michigan, and 
against the Indians in the west and southwest He 
participated in the war with Mexico, and com- 
manded a squadron at Buena Vista, where for gal- 
lantry he was brevetted major on 28 Feb., 1847. 
On 28 Aug., 1849, he was transferred to captain as- 
sistant auartermaster. He declined the post of 
major of the 6th cavalry on 14 May, 1861, became 
maior auartermaster on 8 Aug., 1861, and colonel 
ana aide-de-camp on 28 Sept, 1861. He was ap- 

S tinted brigadier-general, U. S. volunteers, on 28 
ay, 1868, and on 5 July, 1864, was brevetted lieu- 
tenant-colonel, colonel, and brigadier-general, U. S. 
army, for diligent and faithful service during the 
war. On 18 March, 1865, he received the brevets 
of major-general, U. S. army, and major-general, 
U. S. volunteers, for faithful and meritorious ser- 
vice during the war. He was appointed colonel and 
assistant quartermaster-general on 28 July, 1866, 
and was mustered out of the volunteer service on 
1 Sept, 1866. Since that date he has served as 
quartermaster-general at various points, and on 18 
Feb., 1882, was appointed quartermaster-general 
of the army. He was retired on 28 Feb., 1882, and 
now (1888) resides in Washington, D. C. 

RUDD, John Churchill, clergyman, b. in Nor- 
wich, Conn., 24 May, 1779; d. in Utica, N. Y., 15 
Nov., 1848. He was prepared to enter Yale, but 
adverse circumstances prevented. He made his 
way to New York city soon afterward, where he 
became acquainted with Dr. (afterward Bishop) 
Hobart, ana was baptized and confirmed in the 
Episcopal church. He studied for the ministry, 
chiefly under Dr. Hobart's direction, and was or- 
dained deacon, 28 April, 1805, by Bishop Benjamin 



Moore, and priest, in April, 1806, by the same 
bishop. For a short time he was occupied in mis- 
sionary duty on Long Island, N. Y., but in Decem- 
ber, 1805, he took charge of St John's parish, Eliza- 
beth town, N. J., and m May, 1806, was instituted 
as rector. He received the degree of D. D. from 
the University of Pennsylvania in 1822. Severe 
and exhaustive labor in striving to build up the 
church in Elizabethtown resulted in a loss of 
health and strength, and Dr. Rudd was compelled 
to resign his charge in 1826. In July of the same 
year he removed to Auburn. N. Y., and took gen- 
eral oversight of the academy there. His health 
having improved, he accepted the rectorship of St 
Peter's church in Auburn, and held that post for 
seven years, during which a stone church was 
erected on the spot where the previous edifice had 
been burned. Under Bishop Hobart's advice, Dr. 
Rudd, in 1827, began the publication of "The 
Gospel Messenger," a religious weekly, representing 
the doctrines and advocating the principles of the 
Protestant Episcopal church. He continued to be 
its editor during the rest of his life. Besides his 
contributions to church literature in the columns 
of the " Messenger," Dr. Rudd published a large 
number of sermons that he preached on special oc- 
casions between 1822 and 1887, together with ad- 
dresses. Among these are a ** Tribute to Departed 
Excellence," an address on the life and character 
of Bishop Hobart (1880), and a " Sermon on the 
Reopening of St. Peter's Church, Auburn, with a 
Brief Sketch of the History of the Congregation 
from its Organization" (1888). Dr. Rudd also 
edited "The Churchman's Magazine" several years 

{>revious to 1812, but the second war with England 
ed to its discontinuance. 

RUDOLPH, Michael, soldier, b. in Maryland 
about 1754 : d. after 1794. With his brother John 
he joined Maj. Henry Lee. at the head of Elk river 
in 1778, holding the rank of captain in his legion, 
and served with gallantry in manv of the lesser 
battles and sieges in the south. After the war he 
settled in Savannah, and was subsequently a col- 
lector in Sunbury, Ga., where he cultivated a farm. 
Entering the army in 1790 as captain of the 1st in- 
fantry, he served under Gen. Josiah Harmar in the 
northwest. He became major of cavalry*, 5 March, 

1792, and adjutant and inspector of the army in 
February, 1798. After his resignation on 17 July, 

1793, be traded with the West Indies, and subse- 
quently embarked for France to enter its military 
service, after which nothing more was heard of him. 

RUDORF, Cornells van, South American art- 
ist, b. in Demerara in 1769 ; d. in Haarlem, Holland, 
in 1813. He studied in Leyden, and afterward ob- 
tained an employment in the administration of 
Dutch Guiana, but resigned a few years later and 
devoted himself to painting the magnificent sce- 
nery of the virgin forest Among his works are 
'•Sunset in a Virgin Forest" (1796); "Indian La- 
borers at the Harvest" (1800); "A Street of Deme- 
rara" (1808); "A Woman Fish -Vender" (1804); 
and " Moonlight in the Forest " (1809). 

RUFF, Charles Frederick, soldier, b. in Phila- 
delphia, Pa., 10 Oct, 1818; d. there, 1 Oct, 1885. 
He was graduated at the U. S. military academy in 
1888, assigned to the 1st dragoons, served in garri- 
son and frontier duty in Kansas and Iowa, and re- 
signed on 81 Dec.. 1848. Until 1846 he practised 
law in Liberty, Mo., and on 18 June, 1846, he en- 
listed for the war with Mexico as lieutenant-colonel 
of Missouri volunteers, being made captain in a 
regiment of mounted rifles in the U. S. army on 
7 July, 1846. He was brevetted major for gallant 
and meritorious conduct at the skirmish at San 



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BUPZ DE LAVISON 



Juan de los Llanos, 1 Aug., 1847, and participated 
in the battles of Contreras, Molino del Bey (where 
he was wounded), and Chapultepec, and in the cap- 
ture of the city of Mexico, after which he served 
on frontier duty in Washington territory. In 
1853-*8 he was superintendent of the cavalry re- 
cruiting service, and in 1858 commanded the cav- 
alry-school for practice at Jefferson barracks. Mo. 
He was made major of mounted rifles on 80 Dec, 
1866, served on the Navajo expedition in 1858-'9, 
the Comanche expedition in 1860, and was the 
bearer of despatches to the war department in 
1860-'l. He became lieutenant-colonel of the 8d 
cavalry, 10 June, 1861, was mustering and disburs- 
ing officer at Philadelphia, Pa., from 15 April, 
1861, till 30 April, 1866, acting inspector-general 
of the Department of the Susquehanna from 39 
June till 80 Sept, 1868, and retired from active 
service, owing to impaired health, on 80 March, 

1864, having mustered into service more than 
50,000 volunteers. He was brevetted colonel and 
brigadier-general, U. S. army, on 18 March, 1865, 
for faithful and meritorious services in recruit- 
ing the armies of the United States. From 1868 
till 1870 he served as professor of military science 
in the University of Pennsylvania. 

BUFFIN, Armand Gnstave (rew-fang). French 
explorer, b. in Landerneau in 1781 ; d. in New Or- 
leans, La., in 1789. He entered the colonial ad- 
ministration in early life, and held offices in St 
Lucia, Martinique, and Santo Domingo. In 1777 
he was king's deputy-lieutenant at Cayenne, and in 
1783 was in charge of the administration of Dutch 
Guiana, which had been retaken from the English. 
After the conclusion of peace he set out on a voy- 
age of exploration through the basins of Amazon 
and Orinoco rivers, and during a sojourn of thirty- 
two months made a valuable collection of speci- 
mens in natural history. Toward the beginning 
of 1789 he was sent to explore the upper basin of 
Mississippi river, but he died in New Orleans of 
yellow fever a few days after his arrival in that 
place. His works include " Tableau statistique et 
economique des Guianes " (Paris. 1788) ; " Voyage a 
travers les deserts de l'Amazonie " (1787) ; u Quraze 
mois sur les bords de l'Orenoque " (1787) ; ** Choix 
de plantes et d'insectes peu connus des Guianes 
et du Bresil" (1788); and " Observations sur les 
cannelier de la Guiane" (1788). 

BUFFIN, Edmnad (ruf -fin), agriculturist, b. in 
Prince George county, Va,, 5 Jan., 1794 ; d. on his 
estate of Beamoor, in Amelia county, Va., 15 June, 

1865. In 1810-'13 he attended William and Mary 
college. He served in the legislature, was secretary 
of the state board of agriculture, agricultural sur- 
veyor of South Carolina, for many years was presi- 
dent of the Virginia agricultural society, ana was 
the discoverer of the value of marl as a fertilizer 
of poor soil, by the use of which millions of dollars 
were added to the value of the real estate of east- 
ern Virginia. He was a state-rights man and a 
secessionist, and was a member of the Palmetto 
guard of South Carolina. At the beginning of the 
civil war he went to South Carolina, and, by order 
of Gen. Beauregard, his company was ordered to 
open fire on Fort Sumter, and as the oldest mem- 
ber he was selected by his oomrades to fire the first 
gun, 14 April, 1861. He shot himself because he 
was unwilling to live under the U. S. government 
Among other agricultural papers he edited the 
"Farmer's Register " from 1888 till 1843, and he 
also published " Essay on Calcareous Manures w 
(Richmond, 1881) ; " Essay on Agricultural Educa- 
tion " (1888); -Anticipations of the Future to 
serve as Lessons for the Present Time n (1860); and 



edited " The Westover Manuscripts, containing the 
History of the Dividing-Line betwixt Virginia and 
North Carolina; a Journey to the Land of Eden, 
A. D. 1788; and a Progress to the Mines," by 
William Byrd, of Westover (Petersburg, 1841 ; 3d 
e<L, 3 vols^ Albany, 1866). 

BUFFIN, George Lewis, lawyer, b. m Rich- 
mond, Va., 16 Dec, 1884; d. in Boston, Mass^ 19 
Nov., 1886. He was of African descent but of free 
parentage, and was educated at the public schools 
m Boston. He became a barber, studied law, and 
after graduation at Harvard in 1869 practised with 
success in Boston, served in the legislature as a 
Republican, and was appointed by Gov. Benjamin 
F. Butler judge of the municipal court in the 
Charlestown district in 1888, being the only colored 
justice that held office in New England. 

BUFFIN, Thomas, jurist b. in King and Queen 
county, Va-, 17 Nov., 1787; d. in Hillsboro*, N. O, 
15 Jan., 1870. After graduation at Princeton in 
1805 he studied law, and removed to Hillsboro', 
N. C, in 1807. He served in the legislature in 
1818-'16, becoming speaker in the latter year, was 
judge of the supreme court in 1816-*18, and elected 
again from 1825. and was chief justice of the state 
supreme court from 1839 till 1853, and again in 
1856-U after which he served as presiding judge of 
the county court He was opposed to nullification 
in 1883 and to secession in I960, but voted for the 
ordinance of secession in the convention. He was 
a delegate to the Peace congress that met in Wash- 
ington in 1861. The University of North Carolina 
gave him the degree of LL. D. in 1884. 

BUFFNEB, Henry, educator, b. in Page coun- 
ty, Va., 19 Jan., 1789; d. in Maiden, Kanawha oo., 
Va., 17 Dec, 1861. His father removed to the val- 
ley of the Great Kanawha, where he bought large 
tracts of land, and was one of the first to manufac- 
ture salt there. The son was graduated at Wash- 
ington college, Va., in 1814, studied theology, was 
licensed by the presbytery of Lexington in 1819, 
and held various pastorates in the vicinity. He 
was professor at Washington college (now 'Wash- 
ington and Lee university) from 1819 tul 1887, and 
its president from 1887 till 1848, when he resigned 
and retired to his farm. The degree of D. D. 
was conferred on him by Princeton in 1888 and 
that of LL. D. by Washington in 1849. He was the 
author of a " Discourse upon the Duration of Fu- 
ture Punishment " (Richmond, 1838) : ** Inaugural 
Address " (Lexington, 1887) ; M Judith Bensaddi, a 
Romance " (1840) ; M The Fathers of the Desert or 
an Account of the Origin and Practice of Monk- 
ery " (3 vols., New York, 1850) ; and several dis- 
courses, among which was an address against sla- 
very, known as the **Buffner_Pamphlet* (1847). 

BUFZ DE LATISON, £tte»ne (roofs), West 
Indian physician, b. in St Pierre, Martinique, 14 
Jan., 1806. He studied medicine in Paris, was ad- 
mitted among the pupils of the Hdtel Ijieu hospi- 
tal, and in 1885 obtained his diploma as doctor. 
In 1886 he was sent by the government to Mar- 
seilles to inquire into the means of checking an 
epidemic of Asiatic cholera. In 1888 he returned 
to Martinique to practise his profession, and be- 
came afterward chief surgeon of tha, hospital of 
St Pierre, and superintendent of the lunatic asylum 
of the colony. He specially engaged in researches 
upon the poisons that were used oy the negroes and 
the extinct tribes of Carib Indians, and presented 
some interesting memoirs to the French academy 
of medicine, which were printed in the annals of 
that society. After the revolution of 1848 he was 

? resident of the state council of the colonyvin 
848-'58. Beturning to Paris in 1856, he was 



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manager of the Zoological garden of aoclimatation 
in 1860-'5, was elected delegate of Martinique to 
the colonial committee in 1867-'70, and in 1875 be- 
came an associate member of the French academy 
of medicine. His works include "Etudes histo- 
riquee et ststistiques sur la population de Saint 
Pierre de la Martinique" (St Pierre, 1854); " M6- 
moire sur la maison dee alienes de Saint Pierre de 
la Martinique " (Paris, 1858) ; and " Enqufite sur le 
Bothrops lancebld, ou vipSre fer de lance, le ser- 
pent de la Martinique" (i860). 

RUGENDAS, Johann Morltz, German artist, 
b. in Augsburg, 30 March, 1802 ; d. in Weilheim, 
Wurtemberg, 29 May, 1858. He devoted himself 
more particularly to illustrating with his pencil 
the life and scenery of Mexico and South America, 
where he travelled at various times between 1821 
and 1847. The sketches that he made in Brazil 
were lithographed and published with German 
text (Paris, 1827-'85), and his portfolios of South 
American sketches and studies were purchased by 
the government at Munich. His oil-painting, 
" Columbus taking Possession of the New World?* 
(1855V, is in the New Pinakothek, Munich. 

RUGER, Thomas Howard, soldier, b. in Lima, 
Livingston co., N. Y., 2 April, 1888. He was 
graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1854, 
assigned to the engineer corps, and worked on 
the defences of New Orleans, La., but resigned, 
1 April, 1855, and from 1856 till the civil war 
practised law in JanesvillcLWis. He became lieu- 
tenant-colonel of the 8d Wisconsin regiment, 29 
June. 1861, and its colonel on 20 Aug., and com- 
manded it in Maryland and the Shenandoah val- 
ley till August, 1862, after which he was in the 
northern Virginia and Maryland campaigns. He 
was commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers, 
29 Nov., 1862, led a brigade in the Rappahannock 
campaigns, and commanded a division at Gettys- 
burg. In the summer of 1868 he was in New 
York city, where he aided in suppressing the 
draft riots. He then guarded the Nashville and 
Chattanooga railroad in Tennessee till April, 1864, 
led a brigade in Sherman's advance into Georgia 
till November, 1864, and with a division of the 
23d corps took part in the campaign against 
Gen. John B. Hood's army in Tennessee, receiv- 
ing the brevet of major-general of volunteers, 
80 Nov., 1864, for services at the battle of Frank- 
lin. He then organized a division at Nashville, 
led it from February to June, 1865, in North 
Carolina, and then had charge of the depart- 
ment of that state till June, 1866, when he was 
mustered out He accepted a colonelcy in the 
regular army, 28 July, 1866, and on 2 March, 1867, 
was brevetted brigadier-general, U, S. army, for 
services at Gettysburg. Fronr January till July, 
1868, he was provisional governor of Georgia, and 
from 1871 till 1876 he was superintendent of the 
U. S. military academy. From the last year till 
1878 he was in charge of the Department of the 
8outh, and in 1876 he oommandea the troops dur- 
ing the trouble in South Carolina incident to the 
claims of rival state governments. (See Chambi*- 
labi, D. H.) He then commanded posts in the south 
and west, and on 19 March, 1886, was promoted 
brigadier-general. After temporarily commanding 
the Department of the Missouri in April and May, 
1886, he was placed in charge of that of Dakota, 
with headquarters at St Paul, Minn* where he 
is at present (1888) on duty. 

RUGER, William Crawford, jurist, b. in 
Bridgewater, Oneida co., N. Y., 80 JaiL, 1824. He 
was educated at Bridgewater academy, studied 
law, was admitted to the bar in 1845, and practised 



in Bridgewater and Syracuse. He was counsel for 
the defendants in the "canal-ring" prosecutions 
that were instituted by Gov. Samuel J. Tilden. He 
was a member of the Democratic national conven- 
tion in 1872, and twice a candidate for congress. 
In 1876 he was president of the convention in 
Albany at which the State bar association was 
formed. In 1882 he was elected chief judge of the 
New York court of appeals. 

RUGGLES, Benjamin, senator, b. in Windham 
county, Conn., in 1788 ; d. in St. Clairsville, Ohio, 
2 Sept, 1857. He obtained the means for acquir- 
ing a classical education by teaching during the 
winters, studied law, and was admitted to the bar. 
He removed to Marietta, Ohio, and subsequently 
to St Clairsville, and in 1810 became president 
judge of the court of common pleas for the third 
circuit In 1815 he was chosen U. S. senator, 
and he served until 1888, gaining by his habits of 
industry the name of the "wheel -horse of the 
senate.'' In 1836 he was chosen a presidential 
elector on the Whig ticket 

RUGGLES, Daniel, soldier, b. in Barre, Mass^ 
81 Jan., 1810. He was graduated at the U. S. 
military academy in 1888, entered the 5th infantry, 
and served on frontier and recruiting duty till the 
Mexican war, in which, after his promotion as cap- 
tain, 18 June, 1846, he won the brevet of major 
for gallantry at Contreras and Churubusco, and 
that of lieutenant -colonel for Chapultepec. He 
then served mostly in Texas till his resignation on 
7 May, 1861, for two years before which he had 
been on sick leave of absence. He then joined the 
Confederate army, was commissioned brigadier- 
general in the same year, served in New Orleans, 
and led a division at Shiloh and at Baton Rouge. 
He became major-general in 1868, and commanded 
the Department of the Mississippi He repelled 
raids on the northern and southern borders of the 
state in 1863-'4, and in 1865 was commissary-gen- 
eral of prisoners. After the war he took charge of 
his large estate near Palafox, Tex., and also re- 
sided at Fredericksburg, Va. 

RUGGLES. John, senator, b. in Westborough, 
Mass., in 1790; d. in Thomaston, Me., 20 June, 
1874. He was graduated at Brown in 1818, studied 
law, and began to practise in Skowhegan, Me., but 
removed to Thomaston in 1818. He served in the 
lower house of the legislature in 1828-*81, as its 
speaker in 1825-*9 ana 1881, and resigned in the 
last-named year to become judge of the district 
court of the state, in place of Samuel E. Smith, 
who had been chosen governor. He was then 
chosen U. S. senator as a Democrat in place of Peleg 
Sprague, who had resigned, and served from 8 
Feb^ 1885, till 8 March, 1841. He afterward re- 
turned to the practice of law. 

RUGGLES, Samuel Bulkley, lawyer, b. in 
New MUford, Conn., 11 April, 1800; d. on Fire 
island, N. Y„ 28 Aug., 1881. He removed at an 
early age to Poughkeepsie, was graduated at Yale 
in 1814, studied law in the office of his father, 
Philo. who was surrogate and district attorneyat 
Poughkeepsie, and was admitted to the bar in 1821. 
He was elected a member of the assembly of 1888. 
and, as chairman of the committee on ways and 
means, presented a '* Report upon the Finances and 
Internal Improvements of the State of New York," 
which led the state to enter upon a new policy in 
its commercial development This report proposed 
to borrow sums of money sufficient to enlarge the 
Erie canal within five years, and not a* had been 
at first decided, to rely upon part of the tolls to 
pay for the enlargement while waiting twenty 
years. The enlargement was not made at once, 



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RUGGLES 



bat Mr. Ruggles's views, which were much assailed, 
were amply vindicated by the event He was a 
commissioner to determine the route of the Erie 
railroad, and a director in 1833-'9, a director and 
promoter of the Bank of commerce in 1889, com- 
missioner of the Croton aqueduct in 1842, dele- 
gate from the Unit- 
ed States to the In- 
ternational statis- 
tical congresses at 
Berlin in 1863 and 
the Hague in 1869, 
U. S. commission- 
er to the Paris ex- 
position of 1867, 
and delegate to 
the International 
monetary confer- 
ence that was held 
there. He laid out 
Gramercy park, in 
' the city of New 

C# JS) 4) J York, in 1881, gave 

surrounding prop- 
erty-owners. He also had a considerable influence 
upon shaping Union square, where he resided, and 
he selected the name of Lexington avenue. He was 
for a long term of years a trustee of the Astor li- 
brary, and he held the same office in Columbia col- 
lege from 1836 till the end of his life. He was also 
a member of the Chamber of commerce of the 
state of New York, and of the General convention 
of the Protestant Episcopal church. Mr. Ruggles's 
claim to distinction rests chiefly upon his canal 
policy, and the steadfast attention that he con- 
tinued to grive to the Erie canal, both as a private 
citizen during his life and as canal commissioner, 
in which office he served from 1840 till 1842, and 
again in the year 1858. Yale gave him the degree 
of LL. D. in 1859. Among his numerous printed 
papers are " Report upon Finances and Internal 
Improvements" (1838); ** Vindication of Canal 
Policy" (1849); "Defence of Improvement of 
Navigable Waters by the General Government" 
(1852) ; " Law of Burial " (1858) ; " Report on State 
of Canals in 1858" (1859); reports on the Statis- 
tical congress at Berlin (1868), the Monetary con- 
ference at Paris (1867), and the Statistical congress 
at the Hague (1871) ; *' Report to the Chairman of 
the Committee on Canals" (1875); and a "Con- 
solidated Table of National Progress in Cheapening 
Pood " (1880).— His cousin, Charles Hermanju- 
rist, b. in Litchfield county, Conn., 10 Feb., 1789 ; 
d. in Poughkeepsie, N. Y., 16 June, 1865, received 
a good education, studied law, and began practice 
in Kingston, N. Y. He was a member of tne New 
York legislature in 1820, and was elected immedi- 
ately afterward to congress, serving in 1821-8. 
He then served as a judge of the Dutchess county 
circuit court, was again in the legislature, and in 
1853 became a judge of the court of appeals of 
the state of New York, but resigned on 80 Aug., 
1855.— Charles Herman's nephew. George David, 
soldier, b. in Newburg, N. Y., 11 Sept., 1888, was 
graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1855, 
and assigned to the mounted riflemen. He served 
on frontier duty, including three Indian expedi- 
tions, till the civil war, and in 1858 was acting ad- 
jutant-general of the Department of the West, at 
St Louis. In July. 1861, he was made assistant 
adjutant-general, with the staff rank of captain, 
and assigned to special duty in the war department 
in the organization of volunteer forces. He be- 



came colonel on the staff on 28 June, 1862, was 
chief of staff of the Army of Virginia in Gen. John 
Pope's campaign, and continued to serve as an 
additional aide-de-camp throughout the war, some- 
times with the Army of the Potomac, of which he 
was adjutant-general from February till June, 
1865, and sometimes in Washington. He took part 
in the battles of Antietam and South Mountain, 
and the assault and capture of Petersburg. On 9 
April, 1865, he was brevetted brigadier-general of 
volunteers for services during the operations that 
resulted in the fall of Richmond and surrender of 
the Army of Northern Virginia under Gen. Robert 
E. Lee, and he was also given brevet commissions 
in the regular army to date from 18 March, in- 
cluding that of brigadier-general Since the war 
he has served as adjutant-general of various de- 
partments, and on 15 June, 1880, he attained the 
rank of lieutenant-colonel. 

RUGGLES, Timothy, lawyer, b. in Rochester, 
Mass., 20 Oct, 1711 ; d in Wiimot, Nova Scotia, 
4 Aug., 1795. He was a son of Rev. Timothy Rug- 
pies, of Rochester. He was graduated at Harvard 
in 1782, and began the practice of law in Rochester, 
but removed to Sandwich about 1787, and thence 
to Hardwick in 1758 or 1754. At Sandwich he 
opened a tavern, and personally attended the bar 
and stable, while continuing to practise his pro- 
fession. He was one of the best lawyers in the 
province of Massachusetts, and before his removal 
to Hardwick the principal antagonist of James 
Otis, senior, in causes of importance, as at a later 
period he was the chief opponent of James Otis, 

iunior, in contests in the general court In 1757 
te was commissioned a judge of the court of com- 
mon pleas of Worcester county, and on 21 Jan., 
1762, ne became its chief justice. The latter office 
he held until the Revolution. He was also ap- 
pointed, 28 Feb., 1762, a special iustice of the su- 
perior court of the province. Mr. Ruggles was 
a representative in the general court from Roches- 
ter in 1786, from Sandwich for eight years between 
1789 and 1752, and from Hardwick fifteen years 
between 1754 and 1770. He Was speaker of the 
house in 1762 and 1768. In 1765 he was chosen 
one of the delegates from Massachusetts to the 
stamp-act congress of that year in New York, and 
was elected its president, but refused to sign the 
addresses and petitions that were sent by that body 
to Great Britain, and was censured for the refusal 
by the general court of Massachusetts and repri- 
manded in his place from the speaker's chair. Nine 
years later he accepted an appointment as manda- 
mus councillor, and took the oath of office, 16 Aug., 
1774 Ruggles rendered service in the French war 
that began in 1758 and ended in 1768. He had 
the rank of colonel in the expedition of Sir William 
Johnson against Crown Point in 1755, and in the 
battle of Lake George, where the French, under 
Baron Dieskau, met with a signal defeat, he was 
next in command to Johnson. In 1758-'80 he 
served as brigadier-general under Lord Amherst, 
and accompanied that general in his expedition 
against Canada. In recognition of his services a 
grant was made to him by the general court of 
Massachusetts in January, 1764, of a farm in Prince- 
ton. A few years later he was appointed a surveyor- 
general of tne king's forests in the province, and in 
the northern part of Nova Scotia. Lucius R. Paige, 
who in his "History of Hardwick " (Boston, 18%) 
has given the best and latest account of Gen. Rug- 
gles, writes that he was "one of the most promi- 
nent citizens of Massachusetts, and indeed of New 
England, in both military and civil affairs." In 
the years that immediately preceded the Revolu- 



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845 



tion, Timothy Ruggles had been the leader of the 
king's party in the general court ; and when the 
British troops left Boston in 1775 he went with 
them, bat there is no evidence, however, that he 
took an active part in the war against his country- 
men. It has been said of him that •• he applauded 
the spirit which led to the Revolution, but regard- 
ed the violent efforts practised to effect the separa- 
tion of the provinces from the mother country as 
impolitic and premature." Gen. Ruggles's prop- 
erty was confiscated by the government of Massa- 
chusetts, but Great Britain gave him land in Nova 
Scotia, and after the close of the Revolutionary 
war he settled there and spent the remainder of 
his life in agricultural pursuits. In his new home, 
as before in Hardwick, he rendered lasting ser- 
vice to his neighbors by the use of scientific meth- 
ods in farming and by the introduction of choice 
breeds of cattle and horses. He was more than 
six feet in height, careful in his dress, and had an 
expressive countenance. He was commanding and 
dignified in appearance and fearless in demeanor. 
His wit was readv and brilliant, his mind was 
clear, comprehensive, and penetrating. He was a 
forcible and convincing public speaker. Though 
abstemious, he was at the same time profuse in 
hospitality. As a military officer he was noted for 
cool bravery and excellence of judgment, as well 
as for knowledge of the art of warfare. " There 
were few men in the province," wrote Joseph Wil- 
lard, " more justly distinguished than Ruggles; and 
few who were more severely dealt with in the bitter 
controversies preceding the Revolution." " Had he 
been so fortunate," wrote Christopher 0. Baldwin, 
M as to have embraced the popular sentiments' of 
the time, there is no doubt he would have been 
ranked among the leading characters of the Revo- 
lution." See an article by Christopher C. Baldwin 
on Timothv Ruggles in the " Worcester Magazine " 
(1826), and addresses before the Members of the 
bar of Worcester county, Mass., by Joseph Wil- 
lard (1829), Emory Washburn (1856), and Dwight 
Foster (1878); also Emory Washburn's " Sketches 
of the Judicial History of Massachusetts from 1680 
to the Revolution in 1775" (Boston, 1840). 

RUGGLES, William, educator, b. in Roches- 
ter, Mass., 5 Sept, 1797 ; d. in Washington, D. C, 10 
Sept, 1877. He was graduated at Brown in 1820, 
in 1822 became a tutor in Columbian college, D. C, 
and in 1827 was advanced to the chair of mathe- 
matics and natural philosophy. He remained in 
this office until his death, completing the term of 
fifty-five years as teacher in one institution. Prof. 
Ruggles was a generous contributor to charitable 
objects, especially those of the Baptist denomina- 
tion. To Karen theological school, in Burmah, he 
Sve during his life $15,000, and at his death he 
t it a legacy of $25,000. He received from Brown 
the honorary degree of LL. D. in 1852. 

RULISON, Nelson Somervllle, P.E. bishop, 
b. in Carthage, Jefferson co., N. Y., 24 April, 1842. 
His early education and training were obtained at 
home and at the Wesleyan academy, Gouverneur, 
N. Y. He entered the Episcopal general theologi- 
cal seminary, New York city, was graduated in 
1866. and ordained deacon in Grace church, Utica, 
N. Y., 27 May, 1866, by Bishop Coxe, and priest, 
in the Church of the Annunciation, New York city, 
80 Nov., 1866, by Bishop Horatio Potter. The first 
rear of his ministry he served as assistant minister 
in the Church of the Annunciation, New York city. 
In 1867 he became rector of Zion church, Morris, 
N. Y. Three years later he went to Jersey City, 
founded and built St John's free church, and la- 
bored there for nearly seven years. He accepted a 



call to St Paul's church, Cleveland, Ohio, in 1876, 
and held that post for eight years. He received 
the degree of D. D. from Kenyon college, Ohio, in 
1879, was clerical deputy from Ohio in the general 
conventions of 1880 and 1883, and president of the 
standing committee of the diocese of Ohio for six 
years. He was elected assistant bishop of central 
Pennsylvania in the summer of 1884, and was con- 
secrated in St Paul's church, Cleveland, 28 Oct, 
1884. Bishop Rulison has published several ser- 
mons that he has preached on special occasions, 
and contributed freely to current religious litera- 
ture in verse as well as prose. He wrote also a 
" History of St Paul's Cnurch, Cleveland, Ohio " 
(Cleveland, 1877). 

RUM FORD, Benjamin Thompson, Count, 
scientist, b. in Woburn, Mass., 26 March, 1758 ; d. 
in Auteuil, near Paris, France, 21 Aug., 1814. He 
received a common-school education and excelled 
in mathematics and 
mechanics. In 1766 
he was apprenticed 
to John Apple ton, a 
merchant in Salem, 
and continued his 
studies by devoting 
his leisure to the 
study of algebra, 
trigonometry, and 
astronomy, so that 
at the age of fifteen 
he was able to cal- 
culate an eclipse. 
Later he began the 
study of medicine 
under Dr. John Hay 
in Woburn, and at- 

tended a few lee- /h*^ ' C£5r-. ^ 

tures at Cambridge, * J "y </*u>rnf^<hr>, 
but spent most of 

his time in manufacturing surgical instruments. 
Subsequently he returned to Boston, and there 
engaged as a clerk in the dry-goods business. 
The depressed condition of affairs soon threw him 
out of employment and, with his friend Loam mi 
Baldwin, he attended the lectures in experimental 
philosophy that were delivered by Prof. John Win- 
throp at Harvard. The experiments were repeated 
by the two students with improvised apparatus on 
their return from the lectures. He also taught for 
a short time in Bradford, Mass., and later in Rum- 
ford (now Concord), N. H. In 1771 he. married 
Sarah Walker Rolfe, a widow of ample means, 
about thirteen years his senior. Gov. John Went- 
worth, of New Hampshire, recognizing his ability, 
gave him a commission of major in one of the New 
Hampshire regiments ; but this act met with oppo- 
sition from those who resented the appointment 
of a rounder man over their heads. This feeling of 
hostility increased as the active measures of the 
Revolution approached, and knowledge of the in- 
tention of tarring and feathering him oh account 
of his supposed Tory inclinations caused his abrupt 
departure from Concord in November, 1774, leav- 
ing his wife and infant daughter. He made his 
way to Boston, where his military feelings led to 
his intimate relations with Gen. Thomas Gage. It 
is said that after the battle of Bunker Hillhe was 
favorably introduced to George Washington, who 
had just assumed command of the American army, 
and who would have given him a commission m 
the artillery but for the opposition of the New 
Hampshire officers. In March, 1775, he returned 
to Woburn, where he was arrested, and, after a 
public trial, was not fully acquitted, although not 



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846 



RUMPORD 



RUMFORD 



condemned. Unwilling to remain in obscurity at 
home under a cloud of suspicion, he determined 
to seek a field of activity elsewhere. Turning his 
property into money as far as possible he left his 
family in October, 1775, and they did not hear from 
him again until after the close of the war. It ap- 
pears that he was received on board of the British 
frigate "Scarborough" in Newport, and thence 
taken to Boston, where, on the evacuation of the 
city, he was riven despatches from Gen. William 
Howe to Lord George Germaine, secretary of state 
for the colonies. His behavior so impressed the 
minister that he was appointed in the colonial 
office. He directed immediate attention to mili- 
tary affairs, improved the accoutrements of the 
horse-guards, continued his experiments on gun- 
powder, and improved the construction of fire- 
arms. These services received the approbation of 
his superiors, and in 1780 he was appointed an 
Under-Secretary of state. Meanwhile he investi- 
gated various scientific subjects, including the co- 
hesion of bodies, a paper on which he submitted to 
the Royal society, where, in 1779, he was elected a 
fellow. In 1781, after the retirement of Lord 
George Germaine, he returned to this country and 
raised in New York the "King's American dra- 
goons," of which he was commissioned lieutenant- 
colonel on 24 Feb., 1788, and was stationed chiefly 
on Long Island, where he built a fort in Hunting- 
ton. Some authorities say that he served in the 
south, and at one time defeated Gen. Francis Mar- 
ion's men, destroying their stores. Before the 
close of the war he returned to England, and on 
the establishment of peace he obtained leave of 
absence to visit the continent with the intention 
of offering his services to the Austrian govern- 
ment, which was then at war with Turkey. At 
Strasburg he met Prince Maximilian of "Deux- 
Ponts, who furnished him with an introduction to 
his cousin, the elector of Bavaria. Col. Thomp- 
son was received at Munich with consideration, 
and invited to enter the Bavarian service, but he 
refused to accept any offer until he had visited 
Vienna. Finding that the war was near its close, 
he agreed to enter the service of the elector, pro- 
vided that he could obtain the consent of the Eng- 
lish authorities. In order to secure the requisite 
permission he returned to England, where his res- 
ignation of the command of tne regiment was ac- 
cepted, and he was permitted to retain, the half- 
pay of his rank until his death. The honor of 
knighthood was also conferred on him. Near the 
end of 1784 he returned to Munich, where the 
reigning prince, Charles Theodore, gave him a con- 
fidential appointment with the rank of aide-de- 
camp and chamberlain. He reorganized the entire 
military establishment of Bavaria, introducing a 
simpler code of tactics and a new system of disci- 

Sline, also providing industrial schools for the Boi- 
lers' children, and improving the construction and 
mode of manufacture of arms and ordnance. Col. 
Thompson devoted himself to various other re- 
forms, such as the improvement of the dwellings 
of the working class, providing for them a better 
education and organising homes of industry. But 
his greatest reform was the suppression of the sys- 
tem of beggary that was then prevalent in Bavaria. 
Beggars and vagabonds, the larger part of whom 
were also thieves, swarmed over the country, espe- 
cially in the larger towns. He removed them from 
the cities, provided them with work, and made 
them self-supporting. For his services he was 
made a member of the council of state, and suc- 
cessively major-general, lieutenant-general, com- 
mander-in-chief of the general staff, minister of 



war, and superintendent of the police of the elec- 
torate, and he was also for a short time chief of the 
regency that exercised sovereignty during the ab- 
sence of the elector. He received decorations from 
Poland, and was elected a member of the Acade- 
mies of Munich and Mannheim. In 1790 the elec- 
tor, becoming vicar-general of the empire during 
the interval between the death of Joseph IL ana 
the coronation of Leopold II., availed himself of 
the prerogatives of that office to make him a count 
of tne Holy Roman empire, on which occasion he 
chose as his title the name of Rumford, the town 
in New Hampshire where he had married. While 
engaged with his various reforms in connection 
with the army he was led to study domestic econ- 
omy. He investigated the properties and manage- 
ment of heat, ana the amount of it that was pro- 
duced by the combustion of different kinds of fuel, 
by means of a calorimeter of his own invention. 
By reconstructing the fire-place he so improved the 
methods of warming apartments and cooking food 
that a saving in fueloi about one half was effected. 
His studies of cookery still rank high. He im- 
proved the construction of stoves, cooking-ranges, 
coal-grates, and chimneys, and showed that the non- 
conducting power of cloth is due to the air that is 
inclosed in its fibers. Among the other benefits in- 
troduced by him into Bavaria were improved breeds 
of horses and cattle, which he raised on a farm that 
he reclaimed from waste ground in the vicinity of 
Munich, and changed it into a park, where, after 
his leaving Bavaria, a monument was erected in his 
honor. His health failed under the pressure of 
these undertakings, and he obtained leave of ab- 
sence in 1795. After visiting Italy he spent some 
time in England, and while in that country he was 
invited by the secretary of state for Ireland to visit 
its charitable institutions with a view of remedying 
their evils and introducing reforms. The war be- 
tween France and Austria caused his return to 
Bavaria, where he maintained its neutrality, al- 
though the country was overrun with the soldiers 
of both nations. His health again failing, he was 
obliged to leave Munich, and he was sent to Eng- 
land as minister of Bavaria, but, being an English 
subject, he could not be received in that capacity 
at the English court. But he remained in Eng- 
land as the private agent of Bavaria, and in 1799 
was chiefly instrumental in founding the Royal in- 
stitution, m which he caused Sir Humphry Davy 
to be called to the chair of chemistry. About this 
time he was invited to return to the United States, 
but, although disposed to do so, he finally removed 
to Paris in 1802, and there married, in 1804, the 
widow of the great French chemist Lavoisier, his 
first wife having died on 19 Jan., 1792, after being 
separated from him sixteen years. The remainder 
of his life was spent at the vflla of his wife's former 
husband in Auteuil, busily engaged in scientific re- 
searches. His greatest achievements in this direc- 
tion were on the nature and effects of heat, with 
which his name will ever be associated. The work 
that has been done to demonstrate experimentally 
the doctrine of the M correlation of forces " was be- 
gun by him in a series of experiments that was 
suggested by the heat evolved in boring cannon. 
Count Rumford gave $5,000 to the American acad- 
emy of arts and sciences, and a similar amount to 
the Royal society of London to found prises bear- 
ing his name for the most important discoveries in 
light and heat, and the first award of the latter was 
made to himself. The greater part of his private 
collection of philosophical apparatus and speci- 
mens, and models of his own invention, were be- 
queathed to the Royal institution, and he also left 



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RUMlffAGUI 



RUMSEY 



847 



to Harvard the funds with which was founded the 
Bumford professorship of the physical and mathe- 
matical sciences as applied to tne useful arts, which 
was established in October, 1816. He published 
the results of his investigations in pamphlets, and 
essays in French, English, or German, many of 
which were issued as '* Essays, Political, Economi- 
cal, and Philosophical" (8 vols., London, 1797; 
▼oL iv., 1802). See " Life of Count Rumford," by 
James Renwick, in Sparks's "American Biogra- 
phy" (Boston, 1845), and "Rumford's Complete 
Works," with a " Memoir of Sir Benjamin Thomp- 
son," by George E. Ellis, published by the Ameri- 
can academy of arts and sciences (5 vols., Boston, 
1876). — His daughter, Sarah, Countess of Rum- 
ford, b. in Concord, N. H., 18 Oct., 1774; d. there, 
2 Dec^ 1852, is said to have been the first Ameri- 
can to inherit and bear the title of countess. She 
remained in this country after her father went to 
England, but in January, 1796, she rejoined him 
in London at his request In 1797 she was re- 
ceived by the Bavariau elector as countess, and 
was permitted to receive one half her father's pen- 
sion, with the privilege of residing wherever she 
chose. Subsequent to the death of the count in 
1814, she divided her time between London and her 
house in Brompton, making protracted visits to 
Paris of two and three years' duration, and to her 
residence in Concord. With her father she estab- 
lished the Rolfe and Rumford asylums in Concord, 
N. H., for the poor and needy, particularly mother- 
less girls. She bequeathed $15,000 to the New 
Hampshire asylum for the insane, and $2,000 each 
to the Concord female charitable society, the Bos- 
ton children's friend society, and the Fatherless 
and widow's society of Boston. 
. RUM1NAGUI (roo-meen-yah-ghe'), Peruvian 
soldier, b. in Quito in the latter half of the 15th 
century ; d. in 1584 He was a son of one of the 
principal generals of a native prince, and entered 
the military service of the conqueror, Hasina 
Capac, and of his son, Atahualpa (a. vX At the 
time of the invasion of Pisarro in 1582, Ruminagui 
was marching with 5,000 men to re-enforce the 
army that was sent against Cuzco, and advised 
Atahualpa not to receive the Spaniards in Caja- 
marca, but, seeing that his advice was unheeded, 
he retired with his army to Quito, thus escaping 
the defeat of the Peruvians, 16 Nov., 1532. In 
Quito, under pretence of electing a regency, he 
summoned to the royal palace the children, broth- 
ers, and principal officers of the emperor, and had 
them all murdered during a banquet that was 
given in their honor. Then, proclaiming himself 
independent, he began a reign of terror in Quito. 
When, in 1588, Sebastian de Benalcazar, at the 
request -of the Canari Indians, marched against 
Ruminagui, the latter made a heroic resistance for 
a long time in the mountain-passes that lead to 
the capital. In Tiocojas a battle was fought, 
which resulted in favor of the Indians, but in the 
night an eruption of the volcano Cotopaxi began, 
which it had been predicted by the priests would 
be fatal to the empire of Quito, ana the Indian 
army dispersed. Rumifiagui, unable to defend the 
capital, set fire to the palace and the city, and dur- 
ing the confusion escaped to the mountains with 
the emperor's treasures, but was hotly pursued by 
the Spaniards, and, as the Indians despised ana 
hated him, they revealed his retreat, and he was 
killed toward the beginning of 1584 

RUMPLE, J e thro, clergyman, b. in Cabarrus 
county, N. C, 10 March, 1827. He worked on a 
farm, and studied at intervals till he was eighteen 
years old, when he began to prepare for college, 



teaching to defray his expenses. He was gradu- 
ated at Davidson college in 1850, studied in the 
theological seminary at Columbia, S. C, and was 
ordained to the Presbyterian ministry in 1857. 
After holding pastorates in Mecklenburg county, 
he was called in 1860 to Salisbury, N. C, where he 
has since remained. The University of North 
Carolina gave him the degree of D.D. in 1882. 
Dr. Rumple has taken an active part in the coun- 
cils of his church, and published " History of Row- 
an County, N. C." (Salisbury, N. C, 1881), and "His- 
tory of the First Fifty Years of Davidson College " 
(Raleigh, 1888). His " History of Presbyterianism in 
North Carolina " is now (1888) appearing as a serial 

RUMSEY, Benjamin, Continental congress- 
man, b. about 1780. His grandfather, Charles, 
emigrated from Wales to this country about 1665, 
and after living in Charleston, S. C, New York, 
and Philadelphia, settled in Cecil county, Md. He 
was the great-grandfather of James Rumsey, 
noticed below. Benjamin was elected by the Mary- 
land convention, 29 Dec., 1775, one of a committee 
of five to prepare a draft of instructions for the 
deputies of the province in congress. On 1 Jan., 
1776, he was chosen one of a similar committee 
to report resolutions for raising, clothing, and 
victualling the provincial forces. On 25 May he 
became one of the council of safety, and on 10 
Nov. he was chosen by the convention to the Con- 
tinental congress. 

RUMSEY, James, inventor, b. in Bohemia 
Manor, Cecil co., Md., about 1748 ; d. in London, 
England. 28 Dec, 1792. He was a machinist by 
trade, and early turned his attention to inventing, 
making various improvements in the mechanism 
of mills. In 1784 he exhibited to George Wash- 
ington the model of a boat for stemming the cur- 
rent of rivers by the force of the stream acting on 
settling poles, which he patented in several states ; 
and he obtained in March, 1785, the exclusive 
right for ten years " to navigate and build boats 
calculated to work with greater ease and rapidity 
against rapid rivers " from the assembly of Phila- 
delphia. Subsequently he succeeded in launching 
a boat on the Potomac, which he propelled by a 
steam-engine and machinery of his own construc- 
tion that secured motion by the force of a stream 
of water thrown out by a pump at the stern. In 
December, 1787, a successful trial trip was wit- 
nessed by a large concourse of people, and he was 
granted the rights of navigating the streams of 
New York, Maryland, and Virginia. The Rumsey 
society, of which Benjamin franklin was a mem- 
ber, was founded in Philadelphia in 1788 for the 
purpose of furthering his schemes. He then went 
to England, where a similar society was organized, 
and he obtained patents for his inventions in Great 
Britain, France, and Holland. A boat and ma- 
chinery were built for him, and a successful trip 
was made on the Thames in December, 1792, but 
he died while preparing for another experiment 
The legislature of Kentucky presented m 1889 a 
gold medal to his son "commemorative of his 
father's services and high agency in giving to the 
world the benefits of the steamboat." He published 
a " Short Treatise on the Application of Steam " 
(Philadelphia, 1788), by which ne became involved 
in a controversy with John Fitch (q. v.). 

RUMSEY, Julian Sidney, merchant, b. in Ba- 
tavia. N. Y., 8 April, 1828 ; d. in Chicago, III, 20 
April, 1886. He removed to Chicago in 1887, and 
entered the service of a firm in which he and his 
brother subsequently became partners. This firm, 
then known as Newberry and Dole, sent out in 
September, 1889, the first shipment of grain from 



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348 



RUNDT 



BUSCHENBERGER 



Chicago. In 1852 Mr. Dole retired and the Arm, 
which was for a time known as Rurasey Brothers, 
devoted itself exclusively to the grain commission 
business. Mr. Rumsey was identified with the 
history of Chicago for more than half a century. 
During that period he was mayor, county treasurer, 
and president of the board of trade. Of the latter 
institution he was a charter member, and through 
his efforts the present system of grain inspection 
and grading was adopted. This achievement gave 
him the title of the " Father of Grain Inspection." 
Mr. Rumsey always took an interest in national 
and state politics. In 1861, during the period that 
preceded the civil war, he did much, as mayor, to 
arouse the enthusiasm of his fellow - citizens in 
favor of the preservation of the Union, and at the 
mass-meeting in Metropolitan hall a few days after 
the flringon Fort Sumter, he delivered a stirring 
address. He was a member of the first war finance 
committee, and of the Republican state committee 
the same year. During the panic of 1878 he was 
president of the Corn exchange national bank. 

RUNDT, Charles Godfrey, missionary, b. in 
KSnigsberg, Germany, 80 May, 1718 ; d. in Beth- 
lehem, Pa., 17 Aug., 1764. He entered the army of 
Holstein as a musician, but in 1747 united with 
the Moravians in Saxony. In 1751 he was sent to 
Pennsylvania, and became an itinerant missionary 
among the Indians and white settlers. While re- 
siding at Onondaga in 1752 with David Zeisberger 
he was adopted into the tribe, receiving the name 
of Thaneraquechta. 

RUNKLE, John Daniel, mathematician, b. in 
Root, Montgomery co., N. Y., 11 Oct., 1822. He 
worked on his father's farm until he was of age, 
and then studied and taught until he entered 
Lawrence scientific school of Harvard, where he 
was graduated in 1851. Meanwhile his ability as 
a mathematician led in 1849 to his appointment as 
assistant in the preparation of the *• American 
Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac," in which he 
continued to engage until 1884. He was called 
to the professorship of mathematics in the Massa- 
chusetts institute of technology, and still (1888) 
holds that chair, being also acting president in 
1868-'70, and president in ISTO-U Prof. Runkle 
has taken great interest in the subject of manual 
training, and that system was introduced in the 
Institute of technology largely in consequence of 
his efforts. He received the honorary degrees of 
A. M. from Harvard in 1851, Ph. D. from Hamilton 
in 1869, and LL. D. from Wesleyan in 1871. In 
1859 he founded the " Mathematical Monthly," 
which he published until 1861, and he had charge 
of the astronomical department of the " Illustrated 
Pilgrim's Almanac" Besides many papers, in- 
cluding "The Manual Element in Education" 
in the M Reports of the Massachusetts Board of 
Education" for 1876-7 and 1880-'l and "Report 
on Industrial Education " (1888), he has published 
" New Tables for Determining the Values of the 
Coefficients in the Perturbative Function of Plane- 
tary Motion " (Washington, 1856) and "Elements 
of Plane and Solid Analytic Geometry " (Boston, 
1888).— His brother, Cornelias A., lawyer, b. in 
Montgomery county, N. Y., 9 Dec, 1882; d. iu New 
York city, 19 March, 1888, was graduated at Har- 
vard law-school in 1855, began practice in New 
York city, and was subsequently made deputy 
collector and given charge of the law division of 
the New York custom-house. This rendered him 
familiar with the legal Questions involved in tariff 
and internal revenue litigation, and resulted in his 
devoting himself largely to that class of business. 
Mr. Runkle for about twenty-five years acted as 



counsel for " The Tribune " association. — Cornelias 
A.'s wife, Lucia Isabella, author, b. in North 
Brookfield, Worcester co., Mass., 20 Aug., 1844. 
Her maiden name was Gilbert, and after receiving 
her education in Fall River and Worcester, Mass^ 
she removed to New York city. In 1862 she mar- 
ried Mr. Calhoun, and in 1869 Mr. Runkle. For 
many years she was an editorial writer and con- 
tributor to the New York " Tribune," in which she 
published a brilliant series of articles on '* Cook- 
ing," treated from an artistic standpoint, which 
attracted much attention. She has also written 
frequently for other journals and for magazines. 

RUPP, Israel Daniel, author, b. in Cumber- 
land county, Pa.. 10 July, 1808 ; d. in Philadelphia, 
31 May, 1878. He was born upon a farm and had 
few educational advantages, Dut at the age of 
twenty he had mastered eight languages, and be- 
came a teacher. In 1880 he translated into and 
from the German a large number of religious 
works, the principal of which was the " Blutige 
Schau-Platz, oder Geschichte der Martyren " (Cin- 
cinnati, 1880), which was originally published in 
German by the Ephrata brethren. About 1827 ho 
began the "preparation of the " History of the Ger- 
mans of Pennsylvania," which was not complet- 
ed at his death. While gathering materials for 
this work he collected a large amount of data re- 
lating to the early history of the different counties 
in Pennsylvania. In 1886 his first historical com- 
pilation was issued from the press, while other 
volumes of local history followed in rapid succes- 
sion. He was an indefatigable worker, an excellent 
German scholar, with good conversational powers, 
and in his lifetime collected much historical mate- 
rial. He had the peculiar faculty of obtaining facts 
that few possessed, and hence all his local histories 
are repositories of zeal and industry. He was not a 
polished writer, and lacked method in his historical 
arrangement He translated, wrote, compiled, and 
prepared for the press about thirty volumes, but 
the great work of his life, " The History of the 
Germans of Pennsylvania," remains unpublished. 
Apart from his translations, Mr. Rupp's historical 
writings are " Geographical Catechism of Pennsyl- 
vania "(1886) ; "History of Lancaster County, Penn- 
sylvania " (1844) : " History of Religious Denomi- 
nations of the United States "(Philadelphia, 1844) ; 
" History of Berks and Lebanon Counties " (Lan- 
caster, 1844) ; "History of York County " (1845) ; 
"Events in Indian History" (1842): "History of 
Northampton, Lehigh, Monroe, Carbon, and 
Schuvlkill Counties " (Harrisburg, 1846) ; " History 
of Western Pennsylvania" (1846); "History of 
Dauphin, Cumberland, Franklin, Bedford, Adams, 
and Perry Counties " (Lancaster, 1848) ; " History 
of Somerset, Cambria, and Indiana Counties 
(1848) ; " History of Northumberland, Huntingdon, 
Mifflin, Centre, Union, Columbia, Juniata, and 
Clinton Counties " (1847) : " Collection of Names 
of Thirty Thousand German and other Immigrants 
to Pennsylvania from 1737 to 1776 " (Harrisburg, 
1856); "Genealogy of the Descendants of John 
Jonas Rupp " (1874). 

RUSCHENBERGER, William S. W., naval 
surgeon, b. in Cumberland county, N. J., 4 Sept, 
1807. After attending schools in Philadelphia and 
New York he entered the navy as surgeon's mate, 
10 Aug., 1826, was graduated in medicine at the 
University of Pennsylvania in 1880, and was com- 
missioned surgeon, 4 April, 1881. He was fleet 
surgeon of the East India squadron in 1885- '7, 
attached to the naval rendezvous at Philadelphia 
in 1840-'2, and at the naval hospital in Brooklyn 
in 1848-7, when he organized the laboratory for 



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BUSH 



RUSH 



849 



supplying the service with unadulterated drugs. 
He was apain fleet surgeon of the East India 
souadron in 1847-50, of the Pacific squadron in 
lo54-*7, and of the Mediterranean squadron from 
August, I860, till July, 1861. During the inter- 
rals between cruises he was on duty at Philadel- 
phia. During the civil war he was surgeon of the 
Boston nayy-vard. He was on special duty at 
Philadelphia in 1805-' 70, was the senior officer in 
the medical corps in 1860-'9, and was retired on 
4 Sept, 1869. He was president of the Academy 
of natural sciences of Philadelphia in 1870-'82, 
and president of the College of physicians of 
Philadelphia in 1879-'83. He was commissioned 
medical director on the retired list, 8 March, 1871. 
Dr. Ruscheuberger has published some of the 
results of his investigations during his cruises, by 
which he has acquired a wide reputation. Among 
his works are "Three Years in the Pacific " (Phila- 
delphia, 1884; 2 vols., London, 1885); " A Vovage 
around the World, 1885-7 " (Philadelphia, 1*888; 
omitting strictures on the British government, 2 
vols., London, 1888) ; •* Elements of Natural His- 
tory " (2 vols., Philadelphia. 1850) ; " A Lexicon of 
Terms used in Natural History " (1850) ; " A Notice 
of the Origin, Progress, and Present Condition of 
the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia" 
(1852) ; and " Notes and Commentaries during 
Voyages to Brazil and China, 1848 " (Richmond, 
185*4). He has also published numerous articles 
on naval rank and organization (1845-'50), and 
contributed papers to medical and scientific jour- 
nals, and he edited the American edition of Mrs. 
Somerville's " Physical Geography," with additions 
and a glossary (1850 ; new ed., 18531 

RUSH, Benjamin, signer of the Declaration 
of Independence, b. in Byberry township, Pa., 24 
Dec^ 1745; d. in Philadelphia, 19 April, 1818. His 
ancestor, John, who was a captain of horse in 
Cromwell's army, 
emigrated to this 
country in 1688, 
and left a large 
number of de- 
scendants. Benja- 
min's father died 
when the son was 
six years old. His 
earliest instructor 
was his uncle, Rev. 
Samuel Pinley, 
subsequently pres- 
ident of Prince- 
ton, who prepared 
him for that col- 
lege. He was grad- 
uated in 1760, and 
* / subsequently in 

/jCru,a^f^^rL/ix^VL the medical de- 
S partment of the 

r UnivcrsityofEdin- 

burgh in 1768, after studying under Dr. John Red- 
man, of Philadelphia. He also attended medical lec- 
tures in England and in Paris, where he enjoyed the 
friendship of Benjamin Franklin, who advanced 
the means of paying his expenses. In August, 
1769, he returned to the United States and settled 
in Philadelphia, where he was elected professor of 
chemistry in the City medical college. In 1771 
he published essays on slavery, temperance, and 
health, and in 1774 he delivered the annual oration 
before the Philosophical society on the " Natural 
History of Medicine among the Indians of North 
America." He early engaged in pre-Revolutionary 
movements, and wrote constantly for the press on 




colonial rights. He was a member of the provin- 
cial conference of Pennsylvania, and chairman of 
the committee that reported that it had become 
expedient for congress to declare independence, 
and surgeon to the Pennsylvania navy from 17 
Sept, 1775, to 1 July, 1776. He was then elected 
to the latter body, and on 4 July, 1776, signed 
the declaration, lie married Julia, a daughter of 
Richard Stockton, the same year, was appointed 
surgeon-general of the middle department in April, 
1777, and in July became physician-general. Al- 
though in constant attendance on the wounded 
in the battles of Trenton, Princeton, the Brandy- 
wine, Oermantown, and in the sickness at Valley 
Forge, he found time to write four long public let- 
ters to the people of Pennsylvania, in which he 
commented severely on the articles of confedera- 
tion of 1776, and ur^ed a revision on the ground 
of the dangers of giving legislative powers to a 
single house. In February, 1778, he resigned his 
military office on account of wrongs that had been 
done to the soldiers in regard to the hospital stores, 
and a coldness between himself and Gen. Wash- 
ington, but, though he was without means at that 
time, he refused all compensation for his service 
in the army. He then returned to Philadelphia, 
resumed his practice and duties as professor, and 
for twenty-nine years was surgeon to the Pennsyl- 
vania hospital, and port physician to Philadelphia 
in 1790-'8. He was a founder of Dickinson college 
and the Philadelphia dispensary, and was largely 
interested in the establishment of public schools, 
concerning which he published an address, and in 
the founding of the College of physicians, of which 
he was one of the first censors. He was a member 
of the State convention that ratified the constitution 
of the United States in 1787, and of that for form- 
ing a state constitution in the same year, in which 
he endeavored to procure the incorporation of his 
views on public schools, and a penal code on which 
he had previously written essays. After that ser- 
vice he retired from political life. While in occu- 
pation of the chair of chemistry in Philadelphia 
medical college, he was elected to that of the theory 
and practice of medicine, to which was added the 
professorship of the institutes and practice of medi- 
cine and clinical practice in 1791, and that of the 
practice of physic in 1797, all of which he held until 
his death. During the epidemic of yellow fever 
in 1793 he rendered good service, visiting from 100 
to 120 patients daily, but his bold and original 
practice made him enemies, and a paper edited by 
William Cobbett, called "Peter Porcupine's Ga- 
zette," was so violent in its attacks upon him 
that it was prosecuted, and a jury rendered a 
verdict of $5,000 damages, which Dr. Rush dis- 
tributed among the poor. His practice during 
the epidemic convinced him that yellow fever 
is not contagious, and he was the first to pro- 
claim that the disease is indigenous. From 1799 
till his death he was treasurer of the U. S. mint 
"His name," says Dr. Thomas Young. " was fa- 
miliar to the medical world as the Sydenham of 
America. His accurate observations and correct 
discrimination of epidemic diseases well entitled 
him to this distinction, while in the original energy 
of his reasoning he far exceeded his prototype." He 
was a member of nearly everv medical, literary, 
and benevolent institution in tnis country, and of 
many foreign societies, and for his replies to their 
queries on the subject of yellow fever received a 
medal from the king of Prussia in 1865. and gifts 
from other crowned heads. He succeeded Ben- 
jamin Franklin as president of the Pennsylvania 
society for the abolition of slavery, was president 



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BUSH 



BUSH 



of the Philadelphia medical society, vice-president 
and a founder of the Philadelphia Bible society, 
advocating the use of the Scriptures as a text- 
book in the public schools, an originator of the 
American philosophical society, of which he was 
a vice-president in 1799-1800. He taught, more 
clearly than any other physician of his day, to 
distinguish diseases and their effects, gave great 
impulse to the study of medicine in this country, 
ana made Philadelphia the centre of that science 
in the United Stales, more than 2,250 students 
haring attended his lectures during his professor- 
ship in the Medical college of Philadelphia. Yale 
Save him the degree of LL. D. in 1812. His pub- 
cations include "Medical Inquiries and Obser- 
vations" (5 vols., Philadelphia, 1789-'98; 8d ed., 
4 vols., 1809) ; " Essays, Literary, Moral, and Philo- 
sophical " (1798 ; 2d ed., 1806); "Sixteen Introduc- 
tory Lectures " (1811) ; and " Diseases of the Mind " 
(1812 ; 5th ed., 1885). He also edited several medical 
works.— His son, Richard, statesman, b. in Phila- 
delphia, 29 Aug., 1780; d. there, 80 July, 1859, was 
graduated at Princeton in 1797, and admitted to the 
bar of Philadelphia in 1800, and early in his career 
won distinction by his defence of William Duane, 
editor of the " Aurora," on a charge of libelling 
Gov. Thomas McKean. He became solicitor of the 
guardians of the poor of Philadelphia in 1810, and 
attorney-general of Pennsylvania in 1811, comp- 
troller of the U. S. treasury in November of the same 
Star, and in 1814-'17 was U. S. attorney-general, 
e became temporary U. S. secretary of state in 1817, 
and was then appointed minister to England, where 
he remained tut 1825, negotiating several impor- 
tant treaties, especially that of 1818 with Lord 
Castlereagh respecting the fisheries, the northwest 
boundary-line, conflicting claims beyond the Rocky 
mountains, and the slaves of American citizens that 
were carried off on British ships, contrary to the 
treaty of Ghent He was recalled in 18& to ac- 
cept the portfolio of the treasury which had been 
offered him by President Adams, and in 1828 he 
was a candidate for the vice-presidency on the 
ticket with Mr. Adams. In 1829 he negotiated in 
Holland a loan for the corporations of Washing- 
ton, Georgetown, D. C, ana Alexandria, Va. He 
was a commissioner to adjust a boundary dispute 
between Ohio and Michigan in 1885, ana in 1886 
was appointed by President Jackson a commis- 
sioner to obtain the legacy of James Smithson 
(q. v.), which he left to found the Smithsonian in- 
stitution. The case was then pendingin the Eng- 
lish chancery court, and in August, 1838, Mr. Rush 
returned with the amount, $508,818.46. He was 
minister to France in 1847-51, and in 1848 was 
the first of the ministers at that court to recog- 
nize the new republic, acting in advance of in- 
structions from nis government. Mr. Bush began 
his literary career in 1812, when he was a member 
of the Madison cabinet, by writing vigorous arti- 
cles in defence of the second war with England. 
His relations with John Quincy Adams were inti- 
mate, and affected his whole career. He became 
an anti-Mason in 1881, in 1884 wrote a powerful re- 
port against the Bank of the United States, and ever 
afterward co-operated with the Democratic party. 
He was a member of the American philosophical 
society. His publications include " Codification of 
the Laws of the United States" (5 vols., Philadel- 
phia, 1815) ; " Narrative of a Residence at the Court 
of London from 1817 till 1825" (London, 1888); a 
second volume of the same work, " Comprising In- 
cidents, Official and Personal, from 1819 till 1825" 
(1845 ; 8d ed., under the title of the " Court of Lon- 
don from 1819 till 1825, with Notes by the Author's 



Nephew," 1878); M Washington in Domestic Life," 
which consists of personal letters from Washing- 
ton to his private secretary, CoL Tobias Lear, and 
some personal recollections (1857) ; and a volume 
of " Occasional Productions, Political, Diplomatic, 
and Miscellaneous, including a Glance at the Court 
and Government of Louis Philippe, and the French 
Revolution of 1848," published by his sons (I860).— 
Richard's son, Benjamin, b. in Philadelphia, 28 
Jan., 1811 ; d. in Paris, France, 80 June, 1877, was 
graduated at Princeton in 1829, studied law. and in 
1888 was admitted to the bar in Philadelphia. In 
1887 he was appointed secretary of legation at Lon- 
don, where he served for a time as charge* d'affaires, 
He published "An Appeal for the Union" (Phila- 
delphia, 1860) and "Letters on the Rebellion** 
(1862).— Another son of the first Benjamin, James, 
physician, b. in Philadelphia, Pa», 1 March, 1786; 
d. there, 26 May, 1869, was graduated at Princeton 
in 1805, and at the medical department of the Uni- 
versity of Pennsylvania in 1809. He subsequently 
studied in Edinburgh, and, returning to Philadel- 
phia, practised for several years, but afterward re- 
linquished the active duties of his profession to 
devote himself to 
scientific and lit- 
erary pursuits. He 
left $1,000,000 to 
the Philadelphia 
library company 
for the erection 
of the Ridgeway 
branch of the Phil- 
adelphia library. 
His publications 
include " Philoso- 
phy of the Hu- 
man Voice "(Phil- 
adelphia, 1827) ; 
"Hamlet, a Dra- 
matic Prelude in 
Five Acts "(1884); 
"Analysis of the 
Human Intellect" 
(2vol&,1865);and 
" Rhymes of Con- 
trast on Wisdom 
and Folly" (1869).— His wife, Phttbe Abb, b. in 
Philadelphia in 1797 ; d. there in 1857, was a daugh- 
ter of Jacob Ridgeway. She was highly educated 
in early life, well versed in the languages and lit- 
erature of modern Europe, and by her social tact 
and brilliant conversational powers became one of 
the most noted American women of her time. Her 
house in Philadelphia was one of the finest in this 
country, and her entertainments were on the largest 
and most luxurious scale. — A brother of the first 
Benjamin, Jacob, jurist, b. in Byberry township, 
Pa., in 1746; d. in Philadelphia, Pa.. 5 Jan, 1820, 
was graduated at Princeton in 1765, settled in the 
practice of law in Philadelphia, was a judge of the 
nigh court of errors and appeals of Pennsylvania in 
1TO4-1806, president of the court of common pleas 
of Philadelphia in 1806-*20, and at an earlier date 
was a justice of the supreme court of the state. In 
the controversy between Joseph Beed and John 
Dickinson as to the character of Benedict Arnold 
(a. v.), Judge Bush espoused the letter's cause. 
Princeton gave him the degree of LL. D. in 1804. His 
publications include " Resolve in Committee Cham- 
ber 6 Dec., 1774" (Philadelphia, 1774): "Charges 
on Moral and Religious Subjects" (1808); "Char- 
acter of Christ " (l5>6) ; and " Christian Baptism " 
(1819).— His daughter, Rebecca, published "Kel- 
roy," a novel (Philadelphia, 1812). 




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361 



BUSH, Christopher, A. M. E. Zion bishop, b. 
in Craven oounty, N. C, in 1777; d. in New York 
citv, 16 July, 1878. He was a full-blooded African, 
ana born a slave. He went to New York in 1798, 
and was subsequently freed, and licensed to preach 
in the Methodist Episcopal church in 1815. He 
was ordained a superintendent or bishop in 1828. 
He was largely instrumental in the separation of 
the colored from the white branch of the Method- 
ist church, and his address before Bishop Enoch 
George finally carried the measure, and he was thus 
a founder of what is now the African Methodist 
Episcopal Zion church. At that time the African 
Methodists numbered only 100, but Bishop Rush 
lived to see it a comparatively large and nourish- 
ing organization. He published a history of his 
denomination. 

BUSH. William, sculptor, b. in Philadelphia, 
Pa. t 4 July, 1756; d. there, 17 Jan., 1888. In his 
youth he was apprenticed to Edward Cutbush, a 
carver, and he nrst became known as a maker of 
figure-heads for ships. Especially noticeable among 
his ship-carvings were the figures " Genius of the 
United States" and "Nature" for the frigates 
M United States" and "Constellation," and busts 
and figures of Voltaire, Rousseau, Benjamin Frank- 
lin, William Penn, and others, for various vessels. 
The figure of the " Indian Trader " for the ship 
44 William Penn " excited great admiration in Lon- 
don. The carvers there sketched it and took casts 
of the head. Another figure, that of a river-god, 
carved for the ship " Ganges," won the admiration 
of the Hindoos, who came in numerous boats to 
reverence this image. But he did not confine 
himself to figure-heads, although he never worked 
in marble, but always in wood or clay. In 1812 he 
exhibited, at the Pennsylvania academy, figures of 
M Exhortation," ** Praise," and cherubim, and busts 
of Linneus, William Bartram, and Rev. Henry M. 
Muhlenberg. He executed also statues of " Win- 
ter," " Agriculture," a figure of Christ on the cross, 
which last two were destroyed by fire, several por- 
trait-busts, including Gen. Lafayette (1824), and 
other works. His best-known statue is that of 
Washington (1814), which was bought by the city 
of Philadelphia. Mr. Rush served in the Revolu- 
tionary army, and was a member of the councils of 
his native city for more than a quarter of a century. 
BUSK, Jeremiah ttcLain. governor of Wis- 
consin, b. in Morjgan county, Ohio, 17 June, 1880. 
He divided his time between farm-work . and the 
acquisition of a 
common-school ed- 
ucation till he at- 
tained hismajority, 
and in 1858 re- 
moved to Wiscon- 
sin and engaged 
in agriculture in 
Vernon county. 
He entered the Na- 
tional army in 1862, 
was commissioned 
major of the 25th 
Wisconsin regi- 
ment, rose to the 
rank of lieutenant- 
colonel, and served 
with Gen. William 
T. Sherman from 
the siege of Vicks- 
j& burg till the close 

u of the war. In 

1865 he received the brevet of brigadier-general of 
volunteers for meritorious service at the battle of 




Salkehatchie. He was elected bank comptroller of 
Wisconsin in 1866, which post he held till 1870, 
was ohosen to congress as a Republican in the lat- 
ter year, served three terms, and as chairman of the 
committee on pensions performed important ser- 
vices in readjusting the pension rates. He declined 
the appointment of charge d'affaires in Paraguay 
and Uruguay, and that of chief of the bureau of 
engraving and printing, which were offered him 
by. President Garfield. Since 1882 he has been 
governor of Wisconsin, having been elected for 
three successive terms. During the threatened 
Milwaukee riots in May, 1886, he did good service 
by his prompt action in ordering the militia to fire 
on the dangerous mob when they attempted to 
destroy life and property. 

BUSK. Thomas Jefferson, senator, b. in Cam- 
dem, a C., 8 Aug., 1802; d. in Nacogdoches, Tex., 
29 July, 1856. He received an academic education, 
practised law with success in Georgia, and in the 
early part of 1885 removed to Texas. He then 
identified himself with the history of that republic, 
was a member of the convention that declared its 
independence in March, 1886, was its first secre- 
tary of war, participated in the battle of San Ja- 
cinto, and became commander of the army after 
Gen. Samuel Houston was wounded, continuing 
to hold that office till the organization of the con- 
stitutional government in October, 1886. He was 
again chosen secretary of war, but resigned after 
a few months* service, subsequently commanded 
several expeditions against the Indians, and was a 
member of the legislature. He was a justice of the 
supreme court in 1888-'42, president of the conven- 
tion that consummated the annexation of Texas to 
the United States in 1845. and upon its admission 
to the Union was chosen U. S. senator as a Demo- 
crat, serving in 1846-'56. He had been re-elected 
to a third term, but in a fit of insanity, caused by 
domestic misfortune, he committed suicide. Dur- 
ing his senatorial service he was chairman of the 
committee on the post-office, and was interested to 
a large extent in tne overland mail and the wagon- 
road to the Pacific 

BUSS, Horace P., inventor, b. in 1821 ; d. in 
Halifax, N. S., 81 Dec, 1868. He invented the 
pavement that bears his name. It consists of 
granite blocks, and was laid in Broadway, New 
York city, but proved impracticable on account of 
its being too slippery. Subsequently he turned his 
attention to metallurgical projects, and for some 
time prior to his death was engaged in gold-min- 
ing in Nova Scotia. 

BUSS, John Denlson, physician, b. in Chebacco 
(now Essex), Mass., 1 Sept, 1801 ; a. in Pompton, 
N. J., 1 March, 1881. He was graduated at Yale 
in 1828, and in the medical department in 1825. 
After spending a year abroad in hospital practice, 
he settled in New York city, but in June. 1827, he 
went with a cargo of supplies to aid the Greeks in 
their struggle for independence. He remained, su- 
perintending the development of a hospital service 
in Greece, for several years, but the failure of his 
health compelled his return, and he entered again 
upon practice in New York city. Dr. Russ became 
interested at once in the condition of the poor that 
were suffering from ophthalmia in the city hospi- 
tals, and at his own cost, in March, 1882, made the 
first attempt in the United States for the instruc- 
tion of the blind. He was appointed superintend- 
ent of the newly chartered New York institution 
for the blind in the same year, and in this office 
introduced many methods of teaching, some of 
which have been permanently useful He invented 
the phonetic alphabet, which consists of forty-one 



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RUSSELL 



RUSSELL 



characters, sufficiently like the Roman letters to be 
read easily, to which he added twenty-two prefixes 
and suffixes. This system of writing never was in- 
troduced generally, but he simplified mathematical 
characters, and his printed maps, from raised de- 
signs, in which he used wave-lines for water, are 
still in use. He went abroad for his health, but 
on his return he engaged in numerous philan- 
thropic schemes. He was one of the founders of 
the New York prison association, its corresponding 
secretary in l846-'54, and subsequently a vioe- 

E* lent, was superintendent of the Mew York 
ile asylum in 1851-*8. and a member of the 
of education in 1848-'51. He also established 
in 1860 a house of employment for women, which 
institution was under the care of his wife and 
daughter. During his old age he made further im- 
provements in printing for the blind. 

RUSSELL, Lord Alexander George, British 
soldier, b. in England in 1821. He is a son of the 
sixth Duke of Bedford, entered the army in 1889, 
and was promoted captain in 1846, major in 1858, 
lieutenant-colonel in 1856, colonel in 1861, maior- 

Sineral in 1874, and lieutenant-general in 1877. 
e was aide-de-camp to the governor-general of 
Canada in 1847, served in the Caffir war in lSSS-'S 
as deputy assistant quartermaster-general to the 1st 
division, and was present at the battle of Berea, 
-for which he obtained a medal He took part in 
the Crimean war, was at the siege of Sebastopol, 
and for gallant conduct presented with the Crimea 
medal and clasp, and with Sardinian and Turkish 
medals and the order of the Medjidie. He com- 
manded at Shorncliffe in 1878-'4, and in southeast- 
ern England in 1877-13, served in Canada from 
1888 till 1888, and at the latter date was succeeded 
by Gen. Sir John Ross. His headquarters were 
at Halifax, Nova Scotia. 

RUSSELL, Alexander Jamleson, Canadian 
engineer, b. in Glasgow, Scotland. 29 April, 1807. 
He settled with his parents in 1822 in Megantic 
county, Can., where his father was crown-lands 
agent The son became deputy provincial surveyor 
in 1829, entered the commissariat department in 
1880, served for two years on the construction of 
the Rideau canal, and afterward was engaged dur- 
ing eight years in the work of the department at 
Quebec. He resigned in 1841, and became civil 
engineer in charge of public works in the mari- 
time counties of Lower Canada, where for five years 
he projected and constructed roads and bridges. 
In 1846 he was transferred to the crown timber 
office at Ottawa to settle differences between lum- 
bermen, and to grant licenses to cut timber on Ot- 
tawa river and its tributaries. Afterward the col- 
lection of the timber revenues and the inspection of 
the other crown timber agencies in Lower and 
Upper Canada were added to his duties. He has 
published a geographical work (Ottawa, 1869). 

RUSSELL. Archibald, philanthropist, b. in Ed- 
inburgh, Scotland, in 1811 ; d. in New York city, 12 
April, I87I. His father, James, was for many years 
president of the Royal society of Edinburgh. The 
son was graduated at the University of Edinburgh 
in philosophy, law, and medicine, and subsequently 
studied at the University of Bonn, Germany. He 
settled in New York city in 1886, where he devoted 
his time and fortune to benevolent and educational 
enterprises, founding the Fire Points mission, of 
which he was president for eighteen years, and aid- 
ing in establishing the Half-Orphan asylum, of 
which he was a vice-president. He was an active 
member of the Christian commission during the 
civil war, gave largely to. its support, and was chair- 
man of the famine relief committee. He made his 



summer home in Ulster county, opposite Hyde Park. 
N. Y., from 1844 until his death, and was connected 
with the most important internal improvements in 
that region. He established its present system of 
common schools, founded the Ulster county sav- 
ings bank, and was its president from its establish- 
ment until his death, and built a Presbyterian 
church at his own cost near his country-seat, Glen- 
Albyn. Mr. Russell married Helen Rutherford, a 
daughter of Dr. John Watts. He published " Prin- 
ciples of Statistical Inquiry " (New York, 1889), and 
M Account of 11,000 Schools in New York M ?1847). 

RUSSELL, Benjamin, journalist, b. in Boston, 
Mass., 18 Sept, 1761 ; d. there, 4 Jan., 1845. He 
was apprenticed to Isaiah Thomas, at Worcester, 
Mass., but before completing his term enlisted in 
the Revolutionary army, and contributed war news 
to the M Spy," Thomas's paper. He began the pub- 
lication of the " Columbian Centinel 'about 1784, 
a semi-weekly journal, which had no equal in its 
control of public sentiment He was aided by 
Stephen Higginson, John Lowell, Fisher Ames, 
Timothy Pickering, and George Cabot In 1788 
Russell attended the Massachusetts convention for 
ratifying the constitution of the United States, and 
made the first attempt at reporting for any Bos- 
ton newspaper. His enterprise was conspicuous in 
collecting foreign intelligence, and, in order to ob- 
tain the latest news, he visited all the foreign ves- 
sels that came into Boston harbor. The •* Centi- 
nel " kept regular files of the " Moniteur," which 
brought Louis Philippe and Talleyrand frequently 
to its office during their stay in Boston. An atlas, 
which was the gin of the former, was of constant 
service to Russell in preparing his summaries of 
military news from the continent When congress 
was holding its first session, Russell wrote to the 
department of state, and offered to publish gratu- 
itously all the laws and other official documents 
— the treasury then being almost bankrupt— which 
offer was accepted. At the end of several years 
he was called upon for his bill. It was made out, 
and receipted. On being informed of this fact, 
Gen. Washington said : "This must not be. When 
Mr. Russell offered to publish the laws without 
pay, we were poor. It was a generous offer. We 
are now able to pay our debts. This is a debt of 
honor, and must be discharged/' A few days after- 
ward Mr. Russell received a check of $7,000, the 
full amount of his bill. In 1795-1880 he published 
a Federalist paper, called the " Gazette," which was 
a violent enemy of France, Jefferson, and the Re- 
publican newspapers, and held its influence under 
the same management until 1880. Russell retired 
from the "Centinel" in 1828. He originated the 
phrase the " era of good feeling " on the occasion 
of President Monroe's visit to Boston in 1817, when 
the chiefs of both parties, the Republicans and 
Federalists, united in the support of the executive. 
He represented Boston in the general court for 
twenty-four years, served several terms in the state 
senate, and was a member of the executive council 
and of the Constitutional convention of 1820. 

RUSSELL, Henrv, vocalist, b. in London, Eng- 
land, about 1810. He was the son of a Hebrew 
merchant, and in infancy appeared in Christmas 
pantomimes. Later he studied music, and subse- 
quently taught He settled in Rochester, N. Y., in 
1848, as teacher of the piano-forte, and became wide- 
ly known as a composer and vocalist. For years he 
travelled in this country, giving monologue enter- 
tainments of his own compositions. He was also 
engaged for the concerts of oratorio and philhar- 
monic societies, and recited the soliloquies in " Ham- 
let" "Richard III.," and "Macbeth" to his own 



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music. Russell had a heavy baritone roice of small 
oompass, but in declamatory delivery it was highly 
impressive. On the singers return to Europe, he 
Appeared in many cities of Great Britain ana Ire- 
land to repeat his American success. Finallv he 
retired from the concert-room, and settled in Lon- 
■don as an opulent money-lender and bill-broker. 
All his songs were sold at large prices, and for 
years returned him a handsome income. They are 
-composed in a manly vein, entirely free from puerile 
sentimentality, and many of them bid fair to en- 
dure for future generations. They include " The 
Ivy Green," " The Old Ann-Chair," " A Life on the 
Ocean Wave," •* Some love to Roam," " I'm Afloat," 
and M Woodman, spare that Tree." 

RUSSELL, Israel Cook, geologist, b. near Gar- 
rattsville. N. Y., 10 Dec., 1852. He was graduated 
at the University of the city of New York in 1872, 
after which he spent two years in studying science 
at the School of mines of Columbia college. In 
1874 he accompanied one of the parties sent out 
by the U. S. government to observe the transit of 
Venus, and was stationed at Queenstown, New 
Zealand. On his return in 1875 he was appointed 
assistant in geology at the School of mines, and in 
1878 he became assistant geologist on the U. S. geo- 
ographical survey west of the 100th 



logical and 

meridian. In 188(5 he was appointed to a similar 
office on the U. S. geological survey, which he still 
(1888) holds. Besides large contributions on geologi- 
cal subjects to various scientific periodicals, he has 
published scientific memoirs, which have been is- 
sued by the government in the annual reports of 
the survey, or as separate monographs. These in- 
clude " Sketch of the Geological History of Lake 
Lahontan"(1888); "A Geological Reconnoissance 
in Southern Oregon" (1884); * Existing Glaciers 
of the United States " (1885) ; " Geological History 
of Lake Lahontan"(1885); "Geological History of 
Mono Valley" (1888); and M Sub-Aerial Decay of 
Rocks" (1888). 

RUSSELL, John Henry, naval officer, b. in 
Frederick city, Md., 4 July, 1827. He entered the 
navy as a midshipman, 10 Sept, 1841, was attached 
to the "St Marrt" in the Gulf of Mexico, 1844-'6, 
■and participated in the first operations of the Mexi- 
can war and 
the blockade at 
Vera Cruz prior 
to the capture 
of that city. He 
became a passed 
midshipman, 10 
Aug., 1847, and 
was graduated 
at the naval 
academy in 
1848. He was 
attached to the 
North Pacific 
exploring expe- 
dition in 185a- 
'6, and served in 
the sloop " Vin- 
cennes*' under 
an appointment 
as acting lieu- 
tenant, and also as navigator. In this cruise the 
U. 8. envoy to China was indebted to Lieut Rus- 
sell for opening communication with the Chinese, 
who had refused all intercourse. Russell boldly 
pushed his way alone to the senior mandarin, and 
•delivered despatches by which American and Eng- 
lish envoys were admitted to audience. He was 
oommissioned master, 14 Sept, 1855, and lieuten- 
▼oi. v.— 28 




<2>^C**^a^<^ 



ant, 15 Sept, 1855, and in 1860-'l, when on ord- 
nance duty at the Washington navy-yard, he was 
one of two officers there that remained loyal, not- 
withstanding that his ties and affections were with 
the south. He went to Norfolk to assist in pre- 
venting vessels at the navy-yard from falling into 
the hands of the secessionists, and bad charge 
of the last boat that left the yard, 28 April, 1861. 
He was next attached to the frigate " Colorado," 
and on 14 Sept, 1861, he commanded a boat expedi- 
tion to cut out the privateer *• Judah " at Pensacola, 
under the protection of shore batteries and about 
9.000 men. Russell boldly approached during the 
night and after a severe hand-to-band conflict in 
which 20 of his force of 100 sailors were killed or 
wounded, himself among the latter, he succeeded in 
destroying the "Judah* and regained the 1 * Colora- 
do." Admiral Porter, in his " Naval History," says 
that " this was without doubt the most gallant cut- 
ting-out affair that occurred during the war." The 
navy department complimented Russell. The state 
of Maryland gave him a vote of thanks, and Presi- 
dent Lincoln personally expressed his gratitude. 
Russell was then placed in command of the steamer 
" Kennebec " in Farragut's squadron, was present 
at the surrender of the forts below New Orleans, 
and received the garrison of Fort Jackson as pris- 
oners on his ship. Farragut thanked him for his 
service in saving lives of officers and men in the 
flag-ship's boat during a guerilla attack at Baton 
Rouge. He was commissioned lieutenant-com- 
mander, 16 July, 1862, was on ordnance duty at 
Washington in 1864, and commanded the sloop 
•* Cyane/' of the Pacific squadron, in 1864-'5. After 
being commissioned commander on 28 Jan., 1867, 
he took charge of the steamer u Ossipee," of the 
Pacific squadron, in 1869-71, and during a gale in 
the Gulf of California rescued the passengers and 
crew of the Pacific mail-steamer •• Continental " in 
September, 1860. He became captain, 12 Feb., 
1874, commanded the sloop " Plymouth " in 1875, 
and by prompt measures saved the vessels of the 
North Atlantic squadron from an epidemic of yel- 
low fever at Key West In 1876-7 ne commanded 
the steamer " Powhatan " on special service. He 
was made commodore, 80 Oct, 1888, had charge of 
the Mare island navy-yard in 1883-*6. was promoted 
rear-admiral, 4 March, 1886, and voluntarily went 
upon the retired list 27 Aug., of the same year. 

RUSSELL, Jonathan, diplomatist b. in Provi- 
dence, R. I., in 1771 ; d. in Milton, Mass., 19 Febt, 
1882. He was graduated at Brown in 1791, and 
educated for the law, but engaged in business, and 
subsequently in politics. He was U. S. minister to 
Norway and Sweden in 1814-'18, and one of the 
five commissioners that negotiated the treaty of 
Ghent in the former year. He settled in Mendon, 
Mass., on his return to this country, took an active 
part in politics, and in 1821-*8 was a member of 
congress, having been elected as a Democrat He 
was a versatile and graceful writer, but with the 
exception of his diplomatic correspondence while 
in Paris, London, and Stockholm, and a Fourth-of- 
July oration that reached its twentieth edition 
(Providence, 1800), he published nothing. 

RUSSELL, Noadtah, clergyman, b. in Middle- 
town, Conn., in 1659; d. there, 8 Dec, 1718. He 
was graduated at Harvard in 1081. taught at Ips- 
wich, and in October, 1688, was ordained minister 
of the church in Middletown, where he remained 
until his death. He was one of the twelve found- 
ers of Yale, and a trustee of that college. His 
M Diary " is published in the " New England His- 
torical Register" for January, 1858.— His son, 
WilllaM, clergyman, b. in Middletown, Conn., 20 



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854 



RUSSELL 



RUSSELL 



Nov., 1690; d. there, 1 June, 1761, was graduated 
at Yale in 1709, studied theology under his father, 
was a tutor in Tale, and from 1713 until his death 
served as pastor of the church in Middletown. He 
declined the presidency of Tale college, was one 
of its trustees, and published a sermon entitled 
"The Decay of Love to God in Churches" (New 
London, Conn., 1781). 

RUSSELL, Peter, Canadian administrator, b. 
in England about 1755 ; d. there about 1825. In 
1791 he accompanied Gen. John G. Simcoe, first 
lieutenant-governor of Upper Canada, to that prov- 
ince as inspector-general, and became a member of 
its first parliament and of the executive council. 
After Gen. Simcoe's resignation, in 1796, Gen. Rus- 
sell administered the government of the province 
until the arrival of Gen. Hunter in 1799. During 
Gen. Russell's administration, among other acts 
passed by the legislature were the act incorporating 
the legal profession, and that for establishing trade 
with the United States. 

RUSSELL, Richard, colonist, b. in Hereford- 
shire. England, in 1612 ; d. in Charlestown, Mass., 
14 May, 1674. He came to this country in 1640, 
was a representative in 1646, speaker of the house in 
1648-*9, 1654, 1656, and 1658, assistant in 1659-76, 
and treasurer of Massachusetts from 1644 until his 
death. — His son, James, jurist, b. in Charlestown, 
Mass., 1 Oct, 1640: d. there, 28 April, 1709, was a 
representative in 1679, an assistant in 108O-'6, and 
one of Gov. Joseph Dudley's council. He was a 
member of the council of safety in 1689, a leader 
in the Revolutionary movement of that day, a 
councillor under the new charter in 1692, and was 
a judge and treasurer of Massachusetts in 1680-'6. 
" He discharged all his duties with fidelity, was a 
liberal friend to the poor, and respected the insti- 
tutions of religion. — James's great grandson. 
Chambers, jurist, b. in Boston, 4 July, 1718 ; d. 
in Guilford, England, 24 Nov., 1767, was graduated 
at Harvard in 1731, became executive councillor, 
representative, and subsequently judge of the su- 

Serior court and of the admiralty.— Chambers's 
ascendant, David, congressman, b. in Massachu- 
setts in 1800; d. in Salem, N. T., 24 Nov., 1861, 
received a common-school education, removed to 
Salem, N. T., was admitted to the bar there, and 
established a practice. He was in the legislature 
in 1816 and in 1880, subsequently U. a district 
attorney for northern New York, and in 1835-'41 
was a member of congress, having been elected as 
a Whig. He afterward resumed his profession, in 
which he continued until his death. — His son, 
David Allan, soldier, b. in Salem, N. Y M 10 Dec, 
1820; d. near Winchester, Va., 19 Sept, 1864, was 
graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1845, 
served in the Mexican war, and received the brevet 
of 1st lieutenant in August, 1847, for gallant and 
meritorious conduct in the several affairs with 

Serillas at Paso Ovejas, National Bridge, and 
rro Gordo. He became captain in 1854, was en- 
gaged in the defences of Washington, D. C, from 
November, 1861, till January. 1862, when he was 
appointed colonel of the 7th Massachusetts Volun- 
teers, served with the Army of the Potomac in the 
Virginia peninsular campaign, and was engaged at 
Vorktown, Williamsburg, Fair Oaks, and the seven 
days' battles around Richmond. He was brevetted 
lieutenant-colonel, U. S. army, 1 July, 1862, for 
these services, became major of the 8th U. S. in- 
fantry on 9 Aug. of the same year, and participated 
in the battles of Cratnpton's Gap and Antietam. 
In November, 1862, he became brigadier-general of 
volunteers. He commanded a brigade of the 6th 
corps in the Rappahannock campaign, was engaged 



at Fredericksburg, Salem, and Beverly Ford, and 
at Gettysburg, for which battle he was brevetted 
colonel, 1 July, 1868. During the Rapidan cam- 
paign he participated in the capture of the Con- 
federate works at Rappahannock station, com- 
manded a division in the 6th corps in the battles 
of the Wilderness, Spottsylvania, and North Anna, 
was brevetted brigadier-general, U. S. army, 6 
May, 1864, and participated in the actions at Cold 
Harbor and the siege and battles around Peters- 
burg. He was then engaged in the defence of 
Washington, D. C, and in August and September, 
1864, served in the Shenandoah campaign in com- 
mand of his former division. He was killed at the 
head of his column in the battle of Opequan, Va. 
He was brevetted major-general in the United 
States armv, 19 Sept. 1864 

RUSSELL, William, soldier, b. in Culpeper 
county, Va., in 1758; d. in Fayette county, Ky., 
8 July, 1825. He removed with his father to the 
Virginia frontier in early boyhood, joined Daniel 
Boone's Indian expedition when he was fifteen 
years of age, and was appointed lieutenant in the 
Revolutionary army the next year, in which capa- 
city he served at King's Mountain. In that battle 
he was the first to reach the summit of the moun- 
tain, and to receive a sword from the enemy. He 
was then promoted captain, served against the 
Cherokee Indians, and negotiated a treaty of peace 
with that tribe. He subsequently fought at the 
battle of Whitsell's Mills and at Guilford Court- 
House. He removed to Kentucky at the end of 
the war, and bore an active part in almost every 
general expedition against the Indians until the 
settlement of the country, commanding the ad- 
vance under Gen. John Hardin, Gen. Charles Scott, 
and Gen. James Wilkinson. In the expedition 
under Gen. Anthony Wayne he led a regiment of 
Kentucky volunteers. He was a delegate to the 
Virginia legislature in 1789 that passed the act 
that separated Kentucky from that state, and on 
the organization of the Kentucky government was 
annually returned to the legislature till 1808. At 
that date he was appointed by President Madison 
colonel of the 7th U. S. infantry. He succeeded Gen. 
William H. Harrison in command of the frontier 
of Indiana, Illinois, and Missouri in 1811, and 
planned and commanded the expedition that was 
sent against the Peoria Indians in 1812. He 
served again in the legislature in 1828, and de- 
clined a nomination for governor. Russell county, 
Ky., is named in his honor. 

RUSSELL. William, elocutionist, b. in Glas- 
gow, Scotland, 28 April, 1798 ; d. in Lancaster, 
Mass., 17 May, 1878. He was educated in the Latin- 
school and the university of his native city, and 
came to this country in 1819, in which year he took 
charge of Chatham academy, Savannah, Ga. He 
removed to New Haven a few years later, and 
taught in the New Township academy and Hop- 
kins grammar-school. He then devoted himself 
to the instruction of classes in elocution in An- 
dover, Harvard, and Boston, edited the " American 
Journal of Education " in 1826-*9, and subsequently 
taught in a girls' school in German town, Pa. He 
resumed his elocution classes in Boston and An- 
dover in 1888, and lectured extensively in New 
England and New York. He established a teach- 
ers institute in New Hampshire in 1849, which he 
removed to Lancaster, Mass., in 1858. His subse- 
quent life was devoted to lecturing, for the most 
part before the Massachusetts teachers' institutes, 
under the care of the state board of education. He 
published " Grammar of Composition " (New Haven, 
1828); "Lessons in Enunciation" (Boston, 1880); 



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RUTER 



RUTHERPOORD 



855 



M Rudiments of Gesture " (1888) ; " American Elo- 
cutionist " (1844) ; " Orthophony, or Cultivation of 
the Voice" (1845); " Elements of Musical Articu- 
lation" (1845); "Pulpit Elocution" (1858); "Ex- 
ercises in Words" (1856); and edited numerous 
school-books and several minor educational man- 
uals.— His son, Francis Thayer, clergyman, b. in 
Roxbury, Mass., 10 June, 1828, was educated at 
Andover, graduated at the theological department 
of Trinity in 1854, and ordained priest in 1855. 
Afterward he became pastor of Protestant Epis- 
copal churches in New Britain, Ridgefield, and 
Waterbury, Conn., and was professor of elocution 
at Hobart, Trinity, the Berkeley divinity-school, 
and the General theological seminary, New York 
city. Since 1875 he has been rector of St Mar- 
garet's diocesan school for girls in Waterbury, 
Conn. Mr. Russell has won reputation as an elo- 
cutionist, still holding professorships in two theo- 
logical seminaries. He has published "Juvenile 
Speaker" (New York, 1846), "Practical Reader" 
(1853), and edited a revised edition of his father's 
work under the title of "Vocal Culture " (1882), 
and is the author of " Use of the Voice " (1882). 

RUTER, Martin, clergyman, b. in Charlton, 
Worcester oo., Mass., 8 April, 1785; d. in Wash- 
ington, Tex., 16 May, 1888. He received a common- 
school education, studied theology, and in June, 
1801. was admitted to the New York conference of 
the Methodist Episcopal church. He preached in 
New Hampshire and Montreal, Canada, became an 
elder at the age of twenty, was stationed at Boston, 
Mas&, Portland, Me., and other places, had charge 
for a time of New Market academy, and in 182CP8 
conducted the Book-concern in Cincinnati, Ohio. 
When Augusta college, Ky., was established in 
1828 he was selected for the presidency, and he 
held that office until he resigned in order to return 
to the ministry in 1882. He preached in Pitts- 
burg, Pa- for two years, and tuen became presi- 
dent of Allegheny college. Obtaining the appoint- 
ment of superintendent of the mission to Texas, he 
resigned in July, 1887. He went to the field that 
he had selected, rode more than 2,000 miles through 
Texas, organised churches, made arrangements for 
establishing a college, and laid out the greater part 
of the state into circuits. The fatigues and priva- 
tions that he endured destroyed his health, and he 
died after setting? out on the homeward journey. 
He was the first Methodist clergyman in the United 
States to receive the degree of D. D., which was 
conferred on him by Transylvania university in 
1820. Rutersville, Tex., was named for him, and 
the college there was founded in his honor. Dr. 
Ruter published a "Collection of Miscellaneous 
Pieces' 1 ; * Explanatory Notes on the Ninth Chap- 
ter of Romans '' ; " Sketch of Calvin's Life and Doc* 
trine " ; " Letter on Calvin and Calvinism " (1816) ; 
"Hebrew Grammar"; "History of Martyrs ,J ; 
" Ecclesiastical History," which was long a stand- 
ard text-book in theological seminaries ; and sev- 
eral educational text-books. He left unfinished a 
" Plea for Africa as a Field- for Missionary Labor " 
and a " Life of Bishop Asbury." 

RUTttERS, Henry, patriot, b. in New York 
city 7 Oct, 1745; d. there, 17 Fefc, 1880. He was 
graduated at Columbia m 1766, served as a cap- 
tain in the America* army at the battle of White 
Plains, and satanquently was a colonel of New 
York ntttftfa. During the British occupation of New 
Yevfc city his house was used as a barrack and hos- 
pital. CoL Rutgers was a member of the New York 
legislature in 1784, and was frequently re-elected. 
He was the proprietor of land on East river, in the 
vicinity of Chatham square, and in other parts of 




//Utvuy '&lifcjiA**< 



the city, and gave sites for streets, schools, churches, 
and charities. He presided over a meeting that 
was held on 24 June, 
1812, to prepare 
against an expected 
attack of the Brit- 
ish, and contributed 
toward defensive 
works. From 1802 
till 1826 he was one 
of the repents of the 
State university. He 
gave $5,000 for the 
purpose of reviving 
Queen's college in 
New Jersey, the 
name of which was 
changed to Rutgers 
college on 5 Dec, 
1825. See memoir 
in "New York Gen- 
ealogical and Bio- 
grapnical Record" 
of April, 1886 ; and " The Rutgers Family of New 
York," by Ernest H. Crosby (New York, 1886). 

RUTHERFOORD, Thomas, merchant, b. in 
Glasgow, Scotland, 7 Jan., 1766 ; d. in Richmond, 
Va,, 81 Jan., 1852. He was designed by his family 
for the church, but at the age of fifteen years entered 
the counting-house of Hawkesley and Rutherfoord, 
Dublin, Ireland, at the head of which was his eldest 
brother, John. In 1784 he was sent to Virginia 
in charge of two vessels with valuable cargoes, and 
went to Richmond, where he established a ware- 
house. In 1788 he returned to Dublin and became 
a partner in the firm, but he came again to Rich- 
mond in 1780, made that city his home, and married 
there in 1790. Beginning with a capital of £600, 
he accumulated a handsome fortune. He was suc- 
cessful both in the shinping and milling business, 
was public-spirited, ana exercised great liberality. 
He gave to the city of Richmond the ground on 
which the penitentiary now stands, and made other 
gifts of city property to private citizens. When 
too old to continue in active business, he collected 
around him his many friends and relatives and 
was the centre of a charming circle, whom he 
entertained by his bright conversation and witty 
sayings. He left a manuscript autobiography in 
his own handwriting, which is preserved by his 
descendants. During the con g ressional session of 
1820 the question of a protective tariff was raised 
for the first time. The merchants of Richmond, 
in September, 1820, adopted a memorial protesting 
against a course so injurious to their interests, ana 
Mr. Rutherfoord was selected to draft it It was 
presented in their behalf by John Tyler; and in 
after-years, when ex-President Tyler was invited 
to lecture in Richmond, he selected for his subject 
"Richmond and its Memories "—one of those 
memories being " Thomas Rutherfoord, his Anti- 
Tariff Memorial and other Political Writings."— 
His eldest son, John, b. in Richmond, va., 6 
Dec, 1792 ; d. at Richmond., Va., in July, 1866. 
received his education at Princeton, and studied 
law, but practised his profession only a short time. 
He was for many years president of the Virginia 
mutual assurance society, the first institution of 
this kind in the state, and held this post until 
his death. He was the first captain of the Rich- 
mond Fayette artilleiy'and became colonel of the 
regiment, and was known thenceforth as "Colo- 
nel John." Col. Rutherfoord became lieutenant- 
governor of Virginia in 1840, and, upon the death 
of Gov. Thomas Gilmer in 1841, succeeded him as 



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RUTHERFORD 



RUTHERPURD 



gorernor, which place he filled for more than a 
year. Daring this period he conducted a corre- 
spondence with Gov. William H. Seward, of New 
York, concerning a demand that he had made, as 

Sovernor of Virginia, upon the latter for the ren- 
ition of fugitives, which discussion of constitu- 
tional obligations won him reputation as a states- 
man and as a writer. For years ne was associated in 
intimate correspondence with the first public men 
of the day, amongthem ex-President John Tyler 
and his relatives, William C. Rives, and President 
Madison. He was always active in public affairs 
and of proverbial integrity, and won friends by his 
courteous manners and profuse and elegant hospi- 
tality. His portrait is in the capitol at Richmond 
with those of the other governors and distinguished 
men of Virginia. At an entertainment at his 
house Gen. Winfield Scott pronounced his eulogy 
upon Robert. E. Lee, saying that *' he was a head 
and shoulders above any man in the army of the 
United States, and that in case of war on the 
Canada question he would be worth millions to his 
country. This expression of opinion had great in- 
fluence in Lee's being called by Virginia to assume 
command of the state forces at the opening of the 
civil war.— John's only son, John Coles, b. in 
Richmond, Va., 20 Nov., 1825; <L at Rock Castle, 
Goochland co., Va., in August, 1866,received a 
good education, studied one year at Washington 
college, Va., and was graduated at the University of 
Virginia in 1842. Subsequently he studied law, 
and practised with success in Goochland and the 
adjoining counties. At the age of twenty-seven 
he was elected to the house of delegates, and he 
represented his county for twelve consecutive years. 
He was at different times chairman of the most 
important committees of the house, and was favor- 
ably known as a debater and writer. He contrib- 
uted, under the signature of w Sidney," some able 
articles to the press; one, on " Banking," published 
in pamphlet-form, especially gained him literary 
reputation. He poss ess ed great popularity both 
as a public man and as a private citizen. He died 
within the week after his father's death. 

RUTHERFORD, Friend Smith, soldier, b. in 
Schenectady, N. Y., 25 Sept., 1820; d. in Alton, 111., 
20 June, 1864 He was the mat-grandson of Dr. 
Daniel Rutherford, of the University of Edinburgh, 
who is regarded as the discoverer of nitrogen. He 
studied law in Troy, N. Y., removed to the west, 
and settled in practice at Alton, UL On 80 June, 
1862, he was commissioned as captain and commis- 
sary of subsistence, but he resigned on 2 Sept. in 
order to assume the command of the 97th Illinois 
regiment He participated in the attack on the 
Confederate works at Chickasaw Bayou, near Vicks- 
burff, led the assault on Arkansas Post, and served 
with credit at the capture of Port Gibson arid in 
thcrflnal operations against Vicksburg. He subse- 
quently served in Louisiana, and died from expos- 
ure and fatigue a week before his commission was 
issued as brigadier-general of volunteers. — His 
brothers, Rxubbm C. and Gboeos V., served also 
in the volunteer army during the civil war, and 
were both made brigadier-general by brevet on 
18 March, 1865. 

RUTHERFORD. Griffith, soldier, b. in Ireland 
about 1781; d. in Tennessee about 1800. He set- 
tled in North Carolina, west of Salisbury, and sat 
in the Provincial congress that met in 1775. He 
was a member of the council of safety, and was 
appointed a brigadier-general by the Provincial 
congress at Halifax on 22 June. 1776. In Septem- 
ber. 1776, he 'marched at the head of 2,400 men 
into thtf country of the Cherokees, who with the 



Tories had been ravaging the frontier settlements, 
and, in co-operation with a force that had been 
raised in South Carolina by Col. Andrew William- 
son, killed a great number of the Indians, destroyed 
their crops and habitations, and compelled them to 
make peace and surrender a part of their lands. 
He commanded a brigade at the battle of Sanders 
Creek, near Camden, 16 Aug., 1780, where he was 
taken prisoner. He was confined at Charleston 
and afterward at St. Augustine until he was ex- 
changed on 22 June, 1781, when he took the field 
again, and was in command at Wilmington when 
the town was evacuated by the British at the close 
of the war. He served in the North Carolina sen- 
ate, with intermissions, till 1786. Subsequently he 
removed to Tennessee, and in September, 1794, on 
the creation of the separate territory of Tennessee, 
was appointed president of the legislative council. 
RUTHERPURD, John, senator, b. in New 
York city in September. 1760; d. in Rutherford, 
N. J., 28 Feb., 1W0. His father, Walter, a son of 
Sir John, of Edgerston, Scotland, served in the 
British army from the age of seventeen, and, after 
taking part in the Canadian campaign of Sir Jef- 
frey Amherst, resigned his commission, married a 
daughter of James Alexander, and became a citi- 
zen of New York. The son was graduated at 
Princeton in 1776, studied law, was admitted to 
the bar, married a daughter of Lewis Morris, 
was elected clerk of the vestry of Trinity church, 
and had charge of much of the property of that 
corporation. In 1787 he removed to Tranquil- 
lity, Sussex co., N. J. He was a member of 
the legislature of New Jersey, and a presidential 
elector in 1788, and was twice elected to the U. S. 
senate, serving from 24 Oct, 1791, till February, 
1798, when he resigned to devote his attention to the 
management of his estate in New Jersey, engaged 
extensively in agriculture, and was a promoter of 
public improvements. He was president of the 
board of proprie- 
tors of eastern 
New Jersey. In 
1826 he served on 
a commission to 
adjust the boun- 
dary between New 
York and New Jer- 
sey, and in 1829 
and 1888 was one 
of a joint commis- 
sion to settle boun- 
dary questions be- 
tween those states 
and Pennsylvania. 
— His grandson, 
Lewis -Morris, 

Shysicist, b. in 
[orrisania, N. Y., 
25 Nov., 1816V was 
graduated at WM- 
lams in 1884, and 
studied law with William H. Seward in Auburn. 
He was admitted to the bar in 1887, and practised as 
the associate of Peter A. Jay, and, after his death, 
of Hamilton Fish, in New York city. In 1849 he 
abandoned the practice of law and thereafter de- 
voted his leisure to science, principally in the di- 
rection of astronomical photography and spectral 
analysis. In January, 1868, ne burnished in the 
44 American Journal of Science " a paper on the 
spectra of stars, the moon, and planets, with dia- 
grams of their lines and a description of the instru- 
ments that he used, which was the first published 
work on star-spectra after the great revelations of 




J^&w ^L*»k*y rt» ■ * / 



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RUTLEDGE 



857 



Bunsen and Kirchhoff, and the first attempt to 
classify the stars according to their spectra. While 
engaged in making his observations upon star- 
spectra Mr. Rutherfurd discovered the use of the 
star-spectroscope to show the exact state of achro- 
matic correction in an object-glass, particularly for 
the rays that are used in photography. In 1864, 
after many experiments in other directions but 
for the same end. he succeeded in devising and 
constructing an objective of Hi inches aperture 
and about 15 feet focal length, corrected for pho- 
tography alone. This objective was a great suc- 
cess, and was in constant use in making negatives 
of the sun, moon, and star-groups, until it was 
replaced in 1868 by another, which had about the 
same focal length but was 18 inches in aperture. 
This glass was an ordinary achromatic, such as is 
used for vision, and was converted into a photo- 
graphic objective by the addition of a third lens 
of flint glass, which made the proper correction 
and could be affixed in a few minutes. Mr. Ruther- 
ford constructed a micrometer for the measure- 
ment of astronomical photographs, for use upon 
pictures of solar eclipses or transits and upon 
groups of stars, of which he has measured several 
hundred, showing, as he claims, that the photo- 
graphic method is at least equal in accuracy to 
that of the heliometer or filar-micrometer, and far 
more convenient The photographs of the moon 
made by Mr. Rutherfurd are of remarkable beauty 
and have not yet been surpassed. A German writer 
having suggested that the collodion film was not 
reliable, Mr. Rutherfurd published in 1872 a series 
of measurements that conclusively demonstrated 
its fixity under proper conditions. In 1864 he pre- 
sented to the National academy of sciences a pho- 
tograph of the solar spectrum that he had obtained 
by means of bisulphide of carbon prisma It con- 
tained more than three times the number of lines 
that had been laid down within similar limits on 
the chart by Bunsen and Kirchhoff. He construct- 
ed a ruling-engine in 1870 which produced inter- 
ference-gratings on glass and speculum metal that 
were superior to all others until the recent produc- 
tions of Prof. Henry A. Rowland. With one of 
these gratings, containing about 17,000 lines to the 
inch, he produced a photograph of the solar spec- 
trum which was for a long tune unequalled. In 
1876 he published a paper describing an instru- 
ment in which the divided circle was of glass and 
showed by readings that it gave a far greater ac- 
curacy than could be obtained from divisions on me- 
tallic circles of the same dimensions. Mr. Ruther- 
furd was named by the president of the United 
States one of the American delegates to the Inter- 
national meridian conference that met in Washing- 
ton in October, 1886, and he took an active part m 
the work and framed and presented the resolution 
that finally expressed the conclusions of the con- 
ference. He was invited by the French academy 
of sciences to become a member of the Interna- 
tional conference on astronomical photography in 
Paris in 1887, and was appointed by the president 
of the National academy of sciences as its repre- 
sentative, but was obliged to decline on account of 
failing health. In 1858 he became a trustee of 
Columbia, but he resigned in 1884, after giving his 
astronomical instruments to that institution, in 
whose observatory they are now mounted. Mr. 
Rutherfurd was one of the original members named 
in the act of congress in 1868 creating the National 
academy of science, and is an associate of the 
Royal astronomical society, and his work has been 
recognised by the gift of many diplomas, member- 
ships, orders, and medals, both domestic and foreign. 




RUTLEDGE, John, statesman, b. in Charles- 
ton, S.C., in 1789; d. there, 28 July, 1800. He 
was the eldest son of Dr. John Rutledge, who 
came to South Carolina from the north of Ireland 
about 1786, practised medicine in Charleston, and 
married a lady of 
fortune, leaving 
her a widow with 
seven children at 
the age of twenty- 
seven. The son, 
who was sent to 
England to study 
law at the Tem- 

Sle, returned to 
Charleston in 1761, 
and acquired a 
high reputation as 
an advocate. He 
was an earnest op- 
ponent of the 
stamp-act when it 
was discussed in 
the provincial as- 
sembly, was sent 
to the congress at 
New York in October, 1766, and with his col- 
league, Christopher Gadsden, boldly advocated 
colonial union and resistance to oppression. He 
was a member of the South Carolina convention 
of 1774, in which he argued in favor of making 
common cause with Massachusetts, and carried a 
resolution that South Carolina should take part 
in the proposed congress, and that her delegates 
should go unhampered by instructions. He was 
one of those that were chosen by the planters to 
represent them in the first Continental congress 
at Philadelphia. Patrick Henry pronounced him 
"by far the greatest orator" in that assembly. 
In 1776 he was again chosen a delegate to con- 
gress. He was chairman of the committee that 
framed a constitution for South Carolina in 1776, 
and on 27 March was elected president of the new 
government, and commander-in-chief of the mili- 
tary forces. When the British fleet arrived in Cape 
Fear river he fortified Charleston, and insisted on 
retaining the post on Sullivan's island when Gen. 
Charles Lee proposed its evacuation. During the 
battle he sent 600 pounds of powder, and directed 
Col. William Moultrie not to retreat without an 
order from him, adding that he would ** sooner 
cut off his right hand than write one." He was 
dissatisfied with changes in the constitution, and 
in March, 1778, resigned his office, but in the fol- 
lowing year he was chosen governor again by an 
almost unanimous vote of the legislature, super- 
seding Rawlins Lowndes. He was clothed with 
dictatorial powers, and prepared to repel the Brit- 
ish invasion. When Gen. Augustine Prevost ad- 
vanced upon Charleston in May, 1779, the city was 
defenceless. Gen. Benjamin Lincoln with the Con- 
tinental troops being 160 miles away. The latter 
hastened to the succor of Charleston by forced 
marches, and state troops were gathered for the 
same object It was proposed by the governor's 
council that the British should retire, on condition 
that South Carolina should remain neutral during 
the rest of the war, and that her fate should be de- 
termined by the issue of the conflict. This meas- 
ure, which the historian Ramsay thinks was a ruse, 
devised for the purpose of gaining time, was favored 
by Rutledge, but opposed by Gadsden, the younger 
Laurens, and Moultrie. On Lincoln's approach, 
the enemy retreated, and Rutledge, at the bead of 
the militia, took the field against the invaders. 



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RUTLBDQB 



BUTTENBBE 



When Charleston was captured by Sir Henry Clin- 
ton in 1780, Gov. Rutledge retired into North Caro- 
lina, and until the close of hostilities accompanied 
the army of Gen. Nathanael Greene, and partici- 
pated in its operations. When South Carolina was 
partly redeemed from the conquerors, he resumed 
the duties of governor, summoning the assembly 
at Jacksonborough in January, 1782. He retired 
from the governorship in that year, and was elect- 
ed to the Continental congress. In that body he 
opposed a general impost, except for the purpose 
of paying the army. He was returned to congress 
in 1788, and in March, 1784, after declining the 
mission to the Hague, he was appointed chancellor 
of South Carolina. He was a member of the con- 
vention that framed the Federal constitution, in 
which he was one of a committee of five that re- 
ported a ratio of representation more favorable to 
the south than that which was finally adopted, 
and was chairman of the committee of detail. He 
advocated the assumption of all the state debts 
by the Federal government, threatened a secession 
of the south if the slave-trade were prohibited, pro- 
posed that congress should elect the president, and 
in the discussion of the powers and constitution of 
the judiciary exercised an influential voice. When 
the constitution went into operation he was nomi- 
nated a justice of the U. S. supreme court, but de- 
clined in order to accept the chief justiceship of 
his native state. On 1 July, 1795, he was appoint- 
ed chief justice of the U. S. supreme court He 
presided at the August term, but when the senate 
met in December his mind had become diseased, 
and the nomination was rejected. — His brother, 
Hugh, jurist, b. in Charleston, S. C, about 1741 ; 
d. there in January, 1811, acquired his legal edu- 
cation in London, returned after completing his 
term at the Temple, and took high rank at the bar 
of South Carolina. He was appointed judge of 
admiralty at Charleston in 1776, and was speaker 
of the legislative council in 1777-8. After Charles- 
ton surrendered, he was sent with his brother 
Edward and other patriots to St. Augustine. In 
' 1782-'5 he was speaker of the state house of repre- 
sentatives. In 1791 he was chosen by the legisla- 
ture one of the three judges of the court of equity 
as reconstituted by a lately enacted law, which 
office he filled till his death. — Another brother, 
Edward, statesman, b, in Charleston, S. C, 28 
Nov., 1749 ; d. there, 28 Jan., 1800, was the young- 
est of the family. 
After acquiring a 
classical education 
and reading law 
with his brothen, 
he was entered as 
a student at the 
Temple, London, 
in 1709. He at- 
tended the courts 
of law and the 
houses of parlia- 
ment for four 
years, and, on be- 
ing called to the 
** bar, returned U> 

> / -n s\ -£j* i J Charleston and 

(& ] &*TL4rO ^ MSrCuSC^C/ entered into prac- 
}o ' tioe. He married 

Harriet, a daugh- 
ter of Henry Middleton, soon after his arrival. In 
1774 he was sent to the Continental congress. He 
took an active part in the discussion that preceded 
the Declaration of Independence, of which he was 
one of the signers, and remained a member of con- 



gress till 1777. On 12 June, 1776, he was appointed 
on the first board of war. He was delegated, with 
John Adams and Benjamin Franklin, to confer 
with Lord Howe with reference to Howe's pro- 
posals for a reconciliation. The representatives of 
congress met the British admiral on Staten island, 
11 Sept., 1776, but refused to treat with him ex- 
cept on the basis of a recognition of American 
independence. In 1779 he was again elected to 
congress, but he was unable to attend on account 
of sickness. As captain in the Charleston artillery, 
of which he afterward became lieutenant-colonel, 
he assisted in dislodging British regulars from the 
island of Port Boval in 1779. While Charleston 
was invested, in May, 1780, he was sent out by 
Gen. Benjamin Lincoln to hasten the march of re- 
enforcements, but fell into the hands of the enemy. 
With others who were called dangerous rebels, he 
was sent to St. Augustine after the capitulation, 
and confined there for a year. After he was ex- 
changed he resided in Philadelphia until the 
British withdrew from South Carolina. He was 
a member of the legislature that assembled at 
Jacksonborough in 1782, and assented to the bill 
of penalties against the Tories that was subse- 
quently rescinded. On the evacuation of Charles- 
ton he returned to his home and resumed profes- 
sional practice, which he continued with success 
for seventeen years. During that time he was an 
active member of the legislature. He effectually 
resisted the efforts that were made to revive the 
slave-trade as long as he had a voice in the public 
business of the state. He was a member of the 
State constitutional convention of 1790, and the 
author of the law abolishing the rights of primo- 
geniture that was enacted in 1791. He declined 
the office of associate justice of the U. S. supreme 
court in 1794, and was elected governor of South 
Carolina in 1798, but did not live to complete his 
term. — John's son, John, member of congress, b. 
in Charleston, & C., in 1766; d. in Philadelphia, 
Pa., 1 Sept., 1819, studied law with his father. 
He was elected to congress as a Federalist, and 
twice re-elected, serving from 15 May, 1797, till 
8 March, 1808.— The first John's grandson, Ed- 
ward, clergyman, b. in Charleston, S. C, in 
1797; d. in Savannah, Ga., 18 March,. 1882, was 
graduated at Tale in 1817, and was admitted to 
orders in Christ church. Middletown, Conn., 17 
Nov., 1819, by Bishop BrownelL Several years 
afterward he became professor of moral philosophy 
in the University of Pennsylvania, and he was 
president-elect of Transylvania university at the 
time of his death. Mr. Rutledge published " The 
Family Altar" (New Haven, 18221 and a "His- 
tory of the Church of England * (Middletown, 
Conn., 1825>— Hugh's son, Francis Auger, P. E. 
bishop, b. in Charleston, S. C, 11' April, 1799; 
d. in Tallahassee, Fla., 6 Nov., 1866, was gradu- 
ated at Tale in 1821, studied at the General 
theological seminary, New Tork city, and was or- 
dained deacon in 1828 and priest on 20 Nov., 1825. 
He had charge of a church on Sullivan's island in 
1827-39, was rector of Trinity church, St Augus- 
tine, Fla., in 1839-'45, then became rector of St 
John's church, Tallahassee, and was consecrated 
bishop of Florida on 15 Oct, 1851. The degree of 
D. D. was conferred on him by Hobart in 1844. 
He published' occasional sermons. 

RUTTENBER, Edward Manning, antiquary, 
b. in Bennington, Vt, 17 July, 1824. He learned 
the printer's trade in Newburg, N. Y., and was 
the publisher of the " Telegrapn." except during 
two Vears, from 1850 till 1870. He has published 
a "History of Newburg" (Newburg, 1859); "Ob- 



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RYAN 



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■tractions to the Navigation of Hudson's River" 
(Albany, 1866) ; " History of the Flags of the Vol- 
unteer Regiments of the State of New York " (1865) ; 
" History of the Indian Tribes of Hudson's Hirer " 
(1867) ; and a " History of Orange County " (1875). 

BUXTON, George Frederick Augustus, Eng^ 
liah traveller, b. in Kent, England, in 1820; d. in 
St. Louis, Ma, 20 Sept, 1848. He was educated 
at Sandhurst military college, which he left at 
the age of seventeen, and volunteered in the Span- 
ish service during the Carlist war of 1888-*9. He 
was commissioned as a lieutenant in the British 
army after returning home, went with his regi- 
ment to Canada, resigned soon afterward, and 
spent several years among the Indians and trappers 
ox the west He subsequently travelled in Africa, 
and just before the Mexican war made a tour 
through all the provinces of Mexico, and spent the 
following winter in the region of the Rocky moun- 
tains, returning to England in August, 1847. He 
set out on a second trip to the far west, but died 
on the way. He was the author of " Adventures 
in Mexico and the Rocky Mountains'' (London, 
1847), -Life in the Far West" (1849); a pamphlet 
on the Oregon question, and papers in the " Trans- 
actions" of the British ethnological society. 

BUZ, Joaquin (rooth), Mexican linguist, b. in 
Merida in 1772; d. there, 15 Sept, 1860. He en- 
tered the order of St Francis in his native city in 
1794, studied philosophy in the convent of his 
order in 1806, was graduated there, and in 1810 
became a priest He was immediately assigned to 
the missions of the Maya Indians, of whose lan- 
guage he p osse s se d a thorough knowledge. Be- 
sides numerous religious works, he wrote in the 
Maya language "Catecismo historico y Doctrine 
Cristiana ^(Merida, 1822); "GramaticaYucateca" 
(1844); "Cart ilia 6 Silabario de la lengua Maya, 
para la ensenanza de los niflos indijenas " (1845) ; 
«• Analisis del idioma Yucateco " (1851) ; and " Leti 
u cilich Evangelio Jesucristo hebix San Lucas," 
edited by W. M. Watts (London, 1865). 

RYAN, Abram Joseph, poet h. in Norfolk, 
Va., 15 Aug., 1889; d. in Louisville, Ky., 22 April, 
1886. At an early age he decided to enter the 
Roman Catholic priesthood, and, after the usual 
classical and theological studies, he was ordained, 
and shortly afterward became a chaplain in the 
Confederate army, serving until the close of the 
war. He wrote "The Conquered Banner" soon 
after Lee's surrender. In 1865 he removed to 
New Orleans, where, in addition to his clerical 
duties, he edited the "Star," a weekly Roman 
Catholic paper* From New Orleans he went to 
Knoxville, Tenn.. after a raw months to Augusta, 
QtL, and founded the "Banner of the South," a 
religious and political weekly. This he soon relin- 
quished, and for several years was pastor of St 
Mary's church, Mobile, AhL, but in 1880 his old rest- 
lessness returned, and he went to the north for the 
twofold object of publishing his poems and lectur- 
ing. He spent the month of December in Balti- 
more, where his " Poems. Patriotic, Religious, and 
Miscellaneous," were published. There also, about 
the same time, he delivered his first, lecture, the 
subject being ** Some Aspects of Modern Civilisa- 
tion." During this visit he made his home at 
Loyola college, and in return for the hospitality 
of the Jesuit fathers he gave a public reading 
from his poems, and devoted the proceeds. $800, to 
found a medal for poetry at the college. His 
lecturing tour was not successful, and in a few 
months he returned to the south, where he contin- 
ued to lead the same restless mode of life. Father 
Ryan was engaged on a "Life of Christ" at the 



time of his death. His mostpopular poems, besides 
that mentioned above, are " The Lost Cause," " The 
Sword of Lee," " The Flag of Erin," and the epic 
"Their Story runneth Thus." 

RYAN, Edward George, jurist b. at Newcastle 
House. County Meath, Ireland, 18 Nov., 1810; d. 
in Milwaukee, Wis., 19 Oct, 1880. He had been 
intended for the priesthood, but began the study 
of law, came to the United States in 1880, and 
subsequently was a member of the Episcopal 
church. He taught and continued his law studies 
in New York, was admitted to the bar in 1886, 
and in that year removed to Chicago, where he 
edited a paper called the "Tribune" from 1889 
till its discontinuance in 1841. He went to Racine, 
Wis,, in 1842, and to Milwaukee in 1848, and be- 
came one of the most powerful advocates at the 
Wisconsin bar. Among the cases in which he won 
reputation were the impeachment trial of Judge 
Levi Hubbell in 1858, the Joshua Glover fugitive- 
slave case in 1854, and the case of Bashford vs. 
Barstow in 1856 to determine the title to the office 
of governor of the state, in which Coles Bashford, 
Mr. Ryan's client was successful He was a dele- 
gate to the State constitutional convention of 1846, 
and to the Democratic national convention in 1848. 
In 1862 Mr. Ryan, as chairman of a committee of 
the Democratic state convention, drew up an ad- 
dress to the people of Wisconsin that became known 
as the " Ryan Address." He was city attorney of 
Milwaukee in 1870-*2, and on 17 June, 1874, was 
appointed chief justice of the state to fill a vacancy. 
He was elected to the office in the following April, 
and served until his death. 

RYAN, George Parker, naval officer, b. in 
Boston, Mass., 8 May, 1842; d. at sea, 24 Nov., 
1877. He was appointed a midshipman, 80 Sept. 
1857, and graduated at the naval academy second 
in his class in 1860. He was commissioned lieu- 
tenant 16 July, 1862, and was navigator of the 
steamer "Sacramento" on special service in chase 
of the " Alabama " and " Florida " in 1862-ML He 
was promoted to lieutenant-commander, 16 July, 
1866, and attached to the U. S. naval academy as 
assistant professor of astronomy and navigation in 
1866-*9. He was again on doty at the naval acad- 
emy in 1871-4, and was promoted to commander, 
8 Oct, 1874 He organised parties for the obser- 
vation of the transit of Venus of 1874, and was se- 
lected to take charge of the expedition to Kergue- 
len islands. He was ordered to take command of 
the iron steamer "Huron" in 1876, and on 28 
Nov.. 1877, he sailed for Havana. The vessel was 
wrecked on Body island, N. C, and Ryan, with 
most of his officers and crew, was drowned. At 
the time of his death he was one of the most sci- 
entific navigators of the service. 

RYAN, James. R. C. bishop, b. in Thurles, Coun- 
ty Tipperary, Ireland, in 1848. He came to the 
United States when a child, and studied for the 

Sriesthood in the seminaries of St Thomas and 
t Joseph, Bardstown, Ky. He was subsequently 
professor in St Joseph's seminary. After his ordi- 
nation he was on the Kentucky mission for seven 
years, principally at St Martin's, Meade oo^ and 
at Elisabethtown, Hardin co. He removed to the 
Peoria diocese in Illinois in 1878, and was ap- 
pointed pastor at Wataga, He was afterward 
transferred to Danville, and in 1881 he was made 
rector of Ottawa, where his administration was 
very successful In 1888 he was nominated to the 
bisnopric of Alton. 

RYAN, Patrick John, R. C. archbishop, b. in 
Cloneyharp, near Thurles, Ireland, 90 Feb., 1881* 
He was educated at Thurles and Dublin, and en- 



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RYAN 



RYDER 



tered Carlow college, with a view of preparing him- 
self for the American mission. He was ordained 
deacon in 1853, and set out the same year for St. 
Louis, Mo., where he finished his ecclesiastical stud- 
ies in Carondelet seminary, and was raised to the 
priesthood in 1854. 
He rose to be vicar- 
general, on 15 Feb., 
1872. was elected 
coadjutorarchbish- 
op of St. Louis, and 
consecrated under 
the title of bishop 
of Tricomia on 14 
April. Owing to 
the great age of 
Archbishop Ken- 
rick, most of the 
work of governing 
the diocese fell to 
his share, and his 
^ s S s£? administration was 

' nominated arch- 

bishop of Philadelphia on 8 June, 1884. Bishop 
Ryan was one of the prelates that were selected in 
1883 to represent the interests of the Roman Catho- 
lics of the United States in Rome. He was present 
at the third plenary council of Baltimore in 1884, 
at which the opening discourse, "The Church in 
her Councils," was pronounced by him. He went 
to Rome again in 1887 on business connected with 
the plan of establishing a Catholic university in 
Washington. He has published lectures on " What 
Catholics do not Believe" (St. Louis, 1877} and 
" Some of the Causes of Modern Religious Skepti- 
cism " (1883). 

RYAN, Stephen Vincent, R. C. bishop, b. near 
Almonte, Upper Canada, 1 Jan., 1825. His parents 
settled in Pottsville, Pa., when he was a child, and 
he entered St Charles's seminary, Philadelphia, in 
1840, and in 1844 became a member of the Lazarist 
order. After studying theology in the Seminary 
of St. Mary's of the Barrens, Mo., he was ordained 
a priest in St Louis on 24 June, 1849, and imme- 
diately held professorships in St Mary's and Cape 
Girardeau colleges. He was afterward president 
of the College of St Vincent and in 1857 was 
elected visitor of the Lazarist order throughout 
the United States. He was instrumental in es- 
tablishing the mother-house and novitiate of the 
community at Qermantown, and transferred his 
residence thither from St Louis. In 1868 he was 
nominated to the bishopric of Buffalo, and conse- 
crated on 8 Nov. Bishop Ryan has frequently been 
called to important missions abroad. 

RYAN, William Albert Charles, soldier, b. in 
Toronto, Canada, 28 March, 1848 ; d; in Santiago, 
Cuba, 4 Nov., 1878. He was educated in Buffalo, 
N. Y., and at the beginning of the civil war enlisted 
in the New York volunteers, serving through the 
war, and rising to the rank of captain. He volun- 
teered in the service of the Cuban junta in 1860, 
and when Thomas Jordan was made commander- 
in-chief of the revolutionary army became his 
chief of staff and inspector-general. He displayed 
bravery and military skill in conflicts with the 
Spanish troops, and several times returned to the 
United States to recruit new forces' for carrying 
on the insurrection. His last expedition was in the 
" Virginius," which was captured by the Spanish 
man-of-war " Tornado" on 81 Oct, 1878, seven 
days after leaving the port of Kingston, Jamaica, 
and taken into Santiago. The passengers and 



crew were tried by court-martial, and all were con- 
demned to death as pirates. After the sentence 
had been executed on Gen. Ryan and fifty-one 
others, the massacre was arrested through the in- 
terference of the captain of a British war vessel, 
and the surviving prisoners were subsequently re- 
leased on the demand of the U. S. government 

RYAN, William Redmond, author, b. in Eng- 
land. He had resided for many years in the United 
States, when in 1847 he joined a body of U. S. vol- 
unteers, and went with them to California. On 
their arrival they were disbanded, and Ryan en- 
gaged in gold-mining till his return late m 1840. 
He published •• Personal Adventures in California" 
(2 vols., London, 1850), which was illustrated from 
his own drawings, and contains many interesting* 
details of early pioneer life in California. 

RYAN, William Thomas, Canadian author, b. 
in Toronto, 8 Feb., 1880. He was educated at St 
Michael's college, Toronto, and, entering the army, 
served during the Crimean war, and subsequently 
in the 100th royal Canadian regiment On leaving 
the army he devoted himself to journalism and lit- 
erature. He edited " The Volunteer Review," pub- 
lished at Ottawa, "The Evening Mail," of which 
he was proprietor, the " Daily Free Press " at Ot- 
tawa, and the " Daily Sun," and is now (1888) edi- 
tor of the Montreal " Daily Post" and the "True 
Witness." He has contributed poems and articles 
to various magazines, has lectured, and been active- 
as a political speaker on the Liberal side. He 
is known as an author under the name of Car- 
roll Ryan, which he took in 1858. He has pub- 
lished " Oscar, and other Poems " (Hamilton, 1857) ; 
"Songs of a Wanderer" (Ottawa. 1867); "The 
Canadian Northwest and the Canadian Pacific 
Railway" (1875); and " Picture Poems " (1884).— 
His wife, Mary Ann MacIvbr, whom he married 
in 1870, has published " Poems " (Ottawa, 1870). 

RYDER. Albert Pink ham, artist, b. in New 
Bedford, Mass., 10 March, 1847. He studied art 
under William E. Marshall and at the Academy of 
design, where he began to exhibit in 1878. In 1877,. 
1882, and 1887 he went abroad, visiting London 
and Paris, and travelling in Holland, Italy, Spain, 
and Germany. His paintings are notable rather 
for color and effect than for form, and he might 
be classed as a representative of the impressionist 
school in this country. Among his works are 
"Wandering Cow," "fcurfew Hour," "Pegasus," 
"Farm- Yard," "The Waste of Waters is their 
Field" (1884), "Little Maid of Aroadv" (1886), 
" Temple of the Mind," and " Phantom Ship." 

RYDER, James, educator, b. in Dublin, Ire- 
land, 8 Oct, 1800; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 12 
Jan., 1860. He was brought to the United State* 
when a child, entered the novitiate of the Society 
of Jesus at the age of thirteen, studied for five years- 
at Georgetown college, and afterward completed 
his theological studies in Rome, Italy, where he re- 
mained five years. He was ordained a priest in 
1825, and, after teaching theology and the sacred 
scriptures for three years at the College of Spoleto, 
he returned to the United States, and was for sev- 
eral yeare professor of theology and philosophy and 
vice-president of Georgetown college. In 1880 he 
became pastor of St Mary's church, Philadelphia, 
and in the following vear he took charge of a 
church in Frederick, tf d., which he soon left to 
assume the presidency of Georgetown college. 
From 1848 till 1845 he was superior of the Jesuit 
order in the United States. In 1846 he became 
president of the College of the Holy Cross, which 
had been established three years before at Worces- 
ter, Mass., but in 1848 he returned to his former 



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RYDER 



KYLE 



861 



post, in which he remained till 1851. He was a 
popular lecturer and preacher, and published oc- 
casional addresses and sermons. 

RYDER, Piatt Powell, artist, b. in Brooklyn, 
N. Y., 11 June, 1821. He studied under Leon 
Bonnat in Paris in 1869-'70, and also in London. 
Among his genre paintings are " Life's Evening," 
"Spinning,* and "An Interior w (1879); " Fare- 
well " (1880); "Spinning- Wheel" (1881); "Read- 
ing the Cup" (1882); "Welcome Step" (1888); 
"Clean Shave," " Washing - Day," and "Bill of 
Fare "(1884): " Fireside " (1885) ; and "Watching 
and Waiting " (1886). He was elected an associate 
of the National academy in 1868, and was also a 
founder of the Brooklyn academy of design. 

RYDER, William Henry, clergyman, b. in 
Provincetown, Mass., 18 July, 1822; a. in Chicago, 
I11 M 8 March, 1888. He received no collegiate edu- 
cation, but at nineteen years of age began to preach 
the doctrine of universal salvation. At twenty-one 
he was pastor of the 1st Universalist society in 
Concord, N. H., and he subsequently preached at 
Nashua two years, after which he travelled two 
years in Europe and the Holy Land. On his re- 
turn he became pastor of the Universalist church 
in Roxbury, Mass., where he remained ten years. 
He resigned this post to accept a call to St Paul's 
church, Chicago, in 1860. Lombard university 
save him the degree of D. D. in 1868. Dr. Ryder 
bequeathed more than half a million dollars to 
charitable, educational, and religious institutions. 
Among the bequests is one that provides for free 
annual lectures, to be under the control of the pas- 
tors of the 1st Universalist, 1st Presbyterian, and 
1st Congregational churches and the mayor of Chi- 
cago " in aid of the moral and social welfare of the 
citizens of Chicago, upon an anti-sectarian basis." 

RYERSON, Adolphus Egerton, Canadian edu- 
cator, b. in Charlotteville, Upper Canada, 24 March, 
1808; d. in Toronto, 19 Feb., 1882. His father, 
Joseph (1760-1854), was an American loyalist from 
New Jersey. The son received a classical edu- 
cation, and in 1829 founded the "Christian Guard- 
ian," of which he was appointed associate editor. 
He was chosen the first president of Victoria col- 
lege in 1841. and in 1844 was appointed superin- 
tendent of education for Upper Canada. In 1846 
he induced the legislature to pass a school act that 
he had drafted, and he afterward published an 
elaborate report on methods of education (Mon- 
treal, 1847). He drafted the bill, in 1850, under 
which the public schools of Ontario are still main- 
tained. In 1855 he founded meteorological sta- 
tions in connection with county grammar-schools, 
and in 1860 drafted a bill for tne further develop- 
ment of the system of public instruction. In 1876 
he resigned. He received the degree of D. D. from 
Wealevan university, Middletown, Conn., in 1842, 
and that of LL.D. from Victoria college in 1866. 
Dr. Ryerson published " Letters in Defence of Our 
School System " (Toronto, 1859) and f The Loyalists 
of America and their Times— 1620-1816 " (1880). 
"The Story of My Life," an autobiography, which 
he left unfinished at his death, was completed and 
published by John George Hodgins (1888). 

RYERSON, John, Canadian clergyman, b. in 
Norfolk. Ont, 12 June, 1800 ; d. in Simcoe, Ont, 
5 Oct, 1878. Jle received a fair education, became 
a Wesleyan preacher at the age of eighteen, and 
aided in founding many institutions of the Meth- 
odist Episcopal church. In 1854 the Canadian con- 
ference, with a view to assuming the direction and 
maintenance of the missions of the London Wes- 
leyan committee in the Northwest territory, sent 
Mr. Ryerson to explore the field. He travelled 



nearly 8.000 miles in the yacht of the Hudson bay 
company and in bark canoes, and, before returning, 
went to England and arranged for the transfer of 
the missions. His journey is described in " Hud- 
son's Bay, or a Missionary Tour in the Territory of 
the Hon. Hudson's Bay Company " (Toronto, 1855). 

RYERSON, Martin, benefactor, b. in Paterson, 
N. J., 6 Jan., 1818; d. in Boston, Mass., 6 Sept, 
1887. His early educational advantages were lim- 
ited. At sixteen years of age he left home alone, 
and in Detroit found employment with a fur-dealer. 
In 1886 he went to Muskegon, Mich., and, while 
trading with the Indians, learned to speak the Ot- 
tawa and Chippewa languages. In 1841 he em- 
barked in the lumber business on a limited scale, 
and in 1851 he established a yard at Chicago, by 
which his business was greatly increased, and he 
became wealthy. Mr. Ryerson gave freely to chari- 
table institutions and public enterprises, and, as a 
token of his friendship and appreciation of Indian 
character, he erected in Lincoln park, Chicago, a 
bronze group in memory of the Ottawa nation, of 
which tribe his wife was a member. He expressed a 
wish to his son that the income from a large busi- 
ness block, valued at $225,000, should be forever 
set apart and distributed equally among eight char* 
itable institutions of Chicago. The family have 
placed the property in trust for this purpose. 

RYLANCE, Joseph Hine, clergyman, b. near 
Manchester. England, 16 June, 1826. He was 
graduated at King's college, London, in 1861, and, 
after officiating as a curate in London for two years, 
came to the United States in 1868, and became 
rector of St Paul's church, Cleveland, Ohio. In 
1867-71 he was rector of St. James's church, Chi- 
cago, Hi, and since 1871 he has been rector of St 
Mark's church, New York city. He received the 
degree of D. D. from Western Reserve college in 
1867. Dr. Rylance belongs to the school of Chris- 
tian rationalists. He is the author of " Preachers 
and Preaching " (London, 1862) ; " Essays on Mira- 
cles "(New York, 1874) : " Social Questions: Lec- 
tures on Competition, Communism, Co-operation, 
and Christianity and Socialism " (New York, 1880) ; 
and Pulpit Talks on Topics of the Time " (1881). 

RYLAND, Robert clergyman, b. in King and 
Queen county, Yil, 14 March, 1805. He was gradu- 
ated at Columbian college. Washington, D. C, in 
1826, ordained to the Christian ministry in 1827, 
and in 1827-'82 was pastor of the Baptist church 
in Lynchburg, Va. In 1882 he took cnarffe of the 
Manual-labor school in Richmond, and when that 
school was chartered in 1844 as Richmond college 
he was made its president, serving until 1866. For 
twenty-five years he acted as pastor of the 1st Af- 
rican Baptist church of Richmond, during which 
time he baptized into its fellowship nearly 4,000 
persona In 1868 he removed to Kentucky, where 
he has been engaged in the work of teaching and 
preaching. Dr. Ryland has been a friend of the 
colored people, and a promoter of higher education. 

RYLfi, John, manufacturer, b. in Bollington, 
near Macclesfield, England, 22 Oct, 1817; <L in 
Macclesfield, England, 6 Nov., 1887. He worked 
in the silk-mills of Macclesfield when but five 
years of age, and, having become an expert weaver 
and throwster, emigrated to the United States in 
1889, and was engaged to establish a silk-factory at 
Paterson, N. J., of which he became owner in 1846. 
He was the first to carry on this business with suc- 
cess in the United States. At first the production 
was limited to twists and floss silks. He tried 
weaving in 1846, and again in 185»-'60, but was 
not able to make the manufacture of broad silks 
remunerative until after the civil war. 



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SAAVEDRA 



8 A, Estacio d© (sah), Portuguese soldier, b. in 
Alentejo about 1680 ; d. in Rio Janeiro, 20 Feb., 
1567. He was a nephew of Men de Saa (a. v.). 
During the struggle between the French ana Por- 
tuguese in Brazil the Portuguese government sent 
Estacio de Sa, with two galleons but few soldiers, 
to expel the invaders. He arrived at Bahia in 
1564, and, after waiting several months to organ- 
ize a sufficient force, left in 1565 for Rio Janeiro, 
but, on examining the fortifications, became con- 
vinced of his inferiority. He then sailed for Santos, 
where he remained one year organizing militia and 
awaiting re-enforcements, ana in January, 1566, 
sailed again for the Bay of Rio Janeiro. On 1 
March he came to anchor at the bar and landed 
his force, fortifying himself between the Pao d'As- 
sucar and the Morro Sao Jofo, where he laid the 
foundations of the future city of Rio Janeiro. The 
governor-general, being informed by Jesuits of the 
critical condition of his nephew, sent an expedition 
to his aid. Estacio de Sa began operations imme- 
diately by attacking the fortifications, which were 
taken after an obstinate battle, in which Sa was 
wounded. The French were completely routed 
and obliged to retire in their ships to Europe, but 
8a died a few days afterward of his wound, and 
was buried in the church of Sao Sebastiao, on the 
hill afterward called Morro do Castello. 

SA, Salvador Correa de. Brazilian governor, 
b. in Rio Janeiro in 1594; a. in Lisbon, 1 Jan., 
1688. He was a grandson of the first governor of 
Rio Janeiro after its separation from Bahia in 1578, 
and his father, Martin de Sa, also held that office 
alter it became again a dependency of the general 
government of Bahia till 1606. Young Salvador 
entered the public service in 1612, protecting^ con- 
voy of thirty vessels from Pernambuco to Europe 
against Dutch privateers. He was afterward sent 
to Brazil to prepare an auxiliary force of 500 men 
and three armea ships to assist the fleet that had 
been sent under Fadrique de Toledo against the 
Dutch invaders, and, after saving the province of 
Espirito Santo from an attack by Dutch corsairs, 
he aided in the recapture of Bahia in 1625. He re- 
turned in 1682 to Lisbon, but was sent in 1634 as 
admiral of the south to suppress a rebellion of the 
Calequi Indians in Paraguay, whom he defeated in 
1685. He was appointed captain-general of Rio 
Janeiro in 1687. and as such recognized in 1640 the 
Prince of Braganza as King John IV., and, when 
the Jesuits of the south refused to acknowledge the 
new sovereign, Sa left his uncle, Duarte Correa, in 
charge of the government, and sailed on 29 March 
for Sao Paulo, where he soon restored order. In 
March, 1644, he was appointed general of the fleet, 
to protect the Brazilian coast against the Dutch, 
ana co-operated with Jofo Fernandes Vieira in the 
attack on Recife. He was appointed in 1645 to 
establish a government in Angola, and sailed on 
12 May for Africa, finishing the conquest of the 
Congo kingdom by the capitulation of Fort Sfo 
Mipuel, 15 Aug., 1648. In 1658 he was again ap- 
pointed governor of southern Brazil, and took 
charge in September, 1659, but, after Quelling an in- 
surrection in Nictheroy in October, 1660, he handed 
the government over to his successor in June of 
that year, and sailed for Lisbon. When Alphonso 
VL was deposed, 28 Sept., 1667, Sa, whose son had 
been the favorite of that monarch, was banished to 
Africa for ten years; but, resolving to finish his 
days in a Jesuit convent, he obtained, by the in- 



fluence of the general of the order, permission to 
live in retirement in his palace of Lisbon, where 
he died nearly a centenarian. 

SA. Slm&o Perelra de, Brazilian author, b. in 
Rio Janeiro in 1701; d. there about 1769. He 
studied in the Jesuit college, and was afterward 
admitted into the order. He was graduated in 
theology and canonical law at Coimbra university, 
and by nis learning became one of the most cele- 
brated members of nis order. He wrote much, and 
among the few of his productions that have been 
preserved are " Essaio topographico e militar sobre 
a Colonia do Sacramento* (Rio Janeiro, 1760), 
and "Descripcfto chronologica da diocese de Rio 
Janeiro" (1765). 

SAAYEDRA, Cornello (sah-vay'-drah), Argen- 
tine soldier, b. in Potosi, Bolivia, in 1760; £ in 
Buenos Ayres in 1829. In 1767 his family removed 
to Buenos Avres, where he obtained his education. 
He filled different posts under the Spanish govern- 
ment, and on 6 Sept, 1806, was appointed chief of 
a battalion. When Montevideo was taken by the 
English troops, 2 Feb., 1807, Liniers marched with 
a division of 2,500 volunteers to protect the city, 
and Saavedra took part in the expedition at the 
head of 600 patricians. He took possession of all 
the arms and ammunition of Colonia, and carried 
them to Buenos Ayres. On 5 July, 1807, he took 
an active part in the reconquest of the latter city, 
at the head of his battalion. On 25 May, 1810, 
after the revolution, of which he was one of the 
chiefs, he was appointed president of tfee govern- 
ing junta. Against the advice of Mariano Moreno 
(q. v.) he admitted the deputies of the interior prov- 
inces into the junta in December, 1810, and by this 
and other measures caused discontent, and when 
the patriotic army under Belgrano was defeated, 
20 June, 1811, at Huaqui, Saavedra left for upper 
Peru to take command of the army. On 28 Sept. 
the revolution that overthrew the junta took place, 
and Saavedra was ordered to deliver the forces 
under his command to Gen. Puevrredon. In 1814 
he was accused of being the leader of the mutiny 
of 5 April, 1811, took refuge in Chili, and was ex- 
cluded from the amnesty that was granted after- 
ward. When, in 1816, the congress of Tucuman 
was established, he presented himself for trial, 
and was acquitted and occupied his former place. 
When Balcarce passed to the army of San Martin 
in 1817, Saavedra was appointed his successor as 
chief of staff, which place he occupied till 1818. 
He served in the Argentine army till 1821, when 
he retired with his family to a country-seat 

SAAYEDRA, Hernando Arias de, Spanish 
soldier, b. in Asuncion, Paraguay, in 1556 ; a. there 
about 1625. He was a son of one of the officers 
that accompanied Cabeza de Vaca, and at an early 
age entered a military career, taking part in many 
engagements against the Indians. For his services 
he was made governor of Asuncion, which post he 
held three different times, being the first native to 
obtain such an office. In one of his expeditions 
he advanced 200 leagues to the south of Buenos 
Ayres, and was taken prisoner by the Indians, but 
escaped and returned to Asuncion. Afterward he 
invaded the Chaco, and explored the borders of 
Parana and Uruguay rivers. He gained most re- 
nown by the two reforms that he promoted, of 
which the first was the suppression of the encomi- 
endas or system of personal slavery, which would 
have resulted in the destruction of the native race. 



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SABIN 



This reform was approved by King Philip III., and 
in consequence, in 1609. the Jesuits Mazetta and 
Cataldini were sent to found the missions of Para- 

Siay. The second reform was the division of the 
io de la Plata into two different governments, 
Buenos Ayres and Paraguay, which was decreed in 
1617, and took effect in 1620. 

SAAVEDRA, Juan de, Spanish soldier, b. in 
Seville, Spain, about the end of the 15th century ; 
d. in Chuquinga, Peru, 21 May, 1554. He went to 
Peru in 1584 as chief judge of the expedition of 
Pedro de Alvarado, but after his arrival entered 
the service of Diego de Almagro, whom he accom- 
panied in the discovery and conquest of Chili in 
l535-'6. In the latter year he founded the city of 
Valparaiso, and, on his return to Peru, he took 
part in the battle of Abancay, 12 July, 1537. He 
acted on behalf of Almagro as commissioner in the 
negotiations of Mala about the boundaries of New 
Toledo, but was not present at the battle of Salinas, 
6 April, 1588, on account of illness. Although he 
always refused the offers of the brothers Pizarro 
during Almagro's life, after the latter's death Saave- 
dra, on account of rivalry with Juan de Rada (q. v.), 
retired to Lima, and took no part in the battle of 
Chupas. In 1544, when Gonzalo Pizarro rose in 
rebellion, he appointed Saavedra his substitute at 
Huanuco. President Gasca in 1547 induced Saave- 
dra to re-enter the Loyalist party, appointing him 
captain of cavalry, which corps ne commanded in 
the battle of Jaquijaguana. In 1549 Gasca ap- 
pointed him governor of Cuzco, but in 1551 he was 
superseded by the audiencia of Lima. In 1554 the 
city of Cuzco sent him with the rank of captain to 
Join the army of A Ion so de Alvarado, operating 
against the rebellious Francisco Giron (q. v.\ and 
he met his death at the battle of Chuquinga. 

8AAYEDRA GUZMAN, Antonio, Mexican 
poet, b. in Mexico about 1550 ; d. in Spain about 
1620. He was a son of one of the conquerors of 
Mexico, and married a granddaughter of Jorge de 
Alvarado, brother of the founder of the Spanish 
dominion, in Central America. His favorite stud- 
ies were poetry and history, especially that of his 
native country, in which he was aided by his thor- 
ough knowledge of the Aztec language. The his- 
torical data tnat he accumulated during seven 
years' labor were molded by him during a seventy 
days' passage to Spain in 1598 into his historical 
poem "El Peregrino Indiano" (Madrid, 1599). 
This work, which is now extremely rare, describing 
in twenty cantos the glories of the Aztec court and 
the conquest of Mexico, is rather a chronicle than 
a poem, and on more than one occasion has solved 
difficulties regarding the early history of New 
Spain. The Spanish poets, Vicente Espinel and 
Lope de Vega, praise Saavedra's work highly, and 
William H. Prescott calls him the poet-chronicler. 

SABIN, Dwight May, senator, b. in Marseilles, 
La Salle co., Ill, 25 April, 1844. His early years 
were spent on a farm, and in 1857 the family re- 
moved to Connecticut He was educated at Phil- 
lips Andover academy, which he left in 1868 to 
enter the National army: but he resigned after 
three months, owin^ to impaired health, and pro- 
cured a clerkship in Washington, D. C. In 1864 
he entered on farming and the lumber business in 
Connecticut, and in 1868 he removed to Stillwater, 
Minn., where he engaged in lumbering and manu- 
facturing. Mr. Sabin now (1888) owns a large num- 
ber of mills, and is the largest stockholder in the 
Northwestern car company, having acquired a for- 
tune. He served in the state senate in 1870-'l, was 
a member of the National Republican conventions 
of 1872, 1876, 1880, and 1884, serving as chairman 



of the last, and was elected to the U. S. senate as a 
Republican, to succeed William Windom, for the 
term that will end on 4 March, 1889. 

SABIN, Elijah Robinson, clergyman, b. in 
Tolland, Conn., 10 Sept., 1776; d. in Augusta, Ga., 
4 May, 1818. His ancestor, William, whose name 
is written Sabin, Sabine, and Saben, came to this 
country in 1645, and held local offices in Rehoboth, 
Mass., and his father, Nehemiah, served in the Revo- 
lutionary war, and was fatally wounded at Trenton. 
In 1784 his family removed to Vermont, and the 
son was employed in clearing land, educating him- 
self in leisure hours. In 1798 he began to preach, 
and in 1799 he entered the Methodist Episcopal 
ministry. He was appointed presiding elder of the 
Vermont district in 1805, and subsequently of the 
New London district, embracing Rhode Island, 
Connecticut, Massachusetts, and a part of New 
Hampshire. He was appointed chaplain of the 
Massachusetts house of representatives, being the 
first of his denomination to hold this office, and 
afterward became pastor of a Methodist church in 
Hampden, Me. He assisted in the military hospi- 
tal there, and. after the enemy took possession of 
the town, was taken prisoner and confined in a 
transport His wife mounted a horse, rode nine 
miles to the British commander, and obtained his 
release on the plea that he was a non-combatant 
In 1815 he resumed his charge in Hampden. He 
died while travelling in the southern states to 
regain his health. Mr. Sabin was the author of 
the " Road to Happiness," and " Charles Observa- 
tor." — His son. Lorenzo (Sabine), historian, b. in 
New Lisbon, N. H., 28 Feb., 1808; d. in Boston, 
Mass., 14 April, 1877, adopted Sabine as the spell- 
ing of his surname. He was self-educated, and was 
employed in various capacities. He was elected to 
the legislature from Eastport for three successive 
terms, and held the office of deputy collector of the 
customs, but returned to Massachusetts in 1849, 
and was appointed in 1852 a secret and confidential 
agent of the U. S. treasury department with refer- 
ence to the operation of the Ashburton treaty as 
connected with our commerce with British colonies. 
He was elected to congress as a Whig in place of 
Benjamin Thompson, serving from 28 Dec., 1852, 
till 8 March, 18o8, and waa afterward appointed 
secretary of the Boston board of trade. The degree 
of A. M. was conferred on him by Bowdoin in 1846, 
and by Harvard in 1848. He contributed to the 
" North American Review " and " Christian Exam- 
iner," and was the author of the life of Com. Ed- 
ward Preble (1847) in Sparks's " American Biogra- 
phy " ; " The American Loyalists, or Biographical 
Sketches of Adherents to the British Crown in the 
War of the Revolution" (Boston, 1847; 2d ed., 2 
vols., 1864) ; •• Report on the Principal Fisheries of 
the American Seas." prepared for the U.S. treasury 
department (Washington. 1858) ; " Notes on Duels 
and Duelling, with a Preliminary Historical Essay" 
(Boston, 1855; 2d ed., 1856); and an address before 
the New England historic-genealogical society, 18 
Sept., 1859, on the " Hundredth Anniversary of the 
Death of Major-General James Wolfe." 

SABIN, Joseph, bibliophile, b. in Braunston, 
Northamptonshire, England, 9 Dec, 1821; d. in 
Brooklyn. N. Y., 5 June, 1881. His father, a me- 
chanic, pave him a common-school education, and 
apprenticed him to Charles Richards, a bookseller 
and publisher of Oxford. Subsequently young 
Sabin opened a similar store in Oxford and pub- 
lished *» The XXXIX Articles of the Church of 
England, with Scriptural Proofs and References " 
(1844). In 1848 he came to this country, and 
bought farms in Texas and near Philadelphia. In 



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864 



SABINE 



SACKETT 



1850 he settled in New York city, and in 1856 he 
went to Philadelphia and sold old and rare books, 
but at the beginning of the civil war he returned 
to New York and opened book-shops, where he 
made a specialty of collecting rare books and 
prints. His knowledge of bibliography was ex- 
tended, and he often travelled long distances to 
secure uniaue volumes, crossing the ocean as many 
as twenty-live times for this purpose. Two of his 
sons became associated with nim in business, and 
two others were proprietors of a similar enterprise 
in London. He prepared catalogues of many 
valuable libraries that were sold by auction in New 
York after 1850, among which were those of Dr. 
Samuel F. Jarvis (1851). William E. Burton (1861), 
Edwin Forrest (1868), John Allan (1864), and 
Thomas W. Fields (1875). He also sold the collec- 
tion of William Menxies (1877). Mr. Sabin re- 
published in limited editions on large paper several 
curious old works of American history, edited 
and published for several years from 1869 "The 
American Bibliopolist : a Literary Register and 
Monthly Catalogue of Old and New Books," con- 
tributed to the " American Publishers' Circular," 
and undertook the publication in parts of a ** Dic- 
tionary of Books relating to America, from its 
Discovery to the Present Time," of which thirteen 
volumes were issued, and upon which he was en- 
gaged at the time of his death. 

SABINE. Sir Edward, British soldier, b. in 
Dublin, Ireland, 14 Oct, 1788 ; d. in Richmond, 
England, 36 June, 1888. After receiving a military 
education, he entered the royal artillery as 2d lieu- 
tenant in 1808, became captain in 1818, and served 
in the war with the United States, commanding 
the batteries in the siege of Fort Erie in 1814. He 
was appointed astronomer in the first arctic ex- 
pedition under Sir John Ross in 1818, and accom- 
panied Sir William Edward Parry's expedition of 
l8l9-*20 in the same capacity, making important 
researches in terrestrial magnetism. In 1821-'5 he 
made a series of voyages ranging from the equa- 
tor to the Arctic circle in quest of data concerning 



the variations of the magnetic needle, and con- 
ducted pendulum experiments, thus laying the 
basis for an accurate determination of the figure 



of the earth. His discoveries led to the establish- 
ment of magnetic observatories in Great Britain 
and the colonies, the latter being under his super- 
intendence, and from 1840 till 1860 he published 
reports of observations at the Cape of Good 
Hope. Hobart Town, St Helena, and Toronto. In 
1818 he became a fellow of the Royal society, of 
which he was vice-president from 1850 till 1861, 
and president from 1861 till 1871. He was made 
a knight of the Bath in 1869 and a general in 1870. 
During one voyage he edited the " North Georgia 
Gasette and Winter Chronicle," a periodical writ- 
ten by the officers on the "Hecla" in lSlO-TO, 
which was republished (London, 1822). He also 
aided in the preparation of a " Natural History " 
(1824), which was appended to Parry's " First Arc- 
tic Voyage" (1821), and was the author of "An 
Account of Experiments to determine the Figure 
of the Earth* 1 (1825); "The Variability of the 
Intensity of Magnetism upon Many Parts of the 
Globe " (1888) ; and numerous memoirs and scien- 
tific papers. He was engaged in scientific work 
until his death, and, with his wife as assistant, pre- 
pared reduction tables and charts of all the observa- 
tions that have been made in terrestrial magnetism. 
SACKET. Delos Bennet, soldier, b. in Cape 
Vincent, N. Y., 14 April, 1822 ; d. in Washington, 
D. C, 8 March, 1885. He was graduated at the 
U. a military academy in 1845, assigned to the 2d 




/T^^CIC^^ 



dragoons, and served in the Mexican war, being 
brevetted 1st lieutenant, 9 May, 1846, for gallant 
and meritorious conduct at Palo Alto and Resaca 
de la Palma, Tex. On 80 June, 1846, he became 
2d lieutenant, and he was made 1st lieutenant on 
27 Dec, 184a He 
was engaged in 
scouting in 1850, 
and was assistant 
instructor of cav- 
alry tactics in 
the U.S. military 
academy from 10 
Dec., 1850, till 
16 April. 1855. 
On8March,1855, 
he became cap- 
tain of 1st cav- 
alry. He was a 
member of the 
board to revise 
the army regula- 
tions in Wash- 
ington in 1856- 
'7. served on fron- 
tier duty in the 
Kansas disturbances in 1856-'7, and on the Utah 
and Cheyenne expedition in 1858. He was ap- 
pointed major of 1st cavalry on 81 Jaiu, 1861, lieu- 
tenant-colonel of 2d cavalry on 8 May, 1861, and 
inspector-general on 1 Oct, 1861. Joining the 
Army of the Potomac, he served on the staff of the 
commanding general in the Virginia peninsula and 
the Maryland and Rappahannock campaigns, par- 
ticipating in the chief engagements. He was in 
charge of the inspector-general's office in Washing- 
ton, D. C, from 10 Jan. till 26 May, 1868, and after- 
ward a member of the board to organise invalid 
corps and treat for retiring disabled officers. From 
1 April 1864, till August, 1865, he was on inspec- 
tion duty in the departments of the Tennessee, 
Cumberland, Arkansas, and New Mexico. On 18 
March, 1865, he was brevetted brigadier-general 
and major-general for gallant and meritorious ser- 
vices in the field and during the civil war. After 
the war he was inspector-general of the Department 
of the Tennessee and of the divisions of the At- 
lantic and the Missouri On the retirement of 
Gen. Randolph B. Marcy on 2 Jan., 1881, he became 
senior inspector-general of the army with the rank 
of brigadier-generaL 

SACKETT, William Augustus, congressman, 
b. in Aurelius, Cayuga co., N. Y., 18 Nov., 1812. 
His ancestors came from England in 1682, settled 
in Massachusetts, and continued to live in New 
England until 1804, when his father moved to 
Cayuga county, N. Y. He received an academic 
education, studied law in Seneca Falls and Skane- 
ateles, was admitted to the bar in 1884, and soon 
secured a lucrative practice. Elected to congress 
se a Whig, he served from 8 Dec, 1849, tM 8 March, 
1858. He took part in the controversy in relation 
to the admission of California as a free state, and 
both spoke and voted for admission. He earnestly 
opposed the fugitive-slave law, and was uncom- 
promisingly in opposition to slavery and the ad- 
mission of any more slave states. From the com- 
mittee on claims he made a report on the power 
of consuls, which had an influence in the final 
modification of those powers. He removed to 
Saratoga Springs in 1857, where he still resides. 
In 1876-'8 he travelled extensively in Europe, 
Egvpt, and the Holy Land, and wrote letters de- 
scribing his journeys that were published. He 
has been a Republican since the organisation of 



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SADTLEE 



865 



the party, and has been active as a public speaker. 
— His son, William, was colonel of the Oth New 
York cavalry, and was killed while leading a charge 
under Gen. Sheridan at Trevillian Station, Va. 

SACO, Job* Antonio (sah'-ko), Cuban publicist, 
b. in Bayamo, Cuba, in May, 1797 ; d. in Madrid, 
Spain, in 1879. He finished his education in Ha- 
vana, where, in 1821, he obtained the professorship 
of philosophy in the Seminary of San Carlos. From 
1824 till 1826 he travelled in the United States, 
and in 1828 he returned to New York, where he 
devoted himself to literary labors. He translated 
into Spanish, from the Latin, the celebrated work 
of Heineoius on Roman law, and his translation 
passed through several editions in Spain. In 1882 
he went to Havana, and held the editorship of 
the "Revista Bimestre Cubana" until 1884, when 
he was banished from the island on account of his 
liberal ideas and anti-slavery principles. In 1886 
he was elected to represent the eastern part of 
Cuba in the Spanish cortes, but he did not take his 
seat, as the Madrid government deprived the colo- 
nies of representation. He published in Madrid 
** Paralelo entre Cuba y algunas colonias inglesas" 
(18881 He made afterward an extensive tour in 
the European continent, and in 1840 fixed his resi- 
dence in Paris, where he published " Supresi6n del 
traflco de esclavos en Cuba " (1845), which brought 
upon him the wrath of the slave-holders, and di- 
minished his chances of being allowed to return to 
Cuba. In 1848 he published in Paris his "Ideas 
sobre la inoorporacion de Cuba a los E. U.," favor- 
ing the annexation of Cuba to the United States, 
which was immediately translated into English 
and French, and assailed by the American press. 
44 La situaci6n politica de Cuba y su remedio was 
published in 1801, and "La cuesti6n Cubana" in 
1858. He was elected by Santiago de Cuba in 1866 
as one of the delegates sent to Madrid to advocate 
political reforms for the island, and in 1878 was 
again elected by the same city to the Spanish cor- 
tes. Saco was a voluminous writer. During the 
last years of his life he began the publication of 
his great work " Historia de la esclavitud desde los 
tiempos mas remotos " (Paris, 1876 ei aeq.) t one of 
the most exhaustive works on this subject, of 
which several volumes were published before his 
death. It has been translated into various Euro- 
pean languages. Other works of Saco are " His- 
toria de la esclavitud entre los Indios," and nu- 
merous articles and essays on a diversity of sub- 
jects, which have been collected under the title of 
"Coleccion de papeles varies" (Havana, 1882). 

SADLIER, Mary Anne (Madden), author, b. in 
Cootehill, County Cavan, Ireland, 81 Dec., 1820. 
After receiving a private school education she con- 
tributed to London magazines, and in 1844 emi- 
grated to Montreal, Canada, where she published 
by subscription "Tales of the Olden Time." In 
1846 she married James Sadlier, then of the pub- 
lishing firm of D. and J. Sadlier and Co., of New 
York and Montreal, and became connected edi- 
torially with the Roman Catholic press. She has 
translated several religious works, tales, and dramas 
from the French, ana is the author of stories for 
Roman Catholic Sunday-schools, and several novels. 
Her works include "Alice Riodan, or the Blind 
Man's Daughter'* (Boston, 1851); " New Lights, or 
Life in Galway" (New York, 1858): "The Blakes 
and Flanagans" (1855); " The Confederate Chief- 
tains, a Tale of the Irish Rebellion of 1641 " (1859) ; 
"Bessy Conway, or the Irish Girl in America" 
(1862); "The Daughter of Tyreonnell" (1868); 
" Maureen Dhu, the Admiral's Daughter" (1870): 
and " Purgatory, Doctrinal, Historical, and Politi- 



cal" (1886).— Her daughter, Anna Theresa, au- 
thor, b. in Montreal, Canada, 19 Jan., 1854, was 
educated partially in New York city, and gradu- 
ated at the convent of Villa Maria, near Montreal, 
in 1871. She has contributed largely to the Roman 
Catholic press, has translated numerous tales and 
poems from the French and Italian, and is the 
author of "Seven Years and Mair" (New York, 
1878) ; " Ethel Hamilton, and other Tales " (1877) ; 
44 The King's Page " (1877) ; " Women-of Catholici- 
ty" (1885); and "The Silent Woman of Alood" 
(1887). She has also published a compilation en- 
titled " Gems of Catholic Thought" (1882). 

SADTLER, Benjamin, clergyman, b. in Balti- 
more, McL, 25 Dec., 1828. He was graduated at 
Pennsylvania college, Gettysburg, in 1842, and at 
the theological seminary there in 1844, and was suc- 
cessively pastor of Lutheran churches at Pine Grove, 
Pa., in 1845-9; Shippensburg, P*., in 1849- f 58; 
Middletown, Pa., in 1858-'6 : and Easton, Pa., in 
1856-'62. In the last year he became principal of 
the Ladies* seminary at Lutherville, McL, and in 
1875 he accepted the presidency of Muhlenberg 
college, AUentown, Pa. He occupied this post 
until 1886, when, disabled for life by a fall on the 
ice, he was compelled to abandon the work. In 
1867 he received the degree of D. D. from Penn- 
sylvania college. He was a trustee of that insti- 
tution in 1862-77, and has held many offices of 
honor and trust in his church. He is a frequent 
contributor to the periodicals of his denomination, 
and has published: numerous baccalaureate dis- 
courses and addresses, including "A Rebellious 
Nation Reproved" (Easton, Pa., 1861), and "The 
Causes and Remedies of the Losses of her Popula- 
tion by the Lutheran Church in America" (Phila- 
delphia, 1878).— His eldest son, Samnel Philip, 
chemist, b. in Prine Grove, Pa., 18 July, 1847, was 
graduated at Pennsylvania college in 1867, studied 
at Lehigh university in 1867-8, and was gradu- 
ated at the Lawrence scientific school of Harvard 
in 1870 with the degree of a B. He then studied 
chemistry at the university of Gottingen, where 
in 1871 he received the degree of Ph. D. for original 
researches on iridium salts. On his return he held 
the professorship of natural science in Pennsyl- 
vania college until 1874, when he accepted the 
chair of general and organic chemistry in the 
University of Pennsylvania. This place he still 
holds, ana also that of professor of chemistry in the 
Philadelphia college of pharmacy, to which he was 
appointed in 1879. Prof. Sadtler again visited 
Europe in 1885 for the purpose of inspecting labo- 
ratories of applied chemistry in England and on 
the continent, and on his return made a report of 
his observations to the trustees of the University 
of Pennsylvania for their guidance in organizing 
a laboratory of industrial chemistry. He is a fel- 
low of the Chemical societies of London and Ber- 
lin, of the American association for the advancement 
of science, and of other societies in the United States. 
Since 1879 he has furnished each month notes on 
chemistry to the "American Journal of Pharmacy." 
Dr. Sadtler was chemical editor of the American 
reprint of the ninth edition of the "Encyclo- 
pedia Britannica " (Philadelphia, 188fr-'4), and, 
with Joseph P. Remington and Horatio C. Wood, 
edited the fifteenth and sixteenth editions of the 
" United States Dispensatory " (1882-*8), having en- 
tire charge of the chemical part of that work. Be- 
sides numerous addresses and lectures, he has pub- 
lished " Handbook of Chemical Experimentation 
for Lecturers" (Louisville, 1877). and edited the 
eighth edition of Attfleld's " Medical and Pharma- 
ceutical Chemistry" (Philadelphia, 1879). 



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SAFFOLD 



SAGE 



SAFFOLD, Reuben, jurist, b. in Wilkes county, 
Oft., 4 Sept., 1788; <L in Dallas county, Ala., 15 
Feb., 1847. After practising law in Georgia he re- 
moved to Jackson, Ala., in 1818. During the In- 
dian troubles he commanded a volunteer company, 
and he subsequently served several terms in the 
legislature of Mississippi territory. He was a mem- 
ber of the State constitutional convention in 1819, 
was made a circuit judge, and was one of the three 
judges that were appointed to the supreme bench 
In 1882, serving as chief justice in 1835-'6. 

8AFF0RD, James Merrill, geologist b. in 
Putnam (now Zanesville), Ohio, 18 Aug., 1828. He 
was graduated at Ohio university in 1844, and 
spent a year at Yale, where in 1866 the honorary 
degree of Ph. D. was conferred on him. From 
1848 till 1872 he was professor of natural sciences 
in Cumberland university, Lebanon, Tenn., and he 
then accepted the chair of chemistry in the medical 
department of the University of Nashville, which 
since 1874 has also been the medical department 
of Vanderbilt university. These appointments, to- 
gether with the chair of natural history and geolo- 
gy in Vanderbilt university, which he* accepted in 
1&75, he still (1888) holds. In 1854 he was ap- 
pointed state geologist of Tennessee, and made a 
preliminary survey of the state. This place he 
neld until 1860, and he was again made state geolo- 
gist in 1871 and has since continued in that office. 
He has also been a member of the Tennessee state 
board of health since its organization in 1866, 
and for some time its vice-president Prof. Saf- 
ford was one of the judges at the World's fair held 
in Philadelphia in 1876; and his reports made at 
that time have since been published. The de- 
gree of M. D. was conferred upon him bv the 
medical department of the University of Nash- 
ville in 187». Prof. Safford is a member of scien- 
tific societies, to whose transactions he has con- 
tributed various papers on geology; and he has 
published "A Geological Reoonnoissance of the 
State of Tennessee" (Nashville, 1856); "Second 
Biennial Report" (1857); and "Geology of Ten- 
nessee," with a geological map of the state (1869). 
He assisted in tnepreparation of " Introduction to 
the Resources of .Tennessee" (1874), and as special 
agent of the census of 1880 he made a " Report on 
the Cotton Production of the State of Tennessee " 
(WasWngton,1884). 

SAFFORD, Truman Henry, mathematician, 
b. in Royalton, Vt, 6 Jan., 1886. At an early age 
he attracted public attention by his remarkable 
•powers of calculation. When six years of age, he 
told his mother if she knew the number of rods 
it was around a certain meadow he could tell its 
circumference in barleycorns, and on hearing that 
the number of rods was 1,040 he gave the number 
mentally as 617,760 barleycorns, which is correct 
He could mentally extract the square and cube 
roots of numbers of 9 and 10 places of figures, 
and could multiply four figures by four figures 
mentally as rapidly as it could be done upon 
paper. In 1845 he prepared an almanac, ana at 
the age of fourteen calculated the elliptio elements 
of the first comet of 1849. At this time he became 
widely known as the Vermont boy calculator. By 
a method of his own he abridged by one fourth 
the labor of calculating the rising and setting 
of the moon. After long and difficult problems 
had been read to him once, he could give their re- 
sults without effort Prof. Benjamin Peirce said 
of him in 1846 that his knowledge " is accompanied 
with powers of abstraction and concentration rare- 
ly possessed at any age except by minds of the 
highest order." He was graduated at Harvard in 



1854, after which he spent there several years in 
study at the observatory. Between 1850 and 1862 
he computed the orbits of many planets and 
comets. In 1863-'6 he was connected with the 
Harvard obsesvatory, in the last year acting as its 
director, but he was chiefly employed in observa- 
tions for a standard catalogue of right ascensions. 
In 1865 he was appointed professor of astronomy 
in the University of Chicago, and director of the 
Dearborn observatory. His first two years there 
were devoted to the study of nebulae, and he dis- 
covered many new ones. From 1869 till 1871 be 
was engaged upon the great catalogue of stars that 
is in course of preparation by the co-operation 
of European ana American astronomers. His 
work was* interrupted by the Chicago fire of 1871, 
and after that year he was much employed in lati- 
tude and longitude work in the territories by the 
U. S. corps of engineers, for whom he also prepared 
a star catalogue, which was published by the war 
department He published a second in 1879. Since 
1876 he has been professor of astronomy at Will- 
iams college, which gave him the degree of Ph. D. 
in 1878. He is a member of various astronomical 
societies, and has edited volumes iv. and v. of the 
44 Annals of Harvard College Observatory," the 
latter one containing the report of Prof. George 
P. Bond's discoveries in the constellation of Orion, 
which Prof. Safford completed after Pro! Bond's 
death. His other contributions have appeared in 
the M Proceedings of the American Academy," 
the monthly notices of the Royal astronomical 
society, and: other astronomical journals. He is 
now (1888) preparing a catalogue of polar stars as 
a memorial of the 50th anniversary of the observa- 
tory of Williams college. 

SAFFORD, William Harrison, lawyer, b. in 
Parkersburg, Va., 19 Feb., 1821. He was educated 
at Asbury academy, Parkersburg, Va., studied law, 
was admitted to the bar in 1842, and in 1848 re- 
moved to Chillioothe, Ohio, where he has since prac- 
tised his profession. From 1858 till 1860 he served 
in the state senate, and from 1868 till 1874 he was 
judge of the 2d subdivision of the 5th judicial cir- 
cuit of Ohio. He is the author of " Life of Blenner- 
hassett" (Chillicothe, 1850), and "The pienner- 
hassett Papers" (Cincinnati, 1861). 

SAGARD-THEODAT, Gabriel, French mis- 
sionary, lived in the 17th century. He was in a 
Recollet Franciscan convent in Paris in 1615 when 
Hofiel, the secretary of Louis XIII., asked the 
superior of that order to send missionaries to Can- 
ada. Sagard entreated to be sent on the mission, 
but he was not allowed to leave France until eight 
years afterward. Shortly after his arrival in Quebec 
he set out for the Huron country with Father VieL 
He remained there over two years, when his com- 
panion was drowned in Riviere des Prairies (hence 
called Saut du Recollet), and Sagard returned to 
France. His writings include " Grand voyage du 

Sys des Hurons, situe en l'Amenque, vers la mer 
race, et derniers confine de la Nouvelle-Franoe, 
dite Canada, on il est traicte* de tout oe qui est du 
pays, des moeurs et naturel des sauvages, de leur 
gouvernement et facons de faire, tant dans leur 
pays qu'allant en voyage, de leur foi et croyance, 
aveo un dictionnaire de la langue huronne " (Paris, 
1682), and " Histoire du Canada et voyage que lee 
tores mineurs recollets y ont faicts pour la conver- 
sion des infldelles" (1686). The works of Sagard 
were very little known until recently. They were 
republished and edited by Henry E. Chevalier 
(4 vols., Paris, 1866). 

SAGE, Gardner Avery, donor,, b, is New 
York city, 8 May, 181ft; i in White Sulphur 



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SAGE 



SAQRA 



367 



Springs, Va., 22 Aug., 1882. He studied survey- 
ing, practised his profession in New York city, 
and acquired a fortune. He was an active mem- 
ber of the Reformed Dutch church, in which he 
held many offices of trust, and built and endowed 
the library of the theological seminary at New 
Brunswick, N. J., which bears his name, and which 
he presented to the general synod. This was dedi- 
cated on 4 June, 1875, and now (1888) contains 
70,000 volumes. He also founded a chair of Old 
Testament exegesis in the seminary, gave a resi- 
dence for one of the professors, also large sums 
for the maintenance of Hertzog Hall, and made 
other bequests to aid the institutions of the Re- 
formed church in New Brunswick. His gifts 
amounted to nearly $250,000. 

SAGE, Henry Williams, donor, b. in Middle- 
town, Conn., 31 Jan., 1814 He is a descendant of 
David Sage, who settled in Middletown in 1652. 
His father, Charles, was shipwrecked on the coast 
of Florida in 1838, and murdered by Indians. The 
boy's preparation for Yale at Bristol, Conn., was 
interrupted by his removal to Ithaca, N. Y., and 
in 1832 he entered mercantile life. In 1854 he 
established a lumber-manufactory on Lake Simcoe, 
Canada, and later, with John McGraw, another at 
Wenona (now West Bay City), Mich., which at that 
time was one of the largest in the world. Mr. 
Sage was one of the most extensive landholders 
of Michigan. From 1857 till 1880 he resided in 
Brooklyn, and was an active member of Plym- 
outh church. He took much interest in founding 
Cornell university, and in 1873 erected there a 
college hall for women, which is known as Sage 
college. After the death of Ezra Cornell he was 
made president of the board of trustees of Cornell 
university. He endowed the Lyman Beecher lec- 
tureship on preaching at Yale, and built and pre- 
sented to West Bay City, Mich., a public library 
at a cost of $30,000. Mr. Sage has also endowed 
and built several churches and schools. In 1847 
he served in the New York legislature. 

SAGE, Russell, financier, b. in Oneida county, 
N. Y., 4 Aug.. 1816. He recei ved a public-school edu- 
cation, and then engaged in mercantile pursuits in 
Troy. In 1841 he was elected an alderman, and he 
was re-elected to this office until 1848, also serving 
for seven years as treasurer of Rensselaer county. 
He was then elected to congress as a Whig, and 
served, with re-election, from 5 Dec, 1853, till 3 
March, 1857. Mr. Sage was the first person to ad- 
vocate, on the floor of congress, the purchase of 
Mount Vernon by the government Subsequently 
he settled in New York city and engaged in the 
business of selling " privileges " in Wail street At 
the same time he became interested in railroads, 
and secured stocks in western roads, notably the 
Milwaukee and St Paul, of which he was presi- 
dent and vice-president for twelve years. By dis- 
posing of these investments, as the smaller roads 
were absorbed by trunk-lines, he became wealthy. 
In late years he has been closely associated with 
Jay Gould in the management of the Wabash, St 
Louis, and Pacific, the Missouri Pacific, the Mis- 
souri, Kansas, and Texas, the Delaware, Lacka- 
wanna and Western and the St Louis and San 
Francisco railroads, the American cable company, 
the Western Union telegraph company ana the 
Manhattan consolidated system of elevated rail- 
roads in New York city, in all of which corpora- 
tions he is a director. Mr. Sage was for many 
years closely connected with the affairs of the 
Union Pacific road, of which he was a director. 
He has been a director and vice-president in the 
Importers and traders' national bank for the past 



twenty years, also a director in the Merchants' 
trust company and m the Fifth avenue bank of 
New York city. 
SAGEAN, Mathieu (sah-zhay-ong). Canadian 



explorer, b. near La Chine about 1655 ; d. in Biloxi, 
La., about 1710. He early entered the service of 
Robert Cavalier de La Salle (q. v.), assisted in the 
building of Fort Saint Louis of the Illinois, and 
was left there under Henry Tonty (q. v.) in 1681. 
Being desirous to make new discoveries, he obtained 
leave shortly afterward from Tontv and set out at 
the head of eleven Canadians ana two Mohegan 
Indians. They ascended the Mississippi about 500 
miles, and then, their provisions being exhausted, 
stopped a month to hunt While thus engaged 
they found another river flowing south southwest, 
carried their canoes to it, sailed about 450 miles, 
and found themselves in the midst of an Indian 
tribe dwelling in well-built villages and governed 
by a chief who claimed descent from Monte- 
zuma. On his return to Canada, Sagean was cap- 
tured by English pirates upon the shores of the 
St Lawrence and compelled to take service among 
them. He followed a life of adventure for about 
twenty years in the East and West Indies, but 
toward 1700 he found his way to France and en- 
listed in a company of marines at Brest There 
he revealed the secret of his discoveries in America. 
His story was written down from his dictation and 
sent to the secretary of the navy, Count de Pont- 
chartrain, who caused inquiries to be made, and, as 
a result, Sagean was sent to Biloxi, near the mouth 
of the Mississippi, with orders that he should be 
supplied with the means of conducting a party to 
the country he had discovered, and which he rep- 
resented as being rich in gold. But the officers in 
command neglected their instructions, and suffered 
the order to remain unexecuted. Sagean's discov- 
ery has been contested, inasmuch as he described 
the country as a kind of El Dorado, but other au- 
thors contend that aside from these exaggerations, 
Sagean's discovery was real, and that he saw the 
remains of an ancient Mexican tribe that had 
emigrated northward after the Spanish conquest 
Sagean's story, written from his dictation, is pre- 
served among the manuscripts in the National 
library at Paris. It was translated into English 
and published by John Gilmary Shea in his series 
of memoirs and narratives concerning the French 
colonies in America (1862). 

SAGER, Abram, physician, b. in Bethlehem, 
N. Y., 22 Dec., 1810; d. in Ann Arbor, Mich., 6 
Aug., 1877. He was graduated at the Troy poly- 
technic school in 1831, studied medicine in Albany 
and at Yale, and was graduated at the Medical 
school of Castleton, Vt, in 1835. He settled in 
Detroit and afterward in Jackson, Mich. From 
1837 till 1840 he assisted in the geological survey 
of Michigan, having charge of the departments of 
botany and zodlogy, of which branches he was pro- 
fessor in the state university from 1842 till 1855. 
In 1850 he was made professor of obstetrics, and 
in 1854-'60 he had the chair of diseases of women 
and children, but he resigned in 1875, when the 
board of regents introduced homoeopathy. He was 
a member of various medical and scientific socie- 
ties, and was president of the Michigan medical 
society in 1850-*2. Dr. Sager contributed papers 
to medLal journals, and published reports on Dot- 
any and zodlogy in 1839. His collection laid the 
foundation of the present museum of the univer- 
sity, to which he also presented the " Sager Her- 
barium " of 1,200 species and 12,000 specimens. 

SAGRA, Ramon de la (sah'-grah), Spanish 
economist b. in Corufia in 1798 ; d. in Cartaillac, 



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SAHAGUN 



ST. CLAIR 



Switzerland, 25 May, 1871. After finishing his 
studies in Madrid he was appointed in 1822 a i rec- 
tor of the botanical garden of Havana, which post 
he retained for twelve years, forming several valu- 
able collections. He also opened a class in agri- 
cultural botany and founded a model farm, which 
was of much benefit to the country. In 1834 he 
travelled through the United States. After a 
sojourn of several years in Paris he returned to 
Madrid, where he founded a magazine, and devoted 
himself exclusively to the study of political econo- 
my till 1848, when he went to Paris and took part 
in the revolution of that year. From 1854 till 1856 
he was a deputy to the cortes. His works include 
" His tor ia econ6mica, politica, y estadistica de la 
isla de Cuba" (Havana, 1831): •* Principios de 
Botdnica Agricola" (1833); "Breve idea de la 
administracion del comercio y de las rentas, y 
gastos de Cuba durante los afios de 1826 a 1836'' 
(Paris, 1836) ; •* Historia flsica, politica y natural de 
la isla de Cuba" (2 vols, 1837-^42; French transla- 
tion, 1844); "Cinco meses en los Estados Unidos" 
(1836; French translation, 1837); "Apuntes des- 
tinados a ilustrar ladiscusi6n del artfculo adicional 
al provecto de constituci6n " (Madrid, 1837); "His- 
toria fisica, econ6mica, politica, intelectuai y moral 
de la isla de Cuba" (Paris, 1861); "Cuba en 1860" 
(1862) ; " I cones plantarum in flora Cubans descrip- 
torum" (1863); and "Los caracoles microscopicos 
de Cuba" (1866). 

SAHAGUN, Bernardino de (sah-ah-goon'), 
Spanish missionary, b. in Sahagun, Leon, late in 
the 15th century ; d. in Mexico, 23 Oct., 1590. He 
studied in Salamanca, entered the Franciscan order 
about 1520, came to Mexico in 1529, where he was 
a professor in the imperial college of Santa Cruz 
de Tlaltelolco, and, after thoroughly learning the 
Aztec language, was for more than fifty years a 
missionary to the natives. His leisure hours were 
occupied in composing a civil, religious, and natu- 
ral history of Mexico in twelve volumes, which were 
illustrated with drawings by the author and copies 
of the hieroglyphic writings of the Aztecs ; but these 
drawings were considered by the provincial of his 
order contrary to religion,* as perpetuating the 
idolatrous customs of the natives, and his work 
was not allowed to be published, but it was sent 
by the viceroy to the chronicler Herrera, who used 
some of the material in his " Decadas." The work 
was afterward printed under the title of "Dic- 
cionario historico universal de Nueva Espafia" 
(Mexico, 1829). He also wrote in the Aztec lan- 
guage "Arte de la Lengua Mexicana" (Mexico, 
157o); "Diccionario trilingue, Latino, Espafiol y 
Mexicano " (1578) ; " Sal modi a cristiana en Lengua 
Mexicana, para que can ten los Indios en las Igle- 
sias " (1583) ; " Catecismo de la Doctrina Cristiana 
en Lengua Mexicana" (1583); and, according to 
Betancourt, "Historia de la venida a Mexico de 
los primeros Religiosos Franciscanos," a Spanish 
manuscript in two volumes, containing the con- 
ferences of the missionaries with the native priests 
in Aztec language. 

SAINT CASTIN, Jean Yincent de PAbadle 
(san - cas - tang). Baron de, French colonist, b. in 
Lescar. Beam, in 1650; d. in Acadia in 1712. He 
came to Canada in 1665 as an ensign, took part in 
the expedition of DeCourcelles,and, when his regi- 
ment was disbanded in 1668, was among the few 
officers that chose to remain in the colony, and 
was sent to Acadia to command for the king under 
Chambly. In 1675 Dutchmen from Santo Do- 
mingo made the latter prisoner, but Saint Cast in 
escaped and afterward roamed the woods with the 
Indians, and gained much influence over them. 



He also made a fortune of about 400,000 crowns by 
dealing in beaver-skins with his neighbors of New 
England. His trading - house was at Pentagoet 
(now Castine), in the old fort, which he occupied 
or abandoned by turns, according to the needs of 
the time. But his trade involved him in difficul- 
ties with the royal governors, and in 1688 the king 
required him to establish a permanent settlement 
and cease all trade with the English. About this 
time Saint Castin married the daughter of Ma- 
dockawando, chief of the Penobscots, and in the 
same year war was renewed, mainly through Saint 
Castings efforts. He attacked the English posts at 
Port Royal, at the head of 250 Indians, and con- 
tinued for years to plunder the English settlements. 
The authorities of Boston set a price upon his head, 
as they regarded him as their most insidious ene- 
my, and employed deserters to kidnap him ; but the 
plot was discovered, and the deserters were shot at 
Mount Desert With his Indians, Saint Castin 
landed in 1696 at New Harbor, near Fort Peraa- 
quid, and, co-operating with the troops of Iber- 
ville, obliged the governor to surrender, and de- 
stroyed the fortress. The French dominions were 
thus extended over a large part of Maine, The re- 
mainder of his history is intimately connected with 
the struggles for the possession of Acadia. He de- 
fended Port Royal in 1706, and again in 1707, when 
he was wounded, he saved the fort. He is said to 
have gone to France in 1709, but he was in Acadia 
again soon afterward, where he fought to the last 
for the French cause, and was killed in an engage- 
ment in 1712. — His son, Joseph, a half-breed, was 
a leader of the eastern Indians in their later diffi- 
culties with the English. In December. 1721, he 
was surprised at Pentagoet and carried a prisoner 
to Boston. After five months he was released on 
account of the hostile feelings that his detention 
provoked among the Abenakis. 

ST. CLAIR, Arthur, soldier, b. in Thurso, 
Caithness, Scotland, in 1734; d. in Greensburg, 
Pa., 31 Aug., 1818. He was the grandson of the 
Earl of Roslyn, was educated at the University of 
Edinburgh, and studied medicine under Dr. John 
Hunter. Inherit- 
ing a fortune from 
his mother, he 
purchased a com- 
mission as ensign 
in the 60th foot on 
13 May, 1757, and 
came to this coun- 
try with Admi- 
ral Edward Bosca- 
wen's fleet. He 
served under Gen. 
Jeffrey Amherst 
at the capture of 
Louisburg, 26 Ju- 
ly, 1758, and un- 
der Gen. James 
Wolfe at Quebec, 
30 Sept, 1758. On 
16 April, 1762, he 
resigned the com- 
mission of lie ii ten- 
ant, which he had received on 17 April, 1759. and in 
1764 he settled in Ligonier valley. Pa., where he pur- 
chased land, and erected mills and a residence. In 
1770 he was made surveyor of the district of Cum- 
berland, and he subsequently became a justice of the 
court of quarter sessions and of common pleas, a 
member of the proprietary council, a justice, re- 
corder, and clerk of the orphans' court, and pro- 
thonotary of Bedford and Westmoreland counties. 




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ST. CLAIR 



SAINTE-CLAIRE DEVILLB 309 



In July, 1775, he was made colonel of militia, and 
in the autumn he accompanied as secretary the 
commissioners that were appointed to treat with 
the western tribes at Fort Pitt On 8 Jan., 1776, 
he became colonel of the 2d Pennsylvania regi- 
ment, and, being ordered to Canada, he Joined 
Gen. John Sullivan after the disastrous affair at 
Three Rivers, and aided that officer by his coun- 
sel, saving the army from capture. He was ap- 
pointed brigadier-general on 9 Aug., 1776, having 
resigned his civil offices in the previous January. 
Joining Gen. Washington in November, 1776. he 
was appointed to organize the New Jersey militia, 
and participated in the battles of Trenton and 
Princeton. On the latter occasion he rendered 
valuable service by protecting the fords of the 
Assanpink. He was appointed major-general on 
19 Fea, 1777, and, after serving as adjutant-gen- 
eral of the army, succeeded Gen. Horatio Gates in 
•command at Ticonderoga. The works there and 
at Mount Independence on the opposite shore of 
Lake Champlain were garrisoned by less than 2,000 
men, poorly armed, and nearly destitute of stores. 
The approach of a force of more than 7,000 men 
under Gen. John Burgoyne warned Gen. St Clair 
to prepare for an attack. His force was too small 
to cover all exposed points, and, as he had not 
•discovered Burgoyne's designs, he neglected to for- 
tify Sugar Loal mountain over which the British 
approached. St Clair and his officers held a coun- 
•cu of war, and decided to evacuate the fort The 
blase of a house that had been set on fire con- 
trary to orders discovered their movements, and 
immediately the British started in pursuit St 
■Clair fled through the woods, leaving a part of 
his force at Hubbardton, which was attacked and 
•defeated by Gen. Fraser on 7 July, 1777, after a 
well-contested battle. On 12 July, St. Clair reached 
Fort Edward with the remnant of his men. " The 
•evacuation," wrote Washington, when the news 
reached him, " is an event of chagrin and surprise 
not apprehended, nor within the compass of my 
reasoning. This stroke is severe indeed, and has 
•distressed us much." Gen. St. Clair remained with 
his army, and was with Washington at Brandy- 
wine, 11 Sept, 1777, acting as voluntary aide. A 
•court-martial was held in 1778, and he was ac- 
quitted, "with the highest honor, of the charges 
against him," which verdict was approved by con- 
gress. He assisted Gen. John Sullivan in prepar- 
ing his expedition against the Six Nations, was a 
•commissioner to arrange a cartel with the British 
at Amboy, 9 March, 1780, and was appointed to 
•command! the corps of light infantry in the absence 
of Lafayette, but did not serve, owing to the re- 
turn of Gen. George Clinton. He was a member 
of the court-martial that condemned Mai. Andre\ 
•commanded at West Point in October, 1780, and 
aided in suppressing the mutiny in the Pennsyl- 
vania line in January, 1781. He was active in rais- 
ing troops and forwarding them to the south, and 
in October joined Washington at Yorktown a few 
•days before the surrender of Lord Com wall is. In 
November he was placed in command of a body of 
troops to join Gen. Nathanael Greene, and remained 
in the south until October, 1782. He was a mem- 
ber of the Pennsylvania council of censors in 1783, 
a delegate to the Continental congress from 2 Nov., 
1785, till 28 Nov., 1787, and its president in 1787, 
and a member of the American philosophical soci- 
ety. On the formation of the Northwestern terri- 
tory in 1789 Gen, St Clair was appointed its gov- 
ernor, holding this office until 1802. The last 
words of Washington on his departure were : •• Be- 
ware of a surprise." He made a treaty with the 
vol. v.— 24 



Indians at Fort Harmar in 1789, and in 1790 he 
fixed the seat of justice of the territory at Cincin- 
nati, Ohio, which he named in honor of the Society 
of the Cincinnati, of which he was president for 
Pennsylvania in 1783-'9. He was appointed com- 
mander-in-chief of the army that was operating 
against the Indians on 4 March, 1791, ana moved 
toward the savages on Miami and Wabash rivers, 
suffering so severely from $out that he was carried 
on a litter. He was surprised near the Miami vil- 
lages on 4 Nov., and his force was defeated by a 
horde of Indians led by Blue Jacket Little Turtle, 
and Simon Girtjr, the renegade. Washington re- 
fused a court of inquiry, and St Clair resigned his 
general's commission on 5 March, 1792, but con- 
gress appointed a committee of investigation, which 
exonerated him. On 22 Nov., 1802, he was removed 
from his governorship by Thomas Jefferson. Re- 
tiring to a small log-house on the summit of Chest- 
nut ridge, he spent the rest of his life in poverty, 
vainly endeavoring to effect a settlement of his 
claims against the government The legislature 
of Pennsylvania granted him an annuity of $400 
in 1818, and shortly before his death he received 
from congress $2,000 in discharge of his claims, 
and a pension of $60 a month. He published •* A 
Narrative of the Manner in which the Campaign 
against the Indians in the Tear 1791 was con- 
ducted under the Command of Maj.-Gen. St Clair, 
with his Observations on the Statements of the 
Secretary of War " (Philadelphia, 1812). See " The 
Life ana Public Services of Arthur St Clair," with 
his correspondence and other papers, arranged by 
William H. Smith (Cincinnati, 1882). 

ST. COME, John Francis Bnisson de, Cana- 
dian missionary, b. in France about 1658 ; d. near 
Mobile in 1707. He was ordained in 1688. Some 
time before 1700 he was sent from Canada, and be- 
gan a mission among the Natchez Indians. He 
soon gained the confidence of the chief, who was a 
woman, and the affection of the people, although 
he was not very successful in converting them. 
Being obliged to visit Mobile in 1707, he embarked 
with three Frenchmen, and while sailing down the 
river the whole party were slain by the Sitimacha 
Indians. The Natchez avenged his death by the 
almost entire destruction of that tribe, and to pre- 
serve his memory gave his name to the " Lesser 
Sun," or second chief. 

ST. CYR, John Mary Irenus, clergyman, b. 
near Lyons, France, 2 Jan., 1804 ; d. in Carondelet 
Mo., 21 Feb., 1883. He studied for the priesthood 
and received the tonsure in Lyons, 5 June, 1880. 
Soon afterward he embarked as a missionary for 
the valley of the Mississippi, and was received into 
the vicariate of St Louis. He was ordained in 
the cathedral of St Louis, 6 April, 1888. He re- 
ceived his first appointment from Bishop Rosati, 
17 April, 1833, who assigned him to Chicago, which 
was then a frontier post After a journey of two 
weeks he arrived there, and in September, 1833, he 
secured the erection of the first church, and became 
the first resident priest He remained in Chicago 
till 1837, when he went to Quincy, 111., and thence 
to Kaskaskia, Sainte Genevieve, and Carondelet, 
Mo., where he died. 

SAINTE . CLAIRE DEVILLE, Charles, 
French geologist, b. in the island of St Thomas, 
West Indies, in 1814; d. in Paris, France, 10 Oct, 
1876. After having pursued the regular course of 
studies as out-door pupil at the Ecole des mines 
in Paris, he undertook a journey of scientific in- 
vestigation at his own expense, and in 1839-'48 
visited the Antilles and tne islands of Teneriffe 
and Cape Verd. His geological exploration of 



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870 



SA1NTE-CR01X 



SAINT HILAIRE 



Guadeloupe occupied more than a year, and he was 
engaged in it when the island was visited by the 
terrible earthquake of 1884. On his return to 
Prance he published his work on the Antilles, and 
on its appearance set out to explore southern Italy. 
For several years he acted as assistant to filie ae 
Beaumont, occupant of the chair of the history of 
inorganic bodies in the College de France, and 
finally became his successor. Prof. Deville was 
also deeply interested in meteorology, and estab- 
lished a network of meteorological stations over 
France and Algeria. He was elected a member of 
the Paris academy of sciences in 1857 in the place 
of Dufrenoy, and promoted officer of the Legion of 
honor, 13 Aug., 1862. He published, among other 
works, "Voyage geologique aux Antilles et aux 
ties Tenenffe et de Fogo' 1 (7 vols., Paris, 185fc-'64) 
and "Recherches sur les principaux phenomenes 
de meteorologie, etc., aux Antilles'* (18611 — His 
brother, Henri Etienne, West Indian chemist, 
b. in St Thomas, 11 March, 1818; d. in Paris, 9 
July, 1888, studied in Paris, early acquired reputa- 
tion for his chemical researches^ and in 1851 was 
appointed professor of chemistry in the Normal 
school of Paris, which post he held till 1859, when 
he was made professor in the University of Paris. He 
discovered the anhydrous nitric acid in 1849, a new 
method of mineral analysis in 1853, and from 1854 
to 1865 devoted his labors principally to researches 
upon the new metal aluminium. He was also the 
first to make artificial diamonds, which he did at 
an enormous cost, and he discovered new proper- 
ties of several metals. His works include " M£- 
moire sur les carbonates m&alliques et leurs com- 
binaisons" (Paris, 1852); "Memoire sur les trois 
Stats moleculaires du silicium " (1855) ; " Memoire 
sur la production des temperatures llevees " (1856) ; 
M Mltallurgie du platine et des mltaux que l'accom- 
papient" (1857); and "De l'aluminium, ses pro- 
pnltes, sa fabrication " (1859). 

SAINTE- CROIX, Oaetan Xavier Gnllhem 
de Pascal is (saynt-crwah), Chevalier de, French 
soldier, b. in Mormoiron, 11 Dec, 1708; d. in Cape 
Francais, Santo Domingo, 18 Aug., 1762. He en- 
tered the French army as a lieutenant in 1731, and 
served for fifteen years in Santo Domingo, Mar- 
tinique, and Louisiana. He gained credit by his 
defence of the fortress of Belle Isle in June, 1761, 
was promoted major-general, 20 July, and became 
commander of the French forces in the Leeward and 
Windward islands. In February, 1762, he made 
an attack upon Martinique, which the English had 
just captured, but was defeated. After organizing 
the defence in Santo Domingo, he exerted himself 
to send re-enforcements and supplies to Havana, 
and prepared an expedition against Jamaica, when 
he died of yellow fever. 

SAINTE CROIX, Lonls Marie Ph filbert 
Edrard de Renonard de, West Indian agricul- 
turist, b. at sea, 22 May, 1809. He studied at the 
military school of Saint Cvr, and became a lieu- 
tenant of the general staff, but resigned in 1888 
and returned to his home in Martinique, where he 
engaged in agricultural experiments upon his large 
estate. He introduced new methods for the cul- 
ture of the sugar-cane and for the fabrication of 
raw sugar, ana was also the first to experiment on 
the culture of the cotton-plant in the French West 
Indies. For his services he was made a knight of 
the Legion of honor, and in 1860 he became treas- 
urer-general of the department of Mayenne. His 
works include ** Manidre d'estimer le rendement 
de la canne a sucre" (Paris, 1841); u La question 
du sucre'* (1842); •* De la fabrication du sucre 
aux colonies" (1843); "Principes fondamentaux 



d'agriculture coloniale" (1845); and u Le sucre 
aux colonies " (1847). 

SAINT GAUDENH, Augustus, sculptor, b. in 
Dublin, Ireland, 1 March, 1848. When six months 
of age he was brought to New York, and in that 
city he subsequently followed the profession of a 
cameo-cutter. He began to draw at Cooper insti- 
tute in 1861, and in 1865-'6 was a student at the 
National academy, modelling also in his' leisure 
hours. In 1867 he went to Paris, where he studied 
under Francois Jouffroy at the fecole des beaux 
arts until 1870. He next went to Rome, and there 
produced, in 1871, his first figure, M Hiawatha.** In 
the next year he returned to New York, where he 
has since resided. Mr. Saint-Gaudens has been 
president of the Society of American artists. His 
more important works are the bas-relief u Adora- 
tion of the Cross by Angels,** in St Thomas's 
church. New York ; statues of Admiral David G. 
Farragut (1880), in New York, of Robert R. Randall 
(1884), at Sailor's Snup Harbor, Staten island, N. Y„ 
and of Abraham Lincoln (1887), in Chicago: a 
fountain (1886-7), in Chicago; "The Puritan." a 
statue of Samuel Chapin (1887), in Springfield, 
Mass. : portrait busts of William M. E varts (1872-*3), 
Theodore D. Woolsey (1876), at Yale, and Gen. 
William T. Sherman (1888) ; and medallions of 
Bastien Le Pape (1879) and Robert L. Stevenson 
(1887). Mr. Saint-Gaudens assisted John La Farge 
in the decoration of Trinity church, Boston, and 
the monument to Le Roy King, at Newport, R. I., 
is also the joint work of those two artists. — His 
brother, Louis, sculptor, b. in New York, 8 Jan., 
1854, studied in the Ecole des beaux arts. Paris, 
in 1879-*80. He has modelled a "Faun,** "St 
John," for the Church of the Incarnation. New 
York, and other statues, and has assisted his 
brother in most of his works. 

ST. GEORGE, Sir Thomas Bllgh, British sol- 
dier, b. in England about 1765 ; d. in London, & 
Nov., 1887. He entered the army as an ensign in 
the 27th foot became a lieutenant in 1790, captain 
in 1794, major in 1804, and in 1805 lieutenant- 
colonel in the 63d foot During the period of 
these promotions he served in Iftance, Portugal, 
Corsica, and the Mediterranean, and took part in 
many battles. In March, 1809, he went to Upper 
Canada, having been appointed inspecting neld- 
offlcer of militia there. He commanded st Am- 
herstburg when it was attacked by Gen. William 
Hull, led the militia at the capture of Detroit in 
August, 1812, and at the river Raisin, in Michigan, 
23 Jan., 1818, when Gen. Winchester was defeated. 
At this battle Gen. St George received severe 
wounds. He became colonel in 1813, major-general 
in 1819, was nominated a companion of the Bath 
in 1815, and was knighted in lo35. 

SAINT HILAIRE, Aurustin Francois Cesar 
Prouvencal de, French botanist b. in Orleans, 
France, 4 Oct, 1799 ; d. there, 80 Sept, 1853. He 
was sent when a young man to Holland to super- 
intend a sugar-refinery that belonged to the family, 
and he thus passed several years in an uncongenial 
employment On his return to France he devoted 
himself enthusiastically to the study of natural 
history, his favorite science, and, refusing the ap- 
pointment of auditor of the counsel of the state, he 
embarked for Rio Janeiro on 1 April, 1816. For 
six years he explored the Brazilian empire, jour- 
neying about 5,600 miles from 13* south latitude 
to the Rio de la Plata. He returned to France in 
1822 with 24,000 specimens of plants, embracing 
about 6,000 species, almost all of them new, and 
nearly all analyzed on the spot, grains. 2,000 birds, 
16,000 insects, and 185 quadrupeds, besides reptiles. 



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8AINTIN 



ST. LEOBR 



371 



fishes, and a few minerals. On reaching home he 
devoted himself at once to preparation for publi- 
cation of his elaborate work on the flora of Brazil ; 
bat his health, seriously impaired by the fatigues 
and trials he had undergone, gave way, and it was 
only after a long period of rest that he was enabled 
to complete it He was appointed correspondent 
of the institute in 1819 while absent in Brazil, and 
became an active member after the death of Cheva- 
lier Jean Lamarck, 8 Feb.. 1880. He was also a 
chevalier of the Legion of honor, and of the Por- 
tuguese Order of Christ Amon£ his works are 
** Apercu d'un voyage dans Tint^neur du Bresil, la 
province Cisplatine et les missions du Paraguay " 
(Paris, 1823); "Flora Brasilia meridionalis, ou his- 
toire et description de toutes les plantes qui crois- 
sent dans les differentes provinces du Bresil" (3 
vols^ 1825) ; " Memoire sur le systeme d 'agriculture 
adopts par les Bresiliens et les rfeultats qu'il a eus 
dans la province de Minas-Geraes " (1827) ; •• Voy- 
age dans la province de Rio de Janeiro et Minas- 
Oeraes" (2 vols., 1830): a Voyage dans le district 
des diamante et sur le littoral du Bresil " (2 vols., 
1883) ; and " Voyage aux sources du San Francisco 
et dans la province de Govaz" (2 vols., 1847-*8). 

SAINTIN, Jules Emile, French artist, b. in 
Lem£, Aisne, 14 Aug., 1829. He studied in Paris 
under Michel Martin Drilling, Francois Edouard 
Picot, and Leboucher. For several years (about 
1857-'63) he practised his profession iii New York. 
During his stay there he exhibited frequently at 
the Academy of design, and was elected an asso- 
ciate in 1861. He has received several medals in 
Europe, and became chevalier of the Legion of 
honor in 1877. Among the portraits that he 
minted while he was in this country are those of 
Paul Morphy (1860); Stephen A. Douglas (1860), 
in the Corcoran gallery, Washington ; and John F. 
Kensett(1863). 

ST. JOHN, Isaac Monroe, engineer, b. in Au- 
gusta, Ga., 19 Nov., 1827 ; d. in Greenbrier White 
Sulphur Springs, W. Va., 7 April, 1880. After 
graduation at Yale in 1845, he studied law in New 
York city, and removed to Baltimore in 1847, where 
he became assistant editor of the " Patriot," but 
chose civil engineering for a profession, and was 
engaged on the Baltimore and Ohio railroad. In 
1855 he removed to Georgia, and was employed on 
the Blue Ridge railroad until the beginning of the 
civil war, when he entered the engineer corps of the 
Confederate army at Richmond, Va., and was as- 
signed to duty under Gen. John B. Magruder. He 
rendered valuable service in constructing fortifica- 
tions during Gen. George B. McClelland first cam- 
paign. In May, 1862, he was made major and chief 
of the mining and nitre bureau, which was the sole 
reliance of the Confederacy for gunpowder material. 
He was promoted through the various grades to 
the rank of brigadier-general, and in 1865 was 
made commissary-general, and established a system 
by which supplies for the army were collected 
directly from the people and placed in depots for 
immediate transportation. After the war he re- 
sumed his profession in Kentucky, became chief 
engineer of the Louisville, Cincinnati, and Lexing- 
ton railroad, and built the short-line to Cincinnati, 
which was considered a great feat in civil en- 

?ineering. He was city engineer of Louisville in 
870-'l, made the first topographical map of that 
city, and established its system of sewerage. From 
1871 until his death he was consulting engineer of 
the Chesapeake and Ohio railroad, ana chief engi- 
neer of the Lexington and Big Sandy railroad. 

8T* JOHN, John Pierce, governor of Kansas, 
b. in Franklin county, Ind., 25 Feb., 1888. In early 



years he was employed on his father's farm, and 
was clerk in a grocer's store. In 1858 he went to 
California, worked in various capacities, and made 
voyages to South America, Mexico, Central Ameri- 
ca, and the Sandwich islands, and served in wars 
with the Indians in California and Oregon. In 
1860 he removed to Charleston, 111., to continue the 
study of law, which he had begun in his miner's 
cabin. Early in 1862 he enlisted as a private in 
the 68th Illinois volunteers, in which he became a 
captain. At Alexandria, Va., he was detached from 
his command, and assigned as acting assistant ad- 

i'utant-general under Gen. John P. Slough, in 1864 
te was placed in command of the troops at Camp 
Mattoon, 111., and on the organization of the 148a 
regiment he was elected its lieutenant-colonel, serv- 
ing chiefly in the Mississippi valley. At the close 
of the war he resumed practice in Charleston, but 
removed afterward to Independence, Mo., where he 
practised law four years with success, and won a 
reputation as a political orator. He removed to 
Olathe, Kan., in 1869, served in the state senate in 
1873-'4, and was elected governor of Kansas, as a 
Republican, in 1878, serving until 1882, when he 
was defeated as a candidate for a third term. He 
was the candidate of the Prohibition party for presi- 
dent of the United States in 1884, and received a 
vote of 151,809. During the canvass he delivered 
addresses in various parts of the United States. 

ST. JUST, Luc Letelliere de, Canadian states- 
man, b. in Riviere Ouelle, province of Quebec, 12 
Mav, 1820 ; d. there, 1 Feb., 1881. He studied law, 
and after practising for a time was elected to the 
old parliament in 1850. He was defeated at the 
general election of 1852, and again in 1857, but in 
1860 was elected for Granville division to the legis- 
lative council, where he sat until the union in 1867. 
In 1868 he became minister of agriculture in the 
Sandfield Macdonald administration, retaining the 
oflftce until 1864. In 1867 he was called to the sen- 
ate, and in 1878, when the Liberal administration 
came into power, he became minister of agriculture. 
Toward the close of 1874 he resigned his portfolio, 
and was appointed lieutenant-governor of Quebec 
He soon found himself at variance with different 
members of the local government, especially with 
the premier, M. de Boucherville. The difference 
between them gradually became wider, and finally 
all the members of the administration were parties 
to the dispute. On 24 March, 1878, the lieutenant- 
governor brought matters to a crisis by dismissing 
his cabinet, a proceeding that produced the most 
violent excitement throughout the country. The 
matter was at last considered in parliament, but, as 
the Liberals were in power, ana he had only dis- 
missed their political opponents, he escaped even 
censure. In 1 879 the Conservatives came into pow- 
er; the dismissal case was reconsidered, and the 
ministry advised the dismissal of the lieutenant- 
governor. The governor-general, Lord Lome, hesi- 
tated, and referred the case to the secretary for the 
colonies at London, who requested him to take the 
advice of his ministers. Consequently, M. de St. 
Just was displaced from office. 

ST. LEGER, Barry, British soldier, b. in 1737; 
d. in 1789. He was a nephew of the fourth Vis- 
count Doneraile and fellow of St Peter's college, 
Cambridge, and was of Huguenot descent He 
entered the army, 27 April, 1756, as ensipn of the 
28th regiment of foot and, coming to this country 
in the following year, served in the French war, 
learning the habits of the Indians and gaining 
much experience in border warfare. He served 
under Gen. Abercrombie in 1757, and participated 
in the siege of Louisburg in 1758. Accompanying 



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872 



ST. LUC 



SAINT MfaflN 



Wolfe to Quebec in 1750, he was in the battle on 
the Plains of Abraham, where he checked the flight 
of the French. In July, 1700, he was appointed 
brigade-major, preparatory to marching to Mon- 
treal, and he became major of the 95th foot, 
16 Aug., 1702. Maj. St Leger was cho»en by 
George III., at Gen. Burgoyne's recommendation, 
to be the leader of the expedition against Port 
Stanwix, and justified their confidence in him, in 
his advance from Oswego, by his precautions 
against surprise and by his stratagem at Oriskany, 
and his general conduct of the siege of that fort up 
to the panic that was produced oy the rumor of 
the approach of Arnold, which forced him to raise 
it After the failure of this expedition he was pro- 
moted, in 1780, to colonel in the army, the highest 
rank be ever attained, and, becoming a leader of 
rangers under the immediate command of Gen. 
Haldimand, he carried on a guerilla warfare, with 
headquarters at Montreal In the summer of 1781 
he proposed a plan for the capture of Gen. Philip 
Schuyler, which, however, failed in its object In 
the autumn of the same year, in obedience to the 
orders of Haldimand, who was anxious to persuade 
Vermont to return to her allegiance, he ascended 
Lake Champlain with a strong force to Ticonder- 
oga, in the expectation of meeting the Vermont 
commissioners, Ira Allen and Joseph Fay; but, 
hearing a rumor of the surrender ot uornwallis, he 
retreated to St John, without accomplishing his 
mission. He was commandant of the royal forces 
in Canada in the autumn of 1784, and his name 
appears in the army lists for the last time in 1785. 
St Leger possessed some literary talent as is shown 
both by his letters to Burgoyne and the British 
ministry, and by his volume entitled M St Leger's 
Journal of Occurrences in America M (London, 1780). 
ST. LUC, La Corne de, French soldier.b. in 
1712 ; d. in Montreal, Canada, 1 Oct, 1784. He be- 
longed to a family that was noted in Canadian an- 
nals for the number of its military members. His 
father was Jean Louis de la Corne, who held the 
office of town mayor of Three Rivers, and in 1719 
was major-general of troops at Quebec, and his 
brother was the Chevalier Pierre La Corne (q. v.), 
but he signed his name La Corne St Luc. During 
French supremacy in Canada he was an active par- 
tisan leader against the English. He was engaged in 
1746 in scouting in the vicinity of Lake St. Sacra- 
ment and Fort St Frederick in June, 1747, nearly 
captured Fort Clinton (now Scbuylerville, N. Y.), 
and during the remainder of the old French war 
was busily employed in ambuscades against con- 
voys and small parties of the enemy. He was pres- 
ent in 1757 as a captain in Montcalm's expedition 
against Fort William Henry, and led the Indians 
of the left column. He served with great credit 
at the battle of Ticonderoga in 1758, where he 
carried off a convoy of 150 of Gen. Abercrombie f s 
wagons. He took part in the battle on the Plains of 
Abraham in 1760, and again at the victory of St 
Foy, near Quebec, where he was wounded. When 
hostilities began between Great Britain and her 
American colonies, he at once espoused the cause 
of the crown, and successfully incited the In- 
dians of the north and northwest to take up 
arms against the colonists. He was with the 
party that captured Ethan Allen, and with Gen. 
Carleton when he was repulsed by Col. Seth War- 
ner. St Luc was taken prisoner in 1775, and sent 
to New York, but, returning to Canada in May, 
1777, he became the leader of the Indians in the 
Burgoyne campaign. When Jane McCrea (q. v.) 
was killed, and Burgoyne demanded that the 
murderers should be given up, St Luc reminded 



him of the consequences, and thus secured im- 
munity for his savage followers. He was accused 
by Burgoyne of deserting with his Indians at the 
critical moment at Bennington, and denounced by 
him in parliament as a runaway. At the close of 
the war he was appointed a member of the legis- 
lative council in Canada, and stoutly defended the 
political rights of the Canadians at an epoch when 
they were not always respected. He was a man 
of education, talent, and courage. His modes of 
warfare were brutal and sanguinary, and his un- 
relenting hostility to the colonists manifests the 
most bitter vindictiveness. 

ST. LUSSON, Simon Francois DaiMoat, 
Sieur de, French officer, lived in the 17th century. 
He was the deputy of the intendant of the French 
government in Canada, Jean Talon, who on 8 Sept, 
1670, commissioned him to search for copper- mines 
and confer with the tribes about Lake Superior. 
Nicolas Perrot who had visited the lake country 
a few months before, accompanied him as interpre- 
ter. On 5 May, 1675, St Lusson concluded a treaty, 
with imposing ceremonies, in the presence of the 
Jesuit missionaries then in Upper Canada, at Sault 
Ste. Marie, with the principal chiefs of the Sanks, 
Menoraonees, Pottawattamie*. Winnebagoes, and 
other tribes, seventeen in all, and formally took 
possession of the region surrounding Lakes Huron 
and Superior in the name of the lung of France, 
The costly presents to the Indians and other ex- 
penses of the expedition were more than repaid by 
the gifts of furs that he received in return. 

SAINT MEMIN, Charles Balthazar Jnllea 
Fevre de, artist b. in Dijon, France, 12 March, 
1770; d. there, 23 June, 1852. He was entered as 
a cadet in the military school in Paris, 1 April, 
1784, and appointed ensign, 27 April, 1788. At 
the opening of the 
French revolution he 
was loyal to the crown, 
and joined the army 

of the princes, serving ^mFT^M rm 

until it was disbanded, a^Eaw^ff ^*" 

when he retired to VBOaW ' 

Switzerland, and came ^Lfi^^L *f 

thence to this country. aWBB^^V < 

He landed in Canada 
in 1798, but soon af- 
terward reached New 
York. While with the 
army he had given at- 
tention to drawing and 
painting, and in Swit- 
zerland ne had learned 
to carve and gi Id wood. j> • 

A compatriot named ^s7/ //+ 
Chretien had invented C? . j&4U*»*+*- 
a machine in 1786 

which he called a physionotrace, by means of which 
the human profile could be copied with mathe- 
matical accuracy. It had great success in France, 
and Saint Mlmin determined to introduce it into 
this country. He constructed such a machine 
with his own hands, according to his understand- 
ing of it, and also made a pantograph, by which 
to reduce' the original design. His life-size pro- 
files on pink paper, finished in black cravon, were 
reduced by the pantograph to a size small enough 
to be engraved within a perfect circle two inches 
in diameter. The machine, of course, only gave 
the outline, the finishing being done in one case 
with crayon, and in the other with the graver and 
roulette, by which means he took in this coun- 
try more than 800 portraits. The drawing and 
engraved plate, with a dozen proofs, became the 




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ST. OURS 



ST. PALAIS 



873 



property of the sitter for the price of $88, the artist 
reserving only a few proofs of each portrait With 
these proofs he formed two sets, and wrote upon 
each impression the name of the subject. These 
two complete collections were brought to this coun- 
try in 1859, and one of them is now in the Corcoran 
gallery, Washington, D. C. While in this country 
saint Memin resided principally in Philadelphia 
and New York, but made visits to other cities, tak- 
ing portraits. While he was in Philadelphia in 
l'fe he secured a profile portrait of Washington, 
which is especially interesting as being the last 
portrait of him that was taken from life. In 1810 
Saint Memin returned to Prance, where he re- 
mained two years, at the end of which time he set- 
tled again in this country, when he abandoned 
engraving and followed portrait- and landscape- 
punting. In October, 1814, he finally quitted the 
United States for France, and in 1817 ne was ap- 
pointed director of the museum at Dijon, which 
post he occupied at the time of his death. Mathe- 
matics and mechanics were the pursuits he loved 
most to follow, the arts being merely a money-mak- 
ing adjunct ; but we owe to the physionotrace and 
graver of Saint Memin the preservation of the 
lineaments of many distinguished citizens. 

ST. OURS, Jean Baptist* de, Sieur d'Es- 
chaillons, French - Canadian soldier, b. in Cana- 
da in 1668; d. in Montreal in 1747. His father, 
Pierre de St Ours, was the first of the family 
to come to Canada, rendered great services to 
the colony, and obtained extensive grants of land. 
The son entered the army as soon as he was fit 
to bear arms, was made lieutenant in 1702, and 
a little afterward became garde-marine. In 1708 
he was one of the three commanders of the ex- 
pedition against Fort Orange (now Albany). The 
Christian Iroquois having abandoned the expe- 
dition, the French were about to retreat, but St. 
Ours appealed to the Indians that remained with 
him not to return without doing something. About 
200 swore that they would follow him, and at 
their head he captured the village and fort of 
Haverhill, with its garrison, afterward leading his 
men back to Canada, having adroitly extricated 
them from an ambuscade. He commanded a com- 
pany in De Ramezay's expedition against the Eng- 
lish in 1710. In 1731 he was intrusted with a 
special mission to various Indian tribes by the 
governor, De VaudreuiL He went by way of De- 
troit, visited Lachine, and endeavored to put a 
stop to the liquor traffic with the Miamis. St. Ours 
also tried to bring about peace between the Sioux 
and their enemies, took steps to form the Creeks 
into a single village, and essayed to attract to that 
of Gamanistigonye the savages that were scattered 
along Lake Superior. On his return he was made 
major of Montreal, and he subsequently became 
king's lieutenant— His grandson, Charles Louis 
Roeh, b. in Canada in 1768 ; d. there in 1884, on 
his entrance into public life decided to support 
the English government in Canada, and was ap- 
pointed a member of the legislative council. In 
this post he endeavored successfully to give ex- 
pression to the views of his countrymen. He 
opposed an attempt to have the English language 
adopted, and also combated a plan for confiscat- 
ing the property of the Jesuits. In 1774 he was 
appointed major of militia, and soon afterward he 
became colonel. The services that he rendered the 
English at the head of the Canadian volunteers 
gained him the friendship of Gen. Carleton, who 
made St Ours his aide-de-camp. He travelled 
through Europe in 178*5, and was received with 
honor not only at the English court, but by Fred- 



erick the Great and Louis XVI. On his return 
he took a notable part in the public life of Canada, 
where his influence in affairs was much increased 
by his moderation in debate and courtesy to- 
ward political opponents. — His kinsman, Francis 
Xarier, b. in Canada about 1714; d. in Quebec in 
1759, entered the military service and rose rapidly 
in rank. He was one of the commanders of the 
militia in the attack on Fort George, and. although 
wounded, he drove back a force of English at the 
head of a few Canadians. After the battle of 
Carrillon in 1758 he was one of the three officers 
that were specially mentioned for heroism by Mont- 
calm. He commanded the right of the French 
army, with De Bonne, at Quebec, and was killed 
while charging at the head of his troops. 

ST. PALAIS, James Maurice de Long d'Ans- 
sac de, R. C. bishop, b. in La Salvetat, France, 
15 Nov., 1811; d. in St. Mary's of the Woods. 
Vigo co., Ind., 28 June, 1877. He was descended 
from a celebrated mediaeval family. He studied 
in the College of St. Nicholas du Chardonet in 
Paris, and in 1830 entered the Seminary of St 
Sulpice, to become a priest He was ordained 
in 1886, went to Indiana as a missionary, and, on 
his arrival in Vincennes, was sent to a station 
thirty-five miles east of that town. Here he or- 
ganized a congregation, and built St Mary's 
church. The first settlers of this country were, as 
a rule, very poor, but, by his ingenuity, which was 
displayed in some modest and successful specula- 
tions, he found means to build several churches. 
In 1889 he was removed to Chicago, where he de- 
voted a £reat part of his time to the conversion of 
the Indians, until they were removed across the 
Mississippi There had been priests in Chicago, 
prior to the advent of Father St. Palais, whose 
conduct had been bad; and, in consequence, he 
found his flock demoralized, and met with opposi- 
tion from a portion of them. They burned his lit- 
tle cabin, ana for two years refused him his salary, 
with the avowed purpose of starving him out He 
remained at his post, however, and with private 
means built St. Mary's church, which shortly after- 
ward became the first cathedral of the diocese of 
Chicago. In 1844 Chicago was created an episco- 
pal see, and Father St. Palais was removed to 
Logansport. The hardships he underwent at this 
station were extraordinary. He rode almost daily, 
sometimes for a hundred miles, without seeing a 
human dwelling. In 1846 he was sent to Madison, 
and in 1847 was appointed vicar-general and su- 
perior of the ecclesiastical seminary at Vincennes. 
In 1848 he was administrator of the diocese of 
Vincennes on the death of Bishop Bazin, and in 
the same year was nominated bishop by Pius IX., 
and consecrated in 1849. He erected two fine 
orphan asylums — one for boys, at Highland, and the 
other for girls, at Terre Haute. He paid his epis- 
copal visit to Rome in 1849, and persuaded the 
Benedictines to send out a colony of their order to 
Indiana. In 1857 his diocese was divided, a new 
see being erected at Fort Wayne. Returning from 
his second visit to Rome in 1859, he travelled 
through France, Switzerland, and Germany, in 
furtherance of the interest of his diocese, ne vis- 
ited Rome again in 1869, and attended the Vatican 
council. When he became bishop he had thirty- 
three priests to assist him in attending about 
80,000 people. The number of Catholic churches 
was fifty, although the diocese of Vincennes com- 

Srised then the whole state of Indiana. At his 
eath the diocese of Vincennes, although reduced 
from its original extent, contained 90,000 souls, 
151 churches, and 117 priests. He established the 



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SAINT PIERRE 



SAINT VICTOR 



Franciscan Fathers at Oldenburg and at Indian- 
apolis, the Fathers 0. M. C. at Terre Haute, and the 
Brothers of the Sacred Heart. The following fe- 
male orders also owe their advent in the diocese to 
his administration : the Sisters of St Francis, the 
Nuns of the Order of St. Benedict, the Daughters 
of Charity, the Sisters of the Good Shepherd, the 
Little Sisters of the Poor, the Ursuline Sisters, and 
the Sisters of St. Joseph. 
8A1NT PIERRE, Lecardeur Jacques de (san- 

r-air), French soldier, b. in Normandy in 1698; 
near Lake George, Canada, in 1755. He went in 
early youth to Canada as ensign in a regiment of 
marines, served against the Iroquois, and took a 
commendable part in the war of 1740 against the 
English. In 1752 he was sent on a journey of 
discovery toward the Rocky mountains, which he 
was among the first to explore, and, on his return 
in October, was ordered bv Gov. Duquesne to Ohio, 
where the French had just built Fort de Boeuf 
upon French creek, which commanded the route 
to Alleghany river. On 11 Dec. he received there 
George Washington, then adjutant-general of Vir- 
ginia, who brought a letter from Gov. Dinwiddie 
inviting the French to withdraw from English 
territory. According to the journal of Washing- 
ton, printed at Williamsburg just after his re- 
turn, he was extremely well received by Saint 
Pierre, whom he depicts as an able and courteous 
commander. In the spring of 1758 Saint Pierre 
was superseded by Contrecoeur and appointed 
commander of the Indian auxiliaries, and in that 
capacity he rendered great services in Baron Dies- 
kau's expedition. He was subsequently killed in 
the action where Whiting's regiment was routed. 
Saint Pierre's account of his journey to the Rocky 
mountains is preserved in the National library of 
Paris, and has been published in the collection of 
John Gilmary Shea (New York, 1862). It is en- 
titled " Meraoire ou journal sommaire de Jacques 
Legardeur de Saint Pierre." 

ST. REAL, Joseph Rem! Yallfferes de, Ca- 
nadian jurist, b. in Markham, Upper Canada (or, 
according to some accounts, in Quebec), 1 Oct, 
1787; d. in Montreal, 17 Feb., 1847. He went to 
reside with an uncle in Quebec, where his aptitude 
for learning attracted the attention of Bishop 
Plessis, who took the boy to reside with him, and 
personally superintended his education. He after- 
ward studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1812, 
and began practice in Quebec In- 1813 he was 
elected to the assembly for the county of Cham- 
plain, and at once allied himself with the Canadian 
party in the house, then engaged in a struggle for 
what they regarded as constitutional liberty. Dur- 
ing the absence of M. Papineau on a mission in 
England, he was chosen speaker of the assembly, and 
during the administration of Sir James Kempt, in 
1828, was appointed judge of the district of Three 
Rivers, where he remained for several years. Sir 
Charles Bagot appointed him chief justice of Mon- 
treal in 1842. From that time until his death he 
was infirm in health. In 1889 the governor of 
Canada, Sir John Colborne, had requested Judge 
De St. Real to grant a writ of habeas corpus in the 
case of Judges Panet and Bedard, suspended by 
Sir John some time before. Judge De St Real re- 
fused, and was in consequence suspended from 
office, and suffered much loss. 

SAINT SIMON, Claude Henri, Count de, 
French philosopher, b. in Paris, France, 17 Oct, 
1760; d. there, 19 May, 1825. His education, that 
of the nobility of his time, was in the direction 
of philosophy. He entered the army in 1777, and 
was sent to this country as the commander of a 



company under the Marquis de Bouille* in 1779. 
He remained with the French forces, acquitting 
himself with gallantry until the surrender at York- 
town. Like many of his brother French officers, he 
was made a life-member of the Society of the Cin- 
cinnati. On the voyage home the French squadron, 
under the Comte de Urasse, was defeated by Admi- 
ral Rodney on 12 April, 1782, and the vessel on 
which Saint Simon had embarked surrendered 
and he himself was made a prisoner and taken to 
Jamaica, where he remained until the declaration 
of peace in 1783. Before returning to France he 
visited Mexico, and proposed to the viceroy of that 
country to unite the waters of the Atlantic and 
Pacific oceans by means of a canal ; but no notice 
was taken of his scheme. On* arriving in France 
he was made chevalier of St: ixmis and colonel of 
the Aquitaine regiment During the Reign of 
Terror he was arrested for being a member of the 
aristocracy. After an imprisonment of eleven 
months he was liberated and succeeded in recovering 
150,000 francs as his share of the profits of his pre- 
vious financial operations. He now began to study 
sciences and to form plans for a fundamental re- 
construction of society. He obtained a small 
clerkship, and lived in obscurity until his friend, 
Diard, gave him the means to issue his "Intro- 
duction aux travaux scientifiques du 19me siecle " 
(2 vols, Paris, 1808). In 1810 Diard died and Saint 
Simon suffered from actual want Nevertheless, 
he continued to pursue his studies, and, in spite 
of feeble health, penury, the coldness of friends, 
and the lack of powerful protectors, he issued his 
" Reorganisation de la soci6te* Europeenne " (Paris, 
1814) and " L'Industrie, ou discussions politique*, 
morales et philosophiques w (4 vols., 1817-'18). In 
1820 he published a pamphlet entitled " Parabole," 
in which he advanced the most revolutionary ideas, 
and for which he was tried and acquitted. In 1820 
he attempted suicide, but only succeeded in depriv- 
ing himself of an eye, and Jived long enough to 
complete his two greatest works, ** Catechisme in- 
dustriel " (1824) and ** Le nouveau Christianisme " 
(1825). See " Saint Simon, sa vie et ses travaux,*' 
bv Nicholas G. Hubbard (Paris, 1857); "CEuvrea, 
choisies de Saint-Simon " (8 vols., Brussels, 1859; 
new ed., Paris, 1861) ; and the joint works of Saint 
Simon and his editor, Enfantin (20 vols., 1865-'9). 

ST. VALLIER, Jean Baptist De Laerofx 
Che v Here* de, Canadian R. C. oishop, b. in Greno- 
ble, Dauphine, France, 14 Nov., 1653 ; d. in Quebec, 
26 Dec, 1727. He was chaplain to Louis XI V„ 
and in 1684, when Laval, bishop of Quebec, went 
to France to engage a successor, his recommenda- 
tion by the royal chaplain secured his appoint- 
ment to that office. He arrived in Canada in 
July, 1685, in his capacity of vicar-general to Bish- 
op Laval, and remained until November. 1687, 
when he returned to France. He was consecrated 
bishop of Quebec, at St. Sulpice de Paris, by Nicho- 
las Colbert archbishop of Carthage, in January, 
1688, and returned to Canada in August of the 
same year. He founded the general hospital of 
Quebec in 1603, and the Ursulines of Three Rivers 
in 1697. While he was bishop. 'Louis XIV. con- 
firmed by letters - patent, in October, 1697. the 
erection of the bishopric of Quebec, and the union 
of the rectory to the seminary, as well as of the 
revenues of Labbaye de Meubee to the bishopric. 

SAINT VICTOR, Jacques Benjamin Maxl- 
milien, Count de, West Indian autnor, b. in Fort 
Dauphin, Santo Domingo, 14 Jan., 1770; d. in 
Paris, 8 Aug., 1858. He studied in the College 
of La Fleche and became a journalist. Under 
Napoleon he was on the staff of the " Journal des 



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SAJOUS 



SALAS 



375 



De*bats, n and after 1815 he founded several Ro- 
man Catholic and royalist magazines. In 1880 he 
revisited his native land, but he went afterward to 
the United States, explored the country for two 
years, and then visited most of the West Indies. II is 
works include " Tableau historique et pittoresoue 
<le Paris depuis les Gaulois jusqu'a nos jours (3 
vols., Paris, 1808-112): "(Kuvres poet iques M ( 1822); 
M Lettres sur les Etats-Unis ecrites en 183&-*33," 
which attracted much attention (2 vols., 1885) ; and 
44 Journal de voyage" (2 vols., 1888). 

SAJOUS, Charles Euchariste, physician, b. 
in Paris, France, 18 Dec, 1852. He came to this 
country at the age of nine years, was educated by 
private tutors, and, after attending lectures in the 
medical department of the University of Califor- 
nia and at Jefferson college, Philadelphia, received 
his diploma in 1878. Remaining in Philadelphia, 
he soon obtained a lucrative practice among the 
French residents of that city. He was made pro- 
fessor of anatomy and physiology in the Wagner 
free institute of science, and lecturer on diseases 
of the nose and throat in the Philadelphia school 
of anatomy. Having made this class of diseases 
his specialty, Dr. Sajous became clinical chief in 
the throat department of Jefferson college hospi- 
tal, and finally lecturer in the college proper, 
which post he now (1888) occupies. He became 
widely known early in his career through his inven- 
tive ability, and has devised numerous instruments 
that are extensively used in his specialty. Dr. 
Sajous is an honorary and corresponding mem- 
ber of a large number of American and foreign 
medical societies, and has received several deco- 
rations from foreign governments. His contri- 
butions to professional literature include numer- 
ous articles in medical journals, and two works, 
••Curative Treatment of Hay Fever" (Philadel- 
phia, 1885) and " Diseases of the Nose and Throat " 
(1886). In 1888 he edited and brought to a suc- 
cessful issue one of the largest medical works of 
the time, the "Annual of the Universal Medical 
Sciences," having for its object to collate the pro- 
gressive features of the medical literature of the 
world, and collect information relating to medi- 
cine in uncivilized countries. In this he was as- 
sisted bv sixty-six associate editors. 

SALA, George Augustus Henry, English jour- 
nalist, b. in London. England, in 1828. His father 
was an Italian and his mother a native of the West 
Indies. The son was educated for an artist, but 
embraced the literary profession, becoming a con- 
tributor to London magazines. In 1863-'4 he was 
the American correspondent of the London " Tele- 
graph." He has published many books, including 
-America in the Midst of War" (London, 1865) 
and " America Revisited " (1882). 

SALABERRY, Charles Michel d'lrnmberry 
4e, Seigneur de Chambly et de Beau lac, Cana- 
dian soldier, b. at the manor-house of Beauport, 
Lower Canada, 19 Nov., 1778; d. in Chambly, 26 
Feb., 1829. His father, descended from a noble 
family, was a legislative councillor in Canada, and 
placed his four sons in the army, Charles being the 
only one that attained distinction. He entered the 
British service when young, and served for eleven 
years under Gen. Prescott in the West Indies, was 
present at the capture of Martinique in 1785, and 
accompanied Gen. de Rot ten burg in the Walch- 
eren expedition as aide-de-camp. When recalled 
to Canada, he commanded the Voltigeurs, and 
became also one of the chiefs of staff of the 
militia. Late in 1812 he and his Voltigeurs, to- 
gether with M. D'Eschambault's advance-guard, 
were attacked at Lacolle by 1,400 men of Gen. 



Dearborn's army, who were forced to retreat. Sub- 
sequently De Salaberry's corps participated in the 
battle of Chrysler's Farm, which also was disas- 
trous to the Americans. He afterward attacked 
Gen. Wade Hampton's forces at Four Corners, on 
the Odeltown route, when Hampton decided to join 
Dearborn by taking the route leading to Chateau- 
guay. De Salaberry, anticipating such a movement, 
ascended the left bank of the river and took up 
advantageous positions and established lines of de- 
fence. On 25 Oct., Gen. Hampton, with 3,500 men, 
advanced against the British defences, and with 
1,500 men attempted to turn the position, leaving 
in reserve the remainder of his troops. De Sala- 
berry, warned of this movement, placed himself in 
the centre of the first line of defence, leaving the 
second in charge of Lieut-Col. MacDonell. The 
Americans were foiled in all their efforts, and De 
Salaberry's men poured in a deadly fire upon the 
Americans, when Gen. Hampton ordered a retreat. 
This action was regarded as so important in Great 
Britain that a gold medal was struck commemo- 
rating it, and De Salaberry received the order of the 
Bath. He subsequently entered political life, and 
became a legislative councillor in 1818. 

SALAS, Mariano (sah'-las), Mexican soldier, b. 
in the city of Mexico in 1797; d. in Guadalupe, 
24 Dec, 1867. He entered the army in 1813 as 
cadet of the Puebla regiment, serving under the 
Spaniards till 
14 May, 1821, 
when he pro- 
nounced for the 
plan de Iguala, 
and was promot- 
ed captain by Mi- 
ramon. After- 
ward he fought 
under Santa- 
Anna against 
the Spanish in- 
vasion of Bar- | 
radas in 1829, in 
the campaign of I 
Texas in 1836, 
being promoted 

colonel, and in w - - 

1839 brigadier 
for his services 
against the Fed- 
eral chief, Mejia. 
In 1844 he was appointed commander of the district 
of Mexico, and remained faithful to Santa- Anna in 
the revolution of 6 Dec., 1844, losing his place in 
consequence. After the fall of Herrera in Janu- 
ary, 1846, Salas was reappointed commander and 
deputy to the congress, but on 4 Aug. he headed 
a revolt in favor of Santa- Anna, and took charge 
of the executive as provisional president When 
Monterey capitulated to Gen. Zachary Taylor, 24 
Sept, 1846, Salas was active in preparing troops 
and supplies for the army that was to march to tne 
north under Santa-Anna, and, when the latter was 
elected president Salas delivered the executive on 24 
Dec. to the vice-president, Gomez Farias. In May, 
1847, he was appointed second in command of the 
Army of the North in San Luis. With it he partici- 
pated under Valencia in the actions of Contreras and 
Churubusco, where he was taken prisoner, and, re- 
fusing to be paroled, he was released only after the 
peace of Guadalupe Hidalgo. He was appointed 
commander of Queretaro and president of the su- 
preme military court, and in 1853 was one of the 
principal supporters of the dictatorship of Santa- 
Anna, who made him commander-in-chief of the 



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SALAVERRY 



SALCEDO 



Department of Mexico. After the fall of the 
dictator, Salas lived in retirement, till he took 
part in the deposition of Zuloa^a in December, 

1858, and for a few hours was in charge of the 
executive before the arrival of Miramon, 21 Jan., 

1859. He served under the latter till his fall in 
December, 1860, when he was banished ; but he re- 
turned in March, 1863, during the French inter- 
vention, and, when the capital was abandoned by 
the republican government in 1863, was invested 
bv the populace with the provisional command. 
The junta de notables appointed Salas, on 25 June, 
1863, a member of the regencv, in which capacity 
he acted till the arrival of Maximilian. But he 
received little acknowledgment bv the imperial 
government, and retired from public life. 

SALAVERRY, Felipe Santiago de (sah-iah- 
ver'-ree), Peruvian soldier, b. in Lima in 1806 ; d. 
in Arequipa, 19 Feb., 1836. He studied in the 
College of San Carlos, at Lima, but when, in 1820, 
San Martin arrived in Peru, he left, notwithstand- 
ing the opposition of his father, and, baffling the 
vigilance of the Spanish forces, arrived in Huaura, 
presenting himself to the general as a volunteer. 
San Martin, pleased with his courage, enlisted him 
as a cadet of the battalion of Nuraancia, in which 
he took part in the campaign against the Spaniards. 
After the establishment of the republic he rose in 
the army, until, at the age of twenty-eight, he had 
obtained the rank of general. When the garrison 
of Callao revolted in January, 1835, against Orbe- 
gozo, and pronounced in favor of La Fuente, 
Salaverry defeated the insurgents and was ap- 

Eointed governor of the fortress. But on 23 FeD. 
e himself rose in arras against the government, 
and as Orbegozo abandoned Lima, Salaverry occu- 
pied the capital and proclaimed himself supreme 
chief of the republic. In a few months he had 
possession of the south, and Orbegozo was reduced 
with a small force to the northern provinces, when 
he sought the intervention of Santa Cruz ty. t\), 
with whom he concluded a treaty. The Bolivian 
army invaded Peru, Salaverry retired to Arequipa, 
and on 7 Feb., 1836, was totally routed at Soca- 
baya. After wandering for several days, Salaverry 
surrendered to Gen. Miller, who delivered him to 
Santa Cruz, and he was shot. A Chilian author, 
Manuel Bilbao, has published his life (Lima, 1853). 
SALAZAR, Diego de (sah-lah-thar), Spanish 
soldier, b. in the latter half of the 15th century ; d. 
in Florida in 1521. He went to Santo Domingo 
with one of the expeditions of Columbus, and 
served there until 1509, when, entering the service 
of Juan Ponce de Leon, he accompanied the latter 
in the conquest of the island of Porto Rico, and 
assisted in the foundation of the city of Caparra. 
In 1511, when the natives, aided by the Caribes, 
revolted, Salazar, seeing that one of his companions 
who had been taken prisoner was to be executed, 
entered the hostile camp, where about 300 Indians, 
under the cacique Aimanon, were preparing for 
the execution, charged upon the enemy and liber- 
ated his countryman. This action inspired the 
Indians with terror, and the Spaniards, taking 
advantage of it, thenceforth carried him, even 
when sick, to the battle-field. In recompense Sala- 
zar was appointed captain, and on the night of 25 
July of the same year, when the Indians surprised 
and set fire to the town of Guanica, he saved the 
rest of the Spaniards in that island and defeated 
the cacique Mabodamaca near Aymaco, and Aguey- 
naba near A fiasco. In 1512 he accompanied Ponce 
de Leon in his exploration of Florida, and during 
the second voyage to that country he met his death 
in an encounter with the natives. 



SALAZAR, Jos* Maria, Colombian poet, b. 
in Antioquia in 1785 ; d. in Paris, France, in Feb- 
ruary, 1828. He was graduated as LL. I), in the 
College of San Bartolome, soon afterward composed 
two theatrical pieces, which were performed at the 
theatre of Bogota, and also published several arti- 
cles in the *' Semanario." When the revolution 
of 1810 began he occupied the place of vice-rector 
of the College of Mompos, which he abandoned 
and entered public life. The civil war that fol- 
lowed the revolution obliged him to move to Cara- 
cas, where he was well received by Gen. Miranda, 
who appointed him minister to the government of 
Cartagena. In that city he conducted the paper 
" £1 Mensajero," and on the arrival of Mo rill o he 
emigrated to Trinidad, where he practised as a 
lawyer. In 1820 he was appointed minister of the 
supreme tribunal of Venezuela, and in 1827 he 
was sent as minister plenipotentiary to the United 
States. During his stay in New York he published 
a political pamphlet in English and Spanish about 
the reforms that ought to be introduced in the 
constitution of Colombia. He also wrote a poem, 
" Colombiada," which many years afterwara was 
printed in Caracas by his widow. On account of 
the civil disturbances of his country, he went to 
Paris to educate his children, but after his death 
his family returned to Caracas. He wrote " El 
Soliloquio de Eneas " and " El Sacrificio de Ido- 
meneo," two dramas (Bogota, 1802) ; " Placer pub- 
lico de Bogota" (1803); "Memoria biografica de 
Cundinamarca "(Trinidad, 1817); and "La campana. 
de Bogota," a heroicpoem (1818)* 

SALAZAR DE ESP1NOSA, Juan de, Span- 
ish soldier, b. in Villa Pomar about the end of the 
15th century; d. in Asuncion about 1566. He 
sailed with the expedition of Pedro de Mendoza 
(a. v.), and assisted in the foundation of Buenoa 
Ayres. In 1537 Salazar, with the acting governor, 
Galan, and the garrison, removed to Asuncion, and 
in 1538 was elected the first mayor of that city. In 
March, 1542, Salazar fought against the Guaycurua 
and Agaces Indians, commanding the infantry, and 
in 1543 he was appointed acting governor at Asun- 
cion. On 25 April, 1544, when Cabeza de Vaca 
was taken prisoner by Irala, the former proclaimed 
Salazar as his successor. In order to avoid new 
complications, the latter was sent to Spain, but he 
was absolved by the royal council of the Indies. 
In 1549 the emperor appointed him treasurer of 
the provinces of La Plata, and, when the new gov- 
ernor died, nis son appointed Salazar his substi- 
tute. The expedition sailed from San Lucar at the 
beginning of 1550, but Hernando de Trejo de- 

{) rived Salazar of the command on the voyage, and 
anded him at San Vicente, in Brazil, where he 
stayed almost two years, but in October, 1555, 
he arrived at Asuncion and took possession of 
his office as treasurer. Salazar was a candidate 
for governor in 1558, but was defeated. 

SALCEDO, Francisco (sal-thay'-do), Mexican 
monk, b. in Chiapa about 1550. He entered the 
Franciscan order, taught theology in the city of 
Mexico, and on account of his profound knowl- 
edge of the aboriginal languages, including Aztec, 
Quiche\ Cakchiquel, and Tzutuhil, was called by 
Bishop Gomez Fernandez de Cordova to tho 
University of Guatemala, where he taught these 
tongues for many years to the clergy and mission- 
aries. He wrote " Arte y Diccionano de la Lengua 
Mexicans," •• Sermones TrilingQes en Quiche, Cak- 
chiquel y Tzutuhil" (2 vols.), and " Documentor 
Cristianos en tres Lenguas," which are still pre- 
served in manuscript, unpublished, in the Fran- 
ciscan convent of Guatemala. 



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SALDANHA 



SALISBURY 



877 



SALDANHA, Joao Carlos Ollveira, Duke de, 
Portuguese statesman, b. in Lisbon, 17 Nov., 1791 ; 
d* in London, England, 21 Nov., 1876. He was a 
grandson of the famous Marquis de Pombal, and 
received his education at the College of the no- 
bility of Lisbon and the University of Coimbra. 
When the royal family fled to Brazil, he remained 
to serve under the French, but was made a pris- 
oner by Wellington's forces and transported to 
England. In 1814 he was permitted to go to Bra- 
zil, where he was appointed commander of the 
Portuguese forces. He rendered great service in 
forwarding troops for the war that resulted in the 
possession of Uruguay. From 1818 till 1822 he 
was captain-general of the province of Rio Grande 
do Sul, and, joining the liberal movement, promul- 
gated the new constitution in 1821, but in 1822 he 
returned to Europe, as he was unwilling to serve 
under the regency of Dom Pedro. Upon his 
arrival in the capital he was appointed captain- 

Sueral of Brazil and commanaer-in-chief of all 
e forces in the country, but, having learned of 
the election of Dom Pedro to the empire, he refused 
to return to Brazil to foster a civil war, and was 
imprisoned for about a year. In February, 1825, 
King Joab VI. appointed him secretary of foreign 
relations, and after the death of the King he be- 
came, during the regency of the Infanta Isabel 
Maria, governor of Oporto, where he suppressed 
the first movements of the partisans of Dom 
Miguel. For a short time he was secretary of war, 
but, on account of disagreements with the regent, 
he resigned and went to London in 1827. After 
several unsuccessful attempts against the reaction- 
ary party, he took an active part in the struggle 
between Dom Pedro and Don Miguel, on the side 
of the former, and was rewarded with the rank of 
field-marshal and commander-in-chief, and hence- 
forth his career was a series of political intrigues 
and revolutions, sometimes at the head of the gov- 
ernment, and then again exiled, or ambassador in 
France and England. The last revolution in which 
he took part was in 1870, when hepresided for a 
short time over the cabinet, and in February, 1871, 
he was sent as ambassador to London, where he 
died. He left memoirs in manuscript 

SALES, Francis, educator, b. in Roussillon, 
France, in 1771 ; d. in Cambridge, Mass., 16 Feb., 
1854. He emigrated to the United States during 
one of the political convulsions of France, and was 
instructor at Harvard in French and Spanish from 
1816 till 1839 and afterward in Spanish alone till 
the year of his death. He edited and enlarged 
Augustin E. Josse's " Grammar of the Spanish 
Language" (Boston, 1822), and published critical 
and annotated editions of the Spanish dramatists, 
" Don Quixote " (1886), and other Spanish classics, 
the " Fables " of Fontaine, with notes, and treatises 
on the French and Spanish languages. 

SALES LATERKIEBE, Peter de, b. in Cana- 
da in 1789; d. there, 15 Dec., 1834 He studied 
medicine in London under Sir Astley Cooper, and 
on his return to Quebec soon became distinguished 
as a surgeon. He took part in the war of 1812 as 
surgeon-in-chief of the Canadian voltigeurs. In 
1814 he visited France and England, where he 
married the daughter of Sir Fenwick Bulmer, in 
the following year returned to Canada, and resided 
in Quebec up to 1828. Here he took a prominent 
part in Canadian politics, giving expression to his 
views in the public journals, and denouncing the 
oligarchical rigimt that then prevailed. In 1828 
he went to England, where he published " A Po- 
litical and Historical Account of Lower Canada, 
with Remarks on the Present Situation of the 



People " (London, 1880), which created a sensation 
in Canada, and delayed the union of the provinces. 
—His brother, Mara Pascal, b. in Baie-du-Febvre 
in 1792, studied medicine at the University of 
Pennsylvania, where he was a pupil of Dr. Benja- 
min Rush. He obtained his degree in 1812, and 
established himself in Quebec During the war of 
1812 he served as surgeon-general of the militia of 
Lower Canada, and in 1814 retired from his pro- 
fession and took up his residence in his seigneurie 
of fiboulements. He was elected a member of the 
provincial legislature in' 1824, and has continued 
to take a leading part in Canadian politics. The 
immense and difficult highway through the Lau- 
rentides, which has brought that coast into commu- 
nication with Quebec, is due to his enterprise. 

SALINAS Y CORDOBA, Buenaventura de 
(sah-lee'-nas), Peruvian clergyman, b. in Lima in 
the latter part of the 16th century ; d. in Cuerna- 
vaca, Mexico, 15 Nov., 1658. He belonged to the 
Franciscan order, was sent as a commissioner to 
Spain and Rome in 1687, and returned in 1646 to 
Mexico as vicar -general. His works, which are 
mainly devoted to the assertion of the equality 
of Americans of Spanish race with native-born 
Spaniards, are " Memorial de las Historias del 
Nuevo Mundo del Piru, y memories y excelencias 
de la ciudad de Lima" (1630; Madrid, 1639), and 
"Memorial al Rey Nuestro Sefior" (Madrid, 1645). 
The latter work is not only an apology for himself 
and those born of Spanish race in the Indies, but 
also a strong plea for the liberty of the Indians. 

SALISBURY, Edward Elbridge, philologist, 
b. in Boston, Mass., 6 April, 1814. He was gradu- 
ated at Tale in 1832, studied theology there for 
three years, and in 1886-'9 prosecuted the study of 
oriental languages under Suvestre de Sacy, a part 
of whose library he brought with him to the United 
States, and also with Garcin de Tassy in Paris and 
Franz Bopp in Berlin. A professorship of Arabic 
and Sanskrit was created for him at Yale in 1841. 
and, after spending another year in the study of 
Sanskrit at Bonn, he entered on the duties of his 
professorship with the delivery of an ** Inaugural 
Discourse on Arabic and Sanskrit Literature" 
(printed privately, 1843). In 1854 he gave up the 
chair of Sanskrit to William D. Whitney, pro- 
viding the endowment and subsequently giving to 
the university his oriental library. He acted as 
professor of Arabic for two years longer, and then 
spent another year in Europe. He had meanwhile 
been elected corresponding secretary of the Ameri- 
can oriental society, and for several years he con- 
ducted the "Journal" and labored for the pros- 
Serity of the society, of which he became presi- 
ent in 1868. Prof. Salisbury was elected a mem- 
ber of the Asiatic society of Paris in 1838, and a 
corresponding member of the Imperial academy 
of sciences and belles-lettres at Constantinople in 
1855, and of the German oriental society in 1859, 
besides being a member of other learned societies, 
and was given the degree of LL. D. by Yale in 
1869 and by Harvard in 1886. Besides oriental 
papers in the "Journal of the American Orien- 
tal Society," he has published articles in the 
"New Englander," and has printed privately an 
account of the Diodati family (New Haven, 1875) ; 
a lecture on the " Principles of Domestic Taste," 
delivered before the Yale school of the fine arts 

il877) ; and a large volume of " Genealogical and 
biographical Monographs" (1885>. Two addi- 
tional volumes are now (1888) m press. — His 
wife, Evelyn, b. in Lyme, Conn., 3 Nov., 1828, a 
daughter of Charles J. McCurdy, began and has 
aided him in the completion of the latter, which 



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treat of her lines of descent, as the former work 
did of the lines of his descent, and that of the 
Phillips family, to which his first wife belonged. 

SALISBURY, James Henry, physician, b. in 
Scott, Cortland co., N. Y., 13 Oct., 1823. He was 
educated at Homer academy, and in 1846-'8 was 
assistant, and in 1849-*52 principal, chemist of the 
New York state geological survey. He received 
the degree of M. D. from Albany medical college 
in 1850. In 1851-2 he lectured on elementary 
and applied chemistry in the New York state nor- 
mal school at Albany. He conducted experiments 
and microscopical examinations, the results of 
which were published in the "Transactions" of 
the American association for the advancement of 
science, and devoted himself later to the study of 
the causes and treatment of chronic diseases, pub- 
lishing his therapeutical discoveries in the New 
York " Journal of Medicine." In 1864 he settled 
in Cleveland, Ohio, where he assisted in establish- 
ing the Charity hospital medical college, before 
which he lectured till 1866 on physiology and his- 
tology. He has been president of the Institute of 
micrology since 1878. Among his publications 
are a prize essay on the " Anatomy and History of 
Plants^' (Albany, 1848); one on the "Chemical 
and Physiological Examinations of the Maize Plant 
during the Various Stages of its Growth," which 
was published in the New York agricultural re- 
port for 1849, and reprinted in the Ohio state re- 
ports; and "Microscopic Examinations of Blood 
and Vegetations found in Variola, Vaccina, and 
Typhoid Fever" (New York, 1865). 

SALISBURY, Sylvester, British soldier, b. in 
England ; d. in Albany, N. Y., about 1680. He 
was a captain in the force that captured New Am- 
sterdam in 1664, and was placed in command of 
Fort Orange, the name of which he changed to 
Fort Albany. He married a Dutch lady named 
Marina, ana held the offices of high sheriff and 
justice of the peace at Albany. When New Am- 
sterdam was retaken by the Dutch in 1673, he was 
carried as a prisoner of war to Spain, then an ally 
of the Netherlands in the war against France and 
England. On his release, he was restored to his 

Swt at Albany. Sir Edmund Andros sent him to 
ngland in 1675 with a petition to King James 
for the annexation of Connecticut to New York. 

SALM SALM, Prince Felix, soldier, b. in An- 
holt, Prussia, 25 Dec, 1828 ; d. near Metz, Alsace, 
18 Aug., 1870. He was a younger son of the reign- 
ing Prince zu Salm Salm, was educated at the 
cadet-school in Berlin, became an officer in the 
Prussian cavalry, and saw service in the Schleswig- 
Holstein war, receiving a decoration for bravery at 
Aarhuis. He then joined the Austrian army, but 
was compelled to resign, extravagant habits having 
brought him into pecuniary difficulties. In 1861 
he. came to the United States and offered his ser- 
vices to the National government. He was given a 
colonel's commission and attached to the staff of 
Gen. Louis Blenker. In November, 1862, he took 
command of the 8th New York regiment, which 
was mustered out in the following spring. He was 
appointed colonel of the 68th New York volunteers 
on 8 June, 1864, serving under Gen. James B. Steed- 
man in Tennessee and Georgia, and toward the end 
of the war was assigned to the command of the 
post at Atlanta, receiving the brevet of brigadier- 
general on 15 April, 1»65. He next offered his 
services to the Emperor Maximilian, embarked for 
Mexico in February, 1866, and on 1 July was ap- 
pointed colonel of the general staff. He became 
the emperor's aide-de-camp and chief of his house- 
hold, and was captured at Queretaro. Soon after 



Maximilian's execution he returned to Europe, re- 
entered the Prussian army as major in the grena- 
dier guards, and was killed at the battle of Grave- 
lotte. He published " My Diary in Mexico in 
1867, including the Last Days of the Emperor 
Maximilian, with Leaves from the Diary of the 
Princess Salm Salm" (London, 1868). — His wife, 
Agnes, b. in Baltimore, Md., in 1842; d. in 
Coblentz. Germany, about 1881, is said to have 
been adopted when a child in Europe by the wife 
of a member of the cabinet at Washington, but, 
after receiving a good education in Philadelphia, 
to have left her home and become a circus-rider 
and then a rope-dancer. Afterward she acquired a 
reputation as an actress under the name of Agnes 
Leclercq, and lived several years in Havana, Cuba. 
She returned to the United States in 1861, and 
married Prince Salm Salm on 30 Aug., 1862. She 
accompanied her husband throughout his military 
campaigns in the south, performing useful service 
in connection with the field-hospitals, and was 
with him also in Mexico. After the fall of Quere- 
taro she rode to San Luis Potosi and implored 
President Juarez to procure the release of Maxi- 
milian and of his aiae, who underwent imprison- 
ment with him. She also sought the intervention 
of Porfirio Diaz and of Mariano Escobedo, and ar- 
ranged a conference between the latter general and 
the archduke. After the death of her husband she 
raised a hospital brigade, which accomplished much 
good during the Franco -Prussian war. Subse- 
quently she married Charles Heneage, an attache 
of the British embassy at Berlin, but soon sepa- 
rated from him. She published "Ten Years of 
My Life" (New York, 1875). 

SALNAVE, Sylvain (sal-nahv), president of 
Hayti, b. in Cape Haytien in 1882 ; a. in Port an 
Prince, 15 Jan., 1870. He enlisted in 1850. and 
was captain of cavalry when Geffrard overthrew 
Soulouque in January, 1859, being rewarded for 
his aid with the rank of major. In 1861 he was 
bitter in his denunciation of Geffrard for what he 
called the latter's subserviency in the matter of the 
occupation of the Dominican territory by Spain, 
and Geffrard, whose popularity began to decline, 
was powerless to punish Salnave. The latter pro- 
moted and encouraged frequent insurrections on 
the borders, and in 1864 he abetted an insurrection 
in the northern part of Hayti, but the movement 
was put down with the aid of the Spanish. In 
July, 1866, he led a new rising at Gonalves, and, al- 
though he was again defeated, the revolt continued 
to increase, and, aided by a pronunciamento in his 
favor at Port au Prince, 22 Feb., 1867, he entered 
the capital on 18 March. A triumvirate was now 
appointed, composed of Nissage-Saget, Chevalier, 
and Salnave, and the last was elected president on 
14 June. His first act was to promulgate the new 
constitution that had been voted by the senate, but 
his despotic rule soon occasioned sullen discontent 
In 1869 a general insurrection, headed by Nis- 
sage-Saget and Domingue, began in the counties 
of the north and the south. Salnave collected his 
forces and fought desperately, even after his chief 
general, Chevalier, had gone over to the enemy, in- 
trenching himself in Port au Prince, where he was 
soon besieged by the rebel army under Gen. Brice. 
The defence was obstinate, and Salnave refused to 
surrender even after his fleet had been captured. 
Port au Prince had been bombarded, and the grand 
palace had been completely destroyed by an ex- 
plosion. At the instance of the British consul he 
endeavored on 19 Dec. to escape to Dominican ter- 
ritory, b*ut was captured by Gen. Cabral on 10 Jan., 
1870, and by him surrendered to Nissage-Saget, 



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SALTONSTALL 



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who had assumed command at Port an Prince. On 
his arrival in the capital, Sal nave was tried and 
sentenced to death by a court-martial on charges 
of bloodshed and treason, and was immediately 
executed on the steps of the ruined palace. 

SALOMON, Frederick, soldier, b. near Halber- 
stadt, Prussia, 7 April, 1826. After passing through 
the gymnasium, he became a government surveyor, 
later a lieutenant of artillery, and in 1848 a pupil 
in the Berlin school of architecture. Emigrating 
soon afterward to the United States, he settled in 
Manitowoc, Wis., as a surveyor. He was for four 
years county register of deeds, and in 1857-9 chief 
engineer on the Manitowoc and Wisconsin rail- 
road. He entered the volunteer service in the 
spring of 1861 as a captain in the Oth Missouri 
volunteers, and served under Gen. Franz Sigel, be- 
ing present at Wilson's Creek. After the three- 
months* term of service had expired he was ap- 
pointed colonel of the 9th Wisconsin infantry, 
which he commanded in the southwest until he 
was made a brigadier-general, 16 June, 1862, and 
assigned to the command of a brigade in Kansas. 
On 90 Sept he made an unsuccessful attempt to 
capture Newtonia, Mo. He served through the war, 
receiving the brevet of major-general in March, 
1865, and was mustered out on 25 Aug., 1865. 
Gen. Salomon was subsequently for several years 
surveyor-general of Utah territory, where he now 
(1888) resides.— His brother, Edward, b. near Hal- 
berstadt, Prussia, in 1828, came with him to this 
country, became a lawyer, was governor of Wis- 
consin in 1862-*8, and now practises in New York 
city. He has gained a high reputation as a politi- 
cal speaker, especially in the German language. 

SALOMON, Haym, financier, b. in Lissa, Prus- 
sian Poland, about 1740; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 
in 1785. He settled in Philadelphia some years 
before the Revolution as a merchant and banker, 
and succeeded in accumulating a large fortune, 
which he subsequently devoted to the use of the 
American government during the war for inde- 
pendence. He negotiated all the war subsidies ob- 
tained during that struggle from France and Hol- 
land, which he indorsed and sold in bills to Ameri- 
can merchants at a credit of two and three months 
on his personal security, receiving for his commis- 
sion one quarter of one per cent He also acted as 
paymaster - general of the French forces in the 
United States, and for some time lent money to 
the agents or ministers of several foreign states 
when their own sources of supply were cut off. It 
is asserted that over $100,000 thus advanced have 
never been repaid. To the U. S. government Mr. 
Salomon lent about $600,000 in specie, and at his 
death $400,000 of this amount had not been re- 
turned. This was irrespective of what he had lent 
to statesmen and others while in the discharge of 
public trusts. His descendants have frequently 
petitioned for remuneration, and their claims have 
several times been favorably reported upon by com- 
mittees of congress. 

SALPOINTE, Jean Baptist, R. C. archbishop, 
b. in St Maurice, Puv-de-D6me, France, 21 Feb., 
1825. He received his preparatory education in 
a school in Ajain, and subsequently studied the 
classics in the College of Clermont and philoso- 
phy and theology in the Seminary of Clermont 
Ferrand. He was raised to the priesthood on 20 
Dec, 1851, and, after spending about eight years 
in parochial duties ana as professor in the pre- 
paratory seminary of Clermont, he came to the 
united States in 1859, and was parish priest of 
Mora, N. M., until he was appointed vicar-general 
of Arizona in 1866. He was nominated vicar apos- 



tolic of Arizona three years afterward, and conse- 
crated by the title of bishop of Doryla in pariibua 
on 20 June, 1869. His vicariate included Arizona, 
with part of Texas and New Mexico. He immedi- 
ately set about building churches, organizing new 
congregations, and founding schools and hospitals. 
The number of priests had increased to eighteen 
when Dr. Salpointe was transferred to Santa Fe" as 
coadjutor to Archbishop Lamy, and the churches 
had increased from about half a dozen to twenty- 
three, besides fifteen chapels. He succeeded Arch- 
bishop Lamy as archbishop of Santa Fe* in 1885. 

SALTER, Richard, clergyman, b. in Boston, 
Mass., in 1728 ; d. in Mansfield, Conn., 14 April, 
1789. He was graduated at Harvard in 1789, stud- 
ied medicine, and then theology, supplied a pulpit 
in Boston for some time, and on 27 June, 17m, was 
ordained pastor of the Congregational church at 
Mansfield, where he remained till his death. He 
gave to Yale college in 1781 a farm, which was sold 
for $2,000, for the purpose of promoting the study 
of Hebrew and other oriental languages. He was 
proficient in Greek, Hebrew, and other branches of 
scholarship. The degree of D. D. was conferred on 
him by Tale in 1782. He published an ** Election 
Sermon " (1768), and began a " Commentary on the 
New Testament," but abandoned his design, when 
the work was in great part written. 

SALTER, William D., naval officer, b. in New 
York city in 1794; d. in Elizabeth, N. J., 8 Jan., 
1869. He entered the navy as midshipman on 15 
Nov., 1809, was attached to the frigate *• Constitu- 
tion " under Com. Isaac Hull during the action with 
the British frigate " Guerri&e," on 19 Aug., 1812. 
and was the last survivor of those who participated 
in that action. He became lieutenant on 9 Dec, 
1814, was made master-commandant on 8 March, 
1831, captain on 8 March, 1839, and commodore on 
the retired list on 16 July, 1862. He was in com- 
mand of the Brooklyn navy-yard in 1856-*9, and 
in 1863 was on a commission to examine vessels, 
from which duty he was relieved in 1866. 

SALTONSTALL, Sir Richard, colonist, b. in 
Halifax, England, in 1586; d. in England about 
1658. He was a nephew of Sir Richard, who was 
lord mayor of London in 1597. The nephew was 
justice of the peace for the West Riding- of York- 
shire and lord of the manor of Ledsham, near 
Leeds. He was one of the grantees of the Massa- 
chusetts company under the charter that was ob- 
tained from Charles I. On 26 Aug., 1629, Salton- 
stall, Thomas Dudley, Isaac Johnson, John Win- 
throp, and eight other gentlemen signed an agree- 
ment to pass the seas and to inhabit and continue 
in New England, provided that the patent and 
whole government of the plantation should be 
transferred to them and other actual colonists. 
The proposition was accepted by the general court 
of the company, which elected Sir Richard the 
first-named assistant of the new governor. He ar- 
rived with Gov. Winthrop in the ** Arbella n on 22 
June, 1630, and began, with George Phillips, the 
settlement of Watertown, but, owing to the illness 
of his two young daughters, who, with his five 
sons, had accompanied him, he returned with them 
and two of the sons to England in 1681, where he 
continued to display in all ways the greatest inter- 
est in the colony, and to exert himself for its ad- 
vancement He was one of the patentees of Con- 
necticut and sent out a shallop to take possession 
of the territory. The vessel, on the return voyage, 
was wrecked on Sable island in 1635. In 1644 ne 
was sent as ambassador to Holland. A portrait 
that was painted by Rembrandt while he was there 
is reproduced in the illustration. He was one of 



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SALTONSTALL 



the judges of the high court that sentenced the 
Duke of Hamilton, Lord Capel, and others to death 
for treason in 1649. In 1651 he wrote to John 
Cotton and John Wilson a letter of remonstrance 
in regard to their persecution of the Quakers. — 
His son, Richard, b. in Woodsome, Yorkshire, 
England, in 1610; d. in Hulme, Lancashire, 29 
April, 1694, was matriculated at Emanuel college, 
Cambridge, in 1627, and emigrated to Massachu- 
setts with his father in 1630. He was among the 
first settlers of Ipswich, and was chosen one of the 
governor's assistants in 1637. In 1642 he pub- 
lished a polemic against the council appointed for 
life. In July, 1643, he signed a letter urging the 
colonial authorities to take warlike measures against 
the French in Acadia. He befriended the regicides 
that escaped to New England in 1660, and protested 
against the importation of negro slaves. In 1672 
he returned to England.— The second Richards 
son. Nathaniel, councillor, b. in Ipswich, Mass., in 
1639; d. in Haverhill, Mass., 21 May, 1707, was 
graduated at Harvard in 1659. He was an assist- 
ant from 1679 till 1686, and was offered a seat in 
the council by Sir Edmund Andros, but declined. 
After the deposition of that governor he was chosen 
one of the council under the charter of William 
and Mary. In 1692 he was appointed one of the 
judges in a special commission of oyer and terminer 
to try the persons accused of practising witchcraft 
in Salem. Reprobating the spirit of persecution 
that prevailed, and foreseeing the outcome of the 
trials, he refused to accept the commission. — Na- 
thaniel's son, Gordon, governor of Connecticut, 
b. in Haverhill, Mass., 27 March, 1666; d. in New 
London, Conn., 20 Sept, 1724, was graduated at 
Harvard in 1684, 
studied theology, and 
was ordained minis- 
ter of New London, 
Conn., on 19 Nov., 
1691. He was dis- 
tinguished not only 
for learning and elo- 
quence, but for knowl- 
edge of affairs and 
elegance of manners. 
He was one of a com- 
mittee that was de- 
puted by the Connec- 
ticut assembly to wait 
upon the Earl of Bel- 
lomont when he ar- 
rived in New York in 
1698, and was fre- 
quently called on to 
assist in public busi- 
ness. While Gov. 
Fitz John Winthrop 
was ill, Saltonstall, who was his pastor, acted as his 
chief adviser and representative, and on the death of 
the governor was chosen by the assembly to be his 
successor, entering on his functions on 1 Jan., 1708. 
In the following May he was confirmed in the office 
at the regular election. His first official act was to 
propose a synod for the adoption of a system of 
ecclesiastical discipline. The Saybrook platform, 
which was the outcome of his suggestion, was by 
his influence made to conform in some essentials 
to the Presbyterian polity. Gov. Saltonstall was 
appointed agent of tne colony in 1709 for the pur- 
pose of conveying an address to Queen Anne urg- 
ing the conquest of Canada, and raised a large con- 
tingent in Connecticut for the disastrous expedi- 
tion of Sir Hovenden Walker. He set up in his 
house the first printing-press in the colony in 1709, 



-4MaiM 



and was active in the arrangements for establish- 
ing Yale college, influencing the decision to build 
at New Haven instead of at Hartford, making the 
plans and estimates, and during the early years of 
the college taking the chief part in the direction of 
its affairs. He was continued in the office of gov- 
ernor by annual election till his death. — G union's 
nephew, Richard, jurist, b. in Haverhill, Mass., 
24 June, 1708; d. 20 Oct., 1756, was graduated at 
Harvard in 1722, and in 1728 was chosen to repre- 
sent Haverhill in the general court. Subseouently 
he was a member of the council. From 1736 till 
he resigned a few months before his death he was 
a judge of the superior court. He was chairman 
of a commission that was appointed in 1637 to 
trace the boundary-line between Massachusetts and 
New Hampshire.— Gurdon's son, Gordon, soldier, 
b. in New London, Conn., 22 Dec., 1708; d. in Nor- 
wich, Conn., 19 Sept., 1785, was graduated at Yale 
in 1725. He was appointed colonel of militia in 
1739, served at the siege of Louisburg in 1745, and 
was one of the commissioners for fitting out expe- 
ditions against Canada. He was a member of the 
general assembly in 1744- , 8, then of the house of 
assistants till 1754, and afterward was sent to the 
assembly again at intervals till 1757. From 1751 till 
his death he was judge of probate at New London. 
In September, 1776, he was appointed brigadier- 
general of militia, and reported to Gen, Washing- 
ton at Westchester with nine regiments. — The sec- 
ond Gurdon's nephew, Dudley, naval officer, b. in 
New London, Conn^ 8 Sept, 1738 ; d. in the West 
Indies in 1796, commanded the "Alfred" in Com. 
Esek Hopkins's squadron in February, 1776, and 
on 10 Oct, 1776, was appointed fourth in the list 
of captains of the Continental navy. He was com- 
modore of the fleet that left Boston in Juiy, 1779, 
to reduce a British post on Penobscot river. Sal- 
tonstall was desirous of attacking as soon as they 
arrived, but Gen. Solomon Lovell, the commander 
of militia, was unwilling. When Sir George Col- 
lier appeared off the coast with a formidable naval 
force, the Americans re-embarked. Saltonstall 
drew up his vessels in order of battle at the mouth 
of the river, but was greatly overmatched, and his 
men were demoralized. As soon as the enemy 
came near, his ship, the "Warren," was run on 
shore and burned. Other vessels were deserted in 
the same manner, while the rest were captured by 
the enemy. The crews and the land-forces fled to 
the woods, and made their way by land to Boston. 
A court of inquiry, wishing to shield the state 
militia, and, perhaps, establish a claim on the Con- 
tinental government for a part of the expenses by 
inculpating a Continental officer, blamed Salton- 
stall for the disastrous termination of the expedi- 
tion, which had involved Massachusetts in a debt 
of $7,000,000, and on 7 Oct, 1779, he was dismissed 
the service. He afterward commanded the priva- 
teer "Minerva," and among the prizes taken by 
him was the "Hannah," a merchant ship bound 
for New York with a valuable cargo. — Tne third 
Richard's son, Richard, soldier, b. in Haverhill, 
Mass., 5 April, 1732; d. in England, 6 Oct, 1785, 
was graduated at Harvard in 1751. He com- 
manded a regiment in the French war, and soon 
after the peace of 1763 was appointed sheriff of 
Essex county. In the beginning of 1776 he emi- 
grated to England. While sympathizing with the 
Tories, he refused to take a command in the roval 
army to fight against his fellow-countrymen. — An- 
other son, Nathaniel, physician, b. in Haverhill, 
Mass., 10 Feb., 1746; d. there, 15 May, 1815, was 
graduated at Harvard in 1766. He was a skilful 
physician, possessed high scientific attainments, 



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and during the Revolution was a firm Whig. — An- 
other son, Leverett, b. in Haverhill, Mass., 26 
Dec, 1754; d. in New York city, 20 Dec, 1782, ac- 
companied the British army from Boston to Hali- 
fax, was given a commission, and served as a cap- 
tain under Lord Corn wallis,— The second Nathan- 
iel's son, Leverett, lawyer, b. in Haverhill Mass., 
13 June, 1783; d. in Salem, Mass., 8 May, 1845, 
was graduated at Harvard in 1802, studied law, 
and entered into practice at Salem in 1805. He 
was sneaker of the state house of representatives, 
president of the state senate, the first mayor of 
Salem in 1836-*8, a presidential elector on the 
Webster ticket in 1837, and was elected to con- 
gress to fill a vacancy, serving from 5 Dec, 1838, 
till 3 March, 1843. Harvard gave him the degree 
of LL. D. in 1838. He was an active member of 
the Massachusetts historical society, the American 
academy of arts and sciences, and other learned 
bodies. When he died, he left a large part of his 
library to Phillips Exeter academy, where he had 
received his early education, ana a bequest of 
money to purchase books for the library at Har- 
vard. He was the author of an " Historical Sketch 
of Haverhill," printed in the " Collections " of the 
Massachusetts historical society.— A descendant of 
Gurdon, William Wanton, b. in New London, 
Conn., 19 Jan., 1798; d. in Chicago, 111., 18 March, 
1862, was on his mother's side a great-grandson of 
Joseph Wanton. He was an early settler in Chi- 
cago, and during the last twenty years of his life 
held the post of assignee in bankruptcy. — The sec- 
ond Leverett's grandson, Leverett, lawyer, b. in 
Salem, Mass., 16 March, 1825, was graduated at 
Harvard in 1844, and at the law-school in 1847, 
and practised in Boston till 1864. In December, 
1885, he was appointed collector of customs for 
the port of Boston and Charlestown. He is an 
active member of the Massachusetts historical so- 
ciety and of other learned bodies, and is compiling 
a genealogical history of his family. 

SALTUS, Edgar, author, b. in New York city, 
8 June, 1858. He was educated at St Paul's 
school, Concord, N. H., studied later at the Sor- 
bonne, Paris, and in Heidelberg and Munich, Ger- 
many, and after his return at Columbia college law- 
school, where he was graduated in 1880. His ear- 
liest literary efforts were in poetry. His first book 
was ** Balzac," a biography (Boston, 1884). He next 
devoted himself to the presentation of the pessi- 
mistic philosophy, a history of which he published 
under the title or ** The Philosophy of Disenchant- 
ment " (1885), which was followed by an analytical 
exposition entitled •* The Anatomy of Negation " 
(London, 1886 ; New York, 1887). He is the author 
also of ** Mr. Incoul's Misadventure " (1887) ; " The 
Truth about Tristrem Varick " (1888) ; and " Eden " 
<1888).— His brother, Francis S., is the author of 
** Honey and Gall," a book of poems (Philadelphia, 
1873), and was engaged on a •• Life of Donizetti." 

8ALYATIERRA, J nan Maria de (sal-vah-te- 
er'-rah), Italian missionary, b. in Milan, 15 Nov., 
1648; d. in Guadalajara, Mexico, 18 July, 1717. 
He studied in the Jesuit college of Parma, entered 
that order in Genoa, and went to Mexico, where he 
studied theology, and was for several years profes- 
sor of rhetoric in the College of Puebla. Later he 
obtained permission to convert the Tarahumaro 
Indians of the northwest, among whom he lived 
for ten years, founding several missions. He was 
subsequently appointed visitor of the missions in 
Sinaloa and Sonora, and there formed a project for 
the spiritual conquest of California, as all the mili- 
tary expeditions to that country had been without 
result. After obtaining permission from his su- 



periors, he sailed on 10 Oct, 1697, for Lower Cali- 
fornia, where, on 19 Oct., he laid the foundation of 
the mission of Loreto. He soon learned the lan- 

fuage of the natives, whom he propitiated by his 
indness, and in seven years established six other 
missions along the coast. In 1704 he was appointed 
provincial of his order, and resided in Mexico, but 
when his term was concluded in 1707 he returned 
to his missions in California. In 1717 he was 
called to the capital by the viceroy, the Marquis de 
Valero, to jrive material for the » 4 History of Cali- 
fornia,** which King Philip V. had ordered to be 
written. Although suffering from illness, Salva- 
tierra obeyed, ana, crossing the Gulf of California, 
continued his voyage along the coast, carried on 
the shoulders of the Indians, till he died in Guada- 
lajara. He wrote " Cartas sobre la Conquista espi- 
ritual de Calif ornias" (Mexico, 1698), and "Nuevas 
cartas sobre Calif ornias" (1699), which have been 
used by Father Miguel Vene^as in his" Hist oria 
de Cahfornias." Salvatierra is still known as the 
apostle of California. 

SALYERT, Perier du, colonial governor, b. in 
France about 1690. He was an officer in the 
French navy, and a knight of St Louis. On the 
recall of the Sieur de Bienville in 1724, he was sent 
out as governor of Louisiana. His administration 
was lax and inefficient, and the Natchez Indians, 
exasperated by the deeds of evil-disposed persons, 
rose against the French, and on 29 Nov., 1729, 
slaughtered all the male inhabitants of the post in 
their country. Their example was followed by the 
Yazoos. Perier formed an alliance with the Choc- 
taws, and, after the latter had met the enemy in 
the field several times, marched into the Natchez 
country, and laid siege to the fortified village of 
the Indians until they withdrew across the Missis- 
sippi. In order to restore the prestige of French 
arms, the governor sent an expedition of 1,000 
men against the Natchez in the following winter, 
which succeeded in capturing their fort and taking 
several hundred prisoners, who were sent to Santo 
Domingo and sold as slaves. In 1733 Bienville 
was reinstated, and Perier returned to France, 
where he was made lieutenant-general. In 1755 
he was sent in command of a fleet for the protec- 
tion of Santo Domingo, and during the war of 
1756-'68 he commanded a squadron. 

SALY1NI, Tommaso, Italian tragedian, b. in 
Milan, Italy, 1 Jan., 1830. His father and mother 
were actors of ability. He performed children's 
parts at the age of thirteen, later joined the troupe 
of Adelaide Ristori, and shared her triumphs. 
After fighting in the Italian war for independence 
in 1849, he returned to the stage, and, by his im- 
personation of the title-r61es of Giuseppe Nicolini's 
" Edipo " and Vittorio Alfieri's " Saul, achieved an 
European reputation. He was also successful as 
Orosmane in Voltaire's "Zaire," first essayed 
Othello in 1857, created the nart of Conrad in •• La 
morte civile," and added to nis repertoire Romeo, 
Hamlet, Ingomar, Paolo in Silvio rellico's "Fran- 
cesca di Rimini," which he played at the Dante 
celebration in 1865, and the Gladiator in Alexandre 
Soumet's tragedy of that name, Sullivan in " David 
Garrick," Torquato Tasso, Samson, Essex in •* Eliza- 
beth," Maxime Odiot in the u Romance of a Poor 
Youne Man," and other characters. In 1871 he 
visited South America, and in 1873-'4 he made a 
tour in the United States, giving 128 performances, 
besides 28 in Havana. In New York city Edwin 
Booth played the ghost to his Hamlet. In 1881 
he again visited the United States. 

SALZMANN, Joseph, clergyman, b. in Munz- 
bach, Austria, 17 Aug., 1819; d. in Milwaukee, 



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SAMPSON 



Wis., 1? Jan., 1874. He studied at the University 
of Vienna, where he won his doctor's degree, and 
was ordained a priest in 1842. He came to the 
United States in 1847, and was appointed pastor 
of St Mary's church, Milwaukee. He succeeded 
Archbishop Henni as president of the Theological 
seminary of St. Francis, the success of which is in 
a great measure due to his efforts. He was one of 
the founders of the '* Seebote," a German periodi- 
cal published at Milwaukee, to which he was a 
frequent contributor. 

SAMOSET, Indian chief, b. in New England 
about 1590. He was a chief of the Pemaquids on 
the Maine coast, and learned English from the colo- 
nists of Monhegan island, sent out by Sir Ferdi- 
nando Gorges. Three months after the landing of 
the Pilgrims, Samoset entered their settlement at 
Plymouth with the salutation " Welcome, English- 
men ! " He informed them that Patuxet, where 
they had planted their Tillage, was ownerless land, 
because its former inhabitants bad been carried off 
by pestilence. A week later he brought Squanto, 
who had been taken to England, to act as their in- 
terpreter, and showed his friendly interest in en- 
deavoring to bring about a treaty of peace with 
Massassoit, the chief sachem of the Wampanoags. 

SAMPLE. Robert Fleming, clergyman, b. in 
Corning, N. Y., 19 Oct, 1829. He was graduated 
at Jefferson college,Cannonsburg, Pa., in 1849, and 
at Western theological seminary, Allegheny City, in 
1853. He was pastor of a Presbyterian cnurcn at 
Mercer, Pa., in 1853-'6, and then at Bedford, Pa., 
till 1866, when he removed to Minneapolis, Minn., 
and after supplying a pulpit for two years was 
called to the pastorate of another, in which he con- 
tinued until, in 1887, he exchanged it for a charge 
in New York city. He is a member of various 
church boards, and a director of the McCormick 
theological seminary, Chicago, 111. He received 
the degree of D. D. from Wooster university, Ohio, 
in 1876. In 1884 he was sent as a delegate to the 
Presbyterian alliance at Belfast, Ireland. He has 
been a frequent contributor to the religious press. 
Besides numerous pamphlets and sermons, he has 
published several books for the young on Christian 
experience, and also a " Memoir of Rev. John C. 
Thorn" (1868). 

SAMPSON, or SAMSON, Deborah, heroine, 
b. in Plvmpton, Mass, 17 Dec, 1760; d. in Sharon, 
Mass., 29 April, 1827. She was large of frame, 
and accustomed to severe toil, and when not yet 
eighteen years of age, moved by a patriotic im- 
pulse, determined to disguise her sex and enlist in 
th« Continental army. By teaching for two terms, 
she earned enough to buy cloth from which she 
fashioned a suit of male clothing. She was ac- 
cepted as a private in the 4th Massachusetts regi- 
ment, under the name of Robert Shurtleff, and 
served in the ranks three years, volunteering in 
several hazardous enterprises, and showing unusual 
coolness in action. In a skirmish near Tarrvtown 
she received a Habre cut on the temple, ana four 
months later she was shot through the shoulder. 
During the Yorktown campaign she was seized 
with brain fever, and sent to the hospital in Phila- 
delphia. The surgeon discovered her sex, took her 
to his home, and on her recovery disclosed the facts 
to the commander of her company, who sent her 
with a letter to Gen. Washington. The com- 
mander-in-chief gave her a discharge, with a note 
of good advice and a purse of money. After the 
war she married Benjamin Gannett, a farmer 
of Sharon. During Washington's administration 
she was invited to the capital, and congress, which 
was then in session, voted her a pension and a 



grant of lands. She published a narrative of her 
life in the army, under the title of u The Female 
Review " (Dedham, 1797). of which a new edition 
was issued by the Rev. John A. Vinton, with an 
introduction and notes (Boston, 1866). 

SAMPSON, Ezra, clergyman, b. in Middle- 
borough, Mass., 12 Feb., 174& ; d. in New York city, 
12 Dec, 1823. He was graduated at Yale in 1778, 
studied theology, and was settled in Plympton, 
Mass., on 15 Febw, 1775. In that year he officiated 
as chaplain in the camp at Roxbury, and by his 
vigorous discourses encouraged the patriotic de- 
termination of the militia. He retained his charge 
until, at the end of twenty years, his voice failed, 
when he resigned, removed to Hudson, N. Y., soon 
afterward, and, in company with Harry Croswell, 
began the publication in 1801 of the " Balance," 
from which be withdrew in 1808. He was editor 
of the '* Connecticut Courant " at Hartford in 1804, 
and continued to write for the paper till 1817. In 
1814 he was appointed a judge of Columbia coun- 
ty, N. Y., but he soon resigned. He published 
"Sermon before Col. Cottona Regiment" (1775); 
"Thanksgiving Discourse n (1795) ; "The Beauties 
of the Bible ' r (1802); "The Sham Patriot Un- 
masked " (1808) ; "Historical Dictionary" (1804); 
and •• The Brief Remarks on the Ways of Man," 
a collection of moral essays originally published 
in the "Courant" (1817; new ed., 1855). 

SAMPSON, Francis Smith, Hebraist, b. in 
Goochland county, Va., -5 Nov., 1814 ; d. at Hamp- 
den Sidney, Va.. 9 April, 1854 He entered the Uni- 
versity of Virginia in 1881, was graduated M. A. in 
1886, and after studying two years at Union theo- 
logical seminary in Virginia, was appointed teacher 
of Hebrew there. He was ordained as an evange- 
list in 1841. He performed all the duties of pro- 
fessor of oriental languages and literature, but was 
not given the title of professor till 1849, when he 
returned from a year's study- at Halle and Berlin- 
Ham pden Sidney college gave him the degree of 
D. D. in 1849. He prepared a " Commentary on 
the Epistle to the Hebrews" (New York. 1856). 

SAMPSON, John Patterson, author, b. in 
Wilmington, N. C, 13 Aug., 1887. He is of mixed 
Scottish and African descent, was graduated at 
Comer's college, Boston, Mass., in 1856, was for some 
time a teacher in New York city, and during the 
civil war conducted a journal in Cincinnati, Ohio, 
called the "Colored Citizen," in which he advo- 
cated the enlistment of negroes in the National 
army. In 1865 he was appointed assessor at Wil- 
mington, N. C, and was superintendent of the 
Freedmen's school in 1866. In 1868-*9 he attended 
the Western theological school at Alleghany, Pa. 
He took an active part in reconstruction, was a 
member of the North Carolina constitutional con- 
vention, was nominated by the Republicans for 
both the legislature and congress, and for fifteen 
years held various posts under the state and U. S. 
governments. After completing his studies at the 
National law university, Washington, D. C, he 
was admitted to the bar of the U. S. supreme 
court in 1878. In 1882 he relinquished the prac- 
tice of law, and entered the ministry of the Afri- 
can Methodist Episcopal church. He was appoint- 
ed to a church near Trenton, N. J., was chosen 
chaplain of the state senate, and afterward took 
charge of a congregation at Trenton. He re- 
ceived the decree of D. D. from Wilberforce uni- 
versity, Ohio, in 1888. He was a delegate to the 
general conference in 1888, is known as a lecturer 
on social and scientific subjects, and has published 
in book-form "Common-sense Physiology (Hamp- 
ton, Va,, 1880); "The Disappointed Bride" (1888); 



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SAMPSON 



SAMUELS 



888 



M Temperament and Phrenology of Mixed Races " 
(Trenton, 1884); "Jolly People 5 (Hampton, 1886); 
and " Illustrations in Theology " (1888). 

SAMPSON, William, author, b. in London- 
derry, Ireland, 17 Jan., 1764 ; d. in New York city, 
37 .fee., 1886. He was the son of a Presbyterian 
minister, and held a commission in the Irish vol- 
unteers, but afterward entered Dublin university, 
and became a barrister. He acted frequently as 
counsel for members of the Society of United Irish- 
men, thereby exciting the suspicions of the govern- 
ment, and after the failure of the rebellion of 1798 
fled, but was brought back as a prisoner to Dublin. 
He was released on condition that he should go to 
Portugal While there he was again imprisoned 
at the instance of the English government, which 
was anxious to obtain papers that had been in his 
possession. He was finally set free, and came to 
this country. He established himself as a lawyer 
in New York city, obtained a large practice, and 
through his writings, which contain severe invec- 
tives against the common law, was influential in 
bringing about amendments and consolidations of 
the Taws of the state. He published "Sampson 
against the Philistines, or the Reformation of Law- 
Suits " (Philadelphia, 1805); " Memoirs of William 
Sampson" (New York, 1807; London, 1832); 
"Catholic Question in America" (1813); "Dis- 
course before the New York Historical Society on 
the Common Law " (1824) ; " Discourse and Cor- 
respondence with Learned Jurists upon the History 
of the Law" (Washington, 1826); and the "His- 
tory of Ireland," in part a reprint of Dr. W. Cooke 
Taylor's " Civil Wars of Ireland " (New York, 1883) ; 
also reports of various trials. 

SAMPSON, William Thomas, naval officer, 
b. in Palmyra, N. Y., 9 Feb., 1840. He was gradu- 
ated at the U. S. naval academy in 1861, and at- 
tached to the frigate " Potomac h with the rank of 
master. In July, 1862, he was commissioned as 
lieutenant, and in 1862-'3 he served in the practice- 
sloop " John Adams." During 1864 he was sta- 
tioned at the naval academy, and he then served 
in the " Patapsco " with the South Atlantic block- 
ading squadron in 1864-*5, and was in that vessel 
when she was destroyed in Charleston harbor in 
January, 1866. He served in the flag-ship " Colo- 
rado," of the European squadron, in 1865-*7, and 
was at the naval academy in 1868-71. Meanwhile 
he had been commissioned lieutenant-commander 
on 25 July, 1866. His next service was in the " Con- 
gress " on special duty in 1872, and on the European 
station in 1873, after which, in 1875, he had the 
" Alert," and was commissioned commander on 9 
Aug., 1874. During 1876-'9 he was at the naval 
academy, and in 1880 was given command of the 
M Swatara," of the Asiatic squadron. He was assist- 
ant superintendent of the U. S. naval observatory 
in Washington in 1882-*3, and in September, 1886, 
was appointed superintendent of the U. S. naval 
academy. Commander Sampson was a member of 
the International conference at Washington in Oc- 
tober, 1884, for the purpose of fixing a prime merid- 
ian and a universal day, and in 1885 was appointed 
a member of the board to report upon the necessary 
fortifications and other defences for the coast. 

SAMSON, George Whltefleld, clergyman, b. 
in Harvard, Mass., 29 Sept, 1819. He was gradu- 
ated at Brown in 1839 and at Newton theological 
seminary in 1843. In the same year he was called 
to the charge of the E street Baptist church, 
Washington, D. C, of which, with the exception 
of two years in Jamaica Plains, Mass., and some 
time in foreign travel, he remained pastor until 
1858. In that year he was called to the presidency 



of Columbian college, which office he held until 
1871. Soon afterward he was elected president of 
Rutgers female college, New York city, and con- 
tinued in this relation until 1875. While presi- 
dent of the female college Dr. Samson was also, 
for part of the time, pastor of the 1st Baptist 
church in Harlem. In 1886 he resumed the duties 
of president of Rutgers, and was at the same time 
engaged in conducting a training-school designed 
to prepare young men for evangelistic work. Be- 
sides numerous articles in periodicals, he is the 
author of "To Dai m on ion, or the Spiritual Me- 
dium " (Boston, 1852 ; 2d ed., entitled " Spiritual- 
ism Tested," 1860) ; a " Memoir of Mary J. Gra- 
ham," prefixed to her "Test of Truth" (1859); 
" Outlines of the History of Ethics" (1860); " Ele- 
ments of Art Criticism " (Philadelphia, 1867 ; 
abridged ed., 1668) ; " Physical Media in Spiritual 
Manifestations " (1869) ; " The Atonement " (1878) ; 
"Divine Law as to Wines" (New York, 1880); 
" English Revisers' Greek Text shown to be Unau- 
thorized " (1882) ; " Guide to Self-Education " (1886) ; 
" Guide to Bible Interpretation " (1887) ; and •• Idols 
of Fashion and Culture" (1888). 

SAMUELS, Edward Augustus, naturalist, b. 
in Boston, Mass.. 4 July, 1836. He received a com- 
mon-school education, began early to write for the 
press, and from 1860 till 1880 was assistant to the 
secretary of the Massachusetts state board of agri- 
culture. For several years be has been president 
of the Massachusetts fish and game protective as- 
sociation, besides following the business of a pub- 
lisher of musical works. He has given attention 
to invention, and is the originator of a process for 
engraving by photography directly from nature or 
from a photographic print Mr. Samuels has con- 
tributed long essays to the U. S. and the Massachu- 
setts agricultural reports, and has published, among 
other works, " Ornithology and Otflogy of New Eng- 
land" (Boston, 1867); " Among the Birds" (1867); 
" Mammalogy of New England " (1868) ; and, with 
Augustus C.' L. Arnold, "The Living World" 
(2 vols., lSeS-TO). He is now (1888) engaged on 
an illustrated work on "Game Fish and Fishing." 
—His wife, Susan Blagge Caldwell, author, b. 
in Dedham, Mass., 21 Oct, 1848, is a daughter of 
Com. Charles H. B. Caldwell She was a teacher in 
Waltham and Boston, Mass., before her marriage, 
and in 1885 was a member of the school committee 
of Waltham. Mrs. Samuels is the author of nu- 
merous stories that have appeared in juvenile 
magazines and religious weeklies and of a series 
of books called " Springdale Stories " (6 vols., Bos- 
ton, 1871), which were re-issued as " Golden Rule 
Stories" (1886).— His sister, Adelaide Florence, 
author, b. in Boston, Mass., 24 Sept, 1845, was edu- 
cated in a district school at Milton, Mass., and be- 
came a teacher and ultimately a writer. Her pub- 
lications in book-form include "Adrift in the 
World" (Boston, 1872); -Little Cricket" (1873); 
" Daisy Travers, or the Girls of Hive Hall " (1876) ; 
and other stories for youth. 

SAMUELS, Samuel, seaman, b. in Philadel- 
phia, Pa., 14 March, 1825. He shipped as cabin- 
boy on a coasting -vessel at the age of eleven, 
studied navigation on shipboard, and after many 
voyages became at twenty-one captain of a mer- 
chantman. He commanded for several years the 
" Dread naught," the fastest of the sailing-packets. 
In 1803-*4 he was captain of the U. S. steamship 
"John Rice." In 1864 he was general superin- 
tendent of the quartermaster's department in New 
York city, having charge of the repairing, victual- 
ling, anof despatching of vessels. In 1865 he com- 
manded the "McClellan" at the taking of Fort 



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SANBORN 



SANBORN 



Fisher. He was captain of the ** Fulton," the last 
of the American packet - steamers between New 
York and Havre in 1866, and in the winter com- 
manded the *• Henrietta " yacht in her race from 
New York to Southampton, in 1870 the yacht 
" Dauntless " in her race with the ** Cambria " 
from Queenstown to New York, making the voy- 
age in twenty-one days, and again in 1887 in her 
race across the Atlantic with the ** Coronet" In 
1872 he organized the Samana bay company of 
Santo Domingo with a quasi-understanding that 
the U. S. government should acquire a part of the 
bay as a naval station. He was granted a conces- 
sion by the Dominican executive, which was con- 
firmed by a plebiscite, and took possession in 
March, 1878, but in 1874 was expelled by the new 
government In 1876 he organized the Rousseau 
electric signal company, and introduced the Eng- 
lish system of interlocking switches and signals. 
He was general superintendent in 1878-*9 of the 
Pacific mail steamship company at San Francisco, 
Cal.. and in 1881 he organized the United States 
steam heating and power company in New York 
city. Capt. Samuels has published a narrative of 
his early life and adventures in the merchant ser- 
vice under the title of " From Forecastle to Cabin ° 
(New York, 1887J. 

SANBORN. Charles Henry, physician, b. in 
Hampton Falls, N. H., 9 Oct, 1822. He was edu- 
cated in the common schools of New Hampshire, 
taught for several years, was graduated at Harvard 
medical school in 1856, and has since practised 
medicine at Hampton Falls. He was active in the 
political revolt of the Independent Democrats of 
New Hampshire in 1845, which ended in detaching 
the state from its pro-slavery position. In 1854-'o 
he was a member of the legislature. He published 
44 The North and the South n (Boston, 1856).— His 
brother, Franklin Benjamin, reformer, b. in 
Hampton Falls, N. H., 15 Dec., 1881, was gradu- 
ated at Harvard in 1855, and in 1856 became secre- 
tary of the Massachusetts state Kansas committee. 
His interest in similar enterprises led to his active 
connection with the Massachusetts state board of 
charities, of which he was secretary in 1868-ty a 
member in 1870-'6, aud chairman in 1874-'6. suc- 
ceeding Dr. Samuel Q. Howe. In 1875 he made a 
searching investigation into the abuses of the 
Tewksbury almshouse, and in consequence the 
institution was reformed. Mr. Sanborn was ac- 
tive in founding the Massachusetts infant asylum 
and the Clarke institution for deaf-mutes, ana has 
devoted much attention to the administration of 
the Massachusetts lunacy system. In 1879 he 
helped to reorganize the system of Massachusetts 
charities, with special reference to the care of chil- 
dren and insane persons, and in July, 1879, he be- 
came inspector of charities under the new board. 
He called together the first National conference of 
charities in 1874, and was treasurer of the confer- 
ence in 1886-'8. In 1865 he was associated in the 
organization of the American social science asso- 
ciation, of which he was one of the secretaries until 
1868, and he has been since 1878 its chief secretary. 
With Bronson Alcott and William T. Harris he 
aided in establishing the Concord summer school 
of philosophy in 1879, and was its secretary and 
one of its lecturers. Since 1868 he has been edito- 
rially connected with the Springfield "Republi- 
can, and has also been a contributor to newspapers 
and reviews. The various reports that he has issued 
as secretary of the organizations of which he is a 
member, from 1865 till 1888, comprise about fortv 
volumes. He has edited William £. Channing's 
M Wanderer" (Boston, 1871) and A. Bronson Al- 



cotfs M Sonnets and Canzone's w (1888) and "New 
Connecticut M (1886); and is the author of *♦ Life of 
Thoreau " (1882) and •• Life and Letters of John 
Brown " (1885). 

SANBORN, Edwin David, educator, b. in Gil- 
manton. N. H., 14 May, 1808; d. in Hanover, N. H., 
29 Dec, 1885. He was graduated at Dartmouth in 
1882, taught for a year at Oilman ton, studied law, 
and afterward divinity at Andover seminary, and 
became professor of Latin at Dartmouth in 1885. 
In 1859 he became president of Washington uni- 
versity, St Louis. Mo., but in 1868 he returned to 
Dartmouth as professor of oratory and belles-lettres. 
In 1880 he assumed the new chair of Anglo-Saxon 
and the English language and literature. He re- 
ceived the degree or LL. D. from the University 
of Vermont in 1859. He married, on 11 Dec, 1887, 
Mary Ann, a niece of Daniel Webster. He was a 
leader in public affairs in his town and state, and 
was several times elected to the legislature. Be- 
sides contributions to newspapers and magazines, 
he published lectures on education, a u Eulogy on 
Daniel Webster*' (Hanover, 1858), and a " History 
of New Hampshire" (Manchester, 1875). — His 
daughter. Katharine Abbott, author, b. in Han- 
over, N. H.. in 1839, taught English literature in 
various seminaries, and held that chair in Smith 
college for several years, resigning in 1886, in order 
to follow literary pursuits in New York city. She 
has lectured in public on literary history and allied 
subjects, and written on education, and for several 
years was a newspaper correspondent in New York 
city. She has also edited calendars and holiday 
books. Under the name of Kate Sanborn she has 
published M Home Pictures of English Poets " (New 
York, 1869); the "Round Table Series of Litera- 
ture Lessons n (1884); "The Vanity and Insanity 
of Genius M (1885); "Wit of Women " (1886) ; and 
M A Year of Sunshine n (1887). 

SANBORN, John Benjamin, soldier, b. in 
Epsom, N. H., 5 Dec. 1826. He was educated at 
Dartmouth, studied law, and was admitted to the 
bar in July, 1854. In December of that year he re- 
moved to St. Paul, 
Minn., where he 
has since resided, 
engaged in the 
practice of the law 
when not in the 
public service. As 
adjutant - general 
and quartermas- 
ter-general of Min- 
nesota he organ- 
ized and sent to the 
field five regiments 
of infantry, a bat- 
talion of cavalry, 
and two batteries 
of artillery in 1861, 
and in the spring 
of 1862 left the 
state as colonel of 

the 4th Minnesota volunteers, remaining in ac- 
tive service in the field to the close of the war. 
At Iuka, his first battle, he commanded the lead- 
ing brigade and was commended in the official 
report. About 600 of his men. out of 2,200, were 
killed and wounded in little more than an hour. 
For this he was appointed brigadier - general of 
volunteers, but the senate allowed this appoint- 
ment to lapse, and after the Vicksburg campaign, 
on the recommendation of Gen. McPherson and 
Gen. Grant, he was again commissioned to date 
from 4 Aug., 1868. This appointment was con- 




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SANBORN 



SANCHEZ DE AGUILAR 



885 



firmed by the senate. He participated in the bat- 
tles of Corinth, Port Gibson, Raymond, Jackson, 
and Champion Hills, and in the assault and siege 
of Vicksburg. He was designated to lead the ad- 
rance into the town after the surrender, and super- 
intended the paroling of the prisoners of war and 
passing them beyond the lines. This honor was 
conferred on account of his gallant conduct and 
that of his command, especially at the battle of 
Jackson. After October he commanded the dis- 
trict of southwest Missouri and a brigade and di- 
vision of cavalry in the field in October and Novem- 
ber, 1864, and fought the actions of Jefferson City, 
Boone ville, Independence, Big Blue, Little Blue, 
Osage, Marias des-Cygnes, and Newtonia. He was 
never defeated by the enemy, and never failed of 
complete success except in the assault of 22 May 
at Vicksburg. He conducted a campaign against 
the Indians of the southwest in the summer and 
autumn of 1865, opened all the lines of commu- 
nication to the territories of Colorado and New 
Mexico, and terminated all hostilities with the 
Comanche, Kiowa, Cheyenne, Arapahoe, and Apa- 
ches of the upper Arkansas, by the treaties that 
he concluded at the mouth of the Little Arkan- 
sas in October, 1865. After this, in the winter of 
1865-*6, under the direction of President Johnson, 
he adjusted amicably the difficulties growing out 
of the war between the Cherokees, Choctaws, 
Chickasaws, Creeks, and Seminoles and their slaves, 
and declared the slaves of these tribes free. In 
1867 Gen. Sanborn was designated by congress as 
one of an Indian peace commission, and with the 
other commissioners negotiated several treaties 
which have remained in force and, in connection 
with the report of that commission, have had a 
great influence in the amelioration of the condition 
of the Indians. He has been a member of the 
house and senate of Minnesota on various occasions. 

SANBORN, John Sewell, Canadian judge, b. 
in Giimanton, N. H., 1 Jan., 1819; d. in Sher- 
brooke, Ontario, 18 July, 1877. He was graduated 
at Dartmouth in 1842, removed to Canada, and in 
1847 was admitted to the bar in Montreal. He was 
elected to parliament for Sherbrooke county in 
1850, re-elected in 1852 and 1854, and was subse- 
quently elected for Compton county, remaining a 
member till 1857. In 1863 he was elected for Wel- 
lington county to the legislative council, and be 
served until the uuion of the provinces in 1867, 
when he became a member of the Dominion sen- 
ate. He resigned this place in 1873, when he was 
appointed judge of the superior court at Sher- 
brooke by Sir John A. Macdonald, to whom he 
was politically opposed. In 1874 he became a 
judge of the court of queen's bench. 

SAN BUENAYENTURA, Gabriel de (san- 
bwar-nah-vain-too'-rah), Spanish missionary, b. in 
Seville, Spain. He was a monk of the Franciscan 
order, ana spent many years in Yucatan, where he 
was still living in 1695. He wrote " Arte de la 
lengua Maya (Mexico, 1684), and was also the 
author of a *' Vocabulario Maya y Espaffol," con- 
taining descriptions of the medical and botanical 
products of the country, which, at the beginning 
of the 19th century, was in the Franciscan convent 
of Valladolid, Yucatan, but is now lost 

SAN CARLOS, Jos6 Miguel, Duke de. Spanish- 
American statesman, b. in Lima, Peru, in 1771 : d. 
in Paris, France, 17 July, 1828. He was descended 
from the ancient family of Carvajal, which since 
the time of Charles V. had possessed the hereditary 
title of chief courier for the Indies. After com- 
pleting his studies at the College of Lima, he went 
to Spain at the age of sixteen, and entered on a 
yol. v. — 26 



military career. He commanded the right of the 
allied armies that attacked Toulon in 1793, was 
tutor of the kings children in 1797-1801. was ap- 
pointed major-domo of Charles IV. in 1805, and 
in 1807 became viceroy of Navarre. When Ferdi- 
nand VII. ascended the throne, he made the Duke 
de San Carlos director of his household, and fol- 
lowed the advice of his old tutor, and of Escoiquiz, 
in submitting to Napoleon. During the kings cap- 
tivity the duke labored incessantly for his restora- 
tion, and when be had accomplished this object, 
in December, 1813, he exercised the functions of 
prime minister until in the following November 
the influence of his enemies compelled his retire- 
ment He was afterward ambassador at different 
courts, and died while representing his govern- 
ment at Paris. 

SANCHE8, Alfonso (san'-chess), Portuguese 
pilot, b. in Cascaes, Estremadura, about 1430; d. 
about 1486. According to Francisco Goraara in 
his ** Historia de las Inaias," Abreu e Lima in his 
"Synopsis e deduccao chronologies," Ayres de 
Cazal in his " Corographia Brasilica," Lisboa in his 
44 Annaes do Rio de Janeiro," and other historians, 
Sanches commanded a caravel, and was trading on 
the coast of Africa, when he was forced by winds 
and currents toward the west to an unknown land, 
where he discovered the mouth of a mighty river, 
probably the Amazon, and on his return landed at 
some large islands, perhaps Cuba and Santo Do- 
mingo. On this homeward journey his caravel was 
wrecked near Madeira, or at Porto Santo, where he 
was rescued by Columbus, with whom he lived for 
•the rest of his life, and to whom he left his papers 
and the secret of his great discovery, which after- 
ward enabled the Genoese navigator* to And Ameri- 
ca. Although uo direct proofs exist as to the truth 
of these facts, nothing has yet been discovered to 
contradict them, and thus Sanches stands among 
the many claimants of the discovery of America. 

SANCHEZ, Labrador Jos6 (san'-eheth), Span- 
ish missionary, b. in Guarda, Spain, 19 Sept, 1717; 
d. in Ravenna, Italy, in 1799. He entered the Jesuit 
order in 1731, went some time afterward to Para- 
guay, and was professor of philosophy and theology 
in the academy of New Cordova. He abandoned 
bis professorship to preach to the Indians, among 
whom he lived till the expulsion of the Jesuits from 
the Spanish colonies. He wrote a dictionary and 
grammar of the Ubja dialect, and translated the 
catechism into it; also "Paraguay natural ilus- 
trado. Noticias de la naturaleza del Pays, con la 
explicaci6n de fen6menos flsicos. generates y par- 
ticulates : usos utiles que de sus producciones se 
pueden hacer." 

SANCHEZ DE AGUILAR, Pedro (san'-cheth}, 
Mexican bishop, b. in Valladolid, Yucatan, 10 April, 
1555; d. in Santa Cruz, Bolivia, about 1640. He 
was a descendant of the first conquerors of Yuca- 
tan. Sanchez was sent by his father to Mexico, 
where he studied in the College of Sun Ildefonso, 
was ordained and graduated as doctor in theology, 
and was rector of several parishes in Yucatan. 
He became vicar-general of the bishopric of Yuca- 
tan, and in 1617 was sent to Madrid and Rome as 
commissioner of his province. King Philip III. 
appointed him to a canon ry in the cathedral of 
La Plata in the province of Charcas. whither he 
sailed after his return to Mexico, and later he 
was appointed judge of the Inquisition in Lima, 
and Anally bishop of Santa Cruz. He wrote •* In- 
fornie contra Idolorum Cul tores del Obispado de 
Yucatan " (Madrid, 1619 and 1639) ; " Cartilla 6 
Catecismo de Doctrina Cristiana en Idioma Yuca- 
teco"; and "Memoria de los priiueros Conquis- 



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SANDEBSON 



tadores de Yucatan.** The two last were not 
published and have been lost 

SANDEMAN, Robert, founder of a sect, b. in 
Perth, Scotland, in 1718; <L in Danbury, Conn., 2 
April, 1771. He studied in the University of Edin- 
burgh, engaged in the linen trade, and, on marry- 
ing the daughter of the Rev. John Glass, became 
an elder in his church, and reduced Glass's opinions 
to a system. Under S&ndeman's influence churches 
were gathered in the principal cities of Scotland, 
and Newcastle, London, and other English towns. 
His views excited much controversy. They were 
similar to those of Calvin with the distinguishing 
tenet that faith was a ** mere intellectual belief, a 
bare belief of the bare truth.* 1 He rejected all mys- 
tical and double sense from the Scripture, prohib- 
ited games of chance, " things strangled,** accord- 
ing to the Jewish precept, and college training, and 
required weekly love feasts, and a plurality of elders. 
The sect was aivided into two parts, the Baptist 
Sandemanians. who practised the sacrament of 
baptism, and the Osbornites. who rejected it. San- 
deman came to this country in 1764, and organized 
societies in Boston, Mass., and Danbury, Conn. 
During the Revolution the Sandemanians were 

generally loyalists, and gave the Whigs much trou- 
le. The sect now numbers about 1,500 persons 
(1888). Sanderaan published a series of "Letters 
addressed to James Hervey on his 'Theron and 
Aspasio**' (Edinburgh, 1757; last ed\, 1888). 

&ANDERS. Daniel Clarke, educator, b. in 
Sturbridge, Mass., 8 May, 1768; d. in Medfield, 
Mass., 18 Oct., 1850. He was graduated at Harvard 
in 1788, was a teacher in the Cambridge grammar- 
school while studying divinity, and was licensed to 
8 reach in 1790. He was pastor of the Congrega- 
ional church in Vergennes, Vt, in 1794-1800, and 
in October of the latter year became president of 
the University of Vermont, which post he held for 
fourteen years. In 1815-*29 he was pastor of the 
church in Medfield, Mass. He afterward accepted 
no settled charge, but preached occasionally, and 
interested himself in educational concerns, being 
chairman of the Medfield board of selectmen and 
of the school committee. He served in the Massa- 
chusetts constitutional convention in 1890. Har- 
vard gave him the degree of D. D. in 1809. Dr. 
Sanders was an earnest worker in the cause of edu- 
cation. While president of the University of Ver- 
mont he performed his duties for three years with- 
out an assistant, the class of 1804 received all its 
instruction from him, and he regularly taught from 
six to ten hours a day. He published about thirty 
discourses, and a " History of the Indian Wars with 
the First Settlers of the United States** (Mont- 
pelier, Vt, 1812). 

SANDERS. Elizabeth Elk Ins, author, b. in 
Salem, Mass.. in 1762 ; d. there, 10 Aug., 1851. She 
was educated in her native town, married Thomas 
Sanders in 1782, and was greatly esteemed for her 
extensive benevolence, she corresponded with 
many eminent persons, and published ** Conversa- 
tions, principally on the Aborigines of North 
America" (Salem, Mass., 1828); "First Settlers of 
New England** (Boston, 1829); and "Reviews of 
a Part of Prescott*s * History of Ferdinand and 
Isabella,* and of Campbell's ' Lectures on Poetry * ** 
(1841). She also contributed to the press on moral 
and religious subjects. 

SANDERS, John, engineer, b. in Islington, 
Ky., in 1810 ; d. in Fort Delaware, Del, 29 July, 
1858. He was graduated at the U. S. military 
academy in 1884, became captain in the engineer 
corps in 1888, and for many years was engaged in 
improving the Ohio river, and in the construction 



and repair of the interior defences of New York 
harbor. During the Mexican war he participated 
in the battles of Monterey and Vera Cruz, and re- 
ceived the brevet of major for gallantry in the first- 
named action. He subsequently was employed in 
the improvements on Delaware bay and river, and 
in constructing Fort Delaware. He published 
44 Memoirs on the Resources of the Valley of the 
Ohio ** (New York, 1844), and a translation of Fran- 
cois F. Poncelet*s " Memoir of the Stability of He- 
vetements and their Foundation " (1850). 

SANDERS, William Price, soldier, b. in Lex- 
ington, Ky., 12 Aug., 1888; d. in Knoxville, Tenn n 
18 Nov., 186a He was graduated at the U. & 
military academy in 1856, became 1st lieutenant, 
10 May, 1861, and on the 14th of that month cap- 
tain of the 6th U. S. cavalry. He engaged in the 
battles of Yorktown, Williamsburg, Mechanics- 
ville, and Hanover Court-House during the Vir- 

finia peninsular campaign, became colonel of the 
th Kentucky cavalry in March, 1868, was in pur- 
suit of Morgan's raiders in July and August, was 
chief of cavalry in the Department of the Ohio in 
October and November, and participated in the ac- 
tions at Blue Lick Springs. Lenori, and Campbell's 
Station, where he was mortally wounded. He be- 
came brigadier-general of volunteers, 18 Oct., 1868. 
SANDERSON, John, author, b. near Carlisle, 
Pa., in 1788 ; d. in Philadelphia, Ps*, 5 April, 1844. 
He was educated by a private tutor, and began the 
study of law in Philadelphia in 1806, but became 
a teacher, and was subsequently associate principal 
of Clermont seminary. He went abroad in 1885, 
and, on his return the next year, became professor 
of Latin and Greek in the Philadelphia high-school, 
which post he held until his death. Rufus W. Gris- 
wold said of him : ** He was not less brilliant in 
his conversation than in his writings, but he never 
summoned a shadow to any face, nor permitted a 
weight to lie on any heart.** With nis brother, 
Joseph M. Sanderson, he published the first two 
volumes of the " Biography of the Signers of the 
Declaration of Independence ** (Philadelphia, 1820 ; 
completed in 7 volumes, by Robert Wain, Jr., and 
others, 1820-7 ; illustrated ed., by William Brother- 
head, 1865). He was also author of a pamphlet in 
which he successfully opposed the plan to exclude 
the classical languages from Girard college (1826) ; 
* Sketches of Paris *jl888 ; republished in London, 
under the title of " The American in Paris,** 1888; 
8d ed., 2 vols., 1848) ; and portions of a work en- 
titled ** The American in London," which appeared 
in the " Knickerbocker Magazine.** 

SANDERSON, John Philip, soldier, b. in 
Lebanon county, Pa.,18 Feb., 1818 ; d. in St Louis, 
Ma, 14 Oct, 1864. He was admitted to the bar in 
1889, and served in the legislature in 1845, and in 
the state senate in 1847. He edited the Philadel- 
phia M Daily News** in 1848-756, and became chief 
clerk of the U. S. war department in 1861, but re- 
signed to become lieutenant-colonel of the 15th 
UT S. infantry. He was appointed its colonel in 
July, 1868, and in February, 1864, became provost- 
marshal-general of the Department of the Missouri. 
His most important public service was the full ex- 
position that he maae during the civil war of the 
secret political organization in the northern and 
western states, known as the " Knights of the golden 
circle ** or the " Order of American knights. ' He 
published "Views and Opinions of American 
Statesmen on Foreign Immigration** (Philadel- 
phia, 1848), and " Republican Landmarks ** (1856). 
SANDERSON, Joseph, clergyman, b. in Bally- 
bay, County Monaghan, Ireland, 28 May, 1828. He 
was graduated at the Royal college, Belfast, in 



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SANDS 



387 



1845, came to this country the next year, and was 
classical teacher in Washington institute, New York 
city, in 1847-*9. He then studied theology, was 
licensed to preach in 1849, and became pastor of 
the Associate Presbyterian church in Providence, 
R. I. In 1853-'69 he occupied the pulpit of a Pres- 
byterian church in New York city. He was acting 
pastor of the Congregational church at Saugatuck, 
Conn., in 1872-*8, assistant editor of the " Homi- 
letic Monthly" in l881-'8, and has edited the 
M Pulpit Treasury " since 1888. He has published 
" Jesus on the Holy Mount " (New York, 1869), and 
a Memorial Tributes" (1888). 

SANDFORD, Lewis Halsey, jurist, b. in Ovid. 
N. Y., 8 June, 1807; d. in Toledo, Ohio, 27 July, 
1852. He studied law at Syracuse, N. Y., was ad- 
mitted to the bar in 1828, removed to New York 
city in 1888, and in 1848 was chosen assistant vice- 
chancellor of the first circuit He became vice- 
chancellor in 1846, and from 1847 till his death 
was associate justice of the superior court of New 
York. He published " Catalogue of the New York 
Law Institute" (New York, 1848); "New York 
Chancery Reports "(4 vols., 1846- , 50); and "New 
York Superior Court Reports" (1849-'52). — His 
brother, Edward, lawyer, b. in Ovid, N. Y« 22 
Sept., 1809; d. at sea, 27 Sept, 1854, received an 
academic education, and at fifteen years of age set- 
tled in Albany, where he engaged in teaching and 
lecturing. He subsequently studied law, was ad- 
mitted to the bar in 1888, began practice in New 
York city, and in 1842 was appointed judge of the 
criminal court of that city. He subsequently re- 
turned to the bar, and took the highest rank in his 
Srofession. Mr. Sandford was a member of the 
Tew York senate in 1848. He was lost in the 
steamship " Arctic." 

SANDIFORD, Ralph, author, b. in Liverpool, 
England, about 1698; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 28 
May, 1783. He was the son of John sandiford, of 
Liverpool, and in early life was a sailor. He emi- 
grated to Pennsylvania, where he settled on a farm 
and became a Quaker preacher. Sandiford was 
one of the earliest public advocates of the emanci- 
pation of negro slaves, and in support of his views 
published "A Brief Examination of the Practice 
of the Tiroes, by the Foregoing and Present Dis- 
pensation, etc" (Philadelphia, 1729; 2d ed., en- 
larged, 1780). These were printed by Franklin 
and Meredith. Franklin says, in a letter dated 4 
Nov., 1789 : u I printed a book for Ralph Sandiford 
against keeping negroes in slavery, two editions of 
which he distributed gratis." Sandiford's doc- 
trines met with but little favor, except among the 
poor, who were brought into competition with 
slave labor. The chief magistrate of the province 
threatened Sandiford with punishment if he per- 
mitted his writings to be circulated, but notwith- 
standing, he distributed the work wherever he 
thought it would be read. Sandiford was buried 
in a field, on his own farm, near the house where 
he died. The executors of his will had the grave 
enclosed with a balustrade fence, and caused a 
stone to be placed at the head of it, inscribed : " In 
Memoir of Ralph Sandiford, Son of John Sandi- 
ford, of Liverpool He Bore a Testimony against 
the Negroe Trade and Dyed ye 28th of ye 8rd Month, 
1788, Aged 40 Years." See ** Memoir of Benjamin 
Lay and: Ralph Sandiford," by Robert Vaux (Phila- 
delphia, 1815; London, 1816). 

SANDOVAL, Alfonso de, Peruvian philan- 
thropist, b. in Seville, Spain; d. in Carthagena, 
Spanish America, 25 Dec., 1652. He went to South 
America when a boy, was educated by the Jesuits 
of Lima, joined their order, and devoted himself 



to the care of the slaves, among whom he spent 
the rest of his life. The object of most of his 
writings was to advance the temporal and spiritual 
welfare of the negroes. His principal works are 
" Naturaleza sagrada y profana, costumbres, ritos, 
discipline y catecismo evangelico de todos los 
Ethiopes" (Seville, 1627); " Vida de & Francisco 
Xavier y lo que obraron los PP. de la compafiia 
de Jesus en la India " (1619) ; and " De Instauranda 
Aethiopum Salute " (Madrid, 1646). 

SANDOVAL, Gonialo de, Spanish soldier, b. 
in Medellin, Spain, about 1496; d. in Moguer, 
Spain, near the close of 1528. He was the young- 
est of the lieutenants of Hernan Cortes, who, after 
the subjugation of Montezuma, placed him in com- 
mand at Villa Rica de Vera Cruz. He seized the 
messengers of Narvaez, who demanded the surren- 
der of the town, and sent them as prisoners to 
Cortes, to whom ne rendered effective aid in over- 
coming his rival. He conducted operations against 
the Aztecs from a post called Segura, near Tepeaca, 
until the vessels were built for the attack by lake 
on the capital, when he went to Tlascala to direct 
their transportation. In the investment he occu- 

Eied the eastern approach, and in the first assault 
e supported Alvarado in an attempt to gain the 
market-place. He met Cristobal de Tapia, who 
was sent to relieve Cortes, in December, 1521, and 
in a council of officers obtained a delay. He was 
the ablest and most conspicuous officer of Cortes in 
his southern conquests, and accompanied him on 
his return to Spain to confront his enemies, but 
died immediately after landing. 

SANDOYAL SILYA Y MENDOZA, Gaspar 
de (san-do-val), Count de Oalve, viceroy of Mexi- 
co, b. in Saragossa about 1640 ; <L in Spain early 
in the 18th century. He was appointed to re- 
lieve Melchor de Porto-Carrero, who bad been 
fromoted viceroy of Peru, and arrived in Mexico, 
7 Sept, 1688. Shortly afterward, hearing that 
the French had founded an establishment in the 
Bay of San Bernardo, he ordered the governor of 
Coahuila, Alonso de Leon (o. v.), to expel them with 
an expedition, which left Monclova in 1689. He 
sent in 1690 an expedition of seven ships and 2,600 
men to Santo Domingo to assist the governor of 
the Spanish part of the island in expelling the 
French from the western part, and on 21 Jan., 
1691, the latter were routed near Ouarico (now 
Cape Haytien), the French governor was killed, 
ana the city was sacked and burnt. In 1691 he 
established several military posts in Texas, and 
in the same year a presidio was founded in the Bay 
of Pensacola. He was the first to establish schools 
for the Indians, taught them Spanish, and gave 
minor employments to those that were foremost in 
learning. In 1692 the crop of corn failed, and the 
consequent famine caused a mutiny in the capital, 
in which the viceregal palace and several public 
buildings were partially burnt A second expe- 
dition, m co-operation with the English fleet, was 
sent in 1695 against the French establishments on 
the northwest coast of Santo Domingo, and their 
forts were destroyed. His health was declining, 
and, after he had repeatedly petitioned the court 
to relieve him, he obtained in 1695 permission to 
deliver the executive to Bishop Juan de Ortega 
Montafies, who took charge on 27 Feb., 1696. San- 
doval then returned to Spain. 

SANDS, Alexander Hamilton, lawyer, b. in 
Williamsburg, Va., 2 May, 1828; d. in Richmond, 
Va., 22 Dec., 1887. He studied at William and Mary 
in 1838-'42, but was not graduated, read law, and 
in 1848 became deputy clerk of the state superior 
court. In 1845-'9 he held the same office in the 



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SANDS 




U. S. circuit court. He was a judge-advocate in 
the Confederate army during the civil war, and a 
short time before his death entered the Baptist 
ministry, serving congregations in Ashland and 
Olen Allan, Va. Besides contributions to periodi- 
cals, he published ** History of a Suit in Equity " 
(Richmond, 1854); a new edition of Alexander 
Tate's "American Form-Book" (1857); "Recrea- 
tions of a Southern Barrister" (Philadelphia, 1860) ; 
"Practical Law Forms " (1872): and "Sermons by 
a Village Pastor." He compiled " Hubbell's Legal 
Directory of Virginia Laws, 1 * and was the editor of 
the "Quarterly Law Review" and the "Evening 
Bulletin " (18W), both in Richmond. 

SANDS, Benjamin Franklin, naval officer, b. 
in Baltimore, McL, 11 Feb., 1811 ; d. in Washing- 
ton, D. C, 80 June, 1888. He entered the navy as 
midshipman, 1 April, 1828, and was commissioned 
lieutenant, 16 March, 1840. During the latter part 
of the Mexican war 
he was in the Gulf 
squadron, and took 
part in the expedi- 
tion up the Tabasco 
river and at Tus- 
pan. He cruised in 
the sloop " York- 
town " and in com- 
mand of the brig 
" Porpoise " off the 
coast of Africa, for 
the suppression of 
the slave-trade, in 
1848-'51. He was 
attached to the 
coast-survey service 
in 1851-'9, during 
which period he was 
promoted to com- 
mander, 14 Sept, 
1855. He was next attached to the bureau of 
construction in the navy department until the 
civil war. He was commissioned captain. 16 July, 
1862, commanded the steamer " Dacotah " on the 
blockade, participating in the engagement with 
Fort Caswell at the mouth of Cape Fear river. He 
was senior officer in command of the division on 
the blockade off Wilmington. N. C, in 1862-'5, and 
also took part in both attacks on Fort Fisher in 
command of the steamer " Fort Jackson." He had 
charge of the division on the blockade off the coast 
of Texas from February to June, 1865, and on 
2 June, 1865, he hoisted the U. S. flag at Galves- 
ton, the last place that was surrendered by the Con- 
federates. He was commissioned commodore, 25 
July, 1866, and appointed superintendent of the 
naval observatory at Washington in 1867, where 
he remained until the latter part of 1878. He was 
commissioned rear-admiral, 27 April, 1871, placed 
on the retired list, 11 Feb., 1874. and was then a 
resident of Washington until his death. 

SANDS. David, Quaker preacher, b. on Long 
Island, N. Y., 4 Oct, 1745; d. in Cornwall, N. Y., 
in June, 1818. He became a merchant, but entered 
the Society of Friends, married a member of that 
denomination, and began to preach in 1772. He 
labored in this couutry and Canada till 1794, and 
then in Europe till he was sixty years of age. See 
" David Sands. Journal of his Life and Gospel La- 
bors " (New York, 1848). 

SANDS, Henry Berton, surgeon, b. in New 
York city. 27 Sept., 1880; d. there, 18 Nov., 1888. 
After studying at a high-school in New York, he 
graduated at the College of physicians and surgeons 
in that city in 1854. Since that time he has prac- 



/3.J%Q^l>ndt 



tised in New York, giving special attention to sur- 
gery. From 1860 till 18TO ne was in partnership 
with Dr. Willard Parker. Dr. Sands was demon- 
strator of anatomy in the College of physicians and 
surgeons in 1856-'66, professor of tnat branch in 
1869-'79,°and since the last-named year has held 
the chair of the practice of surgery. He has been 
connected with various hospitals as consulting or 
attending surgeon, is a member of many medical 
societies, and was president of the New York coun- 
ty pathological society in 1866-'7, of the County 
medical society in 1874-'6, and of the New York 
surgical society in 1888. In the latter year he be- 
came a corresponding member of the Society of 
surgery of Pans. Dr. Sands has a high reputation 
as a successful operating surgeon. Among the de- 
scriptions of his operations that he has contributed 
to surgical literature are " Case of Cancer of the 
Larynx, successfully removed by Laryngotomy" 
(1865); "Aneurism of the Sub-Clavian, treated by 
Galvano-Puncture" (1860); "Case of Traumatic 
Brachial Neuralgia, treated by Excision of the 
Cords which go to form the Brachial Plexus" 
(1878) ; •* Case of Bony Anchylosis of the Hip-Joint, 
successfully treated by Subcutaneous Division of 
the Neck of the Femur " (1878) ; M Esmarch's Blood- 
less Method " (1875) ; " Treatment of Intussuscep- 
tion by Abdominal Section" (1877); "The Ques- 
tion of Trephining in Injuries of the Head " (1888); 
and "Rupture of the Ligaraentum Patella, and 
its Treatment by Operation" (1885). 

SANDS, Joshua Ratoon, naval officer, b. in 
Brooklyn, N. Y., 18 May, 1795 ; d. in Baltimore, 
Md., 2 Oct., 1888. His father, Joshua Sands, wae 
collector of the port of New York, and a repre- 
sentative in congress in 1803-'5 and 1825-7. The 
son entered the navy as a midshipman, 18 June, 
1812, and immediately entered upon his duties 
in Com. Chauncey's squadron on Lake Ontario. 
He participated in the action with the "Roval 
George," 5 Nov., 1812. The next season he was at- 
tached to the " Madison," and in the action that 
resulted in the capture of Toronto he carried the 
orders of the commodore by pulling in a small boat 
to the different vessels until the enemy surren- 
dered. In May, 1818, he served in the "Pike," 
and fought several engagements with the British 
squadron under Sir James Yeo. In 1814 he was 
with a battery on shore and in the frigate " Supe- 
rior " until peace was proclaimed in 1815. He was 
commissioned lieutenant, 1 April, 1818, and com- 
mander, 23 Feb., 1841. During the Mexican war 
he had charge of the steamer " Vixen," in which 
he assisted at the capture of Alvarado, Tabasco, 
and Laguna. He was governor of the last-named 
place until the investment of Vera Crux, where he 
rendered service by taking the " Vixen " close un- 
der the batteries and to the castle of San Juan 
d'UUoa. He co-operated in the capture of Tuspan, 
and in 1847 brought home the flags, trophies, and 
brass cannon, with a complimentary letter to the 
navy department for his creditable services. In 
1851 he commanded the frigate "St. Lawrence" 
with the government exhibits for the World's fair 
at London, and prior to his departure he was given 
a banquet and presented by the citizens of Brook- 
lyn with a sword and epaulets, which he gave to 
tne Historical society of Brooklyn, together with a 
gold snuff-box inlaid with diamonds that had been 
presented to him by Queen Victoria. He assisted 
in laying the submarine cable in 1857, took part in 
the expedition to Central America against the fili- 
busters, was promoted to captain, 25 Feb., 1854, 
and was flag-officer in command of the Brazil sta- 
tion in 1859-'61. He was retired on 21 Deo, 1861, 



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as he was more than sixty-two years of age, but 
was commissioned commodore, 16 July, 1863, and 
served as light-house inspector on the lakes until 
1866. He was promoted to rear-admiral, 25 July, 
1866, and was port-admiral at Norfolk from 1869 
till 1872. After that he resided at Baltimore until 
his death, at which time he was the senior officer 
of the navy on the retired list. 

SANDS, Robert Charles, author, b. in Flat- 
bush, Long Island, N. Y., 11 May, 1799; d. in Ho- 
boken, N. J., 17 Dec, 1882. His father, Comfort 
Sands (1748-1834), a New York merchant, was an 
active Revolutionary patriot, a delegate to the 
State constitutional convention of 1777, and for 
many years a member of the legislature. The son 
was graduated at Columbia in 1815. While in col- 
lege, ne and James Wallis Eastburn had planned 
two periodicals, ** The Moralist," of which but a sin- 
gle number appeared, and " Academic Recreations," 
which lasted a year. To both of these Sands con- 
tributed prose and verse. On his graduation he 
began to study law with David B. Ogden, but at 
the same time wrote on a great variety of subjects. 
He was one of the authors of a series of essays in 
the " Daily Advertiser," entitled " The Neologist " 
(1817), and another entitled "The Amphilogist " 
(1819), which were marked by purity of taste. He 
also began to translate the Psalms of David with 
his friend Eastburn, and wrote with him " Yamoy- 
den," a poem founded on the history of the Indian, 
King Philip, which was published, with additions 
by Sands, after Eastbun/s death (New York, 1820). 
He was admitted to the bar in 1820, declining the 
chair of belles-lettres in Dickinson college, but 
continued to devote himself to literature, and in 
182S- T 4 issued, with others, the "St Tammany 
Magazine," of which seven numbers appeared. In 
1824 he began the " Atlantic Magazine, and when 
it became the " New York Review " he conducted 
it with William Cullen Brvant in 1825-7. From 
the latter year till his death he was an editor of the 
"Commercial Advertiser." During the latter part 
of his life he lived in Hoboken, N. J., then a rural 
village, the beauties of whose environs he celebrated 
in some of his writings. Besides the works that 
have been mentioned above, he wrote " The Talis- 
man," an annual, 
jointly with Will- 
iam Cullen Brvant 
and Gulian C. Ver- 

flanck (8 vols., 
828 -"30; repub- 
lished as "Miscel- 
lanies'*). In this 
appeared " The 
Dream of the Prin- 
cess Papantzin," 
one of his longest 
poems. He con- 
tributed to " Tales 
of Glauber Spa," 
for which he wrote 
the humorous in- 
troduction (2 vols., 
1832), and was also 
the author of "Life 
and Correspond- 
ence of Paul Jones" 
(1831). His works were edited, with a memoir, by 
Gulian C. Verplanck (2 vols., New York, 1834). 

SANDYS, Sir Edwin, English statesman, b. in 
Worcester in 1561; d. in Northborne, Kent, in 
1629. His father, of the same name, was bishop of 
Worcester, and afterward archbishop of York. The 
son was educated at Oxford, supported the claims 



of James I. to the English throne, and was knighted 
in 1603. He became an active member of the first 
London company for Virginia, led in reformatory 
measures, and introduced the vote by ballot He 
was elected treasurer (the chief officer of the com- 
pany) in 1619, and established representative gov- 
ernment in the* colony, whose security and pros- 
perity he did much to promote. Through Spanish 
influence, King James, in violation of the charter, 
forbade his re-election in 1620, but his successor, 
the Earl of Southampton, continued his policy. 
He published " Europa Speculum, or a Survey of 
the State of Religion in the Western Part of the 
World" (best ed., 1687).— His brother, George, 
poet, b. in Bishopsthorpe in 1577 ; d. in Boxley ab- 
Dey, Kent, in March, 1644, was educated at Oxford, 
and in 1621 became colonial treasurer of Virginia, 
where he built the 
first water - mill, 
promoted the es- 
tablishment of 
iron- works, and in 
1622 introduced 
ship-building. His 
translation of the 
last ten books of 
Ovid '8 "Metamor- 
phoses," which he 
accomplished dur- 
ing his stay (Lon- 
don, 1626), is the 
first English lit- 
erary production 
of any value that 
was written in 
this country, 
his dedication 
Charles I. he says- 
it was " limned by 
that imperfect light which was snatched from the 
hours of nieht and repose." He returned to Eng- 
land in 1624. Sandys is well known as a traveller 
from his " Relation of a Journey " in the countries 
on the Mediterranean sea and the Holy Land (Lon- 
don, 1615), and he also published metrical ver- 
sions of the Psalms (1636), the Song of Solomon 
(1689), and other parts of the Scriptures. A col- 
lected edition of his works has been published f2 
vols., London, 1872). See his life by Henry J. 
Todd, prefixed to selections from his metrical 
paraphrases (1839). 

SANFORD, Charles W., lawyer, b. in Newark, 
N. J., 5 May, 1796 ; d. in Avon Springs, Livingston 
co., N. Y., 25 July, 1878. He studied law in the 
office of Ogden Hoffman in New York city, and 
was admitted to the bar there, where he remained 
in continuous practice throughout his life. He 
was counsel for the Harlem railroad for more than 
twenty years, and became well known from his 
connection with several important suits. He was 
vice-president of the Bar association and a mem- 
ber of the Law institute. He enlisted as a private 
in the 3d New York militia regiment, and was pro- 
moted until he was placed in command of the 1st 
division. In 1867 he was retired by Gov. Reuben 
E. Fenton, after being at the head of the military 
organization in New York city for more than thirty 
years. On him devolved the responsibility of di- 
recting the troops that were called out to suppress 
the Astor place, Flour, Street-preachers', and Draft 
riots. At the beginning of the civil war he re- 
sponded to the first call for three-months volun- 
teers, and was placed at the head of a division un- 
der Gen. Robert Patterson. He was in command 
at Harper's Ferry during the battle of Bull Run. 



3U 1U 

Ion to */* 
ie says— *— * 



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SANFORD 



SANFORD 



In his early life Gen. San ford had some experience 
as a manager, but having lost both of his theatres 
by fire, he abandoned that field of speculation. 

SANFORD, David, clergyman, b. in New Mil- 
ford, Conn., 11 Dec., 1737: d. in Medway, Mass., 
7 April, 1810. He was graduated at Yale in 1755 
and studied theology, but, instead of entering the 
ministry, removed to Great Barrington, Mass., 
where he settled on a farm. Subsequently, through 
his brother-in-law, Samuel Hopkins, a clergyman, 
his attention being again turned to the pulpit, he 
resumed his studies, and on 14 April, 1773, was 
ordained pastor of the Congregational church at 
Medway, Mass., where he passed the remainder of 
his life, with the exception of a brief period, dur- 
ing which he served as a chaplain in the Revolution- 
ary army. As an orator Mr. Sanford possessed un- 
usual gifts. As a preacher he especially excelled in 
44 tracing the windings of the human heart, in 
tearing from the hypocrite his mask, in rousing 
the slumbering; conscience, and in quickening the 
sluggish affections." He early resisted the oppres- 
sion of Great Britain, and relinquished his salary 
for a time. He was occasionally blunt and severe, 
especially when he met with those that came short 
of his own high standard of clerical dignity and 
devotion. Thus, when a licentiate with clownish 
manners and a rustic garb asked what system of 
divinity he would recommend, he replied : " Lord 
Chesterfield's divinity to you ! " On another occa- 
sion, on hearing that a young preacher had refused 
a call on the ground that there was an extensive 
pine-swamp in the place, he exclaimed: "Young 
man, it is none of your business where God has 
put his pine-swamps." Mr. Sanford never wrote 
nis sermons, and the only publications bearing his 
name are two 44 Dissertations " issued in 1810, one 
44 On the Nature and Constitution of the Law given 
to Adam in Paradise," and the other 44 0n the 
Scene of Christ in the Garden of Gethsemane." 

SANFORD, Ezekiel, author, b. in Ridgefield, 
Fairfield co., Conn., in 1796: d. in Columbia, S. C, 
in 1822. He was graduated at Yale in 1815, and 
in 1819 published 44 A History of the United States 
before tne Revolution, with Some Account of the 
Aborigines " (Philadelphia). Of this work Nathan 
Hale (q. v.) wrote in the " North American Re- 
view " in September of that year : 44 We have pro- 
ceeded far enough, we trust, to support our charge 
of gross inaccuracy in the work before us." The 
same year Mr. Sanford projected an expurgated 
edition of the British poets with biographical 
prefaces in fifty volumes, twenty-two of which he 
had published when his health failed (Philadel- 
phia), and the remainder of the series was edited 
by Robert Walsh, for many years U. S. consul in 
Paris. Sanford left in manuscript a satirical novel 
entitled 4 * The Humors of Eutopia." 

SANFORD, Henry Shelton, diplomatist, b. in 
Woodbury, Conn., 15 June, 1823. He entered 
Washington (now Trinity) college in 1841, but was 
not graduated, and afterward studied at Heidel- 
berg, where in 1854 he received the degree of 
J. U. D. He was secretary of the U. S. legation 
in Paris in 1849-53, and then charge" d'affaires 
till April, 1854. He resigned on the question of 
citizen's dress for diplomatic uniform, refusing to 
conform to Minister Mason's course, which led, 
on Senator Charles Sumner's motion, to the pres- 
ent law, enforcing Sec. Marcy's circular instruc- 
tion recommending citizen's dress as a diplomatic 
uniform. From 1861 till 1869 he was U. S. minis- 
ter to Belgium, where he negotiated and signed 
the Scheldt treaty, a treaty of commerce and navi- 
gation, a consular convention (the first ever made 



with Belgium), a trade-mark, and naturalization 
conventions. In 1877 he was one of the founders 
of the International African association (now the 
Independent state of the Congo), and became a 
member of the executive committee, representing 
on it the English-speaking races. As its plenipo- 
tentiary at Washington he secured recognition of 
its flag in April, 1884, and he was sent as a dele- 
gate of the U. S. government to the Berlin Congo 
conference of 1885-'6, which opened to free-trade 
and neutrality a territory of 1,000.000 square miles, 
with a population of 50,000,000. In 1870 Mr. 
Sanford founded the city of Sanford, Fla., and en- 
gaged in orange-culture, introducing into Florida 
various new cultures, notably that of the lemon. 
Trinity gave him the degree of LL. D. in 1849. 
Various official reports of his have been published 
by congress, including one on "Penal Codes in 
Europe^' (Washington. 1854), and the 44 Averdslood 
Correspondence," also published by congress, which 
treated very fully of several important questions of 
international law. 

SANFORD, Joseph, clergyman, b. in Vernon, 
Vt., 6 Feb., 1797; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 25 Deo, 
1831. He was graduated at Union in 1820, and at 
Princeton theological seminary in 1823, ordained 
as pastor of a Presbyterian church in Brooklyn, 
N. Y.. in October of that year, and from 1829 till 
his death was pastor of a church in Philadelphia. 
He was distinguished for his power to move the 
sympathies ana emotions of his audiences. See his 
44 Memoirs," by Robert Baird (Philadelphia, 1836). 

SANFORD, Nathan, senator, b. in Bridge- 
hampton, Suffolk co., N. Y., 5 Nov., 1777; d. in 
Flushing, N. Y., 17 Oct., 1838. He was educated 
at Yale college, studied law, was admitted to the 
bar in 1799, and 
began practice in 
New York city. 
He was appoint- 
ed to several local 
offices, and on the 
accession of Presi- 
dent Jefferson was 
made U. S. com- 
missioner in bank- 
ruptcy. From 1803 
till 1816 he was 
U. S. district attor- 
ney. This was the 
period of the com- 
mercial difficulties 
with France, of 
the 44 embargo," 
and of the war 
of 1812, involving 
great embarrass- 
ment to American 
commerce. To the discussion of the difficult legal 
questions arising out of the occurrences of this 
time, Mr. Sanford brought unusual ability, exten- 
sive learning, and a liberal spirit. While holding 
this office, he was twice elected to the New York 
assembly, of which he was chosen speaker in 1811. 
From 1812 till 1815 he was a member of the state 
senate, which then, in addition to its legislative 
functions, sat as a court for the correction of er- 
rors. He was elected U. S. senator from New 
York as a Democrat, and served from 4 Dec, 1815, 
till 3 March, 1821, when he was sent as a dele- 
gate to the State constitutional convention. There 
he proposed amendments which were adopted, 
abolishing the property qualification for the elec- 
tive franchise. On the adoption of the new con- 
stitution he was appointed to the office of chan- 




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SANGSTER 



cellor, as successor of James Kent. After four 
years* service he resigned on account of impaired 
health, and was again elected to the U. S. senate, 
serving from 31 Jan., 1826, till 3 March, 1831. Dur- 
ing his second term as senator his efforts were espe- 
cially directed toward securing a reform of the 
currency, and a change in the standard of the gold 
coinage was recommended by him in an elaborate 
report that formed the basis of subsequent legisla- 
tion. He also recommended a line of policy toward 
France in retaliation for the dilatory course pur- 
sued by her regarding indemnity for depredations 
on our commerce, which, though rejected at the 
time, was afterward approved by President Jack- 
son and adopted by congress. At the expiration 
of his senatorial term he retired to his estate on 
Long Island, where he resided until his death. His 
third wife was Mary Buchanan, granddaughter of 
Thomas McKean, signer of the Declaration of In- 
dependence. The wedding ceremony was held in 
the White House, President John Quincy Adams, 
Miss Buchanan's nearest relative, giving away the 
bride.— His son, Edward, poet, b. in Albany, N. Y., 
8 July, 1805; d. in Gowanda, Cattaraugus co., 
N. Y„ 28 Aug., 1876, was graduated at Union 
college in 1824, and studied Taw, but never prac- 
tised, preferring journalism, politics, and literature. 
His first engagement was upon the editorial staff 
of a Brooklyn newspaper. He was subsequently 
connected with the New York ,4 Standard " and 
" Times," with the latter in 1836-7. He next be- 
came associate editor of the Washington " Globe," 
the organ of the Van Buren administration. Re- 
turning to New York city in 1838, he was made 
assistant naval officer at that port, and also held 
the office of secretary to the commission to restore 
the duties on goods that had been destroyed by the 
great fire of 1835. In 1843 he was elected to the 
state senate. He was a frequent contributor of 
both prose and verse to the " New York Mirror " 
the "Spirit of the Times," and the "Knicker- 
bocker* magazine. Among his best-known com- 
positions, only a few of which appeared over his 
own name, are a poetical address to "Black Hawk " 
and " The Loves of the Shell-Fishes." Other speci- 
mens of his graceful and humorous verse are pub- 
lished in various collections. 

SANFORD, Thaddeus, journalist, b. in Con- 
necticut in 1791 ; d. in Mobile, Ala., 80 April, 1867. 
He went to New York city in early life, and en- 
gaged in commercial pursuits until 1822, when he 
removed to Mobile, Ala., and in 1828 became the 
editor and proprietor of the "Mobile Register." 
He continued to conduct that journal, with the 
exception of the period between 1837 and 1841, for 
twenty-six years. In 1833 he was elected president 
of the Bank of Mobile, and in 1853 be was ap- 
pointed collector of the port by President Pierce, 
holding the office throughout Buchanan's admin- 
istration. On the organization of the Confederate 
government he was reappointed, and subsequently, 
in addition, discharged tne duties of " depositary 
for the Confederate treasury. Mr. Sanford was 
intimately connected with the progress and pros- 
perity of his adopted city for nearly half a century. 

SANFUENTES, Salvador (san-foo-ain'-tays), 
Chilian poet, b. in Santiago, 2 Feb., 1817 ; d. there, 
17 July, 1860. He followed preparatory studies in 
the National institute, and early showed literary 
tastes, but, according to his father's wishes, entered 
commercial life in the tetter's store. There he at- 
tracted in 1833 the attention of Audres Bello (q. r.), 
who, recognizing the youth's talent, befriended 
him, and tne next year published in his paper '* El 
Araucano," a translation from Racine by Sanfuen- . 



tea. The latter entered public life as secretary of 
the legation that was sent to Peru in 1836, returned 
to Chili in 1837, was appointed clerk of the minis- 
try of justice and public instruction, and in 1843 
became general secretary of the newly organized 
university. In 1845 he was made intendant of the 
province of Valdivia, and in February* 1847, he was 
called to occupy the ministry of public instruction, 
which place he held till June, 1849. In 1855 he 
was appointed judge of the court of appeals of 
Santiago, in 1857 he was for the second time min- 
ister of public instruction, and in 1858 he was 
elected judge of the supreme court, which place he 
held till his death. He wrote "Caupohcan," a 
drama in verse (Santiago, 1885) ; " El Campanario " 
(1838) ; " Levendas y obras dramaticas " (Santiago, 
1849-'50) ; " Chile desde la batalla de Chacabuco 
hasta la de Maipo " (1850) ; " Ricardo v Lucia, 6 la 
destruction de la Imperial " (2 vols., 1857) ; "Teudo, 
6 raemorias de un solitario " (1858) ; ana " Dramas 
ineaMtos " (1863). In 1878 a monument was erected 
in Santiago to the memory of Sanfuentes, Garcia 
Reyes, and Tocornal. 

SANGER, George Partridge, lawyer, b. in 
Dover, Mass., 27 Nov., 1819. He was graduated at 
Harvard in 1840, and from 1843 till 1846 was tutor 
in that institution. He studied law, was admitted 
to the bar, and received the degree of LL. B. from 
Harvard in 1844. He was for many years the 
editor of " The American Almanac " (Boston), and 
also edited the Boston "Law Reporter" (vols, 
xi-xvi.) in conjunction with Stephen H. Phillips 
and George S. Hale, and after May, 1860, alone. 
He edited, with George Minot, the " United States 
Statutes at Large, Treaties, Proclamations, etc" 
(Boston), and in 1862-'8, with John G. Locke, re- 
vised and consolidated the city ordinances of Bos- 
ton, Mass., and collated the state municipal laws. 

SANGSTER, Charles, Canadian author, b. in 
Kingston, Ontario, 16 July, 1822. He was almost 
entirely self-educated, when fifteen years of age 
he was employed in the laboratory at Fort Henry, 
Kingston, and afterward in the ordnance office as 
a messenger and clerk, where he remained for ten 
years. In 1849 he became editor of the Amherst- 
burg "Courier," and the same year returned to 
Kingston and formed a connection with the press 
of that city. Since then he has gained a reputa- 
tion as a poet, and his compositions have been 
favorably reviewed both here and in Europe. He 
has published "St Lawrence and the Saguenay, 
and other Poems " (Kingston, 1856), and " Hesperus 
and other Poems and Lyrics " (I860). 

SANGSTER, John Herbert, Canadian author, 
b. in London, Ont., 26 March, 1831. He was gradu- 
ated at Victoria college in arts in 1861 and in medi- 
cine in 1864, has been principal of the Toronto 
normal school, professor of chemistry and botany 
in the University of Victoria college, and is now 
(1888) engaged in active practice as a physician. 
He has published "Natural Philosophy" (Mon- 
treal, 1861-'2); "Elementary Arithmetic " (1862) ; 
"Students' Note-Book on Inorganic Chemistry" 
(1862): "National Arithmetic Revised " (1864); 
and "Elements of Algebra " (1864). 

SANGSTER, Margaret Elizabeth, author, b. 
in New Rochelle, N. Y., 22 Feb., 1838. Her maiden 
name was Munson. She was educated chiefly at 
home, and in 1858 married George Sangster. She 
has done a large amount of work as a journalist, 
having been associate editor of "Hearth and 
Home " in 1871-'3, of the " Christian at Work " in 
1873-'9, of the " Christian Intelligencer " from 1879 
till the present time (1888), and of "Harper's 
Young People" since 1882. Her publications in 



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SAN MARTIN 



book-form include ** Manual of Missions of the 
Reformed Church in America " (New York, 1878) ; 
u Poems of the Household " (Boston, 1883) : •• Home 
Fairies and Heart Flowers" (New York, 1887); 
and several Sunday-school books. Her most suc- 
cessful poems are *• Our Own," •• The Sin of Omis- 
sion," and ** Are the Children at Hornet" 

SANKEY, Ira Da rid, evangelist, b. in Edin- 
burgh, Lawrence co., Pa., 28 Aug., 1840. His fa- 
ther, David, was for many years a state senator, 
president of a bank, and an editor. As a boy, Ira 
displayed a great liking for music. The family 
removed to New Castle Pa., where, at the age of 
fifteen, he united with the Methodist church, of 
which his parents were members. He became leader 
of the choir, superintendent of the Sunday-school, 
and president of the Young men's Christian asso- 
ciation in the town. In 1870 he was delegated 
to the Indianapolis international convention of 
the last-named oody, where he first met Dwight 
L. Moody. Since that time he has been asso- 
ciated with him in his evangelistic work as a singer, 
and has attained a wide reputation. His melo- 
dies, whether composed by Mr. Sankey or selected, 
are simple, pleasing, and effective, readily caught, 
and easily remembered. On 23 April, 1886, he 
presented to the town of New Castle, Pa., as a free 
gift, a Youn£ men's Christian association building, 
equipped with gvronasium, reading-rooms, halls, 
school-rooms, and an art gallery, ana since then he 
has also £iven a valuable building - site to the 
church with which he was first connected. Mr. 
Sankey, however, does not confine himself exclu- 
sively to singing ; he has always taken an active 
part in the inquiry - room, and of late has ad- 
dressed meetings very acceptably. He has a fine 
baritone voice, and accompanies himself on the 
harmonium, singing solos, and also leading the 
audiences. Mr. Sankey's compilation of ** Sacred 
Songs and Solos " has been translated into many 
languages, and has had a larger circulation than 
any other book of hymns. 

SAN MARTIN, Jose de, Argentine soldier, b. 
in Yapeyu, 25 Feb.. 1778 ; d. in Boulogne, France, 
17 Aug., 1850. At the age of eight years he was 
sent to Spain, where he was educated in the College 
of the nobility, and, entering the army in 1791, 
served with credit during the French invasion. 
Being promoted lieutenant-colonel, he left the 
array to offer his services in the cause of South 
American independence, and arrived in March, 
1812, in Buenos Ayres. The government commis- 
sioned him, with the rank of colonel, to organize' a 
regiment of mounted grenadiers, with which he 
took part in the campaign against the viceroy 
Vigodet, whom he defeated, 13 Jan., 1813, at San 
Lorenzo. On 18 Jan., 1814, he was appointed 
commander-in-chief of the army in upper Peru, to 
replace Belgrano; but, seeing that the Spanish 
power in America could not be broken until it 
should be attacked from the Pacific coast and de- 
prived of the rich resources of Peru, he matured a 
scheme for an invasion of Chili, and, under the 
pretext of feeble health, retired from the command 
of the army and went to the province of Cu^o as 
governor in September, 1814. There, with the co- 
operation of the Chilian emigrants, he organized 
the famous army of the Andes, and, obtaining the 
assent and tacit aid of the Argentine director, 
Pueyrredon, he set out with his army on 21 Jan., 
1817, from Mendoza. Misleading the Spanish 

Senerals by false reports, he crpssea the Andes un- 
er great difficulties by the pass of U spa 1 lata, and, 
surprising the Spanish at Chacabuco, totally routed 
them on 12 Feb., entering the capital triumphantly 




on the 15th. He was elected supreme chief of the 
republic, but declined and proj>osed O'Higgins, 
only reserving the command of the auxiliary Ar- 
gentine array. The sum of $10,000, offered him 
by the municipality he also refused, dedicating it 
to the foundation of a library in Santiago. After 
the surprise of the united army by the Spaniards 
at Cancha Rayada, 19 March. 1818, he reorganized 
his forces and totally defeated the royalists at 
Maipo on 5 April of that vear, liberating Chili 
from the Spanish yoke. After a visit to Buenos 
Ayres, he returned in October to Chili, and soon be- 
gan to organize, 
with O'Higgins, 
a fleet and army 
for the invasion 
of Peru. In 
May, 1820, he 
was called with 
his troops to 
Buenos Ayres, 
but disobeying, 
as no established 
government ex- 
isted in the Ar- 
gentine, he was 
proclaimed by 
his army an in- 
dependent chief, 
and on 20 Aug. 
sailed with an 
army of 4,500 men on Admiral Cochrane's fleet from 
Valparaiso, landing on 7 Sept at Pisco. After a 
brilliant campaign he entered Lima, which had been 
abandoned by the Spaniards on 12 July, 1821, and 
on 27 July proclaimed the independence of Peru, 
being elected on 3 Aug. by the municipality chief 
of the government, under the title of protector. 
During his short administration he abolished 
slavery and the tribute that bad been levied on the 
Indians, and introduced many other reforms, 
especially in the system of education. He sent the 
famous regiment of mounted grenadiers to assist 
Bolivar in his struggle for independence in Ecua- 
dor, and, seeing the importance of united action, 
he met him in Guayaquil on 25 July, 1822. What 
passed at this interview is unknown, but on his 
return to Lima, San Martin resigned on 22 Aug., 
and, leaving part of his army to assist Gen. Suc^e, 
he went to Europe, where he established himself 
in Brussels. In 1828 he returned to Buenos Ayres 
shortly after the battle of Ituzaingo, and, finding 
his country plunged in intestine troubles, returned 
to Brussels, as he had made a vow never to un- 
sheath his sword in civil war, and in 1830 settled 
in Paris. Chili, Buenos Ayres, and Peru have 
erected statues in his honor. The one in Buenos 
Avres is shown in the engraving. 

SAN MARTIN, Tom as de, Spanish - Ameri- 
can bishop, b. in Cordova, Spain, in 1482 : d. in 
Lima, Peru, in 1554. He entered the Dominican 
order, and was appointed regent of studies in the 
College of St Thomas, Seville. While here he asked 
to be sent to Santo Domingo as missionary to the 
Indians. He arrived in that island in 1525, and at 
once sided with Las Casas in defending the rights 
of the natives. He was president of the royal audi- 
ence of Santo Domingo till 1529, when he went to 
Spain in the interests of the colony. Learning 
that a body of Dominicans were about to follow 
Pizarro to Peru, he resigned his title of president 
and went with them. He remained in San Miguel 
de Piura when Pizarro marched to meet Atahualpa 
at Caxamarca, but entered Cuzco after its cap- 
ture, and then went to the province of Charcaa, 



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SAN ROMAN 



SANTA-ANNA 



of which he was the first apostle. In 1540 he 
was made vicar provincial of the Dominicans of 
Peru, and began the construction of the convent of 
San Rosario in Lima, and was afterward appointed 
provincial for eight years. In 1541, after the as- 
sassination of Pizarro and the proclamation of the 
son of Almagro as captain-general of Peru, Vaca 
de Castro, governor of Peru, who was then at 
Panama, made San Martin his representative. He 
assembled the leading inhabitants of Lima, and 

8 reposed the election of a lieutenant-general to rule 
le country until the governor should arrive. His 
advice was followed, and the choice fell on Fran- 
cisco de Barrionuevo. In the battle of Chupas in 
1542, between the partisans of Almagro and the 
viceroy, he was present at the solicitation of the 
latter, but attended impartially to the wounded on 
both sides. In 1548 ne received a letter from 
Charles V. charging him to see to the execution of 
the ordinances promulgated at the instance of 
Las Casas for the protection of the natives. In 
the civil war that resulted from the effort to give 
effect to these ordinances, he made several attempts 
to bring about a reconciliation between the viceroy, 
Nuflez vela, and Gonzalo Pizarro, and on the tri- 
umph of the latter was sent by him, in conjunction 
witn the archbishop of Lima, to Spain, to solicit an 
amnesty. He set out in 1546, but, meeting Pedro 
de la Oasca at Panama, who had arrived from Spain 
with full power to restore order in Peru, he returned 
to Lima. In 1550 he was commissioned by the city 
of Lima to treat with the court of Spain concerning 
the administration of the country. The emperor 
not only granted him all the favors he asked for the 
city, the principal of which was the establishment 
of a university, but gave him the title of first 
bishop of La Plata and the regency of the royal 
audience in that city. On his arrival in Lima he 
was attacked by the malady of which he died. - 

SAN ROMAN, Miguel de, Peruvian soldier, 
b. in Puno in 1802 ; d. in Chorrilloe, 8 April, 1863. 
He was the son of an Indian chief, and accom- 
panied his father in the revolt of Pumacahua 
(a. v.), and, when the latter was captured and shot, 
the boy swore vengeance against the Spaniards. In 
1821 he entered the army and took part in the 
campaign of independence. During the second siege 
of Callao in 1826, by order of Bolivar he protected 
Bellavista. In the campaign of the restoration 
he served in the constitutional army, and was pres- 
ent in the battle of Yungai, 80 Jan., 1889. In 
1841, during the war against Bolivia, he commanded 
one of the divisions of the Peruvian army, and 
after the battle of Ingavi on 18 Nov., which was 
fatal to his republic, he crossed Desaguadero river, 
occupied the department of Puno, and there he 
employed himself in the reorganization of the 
army. In 1845 he was elected senator of the re- 
public, and he afterward became president of the 
council of state, and in consequence vice-president 
of the republic. In 1851, as a deputy, he occupied 
his place in the legislative body. He was appointed 
minister of war in 1855, and in 1856 was a member 
of the constituent congress, and an author of the 
constitution that was promulgated that year. In 
1858, during several months, ne occupied the ex- . 
ecutive as president of the council of ministers. 
In 1862 he was elected president of the republic ; 
but his administration was of short duration, as he 
died early in the following year. 

SANTA-ANNA, Antonio Lopez de, president 
of Mexico, b. in Jalaps, 21 Feb., 1795; d. in the 
city of Mexico. 20 June, 1876. He entered the 
Spanish army as a cadet on 6 July, 1810, and served 
fijainst the patriots, rising gradually till in April, 



1821, he pronounced for the Plan de Iguala and 
joined the army of Iturbide, by whom he was pro- 
moted brigadier and governor of Vera Cruz. After 
Iturbide was proclaimed emperor, Santa-Anna be- 
gan to conspire against him, and, when he was 
relieved of his command and ordered to Mexico, he 
proclaimed the republic in Vera Cruz on 2 Dec., 1822. 
In 1828 he pronounced in San Luis Potosi for 
federation, and when that principle was victorious 
he was appointed governor of Yucatan, and after- 
ward of Vera Cruz. On 12 Sept, 1828, he headed 
a revolt against the election of Oomez Pedraza, 
declaring in favor of Gen. Vicente Guerrero, and 
after the triumph of the latter he was appointed 

governor and commander of Vera Cruz. There 
e began to assemble forces against a threatened 
Spanish invasion, although his enemies insinuated 
revolutionary motives, and when, on 29 July, 1829, 
Gen. Barradas, with an army of 8,000 men, landed 
near Tampico, Santa-Anna, without awaiting or- 
ders from Mexico, marched against the enemy, 
whom he defeated on 20 Aug. and 10 Sept, ana 
forced to capitulate on the next day. He was pro- 
moted major-general, but retired to his estate, 
where he began to intrigue against the new presi- 
dent, Bustamante. On 2 Jan., 1882, he pronounced 
in open revolt at Vera Cruz, and after finally de- 
feating Bustamante on 12 Nov., 1882, at Casas 
Blancas, he was elected president, but withdrew to 
his country place, leaving the vice-president, Val- 
entin Gomez Farias, 
in charge. He de- 
feated several insur- 
rections against the 
government, until in 
1884 he headed a 
revolution to over- 
throw Gomez Farias, 
who was deposed by 
congress, 5 Jan., 1885. 
Gen. Barragan was 
appointed provision- 
al president, as San- 
ta-Anna persisted in 
his policy of leaving 
the responsibility of 
the executive to an- . / ~ f 

other, whom he could /i ^ / / 

control He nowal- ^ /JWU/ JurtuA* CUU 
lied himself entirely (q) / , y (/ 
with the reactionary \ — /&Hfa/ cfat**/ 
party; the Federal 

system was abolished, and the governors of the 
former states, now provinces, were made depend- 
ent from the central government This gave 
a pretext for the separation of Texas, and that 
province declared its independence. Immediately 
Santa-Anna abandoned his estate to take the field 
in person, and in February. 1886, passed the Rio 
Grande with 6,000 men. On 6 April be stormed 
the Alamo fort at San Antonio, killed its defend- 
ers, afterward massacred the garrison of Goliad, 
and for several weeks was victorious. But on 21 
April he was surprised at San Jacinto, and totally 
routed by the Texan army under Gen. Samuel 
Houston. He fled, but was captured three days 
afterward, and was fortunate in escaping retalia- 
tion for his cruel execution of Texan troops. He 
gave a written order to his second in command to 
retire across the Rio Grande, and on 14 May signed 
a treaty with the provisional president or Texas, 
David G. Burnett, recognizing the independence 
of that state. He was a prisoner for eight months, 
but was finally sent by Gen. Houston to the United 
States, and released in February, 1887. On his re- 



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894 



SANTA-ANNA 



SANTACILIA 



turn to Mexico he was coldly received and retired 
to his estate. When Vera Cruz was attacked by 
the French fleet on 27 Nov., 1838, Santa-Anna 
offered his services to the government, was ap- 
pointed commander-in-chief, and prepared the city 
lor resistance. Before daybreak of 5 Dec. a lana- 
ing force of the French surprised his headquarters 
and captured his second in command. Gen. Arista, 
but he had time to escape, and, gathering his 
troops, he forced the French to re-embark. Near 
the port he was wounded by a cannon-ball, and it 
was found necessary to amputate his left leg. By 
his valiant defence he regained his popularity, 
and when President Bustamante left to suppress 
the revolution of Tamaulipas, congress appointed 
Santa-Anna his substitute. Notwithstanding that 
his wound had not yet healed, he was transported 
to the capital, and took charge of the executive 
from 17 Feb., 1889, till 11 Julv, when he retired to 
his estate. He was afterward made general com- 
mander of the coast department, but conspired 
against Bustamante till the latter's government 
was overthrown, and Santa-Anna was appointed 
by the consulting junta provisional president, 10 
Oct, 1841. From that date till 6 Dec., 1844, either 
as provisional or constitutional president, some- 
times personally, sometimes through his substi- 
tutes, he exercised virtually a military dictator- 
ship. At the latter date there was a mutiny in the 
capital, the provisional president, Gen. Canalizo. 
was arrested, Santa -Anna was impeached, his 
statue was demolished, and his portrait was burned 
by the mob. His troops abandoned him, and on 
his flight toward the coast he was arrested, 15 
Jan., 1845, near Jico, and imprisoned in the fort 
of Perote till the amnesty of May, when he re- 
tired to Havana. When the war with the United 
States began, and after the unfortunate battles 
of Palo Alto and Resaca de la Pal ma, a mutiny 
under Gen. Mariano Salas deposed President Pa- 
redes and recalled Santa- Anna, who returned on 

16 Aug., 1846, was appointed commander-in-chief, 
and became president in December; but leaving 
the vice-president, Gomez Farias, in charge, he 
went to trie north, organizing an army to oppose 
the invader. After a march, full of hardships, 
through the desert of Potosi, he attacked the 
American army under Gen. Zachary Taylor near 
the ranch of Buena Vista on 22 Feb., 1847. The 
battle continued the next day, but, as his cavalry 
could not operate in the narrow passes, and the 
American artillery occupied strong positions, he 
retired on the evening of the 23d with great losses. 
Hearing of the overthrow of Gomez Farias, he 
hastened to the capita), and occupied the execu- 
tive on 21 March*; but when Vera Cruz was taken 
bv Gen. Winfleld Scott, he left Gen. Anaya in 
charge, and took command of the forces in the 
state of Vera Cruz. He established his head- 
quarters at Cerro Gordo, where he was attacked on 

17 April, and totally defeated on the 18th. With 
the fragments of his army he retreated to Mexico, 
where he adopted stringent measures against his 
opponents, established a severe censorship of the 
press, and organized an army to defend the capital 
against the advancing American forces. He col- 
lected 20,000 men, for the greater part militia, and 
after the van-guard under Gen. Valencia had been 
routed at Contreras on 19 Aug., and Gen. Rincon at 
Churubusco on 20 Aug., an armistice was signed on 
the 24th. Hostilities began again on 7 Sept., Mo- 
lino del Rey was stormed on the 8th and Chapul- 
tepec on the 13th, and on the 14th Mexico was 
occupied by the American army ; Santa-Anna re- 
signed the presidency and retired toward Puebla. 



He tried to retrieve his reputation by besieging 
that city, but was defeated, and retired to Tehuacan, 
soliciting from Juarez, then governor of Oajaca, 
permission to reside in that city, which was re- 
fused. When Tehuacan was captured by Gen. 
Lane, Santa- Anna barely escaped to the mountains, 
and from his estate obtained permission from the 
Mexican government and Gen. Scott to leave the 
country, sailing on 5 April, 1848, for Jamaica. In 
1850 he established himself in Turbaco, near Carta- 
gena. In consequence of the revolution of 7 Feb^ 
1853, he was recalled, arrived in Vera Cruz on 1 
April, and on the 20th took possession of the ex- 
ecutive. On 21 Dec a congress of his creation ap- 
pointed him president for life, with the title of 
Most Serene Highness, and the power of nominat- 
ing his successor. His rule soon became so despotic 
that revolutions began everywhere, the principal 
one being that of Ayutla, directed by Gen. Juan 
Alvarez. After a severe struggle and many de- 
feats, he abandoned the capital on 9 Aug., 1855, 
and on the 16th sailed for Havana, and thence to 
Cartagena. He lived afterward for some time in 
Venezuela, and finally in St Thomas, whence he 
appeared, after the French intervention, in Febru- 
ary, 1864, in Vera Cruz to offer his services to the 
regency. He was permitted to land only after sign- 
ing a pledge not to interfere in politics; but from 
Orizaba, where he had been assigned a residence, 
he published a manifesto, exciting disturbances in 
his favor, and Gen. Bazaine ordered him to leave 
the country, sending him in the frigate " Colbert ** 
to St Thomas. Maximilian afterward made him 
grand marshal of the empire, but he rewarded the 
emperor by a conspiracy against him, and fled to 
St. Thomas again in 1865. In the following year 
he went to the United States, proposed to Sec 
Seward to raise an army to overthrow the empire, 
and even offered his services to Juarez ; but no re- 
sponse was made. In June, 1867, he chartered the 
steamer "Virginius." and appeared before Vera 
Cruz, which was still occupied by the imperialists, 
to raise the banner of revolution ; but he was de- 
tained by the U. S. squadron of observation, and 
after the surrender of Vera Cruz, 4 July, was per- 
mitted to sail for New York. He tried to effect a 
landing at Sisal, was captured by the blockading 
squadron, imprisoned at San Juan de Ulua, and 
sentenced by a court-martial to death, but was 
saved by his counsel, Alcalde, who represented his 
attempt as the ridiculous enterprise of a decrepit 
old man. He was pardoned under condition of 
leaving the republic forever, and came to the 
United States, whence he fostered a revolutionary 
movement in Jalapa in 1870, headed by his son. 
Angel. After Juarez's death he took advantage 
of the amnesty that was given by Lerdo de Tejada, 
returning to Mexico, and after his request for 
reinstatement on the army list and back-pay had 
been refused he died amid general public indif- 
ference, his services being obscured and almost 
forgotten bv the misfortunes that his subsequent 
conduct had brought upon his country. 

SANTACILIA, Pedro, Cuban author, b. in 
Santiago, Cuba, in 1829. At the age of seven years 
his parents took him to Spain, where he was edu- 
cated. In 1845 he returned to his native city, 
and began his literary career on the staff of a 
newspaper. He was banished in 1851 on account 
of his liberal ideas, and in 1853 he came to New 
York. He went to Mexico in 1861, where he 
joined the Republicans in their struggle against 
the Conservatives and Imperialists. In 1863 he 
married one of the daughters of President Juarez, 
and filled several official posts in the republic He 



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SANTA CRUZ 



SANTANA 



995 



has published " Instrucci6n sobre el cultivo del Ta- 
baco" (1847); " Ensayos Literarios" (1848); "El 
Papa en el Siglo XIX" (New York, 1854); "El 
Arpa del Proscripto " (1856) ; "El Land del Des- 
terrado" (1858); "Lecciones sobre la His tori a de 
Cuba" (1859); a volume of " Fibulas y Alegorias" 
(Mexico. 1872) ; another volume of " Poems," and 
other literary productions. Some of his works 
have been translated into English and French, 

SANTA CRUZ, Andres (san'-tah-crooth). Bo- 
livian soldier, b. in La Paz in 1792; d. in Sainte 
Nazaire, France, in 1865. He was descended through 
his mother from the Peruvian incas. Santa Cruz 
entered the Spanish military service, and obtained 
the rank of lieutenant-colonel, but after the defeat 
of Gen. O'Reilly at Pasco, 6 Dec., 1820, he went 
over to the patriots with part of his command. 
Toward the end of 1821 he was sent by Gen. San 
Martin to aid Gen. Sucre in Ecuador, and took 
part in the victorious battle of Pichincha, 25 May, 

1822, for which he was promoted brigadier. He 
returned to Peru, where, through his influence, 
Riva Aguero (g. v.) was elected president, 28 Feb., 

1823, and he was appointed commander-in-chief 
with the rank of major-general. After defeating 
Gen. Valdez at Zepita on 25 Aug., he was routea 
by the united forces of Valdez and Olafieta at De- 
saguadero on 22 Sept He was then called by 
Bolivar to Lima, and made chief of staff of the 
united army. He was sent in 1825 to Chili on a 
diplomatic mission by Bolivar, and in 1826 ap- 

Sointed supreme military chief; and after the 
eparture of Bolivar for Colombia on 3 Sept he 
took charge of the executive as president of the 
council of government till the constituent congress 
elected La Mar (q. v.) president, 16 June, 1827. 
After Sucre's resignation of the executive of Bo- 
livia, Santa Cruz was elected president, 31 Dec., 
1828, and became, in fact, dictator, but during his 
administration he accomplished many reforms and 
enlarged the army. He now tried to realize his 
cherished idea of a Peru-Bolivian confederation. 
The civil revolts in Peru facilitated this, as under 
pretext of protecting the government of Orbegozo, 
with whom he had concluded a treaty on 24 June, 
1835, he entered Peru and won several battles. He 
convoked congress in 1836. and accepted the title 
of protector of the confederation, dividing Peru 
into two parts, under independent administra- 
tions. The preponderant influence of the con- 
federation alarmed the republic of Chili, which 
declared war on Santa Cruz. The first Chilian ex- 
pedition was unlucky, and was saved only by the 
treaty of peace of Paucarpata, 17 Nov., 1837, but 
the second was more successful, and Santa Cruz, 
deserted by part of his army, was totally defeated 
at Yungay. 20 Jan., 1839. The confederation was 
dissolved, and Santa Cruz took refuge in Guaya- 
quil, whence he tried in 1843 to restore his govern- 
ment, but was taken prisoner and banished to Chili. 
To remove a dangerous political leader, who still 
had a large following, he was in 1848 sent as min- 
ister from Peru to France, and afterward remained 
in Europe on diplomatic missions. At the time of 
his death he was accredited again to France. 

SANTA CRUZ, Maria de las Mercedes, Count- 
ess of Merlin, Cuban author, b. in Havana in 1789 ; 
d. in Paris, France, in 1852. When fourteen years 
old she sailed with her parents for Spain, and 
finished her education in Madrid. In 1810 she 
married the French' genera], Count Merlin, and in 
1813, when the French troops left Spain, she went 
to Paris. There she soon became well known in 
French society, and her home was the resort of 
persons that were eminent in science, literature, 



and art. In 1840 she made a visit to her native 
city, but in 1842 she returned again to her adopted 
country, where she had already obtained a reputa- 
tion by her literary labors. Her most important 
works are " Mis doce primeros afios " (Paris, 1888) ; 
"Memoires d'une Creole" (1885); "Ocios de una 
mujer de gran mundo " (1837) ; " L'esclavage aux 
colonies Espagnoles " (1840) ; " La Havane " (3 vols., 
1842); "Les lionnes de Paris" (1845); and "Le 
due d'Ath^nes " (1848). Many of her works have 
been translated into several "European languages, 
and some of them were written originally in Span- 
ish, though the majority were in French. 

SANTA CRUZ, Raimundo, South American 
missionary, b. in Ibarra, Ecuador, about 1620 ; d. 
in the upper Amazon river in November, 1662. He 
studied in the Seminary of San Luis de Quito, and 
entered the Company of Jesus in 1643. There he 
completed his four years* course in theology, and, 
after being ordained priest, dedicated himself to 
the missions of the Marafion. He began his work 
in 1651, and in a short time, overcoming great 
difficulties, founded several towns and began to 
open a direct way from Quito to the eastern mis- 
sions. He also made roads to the Napo and Par- 
tan za, but soon afterward was drowned in the rapids 
of one of the affluents of the Amazon. He wrote 
a grammar and vocabulary of the Cofana lan- 
guage, which, with the notes on his travels, are men- 
tioned in the works of the missionaries Velasco, 
Rodriguez, and Carrani. 

SANTA MARIA, Domingo, president of Chili, 
b. in Santiago, 4 Aug., 1825. He studied in the 
National institute, and in 1845 was professor of 
geography and arithmetic there. In 1846 he was 
appointed chief clerk of the ministry of justice, 
and in 1847, after being graduated in law. he filled 
the post of sub-secretary of state. At the age of 
twenty-three years he was elected intendant of Col- 
chagua* As a Liberal he took an active part in the 
disturbances of 1850 and 1851, and was exiled to 
Lima. Returning to Chili in 1852, he began the 
practice of his profession, but in 1858 was exiled 
again and travelled through Europe. On his re- 
turn he was minister of the treasury during 1863-'4. 
In 1865-'6, as special envoy to Peru, he signed 
the treaties for mutual defence against Spain with 
that republic, and on his return in 1867 he was ap- 
pointed judge of the supreme court. He was also 
several times elected to congress, was dean of the 
faculty of law, and in 1874 became president of 
the court of appeals. Under President Pinto he 
was a member of the cabinet, as secretary of pub- 
lic works and instruction, in 1878, of the interior 
in 1879, and of foreign relations in 1880. In 1881 
he was elected president of the republic, taking 
charge of the executive on 18 Sept During his 
administration the final peace with Peru and Boli- 
via was arranged, Araucania was pacified, many 
reforms were inaugurated, and railroads were built 
On 24 Jan., 1885, an attempt was made on his life, 
by means of an infernal machine, but it was frus- 
trated. Since the close of his presidential term 
on 18 Sept. 1886, he has been again president of 
the court of appeals. He has published ** Biogra- 
fia de Jos6 Miguel Infante " (Santiago, 1853), and 
" Meraoria Historica sobre la abdicaci6n del direc- 
tor Don Bernardo O'Higgins" (1858*. 

SANTANA, Pedro (san-tah'-nah), president of 
Santo Domingo, b. in Hincha, 29 June. 1801; d. in 
the city of Santo Domingo, 14 June. 1864. He stud- 
ied law, but was living quietly on his farm when, 
in 1843, the Dominicans revolted against Havti. 
He espoused their cause, was appointed brigadier 
by the provisional governing junta, and at the head 

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396 



SANTANDER 



SARAVIA 



of 2,400 men defeated the southern armv of 15,000 
men under Riviere Herard, 19 March, 1844. On 12 
July, 1844, he was proclaimed supreme chief, after 
vanquishing his rival, Juan Duarte (q. v.). In the 
following November Santana was elected consti- 
tutional president, receiving also the title of liber- 
ator of the country. During the four years of his 
administration he promoted agriculture and com- 
merce, and sought to create financial resources. In 
1848 the clerical party induced Soulouque (q. v.) 
to invade Dominican territory; but Santana was 
called to command the troops, defeated Soulouque, 
and, deposing President Jimenes, ruled as dictator 
till the election of Buenaventura Baex in October, 
1849. He strongly favored the movement for an- 
nexation to the United States, which Baex de- 
feated. Santana was re-elected president in 1858, 
and again defeated Soulouque's invasions in 1855 
and 1856 ; but the credit of the government de- 
clined, and he resigned early in 1857. Baez was 
now recalled, but was driven from the island by a re- 
volt in November, 1858, and Santana again assumed 
the executive. The internal struggles continued, 
and, despairing of his ability to preserve peace, San- 
tana opened negotiations with Spain, and, on 18 
March, 1861, the incorporation of Santo Domingo 
with the Spanish monarchy was proclaimed. San- 
tana was commissioned lieutenant-general in the 
Spanish army, and received patents of nobility 
and various decorations, which caused unsupported 
accusations of bribery to be made against him. Ho 
retired to his farm, and when the rebellion against 
the Spanish rule began he offered his services to 
the governor and marched to Azua, promptly quell- 
ing the insurrection; but, when the opposition 
became general, he retired again, and died of re- 
morse shortly before the end of the Spanish rule. 
He is execrated by many of his countrymen for 
what they call his treason, yet the majonty recog- 
nize his unselfish motives and his thorough honesty 
while at the head of the government, and his un- 
doubted bravery is acknowledged by alL 

SANTANDER, Francisco de Paula (san-tan- 
dair), president of Colombia, b. in Rosario de 
Cucuta in 1792; d. in Bogota, 5 May, 1840. He 
studied in the College of San Bartolome in Bogota, 
and was about to be graduated in law, when the 
news arrived of the declaration of independence 
in Caracas in 1810. followed by the revolution in 
Cartagena. Santander immediately took part in 
the patriotic movement, and was appointed secre- 
tary of the military commander of Mariquita. In 
1811 he joined the Federal forces under Baraya, in 
the campaign against the Unitarian forces under 
Narifio, and he was taken prisoner, 9 Jan., 1818. 
In Februarv, 1818, he joined the forces under 
Bolivar, ana during that year and 1814 kept up a 
guerilla warfare against the Spanish troops in the 
district of Cucuta. When New Granada was in- 
vaded by Morillo, he retired in 1816 with the rem- 
nant of his forces to the province of Casanare, 
joining there the rest of the dispersed patriot army 
under several chiefs. A meeting of all the inde- 

Kndent leaders was held in Arauca on 16 July, and 
ntander was elected commander-in-chief; but he 
was soon replaced by Gen. Paez (q. v.). Santander 
left the army of Apure in February, 1817, joined 
Bolivar's staff in April, and accompanied him in 
the campaign against Guayana and tne unfortunate 
operations against Morillo in 1818. In August of 
teat year he was promoted brigadier and commis- 
sioned by Bolivar to prepare a force for the cam- 
paign of 1819. He joined Bolivar in Guasdualito 
In June of that year, and his vote principally de- 
cided the invasion of New Granada, in which he 



participated, being promoted general of division 
on the battle-field of Boyaca on 7 Aug. When Boli- 
var returned to Venezuela, 20 Sept, he appointed 
Santander vice-president of the state, of Cundina- 
marca, and as such he sent troops to the south 
against the Spanish president of Ouito. The con- 
gress of Cucuta elected Santander on 80 Aug., 
1821, vice-president of the newly constituted re- 
public of Colombia, and from December, 1821, 
until September, 1826, during Bolivar's absence in 
Quito and Peru, he was at the head of the execu- 
tive, acting with prudence and ability, and exert- 
ing himself to forward re-enforcements to Bolivar. 
He was re-elected in the same year; but after Boli- 
var's return he resigned, and began a systematic 
opposition to the latter, showing himself in the 
convention of Ocafia, to which he was elected by 
the province of Bogota, to be a personal enemy of 
the liberator, under the pretext that the latter bad 
tried to subvert the constitution for personal am- 
bition. Santander was even charged with com- 
plicity in the attempt to murder Bolivar on 25 
Sept, 1828, and he was condemned to death on 7 
Nov., but his sentence was commuted to banish- 
ment. He travelled through England, France, and 
Germany, and while absent was elected president 
of the new republic of New Granada for the term 
of 1882-*6. His administration was just and pro- 
gressive, especially in fostering primary education 
and introducing the Lancaster system in the com- 
mon schools, founding colleges in the provinces, 
and dividing the republic into three university 
districts. He was elected to congress in 1887, re- 
elected in 1889, and died during the session of that 
body. He wrote a justification of his conduct 
under the title " Apuntamientos para las Memorias 
de Colombia y Nueva Granada " (Bogota, 1887). 

SABAIVA, Mathens (sah-rah-ee'-vah), Bra- 
zilian physician, b. in Rio Janeiro at the end of the 
17th century ; d. there in 1761. He was graduated 
in medicine at the University of Coimbra, made a 
fellow of the Royal academy of London, and on 
his return to Brazil practised* in Rio Janeiro, where 
he became famous for his charity. He wrote 
u Portugueza e America illustrada" (1750); "A 
voz evangelica por Sao Thomaz," endeavoring to 
show that the apostle St Thomas visited Brazil, 
and pretending to decipher sundry inscriptions 
and symbolical characters that he had met in the 
mountains of Itaquatiara in Minas Geraes (Rio 
Janeiro, 1752) ; 4 * Polyanthea Pbisocosmica ou 
Moral, rolitica, InstrucAo Doutrinal e Historica," 
a work on the education of youth (1755) ; and "Poli- 
anthea Brazilica medica historic*/* on endemic and 
epidemic diseases and their treatment (1757). 

8ABAYIA, Francisco (sah-rah'-ve-ah), Span- 
ish missionary, b. in Seville about 1580; a. in 
Villa-Alta, Mexico, 10 Aug., 1630. He went about 
1550 to Mexico, where he married and worked as 
a cabinet-maker, but after the death of his wife he 
entered the Dominican order in 1574. After his 
ordination he was sent to the parish of Villa-Alta. 
in the province of Oajaca, where he soon acquired 
the difficult language of the Chinantec Indians, 
and set out to convert that tribe, dwelling in caves 
on the mountains of Oajaca. He met with great 
success, persuading the Indians to leave their 
mountains fastnesses, founding several large vil- 
lages, and living for more than fifty years in their 
midst He continued his missionary trips to the 
mountains when a nonagenarian with a broken 
leg, being carried by the Indians, and he did not 
return to his convent of Villa-Alta till he felt his 
last days approaching. He wrote " Gran Homili- 
ario Chinanteco," which he copied with his own 



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hand in manuscript for every village of his converts, 
so that in his absence the native sexton might 
read the Sunday service ; •• Catecismo Chinanteco." 
which is still in use in the mountain-villages ; and 
**Noticiade la Conversidn de la Naci6n Chinan- 
teca, y sucesos acaecidos en ella al Autor," which 
is preserved in manuscript in the archive of the 
Dominican convent of Oajaca. 

SARAYIA, Melchor Bravo de, governor of 
Chili, b. in Soria early in the 16th century; d. in 
Spain about 1579. In 1547, when the audience of 
New Granada was created, he was appointed judge, 
but did not take his seat, as he was promoted hy 
the emperor to the audience of Peru, where he ar- 
rived in June, 1549. In 1552, at the death of An- 
tonio de Mendoza, viceroy of Peru, the audience 
took charge of the government, and directed the 
operations against the rebellious Francisco Her- 
nandez Giron. Saravia showed much zeal and 
good-will, but little aptitude in military affairs; 
nevertheless, King Philip II. in 1569 rewarded him 
with the governorship of Chili, which he held un- 
til 1575. He then returned to Spain, where he died 
several years afterward. Saravia left an interesting 
book entitled ** Antiguedades Peruanas," which is 
frequently cited by .Juan de Velasco in his " His- 
tona del reino de Quito." 

SARGEANT, Nathaniel Peaslee, jurist, b. in 
Methuen, Mass., 2 Nov., 1781 ; d. in Haverhill, 
Mass., 12 Oct., 1791. He was graduated at Har- 
vard in 1750. and engaged in the practice of law in 
Haverhill. He espoused the cause of liberty, was 
a delegate to the Provincial congress in 1775, and 
became a representative and judge of the superior 
court the next year. In 1789-^91 he was chief 
justice of Massachusetts. 

SARGENT, Aaron Augustus, senator, b. in 
Newburyport, Mass., 28 Sept., 1827; d. in San 
Francisco, Cal., 14 Aug., 1887. He learned the 
printer's trade, and when twenty vears old was a 
reporter in Washington, D. C. tie removed to 
California in 1849, where he engaged in mining, 
and established the ** Nevada Journal." He studied 
law while editing that paper, was admitted to the 
bar in 1854, and elected district attorney of Nevada 
county two years later. He was vice-president of 
the Republican national convention in 1860, the 
same year chosen to congress, served by re-elec- 
tion till 1872, and the day following the expira- 
tion of his term in the house of representatives 
took his seat in the U. S. senate, which he held in 
1872-'9. In 1861 he was the author of the first 
Pacific railroad act that was passed in congress. 
He was appointed United States minister to Ger- 
many in March, 1882, and held office till the ac- 
tion of the German authorities in excluding Ameri- 
can pork from the empire made his incumbency 
rersonallv distasteful. President Arthur offered 
im the Russian mission, but he declined it. Mr. 
Sargent was an able debater, and exercised much 
influence in the Republican party. 

SARGENT, James, inventor, b. in Chester. 
Vt, 1 Dec., 1824. He was educated in district 
schools and worked on a farm until he was eighteen 
years old. During the ensuing four years he was 
engaged in a woollen-factory, where he had special 
charge of the machinery. In 1848, having acquired 
proficiency in the art of making daguerreotypes, 
ne travelled through the country engaged in that 
pursuit, but in 1852 he returned to New England 
and devoted himself to the manufacture and sale 
of an automatic apple-parer. The financial diffi- 
culties of 1857 compelled him to give up that busi- 
ness, and he became a partner in the Yale and 
Greenleaf lock company. Having a natural fond- 



| ness for mechanics, he devoted himself at first to 
the study of the mechanism of locks, and acquired 
expertness as a lock-picker. Further investigation 
of the subject led him to invent a lock that was 
I proof against professional skill, for which, in 1865, 
I ne received a patent. He then established himself 
in Rochester. N. Y., where he began its manufac- 
ture. One of the features of this lock was the in- 
troduction of a powerful magnet that held the 
parts sufficiently under control to prevent the use 
of a micrometer to measure motion or determine 
the relative positions of the unlocking devices. 
Subsequently he improved this lock by the intro- 
duction of an automatic mechanical device in lieu 
of the magnet. In 1878 he invented the time- 
locks that bear his name, which were the first ever 
successfully used in this country, and are now 
largely used in banking establishments. Mr. Sar- 
gent has devised various styles of his locks for 
special uses, and from time to time has added 
improvements to the original patterns. 

SARGENT, Nathan, b. in Pultney, Vt, 5 May, 
1794; d. in Washington, D. C, 2 Feb., 1875. He 
was educated in his native town, admitted to the 
bar, and settled in Cahawba, Ala., in 1816, where he 
became county and probate judge. He removed to 
Buffalo, N. V., in 1826. and to Philadelphia in 1830, 
where he established a Whig newspaper. He after- 
ward became Washington correspondent of the 
" United States Gazette." and was widely known 
under his pen-name of '* Oliver Oldschool." He 
was sergeant-at-arms of the U. S. house of repre- 
sentatives in 1849-'51, register of the U. S. treasury 
in 1851-'8, and commissioner of customs in 1861-*?. 
For several subsequent years he was president of 
the Washington reform-school. He published " Life 
of Henrv Clay" (New York. 1844), and "Public 
Men and' Events" (2 vols., 1875). 

SARGENT, Paul Dudley, soldier, b. in Salem, 
Mass., in 1745; d. in Sullivan, Me., 28 Sept, 182a 
His ancestor, William, came to this country from 
Gloucester, England, before 1678, and his father, 
Epes, was a colonel of militia before the Revolution, 
and a justice of the general session court for more 
than thirty years. He died in Gloucester, Mass., 
in 1762. Paul commanded a regiment at the siege 
of Boston, was wounded at Bunker Hill, command- 
ed a brigade in the summer of 1776, and fought 
at Harlem, White Plains, Trenton, and Princeton. 
After the war he was chief justice of the court of 
common pleas of Hancock county. Me., for many 
years, judge of probate, justice of the same, first 
representative to the general court, postmaster, and 
an overseer of Bowdoin. — His nephew, Winthrop, 
soldier, b. in Gloucester, Mass.. 1 May, 1758; a. 
in New Orleans, 3 June, 1820, was graduated at 
Harvard, and in 1771 became captain of a ship 
belonging to his father, who was a merchant In 
1775 he entered the Revolutionary army, and was 
naval agent at Gloucester, 1 Jan., 1776", and cap- 
tain of Gen. Henry Knox's regiment of artillery, 
16 March, 1776, serving throughout the war, and 
taking part in the siege of Boston, the battles of 
Long Island, White Plains, Trenton, the Brandy- 
wine. Germantown, and Monmouth, attaining the 
rank of major. He became connected with the 
Ohio company in 1786, under Gen. Rufus Putnam, 
and was appointed surveyor of the Northwest terri- 
tory by congress. He was its secretary in 1787, 
and was its governor in 1798-1801. during the 
Indian wars in 1791 and in 1794-'5 he became ad- 
jutant-general, and was wounded in the expedition 
under Gen. Arthur St Clair. He was a member of 
the American academy of arts and sciences, and of 
the Philosophical society, an original member of 



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SARGENT 



SARGENT 



the Society of the Cincinnati as a delegate from 
Massachusetts, and published, with Benjamin B. 
Smith, " Papers Relative to Certain American An- 
tiquities" (Philadelphia, 1796), and "Boston," a 
?>em (Boston, 1808). — Winthrop's great-nephew, 
itxwilllam, physician, b. in Gloucester. Mass., 
17 May, 1820, was graduated at Jefferson college in 
1889, and at the medical department of the Univer- 
sity of Pennsylvania in 1848. He was surgeon to 
Wills hospital, Philadelphia, in 1844-'54. At the 
latter date he removed to Switzerland, where he has 
since resided. He has published " Bandaging and 
other Operations of Minor Surgery " (Philadelphia, 
1848; with additions on military surgery, 1862), 
and edited Robert Druitt's " Principles and Prac- 
tice of Minor Surgery" (Philadelphia, 1858) and 
James Miller's " Principles of Surgery" (1858). — 
His son, John Singer, artist, b. in Florence, Italy, 
in 1856, studied under Carolus Duran, and his pro- 
fessional life has been principally spent in Eu- 
rope. In 1879 he received honorable mention at 
the salon, and in 1881 a medal of the 2d class. He 
has exhibited in London. Paris, and New York por- 
traits and genre paintings. Among his figure- 
pieces are "Fishing for Oysters at Cancale and 
s En route pour la peche" (1878); "Neapolitan 
Children Bathing " (1879) ; and " El Jaleso " (1882). 
He is especially noted 
for his excellent por- 
traits, among which 
are those of Carolus 
Duran and " Docteur 
Pozzi " ; " Portrait of 
a Young Lady," ex- 
hibited at the salon of 
1881 ; a group of four 
young girls, " Hall of 
the Four Children" 
(1882);" Madame G.," 
at the salon of 1884 ; 
and " Mrs. Mar- 
quand" and "Mrs. 
Boit" at the Royal 
academy exhibition, 
1888. See sketch of 
Sargent by Henry 
James, in "Harpers 
Magazine " for Octo- 
ber, 1887.— Winthrop's grandson, Wlnthrop, au- 
thor, b. in Philadelphia, Pa,, 28 Sept, 1825 ; d. in 
Paris, France, 18 May, 1870, was graduated at the 
University of Pennsylvania in 1845, and at the 
Harvard law-school in 1847, and settled in Phila- 
delphia, and afterward in New York, where he prac- 
tised his profession. Mr. Sargent wrote largely for 
the periodical press, especially on genealogical and 
historical subjects. His publications include " His- 
tory of an Expedition against Fort Duquesne in 
1775, under Major-General Braddock, edited from 
Original Manuscripts," which was commended by 
George Grote. the historian, and is described by 
Washington Irving as "ably edited, with an admi- 
rable introductory memoir " (Philadelphia, 1855) ; 
" The Loyalist Poetry of the Revolution " (1857) ; 
" The Journal of the General Meeting of the Cin- 
cinnati " (1858) ; " Loyal Verses of Joseph Stansbury 
and Dr. Jonathan Odell, with Introduction and 
Notes" (Albany, 1860); the "Life and Career of 
Mai. John Andre" " (Boston, 1861) ; and " Les Etats 
Conferee et de Tesclavage " (Paris, 1864). For 
many years he was engaged in preparing a cata- 
logue raiwnni of books relating to America, which 
he left unfinished.— Paul Dudley's nephew, Henry, 
artist, b. in Gloucester, Mass., 25 Nov., 1770; d. in 
Boston, Mass., 21 Feb., 1845, was the son of Daniel, 



V£^ (. i<l* J * ^4* 



a successful merchant of Boston. Henry early de- 
veloped artistic tastes, and, after spending several 
years at Drummer academy, he was sent abroad, 
and studied under Benjamin West in London. He 
devoted himself to his profession on his return to 
Boston, and was successful and popular. He be- 
came adjutant-general «of Massachusetts in 1814, 
and was subsequently aide to Gov. John Brooks 
and to Gov. Caleb Strong. He also invented a plan 
for an elevated railway. His best-known pictures 
are the " Dinner Party," " Christ's Entrance into 
Jerusalem." and the " Landing of the Pilgrims," 
which he presented to the Plymouth association. 
— His son, Henry Wintarop, horticulturist, b. in 
Boston, Mass., 26 Nov., 1810 ; d. in Fishkill-on-the- 
Hudson, N. Y., 10 Nov., 1882, was graduated at 
Harvard in 1830, studied law in Boston, and re- 
moved to New York city, but resigned his profes- 
sion to become a partner in the banking-arm of 
Grade and Sargent He retired from business in 
1889, purchased a tract on Hudson river in the 
midst of a native forest, and devoted himself to 
landscape-gardening. His home, Wodenethe, be- 
came one of the most beautiful and instructive gar- 
dens in the United States, and its owner during a 
quarter of a century was among the most widely 
known and famous of American horticulturists. 
Mr. Sargent's publications include many articles to 
horticultural magazines ; " Skeleton Tours through 
England, Ireland, and Scotland " (New York, 1866) ; 
" Treatise on Landscape Gardening " (1875) ; and he 
added a full supplement to the 6th edition of An- 
drew J. Downing 8 " Landscape Gardening " (1859). 
—Henry's brother. Loci as Manilas, author, b. in 
Boston, Mass., 25 June, 1786; d. in West Roxbury, 
Mass., 2 June. 1867, studied two years at Harvard, 
and studied law, but did not practise, devoting 
himself to literary pursuits, to philanthropic work, 
and to the temperance cause, for which ne wrote 
and lectured for more than thirty years. His earli- 
est publication was " Translations from the Minor 
Latin Poets" (Boston, 1807), which was followed 
by the original poems "Hubert and Helen, and 
other Verses" (1812); an "Ode" (1813); -Three 
Temperance Tales," that passed through 180 edi- 
tions, and were translated into several languages 
(1848) ; " Dealings with the Dead " (1856) ; " Remi- 
niscences of Samuel Dexter " (1858) ; and " The Ir- 
repressible Conflict " (1861). He contributed to the 
"Boston Transcript" for many years under the 
signature of " Sigma," and his writings were char- 
acterized by honesty of opinion and vigor of style. 
His papers on the coolie trade were subsequently 
collected and republished in England by the Re- 
form association. His numerous poems were never 
printed in book-form. He married a sister of 
Horace Binney. See "Reminiscences of Lucius 
M. Sargent," by John H. Sheppard (Boston, 1869). 
— Lucius Manlius's son, Horace Binney, sol- 
dier, b. in Quincv, Mass., 80 June, 1821, was gradu- 
ated at Harvard in 1848, and at the law depart- 
ment there in 1845. At the opening of the civil 
war he was senior aide on the staff of Gov. John 
A. Andrew, was commissioned lieutenant-colonel 
of the 1st regiment, Massachusetts cavalry, in 1861, 
became colonel of the same regiment in October, 
1862, was on duty with the forces in South Caro- 
lina, in the Army of the Potomac and the Depart- 
ment of the Gulf, participating in the engagements 
of Secessionville. Culpeper. and Rapidan Station, 
and in the battles of Antietam, South Mountain, 
Chancellorsville, and in the Red River campaign 
under Gen. Banks, where he was wounded in ac- 
tion, 21 March, 1864, was brevetted brigadier-gen- 
eral for "gallantry and good conduct," and 29 



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SARGENT 



399 



Sept., 1864, was mustered out on account of wounds 
received in action. He has been a frequent con- 
tributor to periodical literature and the press, and 
has delivered numerous addresses. — Another son 
of Lucius Manlius, Lucius Mauling, soldier, b. 
in Boston, 15 Sept., 1826; d. near Bellefield, Va., 
9 Dec., 1864, was graduated at Harvard in 1848, 
and at the medical department there in 1857, be- 
coming house surgeon and dispensary physician at 
the Massachusetts general hospital. He was com- 
missioned surgeon in the 2d Massachusetts volun- 
teers in May, 1861, but resigned in October of that 
year, and became captain in the 1st Massachusetts 
cavalry, was ordered to the Army of the Potomac, 
and participated in the battles of Kelly's Ford, 
Antietam, South Mountain, Fredericksburg, and 
Chancellorsville. He became major in his former 
regiment, 2 Jan., 1864, lieutenant-colonel, 30 Sept., 
and was mortally wounded in an engagement on 
Meherrin river.— John Osborne, lawyer, b. in Glou- 
cester, Mass., 20 Sept., 1811, is the grandson of the 
first Lucius Manlius's first cousin. He was gradu- 
ated at Harvard in 1830, where he founded the 
M Collegian," in which he was aided by his brother 
Epes, Oliver Wendell Holmes, and other students. 
He then studied law in Boston, was admitted to the 
bar in 1833, and in 1834-7 contributed the political 
articles to the " Boston Atlas." He removed to 
New York city in 1838 to become associate editor 
of the " Courier and Enquirer," but resigned after 
the election of President Harrison, resumed his 
profession of the law, taking charge, in 1848, as a 
volunteer for the Whig congressional committee, 
of the " Battery," a campaign paper published in 
Washington, to advocate Gen. Zachary Taylor's 
election to the presidency. He subsequently 
founded the " Republic " with Alexander C. Bul- 
litt, in which he supported the compromise meas- 
ures, conducting the paper on the principle of op- 
position to both the Abolition and Secession par- 
ties. He discontinued its publication at the close 
of President Fillmore's administration, and subse- 
quently practised law in Washington and New 
York city. He resided abroad in 1861-73, and 
since the latter date has lived in New York city. 
He declined the mission to China, which was of- 
fered him by President Fillmore. Mr. Sargent has 
done varied literary work, and his publications in- 
clude a " Lecture on the Late Improvements in 
Steam Navigation and the Arts of Naval Warfare," 
with a biographical sketch of John Ericsson (New 
York, 1844), a version of Anastasius Grttn's " Last 
Knight," founded on incidents in the life of the 
Emperor Maximilian (New York, 1872), three legal 
pamphlets reviewing " The Rule in Minot's Case " 
(New York, 1871), and four numbers of " Chapters 
for the Times, by a Berkshire Farmer," political 
(Lee, Mass., 1884).— John Osborne's brother, Epes, 
editor, b. in Gloucester, Mass., 27 Sept., 1813 ; d. 
in Boston, Mass., 81 Dec., 1880, accompanied his 
father to Russia when a laid, and, after studying at 
the Boston Latin-school and at Harvard, aban- 
doned a collegiate course, devoting himself to lit- 
erature. His earliest productions appeared in the 
M Collegian," and he subsequently connected him- 
self with the •• Boston Daily Advertiser " and the 
" Atlas," and in 1839 removed to New York to be- 
come an assistant editor of the " Mirror." He re- 
turned to Boston about 1846, and edited the " Even- 
ing Transcript " for several years, retiring from that 
charge to devote himself to editing a series of edu- 
cational works. During his editorial career Mr. 
Sargent held pleasant relations with Daniel Web- 
ster, John C. Calhoun, William C. Preston, and 
Henry Clay, and Mr. Clay said that Mr. Sargent's 



" Memoir " of him was the best and most authen- 
tic in existence. While a resident of New York he 
was a member of the Union club, and a founder of 
the New York club. He was a laborious student and 
worker, and engaged 
with success in al- 
most every branch 
of literature. He 
began to write for 
the stage in 1836, 
and produced the 
"Bride of Genoa," 
a poetical drama in 
five acts, which was 
played with success 
at the Tremont the- 
atre, Boston, in Feb- 
ruary, 1887, and sub- 
sea uently in New 
Orleans and New 
York. He produced 
"Velasco" the fol- 
lowing November at ^> 

&£b&.& <^^^ 

ing the part of Isi- 

dora. His other plays, " Change Makes Change," 
a comedy, and the " Priestess," a tragedy, were suc- 
cessfully received in this country and abroad. His 
novels and tales for the young include •« Wealth and 
Worth " (New York, 1840) ; " What's to be Done, or 
the Will and the Way " (1841) ; *• Fleetwood, or the 
Stain of a Birth " (1845) ; and " Peculiar, a Tale of 
the Great Transition," which pictures the social 
changes in the south during the early years of the 
civil war (1863). His poems include " Songs of the 
Sea " (Boston, 1847) ; a second volume of "Poems " 
(1858) ; " The Woman who Dared " (1869) ; and nu- 
merous fugitive poems, of which the most popu- 
lar are " Life on the Ocean Wave," the lyric on the 
death of Warren, and the lines beginning " Oh, ye 
keen breezes from the salt Atlantic." His miscel- 
laneous works are " The Life and Services of Henry 
Clay" (Auburn, 1848; with additions by Horace 
Greeley, 1852); "American Adventure "by Land 
and Sea " (2 vols., Boston, 1847) ; " The Critic Criti- 
cised" (1856); "Arctic Adventures by Sea and 
Tot>a» (!857; with additions, 1860); "Original 



Land' 



Dialogues " (1861). He edited the lives of Camp- 
bell, Collins, Goldsmith, Gray, Hood, and Rogers, 
with their poems (Boston, 1852-'65); "Select Works 
of Benjamin Franklin," with his autobiography 
and a memoir (Philadelphia, 1853) ; the " Works of 
Horace and James Smith " (New York, 1857) ; and 
the " Modern Drama " (15 vols., 1846-'58). Shortly 
before his death he completed a "Cyclopedia of 
English and American Poetry " (New York, 1883).— 
Lucius Manlius's great-nephew, Charles Spragne, 
arboriculturist, b. in Boston, Mass., 24 April, 1841, 
was graduated at Harvard in 1862, became lieuten- 
ant and aide-de-camp of IT. S. volunteers in No- 
vember of that year, aide-de-camp in 1863, and was 
brevetted major of volunteers in 1865. He was 
chosen director of the botanic garden and Arnold 
arboretum of Harvard in 1873, and professor of ar- 
boriculture in 1879. Prof. Sargent planned the 
Jesup collection of North American woods in the 
American museum of natural history, New York 
city, in 1880. He was chairman of a commission 
to examine the Adirondack forests and devise 
measures for their preservation in 1885, and in 
1888 became editor and general manager of " Gar- 
den and Forest," a weekly journal of horticulture 
and forestry. His publications include a "Cata- 
logue of the Forest Trees of North America" 



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SARMIENTO 



SARMIENTO VALLA DARES 



(Washington, D. C 1880) ; " Pruning Forests and 
Ornamental Trees." translated from the French of 
Adolphe Des Cars (Boston, 1881) ; " Reports on the 
Forests of North America" (Washington, 1884); 
44 The Woods of the United States, with an Account 
of their Structure, Qualities, and Uses " (New York. 
1885) ; and " Report of the Forest Commission of 
the State of New York" (Albany, 1885). 

SARMIENTO, Domingo Faust I no (sar-me- 
en'-to), president of the Argentine Republic, b. in 
San Juan, 13 Feb., 1811 ; d. in Asuncion, Paraguay, 
11 Sept., 1888. In 1829 he took part in the rising 
against Rosas and Quiroga, and at its defeat took 
refuge in Chili, where he was successively clerk, 
school-master, and overseer in a mine. He after- 
ward entered journalism, and in 1842, under the 
protection of the minister, Manuel Montt (g. v.), 
ne founded the first normal school for teachers in 
South America. In 1845-*7 he travelled, by order 
of the Chilian government, in Europe and the 
United States, to study the primary-school system. 
He made the acquaintance of Cobdcn, Guizot, 
Humboldt, and Horace Mann, and under Mann's 
influence he prepared a work on popular educa- 
tion, which was afterward published by order of 
the Chilian government. On his return to Chili 
he founded a weekly paper, " La Cronica," in 
which he advocated the establishment in his coun- 
try of a Federal republic In 1849 he formed part 
of the staff of " El Progreso," and founded •• El 
Monitor de las Escuelas," in which he advocated 
the interests of education. When Gen. Urquiza, 
aided by Brazil and Uruguay, revolted against 
Rosas, Sarmiento with other exiles left Chili in 
1851, and took part in the campaign that ended, 
8 Feb., 1852, with the battle of Monte Caseros. In 
1855 he established himself in Buenos Ayres, and 
devoted his time to the promotion of public in- 
struction, founding the paper " Los Anales de la 
Educacion Comun." In 1856 he demanded the 
establishment of a department of public instruc- 
tion, and he was appointed its director in 1857, 
establishing a model college in Buenos Ayres. In 
1859 he was elected senator, and in 1860, as minis- 
ter of public instruction, he influenced the vote of 
$100,000 for the establishment of schools. In 1861 
he was minister of the interior, and in 1862 he was 
elected governor of San Juan, where he suppressed 
a revolt of partisan chieftains. He was made min- 
ister to Chili and Peru in 1864, and to the United 
States in 1865. While here he was elected presi- 
dent of the Argentine Republic for six years, as- 
suming office, 12 Oct., 1868. During his adminis- 
tration the war with Paraguay was brought to a 
successful termination, railways and telegraphs 
were constructed, schools were multiplied, a Na- 
tional college was established in each province, 
the National observatory was founded, and immi- 
gration was promoted. After that time he was 
senator, obtained the rank of general, and was 
proprietor and editor of •« El Censor," continu- 
ing always to protect the interests of public edu- 
cation. Of his many works the most impor- 
tant are "De la Educacion popular" (Santiago. 
1848); "Viajes por Europa, Africa y America" 
(1848); •• Memoria sobre Instruction Primaria" 
(1849); " Argiropolis, 6 la capital de los Estados 
Confederados " (1850; French translation, Paris, 
1851); ,4 Civilizacion y Barbarie, 6 Facundo Qui- 
roga y Aldao" (1851; French translation, Paris, 
1858); u Vida de Abran Lincoln" (New York, 
I860) ; and " Las Escuelas. base de la prosperidad 
en los Estados Unidos" (1868). 

SARMIENTO (MM BOA, Pedro de, Spanish 
mariner, b. in Galicia about 1530 ; d. there about 



1590. He was the commander of the naval sta- 
tion in the Pacific in 1578, when Sir Francis Drake 
committed depredations on the coast of Peru and 
Mexico, and, in the belief that Drake would re- 
turn by the Strait of Magellan. Sarmiento was 
ordered by the viceroy to take possession of that 
passage and intercept him. He left Callao with 
eleven vessels in 1579. and after vainly waiting for 
Drake, who had returned by the Cape of Good Hope, 
he explored the coast, ana, after some encounters 
with the natives, returned to Spain in 1580. On 
his reporting the results of his expedition to Philip 
II., the latter resolved to fortify the strait, and 
sent, toward the end of 1581. an expedition of 
twenty-four vessels with 2,500 men from Cadiz, 
under command of Sarmiento and Diego Flores 
Valdez. The expedition was unfortunate, as eight 
vessels were lost in a storm, and Flores, on account 
of rivalry with Sarmiento, abandoned him with 
twelve vessels in the entry of the strait and re- 
turned to Spain. With only four vessels Sarmiento 
continued the voyage, arriving in January, 1583, 
at a favorable point, where he founded a fort and 
colony, which he called San Felipe (afterward Port 
Famine). He left a garrison of 800 men, and sailed 
in 1584 for Europe, but was captured by an Eng- 
lish fleet, carried to England, and kept a prisoner 
till 1588. Meanwhile his colony had dissolved and 
gradually perished of starvation, one of the sur- 
vivors being rescued by Cavendish's fleet in 1587, 
and another by Meriche in 1589. After his libera- 
tion Sarmiento made a representation of his expe- 
rience, and a complaint against Flores, to King 
Philip II., which was first printed in Madrid in 
1708, and again in vol. v., of the collection of 
American documents that has been in course of 
publication by the Spanish government since 1864. 
It seems that Sarmiento's complaint was neglected, 
as he died soon afterward in povertv. 

SARMIENTO DE SOTOMAYOR, Garcia, 
Count de Salvatierra, viceroy of Mexico and Peru, 
b. in Spain about 1590 ; d. in Cartagena, Colombia, 
in 1655. He was sent to replace the Marquis de 
Villena, who had been deposed by royal oraer, on 
suspicion of favoring the independence of Portu- 
gal, and arrived in Mexico in 1642, receiving the 
executive on 23 Nov. from Bishop Juan de Palafox. 
In 1644 he sent an unsuccessful expedition under 
Juan Gonzalez Barriga to explore and colonize 
California. In the next year the city suffered by 
an inundation of the lagoons, and the viceroy or- 
dered the cut of Nochistango, which had been be- 
gun by Enrique Martinez, to be repaired. The 
city of Salvatierra (now in the state of Guanajuato) 
was founded in 1647, and in the same year the 
viceroy was obliged to interfere between Bishop 
Palafox and the Jesuits. In 1648 he was promoted 
viceroy of Peru, and, sailing from Acapulco, he en- 
tered Lima on 20 Sept. His government in Peru 
did not present any noteworthy features, and he 
delivered the executive to his successor, Count de 
Alva dc Aliste, on 24 Feb., 1655, dying, on his re- 
turn vovage to Spain, in Cartagena. 

SARMIENTO VALLADARES, Jos6, Count 
de Montezuma, viceroy of Mexico, b. in Spain 
about 1050; d. there in 1717. Through his wife, 
a descendnnt of the Emperor Montezuma II., he 
inherited the title of Count de Montezuma and 
Tula, and in 1696 was appointed viceroy of Mexico, 
receiving the executive on 18 Dec from the provis- 
ional viceroy, Juan de Ortega Montafic*. Dur- 
ing his administration the Jesuit Salvatierra set 
out on the first successful expedition to Lower 
California in 1697, and during the same year he 
quelled a riot that was caused by scarcity of corn. 



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In 1697 he also sent an unsuccessful expedition to 
expel the Danish from St Thomas. When King 
Charles IL died in 1700, appointing the grandson 
of Louis XIV. his heir, the Count of Montezuma, 
who did not favor the house of Bourbon, solicited 
his recall, and, as the new king, Philip V., feared 
Sarmiento's partiality for the Austrian succession, 
the latter was ordered to deliver the executive 
again to Bishop Ortega, which he did on 4 Nov., 
1701. On 26 Nov„ 1704, Sarmiento was created 
Duke of Atlixoo and grandee of Spain. 

SARRASIN, Michel, Canadian author, b. in 
France in 1659; d. 9 Sept, 1784. He resided at 
Quebec when Canada was a French dependency, 
and was a member of the superior council of the 
colony. He became physician to the king, keeper 
of the king's seal in 1788, and a member of the 
Academy of sciences of Paris. On his arrival the 
historian Charlevoix expressed surprise at finding 
so learned a man in the colony. Sarrasin contrib- 
uted many articles to the publications of various 
learned societies, among others a " Description of 
the Castor," in the memoirs of the Academy of sci- 
ences (1704); "A Letter on the Mineral Waters of 
Cap de la Magdeleine," in the memoirs of. Trevoux 
(1TO6); " Description of the Water or Musk Rat of 
America," in the Paris " Documents " ; and a de- 
scription of a plant which he had discovered and 
named •'Sarracenia purpurea." The whole genus 
of which this is a species was named " Sarracenia " 
by Tournefort, in honor of Dr. Sarra&in. 

SARTAIN, John, artist, b. in London, Eng- 
land, 24 Oct, 1808. He learned to engrave in the 
line manner, in which style he produced several of 
the plates in William Young- Ottley's " Early Flor- 
entine School" (London, 1826). In 1828 he began 

to practise mezzo- 
tints, and when he 
came to the United 
States in 1880 was 
one of the first 
to introduce that 
branch of engrav- 
ing here. Subse- 
quently he usual- 
ly mingled both 
styles, with the 
addition of stip- 

Eling. In England 
e nad studied 
painting under 
John Varley and 
Henry Richter, 
and in Philadel- 
phiahe became the 

Supil of Joshua 
haw and Manuel 
J. de Franca. For 
about ten years after his arrival in this country he 
was also engaged in painting portraits in oil and 
miniatures on ivory. During the same time he 
found employment in making designs for bank-note 
vignettes, and also in drawing on wood for book- 
illustration. In 1848 he became proprietor and ed- 
itor of M Campbell's Foreign Semi-Monthly Maga- 
zine," and thereafter devoted himself entirely to en- 
graving and to literary work. He had an interest at 
the same time in the " Eclectic Museum," for which, 
later, when John EL Agnew was alone in charge, 
he simply engraved the plates. In 1848 he pur- 
chased a one-half interest in the " Union Maga- 
zine," a New York periodical, which he transferred 
to Philadelphia. The name was changed to M Sex- 
tain's Union Magazine," and during the four years 
of its existence tne journal became widely known. 
vol. v.— 26 




AmtJ^S^^ 



During this period, besides his editorial work and 
the engravings that had to be made regularly for 
the periodicals with which he was connected. Sex- 
tain produced an enormous quantity of plates for 
book-illustration. The framing prints from his 
studio include " The County Election in Missouri," 
after Bingham (about 1855); Mr. and Mrs. Robert 
Gilmor, of Baltimore, two plates after Sir Thomas 
Lawrence ; David Paul Brown, after John Neagle ; 
" Christ Rejected," after Benjamin West (1802) ; 
"Men of Progress, American Inventors" (1862), 
"Zeisberger preaching to the Indians at Gosgo- 
shunk" (about 1862), and "The Iron-Worker and 
King Solomon " (1876), the last three after Chris- 
tian Schuessele ; " John Knox and Mary, Queen of 
Scots," after Emmanuel Leutze; " Homestead of 
Henry ClaY," after Hamilton; "Edwin Forrest" 
and "The Battle of Gettysburg" (1876-'7), after 
Peter F. Rothermel. Since he came to Philadel- 
phia, Mr. Sartain has taken an active interest in 
art matters there. He has held various offices in 
the Artists' fund society, the School of design for 
women, and the Pennsylvania academy, and has 
been actively connected with other educational 
institutions in the city. He has visited Europe 
several times, and on the occasion of his second 
visit in 1862 he was elected a member of the society 
" Artis et Amicitie" in Amsterdam. In 1876 he 
had charge of the art department at the Centennial 
exhibition in Philadelphia. In recognition of his 
services there, the king of Italy conferred on him 
the title of cavaliere, and he has received also other 
decorations and medals. His architectural knowl- 
edge has been frequently called into requisition, 
and he has designed several monuments, notably 
that to Washington and Lafayette in Monument 
cemetery, Philadelphia, for which he also modelled 
the two medallion heads. — His son, Samuel, en- 
graver, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 8 Oct, 1880, at the age 
of sixteen began to engrave under his father, and 
since his twenty-first year has been in business for 
himself. His prints include " Clear the Track," after 
C. Schuessele^ (1854) ; " Christ blessing Little Chil- 
dren," after Sir Charles Locke Eastlake (1861); 
" One of the Chosen " after Guy ; u Christ stilling 
the Tempest," after Hamilton; " The Song of the 
Angels,^ after Thomas Moran; "Evangeline"; and 
various portraits after Thomas Sully, John Neagle, 
and others. He has principally devoted himself 
to engraving portraits and other plates for books. 
He holds offices in the Artists' fund society, the 
Franklin institute, and other art and scientific 
societies of Philadelphia.— Another son. William. 
b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 21 Nov., 1848, practised 
engraving under his father until about his twenty- 
fourth year, producing some very good plates, 
notably " Young America crushing Rebellion ana 
Sedition" (1864) and " Little Samuel," after James 
Sant (1866). During 1867-8 he studied under 
Christian Schuessele and at the Pennsylvania acad- 
emy. He then went to Europe, where he studied 
with Leon Bonnat and at the Ecole des beaux arts, 
in Paris. After an absence of eight years he re- 
turned to the United States in 1877, settling in 
New York, where he was elected an associate of the 
National academy in 1890. He was one of the 
original members of the Society of American art- 
ists, and is a member also of other art associations. 
He received a silver medal in Boston in 1881, and 
honorable mention in Philadelphia in 1887. Mr. 
Sartain paints both landscape and figure subjects. 
Many or his pictures represent street scenes In Italy 
and Algiers. Among his works are " Tombs of the 
Saints, at Bouzareah* (1874) ; " Italian Boy's Head " 
and "Italian Girl's Head*' (1876); "Narcissus" 



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SATTERLKE 



(1878). owned by Smith college, Northampton, 
Mass.; "Nubian Sheik M (1879); "A Quiet Mo- 
ment " (187»-*80) ; " A Chapter of the Koran " and 
M Paqoita n (1888). An exhibition of his works was 
held in Boston m 1884. He is well known as a 
teacher, and has been connected with several art 
academies in New York and Philadelphia.— John's 
daughter, Emily, artist, b. in Philadelphia, 17 
March, 1841, first practised art as an engraver un- 
der her father. She studied from 1864 till 1873 at 
the Pennsylvania academy under Christian Schues- 
sele, and then, until 1875, with Evariste Luminals 
in Paris. Her style in engraving is a mixture of 
line and mezzotint. She has engraved some fram- 
ing prints, and a large number of portraits for 
book-illustration. As a painter, she has devoted 
herself principally to portraiture, painting genre 
pictures occasionally. Her " Reproof w was at the 
Centennial exhibition of 1876, where she gained a 
medal The " Mary Smith prize " was awarded 
her at the Philadelphia academy in 1881, and again 
in 1888. From November, 1881, till February, 
1888, she was art editor of " Our Continent," and 
since September, 1886, she has been principal of 
the Philadelphia school of design for women. 

SARTORI, Lewis Constant, naval officer, b. in 
Bloomsbury, Burlington co., N. J., 8 June, 1812. 
He entered the navy as a midshipman, 2 Feb., 
1820, was promoted to lieutenant, 8 Sept, 1841, 
and during the Mexican war was attached to the 
bomb-brig " Stromboli," in which he participated 
in the capture of Goatzacoalcas and Tabasco in 
1847-'8. He next served in the Mediterranean 
squadron, and was in the sloop M John Adam?," of 
the Pacific squadron, in 1855-*o, during which time 
he commanded an expedition, and Bad engage- 
ments with the Feejees. Upon his return from 
this cruise he was on duty at the Philadelphia 
navy-yard in 1857-'8. He was promoted to com- 
mander, 7 April, 1861, and assigned to the steamer 
" Flag " on the South Atlantic blockade. He com- 
manded the sloop-of-war " Portsmouth " in the 
Western Gulf blockading squadron in 1868-'5, and 
the steamer "AgawamT] of the North Atlantic 
squadron, in 1865-'6. He was promoted to cap- 
tain, 26 Sept, 1866, served in the North Pacific 
squadron in 1868-'70, was made commodore, 12 
Dec, 1878, and retired, 8 June, 1874. 

SARTWELL, Henry Parker, scientist, b. in 
Pittsfield, Mass., 18 April. 1792 ; d. in Penn Yan, 
N. Y., 15 Nov., 1867. After receiving a classical 
education, he began to practise medioine at nine- 
teen years of age. He was a surgeon in the U. S. 
army during the second war with Great Britain, 
and subsequently settled in Bethel, Ontario co., 
N. Y., where he 'devoted himself to the study of 
botany. He removed to Penn Yan, N. Y.. in 1880, 
where he continued to reside. His botanical la- 
bors extended over a period of forty-six years, and 
his collections of American plants are found in 
many herbariums in Europe and America. About 
1846 he gave his entire attention to the study of 
the genus Carex, one of the most extensive and 
difficult of the vegetable kingdom. He then con- 
ceived the idea of gathering and grouping all the 
indigenous species of Carex in North America, 
which resulted in his publication of his work en- 
titled " Carices American® Septentrional is Exsic- 
cataa" (2 vols.. New York, 1848). The third part 
of this work, intended to include fifty new species, 
was begun, and more than forty species had already 
been collected for it, when he died. His herbarium, 
the labor of forty years, containing about 8,000 
species, is now in Hamilton college, N. Y. Dr. 
sartwell kept daily records of the weather for forty 



years previous to his death, which were published 
in Penn Yan, and sent to the Smithsonian institu- 
tion. Hamilton college recognized his work by 
conferring upon him the degree of Ph. D. in 1864 
SASNETT, William Jacob, clergyman, b. in 
Hancock county, Ga^ 29 April, 1820 ; d. in Mont- 

Sjmery, Ala., 8 Nov., 1865. He was graduated at 
glethorpe university in 1889, and studied law, 
but abandoned it for the ministry, and speedily 
rose to eminence. He was professor of English in 
Emory college, Ga., in 184&-'57, president of La- 
grange female college in 1858, and the next year 
became principal of East Alabama college in Au- 
burn. He wrote and spoke constantly in favor of 
the higher education of women. He received the 
degree of D. D. from Emory college. Dr. Sasnett s 
publications include many magazine articles, " Dis- 
cussions in Literature and Religion** (Nashville, 
Tenn., 1850), and " Progress " (185o> 



SASOONAN, or ALLUMJ 



BBS ("one who 



is well wrapped up **), Indian chief, d. in the autumn 
of 1747. He was king of the Delaware* as early 
as 1718, and in that year headed the deputation 
of Indian chieftains at Philadelphia who signed 
an absolute release to the proprietaries for lands 
" situate between Delaware and Susquehanna from 
Duck creek to the mountains on this side Lechay,** 
which lands had been granted by their ancestors 
to William Penn. In 1728 he removed to the 
Susquehanna. He was friendly to the whites, and 
an honest, true-hearted man of good natural sense. 

SASSACUS, Pequot chief, b. near Grot on, 
Conn., about 1560 ; d. in the Mohawk settlement 
in June, 1687. He was chief of the Pequot Indians, 
a brave warrior, and thought by the other tribes to 
be endowed with supernatural powers. He was, in 
consequence, the terror of the New England coast, 
and a dreaded foe to the settlers. His domain 
comprised the present towns of Waterville, Ston- 
ington. North Stonington, and Groton, and his 
tribe numbered 700 warriors, besides women and 
children. In 1687 they attacked a small English 
fort at Saybrook, murdered several women at 
Wethersfleld, and carried two girls into captivity. 
The colonists then mustered all their able men. 
and, under command of John Mason (q. v.), attacked 
the Pequot settlement at Porter's rocks on Mystic 
river, 5 June, 1687. The colonists were aided by 
several Indian tribes, including the Narragansetta, 
who were so alarmed by the fact that Sassacus was 
in command of the Pequots that, when the hour of 
the attack came, they fell back in terror, exclaim- 
ing : " Sassacus in the fort ! Sassacus in the fort t 
Sassacus all one god ! Nobody can kill him ! " The 
whites were finally victorious, but the chief escaped 
to the Mohawks, by whom he was soon murdered. 

SATTERLEE. Henry Yates, clergyman, b. in 
New York city, 11 Jan., 1848. He was graduated 
at Columbia in 1868, and at the General theo- 
logical seminary, New York city, in 1866, was or- 
dained deacon the same year in the Protestant 
Episcopal church, and priest in 1867. He was as- 
sistant rector of the church at Wappinger*s Falls, 
Dutchess co., N. Y., in 1865-'75, became its rector 
at the latter date, and since 1882 has had charge 
of Calvary church. New York city. Union college 
gave him the degree of D. D. in 1882. In 1888 he 
declined the assistant bishopric of Ohio. Dr. Sat- 
terlee has been actively interested in the Epis- 
copal church congress, the parochial missions and 
temperance movements, and in the home and for- 
eign missionary work of the Protestant Episcopal 
church. He has published serial articles in the 
magazines, and several sermons, and manuals of 
religious instruction.— His cousin, Waiter, artist. 



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b. in Brooklyn, N. Y., 18 Jan., 1844, was a pupil of 
the National academy, and has studied also under 
Edwin White and Leon Bonn&t. He was elected 
an associate of the academy in 1879, and is also a 
member of the Water-color society and the New 
York etching club. In 1886 he gained the Clarke 
prize at the academy. Among his works are the 
oil-paintings, " Contemplation, in Smith college, 
Northampton, Mass. (1878) ; " Extremes Meet" and 
"The Convent Composer " (1881); ** Autumn," 
u Good-bye, Summer," ** The Cronies," and " Fortune 
by Tea-Leaves " (1886) ; and the water-colors " Soli- 
taire " and " Old Ballads " (1878) ; - Two Sides of a 
Conyent-Wall"(1884); and "The Portune-Teller," 
"The Net-Mender," and "The Lightened Load" 
(1887). His pencil has been frequently employed in 
book-illustration, and he is well Known as a teacher. 

SATTERLEE, Richard Sherwood, surgeon, 
b. in Fairfield, Herkimer co., N. Y., 6 Dec, 1798 ; d. 
in New York city, 10 Nov., 1880. His father, Maj. 
William Satterlee, served in the Revolutionary 
army. After a collegiate course the son studied 
medicine, was admitted to practice, and in 1818 
settled in Seneca county, N. Y., subsequently re- 
moving to Detroit. He became assistant surgeon 
in the U. S. army in 1822, served in the first and 
second Florida wars, and in 1846 was assigned to 
duty under Gen. William J. Worth, as chief sur- 
geon of the 1st division of regulars. After the 
capture of Mexico he became medical director on 
the staff of Gen. Winfield Scott He became IT. S. 
medical purveyor in 1853, held that office till the 
close of the civil war, and in 1864 was brevetted 
" lieutenant-colonel, colonel, and brigadier-general 
for diligent care and attention in procuring proper 
army supplies as medical purveyor, and for econo- 
my and fidelity in the disbursement of large sums 
of money." He became lieutenant-colonel and 
chief medical purveyor in July, 1866, and was re- 
tired, 22 Feb., 1869. 

SAUGANASH, The, Indian name of Capt 
Billy Caldwell, a half-breed leader, b. in Canada 
about 1780; d. in Council Bluffs, Iowa, 28 Sept, 
1841. His father was an Irish officer in the British 
service, and his mother a Pottawattamie. He 
received a good education from the Jesuits at De- 
troit, could speak and write English and French, 
and was master of several Indian dialects. He 
early formed an acquaintance with Tecumseh, and 
from 1807 till the death of the latter they were 
intimate and devoted friends. The Sauganash was 
a faithful Mend to the whites, and did all he 
could to mitigate the horrors of savage warfare. 
Although he was hostile to the whites at the 
time of the Chicago massacre in August, 1812, it 
is said that the lives of the prisoners were saved 
through the intercession of Caldwell and Shabona, 
who were not in the engagement The Sauganash 
took up his residence in Chicago about 1820. In 
1826 he was one of the justices of the peace there. 
In 1828 the Indian department in consideration of 
his services, built him the first frame house in 
Chicago. He occupied this house {near what is 
now the corner of North State street and Chicago 
avenue) till he left the country with his tribe in 
1886 for Council Bluffs. By a treaty that was 
made 2 Jan., 1880, the Sauganash, Shabona, and 
other friendly Indians had reservations granted 
them by the government, and 1,240 acres on the 
north branch of the Chicago river was set apart for 
Caldwell, which he sold before leaving the country. 
Caldwell owed allegiance to three distinct nations 
at the same time. He was captain of the Indian 
department under Great Britain in the war of 
1812, and never renounced his allegiance, was a 



justice of the peace in Chicago, and a chief of the 
Ottawas and Pottawattamie*. See " Waubun, the 
Early Day," by Mrs. John H. Kinzie (Chicago, 1857). 

8AULSBURY, Ell, senator, b. in Kent county, 
Del., 29 Dec, 1817. He attended common and se- 
lect schools, followed an irregular course at Dick- 
inson, studied law, was admitted to the bar in 
1845, and practised in Dover, DeL He was a mem- 
ber of the legislature in 1858-'4, and succeeded 
his brother, Willard, as U. S. senator, having been 
elected as a Democrat in 1870. He was re-elected in 
1876, and again in 1888 for the term that will expire 
on 8 March, 1889. He offered an amendment to the 
" force bill " in the 42d congress, and in the same 
session opposed in two speeches and voted against 
the act "to enforce the provisions of the 14th 
amendment to the constitution of the United States 
and for other purposes." He moved an amend- 
ment to the specie-payment bill, and spoke and 
voted in the negative against military interference 
in the organization of the Louisiana legislature in 
the 48d congress. — His brother, Willard, senator, 
b. in Kent county, Del., 2 June, 1820, was educated 
at Delaware and: Dickinson colleges, studied law, 
practised in Georgetown, Del., and in 1850-75 was 
state attorney-general In the mean time he took 
an active part in politics, and became known 
throughout the state as an orator. He was chosen 
U. S. senator as a Democrat in 1858, and served by 
re-election till 1871. During his first term of ser- 
vice in that body he devoted all his energies to the 
preservation of the Union, and the prevention of 
civil war. Among his important speeches was that 
on the state-rights resolution of Jefferson Davis, 
delivered 2 April, 1860 ; that on the resolution pro- 
posing to expel Jesse D. Bright {q. v.\ delivered 29 
Jan., 1862; that on the bill to prevent officers of 
the army and navy from interfering in elections in 
the southern states, delivered 24 March, 1864 ; and 
that on amending the constitution of the United 
States, delivered 6 March, 1866. In the 86th con- 
gress he closed the debate on disunion by calling 
attention to the fact that " as Delaware was the first 
to adopt the constitution of the United States, she 
would be the last to do any act looking to separa- 
tion." He offered a resolution proposing a confer- 
ence for the settlement of difficulties in the 87th 
congress, and argued against the constitutionality 
of the bill on compensated emancipation in Mis- 
souri He served on the reconstruction committee 
in the 89th congress, voted in the affirmative on 
the 15th amendment in the 40th congress, and in 
the negative on the Virginia bill in the 41st con- 
gress. He was a delegate to the Chicago Demo- 
cratic convention in 1864. Since 1878 he has been 
chancellor of Delaware. 

SAUNDERS, Alvin, senator, b. in Fleming 
county, Ky., 12 July, 1817. His father, a native of 
Virginia, removed to Kentucky in early youth. 
The son went with his father to Illinois in 1829, 
and attended school in the intervals of farm work. 
He removed in 1886 to Mount Pleasant in that 
part of Wisconsin territory that is now Iowa, and 
was postmaster there for seven years. At the same 
time he studied law ; but instead of practising, he 
engaged in business as a merchant and. banker. 
Mr. Saunders was a member of the convention that 
framed the constitution of Iowa in 1846, and a 
state senator for eight years. He sat in the first 
Republican convention in the state, and in the 
National conventions of 1860 and 1868, was a com- 
missioner to organize the Pacific railroad company, 
and served as governor of Nebraska territory from 
1861 till its admission into the Union in 1867. 
During his term of office the population of the 



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territory was only about 80,000, jet he not only 
raised 3,000 men for the National armies, but suc- 
cessfully carried on operations against hostile In- 
dians. Much of the prosperity of the state is due 
to his energy. He was instrumental in causing 
the Union Pacific railroad to cross Missouri rirer 
at Omaha, instead of several miles below, thus in- 
suring the rapid growth of that city. In 1877-'88 
be served in the u. S. senate, where he secured 
for his state more than 600,000 acres of land by 
straightening the northern boundary-line. 

SAUNDERS, Sir Charles, British naval officer, 
b. in Scotland about 1705 ; d. in London in Decem- 
ber, 1775. He joined the navy, served under Lord 
Anson, and won notice by his gallant defence of 
the " Yarmouth," while he was captain of that ves- 
sel in 1747. In 1759 Pitt gave him the command 
of the fleet that was intended to co-operate with 
Gen. Wolfe and the land forces at the capture of 
Quebec He rendered the greatest assistance to 
Wolfe by his bombardment of the town, and dis- 
played much skill and courage during the period 
when the fleet was in St. Lawrence river. He was 
appointed lieutenant-general of marines in 1760, 
in 1765 a lord of the admiralty, and in 1766 first 
lord of the admiralty. 

SAUNDERS, Ephrmim Dod, clergyman, b. in 
Brookaide, Morris co., N. J., 80 Sept, 1808 ; d. in 
Philadelphia, Pa., 18 Sept., 1872. He was gradu- 
ated at Yale in 1881, and, after studying theology 
in New Haven for a few months, went to Virginia, 
where he engaged in teaching. He was licensed 
to preach there in 1888, ordained to the Presby- 
terian ministry in 1884, and was instrumental m 
building three churches, but relinquished preach- 
ing on account of a throat trouble, and became 
principal of an academy in Petersburg, Va. After 
travelling in Europe, he engaged in missionary 
work in the Pennsylvania coal region, but in 1852 
he established, in West Philadelphia, Saunders in- 
stitute, a military school, which attained a high 
reputation. He discontinued the school in 1870, 
and in 1871 gave the buildings and grounds, 
which were valued at $100,000, to found, as a 
memorial of his son, Courtland, the Presbyterian 
hospital, toward whose endowment he raised: $100,- 
000 more by his personal efforts. He received the 
degree of D. D. from Lafayette. During the civil 
war Dr. Saunders Was active in raising volunteers 
and obtaining money for bounties, and established 
a drill class, in which he trained many officers for 
the volunteer service. See his " Life/* by Thomas 
D. Suplee (Philadelphia, 1878).— His son, Court- 
land, who was a teacher in the institute, served as 
a captain in the National army, and was killed at 
Antietam. He published a work on " Paradigms 
Of Latin Verbs ^(Philadelphia, 1860). 

SAUNDERS, Frederick, author, b. in London, 
England, 14 Aug., 1807. He came to New York 
in 1887, and opened a branch of the publishing 
establishment of Saunders and Ottlev, London, for 
the purpose of issuing American editions of their 
own publications, and to seek the protection of an 
international copyright law. After a persistent 
effort had been made in behalf of this object, in- 
volving a large amount of money, the enterprise 
was abandoned. In this work Mr. Saunders ob- 
tained the co-operation and sympathy of the chief 
literary men of the country, ana his six petitions 
to congress, presented at distant intervals, Dore the 
signatures of Washington Irving, William Cullen 
Bryant, George Bancroft, and many others. He 
was thus the pioneer in this important movement 
Mr. Saunders was for some time city editor of the 
"Evening Post,** and in 1859 became assistant 



librarian of the Astor library, of which, since 1876. 
he has been librarian. Madison university gave 
him the degree of M. A. in 1858. He has been a 
frequent contributor to magazines and reviews, and 
has published " Memoirs of the Great Metropolis, 
or London from the Tower to the Crystal Palace " 
(New York, 1852); "New York in a Nutshell" 
(1858); " Salad for the Solitary, by an Epicure" 
(1858), and " Salad for the Social" (1856), of 
which many editions appeared in New York and 
London, and which were reissued in one volume, 
illustrated (New York, 1872; new ed., 1888); 
" Pearls of Thought, Religious and Philosophical. 
Gathered from Old Authors " (1858) ; " Mosaics - 
(1859) ; " Festival of Song " (1866) ; " About Wom- 
en, Love, and Marriage (1868) ; M Evenings with 
the Sacred Poets" (1869; revised and enlarged, 
1885); "Pastime Papers" (1885); and "Story of 
some Famous Books" (London, 1887), in "The 
Book-Lover's Library." Most of his books were 
published both in New York and in London, and 
ran through numerous editions. He has also edit- 
ed " Our National Centennial Jubilee " (1877), and, 
with Henry T. Tuckerman, " Homes of American 
Authors "H858). 

SAUNDERS, John, Jurist, b. in Virginia in 
1754; d. in Frederioton, New Brunswick, in 1834. 
His grandfather emigrated to Virginia from Eng- 
land, and acquired large landed estates. John re- 
ceived a liberal education, and studied law, but in 
1776 raised a troop of horse at his own expense, 
and joined the royal forces. He was subsequently 
captain of cavalry in the Queen's rangers, was often 
in engagements, and was twice wounded. At the 
peace ne went to England, became a member of the 
Middle Temple, and practised law. In 1790 he be- 
came a judge of the supreme court of New Bruns- 
wick, and he was appointed soon afterward a mem- 
ber of the council of that colony. In 1822 he be- 
came chief justice. Judge Saunders possessed two 
estates in Virginia, both of which were confiscated. 
—His only son, John Simcob, held the offices of ad- 
vocate-general, justice of the court of judicature, 
and member of the council, and at his death was 
secretary of the province. 

SAUNDERS, Prince, attorney-general of Hay- 
ti, b. in Thetford, Vt, about 1775 ; d. in Havti, 12 
Feb., 1840. He was of African descent, and, after 
receiving an excellent education and teaching in 
free colored schools in Colchester, Conn., and Bos- 
ton, Mass., emigrated to Hayti in 1807. Here he 
was employed at once by Henry Christophe to im- 
prove the state of education in the island, and sent 
to England to procure teachers, books, and appa- 
ratus. In that country his first name was mis- 
taken for a title, and as he took no pains to correct 
this misapprehension he received much attention, 
and was a guest at many great houses. At that of 
Sir Joseph Banks, president of the Royal society, 
" everybody," says Charles R. Leslie in nis " Recol- 
lections" (I860), "asked to be presented to 'His 
Highness.' I got near, to hear what passed in his 
circle, and a gentleman, with a star and ribbon, 
said to him : * What surprises me is that you speak 
English so well.' Saunders, who had never spoken 
any other language in his life, bowed and smiled 
acceptance of the compliment" The result of this 
mission was not satisfactory to Christophe, and 
immediately after its close Saunders returned from 
Havti to the United States, where he studied di- 
vinity, and preached for some time in Philadelphia. 
A few years later he went again to Hayti. where 
he was made attorney-general, which office he held 
at his death. He was the author of the Haytian 
criminal oode, and published " Documents Relative 



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to the Kingdom of Hayti, with a Preface " (Lon- 
don, 1816); "Memoir on Slavery" (Philadelphia, 
1818) ; u Address on Education " (1818) ; and " Hay- 
tian Papers" (Boston, 1818). 

SAUNDERS, Romolus Mitchell, statesman, 
b. in Caswell county, N. C, 3 March, 1791 ; d. in Ra- 
leigh, N. C, 21 April, 1867. His uncle, James Saun- 
ders, represented Orange county in the Provincial 
congress of North Carolina which met at Halifax, 
4 April, 1776, and also in the congress held at 
the same place, 12 Nov., 1776, and was appointed 
colonel of the northern regiment of his county. 
James's younger brother, William, the father of 
Romulus, was an officer in the North Carolina 
line. The son was educated at the University 
of North Carolina, studied law in Tennessee, and 
was admitted to practice in that state in 1812, 
having been adopted by his uncle James on the 
death of his father. He returned to North Caro- 
lina and was elected to the house of commons 
from Caswell county from 1815 till 1820, serving as 
speaker of the house in 1819 and 1820. In 1821 he 
was elected as a Democrat to congress, where he 
served until 1827, and in 1828 he was chosen attor- 
ney-general of the state. In 1888 he was appointed 
by resident Jackson one of the board of commis- 
sioners to decide and allot the amounts that were 
due citizens of the United States for injuries by 
France, as settled by the treaty of 4 July, 1881. In 
1885 he was elected by the legislature judge of the 
superior courts, which post he resigned in 1840 
to become the candidate of the Democratic Darty 
for governor, but he was defeated by John Moore- 
head. In 1844 he was again elected to congress, 
and in the Democratic national convention of 
that year he introduced the celebrated two-third 
rule, by which the votes of two thirds of all the 
members of the convention were made necessary 
for a nomination. The adoption of this rule re- 
sulted in the defeat of Martin Van Buren for the 
nomination and the selection of James K. Polk. 
He continued in congress until 1845, when he was 
appointed minister to Spain. He was specially 
directed by President Polk to negotiate for the 
purchase of Cuba, and was authorized to offer $100,- 
000,000 for that island. He returned home in 
October, 1849, and was elected to the house of com- 
mons from Wake county in 1850, where he was 
earnest in securing the construction of the North 
Carolina railroad, in the reconstruction of the 
Raleigh and Gaston railroad, and in the develop- 
ment of internal improvements by the state. He 
was elected judge of the superior courts in 1851, and 
one of the commissioners to revise and codify the 
laws of the state. He served as judge until 1865, 
when he was deposed by Gov. William W. Holden. 

SAUYEUR, Baudoln (so-vur), Flemish natural- 
ist, b. in Ypres in 1779 ; d. in Brussels in 1882. 
He enlisted early in the French army, served in 
the West Indies, and afterward went to New Or- 
leans, where he became a wealthy merchant and 
devoted his leisure to the study of natural history 
and geology. Declining health and heavy losses in 
business decided him to return to Europe, and he 
fixed his residence in a suburb of Brussels. His 
works include " Carte gfologique du delta du Mis- 
sissipi" (Brussels, 1827}; M Voyages scientifiques 
dans les bassins du Mississipi et de 1' Arkansas" 
(1828); and M Etudes critiques sur les formations 
geoloeiques dans la vallee au Mississipi "(1880). 

SAVAGE, Edward, artist, b. in Princeton. 
Mass., 26 Nov., 1761 ; A there, 6 Juiy, 1817. He 
was originally a goldsmith, but later turned his 
attention to iwrtnit-painting. Washington sat to 
him several times, and in lTw-TH) Savage painted 



his portrait for Harvard. He produced also the 
well-known "Family Group at Mount Vernon." 
This was for a long time exhibited in the museum 
that Savage established in New York, and is now 
in the Boston museum. His portraits of Wash- 
ington and Henry Knox were frequently engraved 
by the artist himself and by others. 

SAVAGE. Edward Hartwell, policeman, b. in 
Alstead, N. H., 18 May, 1812. He received a pub- 
lic-school education, and since 1851 has served as 
a member of the police force in Boston, Mass., be- 
ing chief of police in 1870-U Since 1861 he has 
been justice of the peace for Suffolk county, Mass. 
He has published " Boston Police Recollections, or 
Boston by Daylight and Gaslight " (Boston, 1860). 
and " Five Thousand Boston Events from 1630 to 
1880" (1884). 

SAVAGE, James, antiquary, b. in Boston, Mass., 
18 July, 1784; d. there, 8 March, 1873. He was 
descended from Maj. Thomas Savage, who came to 
Massachusetts from England in 1635. After gradu- 
ation at Harvard in 1803 he studied law, was ad- 
mitted to the bar in 1807, and served in both 
houses of the legislature. He was also a member 
of the executive 
council, and a 
delegate to the 
State constitu- 
tional conven- 
tion of 1820, 
filled several mu- 
nicipal offices, 
and was a mem- 
ber of the school 
committee. He 
was the founder 
of Provident in- 
stitution for sav- 
ings, the first 
savings bank in 
Boston, and the 
second in the 
United States, of 
which he was 
also secretary, 
treasurer, vice-president, and president, and for 
nineteen years he was treasurer of the Massachu- 
setts historical society, of which he was also presi- 
dent, and edited several of its collections. Thack- 
eray was much impressed by his sturdy individu- 
ality, and remarked to a friend: "I want to see 
that quaint, charming old Mr. Savage again." Ed- 
win P. Whipple calls him "the soul of integri- 
ty," and says: "It is curious that James Savage, 
the most eloquent of men when his soul was stirred 
to its depths, should now be particularly honored 
merely as an acute antiquarian. . . . His hatred of 
iniquity sometimes blazed out in a fury of wrath- 
ful eloquence which amazed those who specially 
esteemed him as a prodigy of genealogical knowl- 
edge, and even disturbed the equanimity of those 
who chiefly knew him as the most valued and trust- 
worthy of friends." Harvard gave him the degree 
of LL. D. in 1841. For five years Mr. Savage was 
an associate editor of the " Monthly Anthology," 
which was founded in Boston in 1803 and con- 
tinued until 181 1, preparing the way for the " North 
American Review/' The discovery of the missing 
manuscript of John Winthrop's journal in the 
tower of the Old South church, Boston, in 1816, led 
Mr. Savage to prepare and annotate the original 
manuscripts, which he published under the title of 
"John Winthrop's History of New England from 
1680 to 1646, with Notes to illustrate the Civil and 
Ecclesiastical Concerns, the Geography, Settle- 




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raent, and Institutions of the Country, and the 
Lives and Manners of the Ancient Planters " (2 
vols., Boston, 1825-'6; 2d ed., with corrections, 
1858). The first volume of Winthrop's *« Journal " 
had been published from the family manuscripts 
(Hartford, 1790). In addition to numerous genea- 
logical, historical, political, and controversial pam- 
phlets, he edited William Paley's works (5 vols., Cam- 
bridge, 1828 ; new ed., 1830), and prepared a " Gene- 
alogical Dictionary of the First Settlers of New 
England, showing Three Generations of Those who 
came before May, 1692" (4 vols., Boston, 1860-'4). 
This work, which occupied him twenty years, and 
which displays extraordinary industry and research, 
has been called "the most stupendous work on 
genealogy ever completed." He delivered the 
Fourth-of-July oration in Boston in 1811, and an 
address on the constitution of Massachusetts on 26 
Jan., 1832, both of which were published. 

SAVAGE, John, jurist, b. in New York in 
1779 ; d. in Utica, N. Y., 19 Oct., 1863. After gradu- 
ation at Union in 1799 he studied law, was admit- 
ted to the bar, and practised his profession. In 
1814 he was a member of the state assembly, and 
he was then elected to congress as a Democrat, 
serving from 4 Dec., 1815, till 3 March, 1819, after 
which lie became U. S. district attorney. He was 
state comptroller from 12 Feb., 1821, till 13 Feb., 
1823, chief justice of the state supreme court from 
1823 till 1827, and U. S. assistant treasurer in New 
York. He was a presidential elector on the Polk 
and Dallas ticket in 1845. Union gave him the de- 
gree of LL. D. in 1829. 

SAY AGE, John, journalist, b. in Dublin, Ire- 
land, 13 Dec, 1828. He was educated in his native 
city, and studied in the art school of the Royal 
Dublin society, winning several prizes. He became 
active in revolutionary clubs, established two jour- 
nals that were suppressed by the British govern- 
ment, and afterward organized and led armed peas- 
ants in the south of Ireland. When the cause was 
lost, he escaped to New York in 1848, and became a 
proof-reader for the New York " Tribune." After- 
ward he was literary editor of " The Citizen," wrote 
for the " Democratic Review " and •* American Re- 
view." In 1857 he removed to Washington, where 
he was chief writer for " The States," the organ of 
Stephen A. Douglas, of which paper he became the 
proprietor. He was active in organizing the Irish 
brigade and the Irish legion for the National army 
during the civil war, and served in the 69th New 
York regiment The degree of LL. D. was conferred 
on him by St. John's college, Fordham, N. Y., in 
1875. Mr. Savage wrote several popular war-songs, 
including "The Starry Flag" and "The Muster of 
the North." He is the author of "Lays of the 
Fatherland" (New York, 1850); "'98 and '48: the 
Modem Revolutionary History and Literature of 
Ireland " (1856) ; " Our Living Representative Men " 
(Philadelphia, 1860); "Faith and Fancy," poems 
(New York, 1863): "Campaign Life or Andrew 
Johnson" (1864); "Life and Public Services of 
Andrew Johnson" (1866); "Fenian Heroes and 
Martyrs" (Boston, 1868); "Poems: Lyrical, Dra- 
matic, and Romantic" (1870); "Picturesque Ire- 
land ~ 



0865). 

" Eva, a Goblin Romance " (1865). 

SAVAGE, John Houston, lawyer, b. in Mc- 
Minnville, Warren co., Tenn., 9 Oct, 1815. He re- 
ceived a public-school education, and before he was 
of age served as a private under Gen. Edmund P. 
Gaines on the Texas frontier, and also for six 
months against the Seminoles in Florida. After- 



ward he studied law, and began to practise in 
Smithville, Tenn. He was made colonel of Ten- 
nessee militia, and in 1841-7 was attorney-general 
of the 4th district of his state. In 1844 he was 
an elector on the Polk ticket. In 1847 he was ap- 
pointed major of the 14th infantry, U. S. army, 
and served m the Mexican war, being wounded at 
Chapultepec, was promoted lieutenant-colonel of 
the 11th infantry, and, after the death of Col. Will- 
iam M. Graham, commanded this regiment until 
the close of the war. On returning to Tennessee 
he resumed the practice of law, and was elected to 
congress as a Democrat, serving from 3 Dec, 1849, 
till 3 March, 1853, and again from 3 Dec, 1855, 
till 3 March, 1859, being a member of the commit- 
tee on military affairs. During the civil war he 
was colonel of the 16th Tennessee Confederate in- 
fantry, and was wounded at Perryville and at Mur- 
freesboro\ He served in the legislature of Ten- 
nessee in 1877, 1879, and 1887, and now (1888) prac- 
tises law in McMinnville. 

SAVAGE, Hlnot Judson, clergyman, b. in Nor- 
ridgewock, Me., 10 June, 1841. He was educated 
at Bowdoin, graduated at Bangor theological semi- 
nary in 1864, and became a Congregational mis- 
sionary in California. He was pastor of churches 
in Framingham. Mass., in 1867, and Hannibal, Mo., 
in 1869. In 1873 he had charge of a Unitarian 
church in Chicago, and since 1874 he has been 
pastor of the "Church of the Unity" in Boston. 
Among his publications are " Christianity, the Sci- 
ence of Manhood " (Boston, 1873) ; " The Religion 
of Evolution" (1876); "Bluff ton, a Story of To- 
day " (1878) ; " Life Ouestions " (1879) ; " The Mor- 
als of Evolution " (1880) ; " Belief in God " (1881) ; 
"Beliefs about Man" (1882); "Poems" (1882); 
"Beliefs about the Bible" (1888); "The Modern 
Sphinx" (1883); "The Religious Life" (1886); 
"Social Problems " (1886) ; and " My Creed " (1887). 

SAWTELLE, Charles Greene, soldier, b. in 
Norridgewock, Me., 10 May, 1834. His father, 
Cullen Sawtelle, was a member of congress in 
1845-7 and 1849-'51. After graduation at the 
U. S. military academy in 1854, he served in quell- 
ing Kansas border disturbances, in the Utah ex- 
pedition in 1858, and on garrison duty in California 
in 1859-m On 17 May, 1861, he became cap- 
tain of the staff and assistant quartermaster. He 
superintended the forwarding of troops and sup- 

?lies for the Army of the Potomac until 17 Aug., 
862, and the embarkation during the Maryland 
campaign. He was chief quartermaster of the 
2d corps in the Rappahannock campaign, and en- 
gaged on Gen. Stoneman's raid toward Richmond 
in May, 1863. From 21 June till 6 Aug., 1863, he 
was assistant chief quartermaster of the Army of 
the Potomac, and forwarded supplies from Wash- 
ington and Alexandria, Va., for the Pennsylvania 
campaign. He was chief quartermaster of the cav- 
alry bureau in Washington from 6 Aug., 1863, till 
15 Feb., 1864, and then was transferred to Browns- 
ville, Tex., and was in charge of the transports and 
supplies for Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks's army on its 
return from Red river, which he met at Atchafala- 
ya. He constructed a bridge of 900 feet across the 
river, using 21 steamers as pontoons. From 19 May 
till 6 June, 1864, he was in charge of steam trans- 
portation in the Department of the Gulf, and was 
chief quartermaster in the military division of west 
Mississippi, from 6 June, 1864, till 2 July, 1865. 
He received the brevets of major, lieutenant-colo- 
nel, colonel, and brigadier-general, U. S. army, on 
13 March, 1865. In 1881 he attained the rank of 
lieutenant-colonel, and has since served in the 
quartermaster's departments of the Columbia and 



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of the South, and of the military divisions of the 
Atlantic and of the East, and is now (1888) in the 
quartermaster's department in Washington, D. C. 

8AWTELLE, Henry Allen, clergyman, b. in 
Sidney, Me., 11 Dec, 1882; d. in Waterville, Me., 
22 Nov., 1885. His early years were spent on a 
farm. He was graduated at Colby university in 
1854, and at Newton theological institution in 1858, 
after which he was ordained pastor of a church in 
Limerick, Me., but in 1859 he went as a missionary 
to China, remaining there until 1861, when he re- 
signed, owing to impaired health. From 1862 till 
1&74 he was pastor of Baptist churches in San Fran- 
cisco, editing there the "Evangel " and the " Spare 
Hour." Subsequently he had charges in Chelsea, 
Mas&, and Kalamazoo, Mich. Hillsdale college, 
Mich., gave him the degree of D. D. in 1874. Dr. 
Sawtelle contributed to the "Bibliotheca Sacra" 
and the " Baptist Quarterly," and was the author 
of ** Things to Think of " (San Francisco, 1878). 

SAWYER, Frederick Adolphos, senator, b. in 
Bolton, Mass., 12 Dec, 1822. After serving as 
clerk in a store and teaching for several winters he 
was graduated at Harvard in 1844, and continued 
to teach in various towns in Maine, Massachusetts, 
and New Hampshire till 1859, when he took charge 
of the normal school in Charleston, S. C. He passed 
through the lines to the National forces in 1864, 
and, going to New England, made many speeches 
in advocacy of the re-election of President Lin- 
coln. In February, 1865, he went to Charleston 
again and took an active part in the reconstruction 
of South Carolina. He was appointed, on 80 May, 
collector of internal revenue for the 2d district of 
8outh Carolina— the first civil appointment in the 
state after the war — was elected to the State con- 
stitutional convention, but was unable to take his 
seat, and afterward chosen to the U. S. senate for 
the term that ended in 1878. In that body he 
served on the committees on private land-claims, 
education in the District of Columbia, pensions, and 
appropriations. Mr. Sawyer was one of the leaders 
in opposition to the re-election of Gov. Franklin 
J. Moses. On 19 March, 1878, he became assistant 
secretary of the treasury, which office he held till 
June, 1874. From that time till 1880 he was en- 
gaged in private business, being also connected 
with the coast survey for some time. Then he was 
a special agent of the war department till 1887, 
and: since that time he has conducted a preparatory 
school in Ithaca, N. Y. 

SAWYER, Frederick William, author, b. in 
Saco, Me.. 22 April, 1810; d. in Boston, Mass., 
about 1875. He removed to Boston, Mass., in 1888, 
where he began to practise law in 1840, and estab- 
lished the Pawners' Dank. He has published " Mer- 
chant's and Shipmaster's Guide A (1840); "Plea 
for Amusements (1847) ; and •• Hits at American 
Whims," which had previously appeared in the 
Boston •* Transcript n under the signatures of 
"CarT and "Canty Carl" (I860). 

SAWYER, Horace Bucklln, naval officer, b. in 
Burlington, vt, 22 Feb., 1797; d. in Washington, 
D. C, 14 Feb., 1860. He entered the navy as mid- 
shipman, 4 June, 1812, and became lieutenant, 1 
April, 1818, commander, 9 Deo, 1889, and captain, 
12 April, 1858. He served on the " Constitution " 
when she took the " Cyane n and ** Levant " in 1815, 
and in the suppression of piracy in the West In- 
dies and the Mediterranean, in the " Spark " and 
M Warren," respectively. In 1856 the legislature 
of Vermont gave him a handsome sworn for his 
services in the second war with Great Britain, 

SAWYER, Leicester Ambrose, clergyman, b. 
In Pinckney, N. Y., 28 July, 1807. He was gradu- 



ated at Hamilton college in 1828, studied theology 
at Princeton for two years, and was ordained to 
the Presbyterian ministry in 1882. He was pastor 
of various churches in New York and Connecticut, 
and was president of Central college, Ohio, in 
1842-7. From his entrance into the ministry he 
devoted himself to the study of the Bible in the 
original tongues, and finally, abandoning the com- 
monly received doctrine of the inspiration of the 
Scriptures, he left the Presbyterian church in 
1854, and until 1859 was pastor of a Congregational 
church in Westmoreland, N. Y. Since 1860 he 
has resided at Whitesboro, N. Y.. where he has en- 
gaged in literary work, and was for a time con- 
nected with the Utica *• Morning Herald." He has 
published "Elements of Biblical Interpretation" 
(New Haven, 1886); "Mental Philosophy" (1889); 
44 Moral Philosophy " (1845) ; 4t Critical Exposition 
of Baptism" (Columbus, Ohio, 1845); "Organic 
Christianity, or the Church of God " (1&54) ; " Re- 
construction of Biblical Theories, or Biblical Sci- 
ence Improved" (1862); and "Final Theology, 
Vol. I., Introduction to the New Testament, His- 
toric, Theologic, and Critical " (Whitesboro, N. Y„ 
1879). He also made a new translation of the 
New Testament (Boston, 1858), and his "American 
Bible," with critical studies, is now in course of 
publication in numbers (1860-'88). — His first cousin, 
Lorenzo, jurist, b. in Le Ray, Jefferson co., N. Y., 
28 May, 1820. worked on his father's farm in his 
youth, and, after removing to Pennsylvania and 
then to Ohio, finished his studies at Western Re- 
serve college. He then studied law, was admitted 
to the bar in 1846, and, after successive removals 
to Illinois and Wisconsin, went in 1850 to Cali- 
fornia, where he worked for some time in the 
mines. He settled in Sacramento in the practice 
of his profession, and, after a brief residence in 
Nevada, went, in 1858, to San Francisco, where he 
has since remained. He became city attorney in 
1854, was appointed judge of the district court of 
the state in 1862, and in 1868 was elected a justice 
of the state supreme court, of which he was chief 

t'ustice in 1 868-' 70. In the latter year he became 
J. S. circuit judge for the 9th circuit, embracing 
all the Pacific states. Judge Sawyer's decisions, 
both as a state and a Federal judge, have been 
highly commended. In 1877 Hamilton college 
gave nim the degree of LL. D. He has delivered 
numerous public addresses, including one at the 
laying of the corner-stone of Leland Stanford, Jun- 
ior, university, 14 May, 1887, of whose board of 
trustees he was chosen president 

SAWYER, Lemuel, politician, b. in Camden 
county, N. C„ in 1777; d. in Washington, D. C, 9 
Jan., 1852. He was educated at Flatbush academy. 
Long Island, N. Y., studied law, and was admitted 
to the bar, but, instead of practising, devoted him- 
self to politics. He served in the legislature in 
1800-*1, having been chosen as a Democrat, was a 
presidential elector in 1804, and served in con- 
gress in 1807-18, 1817-^23, and 1825- '9. He was 
eccentric in his conduct, of dissipated habits, and 
negligent of his legislative duties, yet he was re- 
elected repeatedly, often over powerful opponents. 
His prodigality and good-fellowship, though they 
made him many friends, brought him near to pov- 
erty in the closing years of his life. In 1856 he 
removed to Washington, where he was a clerk in 
one of the departments till his death. He pub- 
lished a "Life of John Randolph" (New York, 
1844), and an " Autobiography '' (1844), and was 
also the author of several plays. 

SAWYER, Phlletns, senator, b. in Whiting, 
Vt^ 22 Sept, 1816. When he was a year old his 



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father, who was a farmer and blacksmith, removed 
to Essex county, N. Y., where the son's youth was 
spent in manual labor and in attending the com- 
mon schools at intervals. At seventeen years of 
age, by an arrangement with his father, he became 
the master of his own time, and in 1847, when he 
had saved about $3,000, he removed to Wisconsin. 
After two years of farming he went to Algoma 
(now part of Oshkosh) and engaged in the lumber 
business, in which he was very successful and won 
a reputation for integrity. He was chosen to the 
legislature in 1857 and 1861, served as mayor of 
Oshkosh in 1863-'4, and was a delegate to the 
Loyalists' convention of 1866. He was chosen to 
congress as a Republican in 1864, and served by 
successive re-elections from 1865 till 1875, declin- 
ing a renomination. In 1881 he was elected U. S. 
senator, and he was re-elected in 1887. He has 
been a delegate to the National Republican con- 
ventions of 1864, 1876, and 1880. In the lower 
house of congress Mr. Sawyer served for some time 
as chairman of the committee on the Pacific rail- 
road, and as a member of the committees on com- 
merce, manufactures, and invalid pensions. Both 
there and in the senate he has been known as a 
valuable working member, but he seldom takes the 
floor. He has given $12,000 toward a building for 
the Young men s Christian association in Oshkosh, 
and contributed liberally to other religious, be- 
nevolent, and educational enterprises. 
' SAWYER, Svlvanus, inventor, b. in Templeton, 
Worcester co., Mass., 15 April, 1822. His father 
was a farmer, mill-owner, and lumberman, and 
from childhood the son showed great mechanical 
ingenuity. While he was a lad he invented a reed- 
organ that embodied many of the features of those 
that are now in use. From about his twelfth till 
his twenty-first year feeble health unfitted him for 
farm labor, and he occupied himself largely with 
carpenter's and smith's tools. In 1889 he went to 
Augusta, Me., with a view of working with his 
brother-in-law, a gunsmith, and, though his health 
soon forced him to return, he gained knowledge 
that enabled him to repair fire-arms and do much 
similar work, in which ne engaged till his majority. 
During this time he also made several inventions, 
including a steam-engine, a screw-propeller, and a 
car to be operated by foot-power. He went to 
Boston about 1848, and, while working in a ma- 
chine-shop there, invented a machine for preparing 
chair-cane from rattan. Thousands of dollars had 
been spent in vain attempts to construct such a 
machine, but Mr. Sawyers was successful, and 
after it was patented, in June, 1851, he and his 
brother Joseph established a shop at East Temple- 
ton, where they manufactured chair-cane by its 
means. In the following December the American 
rattan company was formed to use their machine, 
and erected a large shop in Fitchburg, Mass. Mr, 
Sawyer devised several auxiliary machines, and, be- 
sides serving as director, was manager of the com- 
pany's shop. His inventions have entirely revolu- 
tionized the chair-cane business, transferring it 
from southern India, China, and Holland to this 
country. In the summer of 1853 he invented 
improvements in rifled cannon projectiles, which 
were patented in 1855. These embrace the placing 
of a coating of lead or other soft metal on the rear 
and sides of the shell, which is expanded laterally 
by the discharge and prevents the ** windage " or 
passage of gas by the projectile, also filling the 
grooves of the rifling ana obviating the use of heli- 
cal projections ; ana the arrangement of a percus- 
sion-cap so as to insure the explosion of the shell 
on impact. In 1857-*8, with his brother Addison, 



Mr. Sawyer conducted experiments on his inven- 
tion, at his own expense, for the benefit of the 
U. S. ordnance bureau, and after thorough tests it 
was approved, and the secretary of war announced 
that the practicability of rifled cannon and projec- 
tiles had at last been demonstrated. It was recom- 
mended that four field-guns be issued for practice, 
but before the order was carried into effect the 
civil war had begun. The 42-pounders (rifle) co- 
lumbiads were mounted at Newport News and upon 
the Rip Raps (Fort Wool), the latter being the only 
guns there that could reach Sewell's Point battery, 
a distance of three and one-half miles, which they 
did with great accuracy, and made fearful havoc 
with the railroad-iron-clad batteries. An 18-pound- 
er Sawyer rifle also did great execution on board 
the steamer •* Fancy." Mr. Sawyer claims that 
he was treated unjustly by the ordnance officers 
during the civil war. Notwithstanding the report 
in his favor, his guns were not extensively adopted, 
but his improvements were incorporated in others 
that, he says, were infringements on his patents. 
He was advised by government officiate to wait till 
the war had ended and then prosecute the chiefs 
of ordnance of the army and navy; but they both 
died shortly after its close, and nothing has been 
done in the matter. But he received several orders 
for guns directly from department commanders, to 
whom he furnished the first batteries of cast-steel 
rifled guns made in this country. He made other 
improvements in projectiles in 1861-*2, and in 
1864-*5 built a shop for the manufacture of ord- 
nance ; but the close of the wars in this country and 
South America caused it to be turned to other uses. 
He took out patents on dividers and calipers in 
1867, a steam-generator in 1868, a sole sewing-ma- 
chine in 1876, and a centring watchmaker's lathe 
in 1882. He has recently engaged in the manu- 
facture of watchmakers' tools, but has now retired 
from business, and takes much interest in agricul- 
ture. He has served as an alderman in Fitcnburg. 
SAWYER, Thomas Jefferson, clergyman, b. in 
Reading, Vt, 9 Jan., 1804. He was graduated at 
Middlebury in 1829, and in 1830-'45 was pastor of 
a Universalis church in New York city, where he 
also edited the " Christian Messenger" in 1831-'45. 
In the latter year he became principal of Clinton 
liberal institute, Oneida county, where he also 
taught theology. In 1852 he returned to his 
charge in New York, but in 1861 he retired to a 
farm at Clinton, where he lived in retirement, de- 
clining the presidencies of St Lawrence university, 
Canton, N. Y., Lombard university, I1L, and Tufts 
college, Mass^ which he had been instrumental in 
founding in 1852. He was also active in establish- 
ing the theological school of St. Lawrence uni- 
versity in 1856. In 1868-'6 he edited the "Chris- 
tian Ambassador," and he then resided on a farm in 
New Jersey till 1869, when he became professor of 
theology in Tufts. Prof. Sawrer has defended the 
doctrines of Universalism in the press, and in pub- 
lic discussions with clergymen of other denomina- 
tions. Harvard gave him the degree of D. D. in 
1850, and he is a member of the Theological his- 
torical society of Leipsio. Besides contributions to 
denominational literature, he has published in book- 
form " Letters to Rev. Stephen Remington in Re- 
view of his * Lectures on Universalism ' " (New York, 
1889) ; " Review of Rev. E. F. Halfield's * Universal- 
ism as it Is' " (1848); M Endless Punishment," and 
other discourses (1845) ; " Memoirs of Rev. Stephen 
R. Smith" (Boston, 1852); discussions with Rev. 
Isaac Westcott on " The Doctrine of Endless Mis- 
ery " (New York, 1858) and - The Doctrine of Uni- 
versal Salvation" (1854); "Who is Our God, the 



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Son or the Father I" opposingthe views of Henry 
Ward Beecher(1859); and u Endless Punishment 
in the Very Words of its Advocates" (Boston, 
1880).— His wife, Caroline Mehetabel (Fisher), 
author, b. in Newton, Mass., 8 Dec, 1812, was edu- 
cated principally at home by an invalid uncle, 
and began to write at an early age, but published 
nothing till her marriage to Dr. Sawyer in Sep- 
tember, 1881, when she removed with nim to New 
York, and began to contribute in prose and verse 
to the magazines. She edited the u Ladies* Reposi- 
tory," a Universalist monthly, from 1861 till 1864, 
ana published the "Juvenile Library " (4 vols., 
New York, 1845); "The Poetry of Hebrew Tra- 
dition" (Hartford, 1847); the "Poems" of Mrs. 
Julia H. Scott, with a memoir (Boston, 1854); 
«* Friedel," from the German of Van Horn (Phila- 
delphia, 1856) ; and M The Rose of Sharon," an an- 
nual (8 vols, letto-ty 

SAXE, John Godfrey, poet, b. in Highgate, 
Vt, 2 June, 1816; d. in Albany, N. Y., 81 March, 
1887. He entered Wesleyan university in 1885, but 
left in his freshman year, and was graduated at 
Middlebury in 1889. 
During the four years 
following he studied 
law in Lockport, N. Y., 
and then m St Al- 
bans, Vt, where, in 
1848, he was admitted 
to the bar. He prac- 
tised with success in 
Franklin county for 
several years, becom- 
ing in 1850-'l state's 
attorney for Chitten- 
den county, and in 
1847-*8 he was super- 
intendent of common 
schools. His fond- 
ness for literature 
gradually led him in- 
to journalism, and in 
1850 he purchased the 
M Burlington Sentinel," which he edited until 1856. 
Mr. Saxe served as attorney-general of Vermont in 
1856, and for a time was deputy collector of cus- 
toms. In 1859, and again in 1860, he was the un- 
successful Democratic nominee for governor. Set- 
tling in New York, he devoted himself to litera- 
ture and lectured until 1872, when he moved to 
Albany, and became an editor of the ** Evening 
Journal" In 1866 Middlebury gave him the de- 
cree of LL. D. Mr. Saxe achieved his greatest repu- 
tation by his poetry. As a young lawyer he sent his 
earliest verses to the " Knickerbocker," and in after 
years he contributed to " Harper's Magazine " and 
the u Atlantic Monthly." His M Rhyme of the 
Rail," ** The Briefless Barrister," " The Proud Miss 
McBride," and similar humorous poems, as well as 
his more serious " Jerry, the Miller." u I'm growing 
Old," a The Old Church-Bell," and * Treasures in 
Heaven," were very popular. His published works 
include M Progress: a Satirical Poem " (New York, 
1846) ; M Humorous and Satirical Poems " (Boston, 
I860); "The Money King, and other Poems" 

g85v); "The Flying Dutchman, or the Wrath of 
err Von Stoppelnose" (New York, 1862); " Clever 
Stories of Many Nations rendered in Rhyme" 
(Boston, 1865); "The Times, the Telegraph, and 
other Poems* (London, 1865): M The Masquerade, 
and other Poems" (Boston, 1866); u Fables and 
Legends of Many Countries " (1873) ; and " Leisure- 
Day Rhymes" (1875}. There have also been nu- 
i collections of his poems. 




SAXE-WBIMAB EISENACH, Carl Bern- 
hard, Duke of, b. in Weimar in 1792 ; d. in Hol- 
land, 81 July, 1862. He entered the service of the 
king of the Netherlands, took part in the principal 
campaigns of 1806-'15 against the French, and De- 
came lieutenant-general in 1881. In 1825 he ob- 
tained leave of absence, and sailed for this country 
in the royal sloop-of-war M Pallas." He visited ail 
the principal cities of* the United States and Cana- 
da, and on his return published " Travels through 
North America, 1825-'26" {Philadelphia, 1828). In 
this work he shows himself to be an excellent and 
intelligent observer. 

SAXTON. Joseph, mechanician, b. in Hunting- 
don, Pa., 22 March, 1799 ; d. in Washington, D. C., 
26 Oct, 1878. He received a limited education, 
and was apprenticed to a watchmaker, after which 
he constructed a printing-press, and published a 
small newspaper at irregular intervals. In 1817 he 
went to Philadelphia, where he worked at his trade, 
and invented a machine for cutting the teeth of 
wheels, the outlines of which were true epicycloidal 
curves. Meanwhile he learned to draw with facil- 
ity, and devoted some time to the study of en- 
graving. He then became associated with Isaiah 
Lukens, a celebrated machinist of Philadelphia, 
and constructed an astronomical clock with com- 
pensating pendulum and an escapement on a new 
plan devised by himself. The town clock in the 
belfry of Independence hall was also made by him 
about this time. In his ambition to obtain knowl- 
edge he became a member of the Franklin institute, 
and acquired reputation among its members for 
his ingenuity. In 1828 he visited England, and. 
being attracted to the Adelaide gallery of practical 
science in London, he constructed many ingenious 
mechanical toys for that institution. He also made 
numerous original investigations, met many cele- 
brated engineers and mechanicians, and was intro- 
duced by Michael Faraday to the meetings of the 
Royal institution. In 1888 he exhibited before the 
British association for the advancement of science 
leto-electric machine, with which he showed 



a brilliant electric spark, decomposed water, exhib- 
ited the electric light between charcoal points, and 
gave a rapid series of intense shocks. Ihiring his 
residence in England he also invented the Toco- 
motive differential pulley, an apparatus for meas- 
uring the velocity of vessels, and a fountain-pen, 
and perfected the medal-ruling machine, an appa- 
ratus for tracing lines on metal or glass at a mi- 
nute distance from each other that shall represent 
by an engraving the design on the face of the 
medal. He was tendered the office of director of 
the printing machinery of the Bank of England, 
but declined this place in order to accept, in 1887, 
that of constructor and curator of the standard 
weighing apparatus of the U. S. mint in Philadel- 
phia. During his connection with the mint he 
constructed the large standard balances that are 
used in the annual inspection of the assays and the 
verification of standard weights. In 1848 he was 

S'ven charge of the construction of the standard 
dances, weights, and measures to be presented to 
each of the states for insuring uniformity of meas- 
ures in all parts of the country under the auspices 
of the U. S. coast survey. He invented an auto- 
matic instrument for recording the height of the 
tides, and applied the reflecting pyrometer that had 
been previously invented to the construction of 
measuring rods that would retain their length 
while subjected to different temperatures. A deep- 
sea thermometer and an immersed hydrometer were 
among his later inventions. Mr. Saxton received 
from the Franklin institute in 1884 a medal for his 



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reflecting pyrometer, and in 1861 was awarded a 
gold medal at the World's fair in London for a 
large balance of extreme precision. In 1887 he 
was elected a member of the American philosophi- 
cal society, and in 1868 became a charter mem- 
ber of the National academy of sciences. A sketch 
of his life was contributed bv Joseph Henry to the 
first volume of the ** Biographical Memoirs of the 
latter body (Washington, 1877). 

SAXTON, Lather Calvin, impostor, b. in Mas- 
sachusetts in 1806; d. after 1866. He was gradu- 
ated at Hamilton college in 1825. In 1850 he pub- 
lished the " Fall of Poland " (New York). He went 
to Rochester, N. Y M about 1860, and there interested 
Aristarchus Champion, an aged, wealthy, and some- 
what eccentric man, in three schemes — the Union 
book company, with a capital of $8,000,000; an 
International bank, with a capital of many mill- 
ions ; and a vast manufacturing corporation. Only 
the book company was put into operation. Half 
the stock was to be in books, manuscripts, and 
copyrights, and of these Saxton professed to have 
a great supply. Champion furnished capital in the 
form of notes and mortgages to the amount of 
$51,475. Saxton established a magazine and visited 
Europe as the general ageut of the company ; but 
after a time Champion grew suspicious, and had 
him arrested and indicted for false pretences. He 
was brought to trial, 8 Dec, 1868, convicted, sen- 
tenced to Auburn prison, 81 Dec., for three years, 
and served out his full term. 

SAXTON, Rufos, soldier, b. in Greenfield, 
Mass., 19 Oct, 1824. He attended Deerfield acad- 
emy, worked on a farm until his twentieth year, 
ana afterward entering the U. S. military acad- 
emy, was graduated in 1849. He entered the 8d 
artillery, became 1st lieutenant in 1855, and in 
1858-'4 led a surveying party across the Rooky 
mountains. In 1855-'9 he was employed in the 
coast survey, and made improvements in the in- 
struments for deep-sea soundings, one of which, 
a self-registering thermometer, bears his name. 
In 1859 he became an instructor at the U. S. mili- 
tary academy, and at the opening of the civil war 
he was at St. Louis acting as quartermaster with 
the rank of captain, and was engaged in break- 
ing up Camp Jackson. (See Ltok, Nathaniel.) 
He joined Gen. George a. McClellan in western 
Virginia, afterward accompanied Gen. Thomas W. 
Sherman to Port Royal as quartermaster, and 
on 15 April, 1862, was made brigadier-general of 
volunteers. For a short time after the retreat of 
Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks from the Shenandoah, 
Gen. Saxton commanded at Harper's Ferry, and 
successfully resisted an attack on his position by 
Confederate troops under Gen. EwelL He was 
military governor of the Department of the South 
in 186&-'5, and was appointed quartermaster with 
the rank of major in July, 1866. He was brevetted 
brigadier-general, U. S. array, 18 March, 1865, for 
faithful and meritorious services during the war, 
and promoted lieutenant-colonel and deputy quar- 
termaster-general, 6 June, 1872, and colonel and 
assistant quartermaster-general, 10 March, 1882. 
From 1888 till 1888 he was in charge of the Jeffer- 
sonville department at Louisville, Ky. 

SAY, Thomas, merchant, b. in Philadelphia, 
Pa., 16 Dec, 1709; d. there in 1796. His father, 
William Say, was an early Quaker colonist The 
son was educated in the Friends' school, and 
learned the saddler's trade, but afterward became 
an apothecary. When a young man he supposed 
that he visited heaven in a trance. William mentz 
published " The Visions of a Certain Thomas Say, of 
the City of Philadelphia, which he saw in a Trance " 



(Philadelphia, 1774), on the appearance of which 
Say printed in the M Pennsylvania Journal w of 2 
March, 1774, the following notice: " Whereas a 
certain William Mentz has printed for sale, with- 
out my knowledge or consent, 'The Vision of 
Thomas Say,' which is but an incorrect and imper- 
fect part of what I propose to make public. And 
as I never intended what I had wrote on that head 
to be published during my life, all persons are de- 
sired not to encourage tne said Mentz in such 
wrong proceeding." After his death his son, Dr. 
Benjamin Say, published an account of the vision 
in " A Short Compilation of the Extraordinary Life 
and Writings of Thomas Say, copied from his 
Manuscripts " (Philadelphia, 1796). He was a man 
of noted benevolence, a zealous promoter of educa- 
tion, and for many years was the treasurer of the 
Society for the instruction of blacks. He helped 
to found the Pennsylvania hospital, and was one 
of the founders of the House of employment. — His 
son, Benjamin, physician, b. in Philadelphia in 
1756; d. there, 28 April. 1818, was educated in 
Quaker schools, and in 1780 received the degree of 
M. D. from the University of Pennsylvania. He 
sympathized with the colonies during the Revolu- 
tion, and in 1781 he was among those known as 
the " fighting Quakers," who initiated the forma- 
tion of the society entitled " The Monthly Meet- 
ing of Friends, called by some Free Quakers, dis- 
tinguishing us from the brethren who have dis- 
owned us.'' Dr. Say was well known in his pro- 
fession, and in 1787 was a founder of the College 
of physicians of Philadelphia, whose treasurer he 
was from 1791 till 1809. He was a contributor to 
the Pennsylvania hospital, a founder of the Penn- 
sylvania prison society (1790), and- for many years 
the president of the Humane society. From 1808 
till 1811 he served in congress. He published 
u Spasmodic Affections of the Eve" (Philadelphia, 
1792), and the work mentioned above (17961— Ben- 
jamin's son, Thomas, naturalist, b. in Philadel- 
phia, Pa., 27 July, 1787; d. in New Harmony, IndL 
10 Oct, 1834, aban- 
doned commercial 
pursuits and devot- 
ed himself to the 
study of natural his- 
tory. In 1812. he 
was a founder of the 
Academy of natural 
sciences at Philadel- 
phia, and he became 
a chief contributor 
to its journal. In 
1818 Mr. Say took 
part in a scientific 
exploration of the 
islands and coasts 
of Georgia, visiting, 
eastern Florida for 
the same purpose, 
but progress of the 
party to the interior 
was stopped by hos- 
tile Indians. In 1819-*20 he accompanied the ex- 
pedition under Maj. Stephen H. Long to the Rocky 
mountains as chief geologist, and in 1828 toot 
part in that to the sources of St Peter's river. He 
removed to the New Harmony settlement with 
Robert Owen in 1825, and after their separation 
remained there as agent of the property. His prin- 
cipal work is u American Entomology" (8 vols,, 
Philadelphia, 1824-'8). His " American Conchol- 
ogy," seven numbers of which were published at 
New Harmony, was incomplete at the time of bis 




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death. His discoveries of new species of insects 
were supposed to have been greater than had ever 
been made by a single individual before. He was 
a frequent contributor to the " Transactions " of 
the American philosophical society, the New York 
lyceum, " American Journal of Science," and many 
other publications. His complete writings on the 
oonchblogry of the United States were edited by 
William G. Birney (New York, 1858), and his writ- 
ings on entomology by Dr. John L. Le Conte, with 
a memoir bv George Ord (New York, 1859). 

SAYLER, Hilton, congressman, b. in Lewis- 
burs, Preble co., Ohio, 4 Nov., 1881. He was 
graduated at Miami university in 1852, and after- 
ward at Cincinnati law-school, and practised law at 
Cincinnati He was a member of the legislature of 
Ohio in 1862-*8, was elected to congress, and served 
by successive elections from 1 Dec, 1878, till 1880. 
lie was chosen speaker of the house of representa- 
tives pro tempore, 24 June, 1876. 

8AYLES, John, author, b. in Vernon, Oneida 
co., N. Y., 9 March, 1825. His ancestor came to 
this country in the shin with Roger Williams, 
whose daughter he married. John was educated 
in his native town and at Hamilton college, and 
in 1844 removed to Georgia. He taught there and 
in Texas, and, having studied law in the mean 
time, was admitted to the bar of Texas in 1846. 
He practised successfully at Brenham, and was a 
member of the legislature in 1858-'5. When the 
civil war began he was made brigadier-general of 
Texan militia, and he was subsequently on the 
staff of Gen. John B. Magruder. He was appoint- 
ed special judge of the supreme court of Texas in 

1851, and in 1880 became one of the law faculty of 
Baylor university. He has published " A Treatise 
on the Practice in the District and Supreme Courts 
of Texas" (1858) ; u Treatise on the Civil Jurisdic- 
tion of Justices of the Peace in the State of Texas " 
(1867); M Treatise on the Principles of Pleading in 
Civil Actions in the Courts of Texas " (1872) ; * The 
Probate Laws of Texas" (1872); "Laws of Busi- 
ness and Form-Book" (1872): "Constitution of 
Texas, with Notes" (1872); "Notes on Texan Re- 
ports" (1874); "The Masonic Jurisprudence of 
Texas, with Forms for the Use of Lodges and the 
Grand Lodge" (1879); and "Revised Civil Stat- 
utes and Laws passed by the Legislature of Texas, 
with Notes" (StLouis, 1888). 

8AYBE, David Austen, philanthropist, b. in 
Bottle Hill, N. J., 12 March, 1798; d. in Lexing- 
ton, Ky., 11 Sept, 1870. He removed in early life to 
Lexington, where he became a successful merchant 
and banker. Though repeatedly meeting with heavy 
losses, he gave about $500,000 to benevolent objects 
during his life-time, including $100,000 to found 
the Sayer institute. — His nephew, Lewis Albert. 
surgeon, b. in Bottle Hill (now Madison), N. J., 29 
Febu, 1820. was graduated at Transylvania univer- 
sity. Ky., in 1888, and at the College of physicians 
and surgeons in 1842. The office of prosector to Dr. 
Willard Parker, professor of surgery in that insti- 
tution, was at once given to him, and he held it until 

1852. He was appointed in 1858 surgeon to Belle- 
rue hospital, and in 1859 surgeon to the Charity 
hospital on Blackwell's island, both of which posts 
he continued to hold until 1878, when he became 
consulting surgeon. Dr. Sayre advocated clinical 
practice m medical colleges, and was in 1861 
among the first to suggest the establishment of 
Bellevue hospital medical college. On the forma- 
tion of its faculty, he became professor of ortho- 
pedic surgery, and fractures and luxations, and 
later of clinical surgery, which chair he still (1888) 
holds. In 1844 he was appointed hospital surgeon 



of the 1st division of the New York state militia, 
but he resigned in 1866. Since 1870 he has been 
consulting surgeon to the Home for incurables in 
Westchester countv, N. Y. From 1860 till 1866 he 
was resident physician of the city of New York, 
during which time he presented many papers to 
the board of health. Among these was one show- 
ing that cholera is a portable disease, if not a 
contagious one, and could be prevented by efficient 
quarantine regulations. In 1876 he was appointed 
by the American medical association a delegate to 
the International medical congress that convened 
in Philadelphia, and in 1877 he was sent by the 
same body as a delegate to the British medical as- 
sociation. On this occasion he was invited to give 
demonstrations of his mode of treatment of nip- 
joint and spinal diseases in the University college 
hospital, Guy's, St Bartholomew's, St Thomases, 
and the Royal orthopedic hospital in London, 
also in Liverpool, Manchester, Birmingham, and 
Cork. In 1879 he went as a delegate to the 6th 
International medical congress in Amsterdam, and 
before that body gave demonstrations of his plan 
of treatment for Pott's disease and lateral curva- 
ture of the spine. He was present at the In- 
ternational medical congresses in London in 1881, 
Copenhagen in 1884, and in Washington in 1887, 
at each of which he read papers descriptive of his 
recent improvements in the treatment of the dis- 
eases of which he makes a specialty. Dr. Sayre's 
inventions include many surgical appliances, among 
which are a uvulatome, splints for extension of 
the hip-, knee-, and ankle-joints in chronic disease, 
a flexible probe, improved tracheotomy-tube, bris- 
tle probang for removing foreign bodies from the 
oesophagus, scrotal clamp, club-foot shoe, new 
method for treating fractured clavicle, and the use 
of plaster of Paris in the treatment of spinal dis- 
eases and curvature. In 1872 he was made a 
knight of the order of Wasa by Charles XIV., king 
of Sweden and Norway, for his services to medical 
science. He is a member of numerous medical 
societies at home and abroad, and was one of the 
original members of the American medical associ- 
ation, of which he was vice-president in 1866, and 
{^resident in 1886. His bibliography is exceedingly 
arge, consisting chiefly of contributions to profes- 
sional journals, and includes the books " Practical 
Manual of the Treatment of Club-Foot" (New 
York, 1869) ; M Lectures on Orthopedic Surgery and 
Diseases of the Joints" (1876), of which several 
editions have been issued and which have been re- 
published in Germany and France; and ** Spinal 
Curvature and its Treatment " (London, 1877). 

SAYRE, Stephen, patriot, b. on Long Island, 
N. Y., in 1784; <L in Virginia, 27 8ept, 1818. He 
was graduated at Princeton in 1757, engaged early 
in business, and became a successful merchant and 
banker in London. He was sheriff of that city in 
1774, and possessed the confidence of the Earl of 
Chatham at a critical period. He ardently favored 
the cause of the independence of the American 
colonies, and suffered for his devotion to his 
country. An officer of the royal guards, named 
Richardson, also an American, brought a charge 
of high treason against him for the use of a light 
and unguarded expression referring to the king's 
death. Mr. Sayre was committed to the tower, 
and, though released soon afterward, his banking- 
house failed, and, having lost everything, he was 
forced to leave England. He was afterward em- 
ployed by Benjamin Franklin on some important 
missions, was his private secretary for a period, 
and went with Arthur Lee to Berlin at the time 
of the first suggestion of the scheme of armed 



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neutrality. After leaving Berlin, Mr. Sayre went 
to Copenhagen, Stockholm, and St Petersburg, and 
in each of those cities received ample supplies to 
support the cause of the independence of the United 
States. In 1795 he was an active opponent of Wash- 
ington's administration. 

SAYRES, Edward Smith, consul, b. in Mar- 
cus Hook, Pa., 6 Oct, 1799 ; d. in Philadelphia, 89 
March, 1877. His father, Caleb Smith Sayres, was 
a distinguished physician, who is mentioned by 
Dr. Benjamin Rush as being particularly skilful 
in the treatment of yellow fever during the epi- 
demic of 1798. The son was educated at the Uni- 
versity of Pennsylvania. He was appointed vice- 
consul of Brazil in 1841, of Portugal in 1850, of 
Sweden and Norway in 1854, of Denmark in 1862, 
and in 1872 honorary consul of Brazil for long and 
faithful services to the empire. He was at the time 
of his death dean of the consular corps at Phila- 
delphia, and probably the oldest foreign consul in 
point of service in the United States. 

8CADDING, Henry, Canadian author, b. in 
Dunkeswell, Devonshire, England, 29 July, 1818. 
He came to Canada with his parents in 1821, and 
lived near York (now Toronto). He was educated 
at Upper Canada college, Toronto, and at St. John's 
college, Cambridge, England, where he was gradu- 
ated in 1887. In 1888 he was appointed to a clas- 
sical tutorship in Upper Canada college, and in the 
same year he was ordained a priest of the Church 
of England in Canada. In 1847 he became rector 
of the Church of the Holy Trinity in Toronto, 
which post he resigned in 1875. He was also a 
canon of St Jameses cathedral, Toronto. He has 
been president of the Canadian institute, Toronto, 
was awarded the confederation medal in 1885, in 
appreciation of his useful public labors as a man 
of letters, was president of the Pioneer association 
of Toronto, and received the degree of D. D. from 
Cambridge university in 1852. He edited the 
u Canadian Journal of Science, Literature, and His- 
tory " in 1868-'78, and published •• Memorial of the 
Rev. William Honywood Ripley " (Toronto, 1849) ; 
44 Shakespeare the Seer— the Interpreter" (1804); 
"Truth's Resurrection " (1865); "Christian Pan- 
theism " (1865) ; "Toronto of Old" (1878); "The 
Four Decades of York, Upper Canada" (1884); 
" A Historv of the Old French Fort at Toronto " 
(1887) ; brief memoirs of John Strachan, first 
bishop of Toronto (1868), and Henry Dundas and 
Sir George Yonge (1878) ; and numerous pamphlets 
and articles on the archaeology and history of Upper 
Canada, and other subjects. In his writings Dr. 
Scadding has principally aspired to the reputation 
of a local historian and annahst, and as such has 
done much valuable work. 

SCALES, Alfred Moore, governor of North 
Carolina, b. in Reedsville, Rockingham co., N. C, 
26 Nov.. 1827. He was educated at the University 
of North Carolina, but was not graduated. He af- 
terward taught for a time, then studied law, was 
admitted to the bar in 1851, and in 1858 became so- 
licitor of Rockingham county. He was a member of 
the lower house of the legislature in 1852, 1858, and 
1856, and was then elected to congress as a Demo- 
crat, serving from 7 Dec., 1857, till 8 March, 1859. 
He became clerk and master of the court of equity 
of Rockingham county in 1859, which office he held 
till the civil war. In 1860 he was a presidential 
elector on the Breckinridge ticket, and at the be- 
ginning of the civil war he entered the Confeder- 
ate army as a private. He was elected captain, 
subsequently promoted colonel, and then made 
brigadier-general. He took part in the battle of 
Williamsburg and in the engagements near Rich- 



mond, and, after Gen. Pender was wounded at 
the battle of Fredericksburg, took command of his 
brigade. He was severely woqnded at Chancellors- 
ville and Gettysburg, and was present at most of 
the other battles till the close of the war. He re- 
sumed the practice of his profession after the war, 
was elected to the legislature of North Carolina in 
1866-'?, and served in congress by successive elec- 
tions from 1875 till 1885. On 4 Nov., 1884, he was 
elected governor of North Carolina for the term 
that will end in January, 1889. 

SCALLAN, Thomas. Canadian R. C. bishop, 
b. in Wexford, Ireland, about 1770 ; d. in St. John, 
Newfoundland, 29 May, 1880. He studied the- 
ology in the Convent of St Isidore, Rome, where he 
entered the Franciscan order. After his ordination 
he was appointed professor of philosophy in the 
Franciscan college. He returned to Ireland in 
1794, and after teaching in the seminary of his or- 
der at Waterford went to Newfoundland in 1818, 
but, after serving in the diocese for a few years, re- 
turned again to his native country. In January, 
1816, he was nominated coadjutor of Dr. Lambert, 
vicar apostolic of Newfoundland, and was conse- 
crated bishop of Drago, in vartibu^, in Wexford, on 
1 May. In 1817 he succeeded Dr. Lambert as vicar 
apostolic. During his administration the Roman 
Catholics of Newfoundland increased in numbers, 
wealth, and social standing. The island of Antioosti 
and that part of Labrador that is bounded by the 
northern part of St John river were added to his 
vicariate m 1820. He was of a mild and tolerant 
disposition and an especial favorite with the Prot- 
estants of the island. He was accused of allow- 
ing his liberality to carry him too far in his desire 
to conciliate all religious denominations, and a for- 
mal censure was sent from Rome; but, as he was 
on his death-bed, it was not read to him. 

SCAMMELL, Alexander, soldier, b. in Mendon 
(now Milford), Mass., probablyin 1746 ; d. in Will- 
iamsburg, Ya., 6 Oct, 1781. He was graduated at 
Harvard in 1769, and taught in Kingston and Plym- 
outh, Mass. In 1771 he went to Portsmouth, N. IL, 
and in the following year he was employed by the 
government in exploring and surveying land and 
timber for the royal navy, and in assisting to make 
surveys for a map of New Hampshire. Also he 
servea on board a sloop-of-war to transmit de- 
spatches, plans, and reports to the plantation office 
in Great Britain. Later he studied law with John 
Sullivan in Durham. N. H., until 1775. On 14 Dec^ 
1774, he was of the force under John Sullivan, John 
Langdon, and "others that captured William and 
Mary fort, Newcastle, and secured its arms and 
96 barrels of powder, one of the first overt acts of 
the Revolution, which was declared treason by the 
royal governor. While Sullivan was a member of 
the Continental congress Scammell had charge of 
his legal affairs, which detained him from joining 
the army at Cambridge. When his preceptor was 
appointed major - general in the Revolutionary 
army, Scammell was made a brigade-major. On 10 
Dec, 1776, he became colonel of the 8d New Hamp- 
shire regiment, and he was transferred later to the 
1st regiment In 1777 his regiment was ordered 
to the northern army under Gen. Horatio Gates. 
In that campaign he was notably active, and was 
wounded at Saratoga, 5 Jan.. 1 778. He was appoint- 
ed adjutant - general of the American army, and 
consequently became a member of Gen. Washing- 
ton's military family. Preferring active command 
and the post of danger, in March, 1781. he was given 
command of a chosen regiment of light infantry, 
and on 80 Sept, at the siege of Yorktown, as officer 
of the day, while reconnoitring the enemy's position, 



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he was captured by Hessian dragoons, and wounded 
after his surrender. On request of Gen. Washing- 
ton, CornwaUis permitted him to be taken to Will- 
iamsburg, where he died. 

SCAMMON, Jonathan Young, lawyer, b. in 
Whitefleld, Me., 27 July, 1812 ; d. in Chicago, 111., 17 
March, 1890. He studied at Watenrille, from which 
he received the degree of LL. D. in 1869, studied 
law in Hallowell, 
Me., was admitted 
to the bar, and re- 
moved in 1885 to 
Chicago, where he 
began the practice 
of his profession. 
He prepared anew 
edition of the laws 
of Illinois (•* Gale's 
Statutes "X was ap- 
pointed reporter 
of the supreme 
court, and pub- 
lished u Scam- 
jf -0 mon's Reports " (4 

Ji* ^ vols., lB82-'48). 

/<^W(^g g#K»Kt <^ He associated Ez- 
S raB.McCaggwith 

r him in 1847, and 

subsequently Samuel W. Fuller, in the firm of 
Scammon, McCagg, and Fuller. He took an im- 
portant part in pioneer enterprises, was one of 
the main organizers and directors of the first rail- 
road west of Lake Michigan, the Galena and Chi- 
cago (now the Northwestern), laid the foundation 
of the first successful public-school system in Chi- 
cago, and actively identified himself with many 
societies. He was one of the founders of the Chi- 
cago astronomical society and its first president, 
and built and maintained at his own expense for 
many years Dearborn observatory, in which was 
placed the first grand refractor that was manufac- 
tured by Alvan Clark and Sons, of Cambridge, Mass. 
The observatory cost $80,000. He acquired wealth, 
most of which was lost in the great fire of 1871 
and the panic of 1878, and he was at the head of 
several large and successful financial institutions. 
Mr. Scammon was a Whig, and a Republican in 
politics. He was one of several gentlemen that 
established the " Chicago American in 1844 to aid 
in the election of Henry Clay, and when, in 1872. 
the Chicago " Tribune * favored the election of 
Horace Greeley, he established the " Inter-Ocean " 
as a Republican paper. He was a Swedenborgian, 
was the first of that belief in Chicago, instituted 
the Chicago society of the New Jerusalem and the 
Illinois association of that church, and was for ten 
years vice-president of the general convention of 
his denomination in the United States. He was 
the first layman to introduce the homoeopathic 
system of medicine in Chicago, and founded the 
Hahnemann hospital, of which and the Hahne- 
mann medical college he continued many years a 
trustee. Many acts of the legislature originated 
with him, especially those reforming the circu- 
lating medium and driving out of circulation the 
depreciated currency that inundated Illinois and' 
the northwest. He had been officially connect- 
ed with the city, county, and state government, 
and a member of the legislature, and of the Re- 
publican national conventions of 1864 and 1872. 
Mr. Scammon contributed largely to the peri- 
odical press. — His brother, Eliaklm Parker, 
soldier, b. in Whitefleld, Me., 27 Dec, 1816, was 
graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1887, 
and promoted 2d lieutenant of artillery. In 1888 



he was appointed 2d lieutenaut of topographical 
engineers, and he was assistant professor of mathe- 
matics at West Point from 1887 till 1888, and of 
ethics from 1841 till 1846. He was aide-de-camp to 
Gen. Winfleld Scott in Mexico in 1846-7, engaged 
on the survey of the northern lakes in 1847-54, 
in 1858 became captain. In 1856 he was dis- 
missed the army for " disobedience of orders." 
He was then professor in Mount St Mary's col- 
lege, Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1856-*8, and president of 
the polytechnic college in that city from 185&-*61. 
He became colonel of the 23d Ohio regiment in 
June, 1861, served in western Virginia and Mary- 
land, and was promoted brigadier-general of vol- 
unteers, 15, Oct., 1862, for gallant conduct at the 
battle of South Mountain. Md. He commanded the 
district of Kanawha from November, 1862, till 8 
Feb., 1864, was a prisoner of war from the latter 
date till 8 Aug., and then led a separate brigade at 
Morris island, S. C. From November, 1864, till 
April, 1865, he was in charge of the district of Flor- 
ida. He was U. S. consul in Prince Edward island 
from 1866 till 1870, and afterward professor of 
mathematics and history in Seton Hall college, 
Orange, N. J. — Another brother, Charles Hell- 
ville, navigator, b. in Pittston, Me., 28 May, 1825, 
became a ship-captain and sailed to California in 
1850. He engaged in the whale-fishery and discov- 
ered the habitat of the gray whale in a bay on the 
coast of California, which was named Scammon 
lagoon. At the beginning of the civil war in 1861 
he became commander of a U. S. revenue cutter in 
San Francisco, and he was subsequently appointed 
captain in that branch of the service, in which he 
still remains. He is the author of a work on " The 
Marine Mammals of the Northwestern Coast of 
America and the American Whale Fishery " (San 
Francisco, 1874). 

SCANLAN, Lawrence, R. C. bishop, b. in 
Ballintarsna, County Tipperary, Ireland, 29 Sept., 
1848. He studied classics in Thurles in 1860, and 
in 1868 entered the mission college of All Hallows, 
Dublin, to prepare for the priesthood. He was or- 
dained priest m 1868, and immediately embarked 
for the United States, where he was appointed as- 
sistant pastor of St. Patrick's church, San Francis- 
co. In 1871 he was sent to Pioche, Nevada, which 
had become suddenly a place of great importance, 
owing to the discovery of mines. He built a church, 
the first in this part of the state, and was bringing 
about a marked change in the reckless lives of the 
miners, when, in 1878, he was transferred to Salt 
Lake' City. A few years afterward he was appoint- 
ed vicar forane of the territory of Utah. In this 
post he gave proof of financial ability as well as 
missionary zeal. After liquidating a heavy debt 
on the church in Salt Lake, he secured a site for 
an academy in 1875. To collect funds for the 
purpose he travelled on horseback night and day 
through every part of the territory, and before the 
end of the year he succeeded in erecting the finest 
building of the kind in Utah. He afterward built 
five churches, five schools, and two hospitals. In 
1881 he erected a fine hospital in Salt Lake City. 
In 1886 he founded the College of All Hallows, 
which is the largest school-building within a range 
of 1,000 miles. Dr. Scanlan was his own architect 
and superintendent in erecting these buildings, all 
of which were built by the contributions of the 
Roman Catholics of Utah without aid from any 
other quarter. He was appointed vicar apostolic 
of Utah territory in 1887. 

SCANNELL, Richard, R. C. bishop, b. in Coun- 
ty Cork, Ireland, 12 May, 1844. After completing 
a course of mathematics and classics in a college 



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SCARBOROUGH 



SCHAEPPER 



at Middleton, Cork, he entered the Foreign mis- 
sionary college of All Hallows, Dublin, where he 
studied theology, and affiliated himself to the dio- 
cese of Nashville. He was ordained a pnest early 
in 1871. and embarked immediately afterward for 
the United States. He was appointed assistant at 
the cathedral of Nashville after his arrival, then 
pastor of St Columba's church, East Nashville, 
and after a few years rector of the cathedral. • He 
governed the diocese as administrator, during a va- 
cancy in the see, from November, 1880, till June, 
1883. In 1885 he organized the congregation of 
St Joseph's, in West Nashville, and on the crea- 
tion of the diocese of Concordia, Kansas, was elected 
bishop, and consecrated on 80 Nov., 1887. 

SCARBOROUGH, John, P. E. bishop, b. in 
Castlewellan, in the north of Ireland, 25 April, 
1831. On his father's death in 1840 lie came to 
the United States, and obtained his early educa- 
tion and training in Lansingburg, N. Y. He was 
graduated at Trinity in 1854, and at the Episcopal 
general theological seminary in 1857, and was or- 
dained deacon in Trinity church, New York, 28 
June, 1857, by Bishop Horatio Potter, and priest 
in St. Paul's church, Troy, N. Y., 14 Aug., 1858, 
by the same bishop. His first post was as assist- 
ant in St Paul's church, Troy, in 1857-60. He 
was rector of the Church of the Holv Communion, 
Poughkeepsie, N. Y., in 1860-'7, and then became 
rector of Trinity church, Pittsburg, Pa,, which 
post he held until 1875. He received the degree of 
S. T. D. from Trinity in 1872, and served as deputy 
to the general convention in 1871 and 1874. Hav- 
ing been elected bishop of New Jersey, he was con- 
secrated in St. Mary's church, Burlington, N. J., 
2 Feb., 1875. Bishop Scarborough has published 
a few occasional sermons, and several addresses 
and pastoral letters. 

SCARBOROUGH, William Saunders, educa- 
tor, b. in Macon, Ga., 16 Feb., 1852. He is of African 
descent He was graduated at Oberlin in 1875, and 
taught in the Lewis high-school at Macon, but in 
1876 returned to Oberlin and entered the theologi- 
cal department for the purpose of studying Hebrew 
and Hellenistic Greek. He declined an offer from 
the American missionary association to go to Af- 
rica, and in 1877 was called to fill the chair of an- 
cient languages in Wilberforce university, near 
Xenia, Ohio. He is a member of the American 
philological society, the Modern language associa- 
tion, and other similar societies. Liberia college, 
Africa, gave him the degree of LL. D. in 1882. 
His publications include " First Lessons in Greek " 
(New York, 1881). and " Theory and Functions of 
the Thematic Vowel in the Greek Verb." 

SCARTH, William Bain, Canadian member 
of parliament, b. in Aberdeen, Scotland, 10 Nov., 
1837. He was educated at Aberdeen and Edin- 
burgh, and came to Canada in 1853. He settled 
in Toronto, was instrumental in forming the North 
British Canadian investment company and the 
Scottish Ontario Manitoba land company, and was 
manager of both for several years. On the forma- 
tion of the Canadian northwest land company he 
became its managing director. Mr. Scarth then 
removed to Winnipeg, was chosen president of the 
Liberal-Conservative association, and in 1887 was 
elected to the Dominion parliament. 

SCATES, Walter Bennett, jurist h. in South 
Boston, Va., 18 Jan., 1808; d. in Chicago, 111., 26 
Oct, 1887. His parents removed to Kentucky, 
where he remained till 1831, studied law, and was 
admitted to the bar. He settled at Frankfort, 111., 
was appointed attorney-general, and then resided 
at the capital, Vandafia. In 1836 he was made 



judge of the 3d judicial district and in 1841 he 
was called to the supreme bench of the state. In 
1847 he resigned his post and resumed his law- 
practice at Mt Vernon, 111. In 1853 he was again 
elected to the supreme court bench, and again re- 
signed, to return to his law-practice in Chicago. In 
1862 Judge Scates was commissioned major on the 
staff of Gen. McClernand. and before the close of the 
civil war was assistant adjutant-general. When he 
was mustered out of service in 1866 he was brevet- 
ted brigadier-general of volunteers. On his return 
to Chicago he completed his revision of the statutes 
of Illinois and practised law till his death. 

SCATTERGOOD, Thomas, Quaker preacher, 
b. in Burlington, N. J., 23 Jan., 1754; d. in Phila- 
delphia, Pa., 24 April, 1814. His great-grand- 
father, of the same name, was of the company of 
Quakers that went to Burlington in 167o. His 
father, Joseph, at first a mariner, became a lawyer, 
and died when Thomas was six years old, leaving 
him to the care of his mother, who, after giving 
him a good English education, apprenticed him to a 
trade. He became a tanner, in which business he 
continued throughout his life. He was an active 
member in the Society of Friends, was for many 
years a noted elder of the sect, and in the work of 
the ministry travelled extensively in this country 
and in Great Britain. His " Memoirs " were printed 
in the * Friends' Library," vol viii. (Philadelphia, 
1844), and afterward published in a separate vol- 
ume (London, 1845). 

SCHAEFFER, Frederick David, clergyman, 
b. in Frankfort-on-the-Main, Germany, 15 Nov., 
1760; d. in Frederick, Md., 27 Jan., 1836. In 1768 
he was sent to the gymnasium in Hanau, where he 
remained until the death of his father in 1774. In 
1776 he emigrated with an uncle to this country, 
but shortly after their arrival the uncle died, and 
he was left destitute. After teaching in York 
county, Pa., he studied theology, was licensed to 
preach in 1786, and ordained in 1788. He became 
pastor of Lutheran congregations at Carlisle and 
other places, and in 1812-'»4 was the colleague of 
Rev. Dr. Helmuth in Philadelphia. In 1834, in 
consequence of the infirmities of age, he relin- 
quished the ministry, and removed to Frederick, 
Md. He received the degree of D. D. in 1813 from 
the University of Pennsylvania. Dr. Schaeffer 
was a close student, a fine classical scholar, and a 
good Hebraist He published " Antwort auf eine 
Vertheidigung der Methodisten " (Germantown, 
Pa., 1806) and " Eine herzliche Anrede " (1806).— 
His eldest son. David Frederick, clergyman, b. in 
Carlisle. Pa., 22 July, 1787; d. in Frederick, Md., 
5 May, 1837, was graduated at the University of 
Pennsylvania in 1807, studied theology, and was 
ordained by the ministerium of Pennsylvania in 
1812. In 1808 he became pastor of the Lutheran 
congregation at Frederick, Md., which post he held 
until the end of his life. He was an able theologi- 
an, always having students under his direction, and 
was connected with all the important enterprises 
of his own church and with many outside of it 
From 1826 till 1831 he was the editor of the first 
English periodical that was established in the Lu- 
theran church in this country, the " Lutheran Intel- 
ligencer." He took an active part in the establish- 
ment of the theological seminary at Gettysburg, Pa., 
in 1826, was one of the founders of the general 
synod of the Lutheran church (1821), secretary in 
1821-*9. and its president in 1831-'8. In 1836 he 
received the degree of D. D. from St John's college, 
Annapolis, Md. Besides a large number of doctrinal 
and other articles in the " Lutheran Intelligencer," 
he published various addresses and sermons. — An- 



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other son, Frederick Christian, clergyman, b. in 
Germantown, Pa., 12 Nov., 1792 ; d. in New York 
city, 26 March, 1832, studied the classics partly in 
the academy of his native place and partly under 
his father, with whom he also read theology, and 
in 1812 was licensed to preach. In the same year 
he became pastor of the Lutheran congregation 
at Harrisburg, Pa., where he remained three years. 
In 1815 he accepted a call to Christ church, New 
York city, where he preached in German and Eng- 
lish until 1823, when he organized St Matthew's 
English Lutheran congregation. Soon afterward 
difficulties about the church property arose be- 
tween the German and English congregations, and 
he organized St James's English Lutheran congre- 
gation, which he served until his death. He re- 
ceived the degree of D. D. in 1830 from Columbia, 
and in the same year he was elected professor of 
the German language and literature there. He was 
deeply interested in the study of natural science, 
and received from the king of Prussia a gold medal 
for his valuable services in the interest of this 
study. He published "The Blessed Reformation 
and Parables and Parabolic Sayings " (New York, 
1817), and several sermons.— Another son, Charles 
Frederick, clergyman, b. in Germantown, Pa., 8 
Sept, 1807; d. in Philadelphia, Pa, 28 Nov., 1879, 
was educated in the Universitv of Pennsylvania, 
and studied theology partly under the direction of 

his father. He 
was ordained in 
1829, and became 
pastor at Car- 
lisle, Pa, where 
he remained un- 
til 1834. In the 
latter year he re- 
moved to Hagers- 
town, Md., where 
he had charge of 
several Lutheran 
congregations un- 
til 1839. He was 
professor of the- 
ology in Capitol 
university, Co- 
lumbus, Ohio, in 
1840-'3, and pas- 
tor at Lancaster, 
Ohio, in 1848-'5, at Red Hook, N. Y., in 1845-'51, 
and at Easton, Pa., in 1851 -'5. From the last year 
till 1864 he was professor of the German language 
and literature in Pennsylvania college, Gettysburg, 
and then till his death he was professor of syste- 
matic theology of the newly established theological 
seminary at Philadelphia, and its president He 
was a representative of the strictly conservative and 
confessional party in the Lutheran church, defend- 
ing his position with great force in many publica- 
tions, and was a leader in the organization of the 
general council in 1867. He published a large 
number of historical, homileticaf, and doctrinal ar- 
ticles, and left several manuscripts of value, includ- 
ing a complete "System of Lutheran Theology." 
Among his works are " Manual of Sacred History," 
translated from the German (Philadelphia, 1855) ; 
M Luther's Small Catechism," a revised translation 
(1856); " Inaugural Address at Gettysburg " (New 
York, 1856); and "Arndt's True Christianity," 
translated from the German (1868). — Frederick 
David's grandson, Charles William, theologian, 
b. in Hagerstown, Md., 5 May, 1818, is the son of 
Rev. Frederick Solomon Schaeffer. He was gradu- 
ated at the Universitv of Pennsylvania in 1882, and 
at Gettysburg theological seminary in 1885, li- 




KPScAo*^ 



censed to preach in 1885, and ordained in 1886. 
Immediately afterward he took charge of a parish 
in Montgomery county, which he served until 1841. 
He was pastor at Harrisburg, Pa., in 1841-9, and 
at Germantown, Pa, in 1849-75, when he was re- 
tired as pastor emeritus. In 1864, when the theo- 
logical seminary was established in Philadelphia, 
he was elected professor of ecclesiastical history, 
which post he has since held. He has held high 
office in the councils of his church, and has been 
one of the trustees of the University of Pennsyl- 
vania since 1859, receiving from it the degree of 
D. D. in 1879. That of LL. D. was given him in 
1887 by Thiel college, Greenville, Pa. Dr. Schaeffer 
has long been one of the leaders of the conservative 
and confessional party in the Lutheran church. 
He took an active part in the establishment of the 
theological seminary at Philadelphia in 1864, and 
in the organization of the general council in 1867. 
He is specially versed in American Lutheran his- 
tory ana the historical and doctrinal development 
of the Lutheran church in this country, and has 
written numerous articles for church papers and 
theological reviews. He was for several years co- 
editor of the •• Lutheran Home Journal " in Phila- 
delphia, and the *' Philadelphian, Lutheran and 
Missionary." Since 1879 he has been editor-in- 
1 chief of "The Foreign Missionary" in Philadel- 
| phia, and since 1886 he has been one of the editors 
of the ** Lutheran Church Review." He has pub- 
I lished "Mann's Explanation of Luther's Small 
I Catechism," translated from the German (Phila- 
delphia, 1855); "Early History of the Lutheran 
Church in America " (1857) ; " Golden Treasury for 
the Children of God," translated from the German 
(I860) ; " Family Prayer, for Morning and Even- 
ing, and the Festivals of the Church Year " ; and 
"Halle Reports," translated from the German 
(vol. L, Reading, Pa., 1882). 

SCHAFF, Philip, clergyman, b. in Coire. Swit- 
zerland, 1 Jan., 1819. He was educated at Coire, 
the Stuttgart gymnasium, and the universities 
of Tubingen, Halle, and Berlin. At Berlin, in 
1841, he took the degree of B. D., and passed his 
examinations for a professorship there. He then 
travelled in Europe as tutor to a Prussian noble- 
man, and, on his return to Berlin, lectured in the 
university on exegesis and church history in 1842-'4. 
On the recommendation of several eminent theo- 
logians he was called to a professorship in the 
theological seminary of the German Reformed 
church of the United States at Meroersburg, Pa. 
He was ordained at Elberfeld, came to this coun- 
try in 1844, and in 1845 was tried for heresy, but 
acquitted. In 1854 he visited Europe, represent- 
ing the American German churches at the ecclesi- 
astical diet at Frankfort, and at the Swiss pas- 
toral conference at Basel, lectured in Germany on 
America, and received the degree of D. D. from 
Berlin. His connection with Merccrsburg was re- 
tained from 1844 till 1868, when he removed to 
New York. He was secretary of the New York 
Sabbath committee in 1864-*9, and during that 
period delivered courses of lectures on church his- 
tory in the theological seminaries at Andover, 
Hartford, and New York. He paid a second visit 
to Europe in 1865, and a third in 1869. In 1870 
he accepted the professorship of sacred literature 
in Union theological seminary, New York city. 
Dr. Schaff is a member of the Leipsic historical, 
the Netherland, and other historical and literary 
societies in Europe and America. He is one of the 
founders, and honorary secretary, of the American 
branch of the Evangelical alliance, and was sent to 
Europe in 1869, 1872, and 1878 to arrange for the 



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general oonferenoe of the alliance, which, after two 
postponements on account of the Franco-German 
war, was held in New York in October, 1878. Dr. 
Schaff was also, in 1871, one of the alliance dele- 
gates to the emperor of Russia to plead for the 
religious liberty of his subjects in the Baltic prov- 
inces. He was presi- 
dent of the Ameri- 
can Bible revision 
committee, which 
was organised in 
1871 at the request 
of the English com- 
mittee, and in 1875 
he was sent to Eng- 
land to negotiate 
and arrange terms 
with the British re- 
visers and the uni- 
versity presses with 
regard to co-opera- 
tion and publication 
of the Anplo-Ameri- 
S^7\ can revision. That 

KSfitty (ZfcAmjfc JjSJjJ he^tended^ 
conference of the 
Old Catholics, Greeks, and Protestants at Bonn, 
with a view to promote Christian unity among the 
churches there represented. Dr. Schaff is the first 
president of the newly (1888) organized American 
society of church history, with its officers repre- 
senting all the leading branches of the Protestant 
church : and, in addition to the cultivation of that 
particular branch of literature to which it is spe- 
cially devoted, the society aims at unifying Chris- 
tian thought and sentiment throughout the world. 
Dr. Sohaffs works are mostly historical and eze- 
getical ; some of them are written in German, and 
others in English, but the German ones have been 
translated. Among the most important are his 
"History of the Apostolical Church" (New York, 
1868); "Sketch of the Political Social, and Re- 
ligious Character of the United States" (1855); 
"Germany, its Universities, Theology, and Re- 
ligion " (1857) ; " History of the Christian Church " 
(6 vols., 1858-*88): M German Hymn-Book. with In- 
troduction and Notes" (1859; ed. with music, 
1874); "The Christ of the Gospels" (1864); "The 
Person of Christ, with Replies to Strauss and Re- 
nan " (1865) ; " Lectures on the Civil War and the 
Overthrow of Slavery in America " (1865) ; " Christ 
in Song" (1869); " Revision of the English Version 
of the New Testament" (1874); "The Vatican 
Council" (1875); "Histcry and Collection of the 
Creeds of Christendom " (8 vols., 1876) ; " Harmony 
of the Reformed Confessions " (1877) ; "Through 
Bible Lands" (1878); "Dictionary of the Bible" 
(1880); "Library of Religious Poetry," edited in 
conjunction with Arthur Oilman: "<Jompanion to 
the Greek Testament and the English Version" 
(1888; 8d revised ed., 1888); "Historical Account 
of the Work of the American Committee of Revis- 
ion of the English Version" (1885); "Christ and 
Christianity" (1885); and "Church and State in 
the United States, or the American Idea of Relig- 
ious Liberty and its Practical Effects, with Official 
Documents" (New York, 1888). He edited the 



Anglo-American adaptation of Lange's " Critical, 
Theological, and Homiletical Commentary on the 
Bible " (begun in 1864, 24 vols., New York and Edin- 
burgh), and the " International Revision Commen- 
tary on the New Testament " (begun in 1881). Dr. 
Schaff founded and edited the " Kirchenf reund," 
the first German monthly in this country, and, with 



Prof. Henry B. Smith, he edits the "Philosophical 
and Theological Library," a series of volumes be- 
gun in 1878 (New York and London). He has con- 
tributed articles to American and foreign reviews, 
and to Herzog's, Smith's, and various other en- 
cyclopedic works. 

SCHANCK, John StlllwelL educator, b. near 
Freehold, N. J., 24 Feb., 1817. He was graduated 
at Princeton in 1840, and at the medical depart- 
ment of the University of Pennsylvania in 1848, 
settled in Princeton, and followed the practice of 
his profession there until 1865. In 1917 he was 
called to the curatorship of the college museum 
and to give lectures on anatomy, physiology, and 
zoology. In 1855-'6 he instructed the senior class 
in chemistry, and in 1857 he was elected to suc- 
ceed John Torrey in the professorship. Under his 
direction the course has been enlarged and ex- 
tended, and he now (1888) lectures on anatomy, 
physiology, chemistry, and hvgiene. He is a mem- 
ber of various scientific societies, and in 1866 re- 
ceived the degree of LL. D. from Lafayette. 

SCHANK, John, British naval officer, b. in Fife- 
shire, Scotland, in 1740; d. in Dawlish, England, 
6 March, 1823. He entered the roval navy when 
young, was a lieutenant in 1776, ana was employed 
on the lakes during the Revolutionary war, con- 
structing in less than six weeks the "Inflexible," 
which defeated Gen. Benedict Arnold's fleet on 
Lake Champlain, and displaying ability as a sea- 
man. His talents as an engineer were applied in 
Gen. John Burgoyne's expedition to the building 
of floating bridges, and on his return to Englana 
he was made a post-captain for his services. He 
attained the rank of admiral of the blue in 1822. 
He devised a method of navigating vessels in shal- 
low water by means of sliding keels, besides other 
ingenious inventions, and was the author of several 
works on naval architecture. 

SCHARF, John Thomas, author, b. in Balti- 
more, Md., 1 May, 1848. He entered the counting- 
house of his father, Thomas G. Scharf, of Balti- 
more, when sixteen years of age. In the beginning 
of the civil war he Joined a Confederate bstterv, 
was engaged in the catties around Richmond m 
1862. was wounded at Cedar Mountain, at the sec- 
ond battle of Bull Run, and again at Chancellors- 
ville, and on 20 June, 1868, was appointed a mid- 
shipman in the Confederate navy. In January, 
1864, he took part in the capture of the steamer 
" Underwriter, near New Berne, N. C. He re- 
joined the army after all the ports were blockaded, 
and was captured in Maryland while on his way to 
Canada with despatches. After the war he en- 
gaged in mercantile business, then in journalism, 
and in 1874 was admitted to the bar. In 1878 he 
was a member of the legislature. Since 1884 he 
has been commissioner of the land office of Mary- 
land. Georgetown college gave him the degree of 
LL. D. in 1885. He has been editor of the Balti- 
more ".Telegram" and "Morning Herald." Be- 
sides many historical addresses and magazine arti- 
cles, he has published " Chronicles of Baltimore " 
(Baltimore, 1874) ; " History of Maryland " (8 vols., 
1879); "History of Baltimore Cityand County" 
(Philadelphia, 1881); "History of Western Mary- 
land" (2 vols., 1882); " History of St Louis" 
(2 vols., 1884) ; " History of Philadelphia " (8 vols- 
1884); "History of Westchester County, N. Y.** 
(2 vols.. 1886) ; " History of the Confederate States 
Navy from the Laying of the First Keel to the 
Sinking of the Last Vessel ".(1887) ; and " History 
of the State of Delaware" (1888). He is now 
(1888) preparing a life of Jefferson Davis and a 
" Biographical Dictionary of Maryland." 



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SCHAUFFLER, William Gottlieb, mission- 
ary, b. in Stuttgart, Germany, 22 Aug., 1796; d. in 
New York city, 27 Jan., 1888. He emigrated to 
Odessa, Russia, with his parents and about 400 
others, in 1804, and adopted his father's trade, that 
of a maker of wooden musical instruments. In 
1820 the preaching of Ignatius Lindl, a Roman 
Catholic priest or evangelical views, turned his 
thoughts toward religion, and he resolved to de- 
vote his life to mission work. After serving as an 
independent missionary in Turkey in 1826 he made 
his way to the United States, with no property but 
his clothes, his flute, and one dollar in money, and 
entered Andover theological seminary, where he 
supported himself for a time by turning wooden 
bed-posts. He was graduated in 1880, ordained on 
14 Nov., 1881, and returned to Turkey under the 
auspices of the American board. He married 
an American lady soon afterward, and resided 
chiefly in Constantinople during his missionary 
service of forty-four • years, laboring principally 
among the Jews and Armenians. In 1848 he was 
instrumental in persuading Sir Stratford Canning, 
the British minister, to interfere in behalf of mem- 
bers of the latter race that had been persecuted by 
the Armenian patriarch. For his efforts in behalf 
of the German colony in Constantinople he received 
a decoration from the king of Prussia. From 1889 
till 1842 he resided in Vienna engaged in translat- 
ing the Scriptures into Hebrew-Spanish. The work 
was published in that city in two quarto volumes. 
He made a visit to this country in lSor-ty and 
from 1877, three years after his retirement from 
active work, resided here till his death. The Uni- 
versity of Halle gave him the degree of D. D. in 
1867, and Princeton that of LL. D. in 1879. Dr. 
Schauffier was a scholar of fine attainments, being 
44 able to speak ten languages and read as many 
more.** Besides the work mentioned above, he was 
the author of a translation of the Bible into Turk- 
ish, which received high praise. His English pub- 
lications include, besides single sermons, " Essay on 
tho Right Use of Property " (Boston, 1882), and 
" Meditations on the Last Days of Christ " (1887 ; 
new eds., 1858 and 1858). See his "Autobiogra- 
phy," edited by his sons, with an introduction by 
Prof. Edwards A. Park (New York, 1887). 

8CHEBOSH, John Joseph, missionary, b. at 
SHppack, Pa., 27 May, 1721 ; d. in Ohio, 4 Sept, 
1788. He united with the Moravian church in 1742, 
and for forty-five years served in the Indian mis- 
sion. His real name was Joseph Bull, and he was 
of Quaker parentage, but he was universally called 
Schebosh (running water), the name that was given 
him by the Indians. His wife was a convert from 
the Sonus Indians, who, after a union of forty-one 
years, died in 1787, leaving issue. 

8CHELL, Augustus, politician, b. in Rhine- 
beck. N. Y„ 1 Aug., 1812 ; d. in New York city. 
27 March. 1884. He was graduated at Union in 
1880, studied at Litchfield law-school, was admit- 
ted to the bar. and soon gained a lucrative practice 
in New York city. He was made chairman of the 
Tammany hall general committee in 1852, and was 
at the head of the Democratic state committee in 
1858-'6. Daring the administration of President 
Buchanan he was collector of the port of New York. 
He was chairman of the National committee of the 
wing of the Democratic party that supported John 
C. Breckinridge for the presidency in i860, and in 
1872 held the same office during the Greeley can- 
vass. In 1867 he was an active member of the con- 
vention to revise the state constitution. After the 
trial of William M. Tweed and his associates Mr. 
Schell labored for the purification and rehabilita- 
vol. v.— 27 



tkm of the Tammany society, and in 1878 was its 
unsuccessful candidate for mayor. He was a di- 
rector^ many railroad and financial corporations, 
and was active in the management of philanthropic 
institutions. Several of Mr. Schell's brothers have 
been well-known business men of New York city. 

SCHEM, Alexander Jacob, author, b. in Wie- 
denbruck/Prussia, 16 March, 1826; d. in West 
Hoboken, N. J., 21 May, 1881. He studied the- 
ology and philology in Bonn and Tubingen, and 
came to the United States in 1851. In 1854 he be- 
came professor of ancient and modern languages in 
Dickinson college, but he resigned in 1860 to devote 
himself to literature. He was a writer for the New 
York " Tribune " till 1869, when he undertook the 
editorship of the M Deutsch-amerikanisches Con- 
versations-Lexicon " (11 vols., New York, 1869-74). 
From 1874 till his death he held the office of as- 
sistant superintendent of the public schools in New 
York city. He was a contributor to other cyclo- 
pextias of statistical, geographical, and religious 
articles. He was one of the editors of the ** Meth- 
odist** and of the " Methodist Quarterly Review." 
He prepared, with Rev. George B. Crooks, a '* Latin- 
English Dictionary " (Philadelphia, 1857). and pub- 
lished several editions of " Schetn's Statistics of the 
World " ; the "American Ecclesiastical Year-Book " 
(New York, 1860); the * Ecclesiastical Almanac" 
(1868 and 1869); and, with Henry Kiddle, a "Cy- 
clopedia of Education " (1877), which was followed 
by two annual supplements called the u Year-Book 
of Education" (1878 and 1879). 

SCHENCK, James Findlay, naval officer, b. 
in Franklin, Ohio, 11 June, 1807; d. in Dayton, 
Ohio, 21 Dec., 1882. His ancestor, Roelof Martense 
Schenck, emigrated from Holland to New Amster- 
dam in 1650. He was appointed to the U. S. mili- 
tary academy in 1822, but resigned in 1824. and en- 
tered the navy as midshipman, 1 March, 1825. He 
became jMSsea midshipman, 4 June, 1881, and lieu- 
tenant, 22 Dec, 1885, and in August, 1845, joined the 
44 Congress," in which he served as chief military 
aide to Com. Robert F. Stockton at the capture of 
Los Angeles, Santa Barbara, and San Pearo, CaL 
He also participated in the capture of Guavmas 
and Mazatlan, Mexico, and in October, 1848, re- 
turned home as bearer of despatches. He was com- 
mended for efficient services in the Mexican war. 
Lieut Schenck then entered the service of the Pa- 
cific mail steamship company and commanded the 
steamer " Ohio " and other steamers between New 
York and Aspinwall in 1849-'52. He was commis- 
sioned commander, 14 Sept, 1855, and assigned to 
the frigate " St Lawrence," 19 March, 1862, on the 
West Gulf blockade. On 7 Oct., 1864, he was or- 
dered to command the ** Powhatan " in the North 
Atlantic squadron, and he also received notification 
of his promotion to commodore to date from 2 
Jan., 1868. He led the 8d division of the squad- 
ron in the two attacks on Fort Fisher, and was 
highly commended for his services. Com. Schenck 
had charge of the naval station at Mound City, I1L, 
in 1865-*6, was promoted to rear-admiral, 21 Sept, 
1868. and retired by law, 11 June, 1869.— His 
brother, Robert Cummins;, diplomatist b. in 
Franklin. Ohio, 4 Oct., 1809: d. in Washington. 
D. C, 28 March, 1890. He was graduated at Miami 
university in 1827, was a tutor for three years longer, 
then studied law with Thomas Corwin, was admit- 
ted to the bar, and established himself in practice 
at Dayton, Ohio. He was a member of the legisla- 
ture in 1841-*2, displaying practical knowledge and 
pungent wit in the debates, and was then elected 
as a Whig to congress, and thrice re-elected, serving 
from 4 Dec, 1848, till 8 March, 1851. He was a 



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SCHENCK 



SCHERESCHEWSKY 



member of important committees, and daring his 
third term was the chairman of that on roads and 
canals. On 12 March, 1851, he was commissioned 
as minister to Brazil. In 1852, with John S. Pen- 
dleton, who was accredited to the Argentine Re- 
public as charge* d'affaires, he arranged a treaty 
of friendship and commerce with the government 

of that country 
and one for the 
free navigation of 
the river La Plata 
and its great trib- 
utaries. They also 
negotiated trea- 
ties with the gov- 
ernments of Uru- 
guay and Para- 
guay. He left Rio 
Janeiro on 8 Oct., 
1858, and after 
his return to Ohio 
engaged in the 
railroad business. 
He offered his ser- 
^ * vices to the gov- 

/C^p^^ / O j eminent when the 

(/U6V*7\£s* 6LCsf>JLAs^KflC~ civil war began, 
and was one of 
the first brigadier-generals appointed by President 
Lincoln, his commission bearing the date of 17 
May, 1861. He was attached to the military de- 
partment of Washington, and on 17 June moved 
forward by railroad with a regiment to dislodge 
the Confederates at Vienna, but was surprised by 
a masked battery, and forced to retreat On meet- 
ing re-enforcements, he changed front, and the 
enemy retired. His brigade formed a part of Gen. 
Daniel Tyler's division at the first Bull Run battle, 
and was on the point of crossing the Stone Bridge 
to make secure tne occupation of the plateau, when 
the arrival of Confederate re-enforcements turned 
the tide of battle. He next served in West Vir- 
ginia under Gen. William S. Rosecrans, and was 
ordered to the Shenandoah valley with the force 
that was sent to oppose Gen. Thomas J. Jackson. 
Pushing forward by a forced march to the relief of 
Gen. Robert H. Milroy, he had a sharp and brill- 
iant engagement with the enemy at McDowell At 
Cross Keys he led the Ohio troops in a charge on 
the right, and maintained the ground that he won 
until he was ordered to retire. Gen. John C. Fre- 
mont then intrusted him with the command of a 
division. At the second battle of Bull Run he led 
the first division of Gen. Franz Sigel's corps. He 
was wounded in that action by a musket-ball, which 
shattered his right arm, incapacitating him for 
active service till 16 Dec., 1862, when he took com- 
mand of the middle department and eighth corps 
at Baltimore, having been promoted major-general 
on 18 Sept After performing effective services in 
the Gettysburg campaign, he resigned his commis- 
sion on 8 Dec, 1868, in order to take his place in 
the house of representatives, in which he served 
as chairman of the committee on military affairs. 
He was re-elected in 1864, and was placed at the 
head of the same committee, where he procured 
the establishment of the National military and 
naval asylum* In 1865 he was president of the 
board of visitors to the U. S. military academy, 
and was one of the committee of congress on tne 
death of President Lincoln, serving also on the 
committee on retrenchment In 1866 he attended 
the Loyalists' convention at Philadelphia and the 
soldiers' convention at Pittsburg, Pa. He was 
re-elected to congress in 1866 and in 1868, when 



his opponent was Clement L. Vallandigham, serv- 
ing as chairman of the committee of ways and 
means and of the ordnance committee. On 22 
Dec., 1870, he received the appointment of minister 
to Great Britain. In 1871 he was one of the M Ala- 
bama " commission. He resigned his post in 1876 
in consequence of the failure of the Emma silver- 
mine company, in which he had permitted him- 
self to be chosen a director, and resumed the prac- 
tice of law in Washington, D. C. 

SCHENCK, Noah Hunt, clergyman, b. in Pen- 
nington, Mercer co., N. J., 80 June, 1825; d. in 
Brooklyn, N. Y., 4 Jan., 1885. He was graduated 
at Princeton in 1844, studied law in Trenton, N. J., 
was admitted to the bar in 1847, and practised 
there till 1848, when he removed to Cincinnati, 
Ohio. In 1851 he abandoned his profession for the 
ministry, and after graduation at the theological 
seminary in Gambier, Ohio, in 1858, took orders 
in the Protestant Episcopal church. After having 
charge of parishes in Ohio, Chicago, 111., and 
Baltimore, Md., he was called in 1869 to St Ann's, 
Brooklyn, N. Y., where he remained till his death. 
The new church building, one of the finest in 
Brooklyn, was erected early in Dr. Schenck's rec- 
torship, and in 1879 he succeeded in freeing it 
from debt Dr. Schenck was active in the mission- 
ary work of his church, sat for many years in its 
general convention, and in 1871 went to St Peters- 
burg as one of a delegation of three from the 
Evangelical alliance to memorialize the czar in 
favor of Russian dissenters. Princeton gave him 
the degree of D. D. in 1865. Dr. Schenck founded 
and edited *• The Western Churchman " during his 
pastorate in Chicago, and in 1867 became co-editor 
of "The Protestant Churchman" in New York. 
He was the author of numerous published sermons 
and addresses, of which a collection has appeared 
in book-form (New York, 1885). A memorial of 
him was issued by the wardens and vestry of St 
Ann's church, including an address by Bishop 
Littlejohn (Brooklyn, 1885). 

SCHENCK, William Edward, clergyman, b. 
in Princeton, N. J., 29 March, 1819. He was gradu- 
ated at Princeton in 1838, and at the theological 
seminary in 1841, after taking up and abandoning 
the study of law. After doing missionary work in 
the Pennsylvania coal region, he was ordained in 
1848, and until 1852 held pastorates successively in 
Manchester, N. J., New York city, and Princeton. 
He was then superintendent of church extension 
in the presbytery of Philadelphia till 1854, when 
he became corresponding secretary of the Presby- 
terian board of publication. He was also its editor 
in 1862-70, and in the same years served as per- 
manent clerk of the general assembly of the old- 
school branch of his denomination, since 1866 he 
has been a director of Princeton theological semi- 
nary. Jefferson college. Pa., gave him the degree 
of D. D. in 1861. Dr. Schenck has published M His- 
torical Account of the First Presbyterian Church 
of Princeton, N. J." (Princeton, 1851); "Aunt 
Fanny's Home" (Philadelphia, 1865); "Children 
in Heaven " (1866) ; " N earing Home *' (1867) ; and 
sermons and tracts in English and German. He 
has also prepared a " General Catalogue of Prince- 
ton Theological Seminary" (Trenton, 1881), and 
its necrologies! reports since 1875. 

SCHERESCHEWSKY, Samuel Isaac Joseph, 
P. EL bishop, b. in Tanroggen, Russian Lithuania, 
6 May, 1881. He was educated partly in his na- 
tive town and partly at the Rabbinical college, 
Zhitomeer, Russia. He also spent two years in 
the University of Breslau, Germany. On his ar- 
rival in the United States, he went first to West- 



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SCHERZER 



SCHIMMELPFENNIG 



41* 



em Presbyterian theological seminary, Pittsburg, 
Pa., but not long afterward entered the Episcopal 
general theological seminary, New York city. He 
was not graduated, but was ordained deacon in 
St George's church, New York, 7 July, 1859, by 
Bishop Boone, of Amor, China, and priest, in the 
mission chapeL Shanghai, 28 Oct, 1800, by the 
same bishop. His field of labor was from the be- 
ginning in the China mission. In 1875 he was 
elected t>y the house of bishops to be the missionary 
bishop to China, but declined the poet When he 
was elected again in 1877 he accepted. He re- 
ceired the degree of D.D. from Kenyon college, 
Ohio, in 1876, and that of & T. D. from Columbia 
in 1877. He was consecrated in Grace church, New 
York, 81 Oct., 1877, and entered at once upon his 
duties. Bishop Schereschewsky's services were 
particularly valuable in the work of translating 
from the Hebrew the entire Old Testament scrip- 
tures into Mandarin Chinese. He was also one of 
the committee for translating the New Testament 
from the Greek into the same language. In con- 
junction with Bishop Burdon, of the English mis- 
sion, he translated the Book of Common Prayer into 
Mandarin Chinese. He also translated St Mark's 
gospel into Mongolian, and has in preparation a 
M Dictionary of the Mongolian Language." His 
health having broken down, he sent in his resigna- 
tion to the bishops, and it was accepted in 1888. 

SCHERZER, Karl Ton, German explorer, b. 
in Vienna, Austria, 1 May, 1821. He became a 

S'nter, but was left an independent fortune, and 
veiled extensively. During the revolution of 
1848 he took an active part m the discussion of 
social and economical reforms, and in 1850 he was 
exiled to Italy. He made there the acquaintance 
of Dr. Moritz Wagner, and they resolved to explore 
North America. Landing in New York in June, 
1853, they visited all the principal states, Central 
America, and the West Indies. On returning to 
Vienna toward the middle of 1855, he was appoint- 
ed, through the influence of the Archduke Maxi- 
milian, afterward emperor of Mexico, a member of 
a scientific commission that was destined to sail on 
the frigate " Novara " in 1857 for a voyage round 
the world. After his return in 1859 he was a 
councillor of the board of trade, held an office in 
the bureau of foreign relations, and was intrusted 
with compiling the commercial statistics of the 
empire. His works procured him letters of nobil- 
ity and the title of knight of the empire in 1866. 
In 1868 he was placed at the head of an expedi- 
tion to explore eastern Asia, and he was afterward 
Austrian consul-general in various place*, but re- 
tired toward the close of 1886. His works include 
"Reisen in Nordamerika" (Leipsic, 1854); "Die 
Republik Costa Rica,' 1 with Monts Wagner (1854) ; 
" Wsnderungen durch die mittelamerik. Freistaaten 
Nicaragua, Honduras, und San Salvador" (Bruns- 
wick, 1857) ; M Las historias del origen de Ice Indios 
de la provincia de Guatemala " (Vienna, 1857} ; " Be- 
schreibende Theile der Reise der oesterreicnischen 
Fregatte 'Novara' um die Erde" (8 vol&, with 
illustrations, 1861-*2) ; M Aus dem Natur- und 
Volkerleben im tropischen Amerika" (Leipsic, 
1864); "Statistisch commerzieller Theil der No- 
vara-Expedition" (2 vola>, Vienna, 1864); u Statis- 
tisch commerzielle Ergebnisse einer Reise um die 
Erde "(Leipsic, 1867); " Fachmtonische Berichte 
fiber die oesterreichisch - ungarische Expedition 
nach Siam, China, und Japan " (2 vols., Stuttgart, 
1871-»2); "Smyrna- (Vienna, 1878); and "Das 
wirthscbaftliche Leben der VOlker " (Leipsic, 1885). 
SCHIEFFELIN, Samuel Bradhurst (shef- 
linX author, b. in New York city, 24 Feb., 1811. 



He was educated in private schools, and early 
turned his attention to business, but contributed 
largely to the religious press. His works include 
" Message to Ruling Elders, their Office and their 
Duties ,r (New York, 1859); "The Foundations of 
History: a Series of First Things " (1868); "Milk 
for Babes: a Bible Catechism" (1874); "Chil- 
dren's Bread : a Bible Catechism " (1874) ; " Words 
to Christian Teachers" (1877); M Music in our 
Churches" (1881); "The Church in Ephesusand 
the Presbyterian and Reformed Churches " (1884) ; 
and " People's Hymn-Book" (Philadelphia, 1887). 
—His brother, Bradhurst. b. in New York city, 
21 Sept, 1834, was educated in his native city, and 
then entered the house that had been founded by 
his grandfather, Jacob Schieffelin. He subse- 
quently became one of the firm of Schieffelin 
Brothers, and retired from active business on the 
formation of the present firm. Mr. Schieffelin 
has been largely interested in political affairs, and 
has connected himself with the People's jparty, 
whose platform is the product of his pen. He be- 
lieves that no republic can exist where wealth is 
allowed to accumulate in the hands of a small mi- 
nority, and favors a law limiting inheritance. In 
1888 ne was nominated by his party for state sena- 
tor from the 10th district of New York city, but 
failed of election. 

SCHIMMELIN, Alexander Oliver, styled also 
Oeskmelin and Esquemeling, and generally known 
under the French form of Okxmeld*, Dutch histo- 
rian, b. in Flanders about 1645; d. in France in 
1707. He studied medicine, but on 2 May, 1666, 
embarked as a contract laborer on a vessel belong- 
ing to the French company of the West Indies, and 
was sold for thirty crowns to M. de La Vie, agent 
of the company m Tortugas. After serving his 
master for three years, he was freed, and enlisted 
with the buccaneers, with whom he remained till 
1674, when he returned to Europe on a Dutch ves- 
sel Later he made three voyages to South Amer- 
ica as surgeon on board Dutch and Spanish vessels. 
The narrative of his adventures, written originally 
not in Dutch, as it is claimed, but in French, 
fell into the hands of Baron de Frontignie'res, 
who published them with the title "Histoire des 
aventuriers flibustiers qui se sont signales dans les 
Indes, oontenant oe qu'fls ont fait de remarquable, 
leurs mceurs, leurs entreprises, avec la vie, les 
moeurs et les coutumes des habitants de Saint 
Domingue et de llle de la Tortue: une descrip- 
tion exacte de ces lieux, ainsi que lliistoire de la 
chambre des comptes des Indes' Oocidentales " (2 
vols., Paris, 16841 The first volume contains also a 
monograph on the flora and fauna of South Amer- 
ica. An enlarged edition (4 vols., Trevoux, 1775) 
contains the " Relation du voyage fait a la mer du 
Sud avec les flibustiers en 168&-'7," by Raveneau 
de Lussan, and a " Histoire des pirates Anglais." 
The Dutch edition, which is claimed by some to be 
the original, " Oeschichte van de Vrebuyters van 
America " (Amsterdam, 1700), is asserted by others 
to be only a translation from the French. 

8CHIKMELPFENNI0, Alexander, soldier, 
b. in Prussia in 1824; d. in Minersville, Ps*, 7 
Sept^ 1865. He served as an offioer of the Prus- 
sian army in Schleswig-Holstein in 1848, and soon 
afterward came to the United States. At the 
beginning of the civil war he was elected colonel 
of a Pennsylvania regiment, which he commanded 
during Gen. John Pope's campaign in Virginia. 
For his- services at Bull Run he was nominated 
brigadier-general. The appointment was at first 
rejected, but, on being presented again, was con- 
firmed in March, 1868, the commission dating from 



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SCHMIDEL 



29 Nor., 1802. At Chancel lore vi lie he commanded 
a brigade in Gen. Carl Schurz's corps, and served 
with credit at Gettysburg. In February, 1864, he 
was sent to St John's island, near Charleston, and 
thence crossed to James island. When Charles- 
ton was evacuated on the approach of Gen. Will- 
iam T. Sherman's army, Gen. Schimmelpfennig 
entered and took possession, 18 Feb., 1865. He 
remained in command of the city for some time, 
but was finally relieved on account of sickness, the 
result of exposure, which in a short time terminated 
in his death. He was the author of " The War be- 
tween Russia and Turkey" (Philadelphia, 1854). 

SCHLAGINTWEIT, Robert von (shlah'-gint- 
vite), German explorer, b. in Munich, Bavaria, 27 
Oct, 1883 ; d. in Giessen, Hesse- Darmstadt, 6 June, 
1885. He assisted his brothers, Hermann and 
Adolf, in the geological exploration of India in 
1854-7. prepared the work entitled " Results of a 
Scientific Mission to India and High-Asia" (4 vols., 
Leipsic, 1880-'6), and filled the chair of geography 
in the University of Giessen. In 1807-70 he 
lectured in German and English throughout the 
United States, beginning at the Lowell institute, 
Boston, and while in the country explored the 
Pacific coast He published " Die racificeisenbah- 
nen in Nordamerika" (New York, 1870), and 
"California "(1871). 

SCHLATTER, Michael, clergyman, b. in St 
Gall, Switzerland, 14 July, 1710; d. on Chestnut 
Hill, now a part of Philadelphia, Pa., in November, 
1790. He was educated at the gymnasium of his 
native town and at the University of Helmstedt, 
Brunswick, taught for several years in Holland, 
entered the German Reformed ministry, officiated 
for a few months in Switzerland, and then went to 
Amsterdam and volunteered his services as a mis- 
sionary to the destitute congregations of Pennsyl- 
vania. He arrived in Philadelphia on 6 Aug., 

1746, and on 1 Jan., 1747, was installed as pastor 
of the united churches of Germantown and Phila- 
delphia. For a great part of the* time he was 
absent on missionary tours among the German 
Reformed settlers of Pennsylvania, Maryland, 
New Jersey, and New York. He organized a 
synod, which met in Philadelphia on 29 Sept, 

1747. Rev. John C. Steiner in 1750 drew awav 
more than one half of his hearers, which prompted 
him in 1751 to visit Europe for the purpose of 
making a complaint before the synods of South 
and North Holland. In Amsterdam he published 
(1751) a journal of his experiences and transactions 
in America, with an account of the Reformed con- 
gregations and their dearth of pastors. Of this 
book he made a German translation (Frankfort 
1752), and afterward it was rendered into English 
rr Rev. David Thomson, of Amsterdam, and dis- 
tributed thioughout Great Britain. He returned 
to Pennsylvania in March, 1752, bringing with him 
six young ministers and substantial aid in money. 
As a result of his appeal, a fund of more than 
£20,000 was collected in England and Holland for 
the maintenance of free schools among the Ger- 
mans in America. Schlatter withdrew from the 
active duties of the pastorate in 1755, and devoted 
himself to the establishment of these schools, 
which met with strong opposition among the Ger- 
mans, because the scheme included the teaching 
of the English language. The project rendered 
him unpopular, and in 1757 he abandoned it 
and accepted a chaplaincy in the Royal American 
regiment that was tendered him by Lord Loudoun. 
He accompanied the Pennsylvania troops in the 
expedition against Louisburg, and remained with 
the army till 1750. After his return from Nova 



Scotia he preached at Chestnut Hill, where he re- 
sided, and in neighboring places, but held no fur- 
ther relations with the authorities of the church. 
When the Revolutionary war began he still held 
the appointment of chaplain in the royal army, 
and officiated as such for a short time. But his 
sympathies were with the patriots, and when Eng- 
lish troops invaded Germantown in September, 
1777, he refused to obey orders, and was imprisoned, 
while his house was plundered. See his *' Life," by 
Rev. Henry Harbaugh (Philadelphia, 1857). 

SCHLEY, William, governor of Georgia, b. in 
Frederick, Md., 15 Dec., 1786; d. in Augusta, Ga., 
20 Nov., 1858. He was educated at the academies 
of Louisville and Augusta, Ga., studied law, was 
admitted to the bar in 1812, and practised in Au- 
gusta. In 1825-*8 he was a judge of the superior 
court In 1880 he entered the legislature, and in 
1882 he was elected as a Democrat to congress. 
When his term ended he was chosen governor of 
the state for the two years ending with October, 
1837. He was an ardent Democrat and strict con- 
structionist. The building of the first railroad in 
Georgia was undertaken on his recommendation. 
He also advocated the establishment of a lunatic 
asylum and a geological survey of the state. Gov. 
Schley published a " Digest of the English Statutes 
in Force in Georgia" (Philadelphia, 1826). 

SCHLEY, Wlnfleld Scott, naval officer, b. in 
Frederick county, Md., 9 Oct, 1889. He was 
graduated at the U. S. naval academy in 1860, 
served on board the frigate " Niagara * in 1860-'l, 
was attached to the frigate " Potomac " of the West- 
ern Gulf squadron in 1861-2, and subsequently 
took part, on board the run-boat " Winona " and 
the sloops " Mononsahela^ and " Richmond," in all 
the engagements that led to the capture of Port 
Hudson, being promoted lieutenant on 16 July, 
1862. He served on the " Wateree " in the Pacific 
in 1864-'6. quelling an insurrection of Chinese cool- 
ies on the Middle Chincha islands in 1865, and later 
in the same year landing at La Union, San Salvador, 
to protect American interests during a revolution. 
He was instructor at the naval academy in 1866-*9, 
served on the Asiatic station in 1869-'72, taking 
part in the capture of the Corean forts on Salee 
river, after two days of fighting, in June, 1871, 
and was again at the naval academy in 1874-'6, 
being promoted commander in June, 1874. In 
1876-'9 he was on the Brazil station, and during 
the cruise sailed in the ** Essex" to the vicinity 
of the South Shetland islands in search of a miss- 
ing sealer, and rescued a shipwrecked crew on the 
islands of Tristan d'Acunha. In 1884 he com- 
manded the relief expedition that rescued Lieut 
Adolphus W. Greely and six of his companions 
at Cape Sabine in Grinnell Land, passing through 
1,400 miles of ice during the voyage. He was 
commissioned chief of the bureau of equipment 
and recruiting at the navy department in 1885, and 
promoted captain in March. 1888. He published, 
jointly with James Russell Soley, a book entitled 
44 The Rescue of Greely " (New York, 1886). 

SCHMIDEL, Ulrieh (shmee-del), German his- 
torian, b. in Straubingen, Bavaria, about 1511 ; d. 
there about 1570. He was the son of a wealthy 
merchant, and received a good education, but en- 
tered the military service, and enlisted in the ex- 
pedition of Pedro de Mendoza as an arquebusier. 
He also accompanied Juan de Ayolas on his first 
trip in quest of provisions, and afterward went 
with Ayolas in his expedition up Paraguay river, 
and was one of the soldiers that were left with Do- 
mingo Irala (q. v.) in charge of the vessels in the 
port of Candelaria. When Cabeza de Vaca was 



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deposed in April, 1544, Schmidel sustained Irala, 
who was the new governor, and in 1546 accompa- 
nied him in his expedition to Peru as far as the 
foot of the Andes, where he was despatched with 
Nuflo de Chaves to President La Gasca. He accom- 
panied Irala on his last unfortunate expedition of 
1550, and, hearing in 1552 of the death of his elder 
brother, to whose estate he was to succeed, he ob- 
tained his discharge. In Seville he presented to 
the council of the Indies letters from Irala with 
the report of his discoveries, and arrived toward 
the close of 1554 in Straubingen, where he after- 
ward resided. He had kept a diary during his 
wanderings, and wrote an interesting narrative of 
his adventures under the title of "Wahre Ge- 
schichte einer merkwQrdigen Reise, gemacht durch 
Ulrich Schmidel von Straubingen, in America 
oder der Neuen Welt, von 1584 bis 1554, wo man 
flndet alle seine Leiden in 19 Jahren, und die Be- 
schreibung der Lander und merkwQrdigen VOlker 
die er gesenen, von ihm selbst geschrieben " (Frank- 
fort, 1557), of which a Latin version appeared in 
Nuremberg in 1599 as M Vera historian etc. Henry 
Ternaux-Compans has also published a transla- 
tion of the work in his M Voyages, relations et mi- 
moires," and Barcia in his " Historiadores primiti- 
ves de Indias." Schmidel is certainly trie first 
historian of the Argentine, and his narrative is 
valuable, as it gives the names and tells of the 
habits and manner of living of many Indian na- 
tions that were extinct a centurv later. 

SCHMIDT, Frederick Augustus, clergyman, 
b. in Leutenberg, Germany, 8 Jan., 1887. In 1841 
he came to the United States with his widowed 
mother to settle in Missouri with relatives that had 
emigrated in 1889 with the Saxon colony under 
the leadership of Martin Stephan. He was gradu- 
ated at Concordia college in 1868, and at the theo- 
logical seminary at St. Louis in 1857. In the same 
year he was ordained to the ministry at Eden, 
Erie co., N. Y. He served as pastor there and in 
Baltimore, Md. ; was professor in the Norwegian 
Luther college, at Decorah, Iowa, in 1861-71 : in 
Concordia theological seminary, St Louis, Mo., in 
1871-6 ; in the Norwegian Luther seminary, Madi- 
son, Wis., in 1876-*86 ; and in Norwegian Lutheran 
divinity-school, Northfleld, Minn., since 1886. He 
received the degree of D. D. in 1884 from Capi- 
tol university, Columbus, Ohio. He has for years 
been a leader among the Norwegian Lutherans. In 
1878 he was sent as delegate from the Norwegian 
synod to the general assembly of the Norwegian 
mission society at Christiana, Norway. He was 
editor of the " Lutheran Watchman " in Decorah, 
Iowa, in 1864-'5 ; M Altes und Neues " in Madison, 
Wis., in 1880-'6 ; and M Lutherske Vidnesbyrd " in 
Madison, Wis. (now Northfleld, Minn.), in l882-*7; 
and co-editor of " Kirketidende," at Decorah, Iowa, 
in 1865-*71, and u Lehre und Wehre " in St Louis, 
Mo„ in 1872-'6. He has published " Intuitu Fi- 
dei," a collection of testimonies from Lutheran 
authors on the question rt predestination, the 
controversy on which po;?v. unong Lutherans in 
America and Europe was stilted by the publica- 
tion of " Altes und Neues " in 1880. 

SCHMIDT, Henry Immanuel, clergyman, b. 
in Nazareth, Pa., 31 Dec, 1806. He received his 
preparatory and theological training in the Mora- 
vian academy at his native place, and in 1836 
became a candidate for the ministry, but in 1829 
severed his connection with the Moravian church, 
and was licensed as a Lutheran clergyman. He 
was pastor of a congregation in Bergen county, 
N. J., in 1881-*8, assistant professor in Hartwick 
seminary, N. Y„ in 1888-'6, pastor in Boston, 



Mass., in 1886-*8, professor of German and French 
in Pennsylvania college, Gettysburg, Pa., in 
1888-'9, and of German in the theological semi- 
nary there in 1889-'43, pastor at Palatine, N. J., in 
1848-*5, principal of Hartwick seminary, N. T., in 
1845-'8, siid professor of the German language and 
literature in Columbia in 1848- , 80. On 1 Nov., 
1880, he was compelled by failing health to resign 
the last-named post and was retired as professor 
emeritus. In 1850 Pennsylvania college, Gettys- 
burg, Pa., conferred on him the degree of D.'D. 
He has been a frequent contributor to the M Evan- 
gelical Review" (Gettysburg, PaJ and to other 
periodicals, and has published " History of Edu- 
cation," including part i., *• History of Educa- 
tion, Ancient and Modern," and part ii„ "Plan 
of Culture and Instruction based on Christian 
Principles" (1842); "Inaugural Address," deliv- 
ered in the chapel of Columbia college (New York, 
1848) ; " Scriptural Character of the Lutheran Doc- 
trine of the Lord's Supper " (1852) ; and " Course of 
Ancient Geography" (I860). 

SCHMUCKER, John George, clergyman, b. 
in Michaelstadt, Darmstadt Germany, 18 Aug., 
1771 ; d. in Williamsburg, Pa., 7 Oct, 1854. His 
parents emigrated to this country in 1785, and, 
after a residence of two years in Pennsylvania, 
settled near Woodstock, Va. In 1789 he began to 
study for the ministry, a year later he went to 
Philadelphia to continue his studies, and in 1792 
he was ordained. After holding several pastorates 
he was called, in 1809, to York, Pa., where he re- 
mained till failing health compelled him to retire 
in 1852. He then removed to Williamsburg, Pa., 
where several of his children resided, and there he 
remained during the rest of his life. In 1825 he 
received the degree of D. D. from the University 
of Pennsylvania. Dr. Schmucker was one of the 
founders of the general synod of the Lutheran 
church in the United States, in 1821, an active 
supporter of the theological seminary at Gettys- 
burg, Pa., and for many years president of its 
board of directors. He was also active in the es- 
tablishment of Pennsylvania college, and for more 
than twenty-one years was one of its trustees. For 
more than thirty years he was one of the leaders of 
the Lutheran church in this country, and actively 
engaged in all its important operations. He was 
a frequent contributor to periodicals, and a poet 
of merit Among his works are "Vornehmste 
Weissagungen der Heiligen Schrift" (Hagerstown, 
Md., 1807); M Reformations-Geschichte sur Jubel- 
feier der Reformation " (York, Pa., 1817); "Pro- 
phetic History of the Christian Religion, or Ex- 
planation of the Revelation of St John " (2 vols^ 
Baltimore, 1817); M Schwinnergeist unserer Tags 
entlarvt, sur Warnung erweckten Seelen " (York, 
Pa., 1827); M Lieder-Anhang, sum Evang. Geeang- 
buch der General-Synode " (1888) ; and - Wachter- 
stimme an Zion's Kinder" (Gettysburg, Pa., 1888). 
—His son, Samuel 8imon, theologian, b. in Ha- 

Erstown, Md M 28 Feb., 1799 ; d. in Gettysburg, 
l, 26 July, 1878, spent two years in the Uni- 
versity of Pennsylvania, and thenJaught in York 
in 1816. He began theological studies under 
the direction of his father, but in 1818 entered 
Princeton seminary, where he was graduated in 
1820. Among his fellow-students at Princeton 
were Bishops Mcllvaine and Johns, and Dr. Rob- 
ert Baird. After being licensed, he was his father's 
assistant for a few months, and then followed a 
call to New Market, Va. He was ordained at 
Frederick, Md\, 5 Sept., 1821, and served his first 
charge in 1830^6. He interested himself at onoe 
in the preparation of young men for the ministry. 



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SCH MUCKER 



SCHNECK 



took an active part in the organization of the gen- 
eral synod in 1821, and was throughout his life one 
of the leaders of that body. He was the author of 
the formula for the government and discipline of 
the Evangelical Lutheran church, which, adopt- 
ed by the general 
synod in 1827, 
has become the 
ground - plan of 
the organization 
of thatbody. Prom 
its establishment 
in 1826 till his res- 
ignation in 1864 
he was chairman 
of the faculty of 
the theological 
seminary at Get- 
tysburg, Pa., and 
for four years he 
was the only in- 
structor. The de- 
gree of D. D. was 
conferred on him 
r r* /~y y in 1830 by Rut- 

ty. U. %s&h#ruju>favr. g»« and the Uni- 
versity of Penn- 
sylvania. In 1846 he took an active part in the es- 
tablishment of an ecclesiastical connection between 
the Lutheran church in Europe and America, and 
was a delegate to the Evangelical alliance which 
met in London during that year. He aided much 
in preparing the way for the latter by his " Frater- 
nal Appeal " to the American churches, with a plan 
for union (1888), which was circulated extensively 
in England ana the United States. His published 
works number more than one hundred. Among 
them are " Biblical Theology of Storr and Plott* 
translated from the German (2 vols.. Andover, 1826 ; 
reprinted in England, 1840) ; " Elements of Popu- 
lar Theology" (1884); u Kurzgefasste Geschichte 
der Christlichen Kirche, auf der Orundlage der 
Busch'en Werke " (Gettysburg, Pa,, 1884) ; " Frater- 
nal Appeal to the American Churches on Christian 
Union ft (Andover, 1888); " Portraiture of Luther- 
anism " (Baltimore, 1840) ; " Retrospect of Luther- 
anism" (1841); " Psychology, or Elements of Men- 
tal Philosophy " (New York, 1842) ; " Dissertation on 
Capital Punishment " (Philadelphia, 1845); "The 
American Lutheran Church, Historically, Doctrin- 
ally, and Practically Delineated " (1851) ; " Luther- 
an Manual " (1855); " American Lutheranism Vin- 
dicated" (Baltimore, 1856): "Appeal on Behalf of 
the Christian Sabbath " (Philadelphia, 1857) ; " Evan- 
gelical Lutheran Catechism" (Baltimore, 1859); 
" The Church of the Redeemer " (1867) ; " The Uni- 
ty of Christ's Church" (New York, 1870); and a 
large number of discourses and addresses, and arti- 
cler'in the " Evangelical Review " and other peri- 
odicals. — Samuel Simon's son, Samuel Mosheim, 
author, b. in New Market, Shenandoah co., Va., 12 
Jan., 1828; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 12 May, 1868, 
wrote his name Skucker. He was graduated at 
Washington college, Pa., in 1840. After studying 
theology and being licensed to preach, he accepted 
a call from the Lutheran church at Lewiston, 
Pa. In 1845 he became pastor of the 1st church 
in Germantown, Pa^ but in October, 1848, re- 
ceived an honorable dismissal from his synod, 
and studied law at the Philadelphia law-academy, 
where be served as secretary. In January, 1850, he 
was admitted to the bar, and at once began prac- 
tice. In March, 1858, he removed to New York 
city, but after 'two years returned to Philadelphia, 
and thenceforth employed himself chiefly in writ- 



ing. His publications include " Errors of Modern 
Infidelity* (Philadelphia, 1848); "Election of 
Judges by the People " and " Constitutionality of 
the Maine Liquor Law" (1852); "The Spanish 
Wife, a Play, with Memoir of Edwin Forrest" 
(New York, 1854); "Court and Reign of Cather- 
ine II., Empress of Russia" (1855); "Life and 
Reign of Nicholas I. of Russia, " Life of John C. 
Fremont, with his Explorations," and "Life and 
Times of Alexander Hamilton" (Philadelphia, 
1856) ; " History of the Mormons, Edited and En- 
larged" (New York, 1856); "Life and Times of 
Thomas Jefferson" and "The Yankee Slave- 
Driver" (Philadelphia, 1857); "Memorable Scenes 
in French History "and "Arctic Explorations and 
Discoveries " (New York, 1857) ; " Life of Dr. Elisha 
Kent Kane and Other American Explorers " and 
"History of Napoleon III." (Philadelphia, 1858); 
"History of the Four Georges" and "History of 
All Religions" (New York, 1859); "Life, Speeches, 
and Memorials of Daniel Webster" (Philadelphia, 
1859) ; " Life and Times of Henry Clay," " Life of 
Washington," "Blue Laws of Connecticut," and 
"History of the Modern Jews "(1860); and pub- 
lished vol. i. of " A History of the Civil War in the 
United States" (1868).— Another son of Samuel 
Simon, Beale Melanchthon, clergyman, b. in 
Gettysburg, Pa., 26 Aug., 1827 ; d. in Pottstown, 
Pa., 18 Oct, 1888. He was graduated at Pennsyl- 
vania college in 1844, studied at Gettysburg theo- 
logical seminary, was licensed to preach in 1847, 
and in 1849 ordained to the Lutheran ministry by 
the synod of Virginia. In 1870 he received the 
degree of D. D. from the University of Pennsylva- 
nia. He was pastor at Martinsburg, Va., Allen- 
town, Easton, and Reading, Pa., and since 1880 at 
Pottstown, Pa., and held many' offices in connec- 
tion with his denomination. He was one of the 
founders of the general council in 1867, a delegate 
to every convention since its organization, and 
uninterruptedly a member of its most important 
committees. Dr. Sch mucker was a fine liturgical 
scholar, and performed more than any other man 
for the liturgical and hymnological development 
of the Lutheran church. He was co-editor of the 
"Hallesche Nachrichten" (Allentown, Pa., and 
Halle, Germany, vol. i., 1884 ; English ed., Reading, 
Pa., vol. i., 1882), which is the primary source of 
information concerning the early history of the 
Lutheran church in this country. Dr. Schmucker 
also edited " Liturgy of the Ministerium of Penn- 
sylvania" (Philadelphia, 1860); "Collection of 
Hymns of the Ministerium of Pennsylvania" (1865) ; 
" Church-Book of the General Council " (1868) ; and 
"Ministerial Aots of the General Council" (1887). 
He published numerous articles on doctrinal, his- 
torical, and liturgical subjects, of which many have 
been republished separately in pamphlet-form. 

SCHNECK, Benjamin Shroder. clergyman, b. 
in Upper Bern, Berks co., Pa., 14 March, 1806 ; <L 
in Chambersburg, Pa., 19 April, 1874. He was 
educated by his father, a German school-master of 
Reading, studied theology, and was ordained to the 
ministry of the German Reformed church on 5 
Sept, 1826. He was pastor of congregations in 
Centre county, Pa.,' till 1884, preaching in both 
English and German, and then in Gettysburg for 
one year. He took charge in 1885 of the " Weekly 
Messenger " at Chambersburg, and in 1840 of the 
* Reformirte Kirchenzeitung," the German organ 
of his church. He still continued editor of the 
" Weekly Messenger," with an assistant, till 1844, 
when he resigned, resuming charge again in 1847, 
and giving it up finally in 1852. He retired from 
the editorship of the German paper in 1864, when 



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it was removed to Philadelphia. From 1855 till 
his death he officiated as pastor of a congregation 
in Chambersbarg. The degree of D. D. was £iven 
him in 1845 by Marshall college. He published 
••Die deutsche Kanzel," a collection of German 
sermons (Chambersburg, 1845) ; u The Burning of 
Charobersburg" (Philadelphia, 1865); and "Mer- 
cersburg Theology u (1874). 

SCHNEIDER, George, banker, b. in Pinna- 
sens, Rhenish Bavaria, 13 Dec, 1828. He was edu- 
cated in the schools of his native place, became a 
journalist at the age of twenty-one, and, after taking 
an active part in revolutionary movements, came 
to this country in July, 1849. He established the 
" Neue Zeit " in St Louis. Mo., and afterward re- 
moved to Chicago, where, in 1861, he was ap- 
pointed collector of internal revenue. He was 
subsequently president of the State savings insti- 
tution till 1871, when he became president of the 
National bank of Illinois. He was a delegate to 
the Republican national conventions of 1856 and 
I860, presidential elector on the Garfield ticket in 
1880, and for a short time in 1876 served as United 
States minister to Switzerland. 

SCHODDE, George Henry, clergyman, b. in 
Alleghany City, Pa., 15 April, 1854. He was gradu- 
ated at Capitol university, Columbus, Ohio, in 1872, 
and at its theological department in 1874, after- 
ward studied in the universities of Tubingen and 
Leipsic, and in 1876 took at the latter the degree 
of Ph. D. In 1877 he was ordained to the Lutheran 
ministry in Ohio, and was pastor at Martin's Ferry, 
Ohio, until 1 Jan., 1880, when he was elected pro- 
fessor in Capitol university. He is eminent as a 
Semitic scholar, and has done much to promote 
the study of Hebrew, Arabic, Syriac, Ethiopic, and 
other languages. He has for several years been an 
instructor of Hebrew, Arabic, and syriac in the 
Summer schools of Hebrew under Prof. William 
R. Harper, of Tale. He has written largely for 
periodicals, and in the •• Bibliotheca Sacra has 
published the first complete translation from the 
Ethiopic of the " Book of Jubilees n (1885-'7). His 
other works are " The Book of Enoch, translated 
from the Ethiopic, with Introduction and Notes " 
(Andover, 1882), and " A Day in Capernaum," 
translated from the German of Delitzsch (New 
York, 1887). 

8CHOELCHER, Ylctor (shel'-ker), French 
statesman, b. in Paris, 21 July, 1804. He is the 
son of a wealthy merchant, studied at the College 
Louis le Grand, and became a journalist, bitterly 
opposing the government of Louis Philippe and 
making a reputation as a pamphleteer. After 1826 
he devoted himself almost exclusively to advo- 
cacy of the abolition of slavery throughout the 
world, contributing a part of his large fortune to 
establish and promote societies for the benefit of the 
negro race. In 1829-'31 he made a journey to the 
United States, Mexico, and Cuba to study slavery, 
in 1840-'2 he visited for the same purpose the West 
Indies, and in 1845-'7 Greece, Egypt, Turkey, and 
the west coast of Africa. On 8 March, 1848, ne was 
appointed under-secretary of the navy, and caused 
a decree to be issued by the provisional government 
which acknowledged the principle of the enfran- 
chisement of the slaves through the French posses- 
lions. As president of a commission, Schoelcher pre- 
pared and wrote the decree of 27 April, 1848, which 
enfranchised the slaves forever. He was elected to 
the legislative assembly in 1848 and 1849 for Mar- 
tinique, and introduced a bill for the abolition of 
(he death-penalty, which was to be discussed on 
the day on which Prince Napoleon made his coup 
dWaL After 2 Dec. he emigrated to London, ana, 



refusing to take advantage of the amnesties of 1856 
and 1869, returned to France only after the decla- 
ration of war with Prussia in 1870. Organizing a 
legion of artillery, he took part in the defence of 
Paris, and in 1871 he was returned to the national 
assembly for Martinique. In 1875 he was elected 
senator for life. His works include " De l'escla- 
vagedes noirs et de la legislation colonials " (Paris, 
1833); "Abolition de resclavage n (1840); - Les 
colonies francaises de l'Amerique" (1842); "Lea 
colonies e'tranggres dans l'Amlnque et Hayti " (2 
vols., 1843) ; ** Histoire de l'esclavage pendant les 
deux dernidres annees" (2 vols., 1847); "La veritl 
aux ouvriers et cultivateurs de la Martinique n 
(1850) ; ** Protestation des citoyens francais negres 
et mulatres contre des accusations calomnieuses " 
(1851) ; •• Le proces de la colonie de Marie-Galante " 
(1851) ; and " La grande conspiration du pillage et 
du meurtre a la Martinique " (1875). 

SCHOEPF, Albin Francisco, soldier, b. in 
Potgusch, Hungary, 1 March, 1822 ; d. in Hyatts- 
ville, Md., 15 Jan., 1886. *He entered the military 
academy at Vienna in 1887, became a lieutenant of 
artillery in 1841, and was promoted captain on the 
field for bravery. At the beginning of the Hun- 
garian war for independence in 1848 he left the 
Austrian service, enlisted as a private in Louis 
Kossuth's army, and was soon made captain, and 
afterward major. After the suppression of the 
revolution he was exiled to Turkey, served under 
Gen. Jozef Bern against the insurgents at Aleppo, 
and afterward became instructor of artillery in the 
Ottoman service, with the rank of major. In 1851 
he came to the United States, and received an ap- 
pointment in the U. S. coast survey. In 1858 he 
became an assistant examiner in the patent-office. 
He was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers 
on 80 Sept, 1861. Gen. Felix K. Zollicoffer, after 
a series of successes against the Kentucky home- 
guards, attacked his fortified position, called Wild- 
cat camp, on the hills of Rock Castle county, Kv., 
and was defeated ; but the prestige thus gained for 
the National arms was sacrificed by Schoepf s pre- 
cipitate retreat, by order of his superior officer, a 
few weeks later from London to Crab Orchard, 
which the Confederates called the " Wild-Cat stam- 
pede." Gen. George B. Crittenden, thinking to 
crush Schoepf s force at Fishing creek, or mill 
springs, encountered Gen. George H. Thomas's en- 
tire army, and suffered a disastrous defeat. Gen. 
Schoepf s brigade led in the pursuit of the enemy 
to Monticello. At Perryville he commanded a 
division under Gen. Charles C. Gilbert He served 
through the war, and was mustered out on 15 Jan- 
1866. Returning to Washington, he was appointed 
principal examiner in the patent-office, which post 
ne continued to fill until his death. 

SCHOFF, Stephen Alonxo, engraver, b. in 
Danville, Vt, 16 Jan., 18ia He began engraving 
under the direction of Oliver Pelton, of Boston, 
with whom he remained until he was nearly of age, 
subsequently passing a short time with Joseph An- 
drews, the engraver, in whose company in 1840 he 
visited Europe. There he spent about two years in 
Paris, studying drawing a part of the time at the 
school of Paul Delaroche, and perfecting himself in 
his art On his return to this country ne engaged 
in bank-note work in New York, and soon was em- 
ployed upon his first important work, " Cains Ma- 
rios on the Ruins of Carthage," after Vanderlyn. 
This plate was issued about 1843, and, to expedite 
its publication and aid the young artist, the master 
American engraver, Asher Brown Durand, en- 
graved the head and gave some touches to the fig- 
ure. Other -important works from the burin of 



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424 



SCHOFIELD 



SCHOMBURGK 



*&U. 



Mr. Schoff are William Penn, engraved for the 
Pennsylvania historical society, a folio portrait of 
Ralph Waldo Emerson from a drawingjby Rowse, 
and "The Bathers," after William M. Hunt. Mr. 
SchofTs work is executed in pure line, and exhibits 
much delicacy and a nice appreciation of the feel- 
ing of the artist he is reproducing. Recently he 
has turned his attention to etching, producing 
some beautiful plates. Mr. Schoff has at different 
times made Boston, Washington, and New York 
his home, but at present (1888) he resides at Newton- 
ville, Mass., in the active exercise of his profession. 
SCHOFIELD, John McAllister, soldier, b. in 
Chautauqua county, N. Y., 29 Sept, 1831. He was 
graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1858, in 
the same class with Philip H. Sheridan, James B. 
McPherson, and John B. Hood. He was assigned 

to the 1st regi- 
ment of artil- 
lery and served 
in garrison in 
South Carolina 
and Florida in 
1853-'5, and as 
assistant pro- 
fessor of natu- 
ral philosophy 
at the U. S. 
military acade- 
my in 1855-'60, 
1 being commis- 
sioned 1st lieu- 
tenant, 81 Aug., 
1855, and cap- 
tain, 14 May, 
\^f^ 1881. On his 
^^ departure from 
West Point in 
1800 he obtained leave of absence and filled the 
chair of professor of physics at Washington uni- 
versity, St. Louis, Mo., until April, 1861. At the 
opening of the civil war he entered the volunteer 
service as major of the 1st Missouri volunteers, 26 
April. 1861, and was appointed chief of staff to 
Gen. Nathaniel Lyon, with whom he served during 
his campaign in Missouri, including the battle of 
Wilson's Creek, in which Lyon was killed. He was 
appointed brigadier-general of volunteers, 21 Nov., 

1861. and a few days later brigadier-general of Mis- 
souri militia, and ne was in command of the latter 
from November, 1861, till November, 1862, and of 
the Army of the Frontier and the district of south- 
west Missouri from that date to April, 1868. He 
was appointed major-general of volunteers, 20 Nov., 

1862, and from May, 1868, till February. 1864, was in 
command of the Department of the Missouri He 
was then assigned to the command of the Depart- 
ment and Army of the Ohio, and in April, 1864, 
joined the forces that were collecting near Chatta- 
nooga under Gen. William T. Sherman for the inva- 
sion of Georgia. He took part in the Atlanta cam- 
paign, being engaged at the battles of Resaca, Dallas, 
kenesaw Mountain, and Atlanta. When Sherman 
left Atlanta on his march to the sea, Schofield, with 
the 28d army corps, was ordered back to Tennes- 
see to form part of the army that was then being 
organized under Gen. George H. Thomas to resist 
Hood's invasion of Tennessee. Schofield retreated 
skilfully before the superior forces of Hood, in- 
flicted a severe check upon him in a sharp battle 
at Franklin, 80 Nov., 1864, and joined Thomas at 
Nashville, 1 Dec, 1864. For his services at the bat- 
tle of Franklin he was made brigadier-general and 
brevet major-general in the regular army. He 
took part in the battle of Nashville and the subse- 



quent pursuit of Hood's army. In January, 1865, 
he was detached from Thomas's command and sent 
with the 23d army corps by rail to Washington, 
and thence by transports to the mouth of Cape 
Fear river, the entire movement of 15,000 men with 
their artillery and baggage over a distance of 1,800 
miles being accomplished in seventeen days. He 
was assigned to the command of the Department 
of North Carolina on 9 Feb., 1865, captured Wil- 
mington on 22 Feb., was engaged in the battle of 
Kinston, 8-10 March, and joined Sherman at Golds- 
boro' on 22 March. He was present at the surrender 
of Johnston's army on 26 April, and was charged 
with the execution of the details of the capitula- 
tion. In June, 1865, he was sent to Europe on a spe- 
cial mission from the state department in regard 
to the French intervention in Mexico, and he re- 
mained until May, 1866. In August he was as- 
signed to the command of the Department of the 
Potomac, with headquarters at Richmond He was 
in charge of the 1st military district (the state of 
Virginia) from March, 1867, till May, 1868. Gen. 
Schofield succeeded Edwin M. Stanton as secretary 
of war, 2 June, 1868, and remained in that office un- 
til the close of Johnson's administration, and under 
Grant until 12 March, 1869, when he was appointed 
major-general in the U. S. army and orderea to the 
Department of the Missouri. He was in command 
of the Division of the Pacific from 1870 till 1876 
and again in 1882 and 1883, superintendent of the 
U. S. military academy from 1876 till 1881, and in 
command of the Division of the Missouri from 1888 
till 1886, when he took charge of the Division of 
the Atlantic. He is at present (1888) the senior 
major-general of the U. S. armv, and, under exist- 
ing laws, will be retired, on reaching the ace of six- 
ty-four, in 1895. He was president of the board 
that adopted the present tactics for the army (1870), 
went on a special mission to the Hawaiian islands 
in 1878, ana was president of the board of inquiry 
on the case of Fits- John Porter in 1878. 

SCHOMBURGK, Robert Herman, German 
explorer, b. in Freiburg on the Unstruth, Prussia, 
4 June, 1804; d. in SchOneberg, near Berlin. 11 
March, 1865. He entered commercial life, and in 
1826 came to the United States, where, after work- 
ing as a clerk in Boston and Philadelphia, he be- 
came a partner in 1828 in a tobacco-manufactory 
at Richmond, Va. The factory was burned, and 
Schomburgk was ruined. After unusccessful ven- 
tures in the West Indies and Central America, he 
went to the island of Anegada, one of the Virgin 
group, where he undertook to make a survey of 
the coast Although he did not possess the special 
knowledge that is required for such a work, he 
performed it well, and his reports procured him in 
1884, from the Geographical society of London and 
some botanists, means to explore the interior of 
British Guiana, which was then entirely unknown. 
After a thorough exploration during 1888-*9 he 
went to London in the summer of 1889 with 
valuable collections of animals and plants, mostly 
new species, among them the magnificent water- 
lilies Known now as the Victoria regia and the 
Elisabeths regia, and many new species of orchids, 
one of which has since been named for him the 
Schomburgkia orchida. Schomburgk sailed Again 
from London for Georgetown in December, 1840, as 
president of a commission to determine the bound- 
ary-line between British Guiana and Brazil, and to 
make further geographical and ethnological obser- 
vations. He was joined there by his brother, Moritx 
Richard. On their return to London in June, 1844, 
Schomburgk presented a report of his journey to 
the Geographical society, for which the queen 



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SCHOOLCRAFT 



SCHOOLCRAFT 



485 



knighted him in 1845. After a few months' rest, 
he was given an appointment in the colonial de- 
partment, and sent to make researches upon the 
idioms of the aborigines of South America. In 
1848 he read before the British association a paper 
in which he proposed an alphabetical system for 
the Indian dialects. That same year he was ap- 
pointed consul-general and charge* d'affaires in the 
Dominican republic, signed in 1860 an advanta- 
geous commercial treaty for Great Britain, and 
also secured a truce from Soulouque in behalf of 
the Dominican government. During the following 
years he contributed to the journal of the Geo- 
graphical society valuable papers upon the physi- 
cal geography of the island. He was promoted in 
1857 consul-general at Bangkok, Siam, and resided 
there till 1864, when declining health compelled 
him to resign. Schomburgk was a member of va- 
rious European, American, and Asiatic learned so- 
cieties, ana was a knight of the Legion of honor, 
and of the Prussian order of the Red Eagle. His 
works include " Voyage in Guiana and upon the 
Shores of the Orinoco during the Years 1885~*89" 
(London, 1840 ; translated into German by his broth- 
er Otto, under the title M Reisen in Guiana and am 
Orinoco in den Jahren 1885-*89," Leipsic, 1841, 
with a preface by Alexander von Humboldt); 
M Researches in Guiana, 1887-'89" (1840); " De- 
scription of British Guiana, Geographical and Sta- 
tistical " (1840) ; " Views in the Interior of Guiana " 
(1840) ; M Baubacenia Alexandrine et Alexandra im- 
peratris" (Brunswick, 1845); M Rapatea Frederici 
August! et Saxo-Frederici regalis " (1845), being 
monographs of plants discovered by the author 
in British Guiana ; " History of Barbadoes " (Lon- 
don, 1847) ; and " The Discovery of the Empire of 
Guiana by Sir Walter Raleigh" (1848).— Schom- 
burgk's brother, Moritz Richard, published an ac- 
count of the expedition in 1840-'4, under the title 
M Reisen in British Guiana in den Jahren 1840-'44 " 
(8 vols., Leipsic 1847- , 8). 

SCHOOLCRAFT, Lawrence, soldier, b. in Al- 
bany county, N. Y., in 1760; d. jn Verona, Oneida 
©a, N. Y., 7 June, 1840. His grandfather, James, 
came from England in the reign of Queen Anne, 
settled in Albany county as a surveyor, and in 
later life was a teacher, and adopted the name of 
44 Schoolcraft " in the place of his original family 
name of Caloraft The grandson served during 
the Revolutionary war, and as a colonel in the sec- 
ond war with Great Britain. He was the superin- 
tendent of a large glass-factory ten miles west of 
Albany.— His son, Henry Rowe, ethnologist, b. in 
Albany county, N. Y., 28 March, 1708 ; d. Tu Wash- 
ington, D. C, 10 Dec, 1864, was educated at Mid- 
dleburv college, Vt, and at Union, where he pur- 
sued the studies of chemistry and mineralogy, 
learned the art of glass-making, and began a trea- 
tise on the subject entitled " Vitreology, the first 
part of which was published (Utica, 1817). In 
1817-18 he travelled in Missouri and Arkansas, 
and returned with a large collection of geological 
and mineralogies! specimens. In 1890 he was ap- 
pointed geologist to Gen. Lewis Cass's exploring 
expedition to Lake Superior and the head-waters ox 
Mississippi river. He was secretary of a commis- 
sion to treat with the Indians at Chicago, and, after 
a journey through Illinois and along Wabash and 
Miami rivers, was in 1822 appointed Indian agent 
for the tribes of the lake region, establishing him- 
self at Sault Sainte Marie, and afterward at Macki- 
naw, where, in 1828, he married Jane Johnston, 
granddaughter of Waboojeeg, a noted Ojibway 
chief, who had received her education in Europe. 
In 1828 he founded the Michigan historical society, 



and in 1881 the Algic society. From 1828 till 
1882 he was a member of the territorial legislature 
of Michigan. In 1882 he led a government expe- 
dition, which fol- 
lowed the Missis- 
sippi river up to 
its source in Itas- 
ca lake In 1886 
he negotiated a 
treaty with the 
Indians on the 
upper lakes for 
the cession to the 
United States of 
16,000,000 acres 
of their lands. 
He was then ap- 
pointed acting su- 
perintendent of 
Indianaffairs,and 
in 1889 chief dis- 
bursing agent for /* 
the northern de- /f jJJ j • 

pertinent. On his A/S4** A&cA*w&ULf/? 
return from Bu- S v 

rope in 1842 he r 

made a tour through western Virginia, Ohio, and 
Canada. He was appointed by the Mew York legis- 
lature in 1845 a commissioner to take the census of 
the Indians in the state, and collect information con- 
cerning the Six Nations. After the performance of 
this task, congress authorised him, on 8 March, 1847, 
to obtain through the Indian bureau reports relat- 
ing to all the Indian tribes of the country, and to 
collate and edit the information. In this work he 
spent the remaining years of his life Through his 
influence many laws were enacted for the protection 
and benefit of the Indians. Numerous scientific 
societies in the United States and Europe elected 
him to membership, and the University of Geneva 

Sve him the degree of LL. D. in 1846. He was 
» author of numerous poems, lectures, and re- 
ports on Indian subjects, besides thirty-one larger 
works. Two of his lectures before the Algic so- 
ciety at Detroit on the *• Grammatical Construction 
of the Indian Languages " were translated into 
French by Peter S. Duponceau, and gained for 
their author a sold medal from the French insti- 
tute. His publications include "A View of the 
Lead-Mines of Missouri, including Observations on 
the Mineralogy and Geology of Missouri and Ar- 
kansas" (New York, 1819); a poem called "Trans- 
allegania, or the Groans of Missouri" (1820); 
44 Journal of a Tour in the Interior of Missouri and 
Arkansas'* (1820); M Travels from Detroit to the 
Sources of the Mississippi with an Expedition un- 
der Lewis Cass" (Albany, 1821); " Travels in the 
Central Portions of Mississippi Valley" (New York, 
1825); "The Rise of the West, or a Prospect of the 
Mississippi Valley," a poem (Detroit, 1827) : M In- 
dian Melodies," a poem (1880); "The Man of 
Bronse" (1884); M Narrative of an Expedition 
through the Upper Mississippi to Itasca Lake" 
(NewYork, 1884) ; - Iosco, or the Vale of Norma" 
(Detroit, 1884); "Algic Researches," a book of 
Indian allegories and legends (New York, 1889); 
" Cyolopsxha indianensis/* of which only a single 
number was issued (1842); -Alhalla, or the Land 
of Talladega," a poem published under the pan- 
name u Henry Rowe Colcraft" (1848); "Oneota, 
or Characteristics of the Red Race of America** 
(1844V5), which was republished under the title of 
u The Indian and his Wigwam" (1848); "Report 
on Aboriginal Names ana the Geographical Ter- 
minology of New York H (1845) ;- Plan for Invests 



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426 



SCHOONMAKER 



SCHOTT 



SI 



.ting American Ethnology " (1846); "Notes on 
_je Iroquois," containing his reoort on the Six 
Nations (Albany, 1846; enlarged editions, New 
York, 1847 and 1848); "The Red Race of Ameri- 
ca " (1847); "Notices of Antique Earthen Vessels 
from Florida" (1847); "Address on Early Ameri- 
can History " (New York, 1847) ; " Outlines of the 
Life and Character of Gen. Lewis Cass " (Albany, 
1848) ; " Bibliographical Catalogue of Books, Trans- 
lations of the Scriptures, and other Publications in 
the Indian Tongues of the United States "J Wash- 
ington, 1849) ; " American Indians, their History, 
Condition, and Prospects " (Auburn, 1850); "Per- 
sonal Memoirs of a Residence of Thirty Years with 
the Indian Tribes on the American Frontiers, 1812 
to 1842" (Philadelphia, 1851); "Historical and 
Statistical Information respecting the History, 
Condition, and Prospects of the Indian Tribes of 
the United States," with illustrations by Capt 
Seth Eastman, published by authority of congress, 
which appropriated nearly $80,000 a volume for 
the purpose (5 vols., 1851-5); "Scenes and Ad- 
ventures in the Semi- Alpine Region of the Ozark 
Mountains of Missouri and Arkansas," a revised 
edition of his first book of travel (1858); "Sum- 
mary Narrative of an Exploratory Expedition to the 
Sources of the Mississippi River in 1820, resumed 
and completed by the Discovery of its Origin in 
Itasca Lake in 1882 " (1854) ; " Helderbergia, or the 
Apotheosis of the Heroes of the Anti-Rent War," 
an anonymous poem (Albany, 1855); and "The 
Myth of Hiawatha, and other Oral Legends" 
(1856). "The Indian Fairy-Book, from Original 
Legends" (New York, 1855). was compiled from 
notes that he furnished to the editor, Cornelius 
Mathews. To the five volumes of Indian re- 
searches compiled under the direction of the war 
department he added a sixth, containing the post- 
Columbian history of the Indians and of their re- 
lations with Europeans (Philadelphia, 1857). He 
had collected material for two additional volumes, 
but the government suddenly suspended the publi- 
cation of the work.— His wife, Mary Howard, b. 
in Beaufort, S. C, was his assistant in the prepara- 
tion of his later works, when he was confined to 
his chair by paralysis and unable to use his hands. 
They were married in 1847, five years after the 
death of his first wife. Mrs. Schoolcraft was the 
author of " The Black Gauntlet, a Tale of Planta- 
tion Life in South Carolina" (Philadelphia, I860). 

SCHOONMAKER, Aug as tag. lawyer, b. in 
Rochester, Ulster co., N. Y., 2 March, 1828. He 
was educated in common schools and by private 
study, worked on his father's farm till ne was 
twenty years old, taught for several years, studied 
law, was admitted to tne bar in 1858, and practised 
in Kingston, N. Y. He was town superintendent 
of common schools for several years, and county 
judge of Ulster county from 1864 till 1872. In 
187o-'7 he was a member of the state senate, and 
in 1878-*9 he was attorney-general of New York. 
From 1888 till 1887 he served as a civil service 
commissioner of the state, and on the constitution 
of the inter-state commerce commission in 1887 
he was appointed one of its members. 

SCHOONMAKER, Cornelius, member of con- 
gress, b. in Rochester, Ulster co., N. Y., in June, 
1745; d. in Shawangunk, Ulster co., in February 
or March, 1796. He sat in the state assembly 
from the adoption of the constitution in 1777 till 
1790. was a member of the convention that adopt- 
ed the Federal constitution in 1788, and served 
in congress from 24 Oct., 1791, till 8 March, 1798. 
—His grandson, Marias, member of congress, 
b. in Kingston, N. Y., 24 April, 1811, was gradu- 



ated at Yale in 1880, studied law, was admitted to 
the bar in 1888, and has practised in Kingston. 
He was a member of the state senate in 1850-'l, 
and, as chairman of a special committee on the code 
drew up amendments that constituted a thorough 
revision of the act He was elected to congress as 
a Whig, and served from 1 Dec, 1851, till 8 March, 
1858. In 1854 he was auditor of the canal depart- 
ment, and in 1855-'6 he served as superintendent of 
the bank department of the state of New York. He 
was president of the Kingston board of education 
from its establishment in 1868 till 1872, and in 
1867 was a member of the State constitutional con- 
vention. He has published speeches in congress 
on " Public Lands'' (Washington, 1852), and - The 
Slave Question " (1852), and is the author of a 
"History of Kingston from its First Settlement 
to 1820, which is now (1888) ready for publication. 

SCHOONMAKER, Martinus, clergyman, b. in 
Rochester.Ulster co., N. Y., in 1787; d. in Flat- 
bush, N. Y., in 1824. 
He was licensed to 
preach in 1765, was 
pastor of the Dutch 
Reformed church at 
Gravesend for several 
years, and then of the 
one at Harlem till 
1784, when he fixed his 
residence at Flatbush, 
and assumed charge 
of the six congrega- 
tions in Kings county. 
During the Revolution 
he was an earnest and 
influential Whig. He 
was the last of the min- 
isters that preached 
only in Dutch till the 
end of their lives. The church, six-sided and with 
a funnel-roof, in which he ministered at New 
Utrecht, is shown in the illustration. 

SCHOTT, Charles Anthony, civil engineer, b. 
in Mannheim, Germany, 7 Aug., 1826. He studied 
at the Lyceum in Mannheim, and then was gradu- 
ated as a civil engineer in 1847 at the Polytechnic 
school in Carlsrune. In 1848 he came to the United 
States and entered the service of the coast survey. 
He was advanced to the grade of assistant in 1856, 
and still (1888) holds that place. Mr. Schott is a 
member of the Philosophical societies of Philadel- 
phia and Washington, and a fellow of the American 
association for the advancement of science, and in 
1872 was elected to the National academy of sci- 
ence. His writings include numerous memoirs of 
special investigations on hydrography, geodesy, 
and particularly on terrestrial magnetism, which 
have appeared in the annual reports of the U. S. 
coast and geodetic survey since 1854. In addition 
to these, he has published, through the medium of 
the Smithsonian institution, " Magnetics! Observa- 
tions in the Arctic Seas," reduced and discussed 
from material collected by Elisha K. Kane (1858); 
" Meteorological Observations in the Arctic Seas," 
likewise collected by Elisha K. Kane during the 
second Grinnell expedition (1859) ; " Astronomical 
Observations in the Arctic Seas," from data col- 
lected by Elisha K. Kane (i860); - Tidal Observa- 
tions in the Arctic Seas" (I860); "Meteorological 
Observations in the Arctic Seas," from results 
made on board the arctic searching yacht " Fox " 
in Baffin bay and Prince Regent's inlet in 1857-*9 
(1862) ; " Phvsical Observations in the Arctic Seas," 
from data collected by Isaac I. Hayes (1867) ; " Re- 
sults of Meteorological Observations made at 




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SCHOULER 



SCHRIVER 



427 



Brunswick, Me., between 1807 and 1859 " (1867); 
44 Results of Meteorological Observations made at 
Marietta, Ohio, between 1826 and 1859, Inclu- 
sive " (1868) ; " Tables and Results of the Precipita- 
tion in Rain and Snow in the United States, and at 
Some Stations in Adjacent Parts of North Ameri- 
ca, and in Central and South America M (1872; a 
second edition, 1881); M Tables, Distribution, and 
Variations of the Atmospheric Temperature in the 
United States and Some Adjacent Parts of Ameri- 
ca" (1876); and " Magnetic Charts of the United 
States,** snowing the distribution of the declina- 
tion, the dip and the intensity of the magnetic force 
(1882 and 1885). 

SCHOULER, William (skool'-er), journalist b. 
in Kilbarchan, Scotland, 31 Dec, 1814; d. in West 
Roxbury, Mass., 24 Oct, 1872. He was brought to 
this country in 1815, received a common-sohool 
education, and engaged in calico printing. He 
was the proprietor and editor of the Lowell " Cou- 
rier " in 1841-7, in 1847-'5S joint proprietor and 
editor of the Boston "Daily Atlas," in 1853-'6 
one of the editors of the Cincinnati " Gazette," in 
1856-'8 editor of the '* Ohio State Journal," and in 
1858 of the Boston " Atlas and Bee." He was four 
times elected to the Massachusetts house of repre- 
sentatives and once to the senate. In 1858 he was 
a member of the Massachusetts constitutional con- 
vention, and was chosen clerk of the house of rep- 
resentatives. In 1857 he was adjutant-general of 
Ohio, and from 1860 till 1866 held the same office 
in Massachusetts. He was the author of " History 
of Massachusetts in the Civil War " (2 vols., Bos- 
ton, 1868- , 71). — His son, James, lawyer, b. in West 
Cambridge (now Arlington), Mass., 20 March, 1889, 
was graduated at Harvard in 1859, studied law, 
and began to practise in Boston. In August, 1862, 
he joined the National army, and served for nearly 
a year as a lieutenant in the signal service. Since 
1884 he has been a lecturer in the Boston univer- 
sity law-school and in the National law university, 
Washington, D. C. He has published legal trea- 
tises "On Domestic Relations" (Boston, 1870); 
"On Personal Property" (2 vols., 1873-*6); "On 
Bailments, including Carriers" (1880); "On Hus- 
band and Wife "(1882); " On Executors and Ad- 
ministrators " (1888) ; and "On Wills "(1887); also 
a " History of the United States under the Consti- 
tution," of which three volumes have been issued 
(Washington, 1880-'5), and two others, bringing 
the narrative down to 1861, are now (1888) ready 
for the press, and soon to be issued. 

SCH0UTEN, Willein Cornells (shoo' -ten), 
Dutch navigator, b. in Hoorn in 1567 ; d. in An- 
tongil bay, Madagascar, in 1625. He had been for 
years in the employ of the Dutch East India com- 
pany, when he quarrelled with one of the directors 
and resigned in 1610. From that time he resolved 
to And a new route to the Indies, eluding the char- 
ter of the East India company. He interested in 
his scheme Hoorn 's richest citizen, Isaac Lemaire, 
and they formed a company with a capital of 
200,000 florins, one half being furnished by Isaac 
Lemaire and an eighth by Schouten. The expe- 
dition left the Texel. 14 June, 1615, Schouten being 
the commander, and a son of Isaac, James Le- 
maire, acting as his deputy and director-general. 
The details of the discoveries are to be found in 
the article Lemaibe, Jambs. The navigators were 
arrested in Batavia by George Spielbergen for in- 
fringing upon the privileges of the East India 
company, but, on Schouten s arrival in Holland, he 
secured an acquittal, and even compelled the com- 
pany to pay him heavy damages. He resumed the 
exercise of his profession,. and was returning to 



Europe after a successful voyage to the Indies, 
when stress of weather forced him to enter the Bay 
of Antongil, and he died there. A narrative of 
Schouten* expedition was written by Aria Clas- 
sen, the clerk of the admiral, and published under 
the title " Scheeps-Journal en Besch Hiving van de 
bewonderensvaardige Reis genlaakt door Willem 
Cornells Schouten, geboren te Hoorn, toen hy heeft 
outdekt ten Zuiden van de zee-engte van Magellan 
een nieuwe doorgang in de groote Zuidzee (Am- 
sterdam, 1617). It was translated into French 
(Amsterdam, 1617), into German (Arnheim, 1618), 
and into Latin (Amsterdam, 1619). The name of 
Schouten has been given to an island that he dis- 
covered on the northern coast of New Guinea. 

SCHREIBER, Collingwood, Canadian engi- 
neer, b. in Colchester, Essex, England, 14 Dec., 
1881. He came to Canada in 1852, and was en- 
gaged on the engineering staff of the Hamilton 
and Toronto railway till its completion in 1856. 
He then engaged in private engineering in Toronto 
till 1860, when he entered the service of the North- 
ern railway of Canada. In 1868 he was engaged by 
the government of Nova Scotia as division engineer 
on the Pictou railway, and he continued in this 
service till 1867, when the works were completed. 
In 1868 the Dominion government appointed him 
to take charge of the surveys in connection with 
the Intercolonial railway, of the route by the way 
of Lake Temiscouata ; and in 1869, as superintend- 
ing engineer, he was placed in charge of the East- 
ern extension railway. In 1871 he was appointed 
superintending engineer and commissioners agent 
for the entire length of the Intercolonial railway, 
which post he held till 1878, when he was made 
chief engineer of government railways in opera- 
tion, in which capacity he still acts. He is also 
chief engineer pf that part of the Canadian Pa- 
cific that is now undergoing construction by the 
government He was royal commissioner of the 
court of railway claims in 1886. 

SCHRIVER, Edmund, soldier, b. in York, Pa., 
16 Sept, 1812. He was graduated at the U. S. mili- 
tary academy in 1888, and assigned to the 2d artil- 
lery. On 1 Nov., 1886, he became 1st lieutenant and 
on 7 July, 1838, captain on the staff and assistant 
to the adjutant-general, serving in the Florida war 
of 1889. He held the rank of captain in the 2d 
artillery from 17 Aug., 1842, till 18 June, 1846, re- 
signed his commission on 81 July, 1846, and was 
treasurer of the Saratoga and Washington railroad 
company, N. Y., from 1847 till 1852, of the Sara- 
toga and Schenectady railroad from 1847 till 1861, 
and of the Rensselaer and Saratoga railroad from 
1847 till 1861, being president of the last road from 
1851 till 1861. He re-entered the army on 14 May, 
1861, as lieutenant-colonel of the 11th infantry, be- 
came aide-de-camp to Gov. Edwin D. Morgan, of 
New York, recruited, organised, and instructed his 
regiment at Fort Independence, Mass., and became 
colonel on the staff and additional aide-de-camp 
on 18 May, 1862, having been made chief of staff 
of the 1st corps in the Army of the Potomac. He 
served in the Shenandoah and the northern Vir- 
ginia campaigns, and was appointed colonel on the 
staff and inspector-general, U. S. army, on 18 March, 
1868, after serving as acting inspector-general from 
January till March, 1868. He was at Chancellors- 
ville and Gettysburg, and afterward bore thirty- 
one battle-flags and other trophies to the war de- 
partment He participated in the Richmond cam- 
paign from the Rapidan to Petersburg, was on 
special duty under the orders of the secretary of 
war from 22 March till 28 June, 1865, and was 
brevetted brigadier-general, U. S. army, for faithful 



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and meritorious services in the field on 1 Aug., 

1864, mnd major-general, U. S. army, on 18 March, 

1865. From 10 Dec, 1865, till 15 April, 1871, be 
was on special duty in the secretary of war's office 
and in charge of the inspection bureau, and in 
1866-71 was inspector of the U. S. military acad- 
emy, was on a tour of inspection in Texas, Hew 
Mexico, and Kansas, and of the recruiting service 
in 187&-*8, prepared reports in Washington, D. C, 
particularly upon the affairs of the Freedmen's 
bureau in 1878. was on duty in the war depart- 
ment in 1878-'6. and was made inspector of the 
diTision of the Pacific on 39 May, 1876. From 16 
Nor. to 15 Dec., 1877, he was a member of the re- 
tiring board in San Francisco, and of the board 
to examine the case of Dr. William A. Hammond 
(g. vX U. 8. army. He was retired in January, 1881. 

8CHR0EDEB, John Frederick, clergyman, 
b. in Baltimore, Md., 8 April, 1800; d. in Brook- 
lyn, N. Y., 26 Feb., 185Z After graduation at 
Princeton with the highest honor in 1819, he 
studied Hebrew, entered the general theological 
seminary of the Episcopal church, then in Mew 
Haven, Conn., and was admitted to holy orders in 
Baltimore in 1828. He was an assistant minister 
at Trinity church, New York city, from 1824 till 
1888, when he travelled in Europe. On his return 
in 1889 he resigned his charge at Trinity church, 
and established in Flushing. L. L, a school for 
girls, which he called St. Ann's hall, and which he 
removed to New York in 1846, when he was made 
rector of the Church of the Crucifixion, and to 
Brooklyn, when he was called to St Thomas's 
church in 1852, which charge he resigned shortly 
before his death. He delivered many lectures, was 
a member of the New England historic genealogical 
society, active in public charities, and rendered 
much serrice during the cholera epidemics of 
1882-'4. Princeton and Yale gave him the degree 
of A. M. in 1828 and Washington (now Trinity) 
college that of S.T.D. in 1886. He edited a vol- 
ume of original essays and dissertations on biblical 
literature by a society of clergymen, to which he 
contributed treatises translated from the German, 
on M The Authenticity and Canonical Authority of 
the Scriptures of the Old Testament " and the 
"Use of the Syriao Language." Dr. Schroeder 

Siblished a " Discourse before the New York His- 
rioal Society" (New York, 1828); M A Useful Chart 
'of the Diocese of New York from 1880 to 1850"; 
"Memoir of Mrs. Mary Anna Boardman" (New 
Haven, 1849); and " Maxims of Washington" 

Sew York. 1855) ; and several' other books. He 
t unfinished " The Life and Times of Washing- 
ton^ which was completed by others (18S7-'61). 

SCHUETTE, Conrad Herman Louis, clergy- 
man, b. in Varrel, Hanover, Germany, 17 June, 
1848. He was graduated at Capitol university. 
Columbus, Ohio, in 1868, and at the theologies! 
department in 1865, and was ordained to the minis- 
try in the latter year. He was pastor at Delaware, 
Onto, in 1865-'72, has been professor of mathe- 
matics and natural science in Capitol university 
since 1872, and since 1881 also professor of ethics, 
symbolics, and homiletics in the theological depart- 
ment He is a frequent contributor to the religious 
press, has been editor-in-chief of the "Columbus 
Theological Magazine " since 1886, and has pub- 
lished* 4 The Church Member's Manual" (Colum- 
bus, 1870), and * The State, the Church, and the 
School " (1888). 

8CHULTZ, John Christian, Canadian senator, 
b. in Amherstburg, Ont, 1 Jan., 1840. He was 
educated at Oberlin college, Ohio, in medicine at 
Queen's university, Kingston, and Victoria uni- 



versity, Cobourg,and was graduated as a physician 
in I860. The same year he went to the northwest 
and practised his profession at Fort Garry (now 
Winnipeg). He also engaged in the fur-trade, 
wrote for the M Nor* wester," and studied the 
fauna, flora, soil, and climate of the country. Dr. 
Sennits was leader of the Canadian party at the 
time of the first Rial rebellion in 1888-TO, and was 
captured, imprisoned, and sentenced to death by 
Louis Riei After suffering great hardships he 
escaped and reached Dulutn, Muul, whence he 
made his wav to Canada. He was appointed a 
member of the Northwest council in December, 
1872, was elected to the Dominion parliament in 
March, 1871, for Lisgar, Manitoba, and re pre s en ted 
that constituency till the general election of 1882, 
when he was defeated* He became a member of 
the Canadian senate, 22 Sept, 1882. Dr. Sennits 
is a member of the Dominion board of health for 
Manitoba and the Northwest territories, is presi- 
dent of the Northwest trading company, and a 
director of the Manitoba Southwestern Colonisa- 
tion railway. He was actively engaged in organ- 
ising these enterprises, and also the Great north- 
western telegraph company and other undertakings 
of a similar character. 

8CHUREMAN, James, patriot, b, in New Jer- 
sey in 1757; d. in New Brunswick, N. J., 28 Jan., 
1884 After graduation at Queen's (now Rutgers) 
college in 1775, he served m the Revolutionary 
army as captain of a volunteer company, partici- 
pated in the battle of Long Island, and during the 
war was captured and imprisoned in the New York 
sugar-house, where he suffered many hardships. 
With a single companion he escaped and joined 
the American army at Morristown. N. J. He was 
a delegate to the Continental congress from New 
Jersey in 1786-'7, and was elected to the 1st con- 
gress as a Federalist, serving from 4 March, 1780, 
till 8 March, 1791, and again to the 5th congress, 
serving from 15 May, 1W7, till 8 March, 17W. He 
was then chosen U. S. senator in place of John 
Rutherford, serving from 8 Dec, 1799, till 6 Fetk, 
1801, when he resigned. Subsequently he became 
mayor of the city of New Brunswick, and was 
again elected to congress, serving from 24 May, 
1818. till 2 March, 1815. 

8CHURMAN, Jacob Gould, Canadian edu- 
cator, b. in Freetown, Prince Edward island, 22 
May. 1854. He won the Gilchrist Dominion 
scholarship in 1875, and was graduated in London 
university in 1877. He was professor of philosophy 
and English literature in Acadia college, Nova 
Scotia, in 1880-'2, and in Dalhouaie college, Hali- 
fax, in 1882-'6, was elected honorary life governor 
of University oollege, London, in 18o4. ana became 
professor of philosophy at Cornell university, 
which chair he now (1888) fills. He has published 
"Kantian Ethics and the Ethics of Evolution" 
(London, 1881); u The Ethical Import of Darwin- 
ism" (New York, 1887); and "A People's Uni- 
versity," the founder's day address (Ithaca. 1888). 
He is a regular contributor to the "Archiv fur 
Qeschichte der Philosophic " in Berlin. 

SCHURZ, Carl, statesman, b. in Liblar, near 
Cologne, Prussia, 2 March, 1829. After studying 
at the gymnasium of Cologne, he entered the Uni- 
versity of Bonn in 1846. At the beginning of the 
revolution of 1848 he joined Gottfried Kinked 

{>ro£essor of rhetoric in tne university, in the pub- 
ication of a liberal newspaper, of which he was 
at one time the sole conductor. In the spring of 
1849, in consequence of an attempt to promote an 
insurrection at Bonn, he fled With Kinkel to the 
Palatinate, entered the revolutionary army as ad- 



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jptant, and took part in the -defence of Rastadt. 
On the surrender of that fortress be escaped to 
Switzerland. In 1850 he returned secretly to Ger- 
many, and effected the escape of Kinkel from the 
fortress of Spandau. 
In the spring of 1851 
he was in Paris, act- 
ing as correspondent 
for German journals, 
and he afterward 
spent a year in teach- 
ing in London. He 
came to the United 
States in 1852, re- 
sided three years 
in Philadelphia, and 
then settled in Wa- 
tertown. Wis. In 
the presidential can- 
vass of 1856 he de- 
livered speeches in 
^ y\ German in behalf of 

AJ / j the Republican par- 

U iSt/lAAAA* **» and ln \ he fo " ow - 
y ing year he was an 

/ unsuccessful candi- 
date for lieutenant-governor of Wisconsin. During 
the contest between Stephen A. Douglas and Abra- 
ham Lincoln for the office of U. S. senator from Illi- 
nois in 1858 he delivered his first speech in the Eng- 
lish language, which was widely published. Soon 
afterward he removed to Milwaukee and began the 

Sractice of law. In 1859-'60 he made a lecture- 
ror in New England, and aroused attention by a 
speech in Springfield, Mass., against the ideas and 
policy of Mr. Douglas. He was a member of the 
Republican national convention of 1800, and spoke 
both in English and German during the canvass. 
President Lincoln appointed him minister to Spain, 
but he resigned in December, 1861, in order to en- 
ter the army. In April, 1862, he was commissioned 
brigadier-general of volunteers, and on 17 June he 
took command of a division in the corps of Gen. 
Franz Sigel, with which he participated in the sec- 
ond battle of Bull Run. He was made major-gen- 
eral of volunteers, 14 March, 1863, and at the battle 
of Chancellors ville commanded a division of Gen. 
Oliver 0. Howard's corps. He had temporary com- 
mand of this corps at Gettysburg, and subsequent- 
ly took part in the battle of Chattanooga. Dur- 
ing the summer of 1865 he visited the southern 
states, as special commissioner, appointed by Presi- 
dent Johnson, for the purpose of examining their 
condition. In the winter of 1865-'6 he was the 
Washington correspondent of the New York 
44 Tribune," and in the summer of 1866 he removed 
to Detroit, where he founded the "Post" In 
1867 he became editor of the " Westliche Post," a 
German newspaper published in St Louis. He was 
temporary chairman of the Republican national 
convention in Chicago in 1868, where he moved an 
amendment to the platform, which was adopted, 
recommending a general amnesty. In January, 
1869, he was chosen U. S. senator from Missouri, 
for the term ending in 1875. He opposed some of 
the chief measures of President Grant's adminis- 
tration, and in 1872 took an active part in the or- 
ganization of the Liberal party, presiding over the 
convention in Cincinnati that nominated Horace 
Greeley for the presidency. After the election of 
1872 he took an active part in the debates of the 
senate in favor of the restoration of specie payments 
and apainst the continuation of military interfer- 
ence in the south: He advocated the election of 
Rutherford B. Hayes in the presidential canvass 



of 1876, and in 1877 President Hayes appointed 
him secretary of the interior. He introduced com- 
petitive examinations for appointments in the in- 
terior department, effected various reforms in the 
Indian service, and adopted systematic measures 
for the protection of the forests on the public 
lands. After the expiration of the term of Presi- 
dent Hayes he became editor of the " Evening 
Post " in New York city, giving up that place in 
January, 1884. In the presidential canvass of that 
year he was one of the leaders of the " Independ- 
ent " movement, advocating the election of G rover 
Cleveland. He remained an active member of the 
civil service reform league. Among his more cele- 
brated speeches are "The Irrepressible Conflict" 
(1858): "The Doom of Slavery" (1860); "The 
Abolition of Slavery as a War Measure * (1862) ; 
and " Eulogy on Charles Sumner " (1874). Of his 
speeches in the senate, those on the reconstruction 
measures, against the annexation of Santo Domin- 
go, and on the currency and the national banking 
system attracted much attention. He has pub- 
lished a volume of speeches (Philadelphia, 1865) 
and a " Life of Henry Clay " (Boston, 1887). 

SCHUSSELE, Christian, artist, b. in Gueb- 
villers, Alsace, 16 April, 1824; d. in Merchant- 
ville, N. J., 20 Aug., 1879. He studied under 
Adolphe Tvon and Paul Delaroche in 1842-*8, and 
then came to the United States. Here, for some 
time, he worked at chromo-litbography, which he 
had also followed in France, but later he devoted 
himself almost entirely to painting. His best-known 
works are "Clear the Track" (1851); "Franklin 
before the Lords in Council" (1856); "Men of 
Progress " (1857), in Cooper institute, New York ; 
" Zeisberger preaching to the Indians " (1850) ; 
"The Iron- Worker and King Solomon" (1860); 
" Washington at Vallev Forge* (1862) ; and " Home 
on Furlough " and " McClelfan at Antictain " (1868). 
About 1868 he was attacked by palsy in the right 
hand, and in 1865 he went abroad, undergoing se- 
vere treatment, with 
no apparent benefit 
On his return, in 
1868, he was elected 
to fill the chair, then 
founded, of drawing 
and painting in the 
Pennsylvania acad- 
emy, which he held 
until hisdeath. Dur- 
ing this period he 
produced " Queen 
Esther denouncing 
Haman," owned by 
the academy (1869), 
and "The Alsatian 
Fair" (1870). Most 
of the paintingsthat 

have been named became widely known through the 
large prints by John Sartain and other engravers. 

SCHUYLER, Peter, first mayor of Albany, b. 
in Albany, N. Y., 17 Sept, 1057; d. there. 10 Feb., 
1724 lie was the second son of Philip Schuyler, 
the first of the family, who emigrated from Am- 
sterdam, and, settling in Albany, became a well- 
known merchant in that town. The father was 
ambitious to become a landed proprietor, and at 
his death in 1688 held property not only in Al- 
bany, but in New York city and along the Hudson. 
In 1667 he was made captain of a company of Al- 
bany militia, and was conspicuous throughout his 
life for his friendship with the Indians. Peter be- 
gan his public career in March, 1685, by. receiving 
an appointment as lieutenant in the militia of Al- 




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bany, from which he rose to the rank of colonel, 
the highest grade conceded to a native of New 
York. He also received during the same year the 
office of Judge of the court of oyer and terminer, 
and in October, 1685, was made a justice of the 
peace. On 22 July, 1688, Albany was incorpoiated 
as a city, and Peter Schuyler became its first 
mayor. He was also chairman of the board of 
commissioners for Indian affaire, and knew how 
to deal with the savages better than any man of his 
time. During the difficulties between the Prenoh 
and English on the northern boundary he con- 
ducted all negotiations with the Five Nations and 
other Indians. In 1691 he had command of the 
army that was sent against the French and In- 
dians, and defeated the invading force from Cana- 
da. He was made a member of the council in 1602, 
and used every effort to relieve the sufferings of 
the settlers on the frontiers, who were exposed to 
the ravages of the Indians. In the expedition 
against Montreal in 1709 he was second in com- 
mand, and led one of the New York regiments, 
but, from lack of supplies and proper support the 
French were allowed to retreat, ana the expedition 

{ roved a failure. The Five Nations were waver- 
ng in their allegiance, lookins- upon the French as 
formidable enemies and the English as incompe- 
tent protectors, and accordingly an appeal was 
made to England for means to conquer Canada. 
CoL Schuyler, accompanied by five chiefs, sailed 
for England in December, 1709, and was absent for 
seven months. Queen Anne offered to confer on 
him the order of knighthood, but he declined, al- 
though he accepted a gold snuff-box and some 
pieces of silver plate as well as a diamond brooch 
and ear-rings for his wife. In July, 1719, he be- 
came president of the council, acting as governor 
until the arrival of Peter Burnet in September, 
1720. He continued active in the affairs of the 
colony thereafter until his death.— His nephew, 
Peter, soldier, b. probably near Newark, N. J,, in 
1710; <L at Peterborough, his farm (now Newark, 
N. J.), 7 March, 1762, was left an ample estate bv 
his father, Arent, and, becoming interested in mili- 
tary affairs, qualified himself to assume command 
of troops should the necessity occur. When it was 
determined to invade Canada, he was authorized 
to recruit men in New Jersey, and was commis- 
sioned colonel on 7 Sept, 1746, commanding a regi- 
ment that became known as the "Jersey Blues." 
He arrived in Albany early in September, and, al- 
though the expedition was abandoned, he was as- 
signed to Fort Clinton, in Saratoga, which he held 
until 1747, when lack of provisions compelled its 
abandonment The peace of Aix la Chapelle in 
1748 terminated the war, and he returned to his 
home in New Jersey. In 1754 the war was again 
renewed, and, taking the field at the head of his 
regiment he was stationed at Oswego, where, in 
1756, he and one half of his regiment were cap- 
tured by Gen. Montcalm. He was taken to Mon- 
treal and then to Quebec, where he remained until 
October, 1757, when he was released on parole. 
While a prisoner, he spent his money liberally in 
caring for his fellow-captives, buying the freedom 
of the Indians, and providing food for his country- 
men at his own residence, also supplying them 
with clothing. He was received with great enthu- 
siasm on his return home. During the campaign 
of 1759 he served with his regiment under Oen. 
Jeffrey Amherst, and participated in the events 
that closed with the oonquest of Canada. At the 
end of the campaign he settled on his estate, but 
died a few years later.— Aaron, a descendant of 
Arent, the first Peter's brother, educator, b. in Sen- 



eca county, N. Y., 7 Feb., 1828, was educated at 
Seneca academy, Ohio, of which he was principal 
from 1851 till 1862, and from the latter year until 
1875 he was professor of mathematics in Baldwin 
university, Ohio. From 1875 till 1885 he was 
president of that university, and he is now (1888) 
vice-president and professor of mathematics ana 
astronomy in Kansas Wesleyan university, Salina, 
Kan. He received the degree of A. M. from Ohio 
Wesleyan university in 1860, and that of LL. D. 
from Otterbein university in 1875. He has pub- 
lished " Higher Arithmetic" (New York, i860); 
"Principles of Logic" (Cincinnati, 1869); "Com- 
plete Algebra " (1870); "Surveying and Naviga- 
tion " (1878); "Elements of Geometry" (1876); 
" Empirical and Rational Psychology " (1882) ; and 
has written "A Treatise on Analytio Geometry." 
— Montgomery, a descendant of Arent the first 
Peter's brother, clergyman, b. in New York city, 
9 Jan., 1814, entered Geneva (now Hobart) col- 
lege in 1880, and, leaving at the end of his junior 
year, was graduated at Union in 1884 He then 
studied law, and, after four years of mercantile 
life, entered the ministry of the Protestant Epis- 
copal church. He became rector of Trinity church 
in Marshall, Mich., in June. 1841, and remained 
until 1844, when he was called to Grace church 
in Lyons, N. Y. In 1845 he took charge of St 
John s church in Buffalo, N. Y., but he resigned 
in 1854 to accept the rectorship of Christ church 
in St Louis, Mo., where he has since remained. 
The degree of D. D. was conferred on him by Ho- 
bart in 1856. He has been president of the stand- 
ing committee of the diocese of Missouri since 
1858, and frequently a delegate to the general con- 
vention of his church, besides being president of 
the diocesan conventions that elected the second 
and third bishops of Missouri. In addition to 
many sermons, he has published " The Church, its 
Ministry and Worship" (Buffalo, 1858); "The 
Pioneer Church" (Boston, 1867); and "Historical 
Discourse of Christ Church, St Lonis" (St Louis, 
1870).— Montgomery's son, Lonis Sandiord, cler- 
gyman, b. in Buffalo, N. Y., 12 March, 1852 ; d. in 
Memphis, Tenn., 17 Sept, 1878, was graduated at 
Hobart in 1871, and entered the ministry of the 
Protestant Episcopal church in 1874-'6. Soon af- 
terward he joined the brotherhood of the order of 
St. John the Evangelist, under whose direction he 
continued his ministry. He volunteered to go to 
Memphis, Tenn., during the yellow-fever epidemic 
in 1878, and there fell a victim to the disease. Ser- 
vices in his memory were held in the churches 
throughout the United States. See "A Memorial 
of Louis Sandford Schuyler, Priest" (New York, 
1879).— Montgomery's cousin, Anthony, clergy- 
man, b. in Geneva, N. Y., 8 July, 1816, was graduated 
at Geneva (now Hobart) college in 1835, after which 
he studied law in Ithaca, where he practised for 
ten years. He then studied for the ministry and 
was ordained in the Protestant Episcopal church 
in 1850. Two years later he was chosen rector of 
Christ church in Oswego, N. Y., where he con- 
tinued until 1862, when he was called to Christ 
church in Rochester. In 1868 he accepted charge 
of Grace church in Orange, N. J., where he has 
since remained. He has been chairman of the 
standing committee on the constitution and canons 
since the foundation of the diocese of northern 
New Jersey (now Newark), and has represented 
that diocese in the general conventions of his 
church. The degree of S.T. D. was conferred on 
him by Hobart in 1859, and he has published ser- 
mons and addresses, including a series of sermons 
on "Household Religion" (New York, 1887).— 



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Anthony's son, Montgomery, journalist, b. in 
Ithaca, N. Y., 19 Aug., 1848, entered Hobart col- 
lege in 1858, but was not graduated. He be- 
came connected with the New York " World " in 
1865, and remained with this journal until 1883, 
when he joined the editorial staff of the New York 
u Times. Mr. Schuyler has given special stud? 
to architecture, and has published critical papers 
on that art in " Scribner's Magazine," " Harper's 
Magazine," " The American Architect," and simi- 
lar periodicals, as well as occasional poems. In 
conjunction with William C. Conant, he issued 
"The Brooklyn Bridge" (New York, 1888).— 
Georre Washington, great-grandson of the first 
Peters brother, Philip, state official, b. in Still- 
water, N. Y., 2 Feb., 1810; d. in Ithaca, N. Y., 1 
Feb., 1888, was graduated at the University of the 
city of New York in 1887, and at first studied the- 
ology, but then engaged in business in Ithaca, N. Y. 
In 1868-'5 he was treasurer of the state, after 
which, on 8 Jan., 1866, he was appointed superin- 
tendent of the banking department of New York, 
and served until February, 1870. He was elected 
to the assembly in 1875, was chairman of its com- 
mittee on banks and banking, and during his 
membership obtained the passage of the general 
savings-bank law, and of a law for the protection 
of railway employes. From 1 Jan., 1876, till May, 
1880, he was auditor of the canal department, and 
he was the first to propose making the canals free 
waterways by the abolition of tolls, which was sub- 
sequently effected by constitutional amendment. 
Mr. Schuyler was a trustee of Cornell university 
from its foundation, and its treasurer in 1868-'74. 
He was the author of " Colonial New York : Philip 
Schuyler and his Family" (2 vols., New York, 
1885). — George Washington's son, Eugene, diplo- 
matist, b. in Ithaca, N. Y., 26 Feb., 1840, was gradu- 
ated at Yale in 1859 and at Columbia law-school 
in 1868, after which he began the practice of 
law, and devoted his leisure to literary pursuits. 
He entered the diplomatic service of the United 
States in 1866, and was consul at Moscow in 
1867-*9, and at Reval in 1869-70, and secretary 
of legation at St Petersburg in 1870-U While 
holding the last place he was on several occasions 
acting charge* d'affaires, and in 1878, during a 
leave of absence, made a journey of eight months 
through Russian Turkestan, Khokan, and Bokhara. 
He became secretary of legation and consul-gen- 
eral in Constantinople in 1876, during the summer 
of that year was sent to investigate the Turkish 
massacres in Bulgaria, and made an extended 
report to his government, which did much to in- 
fluence the subsequent history of that part of 
Turkey. In 1878 ne was sent to Birmingham as 
consul, and a year later he was transferred to 
Rome as consul-general, after which, in 1880, he 
became charge* d'affaires and consul-general in Bu- 
charest, and in 1881 was authorized t>y the United 
States to conclude and si^n commercial and consu- 
lar treaties with Roumama and Servia. From 1882 
till 1884 he was minister resident and consul-gen- 
eral to Greece, Servia, and Roumania, and he then 
returned to the United States, where he resumed 
his literary work, and has also lectured. He has 
been elected a corresponding member of the Rou- 
manian academy, and also to the London, Russian, 
Italian, and American geographical societies, and 
decorations have been conferred on him by the 
governments of Russia, Greece, Roumania, Servia, 
and Bulgaria. The degree of LL. D. was conferred 
on him by Williams in 1882, and by Yale in 1885. 
In addition to contributions to magazines and re- 
views in the United States and England, he edited 



John A. Porter's M Selections from the Kalevala* 
(New York, 1867); translated Ivan TurgeniefTs 
" Fathers and Sons" (1867); and Leo Tolstoi's 
"The Cossacks, a Tale of the Caucasus" (1878); 
and is the author of " Turkestan : Notes of a Jour- 
ney in Russian Turkestan, Khokand, Bokhara, and 
Kuldja" (1876); "Peter the Great, Emperor of 
Russia " (2 vols., 1884) ; and " American Diploma- 
cy and the Furtherance of Commerce " (I880). 

SCHUYLER, Philip John, soldier, b. m Al- 
bany, N. Y., 22 Nov., 1738; d. there, 18 Nov., 1804 
He was the second son of John, nephew of Peter. 
He studied at schools in Albany, and received his 
higher education in New Rochelle, N. Y., where 
he was placed under the care of a Huguenot 
minister. In 1755, at the opening of the last 
French and In- 
dian war, he 
was authorized 
by James De 
Liancey, acting 
governor of the 
province, to re- 
cruit a company 
for the army, 
and he was com- 
missioned its 
captain on 14 
June, 1755. His 
companyserved 
under General 
Phineas Ly- 
man, and took 
part in the bat- 
tle of Lake 
George on 8 n y , 

theensuingwin- 

ter at Fort Edward, and in the spring of 1756 accom- 
panied Col. John Bradstreet to Oswego as commis- 
sary. In an attack that was made on the colonial 
force on their return by a superior number, he 
showed unusual ability and military skill. The in- 
capacity of the British generals and apparent in- 
difference of the authorities in London led to his 
resigning from the army in 1757, but he was fre- 
quently consulted in an advisory capacity and at 
times in providing supplies for the army. In 
the spring of 1758, at the earnest solicitation of 
Bradstreet, he joined the army again as his deputy 
commissary, with the rank of major, and served 
until the close of the campaign. Much important 
business was transacted directly by him, owing to 
Bradstreet's feeble health, and in 1761 he went to 
England, as the tatter's agent, to settle accounts 
with the home government. After the peace of 
1768 he turned to the management of his private 
business. His property was large, and his estate in 
Saratoga was rich in timber, which he transported 
down the Hudson on his own vessels to New York. 
He also built a flax-mill, the first of its kind in the 
country, for which he received a medal from the 
Society for promoting arts. In 1764 he was ap- 
pointed by the general assembly of New York a 
commissioner to manage the controversy on the 

Krt of his province respecting the boundary-line 
tween that colony and Massachusetts bay, and 
later he was concerned in the settlement of the 
similar difficulty between New York and the New 
Hampshire grants. He was appointed colonel of 
a new regiment of militia in the territory lying 
north of Albany, and in 1768 was chosen to repre- 
sent Albany in the colonial assembly. He advo- 
cated the bold measures of the times in support of 



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the rights of the colonists in spite of the majority, 
and came to be the acknowledged leader of the 
opposition. He inspired hope and courage among 
his constituents, and it was on his nomination in 
1770 that Edmund Burke* became agent in Eng- 
land for the colony of New York. He was a dele- 
sate to the Continental congress that convened in 
Philadelphia in May, 1775, by which he was placed 
on a committee with George Washington to draw 
up rules and regulations for the army. On the 
recommendation of the Provincial congress of New 
York he was appointed on 19 June one of the four 
major-generals that were named by congress. 

He accompanied Washington from Philadel- 
phia, and was assigned by him to the command 
of the northern department of New York. Pro- 
ceeding to Albany, he at once engaged in the diffi- 
cult task of organizing an army for the invasion of 
Canada. * Troops were collected, but lack of arms, 
ammunition, and pay delayed any movement 
There was also considerable ill feeling between the 
commanders of the colonial forces as to questions 
of relative rank, particularly at first between Ethan 
Allen and Benedict Arnold. In August he went 
to Ticonderoga with the object of placing that fort 
and Crown Point in a state of defence. Subse- 
quently the failure of Schuyler's health led to 
his transferring the command to Gen. Richard 
Montgomery. He then returned to Albany, where 
he continued his exertions in raising troops and 
forwarding supplies to the army. After the death 
of Montgomery he made every effort to re-enforce 
the American army. Early in 1776 he directed an 
expedition to Johnstown, where he seized the mili- 
tary stores that had been collected by Sir John 
Johnson. Jealousy existed among the officers at 
the front, and the New England contingent, es- 
pecially, was dissatisfied with its leader, in conse- 
quence of which Gen. John Thomas was directed 
by congress to take command of the army in the 
field, while Schuyler was continued in Albany ex- 
ercising the general direction of affairs, and espe- 
cially the duties of quartermaster-general and com- 
missary-general. During the early part of 1 776 he 
was kept continually busy by the movements of 
Sir John Johnson and other Tories in the Mohawk 
valley, and he was also considerably embarrassed 
by complaints that were sent by his enemies to 
Gen. Washington and congress. Schuyler's per- 
fect knowledge of the situation, the topography 
of the country, and the available supplies, led him 
to doubt the expediency of continuing the Ameri- 
can forces in Canada; but, in opposition to his rec- 
ommendation, congress persisted in its action, and 
the weak army under Thomas, suffering with small- 
pox, oppressed with want, and lacking in discipline, 
was kept on the frontier. Meanwhile a strong Brit- 
ish force, under Gen. John Burgoyne, had arrived 
in Canada, and the American army had fallen back 
on Crown Point jrreatly reduced in numbers. In 
May, Gen. Horatio Gates was ordered to the com- 
mand of the army in Canada, which had been made 
vacant by the death from small-pox of Gen. Thom- 
as. On reaching Albany, believing himself in com- 
mand of the department, he issued orders that con- 
flicted with those of Schuyler, in consequence of 
which the latter agreed to co-operate with him, 
and meanwhile submitted the question of prece- 
dence to congress, through Gen. Washington. That 
body recommended that the officers act in harmony 
with each other. Schuyler occupied himself at this 
time in negotiations with the Six Nations, in virtue 
of his office of Indian commissioner, and in fit- 
ting out a fleet for operations on Lake Champlain. 
Gates was not satisfied with the action of congress, 



and began to intrigue for the removal of Schuyler, 
who, on 14 Sept, 1776, formally offered his resigna- 
tion, but congress declared that it could not dis- 
gtnse with his service, and its president, John 
ancock, requested him to continue in command. 
Great credit is due to Schuyler for conducting 
the affairs of this department under peculiarly 
adverse conditions ; ana the proffer of his resigna- 
tion was the result of persistent neglect on the part 
of congress to take action on his appeals for sup- 

Sties and men, as well as their habit of conferring 
irectly with Gates, who openly used his influence 
among the New England delegates to have him- 
self confirmed as commanding general. In spite 
of chronic illness, Schuyler acquiesced in the ac- 
tion of congress, and continued in his efforts to aid 
Gates and in preparing defences to meet Burgoyne, 
whose invasion was confidently expected. Early 
in 1777 he was chosen to represent New York in 
the Continental congress, ana was appointed chief 
of the military in the state of Pennsylvania. He 
then made his appeal to congress concerning let- 
ters of censure that had been sent to him from 
that body, and so thoroughly vindicated himself 
that he was directed to proceed to the Northern 
department and take command there. Closing 
his official work in Pennsylvania, where he had 
rendered excellent service in organizing the mili- 
tia, Schuyler returned to Albany early in June, 
and proceeded with his preparations for an attack 
from Canada. The advance of Burgoyne forced 
the American army to retreat until Ticonderoga 
was evacuated by Gen. Arthur St Clair on 4 July, 
his force being wholly inadequate to its defence, 
and other retrograde movements followed. The 
great victory at Bennington, however, had been won 
before 10 Aug., when Gates took command of the 
army in virtue of a resolution passed by congress 
on 1 Aug. When this action was taken Gates had 
been for some time absent from the army in Phila- 
delphia, using bis influence to injure Schuyler, 
whom he charged with neglect of duty in permit- 
ting the evacuation of Fort Ticonderoga. The se- 
lection of Gates to the command was made by con- 
gress after Washington had declined to act A 
committee of investigation was authorized by con- 
gress, and in October, 1778, a court-martial was 
convened, which declared itself unanimously of 
opinion that Schuyler was " not guilty of any neg- 
lect of duty," and acquitted him " with the highest 
honor," which proceeding congress tardily con- 
firmed several months later. Schuyler continued 
with the army in a private capacity until the sur- 
render of Burgoyne. He finally succeeded in 
effecting his resignation on 19 April, 1779. 

Before his vindication by the court-martial he 
was chosen, in October, 1778, by the New York 
legislature a representative in congress; but he 
refused to take his seat until the sentence had been 
confirmed, after which he was a member of con- 
gress until 1781. Meanwhile he continued to act as 
Indian commissioner, holding councils and making 
treaties with the different tribes of the Six Nations. 
Although unwilling to enter active military ser- 
vice again, he was appointed in 1779 to confer with 
Washington on the state of the Southern depart- 
ment, and divided his time thenceforth until the 
close of the war between congress and Washington's 
headquarters, where he became one of the most trust- 
ed counsellors of the commander-in-chief. In 1780 
he was elected state senator from the western dis- 
trict of New York, and he served until 1784, again 
from 1786 till 1790, and finally from 1792 till 1797. 
Throughout his political life he was a Federalist 
and with Alexander Hamilton and John Jav sharea 



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438 



the leadership of that party. His influence was 
strongly exerted in favor of the formation of the 
Union, and during the administrations of Wash- 
ington his power was very great Not only was he 
chairman 01 the board of commissioners for Indian 
affairs, but in 1782 he was made surveyor-general 
of the state, and also a member of the council of 
appointment of New York. In December, 1788, he 
and Rufus King were chosen the first senators of 
New York, and ne held that office from 4 March, 
1789, till 8 March, 1791. Again, succeeding Aaron 
Burr, he filled the same office from 15 May, 1797, 
till 8 Jan., 1798, when a severe attack of the 
gout, from which he had been a life-long sufferer, 
-compelled his resignation. For Schuyler may be 
claimed the paternity of the canal system of New 
York. As early as 1776 he made a calculation of 
the actual cost of a canal that should connect Hud- 
son river with Lake Champlain. Later he was a 
strong advocate of the building of the canal be- 
tween the Hudson and Lake Erie. He was one of 
the principal contributors to the code of laws that 
was adopted by the state of New York, and in 1784 
was one of the subscribers to the funds for the 
building of Union college. His residence in Al- 
bany (shown in the illustration) for more than forty 
years was distinguished by its generous hospitality. 
There Baron Dieskau became convalescent after 
his capture, and there the remains of Lord Howe 
were conveyed after his untimely death at Ticon- 
deroga. During the Revolutionary war the con- 
gressional commissioners to Canada — Benjamin 
Franklin, Samuel Chase, and Charles Carroll — were 
•entertained at this residence in April, 1776. Later, 



'Gen. Burgovne and his suite made it their home 
while in Albany, and Lafayette was among the 
host of guests that partook of its hospitality. Gen. 
■Schuyler was buried with military honors in the 
vault of Gen. Abraham Ten Broeck, but finally his 
remains were deposited in the Albany Rural ceme- 
tery, where, in 1871, a Doric column of Quincy 
granite, thirty-six feet in height, was erected to 
his memory. See " The Life and Times of Philip 
•Schuyler/* by Benson J. Lossing (2 vols., New York, 
1860-'2; enlarged ed., 1872).— His wife, Cathe- 
rine Van Rensselaer, d. in Albany, 7 March, 
1803, was the daughter of John Van Rensselaer, 
the great-grandson of Killian, the first patroon 
of Renssefaerwyck, and married Gen. Schuyler on 
17 Sept., 1755. She was the mother of eleven 
children, of whom Elizabeth married Alexander 
Hamilton ; and Margarita, Stephen Van Rensselaer, 
the patroon. — Philip's grandson, George Lee, b. 
in Rhinebeck. N. Y., 9 June, 1811, settled in New 
York city and married successively two grand- 
daughters of Alexander Hamilton. Mr. Schuyler 
has been active in yachting matters, and in 1882 
the " America's " cup was returned to him, as its 
.sole surviving donor, by the New York yacht club. 
He at once prepared a new deed of gift, gave 
yol. v.— 88 



it back to the club, to be held as a challenge- 
cup, and in 1887 was referee in the race between 
the " Thistle " and «• Volunteer." Mr. Schuyler has 
taken interest in gathering memorials of his an- 
cestors, and has published M Correspondence and 
Remarks upon Bancroft's * History of the North- 
ern Campaign in 1877,' and the Character of Major- 
General Philip Schuyler" (New York, 1867). 

SCHWARTZ, Jacob, librarian, b. in New York 
city, 18 March, 1846. In 1868 he entered the Ap- 
prentices' library of New York, of which he became 
chief librarian in 1871. He has introduced in the 
institution his system of classification, which has 
since been adopted wholly or in part by various 
librarians. This system is a combination of the 
three fundamental systems — the classified, the al- 
phabetical, and the numerical. The method of 
management that is followed there was also de- 
vised by him. Mr. Schwartz has contributed to 
the '• Library Journal " and other periodicals. 

SCHWATKA, Frederick, explorer, b. in Ga- 
lena. 111., 29 Sept., 1849. After graduation at the 
U. S. military academy in 1871 ne was appointed 
2d lieutenant in the 8a cavalry, and served on gar- 
rison and frontier duty until 1877. He also stud- 
ied law and medicine, and was admitted to the bar 
of Nebraska in 1875, and received his medical de- 
gree at Bellevue hospital medical college. New 
York, in 1876. On hearing the story of Capt. Thom- 
as F. Barry, who, while on a whaling expedition in 
Repulse bay in 1871-'3, was visited Dy Esquimaux 
who described strangers that had travelled through 
that region several years before, and who had buried 
papers in a cavern, where silver spoons and other 
relics had been found, Lieut. Schwatka determined 
to search for traces of Sir John Franklin's party, 
and, obtaining leave of absence, fitted out an expe- 
dition. On 19 June, 1878, accompanied by Will- 
iam H. Gilder (q. v.) as second in command, he 
sailed in the " Eothen " for King William's Land. 
The party returned on 22 Sept, 1880, having dis- 
covered and buried many of the skeletons of Sir 
John Franklin's party, and removed much of the 
mystery of its fate. Lieut Schwatka found the 
grave of Lieut John Irving, 8d officer of the "Ter- 
ror," and, in addition to many interesting relics, a 
paper which was a copy of the Crozier record that 
was found in 1859 by Lieut William R. Hobson, of 
Sir Leopold McClintock's expedition, and which 
contained two records, the latter, under date of 25 
April, 1848, stating the death of Sir John Frank- 
lin on 7 June, 1847. This expedition was also 
marked by the longest sledge- journey on record — 
3,251 statute miles, during which a branch of Back's 
river was discovered, which Lieut Schwatka named 
for President Hayes. Afterward he explored the 
course of the Yukon river in Alaska, and rejoined 
his regiment in July, 1884. In August of that 
year he resigned the commission of 1st lieutenant, 
iJd cavalry, to which he had been appointed in 
March, 1879. He commanded the New York 
44 Times " Alaskan exploring expedition of 1886. 
Lieut. Schwatka has received the Roquet te Arctic 
medal from the Geographical society of Paris, and 
a medal from the Imperial geographical society of 
Russia, and is an honorary member of the Geo- 
graphical societies of Bremen, Geneva, and Rome. 
He is the author of " Along Alaska's Great River " 
(New York, 1885) ; " Nimrod in the North " (1885) ; 
and "The Children of the Cold" (1886). See 
"Schwatka's Search," by Col. William H. Gilder 
(New York. 1881): "The Franklin Search under 
Lieut Schwatka " (Edinburgh and London, 1881); 
and " Als Eskimo unter den Eskimo," by Henry 
Klutschak (Leipsic, 1881). 



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SCORESBY 



8CHWEINITZ, Lewis David yob, botanist, b. 
in Bethlehem, Pa., 18 Feb., 1780; d. there, 8 Feb., 
1834. In 1798 he went to Germany and was edu- 
cated in the Moravian college and theological semi- 
nary, returning in 1812. He filled important ec- 
clesiastical offices at Salem, N. C, and subsequently 
at Bethlehem. From early boyhood he devoted 
himself to the study of botany. By his own re- 
searches he added more than 1,400 new species to 
the catalogue of American flora, more than 1,200 
being fungi, which had previously been but little 
studied. He was a member of various learned so- 
cieties in the United States, Germany, and France. 
The University of Kiel, in Denmark, conferred 
upon him the degree of Ph. D. A new genus of 
plant was named Schweinitzia in his honor, and 
while a resident of Salem he was elected presi- 
dent of the University of North Carolina, which 
honor he declined because it involved relinquish- 
ing work in the Moravian church. His herbarium, 
which comprised at the time of his death the 
largest private collection of plants in the United 
States, he bequeathed to the Academy of natural 
sciences at Philadelphia. His principal works are 
" Conspectus Fungorum Lusatue " (Leipsic, 1805) ; 
" Synopsis Fungorum Caroline Superioris," edited 
by Dr. Schwaegrichen (1818); "Specimen Flore 
America Septentrioualis Cryptogaraie® " (Raleigh, 
1821) ; " Monograph of the Lnm®an Genus Viola " 
(1821) ; " Catalogue of Plants collected in the N. W. 
Territory by Say" (Philadelphia, 1824); "Mono- 
graph of the American Species of the Genus Ca- 
rex*' (New York, 1825) ; and " Synopsis Fungorum in 
America Boreali Media Degentium " (Philadelphia, 
1882). See a " Memoir of Lewis David von Schwei- 
nitz*' (Philadelphia, 1885), and a "Sketch of the 
Life and Scientific Work of L. D. von Schweinitz," 
in the " Journal of the El is ha Mitchell Scientific 
Society of the University of North Carolina" 
(Raleigh, 1886).— His son, Emtl Adolphns (de 
ScHWEUfiTZ), Moravian bishop, b. in Salem, N. C, 
26 Oct., 1816 ; d. there, 8 Nov., 1879, was a graduate 
both of the American and of the German Moravian 
theological seminaries. After filling various eccle- 
siastical offices in Pennsylvania and North Caro- 
lina, among them that of principal of the Salem 
female academy, he was appointed president of the 

Stveming board of the southern district of the 
oravian church, and consecrated to the episco- 
pacy in 1874. He attended three general synods 
in succession, at Herrnhut, Saxony, In 1857, 1869, 
and 1879, and on the last two occasions was consti- 
tuted one of the vice-presidents of that body.— 
Another son, Edmund Alexander (de Schwei- 
nitz), Moravian bishop, b. in Bethlehem, Pa., 20 
March, 1825 ; d. there, 18 Dec., 1887, was gradu- 
ated at the theological seminary in his native place, 
and then continued his studies at the University 
of Berlin. He began his ministry in 1850 and had 
charge successively of churches at Lebanon, Phila- 
delphia, LitiU, and Bethlehem. On 28 Aug., 1870, 
he was consecrated to the episcopacy at Bethlehem, 
and at his death he was the presiding bishop of the 
northern district of the Moravian church. In 1871 
Columbia conferred upon him the degree of S. T. D. 
He was appointed a delegate to the general synod 
that met at Herrnhut, Saxony, in 1857 ; and the one 
that convened at the same place in 1879, at which 
he was present in his official capacity, elected him 
its president, an honor that was never before con- 
ferred upon an American bishop. He originated 
in 1856 and for ten years edited " The Moravian " 
the weekly journal of his church, and from 1867 
till 1884 he was president of the theological semi- 
nary Besides various sermons and essays and 



numerous cyclopedia articles, he was the author of 
"The Moravian Manual" (Philadelphia, 1859; 2d 
enlarged ed., Bethlehem, Pa., 1869) ; * The Mora- 
vian Episcopate " (Bethlehem, 1865 ; 2d revised e<L, 
London, 1874) ; " The Life and Times of David 
Zeisberger, the Western Pioneer and Apostle of 
the Indians" (Philadelphia, 1870); "Some of the 
Fathers of the American Moravian Church "(Beth- 
lehem, 1881); and "The History of the Church 
known as the Unitas Fratrum " (1885), on the 
second series of which work, comprising the " His- 
tory of the Renewed Unitas Fratrum, he was en- 
gaged at the time of his death. 

SCOFIELD, Olenni William, jurist, b. in 
Chautauqua county, N. Y., 11 March, 1817. After 
graduation at Hamilton college in 1840, he removed 
to Pennsylvania, studied law, and was admitted to 
the bar in 1843. He was a member of the Penn- 
sylvania assembly in 1850-1 and of the state sen- 
ate in 1857-9, and in 1861 was appointed president 
judge of the 18th judicial district. He was then 
elected to congress as a Republican, and served from 
7 Dec., 1868, till 8 March, 1875. He took an active 
part in the reconstruction measures, and served on 
important committees, being chairman of that on 
naval affairs. On 28 March, 1878, he was appoint- 
ed register of the treasury, and he serveu until 
1881, when he was appointed an associate justice 
of the U. S. court of claims. Hamilton gave him 
the degree of LL. D. in 1884. 

SCOLLARD, Clinton, poet, b. in Clinton, 
Oneida co., N. Y., 18 Sept, 1861. After gradu- 
ation at Hamilton college in 1881 he studied for 
two years in Harvard, and travelled in Europe in 
1886-7, spending several months in Cambridge 
university before visiting Greece, Egypt, and Pales- 
tine. He has published two volumes of poems, 
" Pictures in Song" (New York, 1884) and & With 
Reed and Lvre " (Boston, 1886). 

SCORESbY, William, English explorer, b. in 
Cropton. Yorkshire, 5 Oct, 1790 ; d. in Torquay, 21 
March, 1857. His father, of the same name, was a 
daring and successful whale-fisher. The son fol- 
lowed the sea, and in 1806 was chief mate on the 
vovage in which his father reached the highest 
latitude (81° 12' 42") that had then been attained 
on sea. During the intervals between voyages, 
with the sanction of his father, he devoted himself 
to study, and two of his winters were spent at 
Edinburgh university. During his voyages he 
made many observations on the electric phenomena 
of the arctic regions, and was instrumental in 
inducing Sir Joseph Banks to send out a series of 
expeditions for the discovery of the north pole. 
Young Scoresby continued in the whaling service 
after nis father's death, and, when he had made 
seventeen voyages to Spitzbergen or Greenland, he 
published "An Account of the Arctic Regions, 
with a History and Description of the Northern 
Whale Fishery " (2 vols., 1820). This work added 
largely to science in the departments of physical 
geography, natural history, and magnetic observa- 
tion. In 1822 he made an exploring voyage along 
the east coast of Greenland, which was then com- 
paratively unknown, and published the results in 
adjournal of a Vovage to the Northern Whale 
Fishery, including Researches and Discoveries on 
the Eastern Coast of West Greenland, made in the 
Summer of 1822, in the Ship « Baffin,' of Liver- 
pool " (Edinburgh, 1828). On his return to Liver- 
pool he received the intelligence of the death of 
his wife, and abandoned his seafaring life. In 
1824 he was elected a fellow of the Royal society, 
and he was subsequently made corresponding mem- 
ber of the Institute of Frauce. When about forty 



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435 



years of age, he deemed it his duty to become a 
clergyman, and accordingly entered himself at 
Cambridge, took his degree of B. D. in 1884, and 
that of D. D. in 1889. He first labored as chaplain 
of the Mariners' church at Liverpool, then removed 
to Exeter, and afterward became vicar of Brad- 
ford. After several years, his health failing, he 
resigned his charge and retired to Torquay, but 
continued his philanthropic efforts, and his physi- 
cal researches, the latter mainly in regard to ter- 
restrial magnetism and its relation to navigation. 
For the further and better prosecution of these 
researches, in 1847 Dr Scoresby made a voyage to 
the United States, and in 1858 to Australia in the 
'* Royal Charter." In addition to the works already 
named, Dr. Scoresby wrote "Discourses to Sea- 
men " (1831) ; " Magnetical Observations " (3 parts, 
1839-'52) ; " American Factories and their Female 
Operatives" (1848) ; »• Lectures on Zoistic Magnet- 
ism " (1849); "Sabbaths in the Arctic Regions" 
(1850); "The Franklin Expedition n (1850) ; "My 
Father: being Records of the Adventurous Life 
of the late William Scoresby, Esq., of Whitby" 
(1851) ; and " Voyage to Australia and Round the 
World for Magnetical Research," edited by Archi- 
bald Smith (1859). His life has been written by 
R. E. Scoresby-Jackson, M. D. (London, 1861). 

SCOTT, Andrew, Scottish poet, b. in Bowden, 
Roxburghshire, in 1757; d. there, 22 May, 1889. 
He was of humble parentage, and, after being em- 
ployed as a cowherd, enlisted in the army, served 
in this country during the Revolution, and was 
surrendered with Cornwallis's army at Yorktown. 
While he was encamped on Staten island, Scott 
composed his " Betsey Roscoe," " The Oak-Tree," 
and many other songs. After the war he settled 
in his native parish as a farm-laborer. He became 
a protege of several well-known literary men, and 
published " Poems, chiefly in the Scottish Dialect " 
(Kelso, 1811); a second volume of poems (Jed- 
burgh, 1821) ; and " Poems on Various Subjects " 
(Edinburgh, 1826). 

SCOTT, Charles, soldier, b. in Cumberland 
county, Va., in 1733; d. 22 Oct., 1813. He served 
as a non-commissioned officer in Braddock's defeat 
in 1755, and at the beginning of the struggle for 
independence raised and commanded the first 
company south of James river for the Revolution- 
ary army. He was made colonel of the 8d Vir- 
ginia battalion on 12 Aug., 1776, served with great 
credit at Trenton, and on 2 April, 1777, was pro- 
moted brigadier -general. During the next two 
campaigns he was with the army in New Jersey, 
and at a council of war voted with a minority of 
four generals to attack Philadelphia. He was with 
Gen. Anthony Wayne at Stony Point in 1779. in 
the following year was made a prisoner at Charles- 
ton, and was not exchanged until near the end of 
the war. In Lee's retreat at Monmouth he was 
the last to leave the field. Oen. Scott removed to 
Woodford county, Kv., in 1785, and served as 
brigadier-general of Kentucky levies in Gen. Ar- 
thur St Clair's defeat in 1791. Later in that vear 
he commanded in a successful expedition to Wa- 
bash river, and in several ^actions with the Indians. 
In 1794 he led part of' Gen. Anthony Wayne's 
army in the battle of Fallen-timbers. From 1808 
till 1812 he was governor of Kentucky, and a town 
and county in that state were named in his honor. 
Gen. Scott was a man of strong natural |x)wers, 
but rough and eccentric in manner and somewhat 
illiterate.— His brother, Joseph, also served with 
credit in the Revolution, rose to the rank of major, 
was wounded at Gerraantown, and after the war 
was U. S. marshal for Virginia.— Joseph's son, 



Edward, lawyer (1774-1852), became a well-known 
lawyer in Tennessee, served as judge of the state 
circuit court in 1815-'46, and published •• Laws of 
the State of Tennessee" (2 vols., Knoxville, 1821). 
—Edward's son, Charles, lawyer, b. in Knoxville, 
Tenn., 12 Nov., 1811 ; d. in Jackson, Miss., 80 May, 
1861, studied law, and began to practise in Nash- 
ville, where he married, but he afterward removed 
to Jackson, Miss., and formed a partnership with 
George S. Yerger. In 1852 he was elected chancel- 
lor of the state. His decision in the case of John- 
ston va, the State of Mississippi, establishing the 
liability of the state for the payment of the bonds 
of the Union bank, attracted much attention. In 
1859 Judge Scott removed to Memphis. He was 
an active Freemason, and published " Analogy of 
Ancient Craft Masonry to Natural and Revealed 
Religion " (Philadelphia, 1849), and " The Keystone 
of the Masonic Arch " (Jackson, 1856). 

SCOTT, Dred, slave, b. in Missouri about 1810; 
d. after 1857. He was a negro slave, and about 
1884 was taken by his master, Dr. Emerson, an 
army surgeon, from Missouri to Rock Island, 111., 
and then to Fort Snelling, in what was then Wis- 
consin territory. Here he married, and two chil- 
dren were born to him. On his return to Missouri 
he sued in a local court in St Louis to recover 
his freedom and that of his family, since he had 
been taken by his master to live in a free state. 
Scott won his case, but his master now appealed 
to the state supreme court, which, in 1852, reversed 
the decision of the lower tribunal. Shortly after- 
ward the family were sold to a citizen of New 
York, John F. A. Sandford, and, as this afforded a 
ground for bringing a similar action in a Federal 
court, Scott sued again for freedom, this time in the 
U. S. circuit court in St Louis in May, 1854. The 
case was lost, but an appeal was made to the U. S. 
supreme court, and, the importance of the matter 
being realized by a few eminent lawyers, several 
offered to take part in the argument Those on 
Scott's side were Montgomery Blair and George T. 
Curtis, while opposed to him were Reverdy .John- 
son and Henry S. Geyer. None of these asked for 
compensation. The case was tried in 1856, and 
the judgment of the lower court was affirmed. A 
brief opinion was prepared by Justice Nelson, but 
before its public announcement it was decided by 
the court that, in view of the importance of the 
case and its bearing on the whole slavery question, 
which was then violently agitating the country, 
Chief-Justice Taney should write a more elaborate 
one. Taney's opinion was read, 6 March, 1857, 
two days after the inauguration of President Bu- 
chanan, and excited intense interest throughout 
tjie country on account of its extreme position in 
favor of slavery. It affirmed, among other things, 
that the act of congress that prohibited slavery 
north of latitude 86 80' was unconstitutional and 
void. Thomas H. Benton said of this decision that 
it made a new departure in the working of the 
government, declaring slavery to be the organic 
law of the land, while freedom was the exception. 
The passage that was most widely quoted and most 
unfavorably commented upon, was that in which 
Taney described the condition of the negroes at 
the adoption of the constitution, saying: "They 
had for more than a century before been regarded 
as being* of an inferior order, and altogether unfit 
to associate with the white race, either in social or 
political relations ; and so far inferior, that they 
had no rights which the white man was bound to 
respect ; and that the negro might justly and law- 
fully be reduced to slavery for his benefit." After- 
ward Scott and his family passed by inheritance 



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to the family of Calvin C. Chaffee, a member of 
congress from Massachusetts, and on 26 May, 1857, 
they were emancipated in St Louis by Taylor 
Blow, to whom Mr. Chaffee had conveyed them 
for that purpose. See Benjamin C. Howard's 
" Report of tie Decision of the Supreme Court, 
and the Opinions of the Judges thereof, in the 
Case of Dred Scott " (Washington, 1857) ; Thomas 
H. Benton's "Historical and Legal Examination 
of the Decision in the Dred Scott Case'* (New 
York, 1860); Joel Parker's "Personal Liberty 
Laws ami Slavery in the Territories : Case of Dred 
Scott " (Boston, 1861); and* 4 Abraham Lincoln, a 
History," by John Hay and John G. Nioolay. A 
portrait of Dred Scott, probably the only one in 
existence, painted from an old photograph, is in 
the possession of the Missouri historical society. 

SCOTT, GnsUvus, lawyer, b. in Prince William 
county, Va. ; d. in Washington, D. C, in 1801. His 
father, Rev. James Scott, a Scotchman, became a 
minister of the Episcopal church and came to this 
country about 1730. Gustavus was educated at 
King's college, Aberdeen, Scotland, and after his 
friend, Sir Robert Eden, was made governor of 
Maryland, removed to that province and practised 
law successfully in Somerset county. When the 
people of Maryland decided to send deputies from 
all the counties to a convention to do held in 
Annapolis, 22 June, 1774, he was sent as a delegate 
from Somerset, and participated in all its subse- 
ouent deliberations down to the adoption of the 
first constitution and the organization of the state 
government in 1777. He was a member of the 
Association of the freemen of Maryland, which 
decided in July, 1775, to throw off the proprietary 
power and assume a provisional government, and 
his signature is attached to the original pledge that 
now (1888) hangs in the state-house at Annapolis. 
He was a member of the convention that framed 
the first constitution of Maryland. After the for- 
mation of the state government he removed to 
Dorchester county, and represented it in the as- 
sembly in 1780 and again in 1784, when he was 
elected a delegate to the Continental congress and 
served till 1785. He was one of the originators 
of the Potomac canal company in 1784, and one 
of the committee of the Maryland legislature, to 
whom was referred the claim of James Rumsey 
(q. t'.), for the exclusive privilege of making ana 
selling his boats in Maryland. He reported in 
favor of Rumsey's claim, and the bill was passed. 
He was also one of the original commissioners ap- 
pointed to superintend the erection of the capitol 
buildings at Washington, and when the state of 
Maryland lent the government several thousand 
dollars for the purpose, the credit of the general 
government was so low that the state required 
Scott and two others to give to it their individual 
bonds as security. 

SCOTT, UnsUrug Hall, naval officer, b. in Fair- 
fax county, Va., 13 June, 1812 ; d. in Washington, 
D. C, 28 March, 1882. He entered the navy as 
midshipman, 1 Aug., 1828, became passed mid- 
shipman, 14 June, 1884, and made two cruises in 
the West Indies in the " Vandalia" in 1885-'6 and 
1839-40, in which he participated in the Seminole 
war. He was also present off Charleston, S. C, 
during the nullification excitement. He was com- 
missioned lieutenant, 25 Feb., 1841, and was flag 
lieutenant of the Pacific squadron in the frigate 
44 St. Lawrence " in 1852-'3. He was commissioned 
commander, 27 Dec, 1856. and served as light- house 
inspector in 1858-'60. When the civil war began 
he resisted the efforts of partisans in his native 
state to make him join the Confederates. In 



June, 1861, he commanded the steamer M Keystone 
State," went in pursuit of the Confederate priva- 
teer "Sumter," and capturing the steamer "Sal- 
vor " off Taropico, towed her to Philadelphia. He 
1 commanded the steamer "Marantanza in the 
operations with the army in James river, rendered 
valuable service in saving stores that were left by 
the army at Acquis creek, was on the blockade, 
and had numerous engagements with Confederate 
batteries in the sounds of North Carolina in 
1862-U He was commissioned captain, 4 Nov., 
1868, and commanded the steamer " De Soto," in 
which he captured several blockade - runners in 
1864. Subsequently he took charge of the steam 
sloop " Canandaigua " on the blockade, and was 
senior officer at the surrender of Charleston, S. C, 
in 1865. He was a member of the examining 
board for the admission of volunteer officers to the 
regular navy in 1868, served as light-house inspector 
in 1869-71, and was promoted to commodore, 10 
Feb., 1869, and to rear-admiral, 14 Feb., 1878. He 
was then commander-in-chief of the North Atlantic 
squadron until 18 June, 1874, when he was retired, 
having reached the age of sixty-two yean. 

8COTT, Irving Murray, mechanical engineer, 
b. in Hebron Mills, Baltimore co., Md., 25 Dec M 
1887. He was educated at Milton academy, Md., 
and the Baltimore mechanics' institute, and in 
1854 entered the manufactory of Obed Hussey, the 
inventor of reaping-machines, where he made 
rapid progress in the machinist's art, and perfected 
himself in the different methods of working in 
iron and wood. In 1857 he gained admittance to 
the iron-works of a Baltimore firm. There he soon 
became an expert draughtsman, and was placed in 
charge of the construction of stationary and fire 
engines. He also devoted all his leisure moments 
to reading and study. In 1858 he was engaged as 
draughtsman at the Union iron- works, San Fran- 
cisco, Cal., where he remained until 1862. About 
that time the construction of improved quartz- 
mining machinery became one of the most im- 
portant branches of mechanical industry in that 
state. Desiring to become practically acquainted 
with it, he spent a year at the Miners' foundry in 
the same city, returning to the Union works in 
1868, when he was made superintendent In 1865 
he became a partner, and in 1875 the business 
was reorganized under the title of Prescott, Scott 
and Co. Soon afterward the new firm erected ex- 
tensive works at Potrero. These were constructed 
under the immediate supervision of Mr. Scott, and 
he designed the machinery by means of which the 
treasures of the Comstock mines have been ex- 
tracted, including that used in the pumping, mill- 
ing, reducing, and refiningworks, in connection 
with James G. Fair and William H. Patten, a 
mining engineer. He has also invented the Scott 
and Eckart and Scott and O'Neil cut-off engines, a 
Union heater, a safety-valve chock, and an air- valve 
for compressor. Mr. Scott has been president of the 
Mechanics' institute and of the Art association of 
San Francisco during three terms each. He is a 
regent of the University of California and a trus- 
tee of the Leland Stanford, Jr., university. 

SCOTT, James, poet, b. in Langside, Scotland, 
in 1806 ; d. in Newark, N. J., in 1857. He studied 
at Glasgow and Belfast, emigrated to this country 
in 1882, became a licentiate in 1884, and was pas- 
tor at German Valley and Newark, N. J. He was 
S'ven the degree of D. D. by Lafayette in 1844. 
r. Scott published a dissertation on the genius of 
Robert Pollok in his 4 - Life " (New York, 1848), and 
before his death completed a narrative poem called 
- The Guardian Angel " (1850). 



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SCOTT, John, clergyman, b. in Washington 
county, Pa., 27 Oct., 1820. He was educated in the 
common schools and under private tutors, entered 
the ministry of the Methodist Protestant church 
in 1842, ana has been a member of almost every 
general conference of that denomination since 
1854. He has edited the u Methodist Recorder " in 
Pittsburg, Pa., in 1864-'70, and since 1879, and 
also conducted the " Missionary Sunday - School 
Journal " in that city in 1852-'4, and the " Home 
Companion " in Cincinnati At the same time, till 
1884, he was editor of the Sunday-school publica- 
tions of his church. Washington college, Pa., gave 
him the degree of D. D. in 1860. Dr. Scott is the 
author of "Pulpit Echoes " (Cincinnati. 1878) and 
" The Land of Sojourn, or Sketches of Patriarchal 
Life and Times'* (Pittsburg, 1880), and has also 
written an introduction to Rev. Dr. George Brown's 
"Recollections of an Itinerant Life" (Cincinnati, 
1866), and published various discourses. 

SCOTT, John, senator, b. in Alexandria, Pa., 
14 Julv. 1824; d. in Pittsburg, Pa.. 22 March, 
1889. His father was a landholder in Huntingdon 
county, Pa., and a member of congress in 1829-'81. 
The son received a common-school education, pur- 
sued a classical course with private tutors, and then 
studied law in Chambersburg, was admitted to the 
bar in 1846, and practised in Huntingdon. He was 
prosecuting attorney in 1846-'9, and a member of 
the board of revenue commissioners in 1851, served 
in the legislature in 1862, and from 1869 till 1875 
sat in the U. S. senate, having been chosen as a 
Republican. In the senate, Mr. Scott, on 17 May, 
1872, moved the •* enforcement bill," authorizing 
the president to suspend the habeas corpus act in 
states where ** Ku - Iclux " outrages should occur, 
and made a speech in its favor. On the expiration 
of his senatorial term he removed to Pittsburg, 
Pa., and became general counsel of the Pennsyl- 
vania company, and subsequently he was made gen- 
eral solicitor of the Pennsylvania railroad company 
in Philadelphia. 

SCOTT, Joan Morin, patriot, b. in New York 
in 1730 ; d. there, 14 Sept. 1784. His grandfather, 
John, the second son of Sir John Scott, bart, of 
Ancrum, Scotland, came to this country, was made 
a citizen of New York in 1702, and commanded 
Port Hunter, on Mohawk river. John Morin was 
an only child. He 
was graduated at 
Yale in 1746, stud- 
ied law, and was an 
early opponent of 
British aggression, 
with voice and pen. 
He was one of the 
founders of the 
Sons of Liberty, 
and his bold advo- 
cacy of extreme 
measures cost him 
an election to the 
Continental con- 
gress in 1774. He 
was one of the chief 
members of the 
New York general 
committee in 1775, 
a delegate to the 
Provincial congress of that year, and on 9 June, 
1776, was made a brigadier-general. He was with 
his brigade in the battle of Long Island, but retired 
from military service in March, 1777, and became 
secretary of state of New York, which office he held 
till 1789. In 1780-*8 he was a member of congress. 




(^//?Zt/c€r^ 



— His only son, Lewis Allaire, succeeded him in 
the secretaryship.-— Lewis Allaire's only son, John 
Morin. lawyer, b. in New York city, 25 Oct., 1789 ; 
d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 8 April, 1858, lost his father 
early in life, and was taken by his mother to Phila- 
delphia. He was graduated at Princeton in 1805, 
and, after pursuing higher studies there for a year 
longer under the president, read law with William 
Rawle, and was admitted to the bar. After losing 
his moderate fortune in a mercantile venture, he 
entered into active practice, and became a success- 
ful lawyer. He served in the war of 1812 as 1st 
lieutenant of cavalry, and in 1815 was chosen to 
the legislature, where he served several terms. He 
was afterward for many years a member of the 
Philadelphia city councils, a delegate to the State 
constitutional convention of 1887, and in 1841 -'4 
served as mayor of the city. He delivered manv ora- 
tions and addresses, including one before the Wash- 
ington benevolent society (Philadelphia, 1815). 

SCOTT, John Rudolph, actor, b. in Philadel- 
phia, 17 Oct, 1809; d. there, 2 March, 1856. He 
made his dSbut at the New York Park theatre in 
the part of Malcolm in " Macbeth." Thereafter, 
playing at various theatres, he gradually rose to 
distinction in leading tragic rdles. As a robust 
actor he almost rivalled Edwin Forrest for a time, 
and contended with him for popularity. His rep- 
resentations of King Lear and Sir Giles Overreach 
were forcible and scholarly performances. In 1847 
Scott went to England, playing at the Princess 
theatre in London for a short term, where he opened 
as Sir Giles Overreach. Some of the best London 
critics were delighted with his efforts, but the gen- 
eral public was not attracted. On his return to 
the United States he became a member of the New 
York Bowery theatre, and later ioined the players 
at the Chatham street National theatre. Diverting 
his attention from study to rote performances of 
melodramatic and sensational parts, Scott soon 
became careless and neglectful, lapsing into the 
condition of a conventional performer. At the 
last bis most successful rdles were those of sail- 
ors and pirates; William, in the nautical play of 
" Black-Eyed Susan," was one of his favorite parts. 

SCOTT, Julian, artist, b. in Johnson, Lamoille 
co., Vt, 14 Feb., 1846. At the opening of the civil 
war, in 1861, he entered the National army. Some 
of his sketches in a military hospital having at- 
tracted attention, he became a student at the Na- 
tional academy, New York, in 1868, and he subse- 
quently studied under Emmanuel Leutze until 
1868. He first exhibited at the Academy of de- 
sign in 1870, and was elected an associate the fol- 
lowing year. He was chosen a life-fellow of the 
American geographical society in 1873. Among 
his works, mostly pictures of army life, are " Rear- 
Guard at White Oak Swamp," owned by the Union 
league club (1869-'70); "Battle of Cedar Creek," 
in the state-house at Montpelier, Vt. (1871-'2); 
" Battle of Golding's Farm " (1871) ; " The Recall " 
(1872) ; " On Board the • Hartford ' " (1874) ; " Old 
Records "(1875); "Duel of Burr and Hamilton" 
(1876); "Reserves awaiting Orders" (1877); "In 
the Cornfield at Antietam " (1879) ; " Charge at 
Petersburg" (1882); "The War is Over" (1885) ; 
and " The Blue and the Gray " (1886). 

SCOTT, Levi. M. E. bishop, b. near Odessa, Del., 
11 Oct, 1802; d. there, 18 July. 1882. In April, 
1826, after being licensed as a local preacher, he 
became a member of the Philadelphia conference. 
Without much early education, he was a diligent 
student, and a preacher of remarkable clearness, 
force, and thoroughness. After filling several pas- 
torates, he was appointed presiding elder in 1884. 



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This office, then one of very great influence, he 
filled for two years, and he then returned to the 
pastorate. Prom 1840 till 1842 he was principal 
of Dickinson grammar-school. In 1848 he was 
made one of the agents 
of the Methodist Dook 
concern in New York 
city. This position he 
held for four years, 
when at the general 
conference of 1852, at 
Boston, Mass., he was 
elected and ordained 
bishop. The degree 
of M. A. was conferred 
upon him by Wesley- 
an university in 1840, 
and that of D. D. by 
Delaware college. He 
fixed his residence, af- 
ter he was elected bish- 
a * op, at Odessa, Del 

*C 0C4ffc rfe WM Tery industri- 

ous in the discharge 
of the duties of his 
office, and had the reputation of great piety. He 
lived to fourscore, and for several years was en- 
feebled in mind and body. 

SCOTT, Martin, soldier, b. in Bennington, Vt., 17 
Jan., 1788 ; d. near Molino del Rey, Mexico, 8 Sept, 
1847. He was appointed a lieutenant in the army 
in April, 1814, became captain in the 5th infantry 
in August, 1828, was brevetted major for gallantry 
at Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma, May, 1846, 
and was promoted major on 29 June. He was 
brevetted lieutenant-colonel for services at Monte- 
rey, where he led his regiment, and he was killed 
at its head in the battle of Molino del Rey. Col. 
Scott had been famous as a marksman from earlv 
youth, and it is of him that the well-known inci- 
dent is related of the coon that said : " You need 
not fire, 1*11 come down." 

SCOTT, Orange, clergyman, b. in Brookfield, 
Vt, 13 Feb., 1800; d. in Newark, N. J., 31 Julv, 
1847. His parents removed to Canada in bis early 
childhood, and remained there about six years, but 
afterward returned to Vermont The son's early 
education was limited to thirteen months' school- 
ing at different places. He entered the Methodist 
ministry in 1822, and became one of the best-known 
clergymen of his denomination in New England. 
He was presiding elder of the Springfield district, 
Mass., in 1830-' 4, and of Providence district, R. I., 
in 1834-'5. Mr. Scott was active as a controver- 
sialist About 1833 he became an earnest anti- 
slavery worker, and his zeal in this cause brought 
much unpopularity upon him. His bishop pre- 
ferred charges against him in 1838, before the New 
England conference, but they were not .sustained. 
Finally, with others, he withdrew from the church 
in 1842, and on 81 May, 1843, organized the Wes- 
leyan Methodist church in a general convention at 
Utica, N. Y., of which Mr. Scott was president Till 
1844 he conducted * The True Wesleyan," in advo- 
cacy of the principles of the new church, which 
were opposed: both to slavery and to the episcopal 
form of church government. In 1846 failinghealth 
forced him to retire from the ministry. Besides 
many contributions to the press, he was the au- 
thor of '* An Appeal to the Methodist Episcopal 
Church " (Boston, 1838). See his life, by the Rev. 
Lucius C. Matlack (New York, 1847). 

SCOTT, Richard, colonist, b. in Qlemsford, 
Suffolk, England, in 1607 ; d. in Providence, R. L, 
about 1681. He was a lineal descendant of John 



Baliol, founder of Baliol college, Oxford. Scott 
came to Boston in 1634, married Katharine Mar- 
bury, sister of Mrs. Anne Hutchinson, about 1637, 
and soon afterward joined Roger Williams. He 
was co-proprietor with Williams in the Iatter's 
purchase .from the Indians, and a signer and the 
supposed author of the celebrated covenant that 
was* made among the settlers of Rhode Island. In 
1657 he became a Quaker, and his wife and daugh- 
ters were whipped and imprisoned in Boston for 
their faith. He was a commissioner to Massachu- 
setts in 1645 to settle the controversy with that 
colony in regard to Shawomet, and a deputy to the 
assembly in 1666. 

SCOTT, Richard William, Canadian senator, 
b. in Prescott, Ontario, 24 Feb., 1825. He was 
educated in his native place, studied law, and was 
admitted to the bar in 1848. He was mayor of 
Ottawa in 1852, had a seat in the Canadian assem- 
bly from 1857 till 1863. and in the Ontario assem- 
bly from 1867 till November, 1878, when he re- 
signed. Mr. Scott was elected speaker of the 
Ontario assembly, 7 Dec, 1871, but resigned on 
being appointed a member of the executive council 
and commissioner of crown lands for that prov- 
ince on the 21st of the same month. He retained 
this office till 7 Nov., 1873, when he was sworn as 
a member of the queen's privy council He was 
secretary of state in the Mackenzie administration 
from 9 Jan., 1874, till October, 1878, when he went 
out of power with his colleagues in office. He 
acted as minister of finance during the absence of 
Richard J. Cartright in England in 1874, as minis- 
ter of inland revenue during the illness of Felix 
Geoffrion in 1875-'6, and as minister of justice 
during the absence of Edward Blake in England 
in 1876. He was present at the Centennial exhibi- 
tion at Philadelphia in the latter year in an offi- 
cial capacity. Mr. Scott was principally instru- 
mental in securing the passage of the separate 
school law of the province of Ontario, and the 
Canada temperance act, which was framed by him, 
and which is known as the ** Scott act" He be- 
came a member of the Dominion senate, 13 March, 
1874, and has been active as a leader of the Lib- 
eral opposition in that body. 

SCtlTT, Robert Kingston, soldier, b. in Arm- 
strong county, Pa., 8 July, 1826. His grandfather 
fought in the Revolution, and his father in the 
war of 1812-'15. The son received a good edu- 
cation, studied medicine, and began practice in 
Henry county, Ohio. In October, 1861, he became 
lieutenant-colonel of the 68th Ohio regiment, of 
which he was made colonel in 1862. He served 
at Fort Donelson. Shiloh, and Corinth, led a bri- 
gade at Hatchie river, Tenn., commanded the ad- 
vance of Gen. John A. Logan's division on the 
march into Mississippi, and was engaged at Port 
Gibson, Raymond, and Champion Hills. He was 
afterward at the head of a brigade in the 17th 
corps, was made prisoner near Atlanta, but was 
exchanged on 24 Sept, 1864, and was in Sherman's 
operations before that city and in the march to the 
sea. He was commissioned brigadier-general of 
volunteers, 12 Jan., 1865, and also received the 
brevets of brigadier- and major-general in the 
volunteer army, to date from 26 Jan. and 2 Dec, 
1865, respectively. Gen. Scott was assistant com- 
missioner of the Freedmen's bureau in South Caro- 
lina in 1865-'8, resigned from the army on 6 July 
of the latter year, and in 1868 became the first 
governor of the reconstructed state, having been 
chosen as a Republican. He was re-elected in 1870 
by a majority of 33,584 in a total vote of 186,606 
In the autumn of 1871 the governor and othei 



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state officers were openly charged with a fraudu- 
lent over-issue of state bonds. Gov. Scott justified 
his course in a message to the legislature, and a 
resolution of impeachment was defeated in that 
body. Much excitement was also caused in this 
year by " Ku-klux " outrages, and Got. Scott's ap- 
peal to the president to aid in suppressing them, 
which was done by the use of U. S. troops. Gov. 
Scott afterward removed to Napoleon, Ohio. On 
26 Dec, 1880, he shot and killed Warren G. Drury, 
aged twenty-three years. Drury and a son of Gen. 
Scott had been drinking together, and while search- 
ing for the boy Gen. Scott met the former, when 
the shooting took place. He was tried, and ac- 
quitted on 5 Nov., 1881, the defence being that the 
discharge of the pistol was accidental. 

SCOTT, Thomas, Canadian member of parlia- 
ment, b. in Lanark, Ontario, in 1841. He was edu- 
cated at the Perth high-school, became ajournalist 
and published and managed the Perth " Expositor, 
in the Conservative interest, from 1861 till 1878, 
when he removed to Manitoba. He was elected 
mayor of the city of Winnipeg in 1877, and again 
by acclamation in 1878, ana chosen to the legisla- 
ture of Manitoba in 1878 and 1879, but resigned to 
become a candidate for the Canadian parliament 
for Selkirk in 1880. He was elected, and was re- 
elected for Winnipeg in 1882. Mr. Scott has been 
for many years in the volunteer service, held a com- 
mand in the Ontario rifles in the Red river expe- 
ditionary force under Col. Garnet (now Lord) Wolse- 
ley in 1870, and led the second expedition to the 
Bed river in 1871 to oppose the Fenians. He com- 
manded the 05th battalion during the campaign of 
1885 against Louis Riel, and received a medal. He 
was elected president of the Liberal-Conservative 
association of Manitoba in 1886, and was appointed 
collector of customs for Winnipeg in 1887. 

SCOTT, Thomas Alexander, railroad-manager, 
b. in Loudon, Franklin co., Pa., 28 Dec, 1824 ; d. 
in Darby, Pa., 21 May, 1881. His father. Thomas, 
who died when the son was ten years old, kept a 
tavern on the turnpike between Philadelphia and 
Pittsburg. The boy worked on a farm, attended a 
village school, served in country stores, and be- 
came, on 1 Aug., 1841, clerk to Maj. James Patton, 
collector of tolls on the state road at Columbia, Pa. 
In 1847 he was made chief clerk to the collector 
of tolls at Philadelphia, and in 1850 he became 
connected with the partially constructed Pennsyl- 
vania railroad, was appointed its general super- 
intendent in 1858, and in 1859 was chosen vice- 
president. He soon became known as one of the 
most enterprising railroad men in the country. At 
the beginning of the civil war he was appointed on 
the staff of Gov. Andrew G. Curtin, and was very en- 
ergetic in equipping volunteers and sending them 
forward to Washington. On 27 April, 1861, he was 
asked by the secretary of war to open a new line 
from Washington to Philadelphia, which he did by 
wav of Annapolis and Perrysville with surprising 
quickness. He was commissioned colonel of vol- 
unteers ou 8 May, and on 28 May was given charge 
of all government railways and telegraphs. On 1 
Aup. he was appointed assistant secretary of war, 
which office he was the first to hold. Col. Scott 
was sent in January, 1862, to organize transporta- 
tion in the northwest, and in March to perform the 
same duty on the western rivers. On 1 June he 
resigned to devote himself to his railway affairs, 
but on 24 Sept, 1868, he entered the government 
service again for a time, and superintended the 
transportation of two army corps to relieve Gen. 
William S. Rosecrans at Chattanooga. This he did 
with remarkable speed, connecting different lines 



by improvised tracks, and sending out trains in 
great numbers by every available route. CoL 
Scott was instrumental in furthering the policy by 
which the Pennsylvania road secured control of its 
western lines. In 1871, when a separate company 
was chartered to operate these, he became its 
president He was also president of the Union 
Pacific railroad from March, 1871, till March, 1872, 
and in 1874 succeeded to the presidency of the 
Pennsylvania road. Failing health forced him to 
travel abroad in 1878, and on 1 June, 1880, he re- 
signed. To the energy, alertness, and sound busi- 
ness principles of Col. Scott may be attributed 
much of the prosperity that has been attained by 
the road of which he was an officer. Besides his 
connection with the Pennsylvania system, he was 
the projector of the Texas Pacific road, and for 
many years its president. 

SCOTT, Thomas Fielding, P. E. bishop, b. in 
Iredell county, N. C, 12 March, 1807 ; d. in New 
York city, 14 July, 1867. He was graduated at 
Franklin college, Athens (now University of 
Georgia), in 1829, was ordained deacon in St. Paul's 
church, Augusta, Ga., 12 March, 1848, by Bishop 
Elliott, and priest in Christ church, Macon, Ga., 
24 Feb., 1844, by the same bishop. He became at 
this date rector of St James's church, Marietta, 
Ga., and not long afterward of Trinity church, 
Columbus, Ga. He received the degree of D.D. 
from the University of Georgia in 1858. He was 
elected missionary bishop of Oregon and Wash- 
ington territories, and was consecrated in Christ 
church, Savannah, Ga., 8 Jan., 1854. On his way 
to the eastern states, Bishop Scott contracted a 
fever in crossing the Isthmus of Panama, and he 
died a few days after landing in New York. 

SCOTT, Walter, religious leader, b. in Moffat, 
Dumfries-shire, Scotland, 81 Oct., 1796 ; d. in Mays- 
lick, Ky., 28 April, 1861. He came of the same 
ancestry as the novelist After an academic train- 
ing he was gradu- 
ated at the Uni- 
versity of Edin- 
burgh, and after- 
ward sailed to 
the United States, 
where he arrived, 
7 July, 1818. He 
pursued his stud- 
ies and taught in 
New York and 
Pittsburg, and in 
the latter city in 
1821 he formed an 
acquaintance with 
Thomas and Alex- 
ander Campbell, 
which soon be- 
came a lasting /2?u^&«— t — 4^2$* <-<• 
friendship. The W262&S <£t/&r&(r 
three engaged in 

an earnest and critical examination of the Bible 
and of the earlier writers, by which they became 
convinced that the existing forms of Christianity 
were in wide departure from the simple discipline 
of the primitive church. In 1822 the Campbells 
and Scott had arrived at a harmonious agreement 
concerning a plan for the union of Christians; 
and, without aesiring to form another sect, they 
endeavored to draw men together into the origi- 
nal denomination upon common grounds of ortho- 
dox religion. In pursuance of this plan, Alexander 
Campbell now began the publication of the " Chris- 
tian Baptist," which obtained a large circulation. 
Scott wrote for this periodical, and at once took 



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the pulpit and proceeded to point out what be 1 
considered the glaring defects in the modern man- 
ner of preaching the gospel His powers of ora- 
tory were remarkable, and he ii red to see an organ- , 
ized ministry preaching to many followers those 
views of Christianity which had engaged all the 
faculties of his life. Scott was deeply concerned 
at the opening of the civil war, and published 
u The Union," a pamphlet in the interest of peace 
(Cincinnati, I860). The illness of which he died 
was intensified by grief at hearing of the attack on 
Port Sumter. His published works were "The 
Gospel Restored" (1854): and "The Messiahship, 
or the Greet Demonstration " (1858), besides brief- 
er contributions to the press explaining his re- 
ligious views. His life has been written by Will- 
iam Baxter (1874). 

SCOTT. William Anderson, clergyman, b. in 
Rock Creek, Bedford co. Tenn., 81 Jan^ 1818 ; d. in 
8an Francisco, Cal„ 14 Jan., 1885. He was gradu- 
ated at Cumberland college, Tenn-, in 1888, stud- 
ied in Princeton theological seminary in 1838-'4, 
and in 1885 was ordained by the presbytery of 
Louisiana. After missionary service in 1885-'6 
and teaching in 1886-'40, he was pastor of churches 
in Tuscaloosa, Ala^ New Orleans, La., and San 
Francisco, Cat, after which he went to England in 
1861 and was for some time settled over a congre- 
gation in Birmingham. On his return he had 
charge of a church in New York city in 1868-'70, 
and then of one in San Francisco till his death. 
He was also professor of mental and moral phi- 
losophy and systematic theology in the theological 
school of the latter city after its establishment in 
1871. The University of Alabama gave him the 
degree of D. D. in 1844, and the University of the 
city of New York that of LL. D. in 1872. Dr. 
Scott edited the New Orleans M Presbyterian " for 
three vears, founded the M Pacific Expositor," and 
was the author of " Daniel, a Model for Young 
Men" (New York, 1854); "Achan in El Dorado* 
(San Francisco, 1855) ; ** Trade and Letters " (New 
York, 1856); "The Giant Judge n (San Francisco, 
1858); "The Bible and Politics" (1859); u The 
Church in the Army, or the Four Centurions of 
the Gospels" (New York, 1862); -The Christ of 
the Apostles' Creed " (1867) ; and other works.— 
His son, Robert Nicholson, soldier, b. in Win- 
chester, Tenn., 21 Jan^ 1888 ; d. in Washington, 
D. C„ 5 March, 1887, attended school in Hartford, 
Conn^ and New Orleans, La., and studied law in 
San Francisco, CaL, but was appointed from Cali- 
fornia 2d lieutenant of infantry, 21 Jan., 1857, and 
served on the Pacific coast till the civil war, com- 
manding the U. S. steamer ** Massachusetts " dur- 
ing the San Juan difficulties in 1859. He was pro- 
moted captain in September, 1861, and afterward 
served on staff duty in the adjutant-general's de- 
partment He was with the Armv of the Potomac 
till June, 1868, receiving a majors brevet for gal- 
lantry at Gaines's Mill, where he was wounded, 
and in 1868-'4 was senior aide-de-camp to Gen. 
Henry W. Hal leek. He continued to serve on staff 
duty till 1870. was professor of military science in 
a school at Faribault, Minn., in 1872- v 3, and in 
1878-7 commanded Fort Ontario, N. Y. From 
1877 till his death he was in charge of the publica- 
tion of war records in Washington. He was pro- 
moted major in 1879, and lieutenant-colonel in 
1885. In 1878 he served as military secretary to a 
congressional committee on the reorganization of 
the army. CoL Scott published "Digest of the 
Military Laws of the United States" (1872). 

SCOTT, WMUm Cowper, clergyman, b. in 
Martinsburg, Va., 18 Jan., 1817; d. in Bethesda, 



Va^ 28 Oct, 1854. His father and grandfather 
were ministers of the Presbyterian church, and the 
son, after graduation at South Hanover college, 
Ind\, in lt«7, and at Union theological seminary, 
Va^ in 1840, also became a clergyman of that de- 
nomination. He was pastor of several churches in 
his native state till hts death, except during two 
years, when feeble health compelled him to desist 
from preaching, and he was occupied in teaching 
and writing for periodicals. Mr. Scott was the 
author of a work on ** Genius and Faith, or Poetry 
and Religion in their Mutual Relations," which 
has received high praise for its depth of thought 
and its correct literary taste (New York, 1858). 

SCOTT, Winleld, soldier, b. in Dinwiddie coun- 
ty, near Petersburg, Va^ 18 June, 1786 ; d. at West 
Point, N. Y.. 29 May, 1866. He was educated at 
William and Mary college, studied law, was admit- 
ted to the bar in 1806, and in 1808 entered the army 
as a captain of light artillery. While stationed at 
Baton Rouge, Lai, in 1809, he was oourt-martialled 
for remarks on the conduct of his superior officer, 
Gen. Wilkinson, and was suspended for one year, 
which he devoted to the study of military tactics. 
In July, 1812, he was made lieutenant-colonel and 
ordered to the Canada frontier. Arriving at Lewis- 
ton while the affair of Queenstown heights was in 
progress, he crossed the river, and the field was won 
under bis direction ; but it was afterward lost and 
he and his command were taken prisoners from the 
refusal of the troops at Lewiston to cross to their 
assistance. In January, 1 813, he was exchanged and 
joined the armv under Gen. Dearborn as adjutant- 
general with the rank of colonel. In the attack 
on Fort George, 27 May. he was severely hurt by 
the explosion of a powder-magazine. In the au- 
tumn ne commanded the advance in Wilkinson's 
descent of the St Lawrence — an operation directed 
against Montreal, but which was abandoned. In 
March, 1814, he was made a brigadier-general, and 
established a camp of instruction at Buffalo. On 
3 July, Scott's and Ripley's brigades, with Hind- 
mans artillery, crossed the Niagara river and took 
Fort Erie ana a part of its garrison. On the 5th 
was fought the battle of Chippewa, resulting in 
the defeat of the enemy, and on 25 July that of 
Lundy's Lane, or Bridgewater, near Niagara Falls, 
in which Scott had two horses killed under him 
and was twice severely wounded. His wound of 
the left shoulder was critical, his recovery painful 
and slow, and his arm was left partially disabled. 
At the close of the war Scott was offered and de- 
clined a seat in the cabinet as secretary of war, and 
was promoted to be major-general, with the thanks 
of congress and a gold medal for his services. He 
assisted in the reduction of the army to a peace es- 
tablishment, and then visited Europe in a military 
and diplomatic capacity. He returned to the 
United States in 1816, and in 1817 married Miss 
Mayo, of Richmond, Va. A part of his time he 
now devoted to the elaboration of a manual of fire- 
arms and military tactics. In 1832 he set out 
from Fort Dearborn (now Chicago, 111.) with a de- 
tachment to take part in the hostilities against the 
Sacs and Foxes, but the capture of Black Hawk 
ended the war before Scott's arrival on the field. 
In the same vear he commanded the Federal forces 
in Charleston harbor during the nullification 
troubles, and his tact, discretion, and decision did 
much to prevent the threatened civil war. In 1885 
he went to Florida to engage in the war with the 
Seminoles, and afterward to the Creek country. 
He was recalled in 1837 and subjected to inquiry 
for the failure of hi* campaigns, the court finding 
in his favor. In 1838 he was efficient in promoting 



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It was to these characteristics that Scott owed his 
title of " Fuss and Feathers, " the only nickname 
ever applied to him. Physically he was " framed 
in the prodigality of nature." Not even Washing- 
ton possessed so majestic a presence. As Su- 
warrow was the smallest and physically the most 
insignificant looking, so was Scott the most impos- 
ing of all the illustrious soldiers of the 19th cen- 
tury, possibly of all the centuries. The steel en- 
graving represents him at upward of threescore 
and ten. The vig- 
nette is from a 
painting by Ing- 
ham, taken at the 
age of thirty-seven. 
A portrait by Weir, 
showing Scott as 
he was at the close 
of the Mexican war, 
is in the U. S. mili- 
tary academy. The 
statue by Henry K. 
Brown stands in 
Scott circle, Wash- 
ington. Gen. Scott 
was the author of 
a pamphlet against 
the use of intoxicat- 
ing liquors (Phil- 
adelphia, 1821) ; 
"General Regula- 
tions for the Army " (1825) ; " Letter to the Secre- 
tary of War" (New York, 1827); " Infantry Tac- 
tics," translated from the French (3 vols., 1885) : 
u Letter on the Slavery Question " (1843) ; " Ab- 
stract of Infantry Tactics " (Philadelphia, 1861); 
M Memoirs of Lieut-Gen. Scott, written by Him- 
self" (2 vols., New York, 1864). Biographies of 
him have been published by Edward Deering Mans- 
field (New York, 1846); Joel Tyler Headley (1852); 
and Orville James Victor (1861). See also " Cam- 
paign of Gen. Scott in the Valley of Mexico," by 
Lieut Raphael Semmes (Cincinnati, 1852).— His 
son-in-law, Henry Lee, soldier, b. in New Berne, 
N. C, 8 Oct, 1814; d. in New York city, 6 Jan., 
1886, was graduated at the U. S. military academy 
in 1883, and entered the 4th infantry as 2d lieu- 
tenant After three years* service in the Gulf states 
he took part in the war against the Seminoles, 
and in 1887-'8 was engaged in removing Cherokees 
to the west, after which, until 1840, he served 
with his regiment as adjutant In 1842 he was 
appointed aide-de-camp to Gen. Winfield Scott, 
whose daughter, Cornelia, he had married, and ac- 
companied him to Mexico in the capacity of chief 
of staff. He attained the rank of captain on 16 
Feb., 1847, and for his gallantry in the siege of 
Vera Cruz, the battles of Cerro Gordo and Churu- 
busco, and the capture of the city of Mexico, re- 
ceived the brevets of major and lieutenant-colonel. 
After the war he was acting judge-advocate of the 
eastern division in 1848-'50, and senior aide-de- 
camp to Gen. Scott from 1850 till 1861. He had 
been made lieutenant-colonel on the staff on 7 
March, 1855, was promoted colonel on 14 May. 
1861, and was inspector-general in command of the 
forces in New York city until 80 Oct, 1861, when 
he was retired from active service for *• disability 
resulting from long and faithful services, and from 
injuries and exposure in the line of duty." He 
accompanied Gen. Scott to Europe on leave of ab- 
sence, remaining abroad till the close of the war. 
He tendered his resignation in 1862, but it was not 
accepted until four years later. He was the author 
of "A Military Dictionary" (New York, 1861). 



SCOULLEK, James Brewn, clergyman, b. i 
Newville, Cumberland co., Pa., 12 July, 1820. He 
was graduated at Dickinson college in 1839, and at 
the Associate Reformed theological seminary, Alle- 
ghany. Pa., in 1842. He was successively pastor 
of the United Presbyterian churches in Philadel- 
phia, Cuylersville, and Argyle, N. Y., in 1844-'68, 
and editor of the " Christian Instructor," Philadel- 

Shia, Pa, in 1862-'8. Muskingum college. Concord, 
hio, gave him the degree of D. D. in 1880. He 
has contributed largely to magazines, and is the 
author of »» History of the Big Spring Presbytery " 
(Harrisburg, Pa, 1879) ; " History of the Presbytery 
of Argyle ,r (1880) ; a " Manual of the Presbvterian 
Church "(1881); and "Calvinism, its History and 
Influences" (1885). 

SCOVILLE, Joseph A., journalist, b. in Con- 
necticut in 1811 ; d. in New York citv, 25 June, 
1864 He engaged in journalism in New York, 
and afterward was for some years the private sec- 
retary of John C. Calhoun. During the civil war 
he was New York correspondent of the London 
" Herald " and '* Standard," under the signature of 
44 Manhattan," and in their columns violently op- 
posed the administration of President Lincoln. 
He published " Adventures of Clarence Bolton, or 
Life in New York" (London, 1860); "The Old 
Merchants of New York," under the pen-name of 
Walter Barrett, Clerk (4 vols^ 1861-'6); "Vigor," a 
novel (1864) ; and " Marion " (1864). 

SCRANTON, George Whltefleld, manufac- 
turer, b. in Madison, Conn., 11 May, 1811; d. in 
Scranton, Pa., 24 March, 1861. He settled in Ox- 
ford, N. J., in 1828, where he was a teamster and 
subsequently a clerk, engaged in the manufacture 
of iron in 1839, and the next year, with his brother 
Joseph, built furnaces for smelting ore with an- 
thracite coal in the village of Sloe urn, Pa., which 
was subsequently named Scranton in honor of the 
brothers. For many years he was president of the 
Lackawanna and Western, and the Cayuga and 
Susquehanna railroads, and in 1858-'61 he was 
a member of congress, having been elected as a 
Protectionist Republican. — His brother, Joseph 
Hand, capitalist, b. in Madison, Conn., 27 June, 
1813; d. in Baden Baden, Germany, 6 June, 1872, 
began life as a clerk in New Haven, subsequently 
entered business in Augusta, Ga., and in 1847 set- 
tled in the coal region of the Lackawanna valley. 
Pa. With the aid of other members of his family 
he developed the vast coal and iron interests of 
that section, and lived to see Scranton, which was 
a hamlet of two or three houses, become a citv with 
a population of 50,000. He was successively for 
twenty years the manager, superintendent and 
president of the Lackawanna iron and coal com- 
pany, and president of several railways and manu- 
facturing and banking institutions. 

SCREVEN, William, clergyman, b. in Eng- 
land in 1629 ; d. in Georgetown, S. C, in 1718. He 
came to this country about 1640, settled in Piscata- 
way. N. H., and suffered such persecution from the 
Puritans on account of his religious faith that he 
removed to South Carolina and founded the first 
Baptist church of Charleston. He subsequently 
removed to a spot about sixty miles north of 
Charleston, and was the original proprietor of the 
land on which the town of Georgetown was built 
He is the author of "An Ornament for Church 
Members," published after his death (Charleston, 
1721). — His grandson, James, soldier, b. in Georgia 
about 1744; d. near Midway, Ga., 24 Nov., 1778, 
early espoused the patriot cause, and in 1774 was 
one of the committee that drew up articles of 
association for the defence of liberty in Georgia. 



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He was commissioned brigadier-general of Georgia 
militia when the state was invaded by the British 
from East Florida, commanded a brigade, and, 
after repeated skirmishes with the enemy between 
Sunbury and Savannah, received a mortal wound 
at Midway. Congress ordered the erection of a 
monument to his memory. 

SCRIBNER. Charles, publisher, b. in New 
York city, 21 Feb., 1821 ; d. in Lucerne, Switzer- 
land, 26 Aug., 1871. After a year at the University 
of New York he entered Princeton college, where 
he was graduated in 1840, and began the study of 
law, but was obliged by ill health to make a trip to 
Europe. On his return he formed a partnership 
in 1846 with Isaac D. Baker, under the firm-name 
of Baker and Soribner, and began the publishing 
business. A year or two later Mr. Baker died, ana 
Mr. Scribner continued under the title of Charles 
Soribner, and later of Charles Scribner and Co. 
With Charles Welford (who died in May, 1885) he 
formed in 1867 the house of Scribner and Welford 
for the importation of foreign books, which is still 
carried on under the same firm-name. In 1865 he 
began the publication of "Hours at Home,'* a 
monthly magazine, which in 1870 was merged in 
"Scribner's Monthly," under the editorship of 
Josiah G. Holland, and which was published by 
a separate company, Scribner and Co., with Dr. 
Holland and Roswell Smith as part owners. On 
Mr. Scribner's death, the next year, the firm of 
Charles Scribner and Co. was reorganized as Scrib- 
ner, Armstrong, and Co., the partners being John 
Blair Scribner, Andrew C. Armstrong, and Edward 
Seymour, and in 1877 the publication-house was 
removed to 748 Broadway, its present site. Mr. 
Seymour died 28 April, i877, and in 1878, when 
Mr. Armstrong retired, the firm-name was changed 
to Charles Scribner's Sons, under which form the 
business has been conducted since 1879 by Charles 
Scribner and Arthur H. Scribner, younger brothers 
of John Blair. In 1881 the firm sold out their 
interest in the magazine company, on the agree- 
ment that the name of the magazine and of the 
company should be altered, ana the names were 
accordingly changed to the " Century Magazine " 
and the Century company. Charles Scribner's 
Sons agreed also not to publish any magazine 
for five years, but after the expiration of that 
time, in January, 1887, they began the publication 
of a new monthly, entitled " Scribner's Magazine," 
edited by Edward L. Burlingame (a. v.). The house 
has been from the beginning solely a publishing 
firm as distinguished from a printing and publish- 
ing firm, and this has had an influence on tne char- 
acter of its publications, which have chiefly been 
confined to the works of contemporary authors. 
Besides its valuable list of literary and educa- 
tional works, it has a large subscription depart- 
ment, from which have issued some of the most 
important and successful publications of the time. 
—John Blair, eldest son of Charles, b. in New 
York city, 4 June, 1850; d. there, 21 Jan., 1879, 
studied at Princeton, and succeeded his father as 
head of the firm in 1871. 

SCUDDER, David Colt, missionary, b. in Bos- 
ton, Mass., 27 Oct., 1835; d. near Periakulum, In- 
dia, 19 Nov., 1862. He was graduated at Williams 
in 1855, and at Andover theological seminary in 
1859. Having determined to become a missionary, 
he prepared himself by study of the Eastern lan- 
guages until his ordination on 25 Feb., 1861, and 
in 1862 he was given the Periakulum station in the 
Madura district of southern India, where he la- 
bored until his death. He contributed a series of 
papers on foreign missions to the New York " In- 



dependent." See " Life and Letters of David Coit 
Scudder," by Horace E. Scudder (New York, 1864). 
— His brother, Samuel Hubbard, naturalist, b. in 
Boston, Mass., 18 April, 1887, was graduated at Will- 
iams in 1857, and at the Lawrence scientific school 
of Harvard in 1862. where in 1862-'4 he acted as 
assistant to Louis Agassiz in the Museum of com- 
parative zoology. In 1862-'70 he was secretary of 
the Boston society of natural history, and he served 
as custodian to the same society in 1804-'70 and as 
its president in 1880-7. Mr. Scudder was appoint- 
ed m 1879 assistant librarian of Harvard, wnere he 
remained until 1885, and in 1886 he became paleon- 
tologist of the U. S. geological survey, which place 
he now (1888) holds. He is a member of many 
scientific societies, was chairman of the section on 
natural history of the American association for the 
advancement of science in 1874, and general secre- 
tary of the association in 1875, librarian of the 
American academy of arts and sciences in 1877-85. 
and in 1877 was elected to the National academy 
of sciences. His specialty is entomology, and he 
has chiefly studied butterflies and fossil insects, in 
the knowledge of which he has no superior in this 
country. He has reported officially on the insects 
of New Hampshire, and has examined the speci- 
mens that were collected in the Yellowstone expe- 
dition of 1878, and on the geological surveys under 
Lieut. George M. Wheeler, Ferdinand V. Hayden, 
the British North America boundary commission, 
and the Canadian geological survey. During 
1888-'5 he was editor of " Science," published in 
Cambridge. His bibliography down to 1880 has 
been collected by George Dimmock, and includes 
about 800 titles. His larger works are " Catalogue 
of the Orthoptera of North America " (Washington, 
1868) ; " Entomological Correspondence of Thad- 
deus William Harris " (Boston, 1869) ; " Fossil But- 
terflies" (Salem, 1875); "Catalogue of Scientific 
Serials of all Countries, including the Transactions 
of Learned Societies, in the Natural, Physical, and 
Mathematical Sciences, 1688-1876" (Cambridge, 
1879) ; " Butterflies, their Structure, Changes, and 
Life Histories " (New York, 1882) ; " Nomenclator 
ZoSlogicus: An Alphabetica List of all Generic 
Names that have been employed by Naturalists for 
Recent and Fossil Animals (Washington, 1882) ; 
" Systematic Review of Our Present Knowledge of 
Fossil Insects" (1886), originally contributed to 
Zittel'8 " Handbuch der Palaeontologie " (Munich, 
1885); and the "Winnipeg Country, or Rough- 
ing it with an Eclipse Party," by A Rochester 
Fellow (Boston, 1886).— Another brother, Horace 
Elisha, author, b. in Boston, Mass., 16 Oct., 
1888, was graduated at Williams in 1858, and 
soon afterward came to New York city, where he 
taught for three years. Meanwhile he wrote his 
first stories for children, which were issued as 
"Seven Little People and their Friends" (New 
York, 1862). The death of his father led to his 
return to Boston, and the success of his first 
book decided him to follow literature exclusively. 
His second work was " Dream Children " (Cam- 
bridge, 1868), and then he prepared " The Life and 
Letters of David Coit Scudder" (New York, 1864). 
He was editor of "The Riverside Magazine for 
Young People " during the four years of its exist- 
ence (1867-70), and published in its third volume 
"Stories from My Attic" (Boston, 1869). He has 
since been associated with the firm of Houghton, 
Mifflin and Co., and has edited for them the series 
of " American Commonwealths," also " American 
Poems " (1879) and "American Prose " (1880). Mr. 
Scudder was one of the writers of Justin Winsor's 
"Memorial History of Boston" (Boston, 1880-'!). 



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His other works include "The Bodley Books,** 
a series of books for children (8 vols., Boston. 
1875- , 87); "The Dwellers in Five-Sisters Court" 
(1876); "Men and Manners in America" (New 
York, 1878); "Stories and Romances" (Boston, 
1880); "The Children's Book" (1881); "Boston 
Town" (1881); "Noah Webster," in the "Ameri- 
can Men of Letters " series (1882) ; a " History of 
the United States " (Philadelphia, 1884) ; and " Men 
and Letters." He was joint author with Mrs. Bay- 
ard Taylor of " Life and Letters of Bayard Tay- 
lor" (Boston, 1884).— David Coifs daughter, Vlda 
Button, author, b. in Madura, India, 15 Dec, 1861, 
was graduated at Smith college in 1884, and sub- 
sequently spent a year in higher studies at Oxford, 
England. In 1887 she became instructor at Wel- 
lesley college, which place she now (1888) Alls. 
Miss Scudder has published " How the Rain Sprites 
were Freed " (Boston, 1888). and "Selected Poems 
from George MacDonald " (New York, 1887). 
SCUDDER, Henry Joel, lawyer, b. in North- 
rt, L. I., in 1825 ; d. in New York city, 12 Feb., 
886. He was graduated at Trinity in 1846, ad- 
mitted to the bar of New York city in 1848, and 
five years later entered into a partnership with 
James C. Carter, under the firm-name of Scudder 
and Carter, in which he continued until his death, 
gradually advancing to the front rank in bis pro- 
fession, especially in matters regarding admiralty 
law. He was chosen to congress as a Republican 
in 1872 from a district that had never before been 
represented by a member of that party, served one 
term, declined renomination, and was an unsuc- 
cessful candidate for a seat on the New York su- 
preme bench in 1875. Columbia gave him the de- 
gree of A. M. in 1862, and Roanoke college, Va., 
that of LL. D. in 1881. 

SCUDDER, John, missionary, b. in Freehold, 
N. J., 8 Sept, 1798; d. in Wynberg, Cape of Good 
Hope, Africa, 18 Jan., 1855. He was graduated at 
Princeton in 1811, and at the New York college of 
physicians and surgeons in 1818. He then set- 
tled in New York 
city and practised 
successfully, but 
in 1819 went to 
India as a mis- 
sionary under the 
direction of the 
American board. 
He was ordained 
to the ministry 
of the Dutch Re- 
formed church in 
1820, settled in 
Ceylon, and la- 
bored there for 
nineteen years in 
the double capa- 
city of clergyman 
r ana physician. 

CAs^JLdU*^- His most impor- 
tant service was 
the establishment of a large hospital, of which he 
was also physician in chief, and he was especially 
successful in the treatment of cholera and yellow 
fever. He also founded several native schools and 
churches. He was transferred to the Madras station 
in 1889, was in the United States in 1842-'6, and, 
returning in 1847, labored until his death, which 
occurred on a visit to the Cape of Good Hone that 
had been undertaken for the benefit of his health. 
His seven sons and two daughters were all mission- 
aries in southern India. He published ** Letters 
from the East " (Boston, 1888) ; M Appeal to Youth 




C^T/Cl 



in Behalf of the Heathen" 0846); "Letters to 
Pious Young Men " (1846) ; " Provision for Pass- 
ing over Jordan " (New York, 1852) ; and many 
tracts and papers that were published in the u Mis- 
sionary Herald." See a u Memoir" of him by 
Rev. John B. Waterbury (1856).— His son, Henry 
Martyn, clergyman, b. in Panditeripo, Jaffna dis- 
trict, Ceylon, 5 Feb., 1822, was graduated at the 
University of New York in 1840, and at Union 
theological seminary in 1848, and returned to In- 
dia as a missionary to the Madura station under 
the care of the American board. He labored 
successively at Madras, Arcot, Vellore, Coonoos, 
and Oolacommed, organized schools and churches, 
founded the Arcot mission, end established a dis- 
pensary there. Having studied medicine, he also 
practised that profession. He prepared various 
religious books and tracts in the Sanscrit, Tamil, 
and Teluga languages. The failure of his health 
in 1864 compelled his return to this country, and 
he was pastor of the Howard Presbyterian church 
in San Francisco, CaL, in 1865-71, of the Central 
Congregational church in Brooklyn in 1872-*82, 
and from the latter date till 1887 of the Plymouth 
Congregational church, Chicago, from which he 
resigned in that year to resume missionary work 
in Japan. His publications include ** Liturgy of 
the Reformed Protestant Dutch Church " (Madras, 
India, 1862); "The Bazaar Book, or the Vernacu- 
lar Teacher's Companion" (1865); "Sweet Savors 
of Divine Truth," a catechism (1868) ; and " Spirit- 
ual Teaching" (1870). These are all in the Tamil 
language. — Another son of John, Jared Water- 
bury, missionary, b. in Panditeripo, Ceylon, in 1880, 
was graduated at Western Reserve college in 1850, 
and at the New Brunswick theological seminary in 
1855. He was then ordained a missionary to In- 
dia under the Reformed Dutch church, and since 
1857 has held native charges there. He has pub- 
lished translations from the Tamil of Henry M. 
Scudder's " Spiritual Teaching " (Madras, 1870). 
and his "Bazaar Book" (1870), and a "History 
of the Arcot Mission " (1872). He is also a mem- 
ber of the committee for the revision of the Tamil 
translation of the Bible. — Another son of John, 
Silas Doremna, physician, b. in Ceylon, India, 6 
Nov., 1833 ; d. in Brooklyn, N. Y., 10 Dec., 1877, was 
graduated at Rutgers in 1856, studied medicine, 
and was licensed to practise in New York city. 
He went to India as a medical missionary in 1860, 
established himself at Arcot, and founded a dis- 
pensary and hospital there which was supported 
by English and native residents. He also success- 
fully treated a large native out-door practice, and 
obtained patients among high-caste Hindoo women, 
which had not hitherto been accomplished. After 
thirteen years' labor for the American board he 
returned to this country on account of an illness 
which had been occasioned by overwork. 

SCUDDER, Nathaniel, patriot, b. near Hunt- 
ington, Long Island, N. Y., 10 May, 1738; d. near 
Shrewsbury, N. J., 17 Oct., 1781. He was gradu- 
ated at Princeton in 1751, studied medicine, and 
for many years had an extensive practice in the 
county of Monmouth, N. J. At the beginning of 
the Revolutionary war Dr. Scudder was made lieu- 
tenant-colonel of the 1st regiment of Monmouth, 
New Jersey, militia. In 1777 he was made colonel 
of that regiment at the joint meeting of the legis- 
lature. During that same year he was a member 
and a constant attendant upon the meetings of the 
council of safety. On 30 Nov., 1777, he was elect- 
ed a delegate to congress. In the labors and re- 
sponsibilities of legislation during the Revolution- 
ary war he took an active part. On 18 July, 1778, 



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he made a powerful appeal to the legislature of 
New Jersey to confer upon the delegates in con- 
gress the authority to sign the articles of confed- 
eration. This letter, published in "New Jersey 
Revolutionary Correspondence/' stamps him at 
once as a strong writer and clear thinker, and a 
whole-hearted patriot. He served in congress dur- 
ing the years 1777-'9. From 1778 till 1782 he was 
a trustee of the College of New Jersey. He was 
also an elder in the church of the celebrated Will- 
iam Tennent, on the old Monmouth battle-ground. 
During the Revolution, Monmouth county was fre- 
quently excited by the incursions of foraging par- 
ties of British troops and Tories. In an engage- 
ment with a party of refugees at Black's point near 
Shrewsbury, Col. Scudder was killed while leading 
a battalion of his regiment He was buried with 
the honors of war in the old graveyard at the Ten- 
nent church. He was the only congressman that 
was killed in battle during the Revolutionary war. 
SCULL, Nicholas, surveyor, b. about 1700. 
About 1722 he was engaged in surveying in Penn- 
sylvania, and occasionally in the public service, 
acting in Indian affairs in the capacity of runner 
or as interpreter for the Delawares. He was also 
a member of Franklin's Junta club. In 1744 he* 
became sheriff of Philadelphia county, and in June, 
1748, he succeeded William Parsons as surveyor- 

feneral of the province, serving till December, 
761. He made a map of the improved parts of 
Pennsylvania, which was published by act of par- 
liament in January, 1759. He was sheriff of North- 
ampton county in 1758-'5. His sons, James, Peter, 
William, Edward, and Jasper were surveyors. Will- 
iam published a map of the province in 1770. 

SEABRA, Vicente Coelho de (say-ah'-brah), 
Brazilian chemist, b. in Minas Qeraes in 1766; d. 
in Lisbon, Portugal, in March, 1804. He was 
graduated at Coimbra in 1787, and, returning to his 
native country, took part in the conspiracy of 
Minas Qeraes in 1788. He was banished to Portu- 
gal, where in 1789 he became corresponding mem- 
ber of the Academy of sciences of Lisbon, and in 
1795 the University of Coimbra made him assistant 
professor of zoology, mineralogy, botany, and 
agriculture. He wrote "Elementbs de chimica" 
(2 vols., Lisbon, 1787); " Fermentacfio em geral" 
(1788); "Calorico"(1789); "Memoria sobreacul- 
tura do riccino ou da mamona em Portugal" 
<1794) ; and " Nomenclature chimica Portugueza, 
Franceza e" Latina," a work of great merit (1801). 

SEABURY, Samuel, clergyman, b. in Groton, 
Conn., 8 July, 1706 ; d. in Hempstead, Long Island, 
N. Y., 15 June, 1764. He was educated partly at 
Yale, and was graduated at Harvard in 1724. After 
becoming a licensed preacher of the Congregational- 
ists in 1726, he was ordained deacon and priest 
in the Church of England by the bishop of Lon- 
don in 1781, and served as a missionary of the So- 
ciety for propagating the gospel. He was rector 
of St. James's church. New London, from 1732 till 
1748, and of St. George's church, Hempstead, L. I., 
from 1743 till his death, connecting with his work 
here the charge of a school and the care of mission 
stations both on Long Island and at Fishkill, N. Y. 
His extant publications are a sermon preached at 
New London (1742), and a pamphlet entitled "A 
Modest Reply to a Letter from a Gentleman to his 
Friend in Dutchess County" (New York, 1759).— 
His son, Samuel, 1st bishop of the diocese of Con- 
necticut, b. in Groton, Conn., 30 Nov., 1729 ; d. in 
New London, Conn., 25 Feb., 1796, was graduated 
at Yale in 1748, was a catechist of the Society 
for propagating the gospel, and a student of the- 
ology under his father, until 1752, and then for a 



vear a student of medicine at the University of 
Edinburgh. He was ordained deacon by Dr. John 
Thomas, bishop of Lincoln, 21 Dec., 1753, and 

f>riest by Dr. Richard Osbaltliston. bishop of Car- 
isle, in Lon- 
don. 23 Dec., 
1753. He served 
as a missionary 
at New Bruns- 
wick, N. J., from 
25 May, 1754, 
became rector 
of Jamaica, in- 
cluding Flush- 
ing and New- 
town, L. I., 12 
Jan., 1757, and 
rector of St. 
Peter's, West- 
chester, N. Y., 

1 March, 1767. a ^ s> 

There he was S SZ-, FL^u- ss-J- 
prevented from ^ 'P/ 1 ' ^^^^^ 
the exercise of 

his ministry by the Whigs, by some of whom he 
was at one time seized ana imprisoned in New Ha- 
ven for six weeks. He then retired to the city of 
New York, where he supported himself in part by 
the practice of medicine, serving also as chaplain 
of tne king's American regiment under commis- 
sion of Sir Henry Clinton of 14 Feb., 1778. He 
was particularly obnoxious to the American party 
on account of his authorship of the series of pam- 
phlets signed A. W. Farmer, and entitled "Free 
Thoughts on the Proceedings of the Continental 
Congress" (16 Nov., 1774); "The Congress Can- 
vassed " (26 Nov., 1774); and " A View of the Con- 
troversy between Great Britain and her Colonies " 
(24 Dec, 1774). He received the degree of D. D. 
from the University of Oxford, 15 Dec, 1777. 
Dr. Seabury was elected bishop of Connecticut by 
the Church of England clergy therein at Wood- 
bury, 25 March, 1TO3, and applied to the English 
episcopate for consecration in London. He await- 
ed their assent sixteen months, but it was withheld 
on account of unwillingness to act without the 
sanction of the civil authority, and failure at that 
time to procure such sanction ; one who was to 
exercise his office in a foreign state not being able 
to take the oath of allegiance required by law of 
those who were consecrated bishops in the English 
church. He was finally consecrated bishop, 14 Nov., 
1784, at Aberdeen, by Bishops Kilgour, Petrie, and 
Skinner, representing the episcopate of the Scot- 
tish church, who could not be deterred from exer- 
cising the powers of the episcopal office bv the ap- 
Erehension of the loss of temporalities of which they 
ad been long since deprived. Bishop Seabury ex- 
ercised episcopal jurisdiction with the acceptance of 
the laity as well as of the clergy in Connecticut, 
residing in New London as rector of St. James's 
church until his death, and also, by its invitation, 
over the church in Rhode Island. He was the first 
presiding bishop of the churches in the several 
states, united under the general convention in 1789, 
and joined with Bishops Provoost, White, and 
Madison in the consecration of Bishop Claggett, 
through whom every bishop of the Anglican com- 
munion subsequently consecrated in the United 
States traces his episcopate. Bishop Seabury's 
knowledge of and devotion to the church system, 
applied with remarkable prudence and patience, 
made him peculiarly valuable to his church in this 
country in that formative period that succeeded 
the Revolution. The special benefits for which it 



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is indebted to him are, directly, the transfer to this 
country of a free, valid, ana regular episcopacy, 
and, indirectly, the clearing of the way for the 
transmission of the episcopate of the established 
Church of England by demonstrating: the possibility 
of obtaining consecration from another and equally 
valid source, and the fact that episcopacy could 
live in this country ; the reunion through him, in 
the consecration of Claggett, of the lines of the 
Scottish church and of the English non-jurors 

with the line 
of the estab- 
lished Church 
of England, 
represented by 
White, Pro- 
voost, and 
' Madison; the 
securingofthe 
: just rights of 
the episcopate 
in the govern- 
ment of the 
church, which 
was attained 
by the amend- 
ment of its 
constitution changing the house of bishop from a 
mere house of revision to a co-ordinate branch of 
the legislature; and, lastly, the restoration of the 
oblation and invocation to the communion office. 
Two volumes of his sermons (1791) and many occa- 
sional papers were published during his life, and a 
third volume of discourses after his death (1798). 
See his " Life and Correspondence," by Rev. Eben 
Edwards Beardsley, D. D. (Boston, 1881). The 
"iBishop's palace," as his simple residence at New 
London was jestingly styled, is shown in the ac- 
companying illustration. — His grandson, Samuel, 
clergyman, son of Rev. Charles Seabury, b. in New 
London, 9 June, 1801 ; d. in New York city, 10 
Oct, 1872, was privately educated, and received the 
degree of M. A. and D. D. from Columbia college 
in 1823 and 1837, respectively. He was ordained 
deacon in 1826, and priest in 1828, by Bishop Ho- 
bart, and was professor of languages in Flushing 
institute and St. Paul's college until 1834, after 
which he was editor of " The Churchman " until 
1849. He was rector of the Church of the Annun- 
ciation, New York, from 1888 till 1868, and pro- 
fessor of biblical learning, etc., in the General 
theological seminary. New York, from 1862 till his 
death. His reputation and influence were chiefly 
established by nis editorial writings. He was the 
author of " Historical Sketch of Augustine, Bishop 
of Hippo " (New York, 1833) ; " The Continuity of 
the Church of England in the 16th Century" 
(1858); u The Supremacy and Obligation of Con- 
science " (1860) ; " American Slavery distinguished 
from the Slavery of English Theorists, and justi- 
fied by the Law of Nature" (1861); "Mary the 
Virgin" (1868); and "Theory and Use of the 
Church Calendar in the Measurement and Dis- 
tribution of Time " (1872).— The second Samuel's 
son, William Jones, clergyman, b. in New York 
city, 25 Jan., 1837, was graduated at Columbia in 
1856, and admitted to the New York bar in 1858, 
but, abandoning law for divinity, was graduated at 
the General theological seminary in 1866, ordained 
deacon, 5 July, 1866, and priest, 30 Nov., 1866, by 
Bishop Horatio Potter. He has been rector of the 
Church of the Annunciation, New York, from 1868, 
and professor of ecclesiastical polity and law in 
the General theological seminary since 1873. He 
received the degree of D. D. from Hobart college in 



1878 and from the General theological seminary in 
1885. He has edited Dr. Samuel Seabury's "Me- 
morial " (New York, 1873), and " Discourses on the 
Nature and Work of the Holy Spirit" (1874), and 
is the author of " Suggestions in Aid of Devotion 
and Godliness" (1878), and various pamphlets, 
including " The Union of Divergent Lines in the 
American Succession" (New York, 1885). For 
a complete bibliography of these four clergymen 
see the " American Church Review " for July, 1885. 

SEALSF1ELD, Charles, author, b. in Poppitx, 
Moravia, Austria, 8 March, 1798; d. in Solotnurn, 
Switzerland, 26 May, 1864. His real name was 
Karl PosteL He became a member of a religious 
order in his youth, but escaped from the convent 
at Prague in 1822, soon afterward came to this 
country, where he assumed the name of Seaisfield. 
and for a short time was connected with the " Cour- 
rier des Etats-Unis " in New York city. He went 
back to Europe about 1828 as correspondent in 
Paris of the " Courier and Enquirer," and in 1832 
settled in Solotnurn, but returned to the United 
States, and passed several years in Louisiana and 
subsequently in Mexico and Central America. His 
principal works are " Tokeah, or the White Rose " 
•(2 vols., Philadelphia, 1828 ; German ed., under the 
title of " Der Legitime und die Republikaner," 8 
vols., Zurich, 1883); " Transatlantische Reiseskiz- 
zen " (2 vols., 1838) ; " Der Virey und die Aristokra- 
ten," a Mexican novel (2 vols., 1884) ; " Lebensbilder 
aus beiden Hemisphftren" (2 vols., 1884; 2d ed., 
entitled "Morton, oder die grosse Tour," 1846); 
" Deutsch - americanische Wahl verwandschaften " 
(5 vols., 1838-'42); and "SQden und Norden" (3 
vols., 1842-'3). His works have been translated into 
English, and several of them into French. Two 
complete editions have been published in German 
(15 vols., Stuttgart, 1845-7; 18 vols., 1846). See 
" Erinnerungen an Seaisfield " (Brussels, 1864). 

SEAMAN, Ezra Champion, author, b. in 
Chatham, N. Y., 14 Oct, 1805; d. in Ann Arbor, 
Mich., 1 July, 1880. He was educated in the com- 
mon schools, admitted to the bar at Ballston Spa, 
N. Y., was chief clerk to the U. S. comptroller 
of the treasury in 1849-'53, and subsequently in- 
spector of Michigan state prisons. He edited the 
" Ann Arbor Journal " in 1858-'68, and published 
"Essays of the Progress of Nations" (Detroit, 
1846; with additions, New York, 1848; supple- 
ment, Detroit, 1852) ; " Commentaries on the 
Constitution and Laws, People and History, of 
the United States" (Ann Arbor, 1863); "The 
American System of Government " (1870) ; " Views 
of Nature " (1873) ; and essays and pamphlets. 

SEAMAN, Valentine, physician, b. in Hemp- 
stead, L. I., 2 April, 1770; d. in New York city, 8 
July, 1817. He was graduated at the University 
of Pennsylvania in 1792, studied medicine under 
Dr. Nicholas Romevn, and was a surgeon to the 
New York hospital from 1796 until his death. He 
was active in the introduction of vaccination in 
New York city, sustaining his theory as to its ex- 
pediency in the face of much opposition. His 
publications include a " Pharmacopoeia " and " In- 
augural Discourse on Opium " (Philadelphia, 1792); 
" Waters of Saratoga * (New York, 1798; 2d ed., 
with "Waters of Balston," 1809); "Midwife's 
Monitor" (1800) ; and " On Vaccination" (1816). 

SEARING, Laura Catherine (Redden), au- 
thor, b. in Somerset county, Md., 9 Feb., 1840. 
She became deaf about the age of ten, through an 
attack of spinal meningitis, and her education was 
consequently carried on in a somewhat irregular 
manner. Though she also lost the power of speech, 
being unable to make herself understood, she re- 



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tained her memory of sounds and her appreciation 
of rhythm. She early began writing verse, and 
contributed both prose and poetry to the press, 
while attending the Missouri state institution for 
the deaf and dumb, her parents having removed 
to St Louis. In 1860 she became a writer for the 
** Republican " of that city, adopting the pen-name 
of ** Howard Glyndon." Subsequently she was 
sent to Washington, D. C, as war correspondent 
for the same journal She went abroad m 1865, 
and resided in Europe until the end of 1868, per- 
fecting herself in French, Italian, Spanish, and 
German. On her return she severed ner connec- 
tion with the New York •• Times," for which she 
had corresponded, and for the next eight years was 
employed on the ** Mail " in the same city. Mean- 
time she was taking lessons in articulation from 
various teachers, among them Alexander Graham 
Bell, with marked success. In 1876 she married 
Edward W. Searing, of the New York bar, and in 
1886 they removed for her health to California, 
where she now (1888) resides. Besides being a 
frequent contributor to periodical literature, Mrs. 
Searing has published " Notable Men of the Thirty- 
Seventh Congress," in pamphlet- form (Washing- 
ton, 1862); M Idyls of Battle, and Poems of the 
Rebellion" (New York, 1864); "A Little Boy's 
Story," translated from the French (1869); and 
** Sounds from Secret Chambers " (Boston, 1874). 

SEARLE, George Mary, astronomer, b. in 
London, England, 27 June, 1839. tie was gradu- 
ated at Harvard in 1857, and then became assistant 
at the Dudley observatory, Albany, where he dis- 
covered, on 11 Sept, 1858, the asteroid Pandora. 
In January, 1859, he entered the service of the 
U. S. coast survey, and in September, 1862, he was 
appointed assistant professor in the U. S. naval 
academy. He returned to Harvard as assistant in 
the observatory in June, 1866, and remained there 
until March. 1868, when he joined the Paulists, and 
was ordained as a priest in that community in 
March, 1871, having oeen converted to the Roman 
Catholic faith in 1862. He has had charge of the 
science teaching of the seminary that forms part 
of the home in New York. Father Searle is also 
a photographer of considerable skill, and has ad- 
vanced that art by his studies. He has contributed 
largely to the journals and reviews of the Roman 
Catholic church/ and to the ** Astronomical Jour- 
nal," and he is the author of u Elements of Ge- 
ometry " (New York, 1877).— His brother, Arthur, 
astronomer, b. in London, England, 21 Oct., 1837, 
was graduated at Harvard in 1856, and then was 
variously engaged for about twelve years. In 1869 
he was appointed assistant at Harvard college ob- 
servatory, where he has since continued in various 
offices until 1887, when he was made full professor 
of astronomy. His work has included photometric 
measurements of certain variable stars, researches 
in zodiacal phenomena, and observations with the 
meridian photometer during 1879-*82. Prof. Searle's 
papers have appeared in scientific journals at home 
and abroad ana in the ** Proceedings of the Ameri- 
can Academy of Arts and Sciences/' of which body 
he is a member. He is also the author of " Out- 
lines of Astronomy" (Boston, 1874). 

SEARLE, James, member of the Continental 
congress, b. in New York city about 1730; d. in 
Philadelphia, Pa., 7 Aug., 1797. Little is known 
of his early life, but when he attained his majority 
he engaged in business with his brother John in 
Madeira, and was admitted to the firm of John 
Searle and Co. in 1757. He left Madeira in 1762, 
settled in Philadelphia, and in 1765 signed the 
" non-importation agreement," by which the citi- 



zens of Philadelphia bound themselves to order no 
more goods from Great Britain. He was a mana- 
ger of the U. S. lottery in 1776-*8, and in August 
of the latter year became a member of the naval 
board, resigning that office in October on account 
of his objections to the existing naval regulations. 
Prom November, 1778, till July, 1780, he was in 
the Continental congress, serving as chairman of 
the commercial committee, and on that to appor- 
tion the quota of taxes to be paid by each state. 
He was also a member of the marine committee, 
and that on foreign affairs. He was sent to Eu- 
rope as the agent of the state of Pennsylvania in 
July* 1780, "to negotiate a loan of £20,000 in such 
countries or states as he should judge most likely 
to favor bis views " ; but the mission was unsuc- 
cessful. He returned to Philadelphia in 1782. and, 
having lost his fortune, re-entered business and 
resided for several years in New York city. 

SEARS, Barnas, educator, b. in Sandisfield, 
Mass., 19 Nov., 1802 ; d. in Saratoga Springs, N. Y., 
6 July, 1880. He was graduated at Brown in 1825, 
and completed his theological studies at the New- 
ton seminary in 1829. After a two years' pastorate 
in Hartford, Conn., he accepted a professorship in 
Hamilton literary and theological institution (now 
Madison university), Hamilton, N. Y. On leaving 
that place in 1833 he spent some time in Germany 
prosecuting his studies. During this residence 
abroad he shared the privilege of establishing 
Baptist missions in Germany. On his return he 
was elected a professor in Newton theological 
seminary, and for several years he was its presi- 
dent In 1848 he was made secretary and execu- 
tive agent of the Massachusetts board of educa- 
tion. In 1855 he became president of Brown 
university, which place he filled with eminent 
ability and success until 1867, when he accepted 
the office of general agent of the Peabodv educa- 
tional fund. In the administration of this great 
trust, for which he was singularly qualified, he 
remained until his death. His last years were 
spent in Staunton. Va. He received in 1841 from 
Harvard the honorary degree of D. D., and from 
Yale in 1862 that of LL.D. Dr. Sears ranked 
with the most eminent scholars and educators of 
his day. Besides contributions to the " Christian 
Review," of which he was for some time after 
1838 the editor, he was the author of an enlarged 
edition of ** Nohden's German Grammar " (Ando- 
ver, 1842); " Essays on Classical Literature," with 
Bela B. Edwards and Cornelius C. Felton (Boston, 
1848) ; " The Ciceronian, or Prussian Mode of In- 
struction in Latin" (1844); "Select Treatises of 
Martin Luther, in the Original German" (1846); 
" Life of Luther " (Philadelphia, 1850 ; republished 
in England as "Mental and Spiritual History of 
Luther," London, 1850) ; •• Roget's Thesaurus, re- 
vised edition (Boston, 1853) ; and " Discourse at the 
Centennial Celebration of Brown University " (1864). 

SEARS, Edmund Hamilton, clergyman, b. in 
Sandisfield, Mass., in 1810; d. in Weston, Mass., 
14 Jan., 1876. He was graduated at Union in 
1834, and at Harvard divinity-school in 1837, and 
was pastor of Unitarian societies in Wayland, 
Mass., in 1839- '40, and in Lancaster in 1840-7. 
He then edited the " Monthly Religious Magazine " 
for several years, and from 1865 until his death 
was pastor in Weston, Mass. Union college gave 
him the degree of D.D. in 1871. He published 
"Regeneration" (Boston, 1853; 9th el, 1878); 
•* Pictures of the Olden Time " (1857) ; •» Christian 
Lyrics " (1860) ; " Athanasia " (1860) ; " The Fourth 
Gospel: the Heart of Christ *' (1872); and "Ser- 
mons and Songs of the Christian Life " (1875). 



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SEARS, Edward I., editor, b. in County Mayo, 
Ireland, in 1819; d. in New York citv, 7 Decx, 
1876. He was graduated at Trinity college, Dub- 
lin, in 1889, came to this country in 1&48, and 
for many years was prof essor of languages in 
Manhattan college. He became editor and pro- 
prietor of the " National Quarterly," a literary 
magazine, in 1860, and conducted it until his 
death. He was a writer of cultivated taste and pure 
and expressive style, and contributed regularly to 
English and American reviews. He published, un- 
der the pen-name of ** H. E. Chevalier/* u Legends 
of the Sea " (New York, 1863). 

SEARS, Isaac, patriot, b. in Norwalk, Conn., 
in 1729; d. in Canton, China, 28 Oct, 1786. His 
ancestor, Richard, emigrated to this country from 
Colchester, England, in 1630. Isaac commanded 
a privateer against the French in 1758-'61, but lost 
his vessel in the latter year, and then engaged in 
the West Indian and European trade, making New 
York city his home. On the passage of the stamp- 
act he ardently engaged in the patriot cause and 
became an active member of the Sons of liberty. 
In November, 1775, with a troop of horse, he went 
to the printing establishment of James Rivington, 
editor of the "Royal Gazette," destroyed his presses, 
and carried off his type, which was afterward 
converted into bullets. He was a member of the 
Provincial congress of New York in 1783 and of 
the assembly in the same vear. He lost his fortune 
by the war, and in 1785 became supercargo on a 
merchant ship, contracting the fever from which 
he died on his first passage to China. 

SEARS, Robert, publisher, b. in St John, New 
Brunswick, 28 June, 1810. His father was Thach- 
er Sears, one of the loyalists of the Revolution. 
He served an apprenticeship in the printing busi- 
ness at St John, and in 1832 emigrated to New 
York city, where he opened a small printing-office 
in Park row. In 1839 he began the publication 
of illustrated works, which were sold almost en- 
tirely by subscription. He was a liberal patron 
and friend of the earlier wood-engravers, did much 
to develop that art, then in its infancy, and was 
one of the earliest pioneers in arousing and foster- 
ing that taste for pictorial representation which 
has grown to such large dimensions. He was also 
one of the first to recognize the value of judicious 
advertising. He expended many thousands of dol- 
lars in making his publications Known throughout 
the United States, and in 1847 procured an exten- 
sive recognition of the merits of American wood- 
engraving from the British public by presenting a 
complete set of his publications to Queen Victoria 
and receiving her personal thanks for the same. 
Among his publications are " Illustrations of the 
Bible * (New York, 1840); "Bible Biography" 
(1843); "Wonders of the World " (1847) ; "Picto- 
rial History of the United States," his most im- 
portant work (1847); and "Description of the 
Russian Empire " (1854.) 

SEATON, William Winston, journalist b. in 
King William county, Va., 11 Jan., 1785; d. in 
Washington, D. C. 16 June, 1866. He was a de- 
scendant of Hen it Seaton (of the Scottish family of 
that name), an adherent of the fortunes of the Stu- 
arts, who came as a political exile to Virginia at the 
end of the 17th century. His mother, whose maid- 
en name was Winston, was a cousin of Patrick Hen- 
ry. He was educated by Ogilvie, the Earl of Fin- 
later, a Scotchman, who for several years kept an 
academy at Richmond. When eighteen years of age 
he engaged ardently in politics, and became assist- 
ant editor of a Richmond paper. He next edited the 
Petersburg " Republican, but soon purchased the 



"North Carolina Journal'' published at Halifax, 
which was then the capital of the state. When 
Raleigh became the capital, he removed thither 
and connected himself with the " Register," edited 
by Joseph Gales, Sr., whose daughter he married. 
In 1812 he removed to Washington and joined the 
" National Intelligencer." in company with his 
brother-in-law, Joseph Gales. Jr., which partner- 
ship lasted till the death of the latter in I860. 
Prom 1812 till 1820 Messrs. Seaton and Galea were 
the exclusive congressional reporters as well as edi- 
tors of their journal, one taking charge of the pro- 
ceedings in the senate and the other in the house 
of representatives. Their "Register of Debates" 
was considered a standard authority. After the 
death of Mr. Gales, Mr. Seaton was sole editor and 
manager of the " National Intelligencer " until it 
was sold a short time before his death. In 1840 
he was elected mayor of Washington, and he held 
that office for twelve successive years. Together 
with Mr. (Hies, he published "Annals of Con- 
gress: Debates and Proceedings in the Congress 
of the United States from 3 March, 1796, till 27 
May, 1824 " (42 vols., Washington, 1884-*56) ; " Reg- 
ister of Debates in Congress from 1824 to 1837 " 
14 vols, in 29, 1827-*37); and "American State 
Papers, selected and edited by Walter Lowne* and 
M. St, Clair Clarke" (21 vols., 1882-'4). See his 
" Life." by his daughter (Boston, 1871). 

SEA WELL, Washington, soldier, b. in Vir- 
ginia in 1802; d. in San Francisco, CaL, 9 Jaiu, 
1888. He was graduated at the U. S. military 
academy in 1825, assigned to the 7th infantry, and 
from 1832 till 1834 was disbursing agent of Indian 
affairs, from which post he was transferred to that 
of adjutant-general and aide-de-camp on Gen. Mat- 
thew Arbuckle's staff. He was promoted captain 
in July, 1886, saw service against hostile Indians 
and in the war with Mexico, and was promoted 
major of the 2d infantry, 8 March, 1847. He be- 
came lieutenant-colonel of the 8th infantry, 28 Fetok, 
1852, colonel of the 6th infantry, 17 Oct., I860, 
and was retired from active service, 20 Fekx, 1862, 
in consequence of disability resulting from expo- 
sure while in the line of duty. He was chief mus- 
tering and disbursing officer of the state of Ken- 
tucky from March, 1862, till September, 1863, and 
of the Department of the Pacific from October, 

1863, till January, 1864, and was appointed com- 
missary of musters and superintendent of recruit- 
ing service of the Department of the Pacific in 
1868. He was acting assistant provost-marshal at 
San Francisco from November, 1865, till June, 
1866, and was brevetted brigadier-general, U. S. 
army, 13 March, 1865, for long and faithful ser- 
vices. Gen. Seawell was with the 2d infantry at 
Monterey, Cal„ in 1849, and was consequently one 
of the California pioneers. At the time of his 
death he was next to the eldest general on the re- 
tired list. He had lived on the Pacific coast since 

1864, and owned one of the largest ranches in Cali- 
fornia, in Sonoma county. 

SEBASTIAN, William King, senator, b. in 
Vernon, Tenn., in 1814 ; d. in Memphis, Teniu, 20 
May, 1865. He was graduated at Columbia col- 
lege, Tenn., studied law, was admitted to the bar, 
and practised his profession at Helena, Ark. He 
was prosecuting attorney in 1885-7, circuit judge 
in 1840-*2, and in the latter year was appointed a 
judge of the state supreme court. He was presi- 
dent of the state senate in 1846, a presidential 
elector in 1848, and was elected a U. S. senator 
from Arkansas as a Democrat in place of Chester 
Ashley, deceased, serving from 1847 till 1853. He 
was re-elected for the term that ended in 1859, and 



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in the Utter year was chosen again for another full 
term. He was chairman of the committee on In- 
dian affairs, and a member of the committee on 
territories. Mr. Sebastian was expelled for disloy- 
alty on 11 July, 1861. but it was afterward claimed 
that he was loyal, and the senate revoked the reso- 
lution of expulsion and paid his full salary to his 
children. He remained ouietly at Helena until the 
National troops occupied that place, and in 1864 
removed to Memphis, Tenn. 

SECCOMB, Joseph, clergyman, b. in Medford, 
Mass., in 1706 ; d. in 1760. He was descended 
from Richard Seccomb, who, coming from England, 
settled in Lynn, Mass., in 1660. He was gradu- 
ated at Harvard in 1781, and became minister of 
Kingston, N. H., in 1737. He published '* Plain 
and Brief Rehearsal of the Operations of Christ as 
God " (Boston, 1740) ; * Business and Diversion In- 
offensive to God," a discourse (1748) ; and " The 
Ways of Pleasure and the Paths of Peace," a dis- 
course.— His brother, John, clergyman, b. in Med- 
ford, Mass., 25 April, 1708; d. in Chester, Nova 
Scotia, in January, 1798, was graduated at Har- 
vard in 1728. and was minister of the Congrega- 
tional church at Harvard, Mass., from 10 Oct, 
1788, till September, 1757. In 1768 he became 
minister of a dissenting congregation in Chester, 
Nova Scotia, where he remained till his death. 
He gained great notoriety as a humorous poet by 
** Father Abbey's Will," which was published in 
both the " Gentleman's " and •* European " maga- 
xines in Mar, 1782. It was reprinted in the " Mas- 
sachusetts Magazine " in November, 1794, and in 
1854 by John Langdon Sibley, with historical and 
biographical notes. The subject of the poem, Mat- 
thew Andy, held a menial position in connection 
with Harvard college. He also published an ordi- 
nation sermon (Halifax, 1770), and a "Sermon 
on the Death of Abigail Belcher, with an Epistle 
by Mather Bayles, D. D." (Boston, 1772). 

8EDDON, James Alexander, lawyer, b. in Fal- 
mouth, Stafford eo., Va., 13 July, 1815 ; d. in Gooch- 
land county, Va., 19 Aug., 1880. Thomas Seddon, 
his father, who was first a merchant and then a 
banker, was descend- 
ed from John Seddon, 
of Lancashire. Eng- 
land, who settled in 
Stafford county, Va., 
in colonial days. Su- 
san Alexander, his 
mother, was a lineal 
descendant of the Earl 
of Sterling. Through- 
out his life Mr. Sed- 
don was of a frail con- 
stitution, and, owing 
to his delicate health, 
his early education 
was much neglected. 
The knowledge of the 
ancient classics and 
literature, for which 
he was noted in af- 
ter-life, was mainly self-acquired. At the age of 
twenty-one he entered the law-school of the Uni- 
versity of Virginia, where he was graduated with 
the degree of B. L. He settled in Richmond in 
the practice of the law, and almost immediate- 
ly advanced to the front rank of the bar. In 1845 
he was nominated by the Democratic party for 
congress, and, though the district was a doubt- 
ful one, he was elected by a handsome majority. 
In 1847 he was renominated, but, not being in ac- 
•cord with the resolutions of the nominating con- 
vol. v.— 29 




<2<%frnt4 sf-C %cU6*> 



vention, he declined, and the Whig candidate was 
elected. In 1849 he was re-elected, serving from 
8 Dec, 1849, till 8 March, 1851. Owing to his 
health, he declined another nomination at the 
end of his term, and retired to Sabot Hill, his estate 
on James river above Richmond. While in con- 
gress he took part in most of the important debates 
of the period, and was recognized as a leader of his 
party. In 1846 he participated actively in the de- 
bates upon the reform revenue bill, advocating the 
principles of free-trade. In 1860 the excitement 
of impending war brought him again into politics. 
On 19 Jan., 1861, he was appointed by the legis- 
lature of Virginia a commissioner with John Tyler 
and others to the Peace convention, which met 
at the call of Virginia in Washington on 4 Feb. 
He represented Virginia in the committee upon 
resolutions, and, in accordance with the instruc- 
tions of his state, made a minority report recom- 
mending that the constitution should be amended 
according to the resolutions that had been intro- 
duced in the senate by John J. Crittenden and by 
a further article expressly recognizing the right of 
any state peaceably to withdraw from the Union. 
He became a member of the first Confederate con- 
gress, and in November, 1862, having been chosen 
by Jefferson Davis as secretary of war, became a 
member of his cabinet He devoted himself to the 
duties of his office until 1 Jan., 1865, when he re- 
tired finally from public life to his country estate. 

SEDENO, Antonio (say-dayn'-yo), Spanish sol- 
dier, b. in Spain about the eud of the 15th cen- 
tury ; d. in Cubagua, Venezuela, in March, 1588. 
He went to Santo Domingo with Diego Columbus 
in June, 1509, where he served till 1512, when he 
was appointed by King Ferdinand first treasurer 
of Porto Rico. In 1515 he became alderman of 
Saint John. Several years afterward, being ac- 
cused of peculation in the treasury, he was impris- 
oned, but escaped to Santo Domingo, where he 
served until 1528. On his return, an expedition 
to the Windward islands, especially Trinidad, the 
headquarters of the Carib Indians, who devastated 
Porto Rico repeatedly, was suggested by the gov- 
ernor, and Sedefio sailed to Spain, where he ob- 
tained a royal permit for the conquest of the island 
of Trinidad. He returned to Porto Rico, where 
he recruited 150 men, and sailed early in 1580, 
landing on the southwest coast of the island in the 
territory of Cacique Chacomar, by whom he was 
received in a friendly manner. Soon the abuses of 
his followers caused a general revolt, but, aided by 
Chacomar, Sedefio defeated the natives in many 
encounters, and built a fortress, which he called 
Paria. Leaving a garrison, he returned in 1581 to 
Porto Rico, carryiug many Carib prisoners ; but on 
his arrival he was forced to release them. Although 
meanwhile Geronimo Ortal had been appointed 
adelantado of Trinidad* and taken possession of 
Fort Paria, and Sedefio's claim had been declared 
void by the audiencia of Santo Domingo, the lat- 
ter gathered some troops in Porto Rico, to whom 
he promised the fabulous wealth of the river Meta, 
which was included in his original grant. He 
landed in Trinidad during Ortal's absence, cap- 
tured Fort Paria by surprise, and. entering by the 
river Pedernales, invaded the mainland, where he 
had serious disputes with Ortal about the bound- 
aries of his province. He was finally poisoned by 
his native cook in the island of Cubagua. 

SEDGWICK, John, soldier, b. in Cornwall, 
Conn., 18 Sept, 1818 ; d. near Spottsylvania Court- 
House, Va., 9 May, 1864. He was graduated at the 
U. S. military academy in 1887, 24th in a class of fifty 
members, among whom were Gen* Joseph Hooker, 



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450 



SEDGWICK 



SEDGWICK 



Gen. Braxton Bragg, and Gen. Jubal A. Early. Im- 
mediately after his graduation he served in the 
Florida war against the Seminole Indians. His first 
engagement was a skirmish near Fort Clinch, 20 
May, 1838. The same year he was employed in re- 
moving the Cherokees to their new home beyond 

the Mississippi. 
He was made 
1st lieutenant 
of artillery, 19 
April, 1839. In 
the Mexican war 
he was succes- 
sively ore vetted 
captain and ma- 
jor for gallant 
conduct at Con- 
treras, Churu- 
busco, and Cha- 
pultepec Heal- 
so distinguished 
himself at the 
head of his com- 

s ^ . * mand in the at- 

J£r^*^ C**Ujr**s**u* tack on the San 
Cosmo gate of 
the city of Mexico. He was made captain, 26 
Jan., 1849, major of the 1st cavalry, 8 March, 1855, 
and served in Kansas and on the western frontier 
At the beginning of the civil war he was lieuten- 
ant-colonel of the 2d cavalry. On 25 April, 1861, 
he was promoted to the colonelcy of the 4th cav- 
alry, and on 31 Aug. was commissioned a briga- 
dier-general of volunteers and placed in command 
of a brigade of the Army of the Potomac, which 
in the subsequent organization of the army was 
assigned to the 2d corps, under Gen. Sumner, Gen. 
Sedgwick assuming command of the 3d divis- 
ion. In this capacity he took part in the siege of 
Yorktown and the subsequent pursuit of the ene- 
my up the peninsula, and rendered good service at 
the battle of Fair Oaks. In all the seven days' 
fighting, and particularly at Savage Station and 
Glendale, he bore an honorable part, and at the 
battle of Antietam he exhibited conspicuous gal- 
lantry, exposing himself recklessly. On this occa- 
sion he was twice wounded, but refused for two 
hours to be taken from the field. On 23 Dec. he 
was nominated by the president a major-general of 
volunteers, and in the succeeding February he as- 
sumed command of the 6th army corps. At the 
head ofthese troops he carried Marye's Heights in 
the rear of Fredericksburg during the Ohanoel- 
lorsville campaign in Mav, 1863, and. after the re- 
treat of Gen. Joseph Hooker across the Rappahan- 
nock, succeeded only by very hard fighting in with- 
drawing his command in the face of a superior 
force, against which he had contended for a whole 
day, to the left bank of the river. He commanded 
the left wing of the Army of the Potomac during 
the advance from the Rappahannock into Mary- 
land in June, ami also at the succeeding Nit tie of 
Gettysburg, where he arrived on the second day of 
the fish ting, after one of the most extraordinary 
force*! marches on record, his steady courage in- 
spiring confidence among his troops.* During the 
|*ssage of Rapidan river on 7 Nov.. 18tfH, he suc- 
ceeded, by a well-executed manoeuvre, in captur- 
ing a whole Confederate division with guns and 
colors, for which he was thanked by Gen. Meade 
in a general order. In command of h:^ v>»q*< he 
took part in the spring cami<aigu of the Wilderness 
under Gen. Grant, and on 5 and 6 May had po- 
tion on the National right wing, where the hardest 
fighting of lhos« sanguinary engagements took 



place. Three days later, while directing the placing- 
of some pieces of artillery in position in the in- 
trenchments in front of Spottsylvania Court-House, 
he was struck in the head by a bullet from a sharp- 
shooter and instantly killed. Gen. Sedgwick was 
one of the oldest, ablest, and bravest soldiers of the 
Army of the Potomac, inspiring both officers and 
men with the fullest confidence in his military 
capacity. His simplicity and honest manliness 
endeared him, notwithstanding he was a strict dis- 
ciplinarian, to all with whom he came in contact, 
and his corps was in consequence one of the best in 
discipline and morale in the army. He declined 
the command of the Army of the Potomac just be- 
fore it was given to Gen. Meade, but several times 
held it temporarily during that general's absence. 
A fine bronze statue of Gen. Sedgwick stands on 
the plateau at West Point. 

SEDGWICK, Robert, soldier, b. in England 
about 1590: d. in Jamaica, W. I., 24 May, 1656. 
He had been a member of the Artillery company 
in London, and settled in Charles town, Mass., in 
1635. He engaged in business, became a success- 
ful merchant, and was for many years a deputy 
from Charlestown to the general court. He was 
one of the founders of the Ancient and honorable 
artillery company in 1688, its captain in 1640, and 
commanded the castle in 1641. in 1643 he became 
colonel of the Middlesex regiment, and in 1652 
commander of all the Massachusetts militia. He 
was associated with John Winthrop, Jr., in 1643- , 4 t 
in establishing the first furnace and iron-works in 
the country, lie was employed to expel the French 
from Penobscot in 1654, was engaged in the expe- 
dition against the Spanish West Indies in 1655. 
when Jamaica was taken, and was one of three 
commissioners appointed by Cromwell to govern 
that island. Just before his death the protector 
advanced him to the sole command with the rank 
of major-general— His descendant, Theodore, 
statesman, b. in Hartford, Conn., in 1746; d. in 
Boston, 24 Jan., 
1813, lost his fa- 
ther when he was 
thirteen years of 
age, and was aid- 
ed by his broth- 
er to enter Yale, 
which he left in 

I 1765, owing to a 
slight misdemean- 

j or, without being 
graduated. He 

I afterward studied 

1 divinity, but ahan- 

! doned it for law, 
was admitted to 

• the bar in April, 

I 1766. and prac- 
tised in Great Bar- c-C? j> # 

1 rington, and af- jiuL+mOr-t, ^€-o^p***^«-^ 
terward in Shef- 
field. Mass, Though always stronglv attached to 
the mother country, he engaged in the war of the 
Revolution with ardor on the side of the colonies, 
served as aide to lien. John Thomas in his expe- 

| dition to Canada in 1776. and was subsequent- 
ly actively engaged in procuring supplies for the 
army. He represented Sheffield in tne Massachu- 
setts legislature both before and after the Revo- 
lution, and was a member of the Continental con- 
gress in 17S5-*6. In the winter of 1787 he was 
active m the suppression of Shay»"s rebellion, and 
incurred the especial enmity of the insurgents, 
who frequently threatened his life. His house was 



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SEDGWICK 



SEDGWICK 



451 



Attacked by them during his absence in the legis- 
lature. He was an active member of the Massa- 
chusetts convention that ratified the constitution 
of the United States in 1788. In 1789 he was elected 
to congress, of which he remained a representative 
by successive elections till March, 1706, when he 
was elected to the U. S. senate. He served in this 
body for three years, and was president pro tempore 
in 1707. In 1799 he was again elected to the house 
of representatives, and was chosen its speaker. In 
1802 he was appointed a judge of the supreme 
court of Massachusetts, which office he held till 
his death. Soon after the adoption of the Massa- 
chusetts constitution Elizabeth Freeman, a negro 
slave of great force of character and intelligence, 
having fled from her master in consequence of 
cruel treatment, Judge Sedgwick defended her 
from the hitter's suit to recover his slave. The 
court pronounced her free, thus making the earli- 
est practical application, so far as known, of the 
declaration of the Massachusetts bill of rights, that 
"all men are born free and equal." He was an 
active member of the old Federal party, and an 
intimate associate of many of its leaders. His ju- 
dicial opinions were remarkable for clearness of 
expression and elegance of diction. He was a 
member of the American academy of arts and sci- 
ences, and in 1799 received the degree of LL. D. 
from Princeton. — His eldest son, Theodore, law- 
yer, b. in Sheffield, Mass., 31 Dec., 1780 ; d. in Pitts- 
field, Mass., 7 Nov., 1839, was graduated at Yale 
in 1798. studied law with his father, was admit- 
ted to the bar in 1801, and practised at Albany 
till 1821, when he removed to Stockbridge, Mass., 
owing to impaired health, and retired from the 
active practice of his profession. He afterward 
interested himself in agriculture, was repeatedly 
chosen president of the Agricultural society of the 
county, was a member of the legislature in 1824, 
1825, and 1827, and in the last year carried through 
a bill for the construction of a railroad across the 
mountains from Boston to Albany, which had been 
generally regarded as a chimerical scheme. He 
was for a series of years the unsuccessful candidate 
of the Democratic party for lieutenant-governor. 
He was an earnest advocate of free-trade and tem- 
perance, and an opponent of slavery. His death 
resulted from a stroke of apoplexy, which occurred 
at the close of an address to the Democratic citi- 
zens of Pittsfleld. He published " Hints to my 
Countrymen " (1826) ; " Public and Private Econ- 
omy, illustrated by Observations made in Europe 
in 1836-'7" (3 vols.. New York, 1838); and ad- 
dresses to the Berkshire agricultural association 
(1823 and 1830).— His wife, Susan Ridley, author, 
b. about 1789 ; d. in Stockbridge. Mass., in 1867, 
was a granddaughter of Gov. William Livingston, 
of New Jersey, and the author of "Morals of Pleas- 
ure " (Philadelphia, 1829); "The Young Emi- 
grants" (Boston, 1880); "Alien Prescott" (2 vols., 
New York, 1835); "Alida,or Town or Country" 
(1844) ; and " Walter Thornley " (1859). The Sedg- 
wick mansion at Stockbridge is seen in the illus- 
tration on page 452.— Henry D wight, second son 
of the first Theodore, author, b. in Sheffield, Mass., 
in 1785; d. in Stockbridge, Mass.. 23 Dec.. 1831, 
was graduated at Williams college in 1804, and 
became an eminent member of the New York bar. 
He contributed to the " North American Review " 
and other journals, and published an " Appeal to 
the City of New York on the Proposed Alteration 
of its Charter." His " English Practice of the 
Common Law" (New York, 1822) was an argu- 
ment against the complexity and absurdity of that 
system which was one of the first suggestions 



of the code of civil procedure afterward adopted 
by the state of New York. He was an ardent op- 
ponent of slavery and an advocate of free-trade, 
in support of which he published numerous pa- 
pers, including a series of forty-seven articles in 
the " Banner of the Constitution." Mr. Sedgwick 
was instrumental in persuading William Cullen 
Bryant to remove to New York, and was one of 
the first to appreciate his talents. During the 
struggle of the G reeks for independence two frig- 
ates that had been built for tnem in this coun- 
try were detained to answer exorbitant charges 
for their construction. Through the exertions of 
Mr. Sedgwick and his associate counsel one of the 
ships was discharged from attachment and sent to 
Greece. His death was caused by paralysis, brought 
on by his efforts in this litigation, fiis " Refuta- 
tion of the Reasons in the Award in the Case of the 
Two Greek Frigates " was subsequently published 
(1826).— The first Theodore's daughter, Catherine 
Marin, author, b. in Stockbridge, Mass., 28 Dec, 
1789; d. near Roxbury, Mass., 31 July, 1867, re- 
ceived an excel- 
lent education, 
and, on her fa- 
ther's death in 
1818, undertook 
the management 
of a private 
school for young 
ladies, ana con- 
tinued it for fifty 
years. Her broth- 
ers Theodore and 
Henry encour- 
aged the develop- 
ment of herpow- 
ers. Miss Sedg- 
wick's first work 
of fiction," A New 
England Tale," 

appeared anony- ^^ZJc/c^^^ o<C 
mously (New s 

York, 1822; last 

ed., with •• Miscellanies," 1856), and its very favorable 
reception encouraged her to prosecute authorship. 
"Redwood " followed (2 vols., 1824). also anonymous. 
It was reprinted in England, and translated into 
four European languages, the French translator 
erroneously attributing the authorship to James 
Penimore Cooper. " The Traveller " appeared next 
(1825); " Hope Leslie, or Early Times in Massachu- 
setts {t (2 vols., 1827) ; " Clarence, a Tale of our Own 
Times" (2 vols., Philadelphia, 1830); "Le Bossu," 
one of the " Tales of the Glauber Spa " (1882) ; and 
" The Linwoods, or Sixty Years Since in America " 
(2 vols., 1835). This was the last, and by many is 
thought to be the best, of her novels. That year 
she also published a collection of her "Sketches 
and Tales " from the magazines. She next issued 
a series of papers illustrative of common every-day 
life, and inculcating moral lessons, under the title 
of " The Poor Rich Man and the Rich Poor Man " 
(New York, 1836), in 1837 " Live and Let Live," 
and in 1888 "A Love-Token for Children" and 
" Means and Ends, or Self-Training." In the spring 
of 1889 she visited Europe, travelling for a year, 
and conveying her impressions in " Letters from 
Abroad to Kindred at Home," which were pub- t 
lished after her return (2 vols., 1841). These were 
followed that same year by " Historical Sketches 
of the Old Painters ' and biographies of the sis- 
ters " Lucretia and Margaret Davidson." Among 
her other works are " Wilton Harvey, and Other 
Tales " (1845) ; " Morals of Manners " (1846) ; " Pacts 



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SEDGWICK 



SEELYE 



and Fancies" (1848); and "Married or Singlet" 
(1857). Miss Sedgwick both edited and wrote arti- 
cles for literary periodical publications, and she 
contributed largely to the annuals. Collections 
of these papers constitute several volumes of her 
works, one is thoroughly American in thought 
and feeling, and with very marked individuality, 
of the best New England type. Her delineations 
of character and manners, as then found, in her 
native state, are unsurpassed for their picturesque- 
ness and truth. See her " Life and Letters, by 
Marv E. Dewey (New York, 1871).— Elizabeth 
Dwlght, author, married Charles, a son of the 
first Theodore, and was well known as a teacher. 
She wrote "Beatitudes and Pleasant Sundays," 
" Lessons without Books," " A Talk with my Pu- 
pils" (New York, 1868), and "Spanish Conquest." 
— The second Theodore's son Theodore, lawyer, b. 
in Albany, N. Y., 27 Jan., 1811 ; d. in Stockbridge, 
Mass., 9 Dec., 1859, was graduated at Columbia in 
1829, and admitted to the bar in May, 1833. The 
following fifteen months he passed in Europe, prin- 
cipally in Paris, as an attache* to the U. S. embassy 
under Edward Livingston. On his return he prac- 
tised law successfully in New York till 1850, when 
failing health forced him to desist for a time from 
active professional labor. President Buchanan 
tendered him the mission to the Hague in 1857, 
and he twice declined the office of assistant secre- 
tary of state. In January, 1858, he was appointed 



U. S. attorney for the southern district of New 
York, which office he held till his death. He was 
president of the New York Crystal palace asso- 
ciation in 1852. Mr. Sedgwick was a frequent 
contributor to periodicals and newspapers, and 
published * 4 Memoir of William Livingston " (New 
York, 1833) ; " What is Monopoly t " (1835) ; " State- 
ment re New York Court of Chancery" (1838); 
" Thoughts on the Annexation of Texas," a series 
of papers in opposition to that measure (1844); 
" Treatise on the Measure of Damages, or an In- 
quiry into the Principles which govern the Amount 
of Compensation in Suits at Law" (1847); "The 
American Citizen : a Discourse, at Union College " 
(1847) ; and " Treatise on the Rules which govern the 
Interpretation and Application of Statutory and 
Constitutional Law " (1857 ; 2d ed., enlarged, with 
notes bv John Norton Pomerov, 1874). He edited 
the political writings of William Leggett (2 vols.. 
New York, 1840).— The third Theodore's son, Ar- 
thur George, lawyer, b. in New York city, 6 Oct., 
1844, was graduated at Harvard in 1864, became 
1st lieutenant in the 20th Massachusetts regiment, 
was captured at Deep Bottom, Va., and confined in 
Libby prison during the latter part of the summer 
of 1864. His confinement having produced an ill- 
ness which incapacitated him for further service, 
he entered Harvard law-school, and after gradua- 
tion was admitted to the Boston bar, where he 
practised law for several years, during part of this 



time editing the "American Law Review" with 
Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. Returning to New 
York in 1872, he practised, and was also for some 
time one of the editors of the "Evening Post," 
and also of the " Nation," to which he constantly 
contributed legal, political, and critical articles. 
He edited the 5th edition of his father's work on 
" Damages " (New York, 1869), and with G. Willett 
Van Nest the 7th (1880). He also published, with 
F. S. Wait, " A Treatise on the Principles and Prac- 
tice governing the Trial of Title to Land" (1882). 
— John, grandnephew of the first Theodore, b. in 
New York city, 2 June, 1829, was graduated at the 
University of the city of New York in 1847, and 
was assistant district attorney of New York in 
1856-'61. Since 1 Jan., 1872, he has been judge of 
the superior court of the city of New York. 
SEDLEY, William Henrr, actor, b. in Mont- 

gomery, Wales, 4 Dec, 1806 ; a. in San Francisco, 
al., 17 Jan., 1872. He was the son of a British 
army officer, who was killed in the peninsular 
war. The boy left home when he was fourteen 
years old, joined a company of strolling players, 
and, assuming the name of W. H. Smith, began to 
play minor parts in the Shrewsbury theatre. In 
1822 he obtained his first regular engagement at 
the Theatre royal, Lancaster, and, coming to this 
country in 182*7, made his first appearance at the 
Walnut street theatre, Philadelphia. He won his 
highest reputation in 1828 at the Tremont theatre, 
Boston, as Rolando in " The Honeymoon." In 1836 
he managed the National theatre, "Boston, and from 
1843 till 1860 he was stage-manager of the Boston 
museum. His first appearance in New York was 
at the old Chatham street theatre, 3 Nov., 1840, 
when he acted Edgar to the Lear of Junius Brutus 
Booth. He also appeared acceptably as Laertes, 
Gratiano, and Marc Antony. His last professional 
appearance in New York was made at the Winter 
garden, 6 May, 1865. During the few years pre- 
ceding his death he had been employed at the 
California theatre, San Francisco, as actor and 
manager.— His wife, formerly a Miss Riddle, b. in 
Philadelphia in 1811; d. in New York, 27 Sept, 
1861, made her debut at the Walnut street theatre, 
in her native city, in 1823, and first appeared in 
New York at the old Chatham street theatre as 
Virginia in " Virginius." She was very popular 
for many vears. — Their son, Henry, author, b. in 
Boston, Mass., 4 April, 1835, was educated in his 
native place, studied civil engineering at Rensselaer 
polytechnic institute, Trov, N. Y., and afterward 
practised his profession in San Francisco. He sub- 
sequently engaged in journalism, was one of the 
editors of the New York " Times," and the " Even- 
ing Post," and for some time was an editor of the 
"Commercial Advertiser." He is the author of 
" Dangerfield's Rest, a Romance" (New York, 
1864), and " Marion Rooke, or the Quest for For- 
tune " (1865), and has also contributed to English 
and American magazines. 

SEELYE, Julius Hawley, educator, b. in 
Bethel, Conn., 14 Sept, 1824. He was graduated 
at Amherst in 1849, studied at Auburn theological 
seminary in 184 9- '52, and continued his studies 
in theology at Halle, Germany, in 1852-"8. He 
was ordained by the classis of Schenectady in 1853, 
and in that year became pastor of the 1st Reformed 
Dutch church in Schenectady, N. Y., where he re- 
mained until 1858. In that year he was elected 
Erofessor of mental and moral philosophy at Am- 
erst college, which post he held until 1875. He 
was chosen to congress in 1874 from Massachusetts 
without being nominated by any party, serving 
from 6 Dec., 1875, till 8 March, 1877, and at the 



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end of his term declined a renomination. While in 
congress, though a Republican, he opposed the elec- 
toral commission and the declaration of the election 
of Rutherford B. Hayes to the office of president 
of the United States. In 1877 he was installed as 
president of Amherst college, which office he now 
(1888) holds. In 1872 he visited India by invita- 
tion, and delivered a course of lectures. In 1874 
he was appointed by the governor of Massachu- 
setts one of a commission to revise the laws of 
that state on taxation. During the early years of 
his presidency of Amherst he inaugurated the 
" Amherst system " of college self-government, by 
which the students have a large share in maintain- 
ing discipline, and which has been productive of 
good results. President Seelye has been a trustee 
of the Clarke institute for deaf-mutes, and of Smith 
college for women, and has served on the board 
of visitors of Andover theological seminary. He 
received the degree of D. D. from Union college in 
1862, and that of LL. D. from Columbia in 1876. 
In addition to articles in various reviews, sermons 
and addresses, and contributions to religious maga- 
zines, he has published a translation of Dr. Albert 
Schwegler's " History of Philosophy " (New York, 
1866) ; "Lectures to Educated Hindus* (Bombay, 
1878 ; republished by the Congregational publish- 
ing society, Boston, 1878, under the title "The 
Way, the Truth, the Life " ; also translated into 
Hindustani, Japanese, and German); " Christian 
Missions " (New York, 1875) ; and revised and edit- 
ed Hickok's " Moral Science " (Boston, 1880).— His 
brother, Laurens Clark, educator, b. in Bethel, 
Conn., 20 Sept., 1887, was graduated at Union 
college in 1857, studied at Andover theological 
seminary in 1857-*9, and was at Berlin and Heidel- 
berg universities in 1860-'2. He afterward trav- 
elled in Europe, Egypt, and Palestine, and in 1868 
was ordained pastor of the North Congregational 
church at Springfield, Mass., where he remained 
two years. He was professor of English literature 
and oratory at Amherst from 1865 till 1878, and in 
1874 became president of Smith college for young 
women (which he had organized) at Northampton, 
Mass. His various contributions to reviews in- 
clude articles on college education and on Celtic 
literature. The degree of D. D. was conferred on 
him by Union college in 1875. 

SEEMAN, Berthold, German traveller, b. 
in Hanover, Germany, 28 Feb., 1825 ; d. at the 
Javali mine, Nicaragua, 10 Oct., 1871. He was 
educated at the lyceum of his native city, took his 
degree at the University of Gdttingen, and was 
appointed in 1846 naturalist on board the British 
government vessel " Herald " on an exploring ex- 
pedition round the world. He subsequently served 
on three arctic voyages (1846-'51), and published 
M A Narrative of the Voyage of the ' Herald,' and 
Three Cruises to the Arctic Regions in Search of 
Sir John Franklin" (London, 1852). Then ap- 
peared "Popular History of Palms" (1855), and 
"Botany of the Voyage of the ' Herald '" (1857). 
He was appointed in 1860 by the colonial office 
one of the royal commissioners to the Fiji islands 
to ascertain their fitness for British colonization, 
the results of which appeared in " Viti. an Account 
of a Government Mission to the Viti, or Fiji 
Islands" (1862). He also issued "Popular No- 
menclature of the American Flora." "Paradesus 
Vindobonensis," and " Twenty-four Views of the 
Coast and Islands of the Pacific." He accom- 
panied Capt. Bedford Pim on his travels to Central 
America, and, in collaboration with him, wrote 
" Dottings on the Roadside in Panama, Nicaragua, 
and Mosquito" (1869). He was editor of the 



"Bonplandia" and of the "Journal of Botany, 
British and Foreign." Dr. Seeman contributed 
largely to scientific, literary, and political journals 
in London. The " Flora Vitiensis " he completed 
only a short time before his death. 

SEFTON, John, actor, b. in Liverpool, Eng- 
land, 15 Jan., 1805 ; d. in New York city, 19 Sept, 
1868. He began the study of law, but preferring 
the stage, entered upon his professional career at 
the age of sixteen. He came to this country in 1 827, 
played for two seasons at the Walnut street theatre, 
Philadelphia, and gained great popularity in New 
York as Jemmy Twitcher in the " Golden Farmer." 
He was stage-manager at the Astor place opera- 
house during the Macready riot, and afterward held 
the same post at Richmond, at the Walnut street 
theatre, Philadelphia, at Charleston and Colum- 
bia, S. ft, and at New Orleans, La. His last ap- 
pearance was at the Broadway theatre in October, 
1867. In certain comic parts he had no superior 
either in this country or in England. 

SE9AR, Joseph E„ member of congress, b. in 
King William county, Va., 1 June, 1804 ; d. in 1885. 
He was educated at the public schools, and in 1886 
was elected to the state house of representatives, 
where he served for several terms. He was elected 
to congress as a Unionist from Virginia, serving 
from 6 May, 1862, till 8 March, 1864, and was 
chosen U. S. senator from Virginia in the place of 
Lemuel J. Bowden, deceased, but was not admitted 
to a seat He was appointed arbitrator on the part 
of the United States under the United States and 
Spanish claims convention of 1877. 

SEGHERS, Charles John, archbishop, b. in 
Ghent, Belgium, 26 Dec, 1839 ; d. in Alaska, 28 
Nov., 1886. He studied for the priesthood In the 
ecclesiastical seminary of Ghent, and afterward in 
the American college, Louvain, was ordained a 
priest at Mechlin in 1868, and went to Vancouver's 
island as a missionary, rising to be vicar-general. 
During these years he also labored for the conver- 
sion of the Indians in British North America. In 
1871 he was made administrator of the diocese, 
and on 29 June, 1878, he was consecrated bishop of 
Vancouver's island. His accession to the episco- 
pate gave a great impulse to Roman Catholicism 
m the northwest. He was the first missionary of 
his church who attempted the conversion of the 
Alaskan Indians. In 1878 he visited that territory 
and all the adjacent islands, travelling on snow- 
shoes and afterward going on dog-sleds or canoes 
among the tribes in the interior and along the 
coast. Toward the end of the year he was appointed 
coadjutor archbishop of Oregon and reached Port- 
land on 1 July, 1879. He spent a year in exploring 
Washington territory, Idaho, and Montana, and 
published a series of letters in Roman Catholic 
periodicals in the eastern states, describing his 
adventures. In 1881 he succeeded to the arch- 
bishopric, but for several years he had been anx- 
ious to resign his see in order to devote himself 
to the conversion of the Alaska Indians, and he 
visited Europe in 1888 to obtain permission from 
the pope. His resignation was at length accepted, 
and he was reappointed bishop of Vancouver's 
island, retaining nis title of archbishop. On his 
return he stopped at Baltimore, Md., to take part 
in the 3d plenary council in 1884, and he reached 
Victoria early in the following year. He then set 
about re-establishing among the Alaska Indians 
the missions that had come to a stand-still during 
his absence in Oregon. He left Victoria in July, 
1886, for Alaska in company with two Jesuits and 
a guide named Fuller, according to some accounts 
an Englishman, according to others an American. 



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They arrived safely at Chilcat, and then travelled 
northward along the ooast until they reached the 
station of the Alaska trading company at the head 
of Stewart's river. Leaving the Jesuits to estab- 
lish a mission among the Stekin Indians, the arch- 
bishop, with Fuller and some Indian guides, set 
out on 8 Sept for Muklakayet, a village near the 
mouth of the Tannanah river, which he reached on 
24 Oct He spent a few weeks in missionary duties 
among the Indians of this trading-post, by whom 
he was well received, and then decided to push on 
to Nulata, 200 miles down the Yukon river. Trav- 
elling on sleds, the party arrived at a deserted vil- 
lage about thirty miles from their destination. 
They entered a hut, and, after making a fire, lay 
down before it At daylight the next morning 
Fuller, who had several times exhibited anger at 
being drawn farther and farther into these deso- 
late regions, levelled his rifle at the archbishop 
and shot him. The murderer, while afterward ex- 
pressing great remorse, gave no sufficient reason 
lor committing the crime. Archbishop Seghers, 
besides being one of the most adventurous of ex- 
plorers, was a divine of great erudition and an 
effective pulpit orator. 

SEGUlN, Arthur Edward Sheldon, actor 
and singer.b. in London, England, ? April, 1809 ; 
d. in New York city, 13 Dec, 1852. He was one of 
the earliest pupils of the Royal academy of music, 
from which be retired in 1880 with all the honors. 
He first appeared at the Queen's theatre, London, 
in 1881 as Polyphemus in Handel's "Ads and 
Galatea," and in 1888 came to this country and 
made his first appearance on the American stage 
on 15 Oct, at the National theatre, New York, as 
Gen. Von der Teimer in the opera of " Amelie." 
He afterward performed in the principal cities 
with great success as a bass-singer and comic actor. 
— His wife, whose maiden name was Ann Chllde, 
b. in London, England, in 1809, was a pupil of the 
Royal academy of music, and appeared for several 
seasons at Her Majesty's theatre, London. She was 
long a member of the Italian opera company in 
that city, and first appeared on the American stage, 
15 Oct. 1888, at the National theatre, New York 
city. She subsequently travelled as a star through 
the United States and gained great popularity. 
She made her first appearance in Philadelphia, 4 
Nov., 1889, as Linda in " Der FreischQtz," but after- 
ward retired from the stage and engaged in teach- 
ing in New York, where (in 1888) she still resides. 

SEGUIN, Edouard, physician, b. in Claraecy, 
France, 20 Jan., 1812; d. in New York city, 28 
Oct, 1880. He was educated at the College of 
Auxerre and St Louis, and then studied medicine 
and surgery under Jean Gaspard Itard. At the sug- 
gestion of Itard he determined to devote himself 
to the training of idiots, and thoroughly investi- 
gated the causes and philosophy of idiocy and the 
best means of dealing with it In 1837 he began 
to treat an idiot boy, and in 1889 he opened the 
first school for idiots. He was soon able to obtain 
remarkable results by his system of training. In 
1844 a commission from the Academy of sciences 
in Paris examined critically his plan of educating 
idiot children, and in their report declared that, up 
to the time when he began his labors, idiots could 
not be educated or cured by any means, but that 
he had solved the problem. After the revolution 
of 1848 he came to the United States, and after 
visiting various schools, modelled on his own, that 
had been established in the United States, and as- 
sisting in their organization, he settled in Cleve- 
land, and later in Portsmouth, Ohio. In 1860 he 
removed to Mount Vernon, N. Y., and he received 



the degree of M. D. from the medical department 
of the University of the city of New York in 1881, 
after which he came to reside in New York city. 
Subsequent to 1866 he devoted attention to the 
study of animal heat, adding greatly to the knowl- 
edge on that subject by the methods of thermom- 
etry that he devised and the instruments that 
he invented, of which the physiological thermom- 
eter, largely used by physicians, is the most im- 
portant In 1873 he was a commissioner to the 
World's fair in Vienna from the United States, and 
published a special " Report on Education." He 
was a member of various medical societies, and was 
president of the Association of medical officers of 
American institutions for idiotic and feeble-minded 
persons. To Dr. Seguin more than any other per- 
son is due the honor of showing to what degree 
the congenita] failures of nature can be redeemed 
and educated to comparative usefulness. Accord- 
ing to his testimony, " not one idiot in a thousand 
has been entirely refractory to treatment, not one 
in a hundred has not been made more happy and 
healthy ; more than thirty per cent have been taught 
to conform to social ana moral law, and rendered 
capable of order, of good feeling, and of working like 
the third of a man ; more than forty per cent have 
become capable of the ordinary transactions of life 
under friendly control, of understanding moral and 
social abstractions, of working like two-thirds of a 
man ; and twenty-five to thirty per cent come nearer 
and nearer to the standard of manhood, till some of 
them will defy the scrutiny of good judges when 
compared with ordinary young men and women." 
His writings, which are numerous, include " Re- 
sume* de ce que nous avons fait pendant quatorxe 
mois " (Paris, 1889) ; " Conseils a M. O. sur reeduca- 
tion de son enfant idiot " (1889) ; " Theorie et pra- 
tique de l'education des idiots *' (2 parts. 1841-*2); 
" Hygiene et Education des idiots " (1848) ; " Ima- 
ges graduees a l'usage des enfants arridres et idi- 
ots " (1846) ; " Traitement moral, hygiene et edu- 
cation des idiots et des autre enfants arrieres " 
(1846), which is accepted as the standard author- 
ity on the subject ; " Jacob Rodrigue Pereire, notice 
sur sa vie et ses travaux " (1847); " Historical Notice 
of the Origin and Progress of the Treatment of Idi- 
ots " (translated by Dr. John S. Newberry, Hartford, 
1856); "Idiocy and its Treatment by the Physio- 
logical Method" (New York, 1866); "New Facte 
and Remarks concerning Idiocy " (1879) ; " Pre- 
scription and Clinical Record tf (1870) ; "Medical 
Thermometry," with C. A. Wunderlich (1871) 
" Manual of Thermometry for Mothers " (1878) 
" Thermomltres physiologiques " (Paris, 1873) 
" Tableaux de thermometrie mathdmatique " (1878) 
and " Medical Thermometry and Human Tempera- 
ture" (New York. 1876). 

SflGUR, Louis Philippe, Count de, French 
historian, b. in Paris, 10 Dec, 1758 ; d. there, 27 
Aug., 1880. He was the eldest son of the field- 
marshal Louis de Segur, studied in the school of 
artillery at Strasburg, and obtained in 1769 the 
commission of lieutenant of cavalry. He was pro- 
moted captain in 1771, and lieutenant-colonel of 
the regiment Orleans in 1776. He became an advo- 
cate of the cause of the American colonists at court, 
and as early as 1777 asked from the king permis- 
sion to serve in this country as a volunteer, but 
was reprimanded. He was afterward appointed 
colonel of the regiment " Soissonnois," and em- 
barked on 7 April, 1781, in the frigate " La Gloire," 
He served during the remainder of the war, and 
after the withdrawal of the French forces in 1782 
obtained leave to remain, and visited the southern 
states, Mexico, Peru, and Santo Domingo, where he 



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owned a large estate. A few years later in his 
** Melanges" he published the journal of his trav- 
els* which attracted much attention. He was min- 
ister to Russia in 1784-'9, and to Berlin in 1792. 
Ruined by the revolution, he supported his family 
during the following years almost exclusively by 
his pen. He was deputy to the corps legislatif in 
1801, elected in 1803 a member of the French acad- 
emy, and afterward became a councillor of state, 
grand master of the ceremonies, count of the em- 

8 ire in 1810, and a senator, 5 April, 1814 After 
le restoration of the Bourbons he became a peer 
of France, 4 June, 1814, and always sided with the 
liberals. His works include " Pensees politiques " 
(Paris, 1796); "Melanges" (1796); "Tableau his- 
torique et politique de l'Europe, 1780-1796" (8 
Vols., 1801); "Histoire de Frederic Guillaume II." 
(1801); "Politique de tons les cabinets de l'Eu- 
rope pendant les regnes de Louis XV. et Louis 
XVI* (8 vols., 1801-*22); " Galerie morale et poli- 
tique " (8 vols., 1817-'24); " Histoire de France" 
(9 vols., 1824-'30) ; and " Memoires ou souvenirs et 
anecdotes " (8 vols., 1 824). His complete works were 
published in 1824 (88 vols.). 

SEGURA, Juan Bautista (say-goo'-rah), Span- 
ish missionary, b. in Toledo, Spain ; d. in Virginia 
in February, 1571. He entered the Society of Jesus 
at Alcala in April, 1566, was appointed vice-pro- 
vincial of Florida in 1568, and sailed the same 
year from Spain at the head of a band of mission- 
aries. Landing at Havana, he made arrangements 
for the education of young Indians, and then set 
out for the province of Carlos in Florida. He 
spent several months in studying the language, at 
tne same time attending to the spiritual interests 
of the Spanish soldiers. When able to converse 
with the natives, he labored for about a year in the 
countries along Appalachee bay, but with little suc- 
cess. Thinking that he would have better prospects 
at a distance from the Spanish ports, he accepted 
the offer of a converted Indian, Luis de Velasco, 
who promised to conduct him in safety to his tribe 
and assist him in his pious endeavors. Accom- 
panied by Luis, a Jesuit, and seven lay brothers, 
Segura sailed from Santa Helena on 5 Aug., 1570, 
entered Chesapeake bay, ascended the Potomac, 
and landed on 10 Sept. The missionaries found 
the natives in a miserable condition, owing to a 
famine which had prevailed for several years, and 
therefore sent their vessel back for supplies, es- 
pecially seed-corn, which they hoped to persuade 
the Indians to plant They then pressed on 
through avast track of marsh and wood, expecting 
to fina a village which Luis said was ruled by his 
brother. They spent more than a month travelling, 
living on roots and herbs, but without reaching 
their destination. In February they were deserted 
by their guide, who went to his brother's village, 
about five miles distant, promising to prepare his 
countrymen for their arrival. Some time having 
elapsea without hearing from him, Segura sent 
three of his companions to beg him to return. 
The messengers were attacked and killed by Luis 
at the head of a band of Indians. Luis then pro- 
ceeded to the hut which the missionaries had 
erected and demanded the hatchets and knives 
which they had with them. Segura gave them up 
silently, and then knelt with his companions in 
prayer. At a signal they were all massacred, only 
an Indian boy escaping. The name given to the 
country which Segura attempted to evangelize was 
Axacan. It lay between the Potomac and the 
Rappahannock, probably extending on each side of 
these rivers. He wrote "Tratado de la Humildad 
y Obediencia" (Madrid, 1600). 



SEGUROLA, Sebastian de (say-goo-ro'-lah), 
Spanish- American soldier, b. in Guipuzcoa, Spain, 
27 Jan., 1740; d. in La Paz, Bolivia, 2 Oct. 1789. 
After pursuing the studies then necessary for the 
career of arms, he was appointed a cadet in the 
regiment of royal guards in 1758. In 1776 he sailed 
from Cadiz to take part in the expedition sent by 
the viceroy of Buenos Ayres to cneck the incur- 
sions of the Portuguese on Spanish territory. He 
was decorated with the cross of Calatrava for his 
services, and appointed corregidor over the prov- 
ince of Larecaia. He took part in the campaign 
on the Rio de la Plata, and, on the conclusion of 
peace, fixed his residence in Sorata, the principal 
town of his government of Larecaja. Here he 
received intelligence of the rebellion of Jose Ga- 
briel Tupac-Amaru, cacique of Tungasuca, which 
extended to several provinces, and he was ordered 
to take command of the city of La Paz and the 
neighboring provinces on 1 Jan., 1781. The siege 
of La Paz was the most memorable incident in the 
rebellion, and the city's safety was entirely due to 
his firmness and energy. In 1782 he was raised 
to the rank of brigadier, and appointed governor 
of the city, which post he held until his death. 
His " Diano de los sucesos del cerco de la ciudad 
de La Paz en 1781 haste la total pacificacien de la 
rebelion general del Peru," printed in the first 
volume of the " Archivo Boliviano " (Paris, 1871), 
gives a minute account of the incidents of the siege 
and the subsequent expeditions against the hostile 
tribes, and contains interesting letters from the 
inca and other Indian chiefs. 
- SEIDEL, Nathaniel, Moravian bishop, b. in 
Lauban, Silesia, 2 Oct, 1718; d. in Bethlehem, Pa, 
17 May, 1782. He emigrated to this country in 
1742, and became the most indefatigable of the 
early Moravian evangelists among the white set- 
tlers and the Indians. For eighteen years his life 
was an almost uninterrupted succession of jour- 
neys. He began such itinerant work with a visit 
to the aborigines of the Susquehanna in 1748 ; af- 
ter that he repeatedly traversed Pennsylvania as 
far as Sunbury, the eastern counties of New York, 
New England as far as Boston, and Maryland as 
far as Frederick county. All these journeys were 
performed on foot He was often in great danger, 
and on one occasion barely escaped falling into the 
hands of two savages, who pursued him through a 
forest for hours. In 1750 he proceeded to Europe 
and gave Count Zinzendorf an account of the work 
in America, returning in 1751 and continuing his 
itinerant labors until 1758, when he sailed to the 
West Indies and visited the mission on the Danish 
islands. He came back the same year and soon 
afterward led a company of Moravian settlers to 
North Carolina, where the church had purchased a 
large tract of land. It was a hard and perilous 
journey of forty days. In midwinter he returned 
to Bethlehem. His next tour was to Surinam, in 
South America, where in 1755 he selected a site, for 
a mission. On his return he again began to itin- 
erate among the settlers and natives, and con- 
tinued such labors until 1757. In that year he 
visited Europe a second time, and on fe May, 
1758, was consecrated to the episcopacy at Herrn- 
hut His first visitation took place in tne West In- 
dies in 1759. Two years later he returned to Beth- 
lehem, having been appointed presiding bishop of 
his church. The onerous duties of this office he 
discharged with great faithfulness for twenty-one 
years until his death. He continued to take a 
warm interest in the Indian mission ; and the mas- 
sacre of nearly 100 converts, in the spring of 1782, 
at Gnadenhuetten, Ohio, by a band of whites, on the 



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groundless sospicion of having been engaged in 
outrages in Pennsylvania, so affected him that his 
health gave war and he died two months later. 
An old record savs of him : ** His episcopate was 
precious and excellent ; his memory will live in this 
country, in the West Indies, and among the Indians 
of North and South America." 

SEIDENBUSH, Rupert, R. C. bishop, b. in 
Munich, Bavaria, 30 Oct., 1830. He began his 
theological studies in Bavaria, and emigrated to 
the United States in 1851. In 1852 he entered the 
Benedictine order in St. Vincent's abbey, West- 
moreland co M Pa. He was raised to the priest- 
hood on 22 June, 1853, was for some years sta- 
tioned at Newark, N. J., and in 1867 was made 
abbot of the monastery of St Louis on the Lake, 
Minn. The northern part of Minnesota was erect- 
ed into a vicariate apostolic by a papal brief on 12 
Feb., 1875, and he was appointed its vicar anos- 
tolic on 30 May following, under the title of bishop 
of Halia in parti bus. The Roman Catholic church 
has made great progress during his administration. 
In 1887 the vicariate contained 70 priests, 6 eccle- 
siastical students, 90 churches, 50 cnapels and sta- 
tions, 14 convents, a monastery, seminary, college 
and academy. The Roman Catholic population, 
including white and Indian, exceeded 45,000. 

SEIP, Theodore Lorenzo (sipe), clergyman, 
b. in Easton, Pa., 25 June, 1842. He was gradu- 
ated at Pennsylvania college, Gettysburg, in 1864, 
and at the Lutheran theological seminary, Phila- 
delphia, in 1867, and in the latter year was or- 
dained to the ministry. Immediately after his or- 
dination he became principal of the academic de- 
partment of the newly established Muhlenberg 
college, A lien town, Pa. He was adjunct professor 
of Greek there in 1867-' 72, professor of Latin in 
1872-'80, of Greek in 1880-'6, and president of the 
college since 1886. He received the degree of D. D. 
in 1886 from the University of Pennsylvania. Dr. 
Seip has done more than any other man for the suc- 
cessful establishment and endowment of Muhlen- 
berg college. He is a frequent contributor to the 
periodicals of his church. Besides sermons and 
addresses, he has published "Inaugural Address 
as President of Muhlenberg College (Allen town, 
Pa., 1886) ; " Muhlenberg College," an address de- 
livered before the ministeriura of Pennsylvania 
(Philadelphia, 1887): and " History of the College 
Association of Pennsylvania," of which he was a 
founder (1887). 

SEISS, Joseph Augustus (sees), theologian, b. 
in Graceham, Frederick co., Md., 18 March, 1823. 
His ancestors, whose original name was Suess, emi- 
grated from the Alsatian mountains and settled 
near Reading, Pa. His grandfather removed at an 
early period to the Moravian settlement of Grace- 
ham, Md. His father, who was a farmer, would 
have preferred him to be a field-laborer, and, on ac- 
count of his studious habits and thirst for knowl- 
edge, called him " dreamer Joseph," but his moth- 
er sympathized with him and encouraged him. 
After his confirmation, in his sixteenth year, as a 
member of the Moravian church, he determined to 
devote his life to the ministry. Receiving no en- 
couragement from his father or his church, he was, 
by the help of u few Lutheran clergymen, enabled 
to enter Pennsylvania college, Gettysburg, in 1839. 
Here he remained a year or two, afterward pursu- 
ing his theological course in private. In 1842 he 
was licensed to preach by the synod of Virginia, 
and in 1844 he was ordained to the Lutheran min- 
istry. After holding pastorates in Virginia and 
Maryland he was called to St John's English Lu- 
theran church, Philadelphia, in 1858. In 1874 the 



was at once 




%y~^>~3 



I necessity for an English Lutheran church in the 

J western part of the city led to the establishment of 
the Church of the Holy Communion by members 
of St. John's congregation, and he 

' elected its pastor. 

I A beautiful Gothic 

I church of green 
serpentine marble 
was erected on the 
corner of Broad 
and Arch streets, 
at a cost of $225,- 
000. It was con- 
secrated on 1 7 Fek, 
1875, and is one of 
the finest Protest- 
ant churches in 
Philadelphia. Dr. 
Seiss is an eloquent 
pulpit orator. His 
style is clear, or- 
nate, attractive, 
and forcible. He 
published his first 
work at the age 
twenty-two years, 
and has now attained a wide reputation as an au- 
thor. His publications number more than a hun- 
dred, and some of them have been republished in 
England and translated into other languages. A 
bibliography of his published works (Philadel- 
phia, 1887) makes a duodecimo volume of fifty- 
seven pages. He was joint editor of the " Luther- 
an," Philadelphia, in 1860-*1. and of the M Lutheran 
and Missionary" in 1861-73, editor of the same 
for several years, and editor of" Prophetic Times" 
in 1863-'75. He spent the years 1864-'5 in Euro- 
pean and Eastern travels, including a tour through 
Syria and Palestine. His numerous publications 
include " Popular Lectures on the Epistle to 
the Hebrews*' (Baltimore, 1846); "The Baptist 
Svstera Examined" (Philadelphia, 1854; re- 
vised ed., 1858); "The Last Times" (1856); "The 
Lutheran Church" (1859); "Holy Tvpes" (1860); 
" Petros, or the Wonderful Building "(1862) ; " Lec- 
tures on the Gospels of the Church Year " (2 vols^ 
1868); "The Apocalvpse, with Revised Text"(S 
vols., 1869-'81 ; complete ed., London, 1882 ; Ger- 
man translation, Basle, 1884-'7); "Uriel, or some 
Occasional Discourses " (1874) ; " A Miracle in 
Stone, or the Great Pvramid'' (1877); "Recrea- 
tion Songs " (1878 ; with supplement, 1887) ; " Life 
after Death " (1878); " Practical Sermons " (1879); 
"Blossoms of Faith " (1880) ; "Remarks on Infi- 
delity " (1882) ; " The Gospel in the Stars " (1882 ; 
enlarged ed., 1885) ; " Luther and the Reforma- 
tion ' r (1883) ; " Lectures on the Epistles of the 
Church Year " (2 vols., 1885) ; " Right Life " (1886) ; 
"The Children of Silence h (1887); and "Christ's 
Descent into Hell" (1887). Ho has also pub- 
lished various liturgical works, including "Book 
of Forms" (1860); "How shall we Order our 
Worship t" (1869); "The Golden Altar" (1882); 
and several collections of church music. 

SELDEN, Samnel Lee, jurist, b. in Lyme, 
Conn., 12 Oct, 1800; d. in Rochester, N. Y;, 20 
Sept., 1876. His ancestors settled in the colony of 
Connecticut in 1636. He began to practise law in 
Rochester in 1825, was chancery clerk and first 
judge of common pleas in Monroe county for many 
years, and in 1847 was elected justice of the su- 
preme court. In 1856 he was elected judge of the 
court of appeals, which place he resigned in 1862. — 
His brother, Henry Rogers, jurist, b. in Lyme, 
Conn., 14 Oct, 1805; d. in Rochester, N. Y.. 18 



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Sept, 1885. In 1825 he removed to Rochester, N.Y., 
where he studied law and was admitted to the bar 
in 1830. He began practice in Clarkson, Monroe 
co., but returned to Rochester in 1859; and was 
reporter of the court of appeals in 1851-'4. He 
was a Democrat, but, being opposed to the exten- 
sion of slavery, aided in the formation of the Re- 
Sublican party, and in 1856 was its successful can- 
ldate for the lieutenant-governorship. He at- 
tended the Republican national convention at Chi- 
cago in 1860, and concurred with his colleagues 
from New York in advocating the nomination of 
William H. Seward, but acquiesced in the nomina- 
tion of Abraham Lincoln. In July, 1862, Mr. Sel- 
den was appointed a judge of the court of appeals 
to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of his 
brother, and he was afterward elected for a full 
term, but resigned in 1864. In 1872 he attended 
the Cincinnati convention that nominated Horace 
Greeley for the presidency, and, though opposed to 
this course, reluctantly supported him in his can- 
vass. He published ** Reports, New York Court of 
Appeals, 1851-'4" (6 vols., Albany, 1853-'60). 

SELFRIDGE, Thomas Oliver, naval officer, 
b. in Boston, Mass., 24 April, 1804. He entered 
the navy as midshipman, 1 Jan., 1818, was promoted 
to lieutenant, 3 March, 1827, and served in the West 
Indies, Brazil, and the Mediterranean. He was 
commissioned commander, 11 April, 1844, and was 
assigned to the ship " Columbus,*' which was the 
naff-ship of the East India sauadron in 1845-'6, 
and subsequently of the Pacific squadron during 
the Mexican war, 1846-7. In May, 1847, he was 
transferred to the sloop " Dale," in which he par- 
ticipated in the engagement and capture of Mazat- 
lan and Guaymas ; at the latter place he received 
a severe wound, in consequence of which he was 
obliged to relinquish the command of the " Dale," 
and returned home in June, 1848. He was then on 
leave and on duty at the Boston navy-yard until 

1861, when he had command of the steam frigate 
".Mississippi," in the Gulf squadron, for a few 
months. His wound incapacitated him for sea- 
service, and he had charge of the navy-yard at 
Mare island, CaL, in 18G2- 5. He was promoted to 
captain, 14 Sept., 1855, and to commodore, 16 July, 

1862, and was retired on 24 April, 1866. He was 

S resident of the examining board in 1869-70, light- 
ouse inspector at Boston, and also member of the 
examining board in 1870-% since which time he 
has been on waiting orders, and is now the senior 
officer of the navy on the retired list. He was pro- 
moted to rear-admiral, 25 July, 1866. — His son, 
Thomas Oliver, naval officer, b. in Charlestown, 
Mass., 6 Feb.. 1837, was graduated at the U. S. 
naval academy at the head of his class in 1854. He 
was promoted' to lieutenant, 15 Feb., 1860, and was 
2d lieutenant of the " Cumberland " when she was 
sunk by the " Merrimac " in Hampton Roads, Va. 
He was detailed to command the " Monitor " after 
the engagement with the "Merrimac," but was 
transferred as flag-lieutenant of the North Atlan- 
tic blockading squadron. He was promoted to 
lieutenant-commander, 16 July, 1862, and com- 
manded the iron-clad steamer " Cairo," which was 
blown up by a torpedo in Yazoo river, near Vicks- 
burg. He had charge of a siege-battery in the cap- 
ture of Vicksburg, and the steamers •* Conestoga " 
and "Manitou." He commanded the iron-clad 
" Osage " in the Red river expedition, during which 
he inflicted a loss of 400 killed and wounded on the 
Confederates at Blair's plantation. He next com- 
manded the "Vindicator" and the 5th division of 
the Mississippi river fleet until 1864. He had 
charge of the steamer *» Huron " in both attacks 



on Fort Fisher, and commanded the 3d division 
of the landing party of sailors that stormed the 
fort. He was promoted to commander, 31 Dec, 
1869, and in that year took charge of surveys for 
an interoceanic canal across the Isthmus of Darien. 
He surveyed the San Bias route in 1870, the lines 
near Caledonia bay, the De Puydt route, and the 
Gorgoza route in 1871, and the Atrato river in 
1871-'8. He was also a member of the interna- 
tional congress at Paris on the subject of the canal 
in 1876. The official reports of these surveys were 
published by congress. He commanded the steamer 
" Enterprise," North Atlantic station, in 1877-80, 
during which cruise he surveyed Amazon river. He 
was commissioned captain, 24 Feb., 1881, and in 
January took charge of the torpedo station at New- 
port, R. I., where he remained until 1885. During 
nis service at the torpedo station he invented a de- 
vice to protect a ship by suspending torpedoes to a 
net by which an attacking torpedo would be de- 
stroyed. In 1885-7 he commanded the "Omaha," 
of the Asiatic squadron, and in March, 1887, after 
he had engaged in target practice off the island of 
Ike-Si ma, Japan, the bursting of an unexploded 
shell caused the death of four natives of the island. 
He was tried bv court-martial for criminal care- 
lessness in Washington in 1888, but was acquitted. 
SELKIRK, or SEALCHRAIG. Alexander, 
Scottish mariner, b. in Largo, Fifeshire, Scotland, 
in 1676 ; d. at sea in 1728. When a young lad he 
ran off to sea and engaged in several buccaneering 
expeditions, half exploring and half piratical. In 
1703 he was sailing-master of a privateer called 
" Cinque Ports Galley," but, having had a quarrel 
with nis captain, whose name was Stradling, he 
was, in September of the following year, at his 
own request, put on shore at Juan Fernandez, an 
uninhabited island 400 miles off the coast of Chili 
(seen in the accompanying illustration), with some 
necessaries, such as a knife, kettle, axe, gun, am- 
munition, and a few books. The island is twelve 
miles long, four miles broad, and mostly covered 
with mountain^, the highest peak being 3,000 feet 
above the sea-level. There are also numerous fer- 




tile valleys, and many wild goats frequent the 
cliffs. In this lonely island Selkirk remained for 
four years and four months, till the arrival of two 
English vessels, under the command of Capt. 
Woodes Rogers (q. t\), by whom he was taken off 
in February, 1709. Rogers made Selkirk his mate, 
and sailed with him round the world, reaching 
England on 1 Oct., 1711. In his account of his 
voyage (1712) he tells of Selkirk's experiences in 
the island. Selkirk had built two huts, the roofing 
being long grass, and the wainscoting the skins 
of goats. Pimento wood supplied him with Are 
and light, burning very clearly and yielding a fra- 
grant smell. He made goat-skins into clothes, and 
petted cats and kids. Rogers also tells of Selkirk's 
difficulty in returning to the use of speech and to 
the ordinary provisions used on shipboard. Sel- 
kirk returned to Largo, eloped with a girl, married 
her, and brought her to London. He subsequently 
joined the navy, and rose to the rank of lieutenant 
It is said that Daniel Defoe met Selkirk at Wap- 



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SELKIRK 



SELLERS 



>, and that his adventures suggested " Robinson 
toe " ; but there is a German book of an ear- 
lier date narrating similar experiences. Cowper's 
M Line8 on Solitude, supposed to be written by 
Alexander Selkirk," beginning '* I am monarch of 
all I survey,'* are well known. See " The Life and 
Adventures of Alexander Selkirk,*' by John How- 
ell (Edinburgh, 1829). A bronze statue of Selkirk 
was recently unveiled at Largo on the site of the 
cottage in which the mariner was born. 

SELKIRK, Edward, clergyman, b. in Water- 
bury, Conn., 13 Oct, 1809. He was graduated at 
Trinity in 1840, at the General theological semi- 
nary, New York city, in 1848, was ordained deacon 
in tne Protestant Episcopal church the same year, 
and became priest in 1844. He was then rector of 
Trinity church, Albany, N. Y„ in which he con- 
tinued till 1884, when he became rector emeritus. 
He is an honorary canon of the Albany cathedral. 
He has published " An Address on the Laying of 
the Corner-Stone of Trinity Church" (Albany, 
1844} and " History of Trinity Church " (1870k 

SELKIRK, Thomas Douglas, Earl of, b. at 
the family-seat, St. Mary's isle/Kirkcudbrightshire, 
Scotland, in June, 1771 ; d. in rau, France, 8 April, 
1830. He studied at Edinburgh university from 
1786 till 1790, early developed a taste for literary 

girsuits, and was an associate of Sir Walter Scott 
e succeeded his brother as Lord Dacre in 1797, 
and his father as Earl of Selkirk in May. 1799. In 
1808 he settled a colony of 800 Scottish Highlanders 
upon waste land that was given to him by the 
government in Prince Edward island, and soon 
afterward he established a small colony in Kent 
county, Upper Canada. While residing in Mon- 
treal he conceived the project of planting a colony 
of evicted Highlanders from the estates of the 
Duchess of Sutherland in the Red river country. 
To accomplish this he purchased a large tract of 
land on the Red river for colonization from the 
Hudson bay company. His Highland colonists be- 
gan to arrive in 1811, and in 1812 the Red river 
colony was established. Trouble ensued between 
the colony and the Northwest trading company, 
and the emigrants were driven from their new 
homes. In 1816 Lord Selkirk went to Red river to 
aid his colonists against their enemies, and, as- 
sisted by a small armed force, restored them to 
their lands and reimbursed them for their losses. 
He became financially embarrassed in consequence 
of his philanthropic schemes, and persecution and 
slander so shattered his health that he never 
recovered. Soon after his return to Scotland he 
went to the south of France to recruit, but he 
died shortly afterward. He wrote " Observations 
on the Present State of the Highlands of Scotland, 
with a View of the Causes and Probable Conse- 
quences of Emigration" (London, 1805); "The 
Necessity of a more Effectual System of National 
Defence' 4 ' (1808); "Sketch of the British Fur 
Trade" (1816): "The Red River Settlement" 
(1817) ; and "Occurrences in the Indian Countries 
of North America " (Montreal 1818). 

SELLERS, Coleman, dynamical engineer, b. in 
Philadelphia, Pa., 28 Jan., 1827. He was educated 
at common schools and studied for five years with 
Anthony Bolmar in West Chester, Pa. In 1846 he 
became draughtsman in the Globe rolling-mill in 
Cincinnati, Ohio, and he remained there for three 
years, during part of the time as superintendent 
Mr. Sellers then engaged in the manufacture of 
locomotives, and served for five years as foreman 
in the works of Niles and Co. In 1856 he moved 
to Philadelphia, where he became chief engineer 
of William Sellers and Co. (the senior partner of 



which firm was his second cousin), makers of ma- 
chinists* tools, and general millwrights. Since 
1888 he has devoted himself chiefly to consulting 
practice. Mr. Sellers has obtained more than thirty 
letters-patent for inventions of his own, one of the 
first of which, a coupling device for shafting (1857), 
is the essential factor in the modern system of in- 
terchangeable shafting parts. His invention in 
1866 of feed-disks for lathes or other machine tools 
was the first practical solution of the problem of 
the infinite gradation of feeds. His other pat- 
ents relate chiefly to improved forms of tools 
or modifications of existing machines. The use 
of absorbent cotton for surgical operations was 
recommended by him as early as 1861, and he 
proposed the employment of glycerine in order 
to keep photographic plates wet. He was ap- 
pointed professor of mechanics in the Franklin 
institute in 1881, and non-resident professor of 
engineering practice in Stevens institute of tech- 
nology in 1888. both of which chairs he still (1888) 
holds. The order of St Olaf was conferred on 
him by the king of Sweden in 1877, and the degree 
of doctor of engineering by Stevens institute in 
1888. He was president of the Franklin institute 
during 1870-'5, and of the American society of 
mechanical engineers in 1884, and he has also neld 
that office in the Pennsylvania society for the pre- 
vention of cruelty to animals ana the Photo- 
graphic society of Philadelphia. He is a member 
of other learned societies both at home and abroad. 
Mr. Sellers was chosen a member of the Seybert 
commission to investigate the claims of Spiritual- 
ists, owing to his knowledge of sleight-of-hand, 
having been an expert in the practice of that art 
from his childhood. He was American correspond- 
ent of the " British Journal of Photography " in 
1861-3, and, in addition, contributed many papers 
to technical journals. 

SELLERS, William, mechanical engineer, b. in 
Upper Darby, Pa., 19 Sept, 1824. He was educated 
at a private school, and at the age of fourteen was 
apprenticed to his uncle, a machinist, with whom he 
remained for seven years. In 1845 he was called 
to the management of the shops of the Fairbanks 
and Bancroft machine-works in Providence, R. I., 
and two years afterward he established himself inde- 
pendently in Philadelphia. He was then joined by 
his former employer, and in 1848 the firm of Ban- 
croft and Sellers was formed, which continued until 
1855, when, on the death of the senior member, 
the style became William Sellers and Co. Mr. 
Sellers has been active in the improvement of ex- 
isting forms of tools and machines, as well as in the 
invention of new patterns, and from his first pat- 
ent, for an improvement on turning-lathes in 1854, 
until 1888 he nas received seventy patents. His in- 
ventions have received numerous medals, and at the 
World's fair in Vienna in 1878 he was awarded a 
grand diploma of honor. In 1868 he established the 
Edgemoor iron company, which now owns the 
largest plant in this country for building iron 
bridges and other structures of iron and steel. All 
of the iron-work for the buildings of the World's 
fair in Philadelphia in 1876 were supplied by this 
company. He became president of the Midvale 
steel-works in 1878, and reorganized that concern, 
which is now one of the largest establishments in the 
vicinity of Philadelphia. Mr. Sellers was elected 
president of the Franklin institute in 1864, and 
while holding that office proposed the first formula 
that was ever offered lor a system of screws, 
threads, and nuts, which subsequently became the 
standard for the United States. He is a member 
of scientific societies both in this country and 



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abroad, was elected to the American philosophical 
society in 1864, to the National academy of sci- 
ences in 1873, and correspondent of the Societe* 
d'enoouragement pour l'industrie nationals in 1875. 
At the formation of the Fairmount park commis- 
sion in 1867 he was appointed a commissioner for 
five years, during which time all of the land now 
comprised in this great park was purchased by the 
commission. He was active in the organization 
of the World's fair in Philadelphia in 1876, and 
was at the beginning vice-presiaent of the man- 
agement In 1868 he was elected a trustee of the 
University of Pennsylvania, and he is a director 
of several railroads. His publications include 
short papers and discussions on technical subjects. 

SELLSTEDT, Lars Gustaf, artist, b. in Sunds- 
vall, Sweden, 80 April, 1819. For several years he 
followed the life of a sailor, but came to the United 
States in 1884, and in 1842 settled in Buffalo, N. Y., 
where he still (1888) resides. Soon after his arrival 
in that city he began to paint, and during his 
studies profited much by association with Thomas 
Le Clear and William H. Beard. He has devoted 
himself chiefly to portraiture, his works in that line 
including Solomon G. Haven (1866); George W. 
Clinton (1862); Millard Fillmore (1869) ; a portrait 
of himself in his studio, one of his best works 
(1871); Sherman S. Rogers (1878); William G. 
Fareo and Isaac Verplanck (1874) ; Benjamin Fitch 
(1888) ; and Grover Cleveland (1884). He has also 
painted a few marine and genre pictures. Since 
1858 he has exhibited frequently at the National 
academy, where he was elected an associate in 1871, 
and an academician in 1874. In Buffalo he has 
held office in the Fine arts academy since 1863. 

SELWYN, Alfred Richard Cecil, Canadian 
geologist, b. in Somersetshire, England, in 1824 
He was educated privately, and continued his 
studies in Switzerland, and in 1846 was appointed 
assistant on the geological survey of Great Britain. 
In 1852 he was made director of the geological sur- 
vey of the colony of Victoria, Australia, in 1854 
and 1859 he examined and reported upon coal- 
fields and gold-fields in Tasmania and South Aus- 
tralia, and he acted in other important capacities 
until he left Australia in 1869, when he went to 
Canada and succeeded Sir William E. Logan as 
director of the geological survey of that country. 
He has contributed to and edited fifteen volumes 
of annual reports of the geological and natural 
history survey. 

8ELYNS, Henricus, clergyman, b. in Amster- 
dam, Holland, in 1686 ; d. in New York city in July, 
1701. His ancestors were clergymen in the Re- 
formed church in Holland for a century previous to 
his birth. He was educated for the ministry, and 
in 1660 was sent to this country by the classis of 
Amsterdam to become pastor of the Reformed 
Dutch church of Breukelen (Brooklyn). To sup- 
plement his salary, he was also permitted to offi- 
ciate on Sunday afternoons at reter Stuyvesant's 
farm, Bouwerie(now Bowery), New York, where he 
taught negroes and the poor whites. He returned 
to Holland in 1664, but in 1682 accepted a call 
from the 1st Reformed Dutch church of New York 
city, of which he was pastor until his death. He 
was on intimate terms with the most eminent men 
of his day, and was the chief of the early minis- 
ters to enlarge the usefulness of his church, and 
to secure for it an independent and permanent 
foundation under the English government. He 
and his consistory obtained, in May, 1696, the first 
church charter that was issued in the colony. Al- 
though his original work that has been preserved 
is scanty, he wrote much, and Cotton Mather 



savs of his poetical powers that M he had so nimble 
a fancy for putting nis devout thoughts into verse 
that upon this, as well as upon greater accounts, 
he was a David unto the flocks in the wilder- 
ness." He collected all the records of the New 
York Reformed Dutch church to the date of his 
own ministry, and transcribed them with his own 
pen. This volume is still extant and in good 
preservation in the records of the Reformed Dutch 
church of New York city. His only publications 
are "Poems," translated from the Dutch into 
English by Henry C. Murphy, and printed in his 
*' Anthology of the New Netherlands " in the col- 
lections ofJNew York historical society, and a Latin 
Stem (1687) prefixed to some editions of Cotton 
ather's " Magnalia." 

SEMMES, Alexander Aldebaran, naval offi- 
cer, b. in Washington, D. C, 8 June, 1825 ; d. in 
Hamilton, Va., 22 Sept, 1885. He entered the 
navy as a midshipman, 22 Oct, 1841, attended the 
naval academy at Annapolis, and became a passed 
midshipman, 10 Aug., 1847. He was promoted to 
master, 11 Aug., 1855, and to lieutenant, 15 Sept., 
1855. During the civil war he rendered creditable 
service in command of the steamer " Rhode Island " 
on the Atlantic coast blockade in 1861, and in the 
steamer " Wamsutta" on the South Atlantic block- 
ade, during which he conducted numerous engage- 
ments with forts and batteries on the coasts of 
Georgia and Florida, where he captured several 
blockade-runners in 1862-'3. He commanded the 
monitor "Lehigh" in the bombardment of Fort 
Pringle, and participated in the operations at 
Charleston until that city surrendered. He co- 
operated with Grant's army, fought the Howlett 
house batteries, and was present at the fall of Rich- 
mond in 1865. He was commissioned a command- 
er, 25 July, 1866, promoted to captain, 24 Aug., 
1878, and stationed at the Pensacola navy-yard in 
1878-'& In 1880 he was president of the board of 
inspection, after which he was commandant of the 
navy-yard at Washington. He was commissioned 
commodore, 10 March, 1882, and was in command 
of the navy-yard at the time of his death, but had 
left the citr on account of his health. 

SEMMES, Raphael, naval officer, b. in Charles 
county, Md., 27 Sept., 1809; d. in Mobile, Ala., 80 
Aug., 1877. President John Quincy Adams ap- 
pointed him a 

midshipman in — •- 

the U. S. navy 
in 1826, but he 
did not enter 
upon active ser- 
vice until 1882, 
the intermedi- 
ate years being 
spent in study. 
In 1834, after 
returning from 

his first cruise, s 

he was admitted 
to the bar, but 
decided to re- 
main a seaman. 
In 1887 he was 

promoted lieu- ^p * ^* 
tenant, and in 0Z**f<*eu4 &£**,++**+ 
1842 he removed 

to Alabama. At the beginning of the war with 
Mexico he was made flag-lieutenant under Com. 
Conner, commanding the squadron in the Gulf, 
and in the siege of Vera Cruz he was in charge of 
one of the naval batteries on shore. He was in com- 
mand of the U. S. brig u Somen " on the blockade 



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of the Mexican coast, when the brig foundered in a 
gale, and most of her crew were drowned. Lieut 
Semmes served for several years as inspector of 
light-houses on the Gulf coast, in 1855 was pro- 
moted commander, and in 1858 became secretary 
of the light-house board at Washington. On the 
secession of Alabama, 15 Feb., 1861, he resigned 
his commission in the U. S. navy and reported to 
Jefferson Davis at Montgomery, who instructed 
him to return to the north ana endeavor to pro- 
cure mechanics skilled in the manufacture and use 
of ordnance and rifle machinery and the prepara- 
tion of fixed ammunition and percussion-cape. He 
was also to buy war material In Washington he 
examined the machinery of the arsenal, and con- 
ferred with mechanics whom he desired to go 
south. Within the next three weeks he made a 
tour through the principal workshops of New 
York, Connecticut, and Massachusetts, purchased 
large quantities of percussion-cape in New York, 
which were sent to Montgomery without any dis- 
guise, made contracts for light artillery, powder, 
and other munitions of war, and shippea thou- 
sands of pounds of powder to the south. He re- 
turned to Montgomery on 4 April, to find that he 
had been commissioned commander in the Confed- 
erate navy, and placed in charge of the light-house 
bureau, which he relinquished within two weeks to 
go to New Orleans and fit out the " Sumter," with 
which he captured eighteen merchantmen. After 
the blockade of that snip at Tangiers by two U. S. 
men-of-war, he sold her and went to England, hav- 
ing been promoted meantime to the rank of cap- 
tain. There the fast steamer " A labama " was built 
for him, and in August, 1863, he took command of 
her at the Azores islands, put to sea, and captured 
sixty-two American merchantmen, most of which 
he burned at sea. Upon her loss in the battle with 
the "Kearsarge," on 19 June, 1864 (see Winslow, 
Johh A.), he returned to England, and in London 
was presented by officers of the British army and 
navy with a sword to replace that which he had 
cast into the sea from the deck of his sinking ship. 
On 8 Oct, 1864, he sailed for Havana, whence he 
reached Bagdad, a Mexican port on the Gulf, and 
passed through Texas and Louisiana. He was ap- 
pointed rear-admiral, and ordered to the James 
river squadron, with which he guarded the water 
approaches to Richmond until the city was evacu- 
ated; At Greensboro', N. C, on 1 May, 1865, he 
participated in the capitulation of Gen. Johnston's 
army. He returned to Mobile and opened a law 
office. There, on 15 Dec., 1865, he was arrested by 
order of Sec. Welles and was imprisoned. The rea- 
son, as given by the attorney-general of the United 
States, was his liability to trial as a traitor, which 
he had evaded by his escape after the destruction of 
the M Alabama." From his prison he wrote to Presi- 
dent Johnson a letter claiming immunity for all 
past deeds under the military convention, to which 
he was a party at Greensboro', and the subsequent 
quarrel between Mr. Johnson and the Republican 
majority of congress interrupted any proceedings 
looking to his trial. He was released under the 
third of the president's amnesty proclamations, 
and in May, 1866, was elected judge of the pro- 
bate court of Mobile county, but an order from 
President Johnson forbade him to exercise the 
functions of the office. He then became editor of 
a daily paper in Mobile, which he gave up to accept 
a professor's chair in the Louisiana military insti- 
tute. He afterward returned to Mobile and re- 
sumed the practice of law, in which he was occu- 
pied till his death. He published " Service Afloat 
and Ashore during the Mexican War" (Cincinnati, 



1851) ; " The Campaign of Gen. Scott in the Valley 
of Mexico "(1852); ** The Cruise of the Alabama 
and Sumter * (New York, 1864) ; and M Memoirs of 
Service Afloat during the War between the States " 
(Baltimore, 1869). The action of the British gov- 
ernment in permitting the •* Alabama " and other 
similar cruisers to be fitted out in its ports gave 
rise to the so-called ** Alabama claims" on the 
part of the United States, settled by arbitration 
in 1872. (See Grant, Ulysses S.)— His cousin, 
Alexander Jenkins, surgeon, b. in Georgetown, 
D. C., 17 Deo, 1828, was educated at Georgetown 
college, and graduated at the National medical col- 
lege, Washington, D. C, in 1854. He subsequently 
studied in Paris and London, and on his return 
settled in Georgetown, D. C, but removed to New 
Orleans, La. He was commissioned a surgeon in 
the Confederate army in 1861. served in that ca- 
pacity in Gen. Thomas J. Jackson's corps in the 
Army of Northern Virginia, was surgeon in charge 
in the Jackson military hospital, Richmond, Va*, 
became medical inspector of the Department of 
Northern Virginia in 1862, inspector of hospitals in 
the Department of Virginia in 1868, and president 
of the examining boards of the Louisiana, Jack- 
son, Stuart, and Winder hospitals, Richmond, Va*, 
in 1865. He was visiting physician to the Charity 
hospital, New Orleans, La., in 1866-7, removed to 
Savannah, Ga., and in 1870-'6 was professor of 
physiology in the Savannah medical college. Sub- 
sequently he took orders in the Roman Catholic 
church, and in 1886 he became president of Pio 
Nono college, Macon, Ga. He was a secretary of 
the American medical association in 1858-fy a 
member of several professional societies, and the 
author of medical and other papers. His publica- 
tions include "Medical Sketches of Paris" (New 
York, 1852) : " Gunshot Wounds " (1864) ; " Notes 
from a Surgical Diary" (1866); "Surgical Notes 
of the Late War" (1867) ; " The Fluid Extracts" 
(1869) ; " Evolution the Origin of Life " (1878) ; and 
the " Influence of Yellow Fever on Pregnancy and 
Parturition "(1875). 

SEMPLE, J Mies, senator, b. in Green county, 
Ey., 5 Jan., 1798; d. in Elsah Landing, 111., 20 
Deo., 1866. His educational advantages were lim- 
ited to the common schools of Greensburg and the 
law-school at Louisville, Ky. After his graduation 
at the latter he removed at once to Edwardsville, 
I1L, and practised his profession. At the beginning 
of the Black Hawk war he was commissioned briga- 
dier-generaL He represented Madison county sev- 
eral times in the legislature, and was twice speaker 
of the house. From 1887 till 1842 he was minister 
at Bogota, Colombia. In 1848 he was elected judge 
of the superior court, but he soon resigned to enter 
the U. S. senate, where he served from 4 Dec, 1848, 
till 8 March, 1847, filling the unexpired term of 
Samuel McRoberts, deceased. He became an active 
advocate of the 54° 40' line in the Oregon question. 
Returning to his home in 1847. he declined to ac- 
cept any political office. He expended considera- 
ble time and money during the last years of his 
life in experimenting on a steam road-wagon which 
he had made, but it proved a failure. 

SEMPLE, Robert, British author, b. in Scotland 
about 1766 ; d. in Fort Douglas, British America, 19 
June, 1816. He was nominated chief governor 
of all the factories and territories of the Hudson 
bay company in 1815, and, sailing from England, 
reached York factory, British America, in August 
of the same year. He made a tour of inspection of 
all the posts of the company immediately upon his 
arrival, and did not reach his headquarters at Fort 
Douglas (now part of Winnipeg) until the spring 



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of 1816. For some time previous to the arrival of 
Gov. Semple there had been a conflict of authority 
between the Hudson bay company and the North- 
west trading company, which resulted in bloodshed 
on several occasions. On 19 June, 1816, Cuth- 
bert Grant, a half-breed, representing the North- 
west company, in command of a band of Indians 
and others, marched against Fort Douglas, attacked 
Gov. Semple while he was parleying with them, 
and killed him and twenty-seven others. He is 
represented as a mild, just, and honorable man. 
Among other works he wrote " Walks and Sketches 
at the Cape of Good Hope" (London, 1803); 
" Charles Ellis, or the Friends," a novel (1806) ; " A 
Journey through Spain and Italy " (2 vols., 1807) ; 
"Spanish Post-Guide" (1808); "Second Journey 
in Spain " (1809) ; " State of Caraccas " (1812) ; and 
"Tour from Hamburgh" (1814). 

SEMPLE, Robert Baylor, clergyman, b. in 
King and Queen county, Va., 20 Jan., 1769; d. in 
Fredericksburg, Va., 25 Dec, 1831. After receiv- 
ing a good education he taught in a private family 
and then began to study law, but abandoned it and 
devoted himself to the ministry. In 1790 he was 
chosen pastor of the Bruington" Baptist church, 
and he continued in this relation until his death. 
He soon became one of the most useful and popular 
men in Virginia, performed frequent and extensive 
preaching tours, and with equal vigor and wisdom 
promoted the new enterprises of benevolence that 
were beginning to attract the attention of his de- 
nomination. The interests of missions and education 
found in him a powerful friend. He received many 
testimonies of public confidence and esteem. He 
was for some time financial agent of Columbian 
college, and president of its board of trustees, de- 
clined an invitation to the presidency of Transyl- 
vania university in 1806, and in 1820 was elected 
president of the Baptist triennial convention, con- 
tinuing to hold this office until his death. He re- 
ceived the honorary degree of D. D. from Brown 
in 1816. Dr. Semple was the author of a "Cate- 
chism" (1809); a "History of Virginia Baptists" 
(1810); "Memoir of Elder Straughan"; "Letters 
to Alexander Campbell," etc. 

SENEGAL, Louis Adelard, Canadian senator, 
b. in Varennes, Lower Canada. 10 July, 1829 ; d. 
in Montreal, 11 Oct, 1887. He was educated in 
his native place and in Burlington, Vt, and after- 
ward engaged in business. He was a member of the 
Quebec assembly for Drummond and Arthabaska 
from 1867 till 1871, and of the Dominion parlia- 
ment for Vamaska from 1867 till 1872, and became 
a member of the Dominion senate, 12 March, 1887. 
In 1857 he opened to navigation the Yamaska river 
between Sorel and St Aime\ and the St Francis 
river between Sorel and St Francis. He has con- 
structed numerous railways, including the ice rail- 
way on the St Lawrence from Montreal to Long- 
ueuii, which he worked for two winters. Under his 
management the Richelieu line was extended from 
Hamilton and Toronto to Chicoutimi, a distance of 
about 1,000 miles. He was a general superintend- 
ent of the government railways of the province of 
Siebec, president of the North Shore railway, the 
ontreal City Passenger railway, and the Richelieu 
and Ontario navigation company. He was a com- 
mander of the French Legion of honor. 

SENER, James Beverly, lawyer, b. in Fred- 
ericksburg, Va., 18 May, 1887. He received an 
academic preparation, attended lectures at the 
University of Virginia as a state student, and was 
graduated in several of the schools of the univer- 
sity. He then studied law at Lexington, Va., was 
admitted to the bar in March, 1860, and served as 



sergeant (or sheriff) of the city of Fredericksburg, 
Va., in 1868-'5. He was army correspondent of 
the Southern associated press, with Gen. Lee's Army 
of Northern Virginia in 1862-'5, and from 1865 till 
1875 was editor of the Fredericksburg " Ledger." 
Mr. Sener was a delegate from Virginia to the 
National Republican conventions of 1872 and 1876 
and served on the National Republican committee 
from 1876 till 1880. He was a member of congress 
in 1878-'5, and was the chairman of the committee 
on expenditures in the department of justice, be- 
ing the first chairman of such a committee. He 
was chief justice of Wyoming territory from 18 
Deo, 1879, till 10 March, 1884. 

SENEY, Joshua, member of the Continental 
congress, b. on the eastern shore of Maryland in 
1750; d. there in 1799. He was educated by pri- 
vate tutors, engaged in planting, and supported 
the patriot cause during the Revolution. He was 
a member of the Continental congress in 1787-8, 
and of the 1st congress in 1789, and served by re- 
election till 1 May, 1792, when he resigned. He 
was a presidential elector in that year, supporting 
Washington and Adams. He married Frances, 
daughter of Com. James Nicholson. — His grandson, 
George Ingraham, philanthropist b. in Astoria, 
L. I., 12 May, 1826, is the son of Rev. Robert Sener, 
a clergyman of the Methodist Episcopal church. 
George was a student in 1845 at Wesleyan, from 
which he received the degree of A. M. in 1866, was 
graduated at the University of the city of New York 
in 1847, entered the banking business, and rose from 
the post of paying-teller in the Metropolitan bank, 
New York city, to the presidency of that institu- 
tion, holding the latter office in 1877-84, when the 
bank was suspended and Mr. Seney lost a fortune 
of several million dollars, a large part of which he 
has since regained. His contributions to chari- 
table and educational institutions include $410,000 
to the Methodist general hospital of Brooklyn, 
$100,000 to the Long Island historical society, 
$250,000 to Emory college and Wesleyan female 
college, Macon, Ga., and $100,000 to benevolent 
objects in Brooklyn. He founded the Seney schol- 
arships and largely endowed Wesleyan university, 
and nas contributed to miscellaneous charities 
more than $400,000. His gallery of pictures is one 
of the finest in the United States, and he has pre- 
sented several valuable paintings to the Metropol- 
itan museum of ait, New York city. 

SENTER, Isaac, physician, b. in New Hamp- 
shire in 1755 ; d. in Newport R. I., 20 Dec, 1799. 
He went to Newport, R. L, early in life, studied 
medicine with Dr. Thomas Moffat, was a surgeon 
in the Revolutionary army, and accompanied 
Benedict Arnold's expedition to Quebec, an inter- 
esting account of which he published in the " Bul- 
letin of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania." 
He afterward practised in Pawtucket, but finally 
settled in Newport, and became one of the most 
eminent surgeons and practitioners in the state. 
He was an honorary member of the medical so- 
cieties of London, Edinburgh, and Massachusetts, 
and for many years was president of the Society 
of the Cincinnati of Rhode Island. He contributed 
to the medical journals, and published " Remarks 
on Phthisis Pulmonalis " in the " Transactions of 
the College of Physicians of Philadelphia " (1795). 

SEPTENVILLE, Charles Edourd Lanriob 
feay-tong-veal), Baron de, French author, b. in 
Paris, 17 Nov., 1885. He inherited a fortune, and 
devoted himself to historical researches, especially 
upon the early history of South America. In 
March, 1876, he was elected a deputy by the city 
of Amiens, and he is member of various learned 



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SERCEY 



SERGEANT 



societies, including the Antiquaires de France, the 
Historical institute of Rio Janeiro, and .the Archaeo- 
logical society of Madrid. Septenville's works in- 
clude, besides numerous valuable articles in his- 
torical magazines, "Victoires et conquetes de 
l'Espagne dermis {'occupation dee Maures jusqu'a 
nos jours" (3 vols., Paris, 1862); "Decouvertes 
et conquetes du Portugal dans les deux mondes " 
(2 vols., 1863); " Le Bresil sous la domination Por- 
tugaise" (1872); and *• Pastes militaires et man- 
times du Portugal " (2 vols., 1879). 

SERCEY, Pierre Cesar Charles GoilUnme, 
Marquis de. French naval officer, b. near Autun, 
26 April, 1753; d. in Paris, 10 Aug., 1836. He en- 
tered the navv in 1766, was commissioned ensign 
in May, 1779, and served under the Count de 
Guichen. For his participation in several danger- 
ous enterprises dunng the siege of Pensacola, Fla., 
he was made lieutenant and given the cross of St 
Louis. On his return to France he was ordered to 
the command of '* La Surveillante " in 1790, and 
sailed for Martinique. He was promoted captain 
in 1792, and in January, 1793, was ordered to con- 
voy to France all the merchant vessels in those 
waters. He had collected more than fifty ships 
laden with valuable cargoes, when the rising of 
the negroes in Santo Domingo occurred. He res- 
cued 6,000 of the colonists. As his scanty supply 
of provisions and the feebleness of his naval force 
did not permit of his attempting to cross the At- 
lantic, he set sail for the coast of New England, 
where he arrived in safety. On his return to 
France in December he was imprisoned for six 
months for being of noble birth. In December, 
1795, he was given command of the naval force 
that was detailed to accompany the two civil com- 
missioners that were charged with the execution 
of the decree giving liberty to the blacks in Mau- 
ritius and Reunion. Sercey, fearing that scenes 
similar to those he had witnessed at Santo Domingo 
might be enacted there, warned the colonists of 
the nature of the commissioners' errand, and they 
were in consequence not allowed to land. In 1804, 
at his earnest request, he was placed on the retired 
list, and sailed for the Mauritius, which he gallantly 
defended against the English in 1810. On the 
declaration of peace in 1814 he was appointed 

{>resident of the commission to negotiate in Eng- 
and for the exchange of French prisoners. On 
his return to France he was promotea vice-admiral, 
again placed on the retired list in April, 1832, and 
became a member of the house of peers. 

SERGEANT, John, missionary, b. in Newark, 
N. J., in 1710; d. in Stockbridge, Mass., 27 Julv, 
1749. His grandfather, Jonathan, was a found- 
er of Newark in 1667. John was graduated at 
Yale in 1729, and served as tutor there in 1731 -'5. 
He began to preach to the Indians at Housatonic, 
in western Massachusetts, in 1734, and the next year 
permanently settled among them and taught them 
in their own language. In 1786, when the general 
court purchased of the Indians all the land at 
Skatehook, and in return granted them the town- 
ship which is now called Stockbridge, he was made 
owner of one sixtieth part, and ordained ** settled 
missionary to the Indians " there and at Kaunau- 
meek. A short time before his death he estab- 
lished a manual-labor school at Stockbridge that 
was in successful operation several years. He 
translated into the Indian language parts of the 
Old Testament and all of the New except the book 
of Revelation, and published a •* Letter on the In- 
dians " (1748) and "A Sermon" (1743).— His son, 
Erastus, physician, b. in Stockbridge, Mass., 7 
Aug., 1742 ; d. there, 14 Nov., 1814, passed two 



years at Princeton, and studied medicine with his 
uncle. Dr. Thomas Williams, in Deerfield, Mass. 
He then settled in Stockbridge, and was the first 
practitioner in that town. He was a skilful sur- 
geon, and the principal operator within a circle of 
thirty miles radius. He entered the Revolutionary 
army in 1775 as major of the 7th Massachusetts 
regiment, and served with it on Lake Champlain 
from December, 1776, till April, 1777, and subse- 

3uently till Burgoyne's surrender. — Another son of 
ohn, John, missionary, b. in Stockbridge, Mass., in 
1747; d. there, 8 Sept., 1824, studied at Princeton 
two years, was ordained to the ministry of the 
Congregational church, and in 1775 took charge of 
the Indian part of the Stockbridge congregation. 
When they removed to New Stockbridge, N. Y 7 
he followed them and labored among them until 
his death. One of his daughters established a 
temperance society for Indian women. Mr. Ser- 
geant possessed little worldly wisdom, and was bet- 
ter known for his useful and blameless life than 
for his intellectual gifts, but he exercised great in- 
fluence among the Indian tribes, and, on hearingof 
his expected death, one of the chiefs said : "We 
feel as if our sun was setting, and we do not know 
what darkness will succeed." — The first John's 
nephew, Jonathan Dickinson, lawyer, b. in 
Newark, N. J., in 1746 ; d. in Philadelphia, Pa^ 8 
Oct., 1793, was the grandson of Jonathan Dickin- 
son, the first president of Princeton. He was 
graduated there in 
1762, studied law, 
and began prac- 
tice in his native 
state. He took his 
seat in the Conti- 
nental congress a 
few days after the 
signing of the Dec- 
laration of Inde- 



pendence, served 
in 1776-'7, and in 







July, 1777, became 
attorney - general 
of Pennsylvania. 
In 1778, congress 
having ordered a 
court-martial for 
the trial of Gen. 
Arthur St Clair 
and other officers 
in relation to the evacuation of Ticonderoga, he 
was appointed bv that body, with William Pat- 
terson, of New Jersev. to assist the judge-advo- 
cate in the conduct of the trial. He resigned the 
office of attorney-general in 1780, settled in his 
profession in Philadelphia, was counsel for the 
state of Pennsylvania in the controversy with Con- 
necticut concerning the Wyoming lands in 1782, 
and was conspicuous in the management of many 
other important cases. When the yellow fever 
visited Philadelphia in 1703 he was appointed one 
of the health committee, and in consequence re- 
fused to leave the city. He distributed large sums 
among the poor, nursed the sick, and was active 
in sanitary measures, but fell a victim to the epi- 
demic. — Jonathan Dickinson's son, John, lawyer, 
b. in Philadelphia, 5 Dec., 1779; d. there, 25 Nov., 
1852, was graduated at Princeton in 1795, and, 
abandoning his intention to become a merchant, 
studied law, and was admitted to the Philadelphia 
bar in 1799. For more than half a century he was 
known throughout the country as one of the most 
honorable and learned members of his profession 
and its acknowledged leader in Philadelphia. He 



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SERRA 



463 



entered public life in 1801, when he was appointed 
commissioner of bankruptcy by Thomas Jefferson, 
was a member of the legislature in 1808-' 10, and 
of congress in 1815-'23, 1827-'9, and 1837-'42. In 
1820 he was active in securing the passage of the 
Missouri compromise. He was appointed one of 
the two envoys in 1826 to the Panama congress, was 
president of the Pennsylvania constitutional con- 
vention in 1830, and Whig candidate for the vice- 
presidency on the ticket with Henry Clay in 1882. 
He declined the mission to England in 1841, and 
his last public service was that of arbitrator to de- 
termine a long-pending controversy. The question 
at issue concerned the title to Pea Patch island as 
derived by the United States from the state of Dela- 
ware, ana by James Humphrey claiming through 
Henry Gale from the state of New Jersey. This 
involved the question of the boundary between the 
two states, or, m other words, the claim to Delaware 
river, and the decision in favor of the United States 
incidentally decided the boundary dispute in favor 
of Delaware. — Another son of Jonathan Dickinson, 
Thomas, jurist, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 14 Jan., 
1782; d. there, 8 May, 1860, was graduated at 
Princeton in 1798, studied law under Jared Inger- 
soil, and was admitted to the bar of Philadelphia 
in 1802. He was in the legislature in 1812-'14, in 
the latter year was appointed associate justice of 
the district court of Philadelphia, and was secretary 
of the commonwealth in 1817-'19. While holding 
that office he began the formation of the state law 
library at Harnsburg. He was attorney-general 
in 1819-*20, postmaster of Philadelphia in 1828-'32, 
and in February, 1834, became associate- just ice of 
the state supreme court, which office he held till 
his resignation in 1846. His judicial decisions were 
esteemed for their brevity, clearness, and accuracy, 
and it is said that he was the only judge that e w er 
sat on the Pennsylvania bench not one of whose 
decisions was reversed. He was the chief expounder 
of the limited equity jurisdiction of the court, and 
was of service in bringing this into an intelligible 
and convenient shape. He returned to the bar in 
1847, and successfully practised until the failure of 
his health compelled nis gradual abandonment of 
professional labor. He was provost of the law- 
academy of Philadelphia in 1844-'55, for many 
years president of the Pennsylvania historical so- 
ciety, a member of the American philosophical 
society, and a trustee of the University of Pennsyl- 
vania. He married, on 14 Sept, 1812, Sarah Bache, 
a granddaughter of Benjamin Franklin. His 
publications include "Treatise upon the Law of 
Pennsylvania relative to the Proceedings by For- 
eign Attachment " (Philadelphia, 1811); " Report 
of Cases adjudged in the Supreme Court of Penn- 
sylvania," with William Rawle, Jr. (17 vols., 
1814-'29); " Constitutional Law "(1822); "Sketch 
of the National Judiciary Powers exercised in the 
United States Prior to the Adoption of the Present 
Federal Constitution " (1824) ; and •« View of the 
Land Laws of Pennsylvania " (1838). 

SERNA, Jose* de la (sair-nah), last viceroy of 
Peru, b. in Jerez de la Frontera, Spain, in 1770; d. 
in Cadiz in 1832. At an early age he entered the 
array, seeing his first service as a cadet in the de- 
fence of Ceuta against the Moors in 1784. He 
served afterward against the French in Catalonia 
in 1795, under Admiral Mazarredo against the 
British in 1797, and in the second siege of Sara- 
goesa in 1809, where he was captured and carried 
to France as a prisoner. Soon he escaped, and. 
after travelling lor some time in Switzerland and 
the Orient, returned in 1811 to Spain, and served 
under Wellington till the expulsion of the French 



in 1813. In 1816 he held the rank of major-gen- 
eral and was appointed to take command in Fera. 
He arrived on 22 Sept in Callao, and, proceeding 
at once to upper Peru, took charge of the army in 
Cotagaita on 12 Nov. The viceroy urged Serna to 
begin offensive operations against the province of 
Tucuman, which was occupied by the Argentine 
patriots. Serna objected to the insufficiency of 
nis forces, but Pezuela insisted, when suddenly 
they were surprised by the victorious march of San 
Martin across the Andes and the reconquest of 
Chili. The army of upper Peru was henceforth 
reduced to a defensive warfare against the insur- 
rectionary movements in several parts of the coun- 
try. Serna's opposition to the viceroy increased, 
and at last he asked for permission to retire to 
Spain. His leave of absence arrived in May, 1819, 
and in September he resigned the command of the 
army to Gen. Canterac On his arrival in Lima in 
December, his partisans made a demonstration in 
favor of not allowing Serna to leave Peru on the 
eve of a threatened invasion from Chili, and the 
viceroy, to avoid disagreement, promoted him lieu- 
tenant-general and appointed him president of a 
consulting council of war. After the landing of 
San Martin in Pisco, 8 Sept, 1820, Serna, through 
secret machinations, obtained an appointment as 
commander-in-chief of the army that was gathered 
at Aznapuauio, to protect the capital against the 
advance of San Martin, and was ordered by the 
viceroy to march to Chancay. On 29 Jan., 1821, 
the principal officers of the camp, partisans of 
Serna, presented a petition to the viceroy, request- 
ing him to resign in favor of the latter. Pezuela 
refused, and ordered Serna to subdue the mutiny ; 
but the latter pretended to be unable to do so, and, 
after vain resistance, the viceroy delivered to him 
the executive on the evening of the same day. 
When San Martin threatened the capital, a Spanish 
commissioner, Capt. Manuel Abreu, arrived from 
Europe with orders to negotiate for a pacific 
arrangement, and Serna sent him to make propo- 
sals to San Martin. The negotiations lasted from 
3 May till 24 June, but produced no result, and on 
the next day hostilities began again. As the situ- 
ation became daily more dangerous. Serna aban- 
doned the capital on 6 July, 1821, and retired to 
Jauja, where he reorganized his army, sending 
Gen. Canterac on 24 Aug. with a force of 4,000 
men to relieve Callao. Afterward Serna established 
his headquarters at Cuzco, but after a campaign 
of variable success there were dissensions in the 
army, and Qen. Olafieta refused obedience and 
maintained an independent position in upper Peru. 
Canterac was defeated on 6 Aug., 1824, by Bolivar, 
at Junin. The viceroy now resolved to crush the 
patriot army by a supreme effort and left Cuzco 
in October with a well-disciplined army of 10,000 
infantry and 1,600 cavalry. He met the patriot 
army in the mountain plain of Ayacucho on 8 
Dec, and on the next day was totally defeated by 
Oen. Sucre and wounded and taken prisoner. The 
Spanish army lost 2,000 wounded and dead and 
3,000 prisoners, and as the rest was entirely dis- 
persed, Gen. Canterac, the second in command, 
signed an honorable capitulation the next day, and 
the viceroy, who on the date of the battle had been 
created by the king Count de los Andes, was soon 
afterward permitted to sail for Europe. He was 
honorably received at court, his administration was 
approved, and he was appointed captain -general of 
several provinces. 

SERRA, Angel (sair'-rah), Mexican linguist, b, 
in Zitacuaro, Michoacan, about 1640 ; d. in Quere- 
taro about 1700. He entered the Franciscan order 



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SERRANO Y DOMINGUEZ 



SERVOSS 



in Mexico, and became guardian of the Convent of 
San Pedro y San Pablo, where he studied the Ta- 
rasco language, in which he soon became the recog- 
nized authority in Mexico. Wishing to utilize his 
knowledge, he was sent to the Sierra Gorda as mis- 
sionary to the Indians, and was appointed parish 
priest of Charapan, and afterward of Queretaro. 
He wrote •* Manual Trilingue, Latino, Caste llano y 
Tarasco, para administrar los Sacramento a los 
Espafioles y a los Indios" (Mexico, 1697); "El 
Calecismo del P. Bartolome* Castafio, traducido aT 
Tarasco w (Queretaro, 1699) ; and " Arte, Diccion- 
arioy Confesionario en Tarasco," which was ready 
for publication at the author's death. 

SERRANO T DOMINGUEZ, Francisco, Duke 
de la Torre, Spanish soldier, b. at San Fernando, 
near Cadiz, 17 Oct, 1810; d. in Madrid, 26 Nov., 
1885. He was the son of a Spanish general, entered 
the military college as a cadet in 1822, and in 1825 
became ensign. He served till 1838 in the coast- 
guard, but after the death of Ferdinand VII. he 
espoused the cause of the child-queen, Isabella II. 
He was promoted in 1840 major-general and second 
chief of the captaincy-general of Valencia, and in 
1848 elected to the cortes, of which he became vice- 
president He joined in the overthrow of the re- 
gency of Espartero on 24 July, and the declaration 
that Queen Isabella was of age. In November of 
the same year he was for ten days minister of war, 
in 1845 he became lieutenant-general and senator, 
and after the young queen's marriage in 1846 he 
obtained such influence over her that a public 
scandal followed, and he was appointed captain- 
general of Granada. In order to brinp him to 
Madrid again, the queen appointed him inspector- 
general of cavalry and captain-general of New Cas- 
tile ; he took part in several short-lived ministries 
and many military pronunciamientos, and in Feb- 
ruary, 1854, was exiled for participation in the in- 
surrection of Saragossa. In June he returned to 
take part in the successful revolution under Espar- 
tero and O'Donneil, and in July, 1856, he joined 
the latter iu his successful coup (Mat, and was 
sent in 1857 as ambassador to Paris. In 1860 he 
went as captain-general to Cuba, and during his 
administration the annexation of Santo Domingo 
to the Spanish crown was brought about For this, 
although it cost the nation millions of moncv and 
thousands of lives, he was created Duke de la Torre 
on his return to Spain, and made captain-general 
of the army. In 1866 he was imprisoned in Ali- 
cante for his protest, as president of the senate, 
against the illegal dissolution of the cortes, and in 
July, 1868, was exiled to the Canary islands, but 
on 19 Sept. he landed at Cadiz, and aided in over- 
throwing the government of Queen Isabella, van- 
ishing the royal troops at AlcoJea on 28 Sept. 
m 8 Oct he became chief of the provisional gov- 
ernment, and on 16 J une, 1809, he was electee; re- 
gent of the kingdom, which place he occupied till 
the acceptation of the crown by Prince Amadco, 
who in January, 1871, made him prime minister. 
In 1872 he took the fleld as commander-in-chief 

rinst the Carlists, and, after the proelmnation of 
republic in 1878, he retired to France. He re- 
turned to Spain toward the end of the year, and 
after the coup d'etat of Gen. Pavia was made chief 
of the executive, 4 Jan., 1874. negotiating private- 
ly, it is thought, with Martinez Campos the resto- 
ration of the monarchy under Alfonso XII. on 9 
Jan., 1875. He continued to take an active part in 
politics as chief of the right centre, and in 1888 
was appointed ambassador of Spain to France. He 
married a Cuban lady of great beauty, and left 
a son and two daughters. 



S 



SERRELL, Edward Wellman, civil engineer, 
b. in New York city, 5 Nov., 1826. He was edu- 
cated at schools in his native city, and then studied 
surveying and civil engineering under the direction 
of an elder brother. In 1845 he became assistant 
engineer in charge of the Central railroad of New 
Jersey, and he subsequently served in a similar 
capacity on the construction of other roads. He 
accompanied the expedition that in 1848 located 
the route of the railroad between Aspinwail and 
Panama, and on his return, a year later, was en- 
gaged in building the suspension-bridge across 
the Niagara river at Lewiston; also that at St 
Johns, New Brunswick. Mr. Serrcll was in charge 
of the Hoosac tunnel in 1858, and was concerned 
in the construction of the Bristol bridge over Avon 
river, in England, which had the largest span of 
any bridge in that country at the time it was built 
At the beginning of the civil war he entered the 
1st New York volunteers as lieutenant-colonel, soon 
became its colonel, and served as chief engineer of 
the 10th army corps in 1863. He was chief engineer 
and chief of staff under Gen. Benjamin F. Butler in 
1864, and designed and personally superintended the 
construction of the »* Swamp-angel " battery that 
bombarded Charleston. Many valuable improve- 
ments of guns and processes, that proved of practical 
service during the war, were suggested by trim, and 
the brevet of brigadier-general of volunteers was 
conferred on him on 13 March. 1865. After 1865 
he settled in New York, and engaged principally in 
the building of railroads, becoming in 1887 presi- 
dent and consulting engineer of the Washington 
County railroad. In addition to papers on scientific 
and technical subjects, he has published nearly fifty 
reports on railroads and bridges. 

SERVIEN, Clande (sair-ve-ang), Flemish mis- 
sionary, b. in Ton may in 1493 ; a. in Mexico in 
1549. * After finishing' his studies in Brussels, he 
went to the New World in quest of fortune, and 
served in Cuba and Mexico. But the cruelty 
of the conquerors to the Indians so affected him 
that he resolved to devote his life to their re- 
lief, and in 1527 entered the Dominican order in 
Mexico. Later he became secretary of Las Casas, 
whom he accompanied to Guatemala. In 1589 he 
established in northern Guatemala a model farm 
and garden for the benefit of Indians that he 
had persuaded to lead an agricultural life. But as 
he refused, after the departure of Las Casas, to em- 
ploy them in work for the benefit of the order, he 
was sent in 1545 to Seville. The vessel that carried 
him was taken by French corsairs, and lie was 
brought to La Rochollc, whence ho set out for 
Rome. There he presented to the holy see a memoir 
in which he exposed the evils that had resulted 
from the course of the Spanish conquerors toward 
the Indians. The pope ordered inquiries to be 
made, and sent a commission of two priests to visit 
the South American missions. Servien accom- 
panied them, and they proceeded immediately to 
Mexico. On their arrival he was arrested by the 
authorities, and imprisoned in the main convent 
of the Dominican order, where he died. 

SERVOSS, Thomas Lowery, merchant, b. in 
Philadelphia, Pa., 14 Oct., 1786; d. in New York 
city, 80 Nov., 1HG6. He was educated in his native 
city, and then engaged in the shipping business. 
In*1808 he settled in Natchez, Miss., where ho pur- 
chased cotton and sold goods that wero consigned 
to him from the north, and in 1817 he moved to 
New Orleans, where he continued his mercantile 
career. Meanwhile, in 1814, when the seaports of 
the United States were threatened by the British 
navy, Mr. Scrvoss was iu New York, and, on learning 



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SETON 



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that New Orleans was alxjut to l>e attacked, he left 
at once for that city by way of Pittsburg, where lie 
found two keel-boats laden with muskets. He took 
passage on one of these, and by his knowledge of 
river navigation he placed his boat in advance of 
others, in consequence of which the U. S. troops 
received the arms; otherwise, as has been said by 
John II. Eaton in his "Life of Andrew Jackson,' 
New Orleans would have fallen into the hands of 
the British. In 1827 Mr. Scrvoss set tied permanent- 
ly in New York. He built, in 1831, the first five 
packet ships that ran regularly between New York 
and New Orleans, and was agent of the line. Mr. 
Servoss was active in charitable enterprises, and 
held office in various benevolent societies. He con- 
tributed articles on popular topics to journals, and 
S resented a series of historical reminiscences to the 
few York historical society in 1858. He married 
a daughter of John Pintard. 

SETON, Elizabeth Ann, philanthropist, b. in 
New York city, 28 Aug., 1774 ; d. in Emmettsburg, 
Md., 4 Jan., 1821. She was the daughter of Dr. 
Richard Bayley, a physician of New York, and 
married William Seton, of the same city. Her hus- 
band's father, William Seton (1740-1798), belonged 
to an impoverished noble Scottish family, emigrated 
to New York in 1758, and became superintendent 
and part owner of the iron- works of Ringwood, N.J. 
He was a loyalist, and the last royal public notary 
for the city and province of New York during the 
war. His silver notarial seal, dated 1779, is stdl in 
the possession of his family. He was ruined finan- 
cially at the close of the Revolution, but remained in 
New York, where he founded the once famous mer- 
cantile house of Se- 
ton, Maitlandand Co. 
In 1808 she went to 
Italy with her fam- 
ily. On the death of 
her husband she re- 
turned to the United 
States, and in 1805 
she was received in- 
to the Roman Cath- 
olic church. To sup- 
port her five chil- 
dren she opened a 
school in New York, 
but. not meeting with 
success, she was about 
to remove to Cana- 
da, when she made 
the acquaintance of 
Dr. William Louis 
sp ^ * Dubourg, then presi- 

/ry /^ 7 dent of St Mary's 

O* S0. Gy</6(r>V college, who invited 

her t° reside in Bal- 
timore and open a school for girls. Before this she 
had formed tne design of founding a congregation 
of women for the service of children aud orphans, 
and $8,000, given by a young convert to Dr. Du- 
bourg for charitable uses and transferred by the lat- 
ter to Mrs. Seton, enabled her to carry out this pur- 
pose, A farm waspurchased at Emmettsburg, Md., 
and on 22 June, 1809, Mrs. Seton moved thither, 
with three companions, forming the nucleus of an 
order that afterward spread over the United States. 
The community increased rapidly in numbers, and 
pupils flocked to the school In 1811 Mother Seton 
adopted the rules and constitution of St. Vincent 
de Paul, with some modifications, and the institu- 
tion, having received the sanction of the highest 
ecclesiastical authority, became a religious order. 
Afterward a group of buildings, embracing a resi- 
tol. v. — 80 




dence for the Sisters, a novitiate, a boarding-school 
for young girls, a school for i>oor children, and 
an orphan asylum, was erected. In 1814 Mother 
Seton sent a colony of Sisters to Philadelphia 
to take charge of the orphan asylum. In 1817, 
in response to another application from New 
York, another body came to that city. At her 
death there were more than twenty communities of 
Sisters of Charity, conducting free schools, orphan- 
ages, boarding-schools, and hospitals, in the states 
of Pennsylvania, New York, Ohio, Delaware, Mas- 
sachusetts, Virginia, Missouri, and Louisiana, and in 
the District of Columbia. Although, according to 
the constitution of her order, no one could be elected 
to the office of mother-superior for more than two 
terms successively, an exception was made in her 
favor by the unanimous desire of her companions, 
and she held the office during life. See *' Memoirs 

of Mrs. S , written by Herself: A Fragment of 

Real History" (Elizabethtown, N. J., 1817); " Life 
of Mrs. Seton, Foundress and First Superior of the 
Sisters of Charity in the United States," by Rev. 
Charles I. White, D. D. (7th revised ed., Balti- 
more, 1872); and "Vie de Madame Elizabeth 
Seton," by Madame de Barbary (Paris, 1808). A 
collection of her letters and papers, edited by her 
grandson, Monsignor Seton, has been published (2 
vols., New York, 1869).— Her grandson, William, 
author, b. in New York city, 28 Jan., 1835, is son 
of William Seton, an officer in the U. S. navy. He 
is recognized by Burke's *' Peerage " as the head of 
the ancient family of the Setons of Parbroath, 
senior cadets of the Earls of Winton in Scotland. 
He was educated at Mount St. Mary's college, Em- 
mettsburg, Md., and by private tutors, and served 
as captain of the 4th New York volunteers, during 
the first part of the civil war, until he was disabled 
by wounds that he received at Antietam. He is a 
frequent contributor to periodicals and journals, 
and has published " Romance of the Charter Oak " 
(New York, 1870) ; '• The Pride of Lexington ; a 
Tale of the American Revolution "0871) ; »• Rachel's 
Fate and Other Tales " (1882) ; " The Poor Million- 
aire, a Tale of New York Life " (1884) ; and * The 
Shamrock gone West, and Moida, a Tale of the 
Tyrol " (New York, 1884). He is also the author 
of *' The Pioneer," a poem (1874).— Robert, another 

frandson of Elizabeth Ann, clergyman, b. in Pisa, 
taly, 28 Aug., 1839, was educated in Mount St 
Mary's college, Emmettsburg, Md., and in the 
Academia ecclesiastica. Rome, where he was gradu- 
ated with the decree of D. D. In 1866 he was raised 
to the rank of private chamberlain to Pope Pius IX. 
He is the first American that was honored with the 
Roman Prelatura, and is the dean of all the raon- 
signori in the United States. He was made pro- 
thonotary apostolic in 1867, and rector of St Jo- 
seph's churcn, Jersey City, in 1876. He has written 
"Memoirs, Letters/and Journal of Elizabeth Se- 
ton " (2 vols.. New York, 1869) and " Essavs on Va- 
rious Subjects, chiefly Roman " (1882), and is also a 
frequent contributor to Roman Catholic periodicals. 
SETON, Samnel Waddlngton, educator, b. in 
New York city, 23 Jan., 1789 ; d. there. 20 Nov., 
1869. He was educated in the schools of New 
York, engaged in mercantile pursuits, and made a 
voyage to China. After his return to New York 
he was a banker till 1827, when he was elected 
agent of the Public school society, in which ca- 
pacity he was visitor of their schools, and had 
charge of their extensive system of supplies and 
libraries. He held the office until tne society 
was merged in the present board of education in 
1853. He was then appointed assistant superin- 
tendent, which post he held till his death. He also 

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SETTLE 



SEVIER 



took a warm interest in religious matters, and dur- 
ing the forty-eight years* in which he held the office 
of Sunday-school superintendent was absent from 
his post only twelve times. 

SETTLE, Thomas, jurist, b. in Rockingham 
county, N. C, in 1791 ; d. there, 5 Aug., 1857. He 
received a common-school education, was admitted 
to the bar, and practised at Wentworth, N. C. He 
entered public life in 1816 as a member of the house 
of commons, and was in congress in 1817-21, hav- 
ing been elected as a Democrat He was again in 
the legislature in 1826-'8, the last year was speaker 
of the house, and in 1832-'54 was a judge of the su- 
preme court of North Carolina, and eminent for his 
virtues and legal ability.— II is son, Thomas, jurist, 
b. in Rockingham county, N. C, 23 Jan., 1831 ; d. 
in Raleigh, N. C, 1 Dec., 1888. He was graduated at 
the University of North Carolina in 1850, read law, 
served in the legislature in 1854-'9, was speaker of 
the house the latter year, and a presidential elector 
in 1856, casting his vote for James Buchanan. He 
supported Stephen A. Douglas for the presidency 
in 1860, and used his influence to prevent secession, 
but, when the civil war began, entered the Confed- 
erate army as captain in the 3d North Carolina 
regiment After a service of twelve months he 
returned to civil life and became solicitor of the 
4th judicial district He united with the Repub- 
lican party in 1865, was elected to the state senate 
in that year, became its speaker, and took an ac- 
tive part in reconstruction measures. He was a 
judge of the state supreme court in 1868-71, and 
resigned to become U. S. minister to Peru, but held 
office for only a few months on account of the fail- 
ure of his health, was an unsuccessful candidate 
for congress in 1872, and in June of that year 
was president of the National Republican con- 
vention, held in Philadelphia. He was reappoint- 
ed a justice of the state supreme court in 1873, 
and was defeated for governor in 1876. In 1877 
he became United States district judge of the 
northern district of Florida. 

SEUSEMAN, Joachim, missionary, b. in Hesse- 
Cassel ; d. in Jamaica, W. I., in 1772. He came to 
Pennsylvania with the first Moravian colony in 
1742, and between 1743 and 1755 served in the In- 
dian mission. In the attack on Gnadenhuetten. 
Pa., 24 Nov., 1755, his wife was murdered by Indians 
in the French service. Subsequently he was sent 
to labor among the negro slaves in Jamaica, W. I., 
where he died. — His son, Gottlob, missionary, b. 
in 1742 ; d. in Fairfield, Canada, 4 Jan., 1808, for 
about forty years was employed in the Moravian 
mission among the Indians in Pennsylvania, Ohio. 
Michigan, and Canada. He was an eloquent 
preacher, well conversant with the Delaware lan- 
guage, and a man of great energy. 

SEVER, Anne Elizabeth Parsons, benefac- 
tor, b. in Boston, Mass., 29 May, 1810 ; d. there, 
15 Dec., 1879. She was educated in Boston, and 
married James Warren Sever, who at his death left 
a note or memorandum requesting his wife to give 
certain sums to Harvard university after her de- 
cease. Accordingly, she bequeathed $100,000 to 
Harvard to build a hall for undergraduates, which 
should be called by her name, $20,000 for the pur- 
chase of books for its library, and $20,000 for the 
general use of the corporation without restriction 
as to its use. She also willed $10,000 to the Bos- 
ton children's hospital, and $5,000 each to five 
benevolent institutions in that city, $5,000 to the 
New England historic-genealogical society, and an 
equal sum to the General theological library, to the 
Boston training-schools for nurses, and the Con- 
necticut retreat for the insane. 



SEVERANCE, Lnther, editor, b. in Montague, 
Mass., 28 Oct., 1797; d. in Augusta. Me., 25 Jan., 
1855. After learning the printer's trade in Pe- 
terboro, N. Y., he worked in Washington, Phila- 
delphia, and several other cities, and in 1825 set- 
tled in Augusta, Me., and established the "Ken- 
nebec Journal.** He served in the legislature in 
1830-'l, in the state senate in 1835, and again in 
the legislature in 1839-'42. He was in congress in 
1843-7, having been elected as a Whig, and in 
1850 was appointed United States minister to the 
Sandwich islands, which post he held four years. 
See a " Memoir" of him by James G. Blaine (Au- 
gusta, Me., 1856). 

SEVIER, John, pioneer, b. in Rockingham 
county, Va., 23 Sept, 1745 ; d. near Fort Decatur, 
Ga., 24 Sept, 1815. He was descended from an 
ancient French family who spelled their name 
Xavier. His father, Valentine, emigrated to this 
country from 
London about 
1740, and, set- 
tling in Rock- 
ingham county, 
John was edu- 
cated, until he 
was sixteen 
years of age, 
at the academy 
in Fredericks- 
burg, Va., mar- 
ried the next 
year, and found- 
ed the village of 
Newmarket in 
the valley of 
the Shenan- 
doah. He there 
became cele- 
brated as an In- 
dian fighter, 
was a victor in 

many battles with the neighboring tribes, and in 
1772 was appointed captain in the Virginia line. In 
the spring of that year he removed to Watauga, a 
settlement on the western slope of the Alleghanies, 
and, by his courage, address, and military ability, 
became one of the principal men in the colony. 
When Lord Dunmore's war began in 1773 against 
the Shawnee and other Indian tribes, he resumed 
his rank in the Virginia line, served throughout the 
campaign, and on 10 Oct., 1774, took part in the 
battle of Point Pleasant. At the beginning of the 
Revolution he drew up the memorial of the citizens 
of Watauga to the North Carolina legislature ask- 
ing to be annexed to that colony, that " they might 
aid in the unhappy contest, and' bear their full pro- 
portion of the expenses of Jthe war." Their peti- 
tion was granted And the whole of what is now 
Tennessee was organized into a county of North 
Carolina, then known as Washington district Se- 
vier was chosen a delegate to the State convention, 
and in the '* declaration of rights " introduced a 
clause thus defining the limits of the state : "That 
it shall not be so construed as to prevent the es- 
tablishment of one or more governments westward 
of this state, by consent of the legislature,*' show- 
ing that he haa already in mind the establishment 
of a separate commonwealth beyond the Allegha- 
nies. In the spring of 1777 the legislature of 
North Carolina met, and Sevier was again a rep- 
resentative from Watauga, and procured for the 
settlement, the establishment of courts and the 
extension of state laws. On his return be was 
appointed clerk of the county and district judge. 




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SEW ALL 



467 



and with James Robertson was in reality in con- 
trol of all judicial and administrative functions in 
the settlement. He was elected colonel by the 
over-mountain people in the same year, enlisted 
every able-bodied male between the ages of sixteen 
and fifty in the militia, and commanded that force 
in innumerable Indian fights. He entered the ter- 
ritory of the savages in 1779, burned their towns, 
and fought the successful battle of Boyd's Creek. 
With Col. Isaac Shelby, in 1780, he planned the 
battle of King's Mountain, raised 480 men, was ap- 
pointed their colonel, and in a critical moment of 
the action rushed on the enemy, up the slope of 
the mountain, within short range of their muskets, 
and turned the fortunes of the day. For this ser- 
vice he received thanks and a sword and pistol from 
the North Carolina legislature. A fellow-soldier 
says of him, in that battle: " His eyes were flames 
of fire, and his words were electric bolts crashing 
down the ranks of the enemy." He subsequent- 
ly rendered important services at Musgrove s mill 
and in defending the frontier against the ravages 
of the Indians. In 1781 he conducted several expe- 
ditions against the Chickamauga towns, was fore- 
most in many skirmishes as well as treaties and 
negotiations with the Indians, and was revered 
and loved by the settlers as their father and friend. 
At the close of the war the Watauga settlement 
had widely extended its borders, ana contained a 
large and active population. But the vast terri- 
tory which is now the state of Tennessee, compris- 
ing about 29,000,000 acres, brought with its pos- 
session the obligation to bear a correspondingly 
large part of the Federal debt Therefore, in June, 

1784, the legislature of North Carolina ceded it to 
the general government When the news of this 
act reached the settlers they determined to form 
a government of their own, and then apply for ad- 
mission into the Union. They were the more ready 
to do this as they considered themselves neglected by 
the North Carolina government Accordingly, on 
28 Aug., 1784, they called a convention, organized a 
constitution and state government, elected John 
Sevier governor, and named their state Franklin, in 
honor of Benjamin Franklin. In the mean time, be- 
fore the cession had been legally concluded, the leg- 
islature of North Carolina met again and made haste 
to undo what had been done at the former session. 
They gave the Watauga settlers a superior court, 
formed the militia into a brigade, and appointed 
Sevier brigadier - general. After this Sevier ear- 
nestly opposed the scheme of a separate govern- 
ment, ana advised all his compatriots to take no 
farther steps toward it ; but public opinion was 
strongly against a return to North Carolina, and 
he finally consented to accept the governorship of 
the new state, taking the oath of office on 1 March, 

1785. Within sixty days he established a superior 
court, reorganized the militia, and founded Wash- 
ington college, the first institution of classical learn- 
ing west of the Alleghanies. He also entered into 
treaties of peace with the Cherokee Indians after 
continued warfare for fifteen years, and for two 
years governed with unbroken prosperity. But 
dissatisfaction arose in North Carolina, and at the 
end of that time Gov. Richard Caswell issued a 
proclamation declaring the new government to be 
a revolt and ordering that it be at once abandoned. 
Violence followed the attempt to subdue it but 
the settlers finally submitted to a superior force. 
Sevier was captured and imprisoned, Dut rescued, 
and the country was ceded to the U. S. government 
under the title of the " territory south of the Ohio 
river." Sevier then took an oath of allegiance to 
the United States, was commissioned brigadier- 



general of that section in 1789, and in 1790 chosen 
to congress as the first representative from the val- 
ley of the Mississippi. He conducted the Etowah 
campaign against the Creeks and Cherokees in 
1793, which completely broke the spirit of the In- 
dians, so that they did not attack the French Broad 
and Holston settlements again during Sevier's life- 
time, and in 1796, when the territory was admitted 
into the Union as the state of Tennessee, he was 
chosen its first governor. He served three consecu- 
tive terms, was re-elected three successive times 
after 1803, and was chosen a member of congress 
in 1811, and was returned to that body for a 
third term in 1815. but died before he could 
take his seat Near the close of his congressional 
career he was appointed by President Monroe to 
act as U. S. commissioner to settle the boundary- 
line between Georgia and the Creek territory in 
Alabama. But the labor was too great, and he died 
in his tent, attended only by a few soldiers and In- 
dians. His biographer, James R. Gilmore, says of 
him : " He was in the active service of his country 
from a boy of eighteen till he died at the age of 
seventy years. During all this period he was a 
leader of men, and a prime mover in the important 
events which occurred beyond the Alleghanies. 
His sway was potent and undisputed in civil as 
well as military affairs. As long as he lived he was 
the real seat of power. A rule like his was never 
before nor since known in this country." A monu- 
ment to his honor is erected in Nashville, and Se- 
vier county, Tenn., is named for him. See M The 
Rear -Guard of the Revolution," by James R. 
Gilmore (New York, 1886), and "Life of John 
Sevier," by the same author (1887). — His nephew, 
Ambrose Hundley, senator, b. in Greene county, 
Tenn., 4 Nov., 1801 ; d. in Little Rock, Ark., 31 
Dec, 1848, received little early education, removed 
to Arkansas territory in 1822, studied law, and was 
admitted to the bar in 1823. He was clerk of the 
territorial legislature and a member of that body 
in 1823-'5, a delegate to congress in 1827-136, hav- 
ing been chosen as a Democrat and U. S. senator 
from the latter year till 1848. During this service 
he was chairman of the committee on Indian af- 
fairs for many years, of that on foreign relations, 
and in 1848 was a U. S. commissioner to negotiate 
peace with Mexico. 

SEYILLA, Jos6, philanthropist b. in Peru, S. 
A., about 1820; d. in New York city in March, 
1888. He settled in New York city late in life, 
and bequeathed his property, valued at upward of 
$1,000,000, for the establishment of an unsectarian 
home for unfortunate children. Both sexes were 
to be freely admitted and educated in such a man- 
ner as to become self-supporting. 

SEW ALL, Samuel, jurist, b. in Bishopstoke, 
England, 28 March. 1652 ; d. in Boston, Mass., 1 
Jan., 1780. His early education was received in 
England before his parents came to New England. 
They went to Newbury, Mass.. and his lessons were 
continued there. He was fitted to enter Har- 
vard in 1667, and took his first degree in 1671, his 
second in 1675. He studied divinity and had 
preached once before his marriage, but after 
that event, which took place on 28 Feb., 1677, 
he left the ministry and entered public life. His 
wife was Hannah Hull, the daughter and only 
child of John and Judith (Quincy) Hull The 
position which his father-in-law held as treas- 
urer and mint-master undoubtedly had some- 
what to do with the change in the young 
man's plans. One of his first ventures after his 
marriage was to assume charge of the printing- 
press m Boston. This was under his manage- 

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SEWALL 



SEWALL 



merit for three years, when other engagements 
compelled him to relinquish it His family con- 
nections, both through his marriage and on the 
maternal and paternal sides, brought him in con- 
tact with some of the most prominent men of the 
day. In 1684 he was chosen an assistant, serving 
for two years. In 1688 he made a voyage to Eng- 
land, and remained abroad a year in the transac- 
tion of business, visiting various points of inter- 
est In 1692 he became a member of the council 
and judge of the probate court Jud^e Sewall ap- 
peared prominently in judging the witches during 
the time of the Salem witchcraft. His character 
was shown more clearly at that time and immedi- 
ately afterward than at any other time during his 
long life. He was extremely conscientious in the 
fulfilment of duty, and yet, when he found he 
was in error, was not too proud to acknowledge 
it Of all the judges that took part in that his- 
toric action, he was the only one that publicly 
confessed his error. The memory of it naunted 
him for Tears, until in January, 1697, he confessed - 
in a "bill," which was read before the congrega- 
tion of the Old South church in Boston by the 
minister. During its reading, Sewall remained 
standing in his place. The action was indicative 
of the man. During the remaining thirty-one 
years of his life he spent one day annually in 
lasting and meditation and prayer, to keep in 
mind a sense of the enormity of his offence. In 
1699 he was appointed a commissioner for the 
English Society for the propagation of the gos- 
pel in New England. Soon afterward he was 
appointed their secretary and treasurer. His 
tract, entitled " The Selling of Joseph," in which 
he advocated the rights of the slaves, was pub- 
lished in 1700. He was very benevolent and 
charitable, and his sympathies were always with 
the down-trodden races of humanity. In 1718 he 
was appointed chief justice, and served till 1728, 
when he retired on account of the increasing in- 
firmities of old age. He also published " The Ac- 
complishment of Prophecies " (1713) : " A Memorial 
Relating to the Kennebec Indians" (1721); "A 
Description of the New Heaven" (1727). The 
Massachusetts historical society have published 

his diary, which 
covers the larger 
portion of his 
life, in their "His- 
torical Collec- 
tions," and it has 
also published 
his letter-book, 
in which he kept 
copies of his im- 
portant letters. 
Thesethrowli^ht 
upon the civil 
and social life of 
the day in a 
marked * degree, 
and strengthen 
o' — ^ r* fs the opinion that 

Oa/A/ OeufCUC* he was a man 
of eminent abil- 
ity and of sterling character. In addition to his 
diary, he kept a "commonplace book," in which he 
recorded quotations from various authors whose 
works he had read. At the time of his death he 
had also filled twelve manuscript volumes with ab- 
stracts of sermons and addresses that he had heard 
at various times. His funeral sermon, by the Rev. 
Thomas Prince, was highly eulogistic, but evi- 
dently a just tribute to one of the most remarkable 



men of his age.— His son, Joseph, b. in Boston* 
Mass., 26 Aug., 1688; d. there. 27 June, 1769, was 
graduated at Harvard in 1707, studied theology, and 
was ordained on 16 Sept, 1713, as Ebenezer Pem- 
berton's colleague in the pastorate of the Old South 
church, Boston. 
He was elected 
president of 
Harvard in 1724, 
but declined. 
He was one of 
the commission- 
ers appointed 
by the London 
corporation for 
propagating the 
gospel in New 
England, and 
a corresponding 
member of the 
Scottish society 
for promoting 
Christian knowl- 
edge. The Uni- 
versity of Glas- /I g / pr *- 

D. D. in 1731. u ' 
He was a rigid Calvinist and a foe to free discus- 
sion and novel opinions, but gave his support and 
approval to Whitefield's revival in 1740. He con- 
tributed to the support of indigent students, and 
frave many books to replenish Harvard college 
ibrary when it was burned in 1764. His benevo- 
lence gained him the familiar epithet of "the 
good," while his religious fervor caused him to be 
sometimes called " the weeping prophet." Many 
of his sermons were published.— Samuel's nephew, 
Stephen, jurist, b. in Salem, Mass., 18 Dec., 1704; 
d. 10 Sept, 1760, was graduated at Harvard in 1721, 
and was librarian of the college in 1726-*8, and then 
a tutor till 1739, When he was appointed a judge 
of the supreme court of Massachusetts. In 1752 
he was made chief justice, and he served in that 
capacity, and also as a member of the council, till 
the close of his life. He expressed doubt of the 
legality of general writs of assistance, which were 
demanded by the customs authorities for the pur- 
pose of suppressing illicit trade, yet before he 
could finally pass Judgment upon the question he 
died, to the general regret of the patriot party.— 
Samuel's grandnephew, Samnel, engineer, b. in 
York, Me., in 1724; d. there, 28 July, 1815, was 
the inventor of various useful improvements. He 
is said to have been the first to drive piles as 
a foundation for bridges, introducing this device 
at York in 1761. In 1786 he erected the Charles- 
town bridge on this plan. — Stephen's nephew, 
Jonathan, lawyer, b. in Boston, Mass., 24 Aug., 
1728; d. in St. John, New Brunswick, 26 Sept., 
1796, was graduated at Harvard in 1748, taught in 
Salem till- 1756, studied law, and began practice in 
Charlestown in 1758. He inclined to the patriotic 
side of the disputes with Great Britain until he 
was chagrined by the refusal of the legislature to 
pay the debts left by his uncle and by the opposi- 
tion of James Otis and his father to his petition. 
He was rewarded for his subsequent adhesion to 
the cause of the crown with the posts of solicitor- 
general, attorney-general (which appointment ()e 
received in 1767), advocate-general, and judge of 
admiralty, his emoluments amounting to £6,000 a 
year. He was offered the appointment of judge of 
admiralty at Halifax in 1768, but declined. No 
lawyer in Massachusetts surpassed him in elo- 



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qnence or acuteness. In 1769, in the suit of James 
against Lechmere, he secured the release of a negro 
slave two years before the common-law right of 
freedom was defined in the English courts oy the 
decision of the Somerset case. He was esteemed 
one of the ablest writers in New England, and de- 
fended the doctrines of coercion with force and 
learning in the columns of the Tory newspapers. 
John Trumbull satirizes him in " McFingal " as 
" the summit of newspaper wit," who 
" Drew proclamations, works of toil, 
In true sublime, of scarecrow stvle ; 
With forces, too, 'gainst Sons of Freedom, 
All for your good, and none would read 'em." 
The papers in the " Massachusetts Gazette," signed 
" Massachusettensis," were attributed to him until, 
more than a generation later, Daniel Leonard, of 
Taunton, was discovered to have been their author. 
After Judge Sewall signed an address to Gov. 
Thomas Hutchinson, his mansion in Cambridge 
was wrecked by a mob in September, 1774. He 
fled to Boston, and a few months later took ship 
for England, where he lived for a short time in 
London, and afterward mostly in Bristol. His 
estate in Massachusetts was confiscated under the 
act of 1779. In 1788 he removed to St. John, 
New Brunswick, where he resumed legal prac- 
tice. His wife and the wife of John Hancock 
were daughters of Edmund Quincy, of Boston. — 
The second Samuel's brother, Stephen, Hebraist, 
b. in York, Me.. 4 April, 1734 : d. in Boston, Mass., 
23 July, 1804, was graduated at Harvard in 1761, 
taught in the grammar-school at Cambridge, and 
in 1762 became librarian and instructor in Hebrew 
at Harvard. Two years later he was installed as 
the first Hancock professor of Hebrew, occupying 
the chair till 1785. He was an active Whig 'dur- 
ing the Revolution, and represented Cambridge in 
the general court in 1777. His wife was a daugh- 
ter of Edward Wigglesworth. He published seven 
Greek and Ijatin poems in the " rietas et gratu- 
latio " (Cambridge, 1761); a •* Hebrew Grammar " 
(1763); a funenil oration in Latin on Edward 
Holyoke (1769) ; an English oration on the death 
of Prof. John Winthrop (1779); a Latin version 
of the first book of Edward Young's "Ni^ht 
Thoughts" (1780); "Carmina sacra quae Latine 
Groceque condidit America " (1789) ; "The Scrip- 
ture Account of the Shechinah" (1794); and "The 
Scripture History relating to the Overthrow of 
Sodom and Gomorrah " (1796). He left a manu- 
script Chaldee and English dictionary, which is 
preserved in the library of Harvard college. — An- 
other brother, David, jurist, b. in York, Me., 7 
Oct, 1735 ; d. there. 22 Oct., 1825, was graduated 
at Harvard in 1755, studied law, and established 
himself in practice in York in 1759. He was ap- 
pointed justice of the peace in 1762, and register 
of probate in 1766. Like his friend and classmate, 
John Adams, he was an earnest Whig, and was an 
active patriot from the beginning of the Revolu- 
tion. He was representative for York in 1776, 
was chosen a member of the council of Massachu- 
setts, and was appointed in 1777 a justice of the 
superior court From 1789 till 1818 he was U. S. 

J'udge for the district of Maine. — Stephen's nephew, 
ronathan Mitchell, poet, b. in Salem, Mass., in 
1748 ; d. in Portsmouth, N. H., 29 March, 1808, was 
brought up in the family of his uncle, and edu- 
cated at Harvard. He left college to engage in 
mercantile business, afterward studied law, was 
admitted to the bar, and practised with success. 
In 1774 he was appointed register of probate for 
Grafton county, N. H. Afterward he settled in 
Portsmouth. In the early part of the Revolution 



he wrote " War and Washington," a favorite song 
of the soldiers of the Revolutionary army. He 
produced other patriotic lyrics, besides paraphrases 
of Ossian, epilogues, and epigrams. In an " Epi- 
logue to Cato," written in 1778, drawing a parallel 
between the characters and events of the Revolu- 
tion and those of the play, occurs the couplet, 
" No pent-up Utica contracts your powers, 
But the whole boundless continent is yours," 
which Park Benjamin adopted as the motto of his 
paper, " The New World." His poems, which were 
mostly the productions of his vouth, were collected 
into a volume (Portsmouth, 1801). — Joseph's grand- 
son, Samnel, jurist, b. in Boston. Mass., 11 Dec, 
1757; d. in Wiscassett, Me., 8 June, 1814, was gradu- 
ated at Harvard in 1776, studied law. was admitted 
to the bar, and practised in Marblehead, Mass. He 
was frequently a member of the legislature, was 
elected to congress for two successive terms, and 
served from 15 May, 1797, till 1Q Jan., 1800, when 
he resigned on being appointed a judge of the 
Massachusetts supreme court In the same year 
he was a member of the electoral college of Massa- 
chusetts. He became chief judge in 1813, and 
died while holding court in Wiscassett, where a 
monument was erected to his memory by the mem- 
bers of the bar. — The second Stephen's nephew, 
Jotham, clergyman, b. in York, Me., 1 Jan., 1760; 
d. in Chesterville, Me., 3 Oct, 1850, was a mason 
in his youth, and received only a rudimentary edu- 
cation, yet after a theological examination in 1798, 
he was licensed to preach, and on 18 June, 1800, 
was ordained as an evangelist From that time till 
the close of his life he labored as a missionary. 
He was installed as pastor of the Congregational 
church in Chesterville on 22 June, 182®, but con- 
tinued his missionary tours, preaching wherever 
a few could be gathered together, on week days 
as well as on Sundays, and organizing many new 
churches. His ministry extended over a period of 
fifty years, and in this time he preached four and 
a half times on an average every week. His field 
was confined chiefly to Maine and parts of New 
Hampshire and Rhode Island, though his journeys 
extended into eleven other states and into New 
Brunswick. A memoir was published by his son, 
Jotham (Boston, 1Q52J. — The third Samuel's son, 
Samuel, clergyman, o. in Marblehead. Mass., 1 
June, 1785 ; d. in Burlington, Mass., 18 Feb., 1868, 
was graduated at Harvard in 1804, studied theol- 
ogy in Cambridge, and was pastor of the Congre- 
gational church at Burlington, Mass., from 1814 
till his death. He was fond of antiquarian studies, 
and left a " History of Woburn, Mass., from the 
Grant of its Territory to Charlestown in 1640 
to 1860," which was published, with a memorial 
sketch, by his brother. Rev. Charles Cbauncy 
Sewall (Boston, 1868). — Jotham 's cousin, Thomas, 
physician, b. in Augusta, Me., 16 April, 1786 ; d. in 
Washington, D. C, 10 April, 1845, was graduated 
in medicine at Harvard in 1812, and practised in 
Essex, Mass., till 1820, when he removed to Wash- 
ington. In 1821 he was appointed professor of 
anatomy in the National meaical college of Colum- 
bian university. He began his lectures when the 
college first opened in 1825, and continued them 
till his death. He published, among other works, 
"The Pathology of Drunkenness" (Albany), which 
was translated into German, and established his 
reputation as an original investigator in Europe 
as well as in the United States. — Jotham's grand- 
nephew, Rnfas King, author, b. in Edgecomb, 
Me., 21 Jan., 1814, was graduated at Bowdoin in 
.1837, and at Bangor theological seminary in 1840. 
He supplied pulpits in Vermont and Massachusetts, 



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but the condition of his health prevented him from 
accepting a permanent pastorate. He resided for 
Ave years in St. Augustine, Fla., studied law with 
his uncle, Kiah B. Sewall, of Mobile, Ala., returned 
to Maine before the civil war, was admitted to the 
bar in 1860, and has since practised in Wiscassett. 
He is the author of a •• Memoir of Joseph Sewall, 
D. D." (Boston, 1846); "Lectures on the Holy 
Spirit and his Converting Power " (1846) ; '* Sketches 
of St. Augustine and its Advantages for Invalids" 
(New York, 1848); and "Ancient Dominions of 
Maine" (Bath, 1859).— Jotham's grandson, John 
Smith, educator, b. in Newcastle, Me., 20 March, 
1830, was graduated at Bowdoin in 1850, went with 
the expedition of Com. Matthew C. Perry on the 
" Saratoga " as captain's clerk to China and Japan, 
taught for a year after his return, then entered 
Bangor theological seminary, and was graduated in 
1858. He was pastor of the Congregational church 
at Wenham, Mass., till 1867, when he became pro- 
fessor of rhetoric and English literature at Bow- 
doin. He exchanged this chair in 1875 for that of 
homiletics at Bangor theological seminary. 

SEWARD, Theodore Frel I nghorsen, musi- 
cian, b. in Florida, N. Y., 25 Jan., 1885. He is a 
cousin of William H. Seward. He left his father's 
farm at the age of eighteen to study music under 
Lowell Mason and Thomas Hastings, became 
organist of a church in New London, Conn., in 
1857, and in Rochester, N. Y., in 1859, removed to 
New York city in 1867, and conducted the " Musi- 
cal Pioneer," and afterward the New York " Musi- 
cal Gazette." He first became interested in the 
tonic sol-fa system during a visit to England in 
1869, and on his return endeavored ineffectually to 
introduce the method without adopting the nota- 
tion. He subsequently took charge of the perform- 
ances of the ** Jubilee singers," wrote down more 
than one hundred of their plantation melodies, and, 
while making the tour of Europe with them, in 
1875-' 6. became more impressed with the advan- 
tages of the new system of musical instruction. 
After a course of study at the Tonic sol-fa college 
in London, he returned to the United States in 
1877, intending to make the establishment of the 
system his sole purpose. Besides writing on the 
subject for many religious and educational jour- 
nals, and lecturing before gatherings of teachers, 
he has edited the " Tonic Sol-Fa Advocate" and 
fiie "Musical Reform," taught the system in 
classes and public schools, and prepared a series of 
text-books. He was the founder of the American 
tonic sol-fa association, and of the American vocal 
music association. In conjunction with Lowell 
Mason, he prepared' " The Pestalozzian Music- 
Teacher" (New York, 1871). Among his other pub- 
lications are "The Sunnyside Glee-Book" (New 
York, 1866); "The Temple Choir" (1867); and 
"Coronation "(1872). 

SEWARD, William Henry* statesman, b. in 
Florida, Orange co., N. Y., 16 May, 1801 ; d. in Au- 
burn, N. Y., 10 Oct., 1872. His father, Dr. Sam- 
uel S. Seward, descended from a Welsh emigrant 
to Connecticut, combined medical practice with a 
large mercantile business. His mother was of Irish 
extraction. The son was fond of study, and in 1816 
entered Union, after due preparation at Farmers' 
Hall academy. Goshen, N. V. He withdrew from 
college in 1819, taught for six months in the 
south, and after a year's absence returned, and was 
graduated in 1820. After reading law with John 
Anthon in New York city, and John Duer and 
Ogden Hoffman in Gosben, he was admitted to the 
bar at Utica in 1832, and in January, 1828, settled 
in Auburn, N. Y., as the partner of Elijah Miller, 



the first judge of Cayuga county, whose daughter, 
Frances Adeline, he married in the following year. 
His industry and his acumen and power of logical 

f>resentation soon gave him a place among the 
eaders of the bar. In 1824 he nrst met Thurlow 
Weed at Rochester, and a close friendship between 
them, personal and political, continued through 
life. In that year also he entered earnestly into 
the political contest as an advocate of the election 
of John Quincy Adams, and in October of that year 
drew up an address of the Republican convention 
of Cayuga county, in which he arraigned the " Al- 
bany regency " and denounced the methods of Mar- 
tin Van Buren's supporters. He delivered an an- 
niversary address at Auburn on 4 July, 1825. He 
was one of the committee to welcome Lafayette, 
and in February, 1827, delivered an oration expres- 
sive of sympathy for the Greek revolutionists. On 
12 Aug., 1827, he presided at Utica over a great 
convention of young men of New York in support 
of the re-election of John Q. Adams. He declined 
the anti-Masonic nomination for congress in 1828, 
but joined that party on the dissolution of the 
National Republican party, with which he had pre- 
viously acted, consequent upon the setting aside of 
its candidate for Andrew Jackson. In 1830 he was 
elected as the anti-Masonic candidate for the state 
senate, in which body he took the lead in the oppo- 
sition to the dominant party, and labored in behalf 
of the common schools and of railroad and canal 
construction. He proposed the collection of docu- 
ments in the archives of European governments for 
the "Colonial History of New York," advocated 
the election of the mayor of New York by the direct 
popular vote, and furthered the passage of the bill 
to abolish imprisonment for debt. At the close of 
the session he was chosen to draw up an address of 
the minority of the legislature to the people. On 
4 July, 1881, he gave an address to the citizens of 
Syracuse on the " Prospects of the United States." 
On 81 Jan., 1882, he defended the U. & bank in an 
elaborate speech in the state senate, and at the close 
of that session again prepared an address of the 
minority to their constituents. In 1888 he travelled 
through Europe, writing home letters, which were 
afterward published in the " Albany Evening Jour- 
nal." In January, 1884, he denounced the removal 
of the U. S. bank deposits in a brilliant and ex- 
haustive speech. He drew up a third minority 
address at the close of this his last session in the 
legislature. On 1 6 J uly, 1884, he delivered a eulogy 
oi Lafayette at Auburn. 

The Whig party, which had originated in the 
opposition to the Jackson administration and the 
"Albany regency," nominated him for governor 
on 18 Sept, 1884, in the convention at Utica. He 
was defeated by William L. Marcy, and returned to 
the practice of law in the beginning of 1885. On 8 
Oct of that year he made a speech at Auburn on 
education and internal improvements. In July, 
1886, he quitted Auburn for a time in order to as- 
sume an agency at Westfield to settle the differences 
between the Holland land company and its tenants. 
While there he wrote some political essays, and in 
July, 1887, delivered an address in favor of universal 
education. He took an active part in the political 
canvass of 1887, which resulted in a triumph of the 
Whigs. He was again placed in nomination for gov- 
ernor in 1888, and after a warm canvass, in which he 
was charged with having oppressed settlers for the 
benefitof the land company, and was assailed bvanti- 
slavery men, who had failed to draw from him an 
expression of abolitionist principles, he was elected 
by a majority of 10,421. The first Whig governor 
was hampered in his administration by rivalries and 



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dissension within the party. He secured more hu- 
mane and liberal provisions for the treatment of 
the insane, a mitigation of the methods of discipline 
in the penitentiary, and the improvement of the 
common schools. His proposition to admit Roman 

Catholic and for- 
eign-born teach- 
ers into the pub- 
lic schools, while 
it was applauded 
by the opposite 
party, drew upon 
him the reproach- 
es of many of the 
Protestant clergy 
and laity, and sub- 
jected him to sus- 
gicion and abuse. 
[is recommenda- 
tions to remove 
disabilities from 
foreigners and to 
encourage, rather 
than restrict, em- 
igration, likewise 
2L '// /f-~*f s provoked the hos- 

rfiu^- // At+**-~<c»€* tility of native- 
born citizens. His 
proposition to abolish the court of chancery and 
make the judiciary elective was opposed by the 
bench and the bar, yet within a few years the re- 
form was effected. At his suggestion, specimens 
of the natural history of the state were collected, 
and, when the geological survey was completed, he 
prepared an elaborate introduction to the report, 
reviewing the settlement, development, and condi- 
tion of the state, which appeared in the work under 
the title of " Notes on New York." In the conflict 
between the proprietors and the tenants of Rens- 
selaerwyck he advocated the claims of the latter, but 
firmly suppressed their violent outbreaks. He was 
re-elected, with a diminished majority, in 1840. A 
contest over the enlargement of the Erie canal and 
the completion of the lateral canals, which the 
Democrats prophesied would plunge the state into 
a debt of forty millions, grew sharper during Gov. 
Seward's second term, and near its close the legis- 
lature stopped the public works. His projects for 
building railroads were in like manner opposed 
by that party. 

In January, 1848, Seward retired to private life, 
resuming the practice of law at Auburn. He 
continued an active worker for his party during 
the period of its decline, and was a frequent speak- 
er at political meetings. In 1848 he delivered an 
address before the Phi Beta Kappa society at Union 
college on the " Elements of Empire in America." 
He entered largely into the practice of patent law, 
and in criminal cases his services were in constant 
demand. Frequently he not only defended accused 
persons gratuitously, but pave pecuniary assistance 
to his clients. Among his most masterly forensic 
efforts were an argument for freedom of the press 
in a libel suit brought by J. Feniraore Cooper 
against Horace Greeley in 1845, and the defence of 
John Van Zandt, in 1&7, against a criminal charge 
of aiding fugitive slaves to escape. At the risk of 
violence, and with a certainty of opprobrium, he 
defended the demented negro Freeman, who had 
committed a revolting murder, emboldened, many 
supposed, by Seward's eloquent presentation of the 
doctriue of moral insanity in another case. In Sep- 
tember, 1847, Seward delivered a eulogy on Daniel 
O'Connell before the Irish citizens of New York, 
and in 1848 a eulogy on John Quincy Adams be- 



fore the New York legislature. He took an active 
part in the presidential canvass, and in a speech at 
Cleveland described the conflict between freedom 
and slavery, saying of the latter : " It must be 
abolished, and you and I must do it." 

In February, 1849, Seward was elected U. S. sena- 
tor. His proposal, while governor, to extend suf- 
frage to the negroes of New York, and many pub- 
lic utterances, placed him in the position or the 
foremost opponent of slavery within the Whig 
party. President Taylor selected Seward as his 
most intimate counsellor among the senators, and 
the latter declined to be placed on any impor- 
tant committee, lest his pronounced views should 
compromise the administration. In a speech de- 
livered on 11 March, 1850, in favor of the admis- 
sion of California, he spoke of the exclusion of 
slavery as determined by " the higher law," a phrase 
that was denounced as treasonable by the southern 
Democrats. On 2 July, 1850, he delivered a great 
speech on the compromise bill. He supported the 
French spoliation Dill, and in February, 1851. ad- 
vocated the principles that were afterward em- 
bodied in the homestead law. His speeches cov- 
ered a wide ground, ranging from a practical and 
statistical analysis of the questions affecting steam 
navigation, deep-sea exploration, the American 
fisheries, the duty on rails, and the Texas debt, to 
flights of passionate eloquence in favor of extend- 
ing sympathy to the exiled Irish patriots, and moral 
support to struggles for liberty, like the Hungarian 
revolution, which he reviewed in a speech on " Free- 
dom in Europe," delivered in March, 1852. After 
the death of Zachary Taylor many Whig senators 
and representatives accepted the pro-slavery policy 
of President Fillmore, but Seward resisted it witn 
all his energy. He approved the nomination of 
Winfield Scott for the presidency in 1852, but 
would not sanction the platform, which upheld the 
compromise of 1850. In 1858 he delivered an ad- 
dress at Columbus, Ohio, on "The Destiny of 
America," and one in New York city on " The True 
Basis of American Independence." In 1854 he 
made an oration on " The Physical, Moral, and In- 
tellectual Development of the American People " 
before the literary societies of Yale college, which 
gave him the degree of LL. D. His speeches on 
the repeal of the Missouri compromise and on the 
admission of Kansas made a profound impression. 
He was re-elected to the senate in 1855, in spite of 
the vigorous opposition of both the Native Ameri- 
can party and tne Whigs of southern sympathies. 
In the presidential canvass of 1856 he zealously 
supported John C. Fremont, the Republican can- 
dictate. In 1857 he journeyed through Canada, and 
made a voyage to Labrador In a fishing-schooner, 
the " Log * of which was afterward published. In 
a speech at Rochester, N. Y., in October, 1858, he 
alluded to the u irrepressible conflict," which could 
only terminate in the United States becoming 
either entirely a slave-holding nation or entirely a 
free-labor nation. He travelled in Europe, Egypt, 
and Palestine in 1859. 

In 1860, as in 1856, Seward's pre-eminent posi- 
tion in the Republican party made him the most 
conspicuous candidate for the presidential nomi- 
nation. He received 178$ votes in the first ballot 
at the convention, against 102 given to Abraham 
Lincoln, who was eventually nominated, and in 
whose behalf he actively canvassed the western 
states. Lincoln appointed him secretary of state, 
and before leaving the senate to enter on the du- 
ties of this office he made a speech in which he 
disappointed some of his party by advising pa- 
tience and moderation in debate, and harmony of 



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action for the sake of maintaining the Union. lie 
cherished hopes of a peaceful solution of the na- 
tional troubles, and, while declining in March, 
1861, to enter into negotiations with commission- 
ers of the Confederate government, he was in favor 
of evacuating Fort Sumter as a military necessity 
and politic measure, while re-enforcing Fort Pick- 
ens, and holding every other post then remaining 
in the hands of the National government. He is- 
sued a circular note to the ministers abroad on 
9 March, 1861, deprecating foreign intervention, 
and another on 24 April, defining the position of 
the United States* in regard to the rights of neu- 
trals. Negotiations were carried on with Euro- 
pean governments for conventions determining 
such rights. He protested against the unofficial in- 
tercourse between the British cabinet and agents of 
the Confederate states, and refused to receive de- 
spatches from the British and French governments 
in which they assumed the attitude of neutrals be- 
tween belligerent powers. On 21 July he sent a 
despatch to Charles F. Adams, minister at Lon- 
don, defending the decision of congress to close the 
ports of the seceded states. When the Confederate 
commissioners were captured on board the British 
steamer "Trent" he argued that the seizure was 
in accordance with the British doctrine of the 
"right of search," which the United States had 
resisted by the war of 1812. The release of these 
prisoners, at the demand of the British govern- 
ment, would now commit both governments to 



the maintenance of the American doctrine; so 
they would be •• cheerfully given up." He firmly 
rejected and opposed the proposal of the French 
emperor to unite with the English and Russian 

governments in mediating between the United 
tates and the Confederate government. He made 
the Seward-Lyons treaty with Great Britain for 
the extinction of the African slave-trade. The 
diplomatic service was thoroughly reorganized by 
Sec. Seward ; and by his lucid despatches and the 
unceasing presentation of his views and argu- 
ments, through able ministers, to the European 
cabinets, the respect of Europe was retained, and 
the efforts of the Confederates to secure recogni- 
tion and support were frustrated. In the summer 
of 1862, the army having become greatly depleted, 
and public proclamation of the fact being deemed 
unwise, he went to the north with letters from 
the president and secretary of war, met and con- 
ferred with the governors of the loyal states, and 
arranged for their joint proffer of re-enforce- 
ments, to which the president responded by the 
call for 300,000 more troops. Mr. Seward firmly 
insisted on the right of American citizens to re- 
dress for the depredations of the " Alabama," and 
with equal determination asserted the Monroe doc- 
trine in relation to the French invasion of Mexico, 
but, bv avoiding a provocative attitude, which might 
have involved his government in foreign war, was 



able to defer the decision of both questions till a 
more favorable time. Before the close of the civil 
war he intimated to the French government the 
irritation felt in the United States in regard to its 
armed intervention in Mexico. Many despatches 
on this subject were sent during 1865 and 1866, 
which gradually became more urgent, until the 
French forces were withdrawn and the Mexican 
empire fell. He supported President Lincoln's 
proclamation liberating the slaves in all localities 
in rebellion, and three years later announced by 
proclamation the abolition of slavery throughout 
the Union bv constitutional amendment In the 
spring of 1865 Mr. Seward was thrown from his 
carriage, and his arm and jaw were fractured. 
While he was confined to his couch with these in- 
juries President Lincoln was murdered and on the 
same evening, 14 April, one of the conspirators 

fnined access to the chamber of the secretary, in- 
icted severe wounds with a knife in his face and 
neck, and struck down his son, Frederick W., who 
came to his rescue. His recovery was slow and his 
sufferings were severe. He concluded a treaty 
with Russia for the cession of Alaska in 1867. He 
negotiated treaties for the purchase of the Danish 
West India islands and the Bay of Samana, which 
failed of approval by the senate, and made a treaty 
with Colombia to secure American control of the 
Isthmus of Panama, which had a similar fate. 

Sec. Seward sustained the reconstruction policy 
of President Johnson, and thereby alienated the 
more powerful section of the Republican party 
and subjected himself to bitter censure ana un- 
generous imputations. He opposed the impeach- 
ment of President Johnson in 1868, and sup- 
ported the election of Gen. Grant in that year. 
He retired from office at the end of eight years 
of tenure in March, 1869. After a brief stay 
in Auburn, he journeyed across the continent to 
California, Oregon, British Columbia, and Alaska, 
returning through Mexico as the guest of its 
government and people. In August, 1870, he set 
out on a tour of the world, accompanied by several 
members of his family. He visited the principal 
countries of Asia, northern Africa, and Europe, 
being received everywhere with great honor. He 
studied their political institutions, their social and 
ethnological characteristics, and their commercial 
capabilities. Returning home on 9 Oct., 1871, he 
devoted himself to the preparation of a narrative 
of his journey, and after its completion to a history 
of his life and times, which was not half finished 
at the time of his death. The degree of LL. D. 
was given him by Union in 1866. He published, 
besides occasional addresses and numerous politi- 
cal speeches, a volume on the " Life and Public 
Services of John Quincy Adams " (Auburn, 1849). 
An edition of his "Works" was published, which 
contains many of his earlier essays, speeches, and 
addresses, with a memoir by George E. Baker, 
reaching down to 1853 (3 vols., New York, 1858). 
To this a fourth volume was added in 1862, and a 
fifth in 1884, containing his later speeches and ex- 
tracts from his diplomatic correspondence. His 
official correspondence during the eight years was 
published by order of congress. The relation of 
nis •* Travels Around the World n was edited and 
published by his adopted daughter, Olive Risley 
Seward (New York, 1873). Charles F. Adams pub- 
lished an •• Address on the Life, Character, and 
Services of Seward " (Albany, 1873), which waa 
thought bv some to have extolled him at the ex- 
pense of President Lincoln's fame, and elicited re- 
plies from Gideon Welles and others. Mr. Seward's 
•• Autobiography," which extends to 1834, has been 



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continued to 1846 in a memoir bv his son, Fred- 
erick W., with selections from his letters (New 
York, 1877). The vignette portrait represents Gov. 
Seward in earlv life, and the other illustration is a 
view of his residence at Auburn. There is a bronze 
statue of Mr. Seward, by Randolph Rogers, in 
Madison square, New York. — His son, Augustus 
Henry, soldier, b. in Auburn, N. Y., 1 Oct., 1826; d. 
in Montrose, N. Y., 11 Sept., 1876, was graduated at 
the U. S. military academy in 1847, served through 
the Mexican war as lieutenant of infantry, after- 
ward in Indian territory till 1851, and then on 
the coast survey till 1859, when he joined the Utah 
expedition. He was made a captain on 19 Jan., 
1859, and on 27 March, 1861, a major on the staff. 
He served as paymaster during the civil war, re- 
ceiving the brevets of lieutenant-colonel and colo- 
nel at its close.— Another son, Frederick Will- 
iam, lawyer, b. in Auburn, N. Y., 8 July, 1830, was 
graduated at Union in 1849, and after he was ad- 
mitted to the bar at Rochester, N. Y., in 1851, was 
associate editor of the Albany •• Evening Journal " 
till 1861, when he was appointed assistant secretary 
of state, which office he held for the eight years 
that his father was secretary. In 1867 he went on 
a special mission to Sauto Domingo. He was a 
member of the New York legislature in 1875, and 
introduced the bill to incorporate the New York 
elevated railroad and the amendments to the 
constitution providing for a reorganization of the 
state canal and prison systems, placing each under 
responsible heads, and abolishing the old boards. 
He was assistant secretary of state again in 1877-81, 
while William M. Evarts was secretary. Union con- 
ferred on him the degree of LL. D. in 1878. His 
Erincipal publication is the •' Life and Letters " of 
is father (New York, 1877), of which the second 
volume is now (1888) in preparation. — Another son, 
William Henry, soldier, o. in Auburn, N. Y., 18 
June, 1839, was educated by a private tutor, and 
in 1861 engaged in banking at Auburn. He en- 
tered the volunteer service as lieutenant-colonel of 
the 138th New York infantry, and was afterward 
made colonel of the 9th New' York heavy artillery. 
In 1863 he was sent on a special mission to Louisi- 
ana. Col. Seward was engaged at Cold Harbor 
and the other battles of the Wilderness campaign. 
He afterward commanded at Fort Foote, Ma., and 
took part in the battle of Monocacy, where he was 
wounded, but retained his command. He was 
commissioned as brigadier-general on 18 Sept. 
1864, was commandant for some time at Mar- 
tinsburg, Va., and resigned his commission on 
1 June, 1865, returning to the banking busi- 
ness at Auburn. He is president of the Au- 
burn city hospital, and an officer in various 
financial and charitable associations.— William 
Henry's nephew, Clarence Armstrong, lawyer, b. 
in New York city, 7 Oct., 1828, was brought up as 
a member of his uncle's family, his parents having 
died when he was a child. He was graduated at 
Hobart in 1848, studied law, and began practice in 
Auburn as a partner of Samuel Blatchford, whom 
he assisted in the compilation of the " New York 
Civil and Criminal Justice" (Auburn, 1850). In 
1854 he established himself in New York city. 
He was judge-advocate-general of the state in 
1856-'60. After the attempted assassination of Sec 
Seward and his son, Frederick W., he was ap- 
pointed acting assistant secretary of state. He was 
a delegate to the National Republican convention 
of 1878, and a presidential elector in 1880. His 
practice has especially related to railroads, express 
companies, patents, and extraditions. — Another 
nephew of William Henry, George Frederick, 



diplomatist, b. in Florida, N. Y., 8 Nov., 1840, was 
prepared for college at Seward institute in his 
native village, and entered Union with the class of 
1860, but was not graduated. In 1861 he was ap- 
pointed U. S. consul at Shanghai, China. In the 
exercise of extra-territorial jurisdiction he had 
to pass judgment on river pirates claiming to be 
Americans, who infested the Yang-tse-Kiang dur- 
ing the Taeping rebellion, and by his energy and 
determination checked the evil. In 1863 he was 
made consul-general, and introduced reforms in 
the consular service in China. He returned to the 
United States in 1866 to urge legislation for the 
correction of abuses in the American judicial estab- 
lishment in China, which he was only able to effect 
on a second visit to the United States in 1869. He 
went to Siam in 1868 to arrange a difficulty that 
had arisen in regard to the interpretation of the 
treaty with that country. He was appointed U. S. 
minister to Corea in 1869, but at his suggestion the 
sending of a mission to that country was deferred, 
and he did not enter on the duties of the office. 
In 1873 he landed the crews of two American ves- 
sels-of-war, and, as dean of the consular corps, 
summoned a force of volunteers for the suppres- 
sion of a riot which endangered the European 
quarter. On 7 Jan., 1876, he was commissioned 
as minister to China. During his mission he was 
called home to answer charges against his adminis- 
tration, in congress, and was completely exculpated 
after a long investigation. He declined to under- 
take the task of negotiating a treaty for the re- 
striction of Chinese immigration, and, in order to 
carry out the views that prevailed in congress, he 
was recalled, and James a. Angell was appointed 
his successor on 9 April, 1880. After his return to 
the United States, Mr. Seward became a broker in 
New York city. He was president of the North 
China branch of the Royal Asiatic society in 
1865-'6. Besides his official reports and diplomat- 
ic correspondence, he has written a book on " Chi- 
nese Immigration in its Social and Economical As- 
pects," containing arguments against anti-Chinese 
legislation (New York. 1881). 

SEWELL, Jonathan, Canadian jurist, b. in 
Cambridge, Mass., in 1766 ; d. in Quebec, Canada, 
12 Nov., 1839. He was the son of Jonathan Sewali. 
attornev-general of Massachusetts, who, about 
1777, adopted the 
English form of 
the name. He was 
educated in the 
grammar - school 
at Bristol, Eng- 
land, and was sent 
to New Bruns- 
wick in 1785 to 
study law with 
Ward Chipman. 
After his admis- 
sion to the bar he 
practised for a 
year in St. John, 
and then removed 
to Quebec, where 
he soon attained 
a high profession- 
al position. In 
1793 he became 
solicitor -general, 
in 1795 attorney- 
general and judge of the court of vice-admiralty, 
and from 1808 till 1838 chief justice of Lower 
Canada. The question of boundaries between the 
Dominion government and Ontario was settled in 



J/Mr/l 



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accordance with a decision rendered by him in 
1818. He held the office of president of the execu- 
tive council from 1808 till 1829, and that of speaker 
of the legislative council from 9 Jan., 1809, till his 
death. He went to England in 1814 to answer 
complaints that were made against the rules of 
practice that he enforced in his court, which charges 
were dismissed by the privy council. While there 
Judge Sewell was the original proposer of Canadian 
federation, publishing a " Plan for a General Federal 
Union of the British Provinces in North America" 
(London, 1815). The degree of LL. D. was conferred 
on him by Harvard in 1882. He was the author of 
an " Essay on the Judicial History of France so far 
as it relates to the Law of the Province of Lower 
Canada" (Quebec, 1824).— His son, Edmund Wil- 
lough by, clergyman, b. in Quebec, Canada, 8 Sept, 
1800, received a classical education in Quebec and 
in English schools, studied for clerical orders, and 
was ordained a priest of the Church of England on 
27 Dec, 1827. He was incumbent of the Church 
of the Holy Trinity at Quebec, and an assistant 
minister or the cathedral till 1868.— Jonathan's 
grandson, William Grant, journalist, b. in Que- 
bec in 1829 ; d. there, 8 Aug., 1862, was educated 
for the bar, but preferred journalism, and in 1858 
removed to New York city and became translator 
and law reporter for the " Herald." He was after- 
ward connected for six years with the New York 
"Times," becoming one of its principal editors. 
Infirmity of health compelled him to pass three 
winters in the West Indies, and, while there, he 
studied the results of emancipation, which he re- 
viewed dispassionately in "The Ordeal of Free 
Labor in the West Indies " (New York, 1861). 

SEWELL, William Joyce, senator, b. in Cas- 
tlebar, Ireland, 6 Dec, 1885. He was left an or- 
phan, came to the United States in 1851, was for 
a time employed in mercantile business in New 
York city, made several voyages as a sailor on mer- 
chant vessels, afterward engaged in business in 
Chicago, 111. At the beginning of the civil war, 
being in the eastern part of the country, he entered 
the army as a captain in the 5th New Jersey regi- 
ment He rose to be colonel in October, 1862, and 
commanded a brigade at ChanceUoraville, where he 
led a brilliant charge and was badly wounded. He 
was wounded also at Gettysburg, and served cred- 
itably on other battle-fields. On 18 March, 1865, 
he received the brevet of brigadier-general of vol- 
unteers for bravery at Chancellorsville, and that of 
major-general for his services during the war. He 
served for nine years in the New Jersey senate, of 
which he was president for three years. He was a 
delegate to the Republican national conventions of 
1876, 1880, 1884, and 1888. He entered the U. S. sen- 
ate on 4 March, 1881, and served till 8 March, 1887. 

SEYBERT, Adam, chemist, b. in Philadelphia, 
Pa., 16 May. 1778 ; d. in Paris, France, 2 May, 1825. 
He was graduated at the medical department of the 
University of Pennsylvania in 1798, and then spent 
some time at the Ecole des mines in Paris, also 
studying at the universities of London, Edinburgh, 
and Gdttingen. On his return he settled in Phila- 
delphia, and, acquiring a collection of minerals, 
devoted his attention specially to the practice and 
study of chemistry and mineralogy. In 1805 he 
was called on by the elder Silliman to name the 
few specimens that at that time constituted the 
collection belonging to Yale. Dr. Seybert was 
elected as a Democrat to congress, and served from 
27 Nov., 1809, till 2 March, 1815, and again from 
1 Dec., 1817, till 8 Dec., 1819. He wai chosen a 
member of the American philosophical society in 
1797, and contributed his papers on ** Experiments 



and Observations on Land and Sea Air " and M On 
the Atmosphere of Marshes" to its transactions 
during that year. His publication of •• The Statis- 
tical Annals of the United States from 1789 till 
1818 " (Philadelphia, 1818) was reviewed by Sydney 
Smith in the " Edinburgh Review " for January, 
1821. In this article occurs the oft-quoted ques- 
tion, " Who reads an American book!" He be- 
queathed $1,000 for educating the deaf and dumb, 
and $500 for the Philadelphia orphan asvlum. — 
His son, Henry (1802-1888), was also educated at 
the Ecole des mines, and achieved considerable rep- 
utation by his analyses of American minerals. 
Shortly after the death of his father his attention 
became diverted from science. 

SEYFFARTH, GusUvus, clergyman, b. in 
Ubigau, Saxony, 18 July, 1796 ; d. in New York 
city, 17 Nov., 1885. He studied in the gymnasium 
at Leipsic, afterward in the university, and in 1820 
in Paris under the direction of Champollion, the 
celebrated French Egyptologist. He became well 
known as a scientist and archaeologist and a de- 
cipherer of Egyptian hieroglyphics. In 1828 he 
published his "Clavis Hierogtyphicum Egyptia- 
corum." In 1825- '55 he was professor of Oriental 
archaeology in the University of Leipsic, during 
which time he published the most important of his 
numerous scientific and archaeological works. In 
1855 he emigrated to the United States, and was 
elected professor of archaeology and exegesis in 
Concordia Lutheran theologicalseminary. St. Louis, 
Mo., where he remained until 1871. From this 
date until his death he resided in New York in 
retirement In 1878 he celebrated the fiftieth an- 
niversary of his doctorate, and he received from 
the University of Leipsic an annual pension, in 
recognition of original investigations in archae- 
ology. He claims to have been the first to decipher 
the hieroglyphics on the celebrated Rosetta stone ; 
and he translated numerous Egyptian manuscripts 
in the collection of the New York historical so- 
ciety, and the characters on the obelisk in Central 
park, New York. He published numerous treatises, 
both in Germany and in the United States, many 
of which have been translated into different lan- 
guages. Among. his published works are "De 
Son is literarum grascarum turn genuinis turn 
adoptivis libri duo" (Leipsic, 1828); "Rudimenta 
hieroglyphica, ace. explicationes, xviL speciminum 
hieroglyphicum " (1826) ; " Beitrfige zur Kenntniss 
der Literatur, Kunst, Mythologie und Geschichte 
des alten Aegyptens" (1826); "Brevis Defensio 
hieroglyphices invents a Fr. Aug. Spohn et O. 
Svfarth* (1827); "Replique aux objections de 
Mon. Champollion con t re le m€me systdme" 
(1827) ; " Systema Astronomic ^EgyptiaceaB^' (1888); 
44 Chronologia Sacra: eine Untersuchung fiber 
das Oeburtsjahr Christi" (1846); " Theologische 
Schriften der alten Aegypter, nach dem Turiner 
Papyrus, zum ersten Male Qbersetzt " (Gotha, 1855) ; 
"Grammatica JRgjptiacm: erste Abtheilung zur 
Uebersetzung alt-a*gyptischcn Literatur- Werken, 
nebst Geschichte des Hieroglyphisches Schlussels" 
(1855) ; " Summary of Recent Discoveries in Bibli- 
cal Chronology, universal History, and Biblical 



Egyptia 

(New York, 1857) ; " Die wahre Zeitrechnung des 
alten Testaments, nebst einer Zeittafel zum neuen 
Testamente " (St. Louis, Mo., 1858) : " An Astro- 
nomical Inscription concerning the Year 22, B. C." 
(1860); " Amerikanischer Kalendermann " (1869); 
" Chronologia- Veterum " (1871) ; and " Die Allge- 
meinheit der Sundfluth." 



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SEYFFERT, Anton, Moravian missionary, b. 
in Krulich, German Bohemia, 15 Aug., 1712; d. in 
Zeist, Holland; 19 June, 1785. He united with the 
Moravians in 1728. In 1784 he was sent to Georgia 
with the first colony of Moravians, to establish a 
mission among the Creek and Cherokee Indians, 
but, owing to hostilities between Florida and Geor- 
gia, the enterprise was abandoned. In 1740 he re- 
moved to Pennsylvania, where he served in the 
church schools and in the ministry till April, 1745, 
when he returned to Europe. 

SEYMOUR, Charles B., editor, b. in London, 
England, in 1829; d. in New York city, 2 May, 
186&. He came to New York in 1849, and became 
connected with the ** Times," serving as musi- 
cal and dramatic editor until his death. From 
January to July, 1865, he was associated with 
Theodore Hagen in editing the New York " Weeklv 
Review.** He was correspondent for the •• Times H 
at the Paris exposition of 1867, where his services 
as one of the American commission procured him 
a medal from the emperor. He was the author of 
"Self-Made Men" (New York, 1858). 

SEYMOUR, George Franklin, P. E. bishop, 
b. in New York city, 5 Jan., 1829. He was gradu- 
ated at Columbia in 1850, at the head of his class, 
and at the Episcopal general theological seminary 

in New York in 

1854. He was or- 
dained deacon in 
New York city, 
17 Dec., 1854, by 
Bishop Horatio 
Potter, and priest 
in Green burg 
(Dobb's Ferry), 
N. Y., 28 Sept, 

1855, by the same 
bishop. His first 
field of labor 
was as mission- 
ary at Annandale, 
Dutchess county, 
N. Y., from Janu- 
ary, 1855, till July, 
1861. As part of 
the result of his 
activity a church 

was built, and a training institution for candidates 
for orders was founded. The latter was chartered 
by the legislature of New York, under the title of 
St Stephen's college, and Mr. Seymour was chosen 
to be first warden. He became in November, 1861, 
rector of St Mary's church, Manhattanville, New 
York city, in October, 1862, of Christ church, Hud- 
son, N. Y., and a year later of St John's church, 
Brooklyn, N. Y. In 1865 he was elected professor 
of ecclesiastical history in the General theological 
seminary, and in 1875 he became dean of the same 
institution, in conjunction with his professorship. 
During his connection with the seminary he was 
invited to rectorships of churches in Chicago, San 
Francisco, and Troy, N. Y., but declined. He was 
also active in securing $80,000 for new chapel and 
library buildings, and earnestly opposed the re- 
moval of the seminary from the city into the coun- 
try. From 1867 till 1879 he served as chaplain to 
the House of mercy, New York, without salary. 
He was also superintendent of the Society for pro- 
moting religion and learning in the state of New 
York until 1878. He received the degree of a T. D. 
from Racine in 1807, and that of LL. D. from Co- 
lumbia in 1878. Dr. Seymour was elected in 1874 
bishop of Illinois in succession to Bishop White- 
house ; but the house of deputies, in general con- 




&pi ' <%1$y7rinrr 



vention then assembled, owing, it is understood, to 
strong feeling against ritualism and its ramifica- 
tions, refused to confirm the election. He was 
unanimously chosen bishop of the new diocese of 
Springfield. 111., 19 Dec., 1877. This election was 
confirmed by the standing committees and the 
bishops, but Dr. Seymour declined in April, 1878. 
At the diocesan convention in May, 1878, he was 
again unanimously chosen bishop, and he felt con- 
strained to withdraw his letter and accept the 
bishopric. He was consecrated in Trinity church, 
New York, 11 June, 1878. The Episcopal church 
under his care has largely increased, and is well 
supplied with schools and other agencies for 
promoting the spread of the gospel. He attended 
the third Pan-Anglican council held at Lambeth 
palace, London, in the first week of July, 1888, 
and during the conference made an address that 
was much admired. Bishop Seymour has contrib- 
uted freely to church literature in annual addresses 
to his convention, and he has advocated the 
change of the name Protestant Episcopal church 
to " Church of the United States." His latest 
work is " Modern Romanism not Catholicity " (Mil- 
waukee, Wis., 1888). 

SEYMOUR, Horatio, statesman, b. in Pompey 
Hill, Onondaga co., N. Y., 81 May, 1810; d. in 
Utica, N. Y., 12 Feb., 1886. He attended school 
in his native village until he was ten years of age, 
when he was sent to Oxford academy. In the 
spring of 1824 he entered Geneva academy (now 
Hobart college), and remained there a year, going 
thence to Partridge's military school at Middle- 
town, Conn. He studied law with Greene C. Bron- 
son and Samuel Beardsley, and was admitted to 
the bar in 1832, but he never practised his profes- 
sion, the care of the property he had inherited tak- 
ing up much of his time. He became military 
secretary of Gov. William L. Marcy in 1888, and 
held the place until 1889. In 1841 he was elected 
to the state assembly as a Democrat, and in 1842 
was elected mayor of Utica by a majority of 180 
over Spencer Kellogg, the Whig candidate. In 
1848 he was renominated, but was beaten by 
Frederick Hoi lister by sixteen votes. In the au- 
tumn of the same year he was elected again to 
the assembly, and in the session that began in 
1844 he distinguished himself among men like 
John A. Dix, Sanford E. Church, and Michael 
Hoffman. He was chairman of the committee on 
canals, and presented an elaborate report, which 
was the basis of the canal policy of the state for 
many years. He advocated the employment of the 
surplus revenue to enlarge the locks of the Erie 
canal and proceed with the construction of the 
Black river and Genesee valley canals, and he 
showed thorough confidence in the development of 
trade with the west. He was once more elected to 
the assembly in the autumn of 1844, and was 
chosen speaker in the legislature of 1845. In 1850 
he became the candidate of the Democratic party 
for governor, as a man acceptable to all its factions ; 
but tie was defeated by the Whig candidate, Wash- 
ington Hunt, by a majority of 262, though San- 
ford E. Church, his associate on the Democratic 
ticket, was elected lieutenant-governor. In 1852 
he was a delegate to the Democratic national con- 
vention at Baltimore, and did all in his power to 
have the vote of the New York delegation cast 
wholly for William L. Marcy, but failed. The 
same year he was again nominated as the Demo- 
cratic candidate for governor, and was elected by 
a majority of 22,596 over his former competitor, 
Washington Hunt During his term there was a 
strong temperance movement in the state, and the 



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legislature passed a prohibitory law, which Gov. 
Seymour vetoed, declaring its provisions to be un- 
constitutional, and denying its good policy. In 
1854 he was renominated for the governorship, 
and received 156,495 votes, to 156,804 cast for 
Myron H. Clark, the Whiff and temperance candi- 
date, 122,282 for Daniel Ullman, the " Know-Noth- 
ing n candidate, and 38,500 for Greene C. Bron- 
son, the candidate of the " Hard-shell " Democrats. 
The vetoed law 
— was again passed 

by the legislature, 
approved by Gov. 
Clark, and after- 
ward declared un- 
constitutional by 
the court of ap- 
peals. In 1856 
Mr. Seymour was 
a delegate to the 
Democratic na- 
tional convention 
at Cincinnati, and 
he supported the 
Democratic can- 
didates, Buchan- 
an and Breckin- 
ridge, actively in 
the presidential 
canvass of that 
year. In a speech 
delivered at Springfield, Mass., 4 July, 1856, be set 
forth the political principles that he had previous- 
ly followed and afterward adhered to. It gives 
the key to his whole political career. He argued 
against centralization and for local authority : 
"That government is most wise which is in the 
hands of those best informed about the particular 
questions on which they legislate, most economical 
and honest when controlled by those most interest- 
ed in preserving frugality and virtue, most strong 
when it only exercises authority which is beneficial 
to the governed." He argued against the attempt 
to reform by legislative restraint, instancing a 
prison as a type of society perfectly regulated and 
yet vicious, He argued for a liberal policy in re- 
gard to immigration, saying that it was bringing 
acquisitions of power, peacefully and easily, such 
as no conqueror had ever won in war; but he did 
not deny the right of the people of this country to 
regulate immigration or even to forbid it altogether, 
which he asserted many years afterward in regard 
to the importation of Chinese. He argued that 
the growth of the north was so much more rapid 
than that of the south that political supremacy 
had passed into the hands of the free states. He 
argued for the right of the people of the territories 
to settle the slavery question for themselves, as- 
suming that under such a policy there would be a 
rapid increase of free states. 

In 1857 Mr. Seymour received from President 
Buchanan the offer of a first-class foreign mis- 
sion, but declined it ; and he took no prominent 
part in politics again until the secession movement 
began. He was a member of the committee on 
resolutions at the convention held in Tweddle hall, 
Albany, 81 Jan., 1861, after the secession of six 
states, to consider the feasibility of compromise 
measures; and he delivered a 'speech designed 
mainly to show the peculiar dangers of civil war. 
When the war began in 1861, Mr. Seymour was in 
Madison, Wis., and the Democratic members of the 
legislature, then in session, called him into con- 
sultation as to the proper course of political action. 
He counselled the simple duty of loyalty, to obey 



the laws, and maintain the national authority, 
and he was active in raising one of the first com- 

Cies of Wisconsin volunteers. When he returned 
le in the autumn he spoke at a Democratic 
ratification meeting held in Utica, 28 Oct, 1861, 
saying: "In common with the majority of the 
A men can people, I deplored the election of Mr. 
Lincoln as a great calamity ; yet he was chosen in 
a constitutional manner, and we wish, as a defeated 
organization, to show our loyalty by giving him 
a just and generous support. He was an active 
member of the committee appointed by Gov. Ed- 
win D. Morgan to raise troops in Oneida county, 
and he contributed liberally to the fund for the 
volunteers. In the following winter he delivered 
at Albany an address on the state and national 
defences; at a meeting of representative Demo- 
crats, held in the state capital in the disastrous 
summer of 1862, he introduced a resolution that 
" we were bound in honor and patriotism to send 
immediate relief to our brethren in the field " ; and, 
at the request of the adjutant-general of the state, 
he became chairman of the committee to take 
charge of recruiting in his own neighborhood. 
On 10 Sept, 1862, the Democratic state convention 
nominated him for governor. In his address to 
that body, accepting the nomination, he intimated 
that compromise measures might have prevented 
the war, justified the maintenance of party organi- 
zation, criticised the spirit of congress as con- 
trasted with that of the army as he had found both 
during a visit to the national capitol and the camps, 
and argued that the Republican party could not, 
in the nature of things, save the nation. After a 
canvass in which he asserted on all occasions the 
right of criticising the administration and the 
duty of sustaining the government he was elected, 
defeating Gen. James S. Wadsworth by a majority 
of 10,752 votes. Perhaps the fairest statement of 
his position in regard to the war at that period is 
to be found in the following passage from his in- 
augural message of 7 Jan., 1868 : •* The assertion 
that this war was the unavoidable result of slavery 
is not only erroneous, but it has led to a disastrous 
policy in its prosecution. The opinion that slavery 
must be abolished to restore our Union creates an 
antagonism between the free and the slave states 
which ought not to exist. If it is true that slavery 
must be abolished by the force of the Federal gov- 
ernment, that the south must be held in military 
subjection, that four millions of negroes must for 
many years be under the direct management of the 
authorities at Washington at the public expense, 
then, indeed, we must endure the waste of our 
armies in the field, further drains upon our popu- 
lation, and still greater burdens of debt We must 
convert our government into a military despotism. 
The mischievous opinion that in this contest the 
north must subjugate and destroy the south to 
save our Union has weakened the hopes of our 
citizens at home and destroyed confidence in our 
success abroad." This argument against the prob- 
ability of success along the path that finally led 
to it was of course supplemented by an unequivocal 
declaration in favor of the restoration of the Union 
and the supremacy of the constitution. On 28 
March, 1863, President Lincoln wrote to Gov. 
Seymour a letter seeming to suggest a personal 
pledge of co-operation, and the governor sent his 
brother to Washington to convey assurances of 
loyal support but along with them a protest 
against the policy of arbitrary arrests. On 18 
April, 1868, Gov. Seymour sent to the legislature 
a message suggesting a constitutional amendment 
as a necessary preliminary to a law allowing sol- 



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diets in the field to vote; and on 24 April he 
vetoed a bill ** to secure the elective franchise to 
qualified voters of the army and navy of the state 
of New York," on the ground that it was uncon- 
stitutional. The amendment that he had recom- 
mended was afterward adopted. In everything 
pertaining to the raising of troops Oov. Seymour's 
administration showed conspicuous energy and 
ability, but especially in the effort to meet Lee's 
invasion of the north in the early summer of 1863. 
On 15 June the secretary of war telegraphed to 
Gov. Seymour asking for help, and within three 
days 12J00O state militia, " well equipped and in 
good spirits," were on their way to Harrisburg. 
The good-will for such an achievement was not 
rare during the war, but it was not often joined 
with the necessary executive ability, and Presi- 
dent Lincoln and Sec. Stanton both sent their 
thanks to Gov. Seymour for his promptitude. On 
2 July, Gov. Curtin, of Pennsylvania, telegraphed 
for aid, and on the two following days troops 
were sent to his assistance. 

During the absence of the New York militia 
the draft riots began. They had their pretext, 
if not their origin, in two grievances, which were 
afterward abolished. One was the commutation 
clause in the draft law, which provided that any 
drafted man might obtain exemption by paying 
the government three hundred dollars. The poor 
regarded this as a fraud upon them in the desper- 
ate lottery of life and death. The other was a 
discrimination against New York state, and espe- 
cially New York city, in the allotment of quotas. 
Gov. Seymour had been anxious to have tnis in- 

t'nsticc corrected, and to have the draft postponed ; 
>ut it began in the metropolis on Saturday, 11 
July, 1863. On Sunday the names of those drawn 
were published, and on Monday the rioting be- 
gan. The rioters stopped at no outrage, not even 
the murder of the innocent and helpless. That 
night the governor reached the eitv, and the next 
day he issued two proclamations, the first calling 
upon all citizens to retire to their homes and pre- 
serve the peace, and the second declaring the city 
in a state of insurrection. The same day he took 
measures for enrolling volunteers and gathering 
all available troops. On Tuesday he also spoke to 
a mob in front of the city-hall. Then, and ever 
afterward, his impromptu speech was the subject 
of bitter criticism. It seems clear, from vari- 
ous conflicting and imperfect reports of it, that he 
promised the crowd that if they had grievances 
they would be redressed, declared himself their 
friend, and urged the necessity of obedience to 
law and the restoration of order. The design of 
the speech was twofold— to fiersuade the crowd to 
disperse, and, in any event, to gain time for the 
concentration of the forces within reach to sup- 
press the riot. Under the direction of Gen. John 
E. Wool, with but slight aid from the National 
forces, order was restored within forty-eight hours. 
The rioting lasted from Monday afternoon until 
Thursday evening, cost about a thousand lives, 
and involved the destruction of property estimated 
at from half a million to three million dollars in 
value. Shortly afterward Gov. Seymour wrote to 
President Lincoln, pointing out the injustice done 
in the enrolment, and asking to have the draft 
stopped, in order that New York might fill her 
quota with volunteers. The president conceded 
tnat there was an apparent unfairness in the en- 
rolment, but refused to stop the draft A com- 
mission, appointed by the war department to in- 
vestigate the matter, declared that the enrolment 
under the act of 3 March, 1863, was imperfect, er- 



roneous, and excessive, especially with reference to 
the cities of New York and Brooklyn. On 16 
April, 1864, a Republican legislature passed a reso- 
lution thanking Gov. Seymour for his " prompt 
and efficient efforts" in pointing out the errors 
of the enrolment and procuring their correction. 
He took an active part in the state canvass of 

1863, making many speeches in defence of his own 
record and the principles of his party, and attack- 
ing the policy of the administration ; but in the 
election the state gave a Republican majority of 
about 29,000. On 22 April, 1864, the governor 
sent to the legislature a message urging the pay- 
ment of interest on the state deot in gold ; and this 
action was construed by political opponents as a 
covert attack on the national credit. On 8 Aug., 

1864, the Democratic national convention met in 
Chicago, and Gov. Seymour presided, refusing to 
be a candidate for the presidential nomination. 
But he became a candidate for the governorship 
that year, and was defeated by Reuben E. Fen ton, 
Republican, by a majority of 8,293. 

After the close of the war Mr. Seymour re- 
mained a leader in politics. He made speeches in 
the state canvasses of 1865, 1866, and 1867, oppos- 
ing strongly the reconstruction policy of the Re- 
publican party, and criticising sharply its finan- 
cial methods. He presided over the state conven- 
tions of his party, 3 Oct., 1867, and 11 March, 1868, 
and over the National convention that met in New 
York city, 4 July, 1868. In spite of previous dec- 
larations that he would not be a candidate before 



l 



that body, and in spite of his protestations during 
its proceedings, the convention nominated him for 
the presidency, and he allowed himself, against 
his better judgment, to be overpcrsuaded into ac- 
cepting the nomination. In the election of 3 Nov., 
1868, he carried the states of Delaware. Georgia, 
Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, New Jersey, New 
York, and Oregon ; Mississippi, Virginia, and 
Texas did not vote; and the rest of the states 
voted for Gen. Grant, the Republican candidate. 
The electoral vote stood 214 for Grant and 80 for 
Seymour; the popular vote, 8,015,071 for Grant 
and 2,709,213 for Seymour. This defeat virtually 
closed Mr. Seymour's political career, for, though 
mentioned in connection with the presidency regu- 
larly every four years, offered the senatorship, and 
nominated for the governorship, he refused steadily 
to have anything more to do with public office. 
The remote origin of his last illness was a sun- 
stroke, which he suffered in 1876 while overseeing 
the repairing of the roads in Decrfield, near Utica, 
where he had settled in 1804. See the accom- 
panying view of his residence at Deerfield on tho 
left liank of the Mohawk river. Mr. Seymour 
was of fair stature, lithely and gracefully' built, 
and had a refined face, lighted up by dark, glow- 
ing eyes. In social intercourse he was simple in 
manner and considerate in spirit As an orator 



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SEYMOUR 



SEYMOUR 



he was easy, agreeable, and powerful, plausible 
and candid in ordinary argument, and yet rising 
often into true eloquence. He made many speeches 
on other than political occasions ; he lovea farm- 
ing, and often delivered addresses at agricultural 
gatherings; he was a member of the Protestant 
Episcopal church, and frequently took part in its 
conventions as a lay delegate; he was a member of 
the commission for the state survey, and was in 
an especial way the champion of the canal sys- 
tem. It may be said broaaly that he was master 
of everything connected with the history, topog- 
raphy, and institutions of New York. Mr. Sey- 
mour married, 81 May, 1835, Mary Bleecker, of 
Albany, who survived: him only twenty days. 
They had no children. 

SEYMOUR, Moses, soldier, b. in Hartford, 
Conn., 23 July, 1742; d. in Litchfield, Conn., 17 
Sept, 1826. He was fifth in descent from Richard, 
the ancestor of all of his name in the United 
States, who settled in Hartford in 1635. Richard 
is supposed to be the son of Chaplain Richard of 
Popham's expedition, who was the first to preach 
the gospel to the Indians in this country. Moses 
removed to Litchfield in early life, became cap- 
tain of a troop of horse in the 17th Connecticut 
militia regiment, and in 1776 was given the same 
rank in the 5th cavalry, with which he served in re- 

Selling Tryon's invasion in 1777, and at the surren- 
er of Burgoyne. He also did good service as com- 
missary of supplies at Litchfield, which was then a 
depot for military stores. In 1783 he retired with 
the rank of major. Maj. Seymour held the office 
of town-clerk for thirty-seven years consecutively 
from 1789 till his death, was elected annually to 
the legislature from 1795 till 1811, and was active 
in the affairs of the Protestant Episcopal church. 
He was greatly instrumental in securing the pro- 
ceeds of the sale of the Western Reserve for the 
promotion of common-school education, and is said 
to have originated the plan. He is one of the fig- 
ures in Col. Trumbull's painting of the surrender of 
Burgoyne. — Moses's son, Horatio, senator, b. in 
Litchfield, Conn., 31 May, 1778; d. in Middlebury, 
Vt, 21 Nov., 1857, was graduated at Yale in 1797, 
studied law at Litchfield law-school, and removed 
in October, 1799, to Middlebury, Vt., where he con- 
tinued his studies with Daniel Chipman, and was ad- 
mitted to the bar in 1800. He was a member of the 
state council from 1809 till 1817, and in October, 
1820, was elected to the U. S. senate as a Clay Demo- 
crat, serving two terms, from 1821 till 1833. While 
in the senate he was chairman of the committee on 
agriculture. At the expiration of his second term 
he resumed the practice of his profession. He was 
the Whig candidate for governor of the state in 
1836. but was defeated by Silas H. Jennison. In 
October, 1847, he was appointed by the legislature 
judge of probate for the district of Addison. Mr. 
Seymour had acquired a competency, but lost it, 
chiefly through becoming surety for others. Yale 
gave him the degree of LL. D. in 1847. — Another 
son, Henry, merchant, b. in Litchfield. Conn.. 30 
May, 1780; d. in Utica, N. Y., 26 Aug., 1837, settled 
as a merchant in Pompey, Onondaga co., N. Y., 
accumulated a fortune, and afterward removed to 
Utica. He served in both branches of the New 
York legislature, and was mayor of Utica, canal 
commissioner, and president of the Farmers' loan 
and trust company. — Henry's son, Horatio, gov- 
ernor of New York, is noticed elsewhere.— Moses's 
Cndson, Origen Storrs, jurist, b. in Litch- 
I, Conn., 9 Feb., 1804; d. there, 12 Aug., 1881, 
was the son of Ozias Seymour, who was for 
many years sheriff of Litchfield county. He was 



placed in a mercantile house in New York at the 
age of fourteen, but illness forced him to return 
home, and he then entered Yale. An affection of 
the eyes compelled him to learn his lessons by hear- 
ing them read to him, and the training that this 
gave to his memory had much influence on his 
subsequent career. He was graduated in 1824, 
read law, was admitted to the bar in 1826, and en- 
gaged in active practice. He was county clerk in 
1836-'44, served in the legislature in 1842, 1849, 
and 1850, and in the last year was speaker of the 
house. In the same year he was chosen to congress 
as a Democrat, serving two terms. He was one of 
the small number of anti - Nebraska Democrats 
whose opposition nearly defeated the Kansas-Ne- 
braska bill, but in the contest that followed he 
adhered to the Democratic party. In 1855 he be- 
came a judge of the state superior court, but in 
1863 the Republican legislature refused to re-elect 
him and his Democratic colleague, through fear 
that they might interfere with the National draft 
by writs of habeas corpus, though they had been 
war Democrats. In 1864 he was an unsuccessful 
candidate for governor, and in 1870 a legislature 
whose majority was Republican chose him to the 
bench of the state supreme court. In 1873 he 
succeeded to the chief justiceship, and in 1874, by 
constitutional limitation of age. ne retired. After 
that he was employed chiefly as committee and 
arbitrator in the trial of causes. In one county 
the majority of the cases on the superior court 
docket were" referred to him by agreement for de- 
cision. In 1876 he was chairman of the commis- 
sion that settled the long-standing boundary dis- 
?ute between Connecticut and New York, and in 
878 he was at the head of the one that prepared 
the new state practice act. From 1876 till his 
death he delivered an annual course of lectures 
at Yale law -school. He was elected to office 
for the last time in 1881, when he was again a 
member of the legislature. Judge Seymour was an 
active member of the Protestant Episcopal church 
and a delegate to every general convention from 
1868 till his death. Trinity gave him the degree 
of LL. D. in 1866, and Yale in 1873. A memorial 
of him was printed privately (Hartford. 1882). — 
Origen Storrs's son, Edward Woodruff, congress- 
man, b. in Litchfield, Conn., 30 Aug., 1832, was 
graduated at Yale in 1853, studied law, and has 
attained reputation at the bar. He served in the 
lower house of the Connecticut legislature four 
times between 1859 and 1871, was in the senate in 
1876, and in 1882 was chosen to congress as a 
Democrat, serving two terms. — Origen Storrs's 
daughter-in-law, Mary Harrison, author, b. in 
Oxford, Conn., 7 Sept., 1835, is the wife of Rev. 
Storrs O. Seymour, of Hartford, Conn. She was 
educated in 'Brooklyn, N. Y., and Baltimore, Md., 
and, besides many contributions to periodicals, 
chiefly for children, has published " Mollie's 
Christmas Stocking " (New York, 1865) ; " Sun- 
shine and Starlight " (Boston, 1868 ; London, 
1879); "Posy Vinton's Picnic" (Boston, 1869); 
"Ned, Nellie, and Amy" (1870); "Recompense" 
(New York, 1877); "Every Day "(1877; repub- 
lished as " A Year of Promise, Praise, and Prayer,'* 
London, 1879) ; and *• Through the Darkness " (New 
York, 1884). 

SEYMOUR, Thomas Hart, governor of Con- 
necticut, b. in Hartford, Conn., in 1808 ; d. there, 
8 Sept, 1868. His early education was obtained 
in the schools of his native city, and he was gradu- 
ated at Capt Alden Partridge's military institute 
at Middletown, Conn., in 1829. He was, for some 
time after his return to Hartford, the command- 



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479 



ing officer of the Hartford light-guard. He then 
studied law, and was admitted to the bar in Hart- 
ford about 1833. He soon attained to a fair prac- 
tice, but 'never aspired to a high position in his 
profession. In 1837-8 he became editor of a 
Democratic paper, " The Jeffersonian," and about 
the same time was judge of probate for the dis- 
trict His popular manners and address soon threw 
him into politics, and in 1848 he was elected to 
congress from the Hartford district. At the expi- 
ration of his term he declined a renomination. In 
March, 1846, he was commissioned major of the 9th 
or New England regiment of volunteers in the 
Mexican war. On 13 Oct., 1847, Col. Ransom, its 
commander, having fallen in the assault on Cha- 
pultepec, Maj. Seymour led the troops, scaled the 
height, and with his command was the first to en- 
ter that fortress. He was promoted to the com- 
mand of the regiment, and took part in the capture 
of Mexico. In 1849 he was nominated for gover- 
nor, but, though gaining largely over the vote of 
the preceding year, he was not elected. The next 
year he was again a candidate, and was chosen by 
a handsome majority, and re-elected in 1851, 1852, 
and 1853. In 1852 he was presidential elector. In 
the autumn of 1853 Presiaent Pierce appointed 
him U. S. minister to Russia, and, resigning the 
governorship, he filled the office for four years. He 
formed a warm personal friendship for both the 
Czar Nicholas ana his son, and received from them 
many costly tokens of their regard. After nearly 
a year of European travel he returned to the 
United States in 1858. When the civil war began, 
his sympathies were largely with the south, and he 
continued his opposition to the war until its close 
as the leader of the Connecticut Peace Democrats. 
In 1862 the state senate voted that his portrait, 
with that of Isaac Toucey. should be removed from 
the chamber till the comptroller should be satisfied 
of his loyalty. In 1863 he was again a candidate 
for governor, but was defeated by William A. 
Buckingham, after an exciting contest 

SEYMOUR, Truman, soldier, b. in Burlington, 
Vt, 25 Sept, 1824. His grandfather was first 
cousin to Moses, noticed above. He was gradu- 
ated at the U. S. military academy in 1846, as- 
signed to the 1st artillery, and in the war with 
Mexico won the brevet of 1st lieutenant for gal- 
lantry at Cerro Gordo, and that of captain for Con- 
treras and Churubusco. He was promoted 1st 
lieutenant, 26 Aug., 1847, and in 1850-*8 was as- 
sistant professor of drawing at West Point He 
served against the Seminoles in Florida in 1856-'8, 
was made captain, 22 Nov., 1860, and took part in 
the defence of Fort Sumter in 1861, for which he 
received the brevet of major. He commanded the 
5th artillery and the U. S. camp of instruction 
at Harrisburg, Pa., from December, 1861, till 
March. 1862, and was then chief of artillery of 
Gen. George A. McCali's division till 28 April, 
1862, when he was commissioned brigadier-general 
of volunteers. He served in the various campaigns 
in Virginia and Maryland in 1862, commanding 
the left wing at Mechanicsville, 26 June, leading a 
division at Malvern Hill, 1 July, and gaining the 
brevets of lieutenant-colonel and colonel for South 
Mountain and Antietam respectively. After 18 
Nov., 1862, he was in the Department of the South, 
serving as chief of staff to the commanding general 
from 8 Jan. till 23 April, 1868, leading a division 
on Folly island, S. C, on 4 July, taking part in the 
attack on Morris island on 10 July, and command- 
ing the unsuccessful assault on Fort Wagner on 
18 July, when he was severelywounded. He was 
in charge of an expedition to Florida in February, 



1864, and took possession of Jacksonville on 7 
Feb. ' He left that town with 5.000 men on the 
18th, and on the 20th met the enemy under Gen. 
Joseph Finegan near Olustee. After a three-hours' 
battle, Gen. beymour was forced to retire to Jack- 
sonville. He returned to Virginia after command- 
ing the district of Florida till 28 March, 1864* led 
a brigade in the 6th corps of the Army of the Po- 
tomac, and was taken prisoner in the battle of the 
Wilderness, 6 May, 1864. After being taken to 
Charleston, S. C, where he was exposed, by order 
of Gen. Samuel Jones, to the fire of the National 
batteries on Morris island, he was exchanged on 9 
Aug., and led a division in the Shenandoah valley 
and the Richmond campaign, being engaged in 
the assault on the Confederate picket -lines at 
Petersburg, on 26 March, 1865, and the general 
attack of 2 April, which ended the siege of that 
place. He was brevetted major-general of volun- 
teers " for ability and energv in handling his divis- 
ion, and for gallantry ana valuable services in 
action," and brigadier-general, U. S. army, for gal- 
lantry at the capture of Petersburg, both commis- 
sions to date from 13 March, 1865. He was present 
at Lee's surrender, was mustered out of volunteer 
service, 24 Aug., 1865, and became major of the 
5th artillery, 13 Aug., 1866. After the war he 
commanded forts in Florida, Fort Warren, Mass., 
in 1869-70, and Fort Preble, Me., in 1870-'5, and 
on 1 Nov., 1876, he was retired from active service. 
Since his retirement he has resided in Europe, 
chiefly in Florence. Williams college gave him 
the degree of A. M. in 1865. 

SHACKELFORD, James M, soldier, b. in 
Lincoln county, Ky.j 7 July, 1827. After receiving 
an education in private schools, he studied law, 
was admitted to the bar in 1854, and practised in 
Kentucky. He served in the war witn Mexico as 
a lieutenant. During the civil war he was colonel 
of the 25th Kentucky volunteers, and subsequently 
of the 8th Kentucky cavalry, and was appointed 
brigadier-general of volunteers on 2 Jan., 1863. 
His command captured Gen. John H. Morgan in 
Columbiana county, Ohio, in July, 1863. Since 
the war he has practised his profession in Evans- 
ville, Ind. In 1880 he was a Republican presi- 
dential elector for Indiana. 

SHAFER, Helen Almira, educator, b. in New- 
ark, N. J., 23 Sept, 1839. After graduation at 
Oberlin college in 1863, she was a teacher of mathe- 
matics in the Central high-school in St. Louis, Mo., 
from 1865 till 1875. and in 1877 became professor 
of mathematics at Wellesley college, near Boston, 
Mass. She was made presiaent of this institution 
in January, 1888. 

8HAFFNER, Taliaferro Preston, inventor, 
b. in Smithfield, Fauquier co., Va., in 1818 ; d. in 
Troy, N. Y., 11 Dec, 1881. He was chiefly self- 
educated, studied law, and was admitted to the 
bar, but gave much time to invention. He was 
an associate of Samuel F. B. Morse in the in- 
troduction of the telegraph, built the line from 
Louisville, Ky., to New Orleans, and that from St 
Louis to Jefferson City in 1851, and held office in 
various telegraph companies. He was a projector 
of a North Atlantic cable via Labrador, Greenland, 
Iceland, the Faroe islands, and Scotland, and was 
the inventor of several methods of blasting with 
nitroglycerine and other high explosives, for which 
twelve patents were issued. In 1864 he was in the 
service of Denmark during the Dano-Prussian war. 
He was a member of various scientific societies of 
Europe. Mr. Shaff ner published the " Telegraph 
Companion : devoted to the Science and Art of the 
Morse American Telegraph " (2 vols^ New York, 



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1855) ; - The Telegraph Manual '* (1859) ; " The Se- 
cession War in America" (London, 1862); "His- 
tory of America" (2 vols., 1868); and "Odd-Fel- 
lowship "(New York, 1875). 

SHAFTER, Oscar LoYell, jurist, b. in Athens, 
Vt., 19 Oct, 1812; d. in Florence. Italy, 28 Jan.. 
1878. His grandfather, James Shafter, fought at 
Bunker Hill, Bennington, and Saratoga, and for 
twenty-five years served in the Vermont legisla- 
ture ; and his father was county judge, a member 
of the Constitutional convention of 1836, and of 
the legislature. After graduation at Wesleyan 
university. Middletown, Conn., in 1884, Oscar 
studied law at Harvard, was admitted to the bar, 
and began to practise in Wilmington, Vt, in 1886. 
In 1854 he removed to California, and practised 
his profession there until 1864, when he became 
associate justice of the state supreme court for a 
term of ten years ; but he resigned this nost in 1867, 
owing to impaired health, and resided in Europe 
until his death.— His brother, James McMillan, 
lawyer, b. in Athens, Windham co., Vt, 27 Mav, 
1816, was graduated at Wesleyan university m 
1887, and at Yale law-school in 1889. He was 
admitted to the bar in 1840, practised law in Town- 
send and Burlington, Vt, served in the legislature, 
and in 1842-*9 was secretary of state. Removing 
to Wisconsin in 1849, he served in the legislature; 
was its speaker, and in 1852 was a defeated candi- 
date for congress. In 1852 he removed to Cali- 
fornia, and, in connection with his brother and 
others, formed the law-partnership of Shatters, 
Park, and Heydenfeldt, and subsequently became 
associated with James M. Seawell. He served in 
the California senate in 1861-*2 and again in 
1868-'4, when he was made president pro tempore. 
He was a member of the convention that adopted 
the present constitution of California. Mr. Shafter 
owns twelve of the finest dairy ranches in the state. 
He is a trustee of the Leland Stanford, Jr., uni- 
versity at Palo Alto, California. 

SHAKESPEARE, Edward Oram, physician, 
b. in Dover, Del., 19 May, 1846. He is descended 
from Edmund, one of the brothers of the poet, 
William Shakespeare. After receiving his bache- 
lor's degree at Dickinson college, Carlisle, Pa., in 
1867, he was graduated at the medical department 
of the University of Pennsylvania in 1869. At 
first he settled in Dover, Del., but in 1874 removed 
to Philadelphia. He makes a specialty of oph- 
thalmic surgery, and is lecturer on refraction and 
accommodation of the eye, and operative ophthal- 
mic surgery in the University of Pennsylvania. In 
1885 he was sent as the representative of the Unit- 
ed States to Spain and other countries in Europe 
where cholera existed, in order to investigate the 
causes, progress, and proper prevention and cure 
of that disease. He spent six months in studying 
the subject, and made his report to congress. Dr. 
Shakespeare is a member of several medical socie- 
ties, and has devised for clinical purposes a new 
ophthalmoscope and ophthalmometre. 

SHALER, Alexander, soldier, b. in Haddam, 
Conn., 19 March, 1827. He was educated in pri- 
vate schools, entered the New York militia as a 
private in 1845, and became major of the 7th New 
York regiment, 18 Dec, 1860. He was appointed 
lieutenant-colonel of the 65th New York volunteers 
in June, 1861, became colonel, 17 July, 1862, and 
commanded the military prison at Johnson's isl- 
and, Ohio, during the winter of 1868-*4. He served 
with the Army of the Potomac, participating in 
all its battles, until 6 May, 1864, when be was taken 
prisoner at the battle of the Wilderness, and was 
held in Charleston, S. C, during the summer of 



that year. After his exchange, he commanded a 
division in the 7th corps and the post of Duval's 
Bluffs, Ark., serving in the southwest until he 
was mustered out on 24 Aug., 1865. He was com- 
missioned brigadier- general of volunteers on 26 
May, 1868, and brevetted major-general of volun- 
teers on 27 July, 1865. From 1867 till 1870 he 
was president of the board of commissioners of 
the Metropolitan fire department, and commission- 
er of the fire department of New York city in 
1870-*3. He was consulting engineer to the Chi- 
cago board of police and fire in 1874-'5, being 
charged with the reorganization and instruction 
of the fire department in that city. From 1867 till 
1886 he was major-general of the 1st division cf 
the national guard of New York, and was an organ- 
izer and president of the National rifle association 
of the United States. While a member of the 
board for the purchase of sites for armories, he was 
accused of bribery; but, although he was tried 
twice, the jury disagreed. Gen. Shaler published 
a " Manual of Arms for Light Infantry using the 
Rifle Musket" (New York, 1861). 

SHALER, Nathaniel Sonthrate, geologist, b. 
in Newport, Ky., 22 Feb., 1841. He was graduated 
in 1862 at the Lawrence scientific school of Har- 
vard, where he received private instruction from 
Louis Agassis, and then spent two years in Ken- 
tucky, during the civil war, serving in the Federal 
militia as an officer in the artillery and on the staff. 
In 1864 he was appointed assistant in paleontology 
in the Museum of comparative zoology at Harvard, 
and in 1865 he was given charge of the instruction 
in zoology and geology in the Lawrence school, 
which he continued until 1872. Meanwhile he 
received the degree of S. D. for higher studies 
in 1865, and in 1868 was appointed professor 
of paleontology in Harvard, which chair he held 
till 1887, when he became professor of geology. 
Dr. Shaler was appointed director of the Kentucky 
geological survey in 1878, and devoted a part of 
each year until 1880 to that work, in connection 
with which he published reports entitled "Geo- 
logical Survey of Kentucky A (6 vols., Frankfort, 
1876-*82), and " Memoirs of the Geological Survey 
of Kentucky " (1 vol., Cambridge, .1876). In 1884 
he was appointed geologist to the U. S. geological 
survey in charge of the Atlantic division. He is 
a member of scientific societies, and has published 
upward of one hundred memoirs, including fre- 
quent popular articles in the •• Atlantic Monthly, 1 * 
M Scribner'8 Magazine," and similar periodicals. Dr. 
Shaler has published " Thoughts on the Nature of 
Intellectual Property and its Importance to the 
State " (Boston, 1878) ; with William M. Davis, " H- 
lustrations of the Earth's Surface ; Glaciers ** (1881) ; 
44 A First Book in Geology ** (1884) ; and " Kentucky, 
a Pioneer Common wealth " (1885), in the u Ameri- 
can Commonwealth Series.** 

SHALER, William, author, b. in 1778; d. in 
Havana, Cuba, 20 March, 1838. He was U. S. 
consul-general at Algiers, where he rendered ser- 
vice to the French during their operations against 
that place, and subsequently held this nost at 
Havana, where he displayed ability in difficult 
circumstances, and was commissioned to negotiate 
a treaty in 1815. Princeton gave him the degree 
of A. M. in 1828. He published a paper on the 
*• Language of the Berbers in Africa** in the 
" American Philosophical Transactions,** and was 
the author of u Sketches of Algiers,** highly com- 
mended by Dr. Jared Sparks (Boston, 1826). 

SHANAHAN, Jeremiah Francis, R. C. bishop, 
b. in Silver Ijake, Susquehanna co.. Pa., 17 July, 
1884; d. in Harrisburg, Pa., 24 Sept, 1886. He 



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SHANNON 



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received his early education in St Joseph's college, 
near Susquehanna, and afterward studied for the 

Sriesthood in St Charles Borromeo seminary, Phila- 
elphia. ' He was ordained a priest on 8 July, 
1859, and placed in charge of the preparatory semi- 
nary at Glen Riddle. The see of Harrisburg was 
created in 1868, and Dr. Shanahan was consecrated 
its first bishop on 18 July of that year. He intro- 
duced many sisterhoods into his diocese, and built 
schools, academies, and charitable institutions. 
When he was raised to the episcopate there were in 
it 8 convents, 7 parochial schools, 22 priests, and 
about 20,000 Roman Catholics.* At his death the 
number of priests was 51 ; churches, 51 : chapels 
and stations, 75; academies, 7; orphan asylums, 8; 
parochial schools, 29 ; while the Roman Catholic 
population had increased to more than 85,000. 

SHANK, Dayld, British soldier, b. in Virginia; 
d. in Glasgow, Scotland, 16 Oct, 1881. He was 
appointed a lieutenant under Lord Dunmore in 
Virginia in 1775, participated in the defence of 
Gwyun's island and other skirmishes, and served 
as a volunteer in the battle of Long Island, 27 
Aug., 1776. In March, 1777, he became a lieuten- 
ant in the Queen's rangers, and accompanied Gen. 
Howe's army into New Jersey. He was engaged 
in the battle of the Brandywine, 11 Sept, 1777, 
commanded the picket at Germantown on 4 Oct, 
and checked the American column that attacked 
the right of the British army. He was also pres- 
ent at Monmouth, and succeeded to the command 
of a company in October, 1778. In August, 1779, 
he led a troop of dragoons, and afterward the cav- 
alry of the Queen's rangers in Virginia, with which 
he sustained a severe action at Spencer's Ordinary. 
In October, 1788, he returned to England, and in 
1792 assisted in raising, under the patronage of the 
Marquis of Buckingham, a light-infantry corps of 
400 men called the Queen's rangers for Canada, in 
which company he was commissioned senior officer, 
and he commanded the troops in Upper Canada in 
1796 after receiving the brevet of major on 1 March, 
1794. He was made lieutenant- colonel in January, 
1798, and in 1799 returned to England. He was ap- 
pointed lieutenant-colonel in the Canadian fenci- 
bles on 8 Sept., 1808, was promoted to colonel in 
1808, and was commissioned major-general in 1811 
and lieutenant-general in 1821. 

SHANKS, William Franklin Gore, author, 
b. in Shelbyville. Ky., 20 April, 1887. He was edu- 
cated in Louisville, and wrote for the Louisville 
" Journal " and the " Courier.*' At the beginning 
of the civil war he became a correspondent of the 
New York "Herald," and joined its staff in 1865. 
In 1866 he contributed regularly to Harper's 
M Weekly " and " Monthly," and prepared an index 
of the contents of the latter for the first forty vol- 
umes. On the death of Henry J. Raymond, he 
transferred his services from the " Times " to the 
44 Tribune," remaining there until 1880. While city 
editor of the " Tribune " he was imprisoned for 
contempt of court for refusal to divulge the name 
of the writer of an article in the paper, taking the 
ground that he was a privileged witness. After 
his release on a writ of nabeas corpus he brought 
charges against District Attorney Winchester Brit- 
ton, who was removed by Gov. Dix. In 1880 he 
instituted suit, for the first time in this country, 
against the vendor of a libel, recovering two judg- 
ments, and the court of appeals sustained the legal 
point at issue. In 1885 he organized the National 
press intelligence company, of which he is now 
(1888) president, and he is still a contributor to 
various newspapers. He has published " Recollec- 
tions of Distinguished Generals " (New York, 1865) ; 
voa. v. — SI 



edited u Bench and Bar" (1868); and printed pri- 
vately "A Noble Treason," a tragedy (1876). 

SHANLY, Charles Dawson, journalist, b. in 
Dublin, Ireland, 9 March, 1811 ; d. in Arlington, 
Fla., 15 Aug., 1875. He was graduated at Trinity 
college, Dublin, in 1884, and, after holding the 
office of assistant secretary of the department of 
public works in Canada in 1842-'57, went to New 
York, and became connected with the press of 
that city. In 1860 he was one of the chief con- 
tributors to ** Vanity Pair," and at one time he was 
its editor. In 1865-'6 he conducted " Mrs. Grun- 
dy." His writings consisted of essays and descrip- 
tive articles, poems, and ballads, some of which 
were imaginative and pathetic, while others were 
satirical or humorous. They were contributed to 
the " New York Leader," " Weekly Review," "Al- 
bion," and " Atlantic Monthly," and other literary 
papers, while on the daily journals he was a regular 
writer on social events and passing trifles. He 
was an expert draughtsman of comic sketches, and 
passionately fond of painting. Of his writings, 
there were published in book-form, illustrated by 
Henry L. Stephens, u A Jolly Bear and his Friends * 
(New York, 1866); "The Monkey of Porto Bello" 
(1866); and "The Truant Chicken" (1866). His 
best-known poems are "Civil War" and "The 
Walker of the Snow."— His brother, Walter, Ca- 
nadian engineer, b. at the Abbey, Stradbally, 
Queen's county, Ireland, 11 Oct, 1819, was edu- 
cated privately, afterward prepared himself for 
civil engineering, and came to Canada in 1887, set- 
tling in the county of Middlesex. He was resi- 
dent engineer, under the Canada board of works, 
on the Beaunarnois and Welland canals from 
1848 till 1848, resident engineer Northern New 
York railroad, 1848-'51, chief engineer of the Ottawa 
and Prescott railway in 1851-*8, of the western 
division of the Grand Trunk railway in 1858-*9, 
and general manager of the same line from 1857 
till 1862. His greatest achievement in engineer- 
ing was the completion of the Hoosac Mountain 
tunnel, in Massachusetts, in 1869-75, in which en- 
terprise he was assisted by his brother, Francis. 
He was chief engineer of the Canada Atlantic rail- 
way. 1879-'85, and is now (1888) consulting engineer 
of that line. He sat in the Canadian assembly in 
1868-'7, when he was re-elected to the Dominion 
parliament as a Conservative. He was an unsuc- 
cessful candidate in 1872 and 1874, re-elected by 
acclamation on the death of the sitting member in 
July, 1885. and again elected in February, 1887. 

SHANNON, Wilson, governor of Ohio and of 
Kansas, b. in Belmont county, Ohio, 24 Feb., 1802; 
d. in Lawrence, Kan., 81 Aug., 1877. He was grad- 
uated at Athens college, Onio, and at Transyl- 
vania university, Ky., and became a lawyer. He 
began practice at St Clairsville, Ohio, and in 1885 
was prosecuting attorney for the state. • He was 
governor of Ohio in 1888-'40, and again in 1842-'4, 
and in 1844 he went as U. S. minister to Mexico. 
He was a representative in congress in 1858-'5, and 
territorial governor of Kansas in 1855-'6. Dur- 
ing Gov. Shannon's administration in Kansas the 
troubles between the free-state and pro-slavery 
parties began to assume a threatening aspect. The 
governor favored the latter, though he tried to be 
cautious. He succeeded in peacefully terminating 
the "Wakarusha war" in 1855, but hostilities 
were resumed in the following year, ending in the 
burning of the town of Lawrence by a band of 
44 border ruffians" that had been gathered as a 
U. 8. marshal's posse. 8hannon was Anally re- 
moved, and succeeded by John W. Geary. Ha 
subsequently practised law in Lawrence. 



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SHAPLEIGH 



SHARPLESS 



SHAPLEIQH, Frank Henry, artist, b. in Bos- 
ton, 7 March, 1842. He studied under Emile Lam- 
binet in Paris, and has spent his professional life 
in his native city. His paintings include *' Venice," 
"Yosemite Valley," "Mirror Lake," "Cathedral 
Rocks," "Mount Washington," "Cohasset Har- 
bor," "Northern Peaks^ "The White Moun- 
tains," "Port Marion, St. Augustine," "Fort at 
Matanzas, Florida," and "Old Mill in Seabrook." 
SHAPLEY, Rufns Edmonds, author, b. in 
Carlisle, Pa., 4 Aup., 1840. He was graduated at 
Dickinson college in 1860, studied law, was admit- 
ted to the bar, and has practised in Philadelphia 
since 1866. He has published "Solid for Mul- 
hooly: a Political Satire on Boss Rule" (New 
York, 1881), and, in collaboration with A ins worth 
R. Spofford, has edited a " Library of Wit and Hu- 
mor*' (5 vols., Philadelphia, 1884). 

SHARKEY, William Lewis, senator, b. in 
Mussel Shoals, Tenn., in 1797; d. in Washington, 
D. C, 29 April, 1873. He removed with his par- 
ents to the territory of Mississippi in 1804, ana, as 
a substitute for his uncle, was present at the battle 
of New Orleans. After graduating at Greenville 
college, Tenn., he studied law, was admitted to the 
bar of Mississippi in 1822, and began practice at 
Warrenton. He removed to Vicksburg in 1825, was 
elected a member of the legislature in 1827, and 
was ohief justice of the court of errors and appeals 
in 1832-'50. In 1865 he was appointed provisional 
governor, and in 1866 was elected U. S. senator. 

SHARON, William, capitalist, b. in Smith- 
field. Ohio, 9 Jan., 1821 ; d. 18 Nov., 1885. He re- 
ceived a good education and studied law, but 
relinquished it to engage in banking in Nevada. 
He became largely interested in silver-mines in 
that state, and amassed great wealth. He after- 
ward became a trustee of the Bank of California, 
in San Francisco, and during the troubles of that 
institution, arising out of the death of its presi- 
dent, he brought its affairs to a satisfactory settle- 
ment. He was United States senator from Nevada 
from 1875 till 1881. He gained notoriety as de- 
fendant in a case for divorce that was instituted 
against him by Sarah Althea Hill, who, claiming 
to be his wife, gained her suit, and married Judge 
David S. Terry, who was her counsel in the case. 

SHARP, Daniel, clergyman, b. in Huddersfleld, 
England, 25 Dec., 1788 ; d. near Baltimore, MA, 
28 April. 1858. He 
came to this country 
in 1805 to engage in 
commercial pursuits, 
but soon abandoned 
these to devote him- 
self to the ministry. 
After a course of 
study in Philadel- 
phia, he became, in 
1809, pastor of the 
Baptist church in 
Newark, N.J. From 
1812 until his death 
he was pastor of a 
church in Boston. 
For several years he 
was associate editor 
r> • s SA i °f tne "American 

JJAAUJU a/tCUMt Baptist Magazine." 

' He was president of 

the Baptist missionary board in Boston, the first 
president of the American Baptist missionary union, 

{>resident of the board of trustees of Newton theo- 
ogical seminary for eighteen years, a fellow of 
Brown university from 1828 to the time of his 



death, and an overseer of Harvard. He received the 
honorary degree of D. D. from Brown in 1828, and 
Harvard in 1848. Dr. Sharp published numerous 
discourses and sermons. The " Recognition of 
Friends in Heaven " passed through four editions. 

SHARP, Jacob, capitalist, b. in Montgomery 
county, N. Y., in 1817; d. in New York city, 5 
April, 1888. He was of humble parentage and 
worked on a farm till 1837, when he began rafting 
on the Hudson river. He saved money, dealt in 
timber, and furnished the material for the build- 
ing of piers and bulkheads in New York city. In 
1850 he conceived- the scheme of a street railroad 
to be constructed on Broadway, and in 1884, after 
years of scheming against powerful opposition, he 
succeeded in his object. He was afterward ar- 
rested on the charge of bribing the New York 
board of aldermen in connection with securing 
the resolution for the construction of the Broad- 
way street railway, and on 14 July, 1887, was sen- 
tenced bv Judge Barrett to confinement for four 
years ana a half in the state prison, and to pay a 
fine of $5,000. The court of appeals, on 29 Nov., 
1887, set aside the conviction, and Sharp was re- 
leased in $40,000 bail. He never recovered from 
the effect of his conviction and imprisonment. 

8HARPE, George Henry, lawyer, b. in King- 
ston, N. Y., 26 Feb., 1828. He was graduated at 
Rutgers in 1847, studied law at Yale college, was 
admitted to the bar in 1854, and practised until 
he entered the army in 1861 as captain in the 20th 
New York infantrv. He became colonel of the 
120th New York infantry in 1862, and took part in 
all the battles of the Army of the Potomac He 
served upon the staffs of Gens. Hooker, Meade, and 
Grant, and was brevetted brigadier-general in 1864, 
and major-general in 1865. He was attached to 
the U. §. legation at Vienna in 1851, and was a 
special agent of the state department in Europe in 
1867. In WO-'S he was U. S. marshal for the south- 
em district of New York, and took the census that 
demonstrated the great election frauds of 1868 in 
New York city, which led to the enforcement of 
the Federal election law for the first time in 1871. 
He was surveyor of customs for New York from 
1878 till 1878. He was a member of the assembly in 
1879-*83, and in 1880-'l was the speaker. He deliv- 
ered addresses at Kingston on the centennial anni- 
versary of the organization of the state government 
in 1877, and before the Holland society on its visit 
to Kingston in 1886, both of which were published. 

SHARPE, William, congressman, b. in Cecil 
county, Md., 18 Dec., 1742; d. in Iredell county, 
N. C, in July, 1818. He received a classical edu- 
cation, studied law, and in 1768 began practice at 
Mecklenburg, N. C. He was a member of the Pro- 
vincial congress that met at New Berne in April, 
1775, at Hillsborough in August following, and at 
Halifax in 1776. He was aide to Gen. Griffith 
Rutherford in 1776 in his campaign against the 
Indians, and in 1777 was appointed one of the com- 
missioners to treat with them. He was a member 
of the Continental congress in 1779-*82. 

SHARPLESS, James, artist, b. in England 
about 1751; d. in New York city. 26 Feb., 1811. 
He was -intended for the priesthood, but studied 
art. He came to this country in 1794, but, af- 
ter remaining here several years, revisited Eng- 
land, returning to this country in 1809. He is 
buried in the churchyard of St Peter's in Bar- 
clay street, New York. The only known work 
of Sharpless that is unquestionably authentic is a 
collection of small portraits in pastel. These are 
usually in profile, although some give the full face. 
Sharpless used a thick gray paper, softly grained. 



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SHARSWOOD 



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and of woolly texture. His colored crayons, which 
he manufactured himself, were kept finely pow- 
dered in small glass cups, and he applied them with 
a camel's-hair pencil. He is said to have worked 
with great rapidity, wholly completing in two 
hours a portrait for which he charged $15 for a 
profile, and $20 for a full face. He usually made 
a replica of each portrait, which he retained for 
his own use. This personal collection came into 
the possession of a gentleman in Virginia, it is said, 
as a pledge for a loan of $150, which was never 
repaid, and the portraits remained his. Each one 
originally had the name of the subject attached to 
it, out during the civil war a descendant of the 
owner removed them from his home, and many of 
the names were lost, out of 180 only 70 were 
named. Subsequently an effort was made to 
identify them, but with only partial success. At 
the Centennial exhibition in 1876, forty of them 
were purchased for the National museum in Inde- 
pendence hali, Philadelphia, where they now are. 
Among them are portraits of George Washington, 
John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, James Monroe, 
Anthony Wayne, Horatio Gates, James Wilkinson, 
Elias Dayton, James Clinton, De Witt Clinton, 
Charles Brockton Brown, Chancellor Kent, Judge 
William Johnson, Chancellor Livingston, Noah 
Webster, Fisher Ames, Aaron Burr, Alexander 
Hamilton, Benjamin Rush, Henry Cruger, John 
Langdon, James McHenry, and the wives of James 
Madison and Richard Stockton. Sharpless took 
Washington's portrait in profile in 1796 in Phila- 
delphia. The likeness has always been estimated as 
a very correct one. He made many copies in pastel, 
and bis wife copied it on ivory in miniature. In 
1854 there were brought from England what pur- 
ported to be three original oil-portraits by Sharp- 
less; two of Washington, one profile and the other 
full face, and one of Mrs. Washington. They were 
exhibited in New York, and created much interest. 
In 1882-'3 they were again brought to this country 
and exhibited more widely, and again in 1886-7, 
when they were offered for sale at an extravagant 
price, but an investigation threw doubt on tneir 
authenticity and caused their withdrawal Sharp- 
less had a turn for mechanics as well as art, and in 
the first volume of the " Medical and Philosophical 
Register" (1811) is published a paper by him on 
steam-carriages. His widow returned to England 
and had a sale of his effects at Bath, but his two 
sons are believed to have remained in this country 
and settled in the south. It was probably from 
one of them that the Virginia gentleman obtained 
the collection of pastel portraits. 

SHARPS, Christian, inventor, b. in New Jer- 
sey in 1811 ; d. in Vernon, Conn., 18 March, 1874. 
He earlj developed a talent for mechanics, became 
a machinist, ana was conversant with every depart- 
ment of his trade. His principal invention was the 
Sharps breech-loading rifle. In 1854 he removed 
to Hartford, Conn., to superintend the manufac- 
ture of this rifle, and he subsequently invented 
other fire-arms of great value, ana patented many 
ingenious implements of various kinds. 

SHARSWOOD, George, jurist, b. in Philadel- 
phia, Pa,, 7 July, 1810 ; d. there, 28 May, 1888. He 
was a descendant in the sixth generation of George 
Sharswood, of England, who settled at New Lon- 
don, Conn., before 1665. His grandfather, James 
fb. in Philadelphia, Pa., 4 April, 1747; d. there, 
14 Sept, 1886), was a lumber merchant, served in 
the Revolutionary war, and was an original mem- 
ber of the Democratic party, and served in the 
general assembly of Philadelphia, and also in the 
select council. He was actively interested in found- 



ing the Farmers' and Mechanics' bank, and in 
1817 wrote numerous articles against the Bank 
of the United States. His father died at the 
age of twenty-two, and before the son's birth, and 
his early training devolved entirely on his widowed 
mother. He was educated by his grandfather, 
Cant James Sharswood, a wealthy citizen of Phila- 
delphia, was graduated at the University of Penn- 
sylvania in 1828 with the highest honors of his 
class, and, after studying law under Joseph R. In- 
gereoll, was admitted to the bar, 5 Sept, 1881. He 
aid not meet with marked success in the early 
years of his practice, and devoted himself to study. 
In 1837-8 and 1842-'8 he served in the legislature, 
and in 1845 the governor commissioned him at 
judge of the district court of Philadelphia. In 
1848 he became its president, which post he con- 
tinued to hold until 1867, when he was elected a 
justice of the supreme court of Pennsylvania. In 
1878 he became chief justice, and he retired from 
the bench in 1882, at the expiration of his term of 
office. In 1850 he revived the law department of 
the University of Pennsylvania, which had been 
established in 1790 by James Wilson, but whose 
operations had been suspended, and he was the 
senior professor of law there until 1867, when he 
resigned his chair. He was a frequent contributor 
to the literature of the law, beginning in 1884 with 
an article in the *• American Law Review " on " The 
Revised Code of Pennsylvania." He is the author 
of " Professional Ethics, a Compound of Lectures 
on the Aims and Duties of the Profession of the 
Law " (Philadelphia, 1854) ; and " Popular Lectures 
on Common Law " (1856). The work which for a 
generation has made his name familiar is '* Shan- 
wood's Blackstone's Commentaries'' (1859). In 
1858 he undertook the work of editing the several 
volumes of English common-law reports, repub- 
lished for the use of the American bar. His editions 
of English text-writers were numerous. " Adams 
on Equity." " Russell on Crimes," " Byles on Bills," 
"Leigh's Nisi Prius," and "Starkie on Evidence" 
are a few of the works that received his attention. 
In 1856 hepublished his " Lectures on Commercial 
Law." While he was a judge of the district court 
his written opinions numbered more than 6,000. 
His opinions in the supreme court are to be found 
in the " Pennsylvania State Reports " from volumes 
Mi. to- cii., inclusive. His judicial career won for 
him the reputation of being one of the most eminent 
jurists that had ever sat on the bench in Pennsyl- 
vania, and his urbanity toward the bar gave him a 
popularity that has never been surpassed in the life 
of any jurist These were in part made manifest 
by a dinner which was tendered him by the bar of 
Philadelphia, in the. Academy of music, on his re- 
tirement from the bench, by the attendance of 
more than 500 lawyers at the meeting of the bar. 
held a few days after his death, and by a memorial 
tablet that they caused to be placed in the supreme 
court-room. He was electee vice-provost of the 
Law academy of Philadelphia in 1885, and served 
in this office until 1858, when he was elected pro- 
vost, which poet he continued to fill until a snort 
time before his death. He was chosen a trustee of 
the University of Pennsylvania in 1872, and was a 
member of the Philosophical society. The Uni- 
versity of the city of New York and Columbia col- 
lege, in 1856, conferred on him the degree of LL. D. 
See an address by George W. Biddle on the " Pro- 
fessional and Judicial Character of Chief-Justice 
Sharswood."— His cousin, WiUiam, author, b. in 
Philadelphia, Pa., in 1686, was graduated at the 
University of Pennsylvania in 185%, and then stud- 
ied at Jena, Germany, where he received the degree 



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8HAW 



of Ph. D. in 1859. He has published "Studia 
Physica," a series of monographs (Vienna) ; " Ele- 
nore, a Drama" (Philadelphia, 1862; reissued as 
M The Betrothed/' 1865); and "The Miscellaneous 
Writings of William Sharswood " (vol. L, 1862), be- 
sides contributions to scientific journals. 

SHATTUCK, Aaron Draper, artist, b. in 
Franoestown, N. H., 9 March, 1832. He became 
in 1850 the pupil of Alexander Ransom in Bos- 
ton, and two years later entered the schools of the 
Academy of design, New York. The first picture 
that he exhibited at the academy was a " Study 
of Grasses and Flowers" (1856). The following 
year he was elected an associate, and be became an 
academician in 1861. In 1867 he held the post of 
recording secretary. His works include "White 
Mountains in October" (1868); " Sunday Morning 
in New England" (1878); "Sheep and Cattle in 
Landscape ,p (1874); "Autumn near Stockbridge " 

S976); "Granby Pastures " (1877) ; "Cows by the 
eadow Brook" (1881); "Cattle" (1882); and 
"Peaceful Days" (1884). He invented in 1888-'5 
a stretcher-frame with keys, a great improvement 
on the old methods of tightening canvases. 

SHATTUCK, George Cheyne, physician, b. in 
Templeton, Mass., 17 July, 1783 ; d. in Boston, 18 
March, 1854. He was graduated at Dartmouth in 
1808 and at the medical department of the Uni- 
versity of Pennsylvania in 1807, and became a suc- 
cessful physician in Boston. He was at one time 
president of the Massachusetts medical society. 
Dr. Shattuck, by his will, devised more than $60,- 
000 to charitable objects. He contributed largely 
to Dartmouth college, and built its observatory, 
which he furnished with valuable instruments. 
"Shattuck school," at Faribault, Minn., a collegiate 
boarding-school under the auspices of the Protest- 
ant Episcopal church, of which Dr. Shattuck was 
a liberal patron, was named for him. He received 
the degree of LL. D. from Dartmouth in 1853. 
Dr. Shattuck published two Boylston prize disser- 
tations, entitled " Structure and Physiology of the 
Skin " (Boston, 1808) and " Causes of Biliary Secre- 
tions" (1808), and "Yellow Fever of Gibraltar in 
1828," from the French (1839). 

SHATTUCK. Lemuel, author, b. in Ashby, 
Mass., 15 Oct/iraS; d. in Boston, 17 Jan., 1859. 
He taught in various places, and was a merchant 
in Concord, Mass., from 1828 till 1883. He was 
afterward a bookseller and publisher in Boston, a 
member of the common council of that city, and 
for several years a representative in the legislature. 
In 1844 he was one of the founders of the New 
England historic-genealogical society, and he was 
its vice-president for five years. He was also a 
member of various similar societies. He pub- 
lished "History of Concord, Mass." (Boston, 1835); 
" Vital Statistics of Boston " (1841) ; " The Census 
of Boston " (1845) ; " Report on the Sanitary Con- 
dition of Massachusetts h (1850); and "Memorials 
of the Descendants of William Shattuck " (1855). 

SHAUBENA, Ottawa chief, b. near Maumee 
river, Ohio, about 1775; d. near Morris, III, 27 
July, 1859. His name is also spelled Shabonee, 
Chab-o-neh, Sbab-eh-nev, Chamblee, and in other 
ways. He served under Teoumseh from 1807 
till the battle of the Thames in 1818. In 1810 he 
accompanied Tecumseh and Capt Billy Caldwell 
(see Sauoahash) to the homes of the Pottawattamies 
and other tribes residing in what are now Illinois 
and Wisconsin, with the hope of securing the co- 
operation of Indian braves in driving the white 
settlers out of the oountrv. At the battle of the 
Thames he was by the side of Tecumseh when he 
fell, and at the death of their leader Shaubena and 



Caldwell both lost faith in their British allies, and 
never again took sides with them. They soon after- 
ward met Gen. Lewis Cass at Detroit, and agreed 
to submit to the United States. In the effort made 
by Black Hawk in February, 1882, to incite the 
Pottawattamies and Ottawas to make war against 
the whites, Shaubena frustrated his plans, and thus 
incurred the hatred of the Sac chief. In early 
manhood Shaubena married the daughter of a Pot- 
tawattamie chief, whose village was on the Illinois 
river east of the present city of Ottawa. Here he 
lived a few years, but removed about twenty-five 
miles north, to what is known as Shaubena's grove, 
in DeKalb countv. There he and his family re- 
sided till 1887, when he was removed to western 
Missouri. Unfortunately, his tribe and that of 
Black Hawk had reservations near each other. 
War began between them. His eldest son and a 
nephew were killed, and Shaubena went back to 
his old home in Illinois. After spending three 
years in Kansas on a new reservation, he returned 
again to Illinois, but found his land occupied by 
strangers, who rudely drove him from the grove 
that bore his name. The Washington officials had 
decided that he forfeited his title when he moved 
from his land. Some of his friends subsequently 
bought twentv acres for him on Mason creek, near 
Morris, 111., where he died. He was a superb speci- 
men of an Indian, See " Life of Shaubena," by N. 
Matson (Chicago, 1878). 

SHAVER, George Frederick, inventor, b. in 
Ripley, Chautauqua co., N. Y., 4 Nov., 1855. He 
was educated at the high-school of his native town, 
and from 1875 till 1879 was in the employ of the 
Lake Shore and Michigan Southern railroad. He 
has recently been engaged in the introduction of 
his improved mechanical telephone, was president 
of the Consolidated telephone company in 1888-'6L 
and since 1887 has been vice-president and general 
manager of the Shaver corporation, which has 
charge of that and other of nis inventions. The 
principal features of Mr. Shaver's telephone are 
the manner of carrying the line around curves, 
and the way in which It is fastened to the dia- 
phragm. His other devices include a self-righting 
and self-bailinff life-boat, which has been used by 
the U. 8. and Canadian governments, a compound 
automatic mail-catcher, a dynamophone to enable 
deaf persons to hear, a type-writer, and an auto- 
matic screw-driver. 

SHAW, Albert, journalist, b. in New London. 
Butler co., Ohio, 28 July, 1857. He was graduated 
at Iowa college in 1879, and then studied history 
and political science at Johns Hopkins, where he 
took the degree of Ph. D. in 1884. Since 1888 he 
has been an editor of the Minneapolis " Tribune.** 
He has published " Local Government in Illinois " 
(Baltimore, 1888); "Icaria; a Chapter in the His- 
tory of Communism" (New York. 1884); "Co- 
operation in a Western City" (Baltimore. 1886): 
and " The National Revenue** (Chicago, 1888), and 
is a frequent contributor to periodicals. 

8HAW, Albert Dnane, consul, b. in Lyme, 
Jefferson co., N. T., 27 Deo, 1841. He was edu- 
cated at St. Lawrence unirersity, Canton, N. T n 
served in the 85th New York regiment in 1861-TJ, 
and was elected to the legislature in 1867. He was 
appointed U. & consul atToronto, Canada, in 1868, 
and in 1878 promoted to Manchester, England, 
where he serred till 1885. Mr. Shaw is known 
for his valuable consular reports to the state depart- 
ment, on foreign manufactures, and tariff and reve- 
nue reform. On his retirement from office hi 
Manchester the citizens gave him a public recep- 
tion in the city-hall, and presented him, through 



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the mayor, with a silver casket and address. He 
has been active in politics as a Republican orator. 

SHAW, Annie Cornelia, artist, b. in West 
Troy, N. Y., 16 Sept., 1852. She studied in Chi- 
cago, and was elected an associate of the Chicago 
academy of design in 1878, and an academician in 
1876. Herprincipal works are " On the Calumet " 
(1874); "Willow Island" and "Keene Valley, 
N. Y." (1875) ; " Ebb Tide on the Coast of Maine " 
(1876) ; - Head of a Jersey Bull " (1877) ; " Return- 
ing from the Pair H (1878) ; " In the Rye-Field " and 
- Road to the Creek " (1880) ; " Close of a Summer 
Day " (1882) ; " July Day " and " In the Clearing " 
(1883); "Pall Ploughing," "Ashen Days," and 
" The Corn-Pield " (1884) ; and " The Russet Year " 
(1885). Her " Illinois Prairie " was at the Centen- 
nial exhibition in 1876. 

SHAW. Charles, lawyer, b. in Bath, Me., in 
1782 ; d. in Montgomery, Ala., in 1828. He was 
graduated at Harvard in 1805, and practised law 
For several years in Lincoln county. Me., but re- 
moved to Alabama, and was judge of a court in 
Montgomery at the time of his death. He pub- 
lished a " Topographical Historical Description 
of Boston from its First Settlement," which was 
highly praised (1817). 

SHAW, Henry, philanthropist, b. in England, 
24 July, 1800. He came to this country in 1819, 
and in May of that year established himself in the 
hardware business in St Louis with a small stock 
of goods that he brought with him. When he 
was forty years of age he retired from business 
with what at that time was considered a large for- 
tune. He then spent nearly ten years in travel, 
and on his return founded! the nucleus of the 
Missouri botanical garden. As it grew more at- 
tractive he conceived the idea of making his gar- 
den a public resort, and opened his gates to all 
comers, maintaining the property, which covered 
about fifty acres, at his own expense, and ex- 
tending to all the hospitality of his residence. In 
1870 he gave to the city of £t Louis a tract of 190 
acres of land adjoining his garden, on condition of 
its maintenance as a public park by the city. It 
was laid out under the supervision of Mr. Shaw, 
who enriched it with many works of art* In June, 
1885, he gave to Washington university improved 
real estate that yields $5,000 yearly income, which, 
in accordance with his wishes, was used in organ- 
izing and maintaining a school of botany as a 
department of the university. At the same time 
the Missouri botanical garden and arboretum were 
placed in such relation to the school as to secure 
their full uses for scientific study and investigation 
to the professor and students for all time to come. 

SHAW, Henry Wheeler, humorist, b. in Lanes- 
borough, Mass., 21 April, 1818 ; d. in Monterey, 
Cal., 14 Oct^ 1885. His father, Henry Shaw, was 
a member of the Massachusetts legislature for 
twenty-five years, and was also a member of 
congress in 1818-'21. The son was admitted to 
Hamilton about 1882, but, becoming captivated 
with stories of western life and adventure, aban- 
doned all thoughts of college and turned his steps 
\ westward. He worked on steamboats on Ohio 
river, then became a farmer, and afterward an 
auctioneer. In 1858 he settled in Pbughkeepsie, 
N. Y., as an auctioneer, and in that year he wrote 
Bis first article for the senior editor of this work, 
followed; in 1859 by his " Essay on the Mule." No 
attention was paid to these or other articles written 
by him, and Mr. Shaw concluded that as an author 
he was a failure. A year later he was induced to 
make another effort, and decided to adopt a method 
of spelling that more nearly represented his style 



of enunciation. The essay on the mule became "An 
Essa on the Muel, bi Josh Billings," and was sent 
to a New York paper. It was reprinted in several 
of the comic journals, and extensively copied. His 
most successful literary venture was a travesty 
on the "Old Farmers* Almanac," published for 
many years by the Thomas family, "Josh Billings' 
Farmers' Allmi- 

nax" (New York, — 

1870). Two thou- 
sand copies were 
first printed, and 
for two months 
few were disposed 
of, but during the 
next three months 
over 90,000 were 
printed and sold. ' 
For the second 
yearl27,000 copies 
were distributed, 
and for the ten 
years of its exist- 
ence the sales were 



very large. He be- 
gan to lecture in 
1863, his lectures 



being a series of 
pithy sayings without care or order, delivered in 
an apparently awkward manner. Their quaintness 
and drollery, coupled with mannerisms peculiarly 
his own, made him popular on the platform. For 
twenty years previous to his death ne contributed 
regularly to the " New York Weekly," and the arti- 
cles appearing in the " Century " magazine under 
the pen-name of " Uncle Esek " are said to be his, 
Besides the books mentioned above, he published 
"Josh Billings, his Sayings" (New York, 1866); 
"Josh Billings on 106'' (1875); "Every Boddy's 
Friend " (1876) ; " Josh Billings's Complete Works," 
in one volume (1877) ; and "Josh Billings's Spice- 
Box " (1881). See his " Life," by Francis S. Smith 
(New York, 1888). 

SHAW, James Boylan, clergyman, b. in New 
York city, 25 Aug., 1808. He was fitted for the 
sophomore class at Yale, but, instead of entering 
college, began the study of medicine, then that of 
law, and afterward prepared for the Presbyterian 
ministry, being licensed to preach in 1882. He 
was for nearly fifty years in charge of the Brick 
church in Rochester, if. Y., and is now (1888) pastor 
emeritus. He received the degree of D.D. from 
the University of Rochester in 1852. Dr. Shaw was 
moderator of the general assembly of his church 
in 1865. and in 1878 chairman of the first com- 
mittee that was sent by the Presbyterian church 
in the United States to the established church of 
Scotland. He has been a trustee of Genesee col- 
lege. Hamilton college, and Auburn theological 
seminary, and is a corporate member of the Ameri- 
can board of commissioners for foreign missions. 
He has published occasional sermons. 

SHAW, John, naval officer, b. in Mount Mel- 
lick, Queen's county, Ireland, in 1778 ; d. in Phila- 
delphia, Pa., 17 Sept, 1828. He was the son of an 
English officer, and, after receiving an ordinary 
education, came to this oountry with an elder 
brother in December, 1790, and settled in Phila- 
delphia, Pa. He became a sailor in the merchant 
marine, and in 1797 was master of a brig that 
sailed to the West Indies. When hostilities witt 
France began, he entered the U. S. navy as t 
lieutenant, 8 Aug., 1798. In December of the 
following year he was given command of Uu 
" Enterprise," one of two schooners that had beer 

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built especially for chases and conflicts with small 
fast -sailing privateers. She was of 165 tons bur- 
then, carrying 12 light guns, and a crew that 
varied from 60 to 75 men. In this vessel, during 
a cruise of eight months, he captured eijrht French 
privateers, and recovered eleven American prizes, 
fighting five spirited actions, two of them with 
vessels of superior force. His most serious action, 
which was considered one of the warmest combats 
of the war, was with the " Flambeau/' of 14 guns 
and 100 men, which, after a lively chase, he forced 
to fight and to strike her colors after a little more 
than an hour. The French vessel lost about half 
her crew in killed and wounded, to the •* Enter- 
prise's " ten. Lieut Shaw cruised in the Mediter- 
ranean in the •* George Washington " in 1801, and 
in the " John Adams"** in 1805 ; meanwhile he had 
been promoted to master-commandant, 22 May, 
1804. He became captain, 27 Aug., 1807, and com- 
manded the squadron in 1814 that was blockaded 
by the enemy in Thames river between New Lon- 
don and Norwich, Conn. In 1816-'17 he had 
charge of the Mediterranean squadron, and after- 
ward he commanded the navy-yards at Boston, 
Mass., and Charleston, S. C. 

SHAW, John, poet, b. in Annapolis, Md., 4 
May, 1778 ; d. at sea, 10 Jan., 1809. He was gradu- 
ated at St John's college, Annapolis, in 1795, 
studied medicine in the university of Pennsyl- 
vania, and was appointed surgeon in the fleet that 
was sent to Algiers in December, 1798. He also 
served as secretary to Gen. William W. Eaton in 
Tunis, but returned in 1800, and then went, in 
1801, to continue his studies in Edinburgh. He 
went to Canada with the Earl of Selkirk in 1805, 
but removed to Baltimore, Md., in 1807. He died 
on a voyage from Charleston, S. C, to the Bahama 
islands. Dr. Shaw was a contributor to "The 
Portfolio." His poems, with a memoir, and ex- 
tracts from his foreign correspondence and jour- 
nals, were published (Philadelphia, 1810). 

SHAW, OUrer, musician, b. in 1776; d. in 
Providence, R. I., 1 Jan., 1849. He was well 
known as a singer and teacher, and composed nu- 
merous ballads, which were very popular at one 
time. They include "Mary's Tears," "Nothing 
True but Heaven," " Sweet Little Ann," and " The 
Death of Perry." Frederic L. Ritter refers to him 
as the " blind singer." 

SHAW, Samuel, merchant, b. in Boston, Mass., 
2 Oct, 1754; d. at sea, 80 May, 1794. His father, 
Francis, a merchant of Boston, was associated with 
Robert Gould in 1770 in founding the town of 
Gouldsborough, Me. Operations were begun on a 
large scale, but the Revolution put a stop to them, 
and Shaw lost much money in the enterprise. 
Samuel early entered the counting-house of his 
father. He was an ardent patriot, and before the 
Revolution had a quarrel with Lieut Wragg, of the 
British army, who was billeted at his father's 
house. A duel was prevented only by the inter- 
position of Maj. John Pitcairn. Young Shaw was 
commissioned a lieutenant of artillery, 1 Jan., 1776, 
served from Dorchester Heights to Yorktown, and 
at the close of the war had attained the rank of 
major, and aide-de-camp to Gen. Henry Knox. He 
went to Canton in February, 1784, as supercargo, 
and on his return, a year from the following May, 
Gen. Knox made him first secretary of the war de- 
partment He made several more voyages between 
New York and Canton, and in February. 1786, was 
appointed U. S. consul at the latter place. He died 
on his way from that city to Boston. His friend, 
Joeiah Quincy, published " The Journal of Major 
Samuel Shaw, the First American Consul at Can- 



ton, with a Life of the Author " (Boston, 1847). — 
His nephew, Robert Gould, merchant, b. in 
Gouldsborough, Me., 4 June, 1776; d. in Boston, 
Mass., 3 May, 1853, was the son of Francis Shaw, 
who, with nis father, Francis, was interested in 
founding the town of Gouldsborough. Me., and lost 
much money when the enterprise failed. Robert 
went to Boston about 1789, and was apprenticed 
to his uncle William. When he came of age he 
entered into business for himself, which he con- 
tinued till 1810 in various partnerships. From the 
latter year till his death he conducted his affairs 
alone. He resided for several years in London, 
and in 1807 invested largely in lands in Maine. 
He accumulated a fortune, and bequeathed $110,- 
000 to be put at interest until it should amount to 
$400,000. This is to be designated the "Shaw 
fund," and is to be devoted to the support of an 
asylum for mariners' children. He also left $10,- 
000 to purchase a site for the institution. — Robert 
Gould's eldest son, Francis George, b. in Boston, 
Mass., 23 Oct, 1809; d. in West New Brighton, 
Staten island, N. Y., 7 Nov., 1882, entered Harvard 
in 1825, but left in 1828 to enter his father's count- 
ing-room, and engaged actively in business. In 
1841, his health being impaired, he withdrew to 
West Roxbury, near Brook Farm, where an experi- 
ment in associative life, in which he was interested, 
was begun under the leadership of George Ripley. 
In 1847 he left West Roxbury, and, after living 
more than three years upon the north shore of 
Staten island, he went to Europe with his family. 
After four years he returned in 1855 to Staten isl- 
and, where he resided until his death. While liv- 
ing at West Roxbury he was a member of the 
school committee and one of the overseers of the 
poor, a justice of the peace, and president of the 
first common council of Roxbury when that town 
became a city. He was also foreman of the jury 
of Norfolk county that first proposed the establish- 
ment of the State reform-school of Massachusetts. 
During his residence on Staten island he was a 
trustee of the village in which he lived, a trustee 
of the Seaman '8 retreat and of the S. R. Smith in- 
firmary, treasurer of the American union of asso- 
ciationists and of the Sailor's fund, president of the 
Freedman's relief association and of the New York 
branch of the Freedman's union commission, and 
connected with various local organizations. He 
was also a hereditary member of the Massachusetts 
Society of the Cincinnati. Possessed of an ample 
fortune, he held it as a trust for the unfortunate. 
All good causes, the help of the poor, the ignorant, 
the criminal, and the enslaved, had always his 
ready sympathy and his hearty support He was 
the author of several translations from George 
Sand, Fourier, and Zschokke. — Francis George's 
son, Robert Gould, soldier, b. in Boston, 10 Oct, 
1887; d. at Fort Wagner, S. C, 18 July, 1863, 
entered Harvard in 1856, but left in March, 1859. 
He enlisted as a private in the 7th New York 
regiment on 19 April, 1861, became 2d lieutenant 
in the 2d Massachusetts on 28 May, and 1st lieu- 
tenant on 8 July. He was promoted to captain, 
10 Aug., 1862, and on 17 April, 1863, became colo- 
nel of the 54th Massachusetts, the first regiment of 
colored troops from a free state that was mustered 
into the U. S. service. He was killed in the assault 
on Fort Wagner while leading the advance with 
his regiment A bust of him has been made by 
Edmonia Lewis, the colored sculptor, a portrait by 
William Page is in Memorial hall at Harvard, ana 
it is proposed to place a memorial of him, consist- 
ing of an equestrian figure in high relief, on the 
front wall of the state-house yard in Boston. 



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SHAW, Thompson Darrah, naval officer, h. in 
Philadelphia, Pa., 20 Aug., 1801 ; d. in German- 
town, Pa., 26 July, 1874. He entered the navy as 
a midshipman, 20 May, 1820, was commissioned 
lieutenant, 17 May, 1828, and served in the West 
Indies in 1831 -'2. He was transferred to the 
♦'Natchez" in April, 1833, and then to the "Lex- 
ington " as flag-lieutenant of the Brazil squadron, 
and subsequently as an officer of that ship until 
1835. He was on leave at Philadelphia for two 
years, and was then 1st lieutenant of the frigate 
44 Constitution," of the Pacific squadron, in 1838-'41. 
During the Mexican war he commanded the 
schooner " Petrel," and was highly complimented 
for his conduct in engagements at Tampico, 
Vera Cruz, and Tuspan in 1840-7. Upon his re- 
turn to Philadelphia a committee of citizens pre- 
sented him with a sword and epaulets. He was 
commissioned commander, 7 Aug., 1850, had 
charge of the naval rendezvous at Philadelphia in 
1852-'4, and in 1854-'5 commanded the sloop 
*' Falmouth " in the Home squadron. He was placed 
on the reserved list in 1855, but claimed that this 
did him an injustice, and was restored to his rank 
by a naval court in 1857. He was then on leave 
until the civil war began, when he took command 
of the steamer " Montgomery," in the Gulf block- 
ading squadron. He was retired, 26 Feb., 1862, on 
his own application, after more than forty years' 
service. He was continued on special duty at New 
York, Philadelphia, and Boston in 1863-7, and was 
promoted to commodore on the retired list on 4 
April, 1867, after which he was unemployed. See 
"Defence of Thompson Darrah Shaw before the 
Naval Court of Inquiry," by his counsel Robert K. 
Scott (Washington, 1857). 

SHAW, William Smith, lawver, b. in Haver- 
hill, Mass., 12 Aug., 1778 ; d. in "Boston, Mass., 25 
April, 1826. He was graduated at Harvard in 
1798, became private secretary to his uncle, Presi- 
dent John Adams, and at the close of the latter's 
administration began to study law in Boston with 
William Sullivan. He was admitted to the bar in 
April, 1804, and in the same year became treasurer 
of the Anthology socictv, the nucleus of the Boston 
athenaeum. He devoted much of his time to the 
collection of its library, and became known as 
44 Athenamm Shaw." lie was the first to suggest 
making the library public, and connecting with it 
a reading-room. After the incorporation of the 
institution he was its secretary and librarian till 
1823, and its secretary alone till 1824. At his de- 
cease he left it collections of coins, pamphlets, and 
books to the value of $10,000. For many years 
after 1806 he was clerk of the U. S. district court, 
and he took part in politics as secretary of the state 
Federalist committee. Mr. Shaw was a fellow of 
the American academy, an original member of the 
American antiquarian society, and an officer of the 
Lin mean society. Besides his connection with the 
** Monthly Anthology and Boston Review," the 
publication of the Anthology society, he was a pro- 
moter of the ** North American Review." His por- 
trait, by Gilbert Stuart, was painted by order of 
the trustees of the Athenroum on his retirement 
from office. See 4% Memorials of William Smith 
Shaw," by Joseph B. Felt (Boston, 1852).— His 
cousin, Lemuel, jurist, b. in Barnstable, Mass., 
9 Jan., 1781 ; d. in Boston, Mass., 30 March, 1861. 
His father, the Rev. Oakes Shaw, was pastor of 
the West Parish of Barnstable from 1760 till his 
death in 1807. The son was graduated at Har- 
vard in 1800, and, after serving for a year as usher 
in the Franklin school in Boston, began the study 
of law in that city. He had also been an assistant 



(deau^dAa^ 



editor of the Boston " Gazette." and in 1802 pro- 
posals were issued for the publication by subscrip- 
tion of his translation of a French work on the 
"Civil and Military Transactions of Bonaparte." 
He completed the translation, but it met with no 
financial support. He was admitted to the bar in 
1804, began practice 
in Boston, and rose 
gradually to eminence 
in his profession. He 
was several times a 
member of the legis- 
lature between 1811 
and 1819, and in 1820 
a delegate to the State 
constitutional con- 
vention. In 1821-2 
and 1828-*9 he sat in 
the state senate. He 
draughted the char- 
ter of the city of Bos- 
ton, and held various 
minor town offices, 
but never allowed 
these to interfere with 

his legal practice. In January, 1829, at a meeting 
that was held in opposition to the recently estab- 
lished tariff, he was the head of a committee to 
draught a memorial to congress. In 1830, on the 
death of Chief-Justice Isaac Parker, of the Massa- 
chusetts supreme court, Mr. Shaw was appointed 
his successor, though he had never held any judicial 
office. He declined peremptorily at first, but finally 
accepted. He took his seat in Septemtar, 1830, 
and held it till his resignation, 31 Aug.. 1860. 
During this period he gained a high remit at ion for 
his judicial ability, and he is regarded as one of 
the foremost jurists that New hngland has pro- 
duced. Few men have contributed more to the 
growth of the law as a progressive science. Among 
other noted cases he presided at the trial of the 
convent rioters in 1834, and at that of Prof. John 
W. Webster for the murder of Dr. George Park- 
man. His charge to the jury in the latter case 
was widely condemned as harsh, but public opin- 
ion generally sustained him. In 1853 Judge 
Shaw visited England, where he was cordially re- 
ceived by members of the bar. He was an over- 
seer of Harvard for twenty-two years, and for 
twenty-seven years one of its corporation, and he 
held membership in many learned societies. His 
reported decisions fill a large part of fifty volumes, 
and include many in novel and complicated cases. 
Among his published addresses are a ** Fourth-of- 
July Oration " (1815) ; u Inaugural Address " (1830) ; 
and '* Address at the Opening of the New Court- 
House, Worcester " (1845). 

SHAYS, Daniel, insurgent, b. in Hopkinton. 
Mass., in 1747; d. in Sparta, N. Y., 29 Sept., 1825. 
He served as an ensign at the battle of Bunker 
Hill, and attained the rank of captain in the Con- 
tinental army, but ** resigned his commission for 
reasons quite problematical." He then resided at 
Pelham (now Prescott), and in 1786 took part in 
the popular movement in western Massachusetts 
for the redress of alleged grievances. This hod 
begun as early as 1782, and had increased as popu- 
lar discontent, incident on the unsettled condition 
of affairs at the close of the Revolution, became 
greater. Conventions were held in several western 
counties, lists of grievenccs were drawn up, com- 
mittees of correspondence were established, and 
the same machinery was sought to be used against 
the state government that had been successful in 
overturning British rule in 1775. The complaints 



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were divers, bat were, in general, that the gov- 
ernor's salary was too high, the senate aristocratic, 
the lawyers extortionate, and taxes too burdensome. 
Among the demands were, that the general court 
should no longer sit in Boston, and that a large 
issue of paper money should be made- Though the 
conventions deprecated violence, there were up- 
risings in several counties, directed against the 
courts, which were popularly regarded as the in- 
struments of legal oppression, especially in the col- 
lection of debts. The tribunals were prevented 
from sitting, in many cases, and the malcontents 
grew bolder. The militia was often powerless, as 
its members largely sympathized with the mobs. 
An attempt by the legislature to redress some of 
the popular grievances proved futile. Shays first 
became known as a leader in the rebellion when, 
at the head of about 1,000 men, he appeared at 
Springfield to prevent the session of the supreme 
court at that place. The court-house, by the gov- 
ernor's order, had been occupied by a somewhat 
smaller body of militia under Gen. William Shep- 
ard, which sustained the court, but, after sitting 
three days, it adjourned, having transacted little 
business, and on the fourth day both parties dis- 
persed. Shays was also present at the large gath- 
ering of insurgents that took place in Worcester in 
December, ana retired at the head of a large part 
of them to Rutland, Vt, on 9 Dec At this time 
he seems to have regretted his part in the agitation, 
as, in a conversation with a confidential agent of 
the state, he expressed bis desire to desert his fol- 
lowers and receive a pardon. The officer was after- 
ward empowered to offer him one on that condition, 
bat had no opportunity to do so. In January, 
1787, three bodies of insurgents concentrated on 
Springfield, where they hoped to capture the Con- 
tinental arsenal, which was defended by Gen. Shep- 
ard with 1,000 militia. The largest body, under 
Shays, numbered 1,100 men, and approached by 
the Boston road. Meanwhile the state govern- 
ment had raised and equipped an army of 4,000 
men, under Gen. Benjamin Lincoln, whose approach 
made hasty action necessary. Shays sent a mes- 
sage to Luke Day, the leader of one of the other 
bodies of insurgents, saying that he should attack 
the arsenal on &5 Jan., and desiring Day's aid. 
The latter answered that he could not move till 
the 26th, but the despatch was intercepted by Gen. 
Shepard, and the militia were therefore in readi- 
ness. Before advancing, Shays had sent a petition 
to Gen. Lincoln, who was then two days march 
from Springfield, proposing a truce till the next 
session of the legislature, but before a reply could 
reach him he attacked the arsenal early on the 
afternoon of the 25th. After repeated warnings, 
and two volleys over the heads of the approaching 
bodv, the militia fired directly into their ranks, 
killing three men and wounding one. Shays at- 
tempted to rally his men, but they retreated pre- 
cipitately to Ludlow, ten miles distant, and on the 
next day effected a junction with the forces of Eli 
Parsons, the Berkshire leader, after losing about 
200 by desertion. After the arrival of Gen. Lin- 
coln's army, and the consequent flight of Day and 
his men, Shays continued his retreat, through South 
Hadley to Amherst. He was pursued by tne state 
troops to this point, and then took position on two 
high hills in Pelham, which were rendered difficult 
of access by deep snow. On 80 Jan., Gen. Lincoln 
summoned him to lay down his arms, and Shays 
returned a conciliatory answer, suggesting a truce 
till a reply could be obtained to a petition that had 
just been sent to the general court Gen. Lincoln 
refused. Meanwhile the legislature met, declared 



the state to be in rebellion, and rejected the peti- 
tion, which too much resembled a communication 
from one independent power to another. On 3 
Feb. the insurgents moved to Petersham, under 
cover of a conference between one of their leaders 
and a state officer, and they were followed by the 
state troops in a forced march of thirty miles 
through a blinding snow-storm and in a bitter 
north wind. When they were overtaken the in- 
surgents made little resistance. They were pur- 
sued for about two miles beyond the town; 150 
were captured, and the rest dispersed. This ended 
Shays's rebellion. Several of its leaders were sen- 
tenced to be hanged, but they were finally par- 
doned. Shays, after living in Vermont about a 
year, asked and received pardon, and removed to 
Sparta, N. T. He was allowed a pension in his old 
ace, for his services during the Revolution. See 
44 History of the Insurrections in Massachusetts 
in the Year 1786, and the Rebellion Consequent 
Thereon," by George R. Minot (Boston, 1810), and 
Josiah G. Holland's "History of Western Massa- 
chusetts" (2 vols., Springfield, 1855). 

SHEA. John Augustus (shay), author, b. in 
Cork, Ireland, in 1802 ; d. in New York, 15 Aug., 
1845. He emigrated to this country in 1827, and 
engaged in journalism. He published " Rudekki, 
an Eastern Romance of the Seventh Century, in 
Verse" (Cork, 1826); " Adolph, and other Poems" 
(New York, 1881); "Parnassian Wild Flowers" 
(Georgetown, 1886); and M Clontarf, a Narrative 
Poem* (New York, 1848). A volume of his 
" Poems was published after his death by his son, 
George Augustus Shea (1846). He left in manu- 
script " Di Vasari," an unfinished tragedy, a life of 
Byron, and a poem entitled " Time's Mission." His 
most popular piece is "The Ocean."— His son, 
George, lawyer, b. in Cork, Ireland, 10 June, 1826. 
emigrated to the United States in early life and 
settled in New York, where he studied law. After 
being called to the bar, he attained distinction in 
his profession, and was appointed corporation at- 
torney of New York from 1865 to 1867. He became 
chief justice of the Marine court of New York in 
1870, and held the position up to 1882. He was 
associate counsel with Charles O'Conor in defend- 
ing Jefferson Davis, and was counsel for the Kings 
county elevated railroad in Brooklyn, establishing 
its charter by a decision of the court of appeals, re- 
versing the special and general terms in Brooklyn. 
He wrote •• Hamilton, a Historical Study " (New 
York, 1877). An enlarged edition was issued 
under the title M The Life and Epoch of Alexander 
Hamilton, a Historical Study " (Boston, 1880). 

SHEA, John Dawson Gllmary, author, b. in 
New York city, 22 July, 1824. He was educated at 
the grammar-school of Columbia college, of which 
his lather was principal, studied law, and was ad- 
mitted to the bar, but has devoted himself chiefly 
to literature. He edited the M Historical Maga- 
zine " from 1859 till 1865, was one of the founders 
and first president of the United States Catholic 
historical society, is a member or corresponding 
member of the principal historical societies in this 
country and Canada, and corresponding member 
of the Royal academy of history, Madrid. He has 
received the degree of LL.D. from St Francis 
Xavier oollege, New York, and St John's college, 
Fordham. His writings include " The Discovery and 
Exploration of the Mississippi Valley " (New York, 
1858); M History of the Catholic Missions among 
the Indian Tribes of the United States" (1854; 
German translation, Wuttburg, 1856) ; " The Fallen 
Brave " (1861) ; ** Early Voyages up and down the 
Mississippi " (Albany, 1862) ; •• Novum Belgium, an 



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SHECUT 



Account of the New Netherlands in 1643-'4" (New 
York, 1862) ; " The Operations of the French Fleet 
under Count de Grasse" (1864): "The Lincoln 
Memorial" (1865); translations of Charlevoix's 
" History ana General Description of New France " 
(6 vols., 1866-72); Hennepin's "Description of 
Louisiana" (1880) : Le Clercq's " Establishment of 
the Faith" (1881); and Penalosa's "Expedition " 
(1882) ; " Catholic Church in Colonial Days " (1886) ; 
u Catholic Hierarchy of the United States" (1886); 
and "Life and Times of Archbishop Carroll" (18881. 
He also translated De Courcy's " Catholic Church 
in the United States " (1856); and edited the Cra- 
moisy series of narratives and documents bearing 
on the early history of the French-American colo- 
nies (26 vols., 1857-68) ; " Washington's Private 
Diarv " (1861) ; Cadwallader Colden*s " History of 
the Five Indian Nations," edition of 1727 (1866) ; 
Alsop's " Maryland " (1860) ; a series of grammars 
and dictionaries of the Indian languages (15 vols., 
1860-74) ; and " Life of Pius IX." (1875). He has 
also published " Bibliography of American Catholic 
Bibles and Testaments" (1859), corrected several 
of the very erroneous Catholic Bibles, and revised 
by the Vulgate Challoner's original Bible of 1750 
(1871), and has issued several prayer-books, school 
histories, Bible dictionaries, and translations. 

SHEAFE, James, senator, b. in Portsmouth, 
N. H., 16 Nov., 1755 ; d. there, 5 Dec, 1829. He 
was graduated at Harvard in 1774, was for several 
years a member of the board of selectmen of the 
town of Portsmouth, a representative, and subse- 
quently a senator, in the New Hampshire legisla- 
ture, and a member of the State executive council. 
He was a representative in congress from New 
Hampshire from 1779 till 1801, and U. S. sena- 
tor from 7 Dec., 1801, till 1802, when he resigned. 
He was defeated as the Federalist candidate for 
governor in 1816 by William Plumer, a Democrat. 
Mr. Sheafe was a merchant and ship-owner. 

SHEA FEB, Peter Wenrlck, mining engineer, 
b. in Halifax, Pa., 81 March, 1819. He completed 
bis education in the academy at Oxford, N. V., in 
1887, and was associated with Henry D. Rogers in 
the first geological survey of Pennsylvania in 1888. 
In this connection he was specially engaged in trac- 
ing the geological features of the range of moun- 
tains that extends from near Pottsville to beyond 
Shamokin and Tamaqua. In 1848 he settled in 
Pottsville and devoted his attention to mining en- 
gineering, and he has been specially active in the 
development of the coal and iron interests of that 
district. The management of the coal-mines of 
the Philadelphia and Reading coal and iron com- 
pany, and of those that were bequeathed by Stephen 
Girard to Philadelphia, were for a long time con- 
fided to him. He nas been consulted frequently in 
complicated questions of mining law, and has testi- 
fied in court as an expert in these subjects. In 
1849 he secured the passage of a hill for completing 
the first state survey, and in 1878 he was influen- 
tial in securing the appointment of J. P. Lesley 
(q, v.) to undertake the charge of the second survey 
of Pennsylvania. Mr. Sheafer is a member of vari- 
ous societies, including ' the American institute of 
mining engineers, to whose transactions he has con- 
tributed professional papers. He issued in 1875, 
under the auspices of the Pennsylvania historical 
society, a map of Pennsylvania as it was in 1775. 

SHEAFFE, Sir Roger Hale, hart., British sol- 
dier, b. in Boston, Mass., 15 July, 1768; d. in Edin- 
burgh, Scotland, 17 July, 1851. He was the third 
son of William Sheaffe, deputy collector of customs 
at Boston. After the death of the boy's father, 
Earl Percy, whose quarters were at his mother's 



house, took charge of his education, and procured 
him a commission in the 5th foot, 1 May, 1778. 
He became a lieutenant-colonel in 1798, served in 
Holland in 1799, and in the expedition to the Baltic 
in 1801. He was 
on duty in Canada 
from September, 
1802, till October, 
1811, on 25 April, 
1808, received the 
brevet rank of col- 
onel, and on 4 
June, 1811, be- 
came a major-gen- 
eral. He served 
again in Canada 
from 29 July, 1812, 
till November, 
1818, and com- 
manded the Brit- 
ish troops after the 
fall of Gen. Sir 
Isaac Brock at 
Queenston, where 
he defeated the 
American troops, and for this service was made a 
baronet, 16 Jan., 1818. He defended York (now 
Toronto) when it was attacked in April, 1818. Sir 
Roger had been appointed administrator of the 

S)vcrnment of Canada West after the death of 
rock, and continued as such, and in command 
of the troops, till June, 1813. He was promoted 
lieutenant-general, 19 July. 1821, was advanced to 
the full rank of general, 28 June, 1828, and became 
colonel of the 86th regiment. 21 Dec., 1829. 

SHEARMAN, Thomas Gaakell (sher-man), 
lawyer, b. in -Birmingham. England, 25 Nov., 1884. 
He came with his parents to New York when he 
was nine years old, was educated privately, studied 
law, was admitted to the bar in Kings county in 
1859, and became successful in practice in New 
York city. Since 1879 Mr. Shearman has been an 
active worker in the cause of free-trade. He was 
joint author of ** Tillinghast and Shearman's Prac- 
tice, Pleadings, and Forms " (New York, 1861-5), 
and "Shearman and Redfield on Negligence" (1869), 
prepared for the commissioners of the code the 
whole of the " Book of Forms " (Albany, 1861), and 
most of that part of the civil code that relates to 
obligations, etc (Albany, 1865), and has written 
Mets on f i 



numerous pamphli 



free-trade, protection, in- 



direct taxation, and cognate subjects. 
SHECUT, John Llnnens Edward W hi tridge, 

author, b. in Beaufort, S. C, 4 Dec., 1770 ; d. in 
Charleston, S. C, in 1886. He was graduated in 
medicine at Philadelphia in 1791, and soon after- 
ward began practice in Charleston, where he spent 
the remainder of his life. He was actively con- 
cerned in founding the South Carolina homespun 
society, the first cotton-factory in the state, ana in 
1813 organized the Antiquarian society of Charles- 
ton, now the Literary and philosophical society of 
South Carolina. Dr. Shecut maintained that a 
predisposing cause of yellow fever was the derange- 
ment of the atmosphere consequent upon its being 
deprived of its due proportion of electricity, and he 
is said to have been the first physician in Charles- 
ton to apply electricity in the treatment of this 
disease, lie was the author of " Flora Carolinien- 
sis, a Historical, Medical, and Economical Display 
of the Vegetable Kingdom " (2 vols., Charleston, 
1806); "An Essay on the Yellow Fever of 1817 " 



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490 



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SHEELEIGH 



and Philosophical Essays" (1819): M Elements of 
Natural Philosophy " (1826) ; and " A New Theory 
of the Earth " (1826). 

SHEDD. Joel Herbert, civil engineer, b. in 
Pepperell, Mass., 81 May, 1884. He was educated 
in JBridgewater academy, and then took a three- 
years* course in civil engineering in a Boston office. 
On the completion of his studies ne established him- 
self in his profession in Boston, but in 1869 removed 
to Providence, R. I., where he has since resided. 
In 1860 he was appointed commissioner for Massa- 
chusetts on the Concord and Sudbury rivers, and 
he has been chairman of the state board of harbor 
commissioners of Rhode Island since its organiza- 
tion in 1876. He was commissioner from Rhode 
Island to the World's fair in Paris in 1878, and 
chairman of the Rhode Island body of the inter- 
state commission on boundary-lines between that 
state and Connecticut in 1886-7 ; and was also at 
the head of the similar commission on the encroach- 
ments of Pawtucket river in 1887-U Mr. Shedd 
was elected a member of the American society of 
civil engineers in 1869, and was chairman of its 
sub-committee on sewerage and sanitary engineer- 
ing at the World's fair in Philadelphia in 1876. He 
has executed many engineering works in the cities 
of the New England and the middle states, as well 
as for the U. S. government and the states of Mas- 
sachusetts and Rhode Island. The most important 
single work of engineering that he has designed and 
executed is the Providence water-works, costing 
$4,500,000. Every element of these works was 
studied fundamentally, and nothing was copied. 
They have been much referred to, ana have a Euro- 
pean reputation. Mr. Shedd has probably done more 
to improve the quality of American hydraulic ce- 
ments than any other engineer, both by the rigidity 
of his demands and by his careful testing of the ma- 
terial He has been frequently called on to testify on 
engineering matters in court,and he has contributed 
largely to professional journals. Among his articles 
are the section on " Rain and Drainage in French's 
"Farm Drainage" (New York, 1859); "Essay on 
Drainage " (Boston, 1859) ; and reports on " Venti- 
lation ^(1864); - Roads '' (1865) ; " Water- Works " 
<186&-*9) ; and u Sewerage** (1874-'84). The latter 
include reports to nearly all of the principal cities 
of New England.— His wife, Julia Ann Clark, b. 
in Newport, Me., 8 Aug., 1884, has contributed on 
art to various periodicals, and, besides translations 
in book-form, has published "Famous Painters 
and Paintings" (Boston, 1874); "The Ghiberti 
Gates" (1879); "Famous Sculptors and Sculp- 
ture" (1881); and "Raphael, his Madonnas and 
Holy Families "(1888). 

SHEDD, William Greenongh Thayer, au- 
thor, b. in Acton, Mass., 21 June. 1820. He was 
graduated at the University of Vermont in 1889, 
and at Auburn theological seminary in 1848, and 
in 1844 was ordained pastor of the Congregational 
church in Brandon, V t. He became professor of 
English literature in the University of Vermont 
in 1845, which chair he held till appointed to that 
of sacred rhetoric in Auburn theological seminary 
in 1852. In 1854 he was made professor of church 
history in Andover theological seminary. In 1862 
he became associate pastor of the Brick church 
(Presbyterian) in New York city, but he resigned 
In I860, and was appointed to tne professorship of 
biblical literature in Union theological seminary, 
and in 1874 to that of systematic theology in the 
same institution, which he still (1888) holds. He 
has published "Eloquence a Virtue, or Outlines 
of Systematic Rhetoric ; from the German of Dr. 
Francis Theremin " (New York, 1850) ; " Coleridge's 




tr 9 TtSZjL^U*. 



Works, with Introductory Essays" (7 vols^ 1858); 
"Lectures on the Philosophy of History" (An- 
dover, 1856) ; " Discourses and Essays " (1856) ; " A 
Manual of Church History," from the German of 
Heinrich Ernst Fer- 
dinand Guericke (2 
vols., 1857); "The 
Confession of Augus- 
tine," with introduc- 
tory essay (1860); "A 
History of Christian 
Doctrine" (2 vols., 
New York, 1868); 
" Homiletics and Pas- 
toral Theology " 
(1867); "Sermons to 
the Natural Man" 
(1871); "Theological 
Essays"(1877);"Lit- 
erary Essays ''(1878); 
"Commentary on St 
Paul's Epistle to the 
Romans* '(1879); 
"Sermons to the Spir- 
itual Man " (1884) ; and " Doctrine of Endless Pun- 
ishment " (1885). Dr. Shedd wrote the " Gospel of 
Mark" in vol. ii. of the translation of Lange's 
commentary; and contributed an introduction to 
Samuel R. Asbury's translation of Dr. Carl Acker- 
man's work, " The Christian Element in Plato and 
the Platonic Philosophy" (Edinburgh, I860), and 
to the American edition of Dr. James McCosh's 
" Intuitions of the Mind " (New York, 1865). 

SHEELEIGH, Matthias, clergyman, b. at 
Charlestown, Chester co., Pa,, 29 Dec, 1821. He 
is a descendant of a German family that came to 
this country early in the 18th century, and whose 
name originally was Schillich. He studied in West 
Chester, Pa., and in Pennsylvania college, Gettys- 
burg, in 1840-'l, and was graduated at the theo- 
logical seminary there in 1852. In the same year 
he was ordained to the ministry of the Lutheran 
church, and in 1885 he received the degree of D. D. 
from Newberry college, Newberry, S. C. He has 
filled various pastorates in New York, Pennsyl- 
vania, and New Jersey, and since 1869 has been at 
Fort Washington, Pa., near Philadelphia, He was 
secretary of the general synod in 1866, 1868, and 
1871, has been a member of the Lutheran board 
of publication sinoe 1859, and its president in 
1869-71, and a director of Gettysburg theological 
seminary since 1864. In 1868 he was appointed 
by the general synod one of its delegates to the 
meeting of the World's evangelical alliance that 
was hem in New York in 1878. He has won repu- 
tation as a poet and statistician, and is a frequent 
contributor to religious periodicals. He has been 
editor of the "Sunday-School Herald," in Phila- 
delphia, since 1860, and of the •• Lutheran Alma- 
nac and Year-Book " since 1871. Besides numerous 
doctrinal and historical articles in theological re- 
views, and many contributions in poetry and prose 
to periodicals, ne has published " Hymns for the 
Seventh Jubilee of the Reformation" (Philadel- 
phia, 1867) ; " An Ecclesiad : A Jubilee Poem be- 
fore the General Synod" (1871); "A Gettys- 
burgiad: A Jubilee Poem before the Gettysburg 
Theological Seminary" (1876); and "Luther: A 
Song Tribute, more than Fifty Original Poems, on 
the 400th Anniversary of Luther's Birth "(1888). 
A large number of his hymns have fouod a place 
in collections. He has a volume of original son- 
nets nearly ready for publication. Besides these, 
he has published "Olal Thorlakason, an Icelandic 
Narrative," translated from the German (1870); 



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491 



44 Outline of Old Testament History " (1860) ; " Out- 
line of New Testament History " (1870) ; " Herald 
Picture Books" (12 vols., 1878); and a " Brief His- 
tory of Martin Luther" (1883). 

SHEFFEY, Daniel, lawyer, b. in Frederick, 
Md., in 1700; d. in Staunton, Va., 3 Dec., 1830. 
He was bred a shoemaker in his father's shop, but, 
although without advantages, acquired through 
his own exertions a respectable education. He 
emigrated to Virginia wnen twenty-one years of 
age, followed his trade at Wytheville, at the same 
time studied law, and was admitted to the bar. 
His original character and natural ability soon 
brought him into notice, he acquired a large prac- 
tice, and, removing to Staunton, won reputation 
at the bar, and was for many years a member of 
the legislature. He was electee! to congress as a 
Federalist in 1810, and served by re-election from 
1809 till 1817. His speech in favor of the renewal 
of the charter of the first United States bank was 
a masterly effort, and was listened to by the house 
for three hours in profound silence. He opposed 
the war of 1812. He often engaged in controversy 
with John Randolph, who on one occasion, in com- 
menting on his speech, said : " The shoemaker ought 
not to go beyond his last." Mr. Sheffey retorted : 
44 If that gentleman had ever been on a shoemaker's 
bench, he would never have left it." 

SHEFFIELD, Joseph Earle, donor, b. in 
Southport, Conn., 19 June, 1793 ; d. in New Haven, 
Conn., 16 Feb., 1882. He received a common- 
school education, and in 1808, when only fifteen 
years of age, began his business career as a clerk 
in New Berne, N. C. In 1813 he became a partner 
in a New York house, but remained in New Berne 
to represent the business there. He travelled ex- 
tensively in the south on business matters, and, 
visiting Mobile, Ala., he decided to transfer his 
southern business to that city, and in a few years 
became its chief cotton merchant. In 1835 he 
returned to his native state, and established him- 
self in New Haven. He took an active part in the 
construction of the New Haven and Northampton 
canal, and was one of the most energetic in secur- 
ing the charter for the New York ana New Haven 
railroad. His next enterprise was building the Chi- 
cago and Rock Island railroad, which proved very 
profitable to him. His donations to Yale have been 
munificent. In 1800 the name of its scientific de- 

gurtment, which was reorganized and placed on a 
rm basis by his liberality, was changed to the 
Sheffield scientific school in his honor. Its two 
buildings are called respectively Sheffield hall and 
North Sheffield hall. He gave to other colleges, 
seminaries, and religious institutions, and his gifts 
amounted to more than $1,000,000. 

SHEFFIELD, William Paine, senator, b. on 
Block island, R. I., 30 Aug., 1819. He was edu- 
cated at Kingston academy, R. I., and by private 
tutors, was graduated at Harvard law-school in 
1843, and admitted to the bar in 1844. He was a 
member of the legislature in 1842-'5, 1849-'52, 
1857-'61, l863-'73, and 1875-'84. He was chosen 
to congress as a Unionist in 1860, served one term, 
and in 1884 he was appointed by the governor 
to fill out the unexpired term of Henry B. Anthony 
in the U. S. senate, serving from 19 Nov. of that 
year till 22 Feb., 1885, when the vacancy was filled 
by the legislature. He was a member of the Rhode 
Island constitutional convention in 1841, and of 
the one that framed the existing constitution in 
1842. He was a commissioner to revise the state 
laws in 1871-'2, has been president of the People's 
library since its foundation, and a trustee of the 
Redwood library, in Newport, for many years. His 



publications include many speeches and mono- 
graphs, especially concerning alterations on the 
constitution of Rhode Island ; " Historical Sketch 
of Block Island" (Newport, 1876); "Historical 
Sketch of Newport "(1876); and "Rhode Island 
Privateers" (1883). 

SHEGOGUE, James Henry, artist, b. about 
1810 ; d. 7 April, 1879. He devoted himself mainly 
to portraiture, but produced also landscape and 
genre pieces. He first exhibited at the Academy 
of design, New York, in 1835, was elected an asso- 
ciate in 1841, and became an academician two years 
later. From 1848 till 1852 he was corresponding 
secretary of the academy. 

SHELBY, Evan, pioneer, b. in Wales in 1720; 
d. at King's Meadows (now Bristol), Term., 4 Dec, 
1794. At the age of fifteen he emigrated with his 
father's family to North Mountain, near Hagers- 
town, Md. He received a meager education, but 
when quite young became noted as a hunter and 
woodsman. In the old French war he rose from 
the rank of private to that of captain, in which 
capacity he served throughout the campaign of 
Gen. John Forbes. He then engaged in trade with 
the Indians, and afterward embarked extensively 
in herding and raising cattle on the Virginia bor- 
der. He was thus employed when, in 1774, war 
began with the Shawnees and Delawares. Raising 
a body of fifty volunteers in the Watauga district 
he led them on a march of twenty-five days through 
a trackless wilderness, and joined the Virginia 
army on the eve of the battle of Point Pleasant 
Toward the close of the action, all his ranking 
officers being either killed or disabled, the com- 
mand devolved upon him, and he utterly routed 
the enemy. In 1779 he led a successful expedi- 
tion against the Chickamauga Indians. He subse- 
quently served with the Virginia army on the sea- 
board, rising to the rank of colonel, and then to 
that of general — His eldest son, Isaac, governor 
of Kentucky, b. in North Mountain, Md., 11 Dec., 
1750; d. near Stanford, Kv., 18 July, 1826, ac- 
quired a common English education, and the prin- 
ciples of survey- 
ing at Frederick- 
town, and before 
he was of age 
served as deputy 
sheriff of Freder- 
ick county. In 
1771 he removed 
with his father to 
the present site 
of Bristol, Tenn., 
and followed with 
him the business 
of herding cattle 
till 1774, when, 
being appointed 
lieutenant in his 
father's com pany . 
he served in the y 

battle of Point C^^^^^ 
Pleasant, which 
he was instrumen- 
tal in winning. He commanded the fort at that 
place till July, 1775, when his troops were disband- 
ed by Lord Dunmore, lest they should join the 
patriot army. During the following year he was 
employed at surveying in Kentucky, nut, his health 
failing, he returned home in July, 1776, just in 
time to be at the battle of Long Island flats. At 
the first furious onset of the savages, the Ameri- 
can lines were broken, and then Shelby, present 
only as a volunteer private, seized the command, 




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SHELDON 



reformed the troops, and inflicted upon the In- 
dians a severe defeat, with the loss of only two 
men badly wounded. This battle, and John Se- 
vier's defence of Wataupa, frustrated the rear at- 
tack by which the British hoped to envelop and 
crush the southern colonies, soon afterward Gov. 
Patrick Henry promoted Shelby to a captaincy, 
and made him commissary - general of the Vir- 
ginia forces. When Sevier, in 1779, projected the 
expedition that captured the British stores at 
Chickaraauga, Shelby equipped and supplied the 
troops by the pledge of his individual credit In 
this year he was commissioned a major by Gov. 
Thomas Jefferson, but, when the state line was 
run, his residence was found to be in North Caro- 
lina. He then resigned his commission, but was 
at once appointed to the colonelcy of Sullivan 
county by Gov. Caswell. He was in Kentucky, 
perfecting his title to lands he had selected on his 
previous visit, when he heard of the fall of Charles- 
ton and the desperate situation of affairs in the 
southern colonies. He at once returned to engage 
in active service against the enemy, and, crossing 
the mountains into South Carolina, in July, 1780, 
he won victories over the British at Thicketty Fort, 
Cedar Springs, and Musgrove's Mill. But, as the 
disastrous defeat at Camden occurred just before 
the last engagement, he was obliged to retreat 
across the Alleghanies. There he soon concerted 
with John Sevier the remarkable expedition which 
resulted in the battle of King's Mountain, and 
turned the tide of the Revolution. For this im- 
portant service he and Sevier received the thanks 
of the North Carolina legislature, and the vote of 
a sword and a pair of pistols. Having been elected 
to the general assembly, Shelby soon afterward left 
the army to take his seat, but, before he left, sug- 
gested to Gen. Horatio Gates the expedition which, 
carried out by Morgan under Gen. Greene, resulted 
in the victory at Cowpens. Being soon afterward 
recalled to South Carolina by Gen. Greene, he 
marched over the mountains with Col. Sevier and 
600 men, and did important service against the 
British in the vicinity of Charleston. In the win- 
ter of 1782-'3 he was appointed a commissioner to 
survey the lands along the Cumberland that were 
allotted by North Carolina to her soldiers, and this 
done, he repaired to Boonesborough, Ky., where he 
settled as a planter. He was a delegate to all the 
early conventions that were held for obtaining the 
separation of Kentucky from Virginia, and suc- 
ceeded, in connection with Thomas Marshall and 
George Muter, in thwarting the treasonable scheme 
of Gen. James Wilkinson and his associates to force 
Kentucky out of the Union and into an alliance 
with Spain. When, in 1792, Kentucky was ad- 
mitted as a state, Shelby was almost unanimously 
elected its first governor. During nearly the whole 
of his administration the western country was in 
a state of constant irritation, in consequence of the 
occlusion of the Mississippi by Spain ; but, by his 
firm and sagacious policy, this discontent was Kept 
from breaking out into actual hostilities. Finally, 
by the treaty of 20 Oct., 1795, the Spaniards con- 
ceded the navigation of that river; and Shelby's 
term of office expiring soon afterward, he refused 
to be again a candidate, and returned to the culti- 
vation of the farm which he had reluctantly left 
at what he deemed the call of his country. He 
subsequently refused all office except that of presi- 
dential elector, to which he was chosen six times 
successively under Jefferson, Madison, and Mon- 
roe ; but, on the eve of the second war with Great 
Britain, his state again peremptorily demanded his 
services. Our first western army had been cap- 



tured, Michigan was in the hands of the enemy, and 
the whole frontier was threatened by a strong coa- 
lition of savages, armed by Great Britain. In- 
stinctively the people turned to Shelby, and he 
consented to serve as governor " if there should be 
a war with England." Organizing a body of 4,000 
volunteers, he had them mounted on his own re- 
sponsibility, and at the age of sixty-three led them 
in person to the re-enforcement of Gen. William 
Henry Harrison, whom he joined just in time to 
enable that general to profit by the victory of Perry 
on Lake Erie. For his services in this campaign 
Shelby received a gold medal and the thanks of 
congress and of the Kentucky legislature. In 
March, 1817, he was tendered the post of secretary 
of war by President Monroe ; but he declined, and 
never again held any office except that of commis- 
sioner for the purchase from the Chickasaws of 
their remaining lands in Tennessee and Kentucky. 

SHELDON, Alexander, physician, b. in Suf- 
field, Conn.. 28 Oct, 1766 ; d. in Montgomery coun- 
ty. N. Y., 10 Sept, 1886. He was graduated at 
Yale in 1787, settled in Montgomery county, N. Y., 
took an active part in politics, was speaker of the 
New York assembly in 1804, 1806, and 1812, and a 
judge of the county court. He was graduated at 
the New York college of physicians and surgeons 
in 1812, and became eminent in his profession. 
He was a regent of the University of New York 
state, a member of the convention that framed the 
State constitution in 1820, and chairman of the 
committee on the executive departments. In the 
presidential contest between John Adams and 
Thomas Jefferson he warmly espoused the cause 
of the latter. He was the last of the speakers of 
the New York assembly that wore the cocked hat, 
the badge of that office. — His aon. Smith, pub- 
lisher, b. in Montgomery county, N. Y.. 18 Sept, 
1811 ; d. in Nyack, N. Y., 30 Aug., 1884, was edu- 
cated at Albany academy, acquired a fortune in the 
dry-goods trade in that city, and, removing to New 
York in 1854, established the publishing-house of 
Sheldon and Co., of which his son, Isaac & Shel- 
don, is now (1888) the head. His latter life was 
devoted to benevolent enterprises, especially to the 
education of the colored population of the south, 
to which cause he gave liberally and for which he 
collected large sums of money. He was an original 
corporator of Vassar college and chairman of the 
executive committee, a trustee of Rochester, and 
an incorporator of Madison university. 

SHELDON, David Newton, clergyman, b. in 
Suffield, Conn., 26 June, 1807. He was graduated 
at Williams in 1830, studied in Newton theological 
seminary, and was pastor of Baptist churches in 
Maine till 1856, when he became a Unitarian. In 
1848-'58 he was president of Waterville college 
(now Colby university). Brown gave him the de- 
gree of D. D. in 1847. He has published sermons 
and "Sin and Redemption" (New York, 1856). 

SHELDON, Edward Austin, educator, b. in 
Perry Centre, Wyoming co., N. Y., 4 Oct., 1828. 
He studied at Hamilton three years, but was not 
graduated. In 1869 that college gave him the de- 
gree of A. M. He was superintendent of public 
schools at Syracuse, N. Y., in 1851-*8, occupied the 
same post in Oswego in 1853~'69, and since 1862 
has been principal of the Oswego state normal 
training-school He was the first to introduce into 
this country a systematic course of objective in- 
struction in the public schools, and in 1861 organ- 
ized the first training-school for teachers, and his 
system was subsequently adopted by the normal 
schools of New York state. He has published 
M First Reading Book and Reading Charts " (New 



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York, 1862) ; " Manual of Elementary Instruction *' 
(1862); "Series of Reading Books and Charts" 
(1874); and "Lessons on Objects" (1875).— His 
daughter, Mary Downing educator, b. in Oswego, 
N. Y., 15 Sept., 1850, was graduated at the Univer- 
sity of Michigan in 1874, served as professor of 
history in Wellesley in 1870-'8, and subsequently 
occupied the same chair in the State normal school, 
Oswego, N. Y. She married Earl Barnes in 1885. 
She has published " Studies in General History " 
(Boston, 1885), and "Teacher's Manual " (1885). 

SHELDON, George William, author, b. in 
Summerville, S. C, 28 Jan., 1843. He was gradu- 
ated at Princeton in 1868, and served during 1864 
at City Point, Va., in charge of the sick and wound- 
ed of Gen. Grant's array. In 1865 he was appoint- 
ed tutor in Latin and belles-lettres in Princeton, 
and in 1869 he became instructor in the oriental 
languages at Union theological seminary, New 
York, where he remained until 1878, after which he 
studied for two years in the British museum. Mr. 
Sheldon then devoted himself to journalistic work 
and was art critic of the New York "Evening 
Post " in 1876-'82, and dramatic critic and city 
editor of the New York " Commercial Advertiser ' 
in 1884-'6. He has published " American Paint- 
ers" (New York, 1879) ; " The Story of the Volun- 
teer Fire Department of the City of New York " 
(1882) ; " Hours with Art and Artists " (1882) ; "Ar- 
tistic Homes " (1882) ; " Artistic Country - Seals " 
(1886); "Selections in Modern Art" (1886); and 
" Recent Ideals of American Art " (1888). 

SHELDON, Henrr Clay, clergyman, b. in Mar- 
tinsburg, N. Y., 12 March, 1845. He was gradu- 
ated at Yale in 1867, and at the theological depart- 
ment of Boston university in 1871, studied in Leip- 
sic in 1874-'5, and since the latter date has been 
professor of historical theology in Boston univer- 
sity. Mr. Sheldon's standpoint is that of evangeli- 
cal Arminianism, in opposition both to Calvinism 
and to Liberalism. He has published a " History 
of Christian Doctrine" (2 vols., New York, 1886). 

SHELDON, Lionel Allen, soldier, b. in Otsego 
county, N. Y., 30 Aug., 1829. He was brought up 
on a farm in Ohio, educated at Oberlin. taught for 
several years, and after attending the law-school 
in Poughkeepsie, N. Y., was admitted to the bar 
in 1851, and settled in Elyria, Ohio. He served 
one term as judge of probate, supported John C. 
Fremont for the presidential nomination in the 
Philadelphia Republican convention in 1856, was 
commissioned brigadier-general of militia in 1860, 
and actively engaged in raising recruits for the 
National army at the beginning of the civil war. 
He became captain of cavalry in August, 1861, was 
chosen major soon afterward in the 2d Ohio cavalry, 
transferred as lieutenant-colonel to the 42d Ohio 
infantry, became colonel in 1862, and commanded 
the latter regiment in West Virginia, Kentucky, and 
eastern Tennessee. In November of that year, when 
his regiment was placed under Gen.William T. Sher- 
man at Memphis, he commanded a brigade which 
participated in the battles of Chickasaw Bayou and 
Arkansas Post. He led a brigade in the 13th army 
corps in 1863, was wounded at the battle of Fort 
Gibson, and participated in the capture of Vicks- 
burg and in subsequent skirmishes. In March, 1865, 
he was brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers. 
After the war he settled in New Orleans, La., prac- 
tised his profession, and in 1869-'75 was in con- 
gress, having been elected as a Republican. Dur- 
ing this service he, was chairman of the committee 
on militia. He was appointed governor of New 
Mexico in 1881, served till 1885, and was receiver 
of the Texas and Pacific railway in 1885-'7. 




SHELLABARGER, Samuel, congressman, b. 
in Clark county, Ohio, 10 Dec., 1817. He was gradu- 
ated at Miami in 1842, studied law under Gen. 
Samson Mason, was admitted to the bar in 1847, 
was a member of the first legislature in Ohio that 
met under the present constitution, and in 1860 
was elected to congress as a Republican. He took 
his seat in the special session that met in accord- 
ance with President Lincoln's call, on 4 July, 1861, 
and served in 1861-'8, in 1865-'9, and in 1870-'8. 
He was chairman of the committees on commerce, 
that on charges by Frey against Roscoe Conkling, 
and that on the provost-marshal's bureau, and was 
on the special committees on the assassination of 
President Lincoln, civil service, and the New Or- 
leans riots. He was U. S. minister to Portugal in 
186ft-'70, and in 1874-'5 was one of the civil ser- 
vice commission. He then resumed the practice 
of his_profes8ion in Washington, D. C. 

SHELTON, Frederick William, author, b. in 
Jamaica, Long Island, N. Y., in 1814; d. in Carthage 
Landing, N. Y., 20 June, 1881. He was graduated 
at Princeton in 1834, studied for the ministry, and 
took orders in the 
Protestant Episco- 
pal church in 1847. 
He was rector of 
tin church in Hunt- 
ington, L. I., for 
several years, also 
of the church in 
Fishkill,N.Y.,and 
in 1854 accepted a 
call to Montpelier, 
Vt. About ten 
years later he re- 
moved to Carthage 
landing, N. Y., and 
devoted himself 
chiefly to author- 
ship. Mr. Shelton's 
publications were 
"TheTrollopiad,or 

Travelling Gentleman in America," a satirical poem 
(New York, 1837); "Salander and the Dragon," a 
romance (1851) ; " The Rector of St. Bardolph's, or 
Superannuated" (1853); "Up the River," a series 
of rural sketches on the Hudson (1853); "Chrys- 
talline, or the Heiress of Fall-Down Castle," a ro- 
mance (1854) ; and " Peeps from a Belfry, or Parish 
Sketch-Book" (1855). He also published several 
lectures on popular topics, and was a frequent con- 
tributor to tne "Knickerbocker Magazine" and 
other periodicals. To the former he contributed a 
series of local humorous sketches, beginning with 
"The Kushow Property, a Tale of Crowhill in 
1848," followed by " The Tinnecum Papers," and 
other articles, including criticisms of Charles 
Lamb, Vincent Bourne, and other authors. Two 
of his lectures are entitled " The Gold Mania " and 
" The Use and Abuse of Reason." Mr. Shelton was 
the intimate friend of William Wilson, the poet- 
publisher, Gulian C. Verplanck, Frederick S. Coz- 
zens, and other literary men. With the above-named 
writers he was a contributor to the "Knicker- 
bocker Gallery," published for the benefit of Lewis 
Gaylord Clark (q. v.) after his retirement from the 
editorship of the " Knickerbocker Magazine." 

SHELTON, William, clergyman, b. in Fair- 
field, Conn., 11 Sept., 1798; d. there, 11 Oct, 1888. 
He was the son of Rev. Philo Shelton (1754-1825), 
the first clergyman ordained by a bishop of the Prot- 
estant Episcopal church in the Uniteci States. He 
was graduated at the General theological seminary 
in New York city in 1823, was ordained deacon 

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by Bishop Brownell. and priest in 1826 by the 
same bishop. He officiated for a time at Flatts- 
burg and Red Hook, N. Y., and also in Fairfield, 
Conn. In 1829 he accepted the rectorship of St. 
Paul's church, Buffalo, N. Y., where he served for 
fifty years, and then became rector emeritus. His 
death occurred while he was on a visit to his native 
place. Dr. Shelton published no contributions to 
church literature, but devoted himself wholly to 
his pastoral work and to his share in the work of 
the church at large. 

SHEPARD, Charles Upham, mineralogist, b. 
in Little Compton, R. I., 29 June, 1804; d. in 
Charleston, S. C., 1 May, 1886. He was graduated 
at Amherst in 1824, and spent a year in Cam- 
bridge, Mass., studying botany and mineralogy 
with Thomas Nuttall, and at the same time gave 
instruction in these branches in Boston. The 
study of mineralogy led to his preparation of pa- 
pers on that subject which he sent to the ** Ameri- 
can Journal of Science," and in this manner he 
became acquainted with the elder Si Hi man. He 
was invited in 1827 to become Prof. Si Hi man's as- 
sistant, and continued so until 1831. Meanwhile 
for a year he was curator of Franklin Hall, an 
institution that was established by James Brewster 
in New Haven for popular lectures on scientific 
subjects to mechanics. In 1830 he was appointed 
lecturer on natural history at Yale, and held that 

Slace until 1847. He was associated with Prof, 
illiman in the scientific examination of the cul- 
ture and manufacture of sugar that was undertaken 
by the latter at the special request of the secretary 
of the treasury ; and the southern states, particu- 
larly Louisiana and Georgia, were assigned to him 
to report upon. From 1834 till 1861 he filled the 
chair of chemistry in the Medical college of the 
state of South Carolina, which he relinquished at 
the beginning of the civil war, but in 1865, upon 
the urgent invitation of his former colleagues, he 
resumed his duties for a few years. While in 
Charleston he discovered rich deposits of phosphate 
of lime in the immediate vicinity of that city. 
Their great value in agriculture and subsequent 
use in the manufacture of superphosphate fertiliz- 
ers proved an important addition to the chemical 
industries of South Carolina. In 1845 he was 
chosen professor of chemistry and natural history 
in Amherst, which chair was divided in 1852, and 
he continued to deliver the lectures on natural 
history until 1877, when he was made professor 
emeritus. He was associated in 1835 with Dr. 
James G. Percival in the geological survey of Con- 
necticut, and throughout his life he was actively 
engaged in the study of mineralogy. He an- 
nounced in 1835 his discovery of nis first new 
species of microlite, that of Warwick ite in 1838, 
tnat of danburite in 1839, and he afterward de- 
scribed many other new minerals until shortly 
before his death. Prof. Shepard acquired a large 
collection of minerals, which at one time was un- 
surpassed in this country, and which in 1877 was 
Eurchased by Amherst college, but three years 
iter was partially destroyed by fire. Early in life 
he began tne study and collection of meteorites, and 
his cabinet, long the largest in the country, likewise 
became the property of Amherst. His papers on 
this subject, from 1829 till 1882, were nearly forty 
in number and appeared chiefly in the " American 
Journal of Science." The honorary decree of 
M. D. was conferred on him by Dartmouth in 1836, 
and that of LL. D. by Amherst in 1857. Prof. 
Shepard was a member of many American and 
foreign societies, including the Imperial society of 
natural science in St. Petersburg, tne Royal society 



of Gttttingen, and the Society of natural sciences 
in Vienna. In addition to his many papers, he 
published a *• Treatise on Mineralogy " (New Haven ; 
3d ed., enlarged, 1855) ; a " Report on the Geologi- 
cal Survey of Connecticut" (1887); and numerous 
reports on mines in the United States.— His son, 
Charles Upham, chemist, b. in New Haven, Conn., 
4 Oct, 1842, was graduated at Yale in 1863 and at 
the University of Gdttingen in 1867, with the de- 
gree of M. D. On his return he was appointed 
professor of chemistry in the Medical college of the 
state of South Carolina, which chair he held until 
1883, and since that time he has devoted himself 
entirely to the practice of analytical chemistry. 
Dr. Shepard has been active in developing the 
chemical resources of South Carolina, and has paid 
special attention to the nature and composition of 
the phosphate deposits of that state. In 1887 he 
presented the second cabinet of minerals that was 
left by his father, numbering more than 10,000 
specimens, to the collections at Amherst, and his 
cabinet of representatives of more than 200 dif- 
ferent meteorites has been deposited in the U. S. 
national museum in Washington, D. C. He is a 
member of scientific societies and has contributed 
to the literature of his profession. 

SHEPARD, Elliott Fitch, lawyer, b. in James- 
town, Chautauqua co., N. Y., 25 July, 1883. He 
was educated at the University of the city of New 
York, admitted to the bar in 1858, and for many 
years in practice in New York. In 1861 and 1862 
ne was aide-de-camp on the staff of Gov. Edwin D. 
Morgan, was in command of the depot of volun- 
teers at Elmira, N. Y., and aided in organizing, 
equipping, and forwarding to the field nearly 
50,000 troops. He was instrumental in raising the 
51st New York regiment, which was named for him 
the Shepard rifles. He was the founder of the New 
York state bar association in 1876, which has 
formed the model for the organization of similar 
associations in other states. In March, 1888, he 
purchased the New York " Mail and Express." 

SHEPARD, Irving, educator, b. in Marcellus, 
Onondaga co., N. Y., 5 July, 1843. He received his 
primary education in the public schools in Michi- 
gan, entered the National army in 1862, and served 
nearly three years in the 17th Michigan volunteers. 
He commanded the party that burned the Arm- 
strong house in the enemy's lines, in front of 
Knoxville, Tenn., in November, 1863, was promoted 
captain for bravery in that action, and wounded 
in the battle of the Wilderness in May, 1864. He 
was graduated at Olivet college in 1871, was super- 
intendent of city schools and principal of the high- 
school, Charles City, Iowa, in 1871-'5, occupied a 
similar office at Winona, Mich., from the latter 
date till 1879, and has since beeu president of the 
Michigan normal school. 

SHEPARD, Isaac Fitzgerald, soldier, b. in 
Natick, Middlesex co., Mass., 7 July, 1816. He 
was graduated at Harvard in 1842, was princi- 
pal of a Boston grammar-school in 1844-'57, and 
served in the legislature in 1859^*60. He became 
lieutenant-colonel and senior aide-de-camp to Gen. 
Nathaniel G. Lyons in 1861, colonel of the 3d Mis- 
souri infantry in 1862, and in 1863 colonel of the 
1st regiment of Mississippi colored troops, com- 
manding all the colored troops in the Mississippi 
valley. On 27 Oct., 1863, he was commissioned 
brigadier-general of volunteers. He was adjutant- 

General of Missouri in 1870-' 1, and U. S. consul at 
watow and Hankow, China, in 1874-'86. He was 
chairman of the Missouri state Republican com- 
mittee in 1870-'l, and department commander of 
the Grand army of the republic at the same time. 



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He edited the Boston " Daily Bee" in 1846-'8, the 
"Missouri Democrat" in 1868-'9, the "Missouri 
State Atlas" in 1871-2, and has published " Peb- 
bles from Castalia," poems (Boston, 1840) ; " Poetry 
of Peeling" (1844); "Scenes and Songs of Social 
Life" (1846); " Household Tales" (1861); and sev- 
eral single poems and orations. 

SHEPARD, Samuel, clergyman, b. in Salis- 
bury, Mass., 22 June, 1739; d. in Brentwood, N. H., 
4 Nov., 1815. At the acre of sixteen he removed 
to New Hampshire, and after studying medicine 
settled in Brentwood, where he soon won reputa- 
tion in his profession. In 1770 he united with a 
Baptist church, and in 1771 he was ordained to the 
ministry. He preached through a wide extent of 
country, and in his double office of minister and 
physician looked after the cure of both soul and 
tody. While pastor of the church at Brentwood 
he had the oversight of several other churches that 
were branches of this central body. He was thus 
a sort of Baptist diocesan bishop. No man in the 
history of his denomination in New Hampshire 
was better known in his day. He published sev- 
eral tracts, chiefly relating to baptism. 

SHEPARD, Thomas, clergyman, b. in Towces- 
ter, England, 5 Nov., 1605 ; d. in Cambridge, Mass., 
25 Aug., 1649. He was graduated at Oxford in 
1627, ordained in the established church, and in 
1630 silenced for non-conformity. He was subse- 
quently tutor and chaplain in the family of Sir 
Richard Darby, whose cousin he married. He was 
silenced again in 1633, and in October, 1635, sailed 
for this country, settled in Boston, and from that 
time till his death was pastor of the church in 
Cambridge, succeeding Thomas Hooker. He soon 
became involved in the Antinomian controversy, 
actively opposed the innovators, and was a member 
of the synod that silenced them. His second wife, 
Joanna, whom he married in 1637, was the daughter 
of Thomas Hooker. He was active in founding 
Harvard, and instrumental in placing it at Cam- 
bridge. Nathaniel Morton, the historian, says of 
him : " By his death not only the church and peo- 
ple of Cambridge, but all New England, suffered a 
great loss." By his third wife, Margaret Boradel. 
he was the ancestor of President John Q. Adams. 
He was a vigorous and popular writer on theo- 
logical subjects, and published "New England's 
Lamentations for Old England's Errors " (London, 
1645) ; " The Clear Sunshine of the Gospel Break- 
ing out on the Indians of New England " (1648 ; 
New York, 1865) ; "Theses Sabbatica" (1649) ; and 
left in manuscript numerous sermons that were 
subsequently printed in England. These include 
" Subjection to Chris'.," with a memoir of him by 
Samuel Mather and William Greenhill (London, 
1652),and * 4 The Parables of the Ten Virgins and oth- 
er Sermons" (1660 ; new ed., Aberdeen, 1638). His 
autobiography was published (Cambridge, Mass., 
1832), and his collected works, with a memoir of 
him by Rev. Horatio Alger (3 vols., Boston, 1853). 
Cotton Mather also wrote his memoir in the " Mag- 
nalia," and in his " Lives of the Chief Fathers of 
New England."— His son, Thomas, clergyman, b. 
in London, England, 5 April, 1635 ; d. in Cam- 
bridge, Mass., 22 Dec., 1677, was graduated at 
Harvard in 1653, and from 1658 till his death was 
assistant pastor of the Cambridge church. He pub- 
lished an election sermon (1672), and edited a vol- 
ume of miscellaneous sermons (1673). 

SHEPARD, William, soldier, b. near Boston, 
Mass., 1 Dec., 1737; d. in Westfleld, Mass., 11 Nov., 
1817. He enlisted in the provincial army at seven- 
teen years of age, served in 1757-63, was a captain 
under Sir Jeffrey Amherst, and participated in the 



battles of Fort William and Crown Point. He be- 
came colonel of the 4th Massachusetts regiment 
in 1777, and served till 1788, participating in 
twenty-two engagements, and winning a reputation 
for efficiency and courage. He settled on a farm 
in Med way, Mass., after the peace, was a member 
of the executive council in lTSS-W), a brigadier- 
general of militia, and in that capacity during 
Daniel Shavs's insurrection in 1786 prevented the 
insurgents from seizing the Springfield arsenal. He 
was subsequently major-general of militia, and in 
congress in 1797-1803. 

SHEPHERD, Nathaniel Graham, author, b. 
in New York city in 1835 ; d. there, 23 May, 1869. 
He studied art in New York, taught drawing in 
Georgia for several years, returned to his native 
city, and engaged in the insurance business, de- 
voting his leisure to study and to writing poems. 
At the beginning of the civil war he became a war 
correspondent for the New York " Tribune." He 
contributed largely to periodicals and journals, 
and was the author of •• The Dead Drummer-Boy." 
" The Roll-Call," " A Summer Reminiscence," and 
other poems, which were widelv circulated. 

SHEPHERD, Oliver Lathrop, soldier, b. in 
Clifton Park, Saratoga co., N. Y., 15 Aug., 1815. He 
was graduated at the U. S. military academy in 
1840, and assigned brevet 2d lieutenant, 4th in- 
fantry, was promoted 2d lieutenant, 3d infantry, 
on 2 Oct, 1840, served in the Seminole war, and 
became 1st lieutenant in the 3d infantry, 8 Nov., 
1845. In 1846 he was selected by Gen. Zachary 
Taylor as commissary of the supply train in its 
march from Corpus Christi to the Kio Grande, and 
served in the war with Mexico, receiving the brevet 
of captain for gallant and meritorious conduct at 
Contreras and Churubusco, and that of major for 
Chapultepec He was appointed captain on 1 Dec., 
1847, served on the frontier, and commanded Fort 
Defiance, New Mexico, which he defended with 
three companies against a night attack of the Nav- 
ajjoe Indians, with about 2,500 braves, on 30 April, 

1860, and was afterward stationed at Fort Hamil- 
ton, N. Y. He then commanded a battalion of the 
3d infantry in the defences of Washington, became 
lieutenant-colonel of the 18th infantry, 14 May, 

1861, served in the Tennessee and Mississippi cam- 
paign in the Army of the Ohio, and was engaged in 
the pursuit of the Confederates to Baldwin, Miss., 
30-31 May, 1862, receiving the brevet of colonel for 
service during the siege of Corinth, 17 May, 1862. 
He participated in Gen. Don. Carlos Buell's move- 
ment through Alabama and Tennessee to Louis- 
ville, Ky.. in July and September, and also in Gen. 
William S. Rosecrans's Tennessee campaign, serv- 
ing with the Army of the Cumberland from No- 
vember, 1862, till April, 1863, and commanding a 
brigade of regular troops from 31 Dec., 1862, till 
3 Jan., 1863. He became colonel of the 15th in- 
fantry on 21 Jan., 1863, and was brevetted brigadier- 
general on 13 March, 1865. for service at Stone 
river. He became colonel of the 15th infantry on 
21 Jan., 1863, and from 7 May, 1868, till 18 Feb., 
1866, he was superintendent of the regimental re- 
cruiting service at Fort Adams, R. I., and he after- 
ward commanded the 15th regiment in Alabama 
during the reconstruction of that state in 1868, in 
which he performed an important part, and was 
also a commissioner of the Freed men's bureau for 
Alabama. Consolidating the 15th and 35th infant- 
ries, he marched with them to New Mexico in 1869. 
He was retired from the array on 15 Dec, 1870. 

SHEPLEY, John, lawyer, b. in Groton, Coon., 
16 Oct, 1787; d. in Saco, Me., 9 Feb., 1857. His 
family settled in Groton about 1700, the name ap- 



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pearing on the town-records as Sheple. Several of 
his ancestors held local offices, one of whom, Joseph, 
was a member of the State convention of 1788, 
where he opposed the adoption of the constitution 
of the United States. John entered Harvard in 
the class of 1806, but left before graduation, studied 
law and practised in Rutland and Fitchburg. Mass., 
served in the legislature, was a member of the con- 
vention for amending the state constitution, and 
in 1825 went to Maine, where he formed a partner- 
ship with his brother Ether. For many years he 
was reporter of the decisions of the supreme court 
of Maine, and he published * 4 Maine Reports " (Hal- 
iowell, 183&-'49).— His brother, Ether, jurist, b. in 
Groton, Mass., 2 Nov., 1789 ; d. in Portland, Me.. 
15 Jan., 1877, after graduation at Dartmouth in 
1811, studied law at South Berwick, was admitted 
to the bar in 1814, and be$an to practise in Saco. He 
was a member of the legislature in 1819, a delegate 
to the convention that framed the constitution of 
Maine in 1820, and U. S. district attorney for that 
state from 1821 till 1888. He had removed to 
Portland about 1821. He was elected a U. S. sena- 
tor as a Democrat, serving from 2 Dec., 1838, till 
8 March, 1836, when he resigned, having been 
chosen a justice of the supreme court of Maine, of 
which he was chief justice from 1848 until 1855. In 
1856 he was appointed sole commissioner to revise 
the statutes of Maine. He received the decree of 
LL. D. from Waterville (now Colby University), in 
1842, and from Dartmouth in 1845. While serving 
on the bench he furnished the materials for twenty- 
six volumes of reports, and published " The Re- 
vised Statutes of Maine" (Halloweil, 1857), and 
*• Speech in Congress on the Removal of the De- 
posits," in which he vindicated the course of 
President Jackson (1857).— Ether's son, George 
Forster, soldier, b. in Saco, Me., 1 Jan., 1819 ; d. 
in Portland, Me., 20 July, 1878, was graduated at 
Dartmouth in 1837, and, after studying law at 
Harvard, began practice in Bangor. Me., in 1840, 
but in 1844 removed 
to Portland. From 
1853 till 1861 he was 
U. S. district attor- 
ney for Maine, during 
which period he ar- 
gued important cases 
in the U. S. supreme 
court. In 1860 he was 
a delegate at large to 
the National Demo- 
cratic convention in 
Charleston, and at- 
tended its adjourned 
session in Baltimore. 
He was commissioned 
colonel of the 12th 
Maine volunteers at 
the beginning of the 
civil war, and partici- 
pated in Gen. Benja- 
min F. Butler's expe- 
dition against New Orleans, commanding as acting 
brigadier-general a brigade at Ship Island, and at 
the capture of New Orleans he led the 3d brigade, 
Army of the Gulf. On the occupation of that city 
he was appointed military commandant and acting 
mayor, and assigned to the command of its de- 
fences, resigning in June, 1862, when he was ap- 
pointed military governor of Ixmisiana, serving 
until 1864. On 18 July, 1862, he was made briga- 
dier-general of volunteers. After the inauguration 
of a civil governor of Louisiana, Gen. Shepley was 
placed in command of the military district of east- 




ern Virginia, became chief of staff to Gen. Godfrey 
Weitzel, and for a short time during the absence of 
that officer commanded the 25th army corps. He 
continued with the Army of the James to the end 
of the war, entered Richmond on 3 April, 1865, and 
was appointed the first military governor of that 
city. Resigning his commission on 1 July, 1865, 
he declinedthe appointment of associate judge of 
the supreme court of Maine, but in 18694gfepted 
that of U. S. circuit judge for the first arcfiit of 
Maine, which office he held until his death. Dart- 
mouth gave him the degree of LL. D. in 1878. His 
decisions are reported in Jabez S. Holmes's " Re- 
ports " (Boston. 1877). 

SHEPPARD, Furman, lawyer, b. in fridge- 
ton, Cumberland co., N. J., 21 Nov., 1828. After 
graduation at Princeton in 1845 he studied law, 
and in 1848 was admitted to the bar of Philadel- 
phia, where he has since practised. He was dis- 
trict attorney in 1868-71, and again in 1874-'7. 
In the latter term he gave special attention to the 
prompt despatch of criminal cases during the Cen- 
tennial exhibition of 1876. By establishing a mag- 
istrate's court on the exhibition grounds, he suc- 
ceeded in having offenders arrested, indicted, tried, 
and sentenced within a few hours after the com- 
mission of the offence. This rapid proceeding was 
popularly designated " Shepparo's railroad, and 
it entirely broke up the preparations of the crimi- 
nal class of the country for preying upon the thou- 
sands of dailv visitors to the exhibition. For sev- 
eral years he has been a trustee of Jefferson medical 
college, a member of the American philosophical 
society, and an inspector of the Eastern state peni- 
tentiary in Philadelphia. Mr. Sheppard is the 
author of "The Constitutional Text -Book: a 
Practical and Familiar Exposition of the Consti- 
tution of the United States " (Philadelphia, 1855), 
and an abridged and modified edition of the same, 
entitled "The First Book of the Constitution" 
(1861). He has also contributed to the *• Vocabu- 
lary of the Philosophical Sciences," edited by 
Prof. Charles P. Krauth, D. D. 

SHEPPARD. John Hannibal, author, b. in 
Cirencester, Gloucestershire, England, 17 March, 
1789 ; d. in Boston, Mass., 25 June, 1873. In 1 798 his 
parents settled in Halloweil, Me. He was educated 
at Harvard, which he left in his junior year, but in 
1867 the university placed his name among the 
graduates of 1808. He studied law, was admitted 
to the bar in 1810. and practised in Wiscassett, Me, 
From 1817 till 1834 he was register of probate for 
Lincoln county, and in 1842 he settled in Boston, 
Mass. He was an early and efficient member of 
the New England historic-genealogical society, its 
librarian in 1861 -'9, and contributed to its " Regis- 
ter." The degree of A. M. was given to him by 
Bowdoin in 1830, and by Harvard in 1871. In 
addition to several masonic and antiauarian ad- 
dresses, he was the author of occasional poems, of 
** Reminiscences of the Vaughan Family (Boston, 
1865), and •* The Life of Samuel Tucker, Commo- 
dore in the American Revolution " (1868). 

SHEPPARD, Hoses, philanthropist, b. in 
Philadelphia, Pa., in 1771 ; d. in Baltimore, Md., 
1 Feb., 1857. He was early thrown upon his own 
resources, owing to the forfeiture of the property 
of his father, Nathan Sheppard, who adhered to the 
mother country during the Revolutionary war, and 
entered the employ of John Mitchell as a clerk. 
In a few years he was made partner, and after the 
death of Mr. Mitchell conducted the business 
alone, from which he retired in 1832. Mr. Shep- 
pard took an active interest in the question of 
American slavery, in ^nmon with the Society of 



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Friends, of which he was a member, and aided with 
counsel and money the American colonization 
society. He paid for the education of Dr. Samuel 
McGill and other colored men that became emi- 
nent in Liberia, and his influence prevented the 
passing of a law to banish free negroes from Mary- 
land. His fortune was bequeathed to found 
the Sheppard asylum for the insane in Balti- 
more.— His grandnephew, Nathan, author, b. in 
Baltimore, Md., 9 Nov., 1884 ; d. in New York city, 
24 Jan., 1888, was graduated at Attleborough col- 
lege in 1854, and at Rochester theological seminary 
in 1850. During the civil war he was special corre- 
spondent of the New York " World " and the Chi- 
cago "Journal" and " Tribune," and, during the 
Franco-German war, of the " Cincinnati Gazette." 
His experiences were published as "Shut up in 
Paris," a diary of the siege (London, 1871), and was 
translated into French, German, and Italian. He 
was also a special American correspondent of the 
London " Times " and a contributor to " Fraser's 
Magazine " and " Temple Bar." In 1878 he became 
lecturer on modern English literature, and teacher 
of rhetoric, at the University of Chicago, and four 
years later he accepted a similar charge at Allegha- 
ny college. He spent four years in Europe, and lec- 
tured in all of the principal towns of Great Britain 
and Ireland, and in 1870 delivered a course before 
the Edinburgh philosophical society and on " Pub- 
lic Speaking before tne Universities of Aberdeen 
and St. Andrew's, Scotland, which has been issued 
as " Before an Audience " (New York, 1886). In 
1884 he settled in Saratoga Springs, founded the 
Saratoga athenaeum, and was its president until his 
death. He also compiled and edited " The Dick- 
ens Reader" (1881); "Character Readings from 
George Eliot" (1888); "The Essays of George 
Eliot," with an introduction (1883) ; " Darwinism 
Stated by Darwin Himself " (1884) ; and " Saratoga 
Chips and Carlsbad Wafers* (1887). 

SHERATON, James Paterson, Canadian cler- 
gyman, b. in St John, New Brunswick, 29 Nov., 
1841. After graduation at the University of New 
Brunswick in 1862 he studied theology in the 
University of King's college, Windsor, Nova Scotia, 
took orders in the Church of England in 1864-'5, 
and became rector of Shediac, New Brunswick, in 
1865, and of Pictou, Nova Scotia, in 1874. In 1877 
he became principal and professor of exegetical 
and systematic theology in WycliflPe college, To- 
ronto, which offices he now (188&) holds. He was a 
member of the senate of the University of Toronto 
in 1885. The degree of D. D. was conferred on him 
by Queen's university, Ontario, in 1882. He was 
editor of " The Evangelical Churchman " from 1877 
till 1882, and since that date has been its principal 
editorial contributor, and he is the author of essays 
on education, the church, and Christian unity. 

SHERBROOKE, Sir John Coape, British sol- 
dier, b. about 1760 ; d. in Claverton, Nottingham- 
shire, England, 14 Feb., 1830. He entered the 
British army, in which he became captain in 1783, 
lieutenant-colonel in 1794, colonel in 1798, lieuten- 
ant-general in 1811, and colonel of the 33d regi- 
ment in 1818. , He served with credit in the taking 
of Seringapatam in 1797, and in 1809 was appoint- 
ed to the staff of the army in the peninsula under 
the Duke of Wellington, being second in command 
at the battle of Ta&vera, 27-28 July, 1809. For 
his conduct there he was appointed lieutenant-gov- 
ernor of Nova Scotia, and in 1816 he was transferred 
to the governorship of Lower Canada. At this 
time the farmers had suffered from the total loss of 
their wheat crop, and he advanced for their relief 
£14^216, which parliament augmented by the ad- 
vol. v. — 32 



ditional sum of £85,500. During his administra- 
tion he effected the admission of the speaker of 
the assembly, ex-officio, to a seat in the executive 
council. He resigned his office in 1818, returned 
to England, and was made general in May. 1825. 

SHERBURNE, Andrew, sailor, b. in Rye, N. H., 
80 Sept, 1765; d. in Augusta, Oneida co., N. Y., 
in 1831. He sailed before the mast at an early 
age, was shipwrecked, captured by the British, 
confined in the Old Mill prison in England, and 
afterward became a Baptist clergyman. He re- 
ceived a pension for his services in the navy during 
the Revolution, and wrote his own "Memoirs 
(Utica, 1828; 2d ed., Providence, 1881). 

SHERBURNE, JoKn Samuel, jurist, b. in 
Portsmouth, N. H., in 1757; d. there, 2 Aug., 1880. 
After graduation at Dartmouth in 1776 he studied 
law at Harvard, was admitted to the bar, and be- 
gan to practise in Portsmouth. He served as 
brigade major on the staff of Gen. William Whip- 
ple, and lost a leg at the battle of Butts Hill, R. I., 
29 Aug., 1778. He was elected a representative to 
congress from New Hampshire, serving from 2 
Dec., 1793, till 3 March, 1797, and was subse- 
quently appointed by President Jefferson U. S. 
district attorney for New Hampshire, serving from 
1801 till 1804. From that time till his death he 
was U. S. judge for the district of New Hamp- 
shire. — His son, John Henry, b. in Portsmouth, 
N. H., in 1794; d. in Europe about 1850, entered 
Phillips Exeter academy in 1809. In 1825 he be- 
came register of the navy department in Washing- 
ton, D. C., and for several years was foreign corre- 
spondent for the Philadelphia " Saturday Courier." 
He published "Osceola/* a tragedy; "Erratic 
Poems " ; a •• Life of John Paul Jones " (Washing- 
ton, 1825): "Naval Sketches "(Philadelphia, 1845); 
" The Tourist's Guide in Europe, or Pencillings in 
England and on the Continent " ; and " Suppressed 
History of the Administration of John Adams, 
1797-1801," as printed and suppressed by John 
Wood in 1802 (1846).— His son, John Henry 
(1814-1849), was a U. S. naval officer and served in 
the Mexican war. 

SHERIDAN, Philip Henry, soldier, b. in 
Albany, N. Y., 6 March, 1881 ; d. in Nonquitt, 
Mass., 5 Aug., 1888. After attending the public 
school he was entered as a cadet in the United 
States military academy, 1 July, 1848. On account 
of a quarrel with a cadet file-closer in 1850, whose 
conduct toward him he deemed insulting, he was 
suspended from the academy for a year, but re- 
turned, and was graduated, 1 July, 1853, standing 
thirty-fourth in a class of fifty-two, of which James 
B. McPherson was at the head. Gen. John M. 
Schofield and the Confederate Oen. John B. Hood 
were also his classmates. On the day of his gradu- 
ation he was appointed a brevet 2d lieutenant in 
the 3d infantry. After service in Kentucky, Texas, 
and Oregon, he was made 2d lieutenant in the 4th 
infantry, 22 Nov., 1854, 1st lieutenant, 1 March, 
1861, and captain in the 13th infantry, 14 May, 
1861. In December of that year he was chief 
quartermaster and commissary of the army in 
southwestern Missouri. In the Mississippi cam- 
paign from April to September, 1862, he was quar- 
termaster at Gen. Halleck's headquarters during 
the advance upon Corinth. It then became mani- 
fest that his true place was in the field. On 20 
May, 1862, he was appointed colonel of the 2d 
Michigan cavalry, and on 1 July was sent to make 
a raid on Booneville, Miss. He did excellent ser- 
vice in the pursuit of the enemy from Corinth to 
Baldwin, ana in many skirmishes during July, and 
at the battle of Booneville. 



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In reward for his skill and courage he was ap- 
pointed, 1 July, a brigadier-general of volunteers, 
and on 1 Oct was placed in command of the 11th 
division of the Army of the Ohio, in which ca- 
pacity he took part in the successful battle of Per- 
ryviife, on 8 Oct, between the armies of Gen. Buell 
and Gen. Bragg, at the close of which the latter re- 
treated from Kentucky. In this action Sheridan 
was particularly distinguished. After the enemy 
had driven back McCook's corps and were pressing 
upon the exposed left flank of Gilbert, Sheridan, 
with Gen. Robert B. Mitchell, arrested the tide, 
and, driving them back through Perryville, re-es- 
tablished the broken line. His force marched with 
the army to the relief of Nashville in October and 
November. He was then placed in command of a 
division in the Army of the Cumberland, and took 
part in the two days' battle of Stone River (or 
Murfreesboro), 81 Dec, 1862, and 3 Jan., 1868. Bu- 
ell had been relieved from the command of the 
army on 80 Oct, and Rosecrans promoted in his 
place. The Confederate army was still under 
Bragg. The left of Rosecrans was strong, and his 
right comparatively weak. So the right was simply 
to hold its ground while the left should cross the 
river. The project of Bragg, well-conceived, was 
to crush the National right, and he almost suc- 
ceeded. Division after division was driven back 
until Cheatham attacked him in front, while Cle- 
burne essayed to turn his flank, and Sheridan was 
reached ; tne fate of the day seemed to be in his 
hands. He resisted vigorously, then advanced and 
drove the enemy back, changing front to the south 
(a daring manoeuvre in battle), held the overwhelm- 
ing force in check, and retired only at the point of 
the bayonet This brilliant feat of arms enabled 
Rosecrans to form a new line in harmony with his 
overpowered right Sheridan said laconically to 
Rosecrans, when they met on the field, pointing to 
the wreck of his division, which had lost 1,680 men : 
44 Here are all that are left" After two days of 
indecision and desultory attempts, Bragg aban- 
doned Murfreesboro ana fell back to Tullahoraa, 
while Rosecrans waited for a rest at that place. 

Sheridan's military ability had been at once rec- 
ognized and acknowledged by all, and he was ap- 
pointed a major-general of volunteers, to date from 
81 Dec, 1862. He was engaged in the pursuit of 
Van Dora to Columbia and Franklin during 
March, and captured a train and many prisoners 
at Eaglesville. He was with the advance on Tulla- 
homa from 24 June to 4 July, 1863, taking part in 
the capture of Winchester, Tenn., on 27 June. He 
was with the army in the crossing of the Cumber- 
land mountains and of the Tennessee river from 
15 Aug. to 4 Sept, and in the severe battle of the 
Chickamauga, on 19 and 20 Sept Bragg ma- 
noeuvred to turn the left and cut Rosecrans off 
from Chattanooga, but was foiled by Thomas, who 
held Rossville road with an iron grip. During 
the battle there was a misconception of orders, 
which left a gap in the centre of the line which 
the enemy at once entered. The right being thus 
thrown out of the fight, the centre was greatly 
imperilled. For some time the battle seemed ir- 
recoverably lost, but Thomas, since called "the 
Rock of Chickamauga," held firm ; Sheridan ral- 
lied many soldiers of the retreating right, and 
joined Thomas; and, in spite of the fierce and 
repeated attacks of the enemy, it was not until 
the next day that it retired upon Rossville, being 
afterward withdrawn within tne defences of Chat- 
tanooga, whither McCook, Crittenden, and Rose- 
crans had gone. Rosecrans was superseded by 
Thomas, to whom was presented a problem ap- 



parently incapable of solution. He was ordered 
to hold the place to the point of starvation, and 
he said he would. The enemy had possession of 
the approaches by land and water, men and ani- 
mals were starving, and forage and provisions had 
to be hauled over a long and exceedingly difficult 
wagon-road of seventy-five miles. 

Gen. Grant was then invested with the command 
of all the southern armies contained in the new 
military division of the Mississippi, embracing the 
departments of the Ohio, the Cumberland, and the 
Tennessee. He reached Chattanooga on 23 Oct, and 
the condition of affairs was suddenly changed. He 
ordered the troops relieved by the capture of Vicks- 
burg to join him, and Sherman came with his 
corps. Sheridan was engaged in all the operations 
around Chattanooga, under the immediate com- 
mand and personal observations of Gen. Grant, and 
played an important part in the battle of Mission 
Ridge, From the centre of the National line he 
led the troops of his division from Orchard Knob, 
and, after carrying the intrench ments and rifle-pits 
at the foot of the mountain, instead of using his 
discretion to pause there, he moved his division 
forward to the top of the ridge and drove the ene- 
my across the summit and down the opposite slope. 
In this action he first attracted the marked atten- 
tion of Gen. Grant, who saw that he might be one 
of his most useful lieutenants in the future— a man 
with whom to try its difficult and delicate prob- 
lems. A horse was shot under him in this action, 
but he pushed on in the pursuit to Mission Mills, 
with other portions of the army of Thomas harass- 
ing the rear of the enemy, for Bragg, having aban- 
doned, all his positions on Lookout Mountain, 
Chattanooga Valley, and Missionary Ridge, was in 
rapid retreat toward Dalton. 

After further operations connected with the oc- 
cupancy of east Tennessee, Sheridan was trans- 
ferred Dy Grant to Virginia, where, on 4 April, 
1864, he was placed in command Of the cavalry 
corps of the Army of the Potomac, all the cavalry 
being consolidated to form that command. Here 
he seemed in his element ; to the instincts and tal- 
ents of a general he joined the fearless dash of a 
dragoon. Entering with Grant upon the overland 
campaign, he took part in the bloody battle of the 
Wilderness, 5 and 6 May, 1864. Constantly in the 
van, or on the wings, he was engaged in raids, 
threatening the Confederate flanks and rear. His 
fight at Toad's Tavern, 7 May, was an important 
aid to the movement of the army ; his capture of 
Spottsylvania Court-House, 8 May, added to his 
reputation for timely dash and daring ; but more 
astonishing was his great raid from the 9th to the 
24th of May. He cut the Virginia Central and the 
Richmond and Fredericksburg railroads, and made 
his appearance in good condition near Chatfield 
station on 25 May. In this raid, having under him 
kindred spirits in Merritt, Custer, Wilson, and 
Gregg, he first made a descent upon Beaver Dam 
on 10 May. where he destroyed a locomotive and a 
train, ana recaptured about 400 men who had been 
made prisoners. At Yellow Tavern, on 11 May, he 
encountered the Confederate cavalry under J. E. 
B. Stuart, who was killed in the engagement. He 
next moved upon the outer defences of Richmond, 
rebuilt Meadow's bridge, went to Bottom's bridge, 
and reached Haxall's on 14 May. He returned by 
Hanovertown and Totopotomoy creek, having done 
much damage, created fears and misgivings, and 
won great renown with little loss. He led the ad- 
vance to Cold Harbor, crossing the Pamunkv at 
Hanovertown on 27 May, fought the cavalry bat- 
tle of Hawes's Shop on the 28th, and held Cold 



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Harbor until Gen. William P. Smith came up with 
the 6th corps to occupy the place. The blooay bat- 
tle of Cold Harbor was fought on 31 May and 3 
June. Setting out on 7 June, Sheridan made a raid 
toward Charlottesville, where he expected to meet 
the National force under Gen. Hunter. This move- 
ment, it was thought, would force Lee to detach 
his cavalry. Unexpectedly, however, Hunter made 
a detour to Lynchburg, and Sheridan, unable to 
join him, returned to Jordan's point, on James 
river. Thence, after again cutting the Virginia 
Central and Richmond and Fredericksburg rail- 
roads and capturing 500 prisoners, he rejoined for 
a brief space the Army of the Potomac. In quick 
succession came the cavalry actions of Treviilian 
station, fought between Wade Hampton and Tor- 
bert, 11 and 12 June, and Tunstall station, 21 
June, in which the movements were feints to cover 
the railroad-crossings of the Chickahominy and 
the James. There was also a cavalry affair of a 
similar nature at St Mary's church on 24 June. 
Pressed by Grant, Lee fell Tback on 28 July, 1864. 

The vigor -judgment, and dash of Sheridan had 
now marked hira in the eyes of Grant as fit for a 
far more important station. Early in August, 
1864. he was placed in command of the Army of 
the Shenandoah, formed in part from the army of 
Hunter, who retired from the command, and from 
that time till the end of the war Sheridan seems 
never to have encountered a military problem too 
difficult for his solution. His new army consisted 
at first of the 6th corps, two divisions of the 8th, 
and two cavalry divisions, commanded by Gens. 
Torbert and Wilson, which he took with him from 
the Army of the Potomac. Four days later, 7 
Aug., the scope of his command was constituted 
the Middle Military Division. He had an ardu- 
ous and difficult task before him to clear the ene- 
my out of the valley of Virginia, break up his 
magazines, and relieve Washington from chronic 
terror. Sheridan grasped the situation at once. 
He posted his forces in front of Berryville, while 
the enemy under Early occupied the west bank of 
Opequan creek and covered Winchester. In his 
division, besides the 6th corps under Wright and 
the 8th under Crook, Sheridan had received the 
addition of the 19th, commanded by Emory. Tor- 
bert was placed in command of all the cavalry. 
Having great confidence in Sheridan, Grant yet 
acted with a proper caution before giving him the 
final order to advance. He went from City Point 
to Harper's Ferry to meet Sheridan, and told him 
he must not move till Lee had withdrawn a portion 
of the Confederate force in the valley. As soon as 
that was done he gave Sheridan the laconic direc- 
tion, •* Go in." He says in his report : " He was off 
promptly on time, and I may add that I have 
never since deemed it necessary to visit Gen. Sheri- 
dan before giving him orders. On the morning of 
19 Sept.. Sheridan attacked Early at the crossing 
of the Opequan, fought him all day, drove him 
through Winchester, and sent him " whirling up 
the valley," having captured 5,000 prisoners and 
five guns. The enemy did not stop to reorganize 
until he had reached Fisher's hill, thirty miles south 
of Winchester. Here Sheridan again came up and 
dislodged him, driving him through Harrisonburg 
and Staunton, and in scattered portions through 
the passes of the Blue Ridge. For these successes 
he was made a brigadier-general in the regular 
army on 10 Sept. Returning leisurely to Stras- 
burg, he posted nis army for a brief repose behind 
Cedar creek, while Torbert was despatched on a 
raid to Staunton, with orders to devastate the coun- 
try, so that, should the enemy return, he could find 



no subsistence, and this was effectually done. To 
clear the way for an advance, the enemy now sent 
44 a new cavalry general," Thomas L. Rosser, down 
the valley ; but he was soon driven back in confu- 
sion. Early's army, being re-enforced by a part 
of Longstreet's command, again moved * forward 
with celerity and secrecy, and, fording the north 
fork of the Shenandoah, on 18 Oct. approached 
rapidly and unobserved, under favor of fog and 
darkness, to within 600 yards of Sheridan s left 
flank, which was formed by Crook's corps. When, 
on the early morning of the 19th, they leaped upon 
the surprised National force, there was an imme- 
diate retreat and the appearance of an appalling 
disaster. The 8th corps was rolled up, the exposed 
centre in turn gave way, and soon the whole army 
was in retreat; Sheridan had been absent in Wash- 
ington, and at this juncture had just returned to 
Winchester, twenty miles from the field. Hearing 
the sound of the battle, he rode rapidly, and ar- 
rived on the field at ten o'clock. As ne rode up he 
shouted to the retreating troops : •• Face the other 
way, boys ; we are going back ! " Many of the Con- 
federates had left their ranks for plunder, and the 
attack was made upon their disorganized battal- 
ions, and was 
successful. A 
portion of 
their army, 
ignorant of 
the swiftly 
coming dan- 
ger, was in- 
tact, and had 
determined to 
^ive a finish- 
ing - blow to 
the disorgan- 
ized National 
force. This 
was caught 
and hurled 
back by an at- 
tack in two 

columns with cavalry supports. The enemy's left 
was soon routed ; the rest followed, never to return, 
and the valley was thus finally rendered impossible 
of occupancy by Confederate troops. They did not 
stop till they had reached Staunton, and pursuit was 
made as far as Mount Jackson. They had lost in 
the campaign 16,952 killed or wounded and 13.000 

Srisoners. Under orders from Grant, Sheridan 
evastated the valley. He has been censured for 
this, as if it were wanton destruction and cruelty. 
He destroyed the barns and the crops, mills, facto- 
ries, farming-utensils, etc., and drove off all the 
cattle, sheep, and horses. But, as in similar cases 
in European history, although there must have 
been much suffering and some uncalled-for rigor, 
this was necessary to destroy the resources of the 
enemy in the valley, by means of which they could 
continually menace Washington and Pennsylvania. 
The illustration is a representation of " Sheridan's 
Ride," a statuette, by James E. Kelly. The steel 
portrait is taken from a photograph made in 1884. 
The terms of the president's order making Sheri- 
dan a major-general in the army were : 4 * For per- 
sonal gallantry, military skill, and just confidence 
in the courage and patriotism of his troops, dis- 
played by Philip H. Sheridan on the 19th of Octo- 
ber at Cedar Run, where, under the blessing of 
Providence, his routed army was reorganized, a 
great national disaster averted, and a brilliant vic- 
tory achieved over the rebels for the third time in 
pitched battle within thirty days, Philip H. Sheri- 



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dan is appointed major-general in the United 
States army, to rank as such from the 8th day of 
November, 1864.'* The immediate tribute of Grant 
was also very strong. In an order that each of the 
armies under his command should fire a salute of 
one hundred guns in honor of these Victories, he 
says of the last battle that " it stamps Sheridan, 
what I have always thought him, one of the ablest 
of generals." On 9 Feb., 1865, Sheridan received 
the thanks of congress for *• the gallantry, military 
skill and courage displayed in the brilliant series 
of victories achieved by his army in the valley of 
the Shenandoah, especially at Cedar Run.* 1 Dur- 
ing the remainder of the war Sheridan fought 
under the direct command of Grant, and always 
with unabated vigor and consummate skill. In the 
days between 27 Feb. and 34 March, 1865, he con- 
ducted, with 10,000 cavalry, a colossal raid from 
Winchester to Petersburg, destroying the James 
river and Kanawha canal, and cutting the Gor- 
donsville and Lynchburg, the Virginia Central, and 
the Richmond and Fredericksburg railroads. Dur- 
ing this movement on 1 March, he secured the 
bridge over the middle fork of the Shenandoah, 
and on the 2d he again routed Early at Waynes- 
boro*, pursuing him toward Charlottesville. He 
joined the Army of the Potomac and shared in all 
its battles. From Grant's general orders, sent in 
circular to Meade, Ord, and Sheridan, on 24 March, 
1865, we learn that a portion of the army was to 
be moved along its left to turn the enemy out of 
Petersburg, that the rest of the army was to be 
ready to repel and take advantage of attacks in 
front, while Gen. Sheridan, with his cavalry, should 
go out to destroy the Southside and Danville rail- 
road and take measures to intercept the enemy 
should he evacuate the defences of Richmond. On 
the morning of 29 March the movement began. 
Two corps of the Army of the Potomac were 
moved toward Dinwiddie Court-House, which was 
in a measure the key of the position to be cleared 
by Sheridan *s troops. The court-house lies in the 
fork of the Southside and Weldon railroads, which 
meet in Petersburg. A severe action took place at 
Dinwiddie, after which Sheridan advanced to Five 
Forks on 81 March. Here he was strongly resisted 
by the bulk of Lee's column, but, dismounting his 
cavalry and deploying, he checked the enemy's 

Srogress, retiring slowly upon Dinwiddie, Of tnis 
en. Grant says : •* Here he displayed great gener- 
alship. Instead of retreating witti his whole com- 
mana, to tell the story of superior forces encoun- 
tered, he deployed his cavalry on foot, ... he de- 
spatched to me what had taken place, and that he 
was dropping back slowly on Dinwiddie." There 
re-enforced, and assuming additional command of 
the 5th cores, 12,000 strong, he returned on 1 April 
with it ana 9,000 cavalry to Five Forks and or- 
dered Merritt to make a feint of turning the ene- 
my's right, while the 5th struck their left flank. 
The Confederates were driven from their strong 
line and routed, fleeing westward and leaving 
6,000 prisoners in his hands. Sheridan imme- 
diately pursued. Five Forks was one of the most 
brilliant and decisive of the engagements of the 
war, and compelled Lee's evacuation of Petersburg 
and Richmond. Sheridan was engaged at Sailor's 
Creek, 6 April, where he captured sixteen guns, 
and in many minor actions, 8-9 April, harassing 
and pursuing the Army of Northern Virginia, and 
aiding largely to compel the final surrender. He 
was present at the surrender at Appomattox Court- 
House on 9 April. He made a raid to South Bos- 
ton, N. C, on the river Dan, on 24 April, returning 
to Petersburg on 3 May, 1865. 



After the war Sheridan was in charge of the 
military division of the Gulf from 17 July to 15 
Aug., 1866, which was then created the Depart- 
ment of the Gulf, and remained there until 11 
March, 1867. From 12 Sept to 16 March he was 
in command of the Department of the Missouri, 
with headquarters at Fort Leavenworth, Kan. 
Thence he conducted a winter campaign against 
the Indians, after which he took charge of the 
military division of the Mississippi, with head- 
quarters at Chicago. When Gen. Ulysses S. Grant 
became president. 4 March, 1869, Gen. William T. 
Sherman was made general-in-chief and Sheridan 
was promoted to lieutenant-general, with the un- 
derstand in'g that both these titles should disappear 
with the men holding them. 

In 1870 Sheridan visited Europe to witness 
the conduct of the Franco-Prussian war. He was 
with the German staff during the battle of Grave- 
lotte, and presented some judicious criticisms of 
the campaign. He commanded the western and 
southwestern military divisions in 1878. On the 
retirement of Sherman in 1888, the lieutenant-gen- 
eral became general-in-chief. In May, 1888, he be- 
came ill from exposure in western travel, and, in 
recognition of his claims, a bill was passed by both 
houses of congress, and was promptly signed by 
President Cleveland, restoring for him and dur- 
ing his lifetime the full rank and emoluments of 
general He was the nineteenth general-in-chief of 
the United States army. Sheridan never was de- 
feated, and often plucked victory out of the jaws 
of defeat He was thoroughly trusted, admired, 
and loved by his officers and men. He bore the 
nickname of "Little Phil," a term of endearment 
due to his size, like- the " petit corporal " of Napo- 
leon I. He was below the middle height, but pow- 
erfully built, with a strong countenance indicative 
of valor and resolution. Trustful to a remarkable 
degree, modest and reticent he was a model soldier 
and general, a good citizen in all the relations of 
public and private life, thoroughly deserving the 
esteem and admiration of all who knew him. In 
1879 Sheridan married Miss Rucker, the daughter 
of Gen. Daniel H. Rucker, of the U. S. army. He 
was a Roman Catholic, and devoted to his duties aa 
such. He was the author of ** Personal Memoirs " 
(2 vols.. New York, 1888). 

SHERMAN, Buren Robinson, governor of 
Iowa, b. in Phelps, N. Y., 28 May, 1836. In 1849 
the family removed to Elmira, where he attended 
the public schools, and in 1852 was apprenticed to 
a jeweler. In 1855 the family emigrated to Iowa, 
where he studied law, was admitted to the bar in 

1859, and began practice in Vinton in January, 

1860. In 1861 he enlisted as a private in the 18th 
Iowa infantry, was promoted lieutenant, was se- 
verely wounded at Shiloh, and advanced to cap- 
tain for gallant conduct on the field, but in the 
summer of 1868 his wounds compelled him to re- 
sign. On his return he was elected county judge 
of Benton county, which post he resigned in 18o6 
to accept the office of clerk of the district court 
to which he was three tiroes re-elected. He was 
chosen auditor of the state in 1874, and twice re- 
elected, retiring in January, 1881. In 1882-*6 he 
was governor of Iowa. During his. two terms of 
service many new questions were presented for set- 
tlement among which was that of total prohibi- 
tion of the liquor traffic, which Gov. Sherman 
favored in letters and speeches. He held public 
officers to strict accountability, and removed a 
high state official for wilful misconduct In 1885 
he received the degree of LL. D. from the Univer- 
sity of Iowa. 



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SHERMAN, Hennr, lawyer, b. in Albany, N. Y., 
6 March, 1808; d. in Washington, D. C, 88 March, 
1879. After graduation at Yale in 1829 he studied 
theology and then law, returning in 1832 to Al- 
bany. He soon removed to New York city, and in 
1850 to Hartford. Conn., and was employed in the 
U. S. treasury department in Washington from 
1861 till 1868, when he resumed his law-practice in 
that city. He was a personal friend of President 
Lincoln, who on the morning before his assassina- 
tion offered him the chief justiceship of New Mex- 
ico. He was afterward commissioned by President 
Johnson, but soon resigned. Mr. Sherman was the 
author of " An Analytical Digest of the Law of 
Marine Insurance to the Present Time" (New 
York, 1841); "The Governmental History of the 
United States of America" (1848; enlarged ed., 
Hartford, I860) ; and " Slavery in the United States 
of America " (Hartford, 1868). 

SHERMAN, John, clergyman, b. in Dedham, 
England, 26 Dec., 1618 : d. in Watertown, Mass.. 8 
Aug., 1685. He was educated at Cambridge, where 
he was called a " College Puritan," came to New 
England in 1634, and preached in Watertown in 
the open air. After continuing for some time in 
Connecticut, he was chosen a magistrate of that 
colony. On 2? May, 1641, and from 1644 until his 
death, he was pastor of the Congregational church 
in Watertown, Mass. He was a fellow of Harvard, 
delivered lectures there for many years, and was a 
popular preacher and an eminent mathematician, 
in 1682 he delivered a discourse before the conven- 
tion of Congregational ministers in Massachusetts, 
the first sermon on that occasion that is now upon 
record. He published several almanacs, to which 
he appended pious reflections. 

SHERMAN, Roger, signer of the Declaration 
of Independence, b. in Newton, Mass., 19 April, 
1721 ; d. in New Haven, Conn., 23 July, 1793. His 

Sreat-grandfather, Capt John Sherman, came from 
ngland to Watertown, Mass., about 1635. His 
grandfather and father were farmers in moderate 
circumstances. In 
1728 the family re- 
moved to Stoning- 
ton, Mass., where 
he spent his boy- 
hood and vouth. 
He had no formal 
education except 
that which was 
obtained in the 
ordinary country 
schools, but by his 
own unaided exer- 
tions he acquired 
respectable attain- 
ments in various 
branches of learn- 
ing, especially 

was early appren- 
ticed to a shoemaker, and continued in that occu- 
pation until he was twenty-two years of age. It is 
said that while at work on his bench he was accus- 
tomed to have before him an open book, so that 
he could devote every spare minute to study. At 
the ape of nineteen he lost his father, and the 
principal care and support of a large family thus 
devolved upon him, with the charge of a small 
farm. In 1743 he removed with his family to New 
Milford, Conn., performing the journey on foot, 
and taking his shoemaker's tools with him. Here, 
in partnership with his brother, he engaged in 




mercantile business. In 1745 he was appointed 
surveyor of lands for the county in which he re- 
sided, a post for which his early attention to math- 
ematics qualified him. Not long afterward he 'fur- 
nished the astronomical calculations for an al- 
manac that was published in New York, and he 
continued this service for several years. Mean- 
while, encouraged to this step by a judicious friend, 
he was devoting his leisure hours to the study of 
the law, and made such progress that he was 'ad- 
mitted to the bar in 1754. In 1755 he was elected 
a representative of New Milford in the general as- 
sembly of Connecticut, and the same year he was 
appointed a justice of the peace. In 1759 he was 
made one of the judges of common pleas in Litch- 
field county. Two years later he removed to New 
Haven, where the same appointments were given 
him. In addition to this, ne became treasurer of 
Yale college, from which, in 1765, he received the 
honorary degree of M. A. In 1 766 he was appointed 
judge of the superior court of Connecticut, and in 
the same year was chosen a member of the upper 
house of the legislature. In the former office he 
continued twenty-three years ; in the latter, nine- 
teen. When the Revolutionary struggle began 
Roger Sherman devoted himself unreservedly to the 
patriot cause. In such a crisis he was obliged to be 
a leader. In August, 1774, he was elected a delegate 
to the Continental congress, and was present at its 
opening on 5 Sept. following. Of this body he was 
one of the most active members. Without showing 

S'fts of popular speech, he commanded respect for 
s knowledge, judgment, integrity, and devotion to 
duty. He served on many important committees, 
but the most decisive proof of the high esteem in 
which he was held is given in the fact that, with 
Adams, Franklin. Jefferson, and Livingston, he was 
appointed to prepare a draft of the Declaration of 
Independence, to which document he subsequently 
affixed his signature. Though a member of con- 
gress, he was at the same time in active service on 
the Connecticut committee of safety. In 1783 he 
was associated with Judge Richard Law in revis- 
ing the statutes of the state, and in 1784 he was 
elected mayor of New Haven, which office he con- 
tinued to hold until his death. He was chosen, in 
conjunction with Dr. Samuel Johnson and Oliver 
Ellsworth, a delegate to the convention of 1787 
that was charged with the duty of framing a con- 
stitution for the United States. Documentary 
proof exists that quite a number of the proposi- 
tions that he offered were incorporated in that in- 
strument. In the debates of the Constitutional 
convention he bore a conspicuous part He was 
also a member of the State convention of Connecti- 
cut that ratified the constitution, and was very 
influential in securing that result A series of 
papers that he wrote under the signature of " Citi- 
zen " powerfully contributed to the same end. Im- 
mediately after the ratification of the constitution 
he was made a representative of Connecticut in 
congress, and took an active part in the discussions 
of that body. In February, 1790, the Quakers 
having presented an address to the house on the 
subject of " the licentious wickedness of the Afri- 
can trade for slaves,'* Mr. Sherman supported its 
reference to a committee, and was successful in his 
efforts, though he was strongly opposed. He was 
promoted in 1791 to the senate, and died while 
holding this office. The career of Roger Sherman 
roost happily illustrates the possibilities of Ameri- 
can citizenship. Beginning life under the heaviest 
disadvantages, he rose to a career of ever-increasing 
usefulness, honor, and success. He was never re- 
moved from an office except by promotion or be- 



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cause of some legislative restriction. Thomas Jef- 
ferson spoke of him as *• a man who never said a 
foolish thing"; and Nathaniel Macon declared 
that •• he had more common sense than any man I 
have ever known." In early life he united with 
the Congregational church in Stonington, and 
through his long career he remained a devout 
and practical Christian. Mr. Sherman was twice 
married, and among his descendants are Senators 
William M. Evarts and George P. Hoar.— His 
nephew, Roger MI not. lawyer, b. in Woburn. 
Mass., 22 May, 1778 ; d. in Fairfield, Conn., 80 
Dec., 1844, was graduated at Yale in 1792, and 
served as tutor there during 1795. He was ad- 
mitted to the bar at Fairfield in 1796, was a 
member of the general assembly in 1798 and of 
the state senate in 1814-'18, and of the Hartford 
convention of 1814. He was judge of the superior 
court and the supreme court of errors in 1840-'2. 
—Roger's grandson, John, clergyman, b. in New 
Haven, Conn., in 1772 ; d. in Trenton Falls, N. Y., 
2 Aug., 1828, was graduated at Yale in 1798, be- 
came pastor of the 1st church at Mansfield, Conn., 
in 1797, and remained in this relation until 1805, 
when he withdrew from it because of his adoption 
of Unitarian views. He was for a short time pastor 
of a Unitarian church at Trenton Falls, the first 
of that denomination that was organized in the 
state of New York. At this place he established 
and for several years conducted a flourishing 
academv. He was the author of a work entitled 
44 One Gfod in One Person Only," which is said to 
have been the first elaborate defence of Unitarian- 
ism that appeared in New England (1805) ; also of 
44 The Philosophy of Language Illustrated " (1820) : 
44 Description o{ Trenton Falls " (1827) : and of 
various minor publications. 

SHERMAN, Thomas West, soldier, b. in New- 
port, R I., 26 March, 1818; d. there, 16 March, 
1879. He was graduated at the U S. military 
academy in 1886, assigned to the 3d artillery, 
served in the Florida war until 1842, became 1st 
lieutenant on 14 March, 1888, and subsequently 
was employed in recruiting and garrison service 
until 1846. He became captain on 28 May, 1846, 
engaged in the war with Mexico, and was brevetted 
major for gallant and meritorious conduct at Bu- 
ena Vista, 23 Feb., 1847. He served again on gar- 
rison and frontier duty from 1848 till 1861, during 
which time he engaged in quelling the Kansas bor- 
der disturbances, and commanded an expedition to 
Kettle lake, Dakota. On 27 April, 1861, he became 
major, and until 10 May, 1861, commanded a bat- 
tery of U. S. artillery and a battalion of Pennsyl- 
vania volunteers at Elkton, Md. From 21 May 
till 28 June he was chief of light artillery in the 
defence of Washington, D. C, having been made 
lieutenant-colonel. 5th artillery, on 14 May, and 
brigadier-general, U. S. volunteers, on 17 May, 1861. 
He organized an expedition for seizing and holding 
Bull's bay, S. C, and Femandina, Fla., for the use 
of the blockading fleet on the southern coast, com- 
manded the lana forces of the Port Roval expedi- 
tion from 21 Oct- 1861, till 81 March,' 1802. and 
led a division of the Army of the Tennessee from 
80 April till 1 June, 1862. He participated in the 
siege of Corinth, Miss., commanded a division in 
the Department of the Gulf from 18 Sept., 1862, 
till 9 Jan., 1868, and in the defences of New Or- 
leans from 9 Jan. till 19 Mav, 1863, when he joined 
the expedition to Port Hudson, La., commanding 
the 2a division of the 19th army corps, which 
formed the left wing of the besieging army. While 
leading a column to the assault on 27 May he lost 
his right leg, in consequence of which he was on 



leave of absence until 15 Feb.. 1864. He was made 
colonel of the 3d artillery on 1 June, 1868. On his 
return to dutv he was in command of a reserve 
brigade of artillery in the Department of the Gulf, 
of the defences of *New Orleans, and of the southern 
and eastern districts of Louisiana. On 13 March, 
1865, he was brevetted brigadier-general, U. S. 
army, for gallant services at the capture of Port 
Hudson, and also major-general of volunteers and 
major-general. U. S. army, for gallant and meritori- 
ous services during the war. After the war he 
commanded the 3d artillery at Fort Adams, R. I., 
the Department of the East, and the post of Key 
West, Fla. He was retired from active service as 
major-general on 81 Dec., 1870, for disability. 

SHERMAN, William Tecnmseh, soldier, b. 
in Lancaster, Ohio, 8 Feb., 1820. His branch of 
the family is traced to Samuel Sherman, of Essex, 
England, who came to this country in 1684 with 
his brother, the Rev. John Sherman, and his cousin, 
Capt. John Sherman. Roger Sherman, signer of 
the Declaration of Independence, traces his lineage 
to the captain, and Gen. Sherman to that of the 
Rev. John, whose family settled in Woodbury and 
Norwalk, Conn., whence some of them removed to 
Lancaster, Fairfield co., Ohio, in 1810. The father 
of Gen. Sherman was a lawyer, and for five years 
before his death in 1829 judge of the supreme 
court His mother, who was married in 1810, was 
Mary Hoyt. They had eleven children, of whom 
William was the sixth and John the eighth. Will- 
iam was adopted by Thomas Swing, and attended 
school in Lancaster till 1836. In July of that year 
he was sent as a cadet to West Point, where he 
was graduated in 1840 sixth in a class of forty-two 
members. Among his classmates was George H. 
Thomas. As a cadet, he is remembered as an 
earnest, high-spirited, honorable, and outspoken 
youth, deeply impressed, according to one of his 
early letters, with the grave responsibility properly 
attaching to 4< serving the country." He also at 
that time expressed a wish to go to the far west, 
out of civilization. He was commissioned as a 2d 
lieutenant in the 3d artillery, 1 July, 1840, and sent 
to Florida, where the embers of the Indian war 
were still smouldering. On 80 Nov., 1841, he was 
made a 1st lieutenant, and commanded a small de- 
tachment at Picolata. In 1842 he was at Fort 
Morgan, Mobile Point. Ala., and later at Fort Moul- 
trie, Charleston harbor, where he indulged in hunt- 
ing and society, the immediate vicinity of the fort 
being a summer resort for the people of Charleston. 
In 1848, on his return from a short leave, he began 
the study of law, not to make it a profession, out 
to render himself a more intelligent soldier. When 
the Mexican war began in 1846 he was sent with 
troops around Cape Horn to California, where he 
acted as adjutant-general to Gen. Stephen W. 
Kearny, Col. Mason, and Gen. Persifer F. Smith. 
Returning in 1850. on 1 May he married Miss Ellen 
Boyle Ewing, at Washington, hei father, his old 
friend, then being secretary of the interior. He 
was appointed a captain in the commissary depart- 
ment, 2 Sept., 1850, and sent to St. Louis and New 
Orleans. He had already received a brevet of cap- 
tain for service in California, to date from 80 May, 
1848. Seeing little prospect of promotion and 
small opportunity for his talents in the army in 
times of peace, he resigned his commission, 6 Sept, 
1853, the few graduates of West Point being at that 
period in demand in many walks of civil life. He 
was immediately appointed (1853) manager of the 
branch bank of Lucas, Turner and Co., San Fran- 
cisco, Cal. When the affairs of that establishment 
were wound up in 1857 he returned to St. Louis, 



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«nd lived for a time in New York as agent for the 
St. Louis firm. In 1858-'9 he was a counsellor-at- 
law in Leavenworth, Kan., and in the next year be- 
came superintendent of the State military academy 
at Alexandria, La., where he did good work ; but 
when that state seceded from the Union he promptly 
resigned and returned to St. Louis, where he was for 
a short time president of the Fifth street railroad. 
Of the civil war he took what were then con- 
sidered extreme views. He regarded President 
Lincoln's call for 75,000 three-months* men in. 
April, 1861, as trifling with a serious matter, de- 
claring that the rising of the secessionists was not 
a mob to be put down by the posse comitatus, but 
a war to be fought out by armies. On 13 May he 
was commissioned colonel of the 18th infantry, 
with instructions to report to Gen. Scott at Wash- 
ington. That officer had matured a plan of cam- 
paign, and was about to put it into execution. 
Sherman was put in command of a brigade in 
Tyler's division of the army that marched to Bull 
Run. His brigade comprised the 18th, 69th, and 
79th New York and the 2d Wisconsin regiments. 
The enemy's left had been fairly turned, and Sher- 
man's brigade was hotly engaged, when the Con- 
federates were re-enforced; the National troops 
made fatal delays, and, struck by panic, the army 
was soon in full retreat. Sherman's brigade had 
lost 111 killed, 205 wounded, and 298 missing. On 
8 Aug., 1861, he was made a brigadier-general of 
volunteers, to date from 17 May, and on 28 Aug. 
he was sent from the Army of the Potomac to be 
second in command to Gen. Robert Anderson in 
Kentucky. Pew persons were prepared for the 
curious problem of Kentucky politics. What has 
been called the •* secession juggle" was at least 

Sirtially successful. On account of broken health, 
en. Anderson soon asked to be relieved from the 
command, and he was succeeded by Sherman on 
17 Oct It was expected by the government that 
the men, to keep Kentucky in the Union, could be 
recruited in that state, and that the numbers re- 
quired would be but few; but this expectation was 
doomed to be disappointed. Sherman looked for 
a great war, and declared that 60,000 men would 
be reouired to drive the enemy out of the state 
and 200,000 to put an end to the struggle in that 
region. Most men looked upon this prophetic 
sagacity as craziness. He was relieved from his 
command by Gen. Buell on 12 Nov. and ordered to 
report to Gen. Halleck, commanding the Depart- 
ment of the West. He was placed in command of 
Benton Barracks. At this time Gen. Ulysses S. 
Grant was in command of the force to move on 
Forts Henry and Donelson in February, 1862, and 
just after tne capture of these strongholds Sher- 
man was assigned to the Army of the Tennessee. 
It consisted of six divisions, of which Sherman was 
in command of the 5th. In the battle of Shiloh, 
or Pittsburg Landing, 6 and 7 April (see Grant, 
Ultsses S.), Sherman s men were posted at Shiloh 
church, and the enemy were so strong that all the 
detachments were hotly engaged, and Sherman 
served as a pivot When the Army of the Ohio 
came up, during the night, Grant had already or- 
dered Sherman to advance, and when the combined 
forces moved, the enemy retreated rapidly upon 
Corinth. The loss in Sherman's division was 2,034. 
He was wounded in the hand, but did not leave 
the field, and he richly deserved the praise of Gen. 
Grant in his official report : ** I feel it a duty to a 
gallant and able officer, Brig.-Gen. W. T. Sherman, 
to make mention. He was not onlv with his com- 
mand during the entire two days of the action, but 
displayed great judgment and skill in the manage- 



ment of his men. Although severely wounded in 
the hand on the first day, his place was never va- 
cant" And again: "To his individual efforts I 
am indebted for the success of that battle." Gen. 
Halleck declared that " Sherman saved the fortunes 
of the day on the 6th, and contributed largely to 
the glorious victory of the 7th." After the battle 
Gen. Halleck assumed command of all the armies, 
and advanced slowly upon Corinth, acting rather 
with the caution of an engineer than with the 

Sromptness of a strategist In the new movement 
tan. Sherman was conspicuous for judgment and 
dash. He was employed constantly where prompt- 
ness and energy were needed. Two miles in ad- 
vance of the army, as it was ranged around Corinth, 
he captured and fortified Russell's house, which is 
only a mile and a half from Corinth. Deceiving 
Halleck,' the enemy were permitted to evacuate the 
town and destroy its defences. Sherman was made 
a major-general of volunteers, to date from 1 May, 
1862. On 9 June he was ordered to Grand Junc- 
tion, a strategic point, where the Memphis and 
Charleston and the Mississippi Central railroads 
meet. Memphis was to be a new base. He was to 
repair the former road, and to guard them both 
and keep them in running order. Gen. Halleck 
having been made general-in-chief of the armies of 
the United States, Grant was, on 15 July, appoint- 
ed to command the Department of the Tennessee, 
and he at once ordered Sherman to Memphis, which 
had been captured by the National flotilla, 6 June, 
with instructions to put it in a state of defence. 
Sherman, to secure himself against the machina- 
tions of the rebellious inhabitants, directed all who 
adhered to the Confederate cause to leave the city. 
He allowed them no trade in cotton, would not 
permit the use of Confederate money, allowed no 
force or intimidation to be used to oblige negroes, 
who had left their masters, to return to them, but 
made them work for their support He also effectu- 
ally suppressed guerilla warfare. 

The western armies having advanced to the line 
of the Memphis and Charleston railroad, the next 
step was to capture Vicksburg and thereby open to 
navigation the Mississippi river. Vicksburg was 
strongly fortified and garrisoned and was covered 
by an army commanded by Gen. Pemberton posted 
behind the Tallahatchie. Grant moved direct 
from Grand Junction via Holly Springs, McPher- 
son his left from Corinth, and* Sherman his right 
from Memphis to Wyatt, turning Pemberton 's left, 
who retreated to Grenada behind the Talabusha. 
Then Grant detached Sherman with one of his 
brigades back to Memphis to organize a sufficient 
force out of the new troops there and a division at 
Helena to move in boats escorted by Admiral Por- 
ter's gun-boat fleet to Vicksburg to capture the 
place while he, Grant, held Pemberton at Grenada. 
The expedition failed from natural obstacles and 
the capture of Holly Springs by the enemy, and at 
the same moment Gen. Mcvlernand arrived to as- 
sume command of the expedition by orders of 
President Lincoln, and the Army of the Tennessee 
was divided into the 13th, 15th, 16th, and 17th 
corps, of which Sherman had the 15th. To clear 
the flank, the expeditionary force before Vicksburg 
under McClernand returned in their boats to the 
mouth of the Arkansas, ascended that river a hun- 
dred miles, and carried by assault Fort Hindman, 
capturing its stores and Ave thousand prisoners, 
thereby making the Mississippi safe from molesta- 
tion. In this movement Sherman bore a conspicu- 
ous part The expedition then returned to the 
Mississippi river, and Gen. Grant came in person 
from Memphis to give direction to the operations 



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against Vicksburg from the river, which resulted 
in its capture, witn 81,000 prisoners, on 4 July, 1868, 
thereby opening the Mississippi and fully accom- 
plishing tne original purpose. During this brilliant 
campaign Gen. Sherman was most active, and 
therefore was appointed a brigadier-general in the 
regular army, to date 4 July, 1868. 

Meantime Rosecrans, having expelled the ene- 
my from middle Tennessee, had forced him to 
evacuate Chattanooga, fought the bloody battle of 
Chickamauga, and fell back into Chattanooga, 
where he was in a precarious condition. On* 4 Oct. 
Sherman was ordered to take his corps, the 15th, 
from the Big Black via Memphis, with such other 
troops as could be spared from the line of the 
Memphis and Charleston railway, toward Chatta- 
nooga. He moved, repairing the road as he went, 
according to the express orders of Gen. Halleck. 
But on the 27th he received orders from Gen. 
Grant to discontinue all work and march rapidly 
toward Bridgeport on the Tennessee. He lost 
no time in doing so. Sherman's 15th corps, with 
other commands, by the rapid movement for 
Chattanooga, was now getting into position; he 
was preparing to cross the river from the west 
bank, below the mouth of the Chickamauga, with 
the purpose of attacking the northern end of 
Mission ridge, while a division of cavalry was 
sent to the enemy's right and rear to cut the 
railroad behind him. At 1 o'clock, on the morn- 
ing of 24 Nov., Sherman crossed on pontoon- 
bridges, and by 8 o'clock p. m. he was intrenched at 
the north end of Mission ridge. Thus the disposal 
of troops in Grant's line of battle was : Sherman 
on the left, in front of Tunnel 1 Hill ; Thomas in 
the centre, at Fort Wood and Orchard Knob ; while 
Hooker was to come up from Wauhatchie. take 
Lookout mountain, and, crossing to Rossville, ad- 
vance upon the ridge, to complete the organiza- 
tion. There was open communication between 
these bodies by special couriers. While prepara- 
tions were making for the centre attack under 
Thomas, it was evident that the enemy's design 
was to crush Sherman. Fierce assaults were made 
upon him in quick succession, which he resisted, 
and thus performed good service in drawing the 
foe to his flank, while Thomas was making the 
main attack upon the ridge, which was successful. 
On the morning of the 25th Sherman pursued the 
enemy by the roads north of the Chickamauga, ar- 
riving at Ringgold on that day. and everywhere de- 
stroying the enemy's communications. 

During these operations Gen. Burn side was be- 
sieged by Longstreet in Knoxville, Tenn., and was 
in great straits. On 3 Dec. under orders from 
Grant, which another commander was slow to obey, 
Sherman made forced marches to Burnside's relief, 
and reached Knoxville not a minute too soon, and 
after supplying Burnside with all the assistance 
and re-enforcements he needed marched back to 
Chattanooga. Toward the end of January, 1864, 
he returned to Memphis and Vicksburg, whence 
with parts of McPherson's and Hurlburt's corps, 
then unemployed, he marched to Jackson and 
Meridian, wnere he broke up the Confederate com- 
binations and destroyed their communications. On 
2 March, Grant had been made lieutenant-general ; 
on the 12th he assumed command of all the armies 
of the United States, with the purpose of conduct- 
ing in person the campaign of the Army of the 
Potomac. On 12 March he assigned Sherman to 
the command of the military division of the Missis- 
sippi, comprising the Departments of the Ohio, the 
Tennessee, the Cumberland, and the Arkansas— in 
a word, of the entire southwestern region, with 



temporary headquarters at Nashville. In a letter 
of 4 March, 1864, Grant acknowledges to Sherman 
his great gratitude for the co-operation and skill 
which so largely contributed to his own success, 
and on 19 Feb., 1864, Sherman received the thanks 
of congress for his services in the Chattanooga cam- 
paign. On 25 March he began to prepare his com- 
mand for action, to put the railroads in good con- 
dition, and protect them and to make provision for 
the supplies of the army in its approaching cam- 
paign. On 10 April he received nis final instruc- 
tions from Grant to move against Atlanta. Order- 
ing his troops to rendezvous at Chattanooga, he 
made it his headquarters on 28 April. His force 
consisted of the armies of the Cumberland, Gen. 
George H. Thomas ; the Tennessee, Gen. James B. 
McPherson ; and the Ohio, Gen. John M. Schofield. 
It was 99,000 strong, with 254 guns, while the Con- 
federate army, under Johnston, about 41,000 strong, 
soon re-enforced up to 62,000 men, was prepared to 
resist his advance, and if Sherman had the advan- 
tage of attack, Johnston had that of fighting be- 
hind intrenchroents and natural obstacles. Mov- 
ing from Chattanooga, Sherman came up with him 
at Dalton, 14 May, and turned his position at Buz- 
zard's Roost by sending McPherson through Snake 
Creek gap, when Johnston fell back to Resaca. 
After an assault, 15 May, Johnston retreated to 
Cassville and behind the Etowah on the 17th. 
After the turning of Allatoona pass, which he 
made a secondary base, and fierce battles near New 
Hope church, in the neighborhood of Dallas, John- 
ston still further retreated to a strong position on 
Kenesaw mountain, having contracted and retired 
his flanks to cover Marietta. Sherman advanced 
his line with each retrograde movement of the 
enemy and pressed operations, continually gaining 
ground. Both armies habitually fought from be- 
hind log parapets until Sherman ordered an attack 
on the Fortified lines, 27 June, but did not succeed 
in breaking through. He then determined to turn 
the position, and moved Gen. James B. McPher- 
son's army on 8 July toward the Chattahoochee, 
which compelled Johnston to retire to another in- 
trenched position on the northwest bank of that 
river, whence he fell back on Atlanta as Sherman 
began to cross the river, threatening to strike his 
rear with a part of the army, while the rest lay 
intrenched in his front On 17 July began the 
direct' attack on Atlanta. Gen. John B. Hood, 
who had superseded Gen. Johnston on 17 July, 
made frequent sorties, and struck boldly and 
fiercely. There was a severe battle at Peach Tree 
creek on 20 July, one on the east side of the city 
two days later, and on the 28th one at Ezra church, 
on the opposite side of Atlanta, in all of which the 
National forces were victorious. After an inef- 
fective cavalry movement against the railroad, Gen. 
Sherman left one corps intrenched on the Chatta- 
hoochee and moved with the other five corps on the 
enemy's only remaining line of railroad, twenty- 
six miles south of Atlanta, where he beat him at 
Jonesboro', occupied his line of supply, and finally, 
on 1 Sept., the enemy evacuated tne place. 

Here Hood's presumption led to his own de- 
struction. Leaving the south almost defenceless, 
he moved upon Nashville, where he was disastrously 
defeated by Thomas. Sherman had sent Thomas to 
that city purposely to resist his advance, and with 
the diminished army he moved upon Savannah, 
threatening Augusta and Macon, but finding little 
to oppose him in his march to the sea. Sherman 
moved steadily forward until he reached the defen- 
sive works that covered Savannah and blocked 
Savannah river. These were promptly taken by 



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assault, and communications were opened with the 
fleet, which furnished ample supplies to his army. 
Savannah thus became a marine base for future op- 
erations. Sherman announced in a brief note to 
President Lincoln the evacuation of the city. " I 
beg to present you," he writes, " as a Christmas gift, 
the city of Savannah, with 150 heavy guns, plenty of 
ammunition, and 25,000 bales of cotton." His arm v 
had marched 800 miles in twenty-four days, through 
the heart of Georgia, and had lived in plenty all 
the way. The value of this splendid achievement 
cannot be overestimated. On 12 Aug. he had 
been appointed major-general in the 0. S. army, 
and on 10 Jan. he received the thanks of congress 
for his "triumphal march." After the occupa- 
tion of Savannah the question arose whether Sher- 
man should come north by sea or march with his 
army through the Atlantic states. He preferred 
the latter plan. Schofield, leaving Thomas in 
Tennessee, was sent by rail and steamers to the 
coast of North Carolina with his corps (23d) to 
march upon Goldsboro', N. C, to co-operate with 
him. Sherman left Savannah in February, moved 
through the Sajkehatchie swamp, flanked' Charles- 
ton, compelled its evacuation, and entered Colum- 
bia on the l?th. Thence he moved on Golds- 
boro* by way of Winnsboro', Cheraw, and Fayette- 
ville, opening communication by Cape Fear river 
with Schofield on 12 March, fighting at A very s- 
boro' and Bentonville, where the enemy resisted 



Lee's surrender on the 12th, and on the 14th sent a 
flag of truce to Sherman to know upon what terms 
he would receive his surrender. •• I am fully em- 
powered," Sherman wrote to him, " to arrange with 
you any terms for the suspension of hostilities, and 
am willing to confer with you to that end. That 
a base of action may be had, I undertake to abide 
by the same conditions entered into by Gens. Grant 
and Lee at Appomattox Court-House, Va., on the 
9th inst" After considerable correspondence and 
a long interview with Gen. Johnston, having in 
view an immediate and complete peace, Sherman 
made a memorandum or basis of agreement be- 
tween the armies, which was considered by the 
government as at once too lenient and exceeding 
his powers. It included in terms of capitulation 
not only the army of Johnston, but all the Confed- 
erate troops remaining in the field. By the 7th 
article it was announced in" general terms '* that 
the war is to cease ; a general amnesty so far as 
the executive of the United States can command, 
on condition of the disbandment of the Confeder- 
ate army, the distribution of arms, and the resump- 
tion of peaceful pursuits by officers and men hith- 
erto composing said armies." In order to secure 
himself against the assumption of power, the arti- 
cle is thus continued : ** Not being fully empowered 
by our respective principals to fulfil these terms, 
we individually and officially pledge ourselves to 
promptly obtain authority, and wul endeavor to 





his advance vigorously. At Averysboro' on the 
16th Gen. Henry W. Slocum with four divisions at- 
tacked the intrenched position of Gen. William J. 
Hardee, and, turning his left flank, compelled him 
to fall back, while the cavalry, under Gen. Hugh 
Judson Kilpatrick, were attacked and driven back 
by the Confederate infantry of Gen. Lafayette Mc- 
Laws on the road to Bentonville. At the latter 
point Gen. Johnston's force was attacked in a 
strongly intrenched position on the 19th by the left 
wing of Sherman's army, under Gen. Slocum, whose 
right flank had been broken and driven back. After 
an obstinate combat, the Confederates withdrew in 
the night. Sherman and Schofield met at Golds- 
boro' on 23 and 24 March as originally planned. 
Leaving his troops there, he visited President Lin- 
coln and Gen. Grant at City Point, returning to 
Goldsboro' on the 80th. The interview on board the 
** Ocean Queen " is represented in the accompany- 
ing vignette copy of a painting by G. P. A. Healy, 
entitled "The Peacemakers." the fourth member of 
the group being Admiral Porter. Sherman is shown 
at the moment that he said to Mr. Lincoln : " If 
Lee will only remain in Richmond till I can reach 
Burkesville, we shall have him between our thumb 
and fingers," suiting the action to the word. 

He was now ready to strike the Danville road, 
break Lee's communications, and cut off his re- 
treat, or to re-enforce Grant in front of Richmond 
for a final attack. He would be ready to move on 
10 April. Johnston at Greensboro' received news of 



carry out the above programme." It was an hon- 
est effort on the part of a humane commander to 
put an end to the strife at once. Perhaps affairs 
were somewhat complicated by the assassination of 
President Lincoln on 14 April, which created great 
indignation and sorrow.. It hot only affected the 
terms between Johnston and Sherman, but it caused 
the latter to fall under the suspicion of the secre- 
tary of war. On their arrival m Washington they 
were promptly and curtly disapproved by a de- 
spatch sent, not to Sherman, but to Gen. Grant, on 
the morning of 24 April, directing him to go at 
once to North Carolina, by order of Sec. Stan- 
ton, to repudiate the terms and to negotiate the 
whole matter as in the case of Lee. Gen. Sherman 
considered himself rebuked for his conduct It 
was supposed that in the terms of agreement there 
was an acknowledgment of the Confederate gov- 
ernment and a proposed re-establishment of the 
state authorities and that it might furnish a 
ground of claim for the payment of the Confeder- 
ate debt in the future. Such certainly was not its 
purpose, nor does it now appear that such could 
have been its'effect. Sherman was a soldier treat- 
ing with soldiers, and deserved more courteous and 
considerate treatment from the government au- 
thorities, even if in his enthusiasm he had ex- 
ceeded his powers. On 10 March. Sherman set out 
for Alexandria, Va., and arrived on the 19th. He 
determined then not to revisit Washington, but to 
await orders in camp; but he afterward, at the 



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president's request, went to see him. He did not 
complain that his agreement with .Johnston was 
disapproved. It was the publication that consti- 
tuted the gravamen of the offence, its tone and 
style, the insinuations it contained, the false in- 
ferences it occasioned, and the offensive orders to 
the subordinate officers of Gen. Sherman Which 
succeeded the publication. These he bitterly re- 
sented at the time, but before Mr. Stanton's death 
they became fully reconciled. 

Preliminary to the disbandment of the National 
armies they passed in review before President John- 
son and cabinet and Lieut-Gen. Grant — the Army 
of the Potomac on 28 May, and Gen. Sherman s 
army on the 24th. Sherman was particularly ob- 
served and honored. He took leave of his army 
in an eloquent special field order of 80 May. From 
27 June, 1895, to 8 March, 1869, he was in com- 
mand of the military division of the Mississippi, 
with headquarters at St Louis, embracing the De- 
partments of the Ohio, Missouri, and Arkansas. 
Upon the appointment of Grant as general of the 
army on 25 July, 1866, Sherman was promoted to 
be lieutenant-general, and when Grant became 
president of the United States, 4 March, 1869, Sher- 
man succeeded him as general, with headquarters 
at Washington. Prom 10 Nov., 1871, to 17 Sept, 
1872, he made a professional tour in Europe, and 
was everywhere received with the honors due to 
his distinguished rank and service. At his own 
request, and in order to make Sheridan general-in- 
chief, he was placed on the retired list, with full 
pay and emoluments, on 8 Feb., 1884. He has 
received many honors, among which may be men- 
tioned the degree of LL. D. from Dartmouth, Yale. 
Harvard, Princeton, and other universities, and 
membership in the Board of regents of the Smith- 
sonian institution, 1871-*88. 

A thorough organizer, he is also prompt in exe- 
cution, demanding prompt and full service from 
all whom he commands. He is an admirable 
writer, and goes at once to the very point at issue, 
leaving no one in doubt as to his meaning. His 
favorites are always those who do the best work in 
the truest spirit, and his written estimate of them 
is always in terms of high commendation With- 
out being a natural orator, he expresses himself 
clearly and forcibly in public, and as he is continu- 
ally called out, he has greatly developed in that re- 
spect since the war. 

In personal appearance he is a typical soldier 
and commander, tall and erect, with auburn hair 
carelessly brushed aud short-cropped beard, his eyes 
dark hazel, his head large ana well-formed; the 
resolution and strong purpose and grim gravity 
exhibited by his features in repose would* indicate 
to the stranger a lack of the softer and more hu- 
mane qualities, but when he is animated .in social 
conversation such an estimate is changed at ouce, 
and in his bright and sympathizing smile one is 
reminded of Richard's. words: 

*• Grim-viaaged War has smoothed his wrinkled 
front.** 
His association with his friends and comrades is 
exceedingly cordial, and his affection for those al- 
lied to him is as tender as that of a woman. A 
life of Gen. Sherman has been written by Col. 
Samuel M. Bowman and Lieut-Col. Richard B. 
Irwin (New York. 1865), and he has published V Me- 
moirs of Gen. William T. Sherman, by Himself*' 
(2 vols., New York, 1875: new ed., 1885).— His 
brother, John, statesman, b. in Lancaster, Ohio, 
10 May, 1828, after the death of their father in 
1829, leaving the large family with but limited 
means, the boy was cared for by a cousin named 




John Sherman, residing in Mount Vernon, where 
he was sent to school. At the age of twelve he re- 
turned to Lancaster and entered the academy to 
prepare himself for college. In two years he was 
sufficiently advanced to enter the sophomore class* 
but a desire to 
be self-supporting 
led to his Decern- 
ing junior rod- 
man in the corps 
of engineers en- 
gaged on the Mus- 
kingum. He was 
placed in charge 
of the section of 
that work in Bev- 
erly early in 1888, 
ana so continued 
until the summer 
of 1889, when he 
was removed be- 
canse he was a 
Whig. The re- 
sponsibilities at- j4 * 
tending the meas- MjZ Afr 
urements of ex- /*"?*. *>>^Lfr^ a .,«.— » ^ _ 
cavations and em- 

bankments, and the levelling for a lock to a canal, 
proved a better education than could have been 
procured elsewhere in the same time. He began 
the study of law in the office of his brother Charles, 
and in 1844 was admitted to the bar. He formed *> 
partnership with his brother in Mansfield, and con- 
tinued with him until his entrance into congress, 
during which time his ability and industry gained 
for him both distinction and pecuniary success. 

Meanwhile, in 1848, he was sent as a delegate to 
the Whig convention, held in Philadelphia, that 
nominated Zachary Taylor for the presidency, and 
in 1852 he was a delegate to the Baltimore conven- 
tion that nominated Winfield Scott His attitude 
as a conservative Whig, in the alarm and excite- 
ment that followed the attempt to repeal the Mis- 
souri compromise, secured his election to the 84th 
congress, and he took his seat on 8 Dec, 1855. He 
is a ready and forcible speaker, and his thorough 
acquaintance with public affairs made him an 
acknowledged power in the house from the first. 
He grew rapidly in reputation as a debater on all 
the great questions agitating the public mind dur- 
ing that eventful period : the repeal of the Missouri 
compromise, the Dred-Scott decision, the impo- 
sition of slavery upon Kansas, the fugitive-slave 
law, the national finances, and other measures in- 
volving the very existence of the republic His 
appointment by the speaker, Nathaniel P. Banks, 
as' a member of the committee to inquire into and 
collect evidence in regard to the border-ruffian 
troubles in Kansas was an important event in his 
career. Owing to the illness of the chairman, 
William A. Howard, of Michigan, the duty of pre- 
paring the report devolved upon Mr. Sherman. 
Every statement was verified by the clearest testi- 
mony, and has never been controverted by any one 
This report, when presented to the house, created a 
great deal of feeling, and intensified the antago- 
nisms in congress, being made the basis of the can- 
vass of 1856. He acted with the Republican party 
in supporting John C. Fremont for the presidency 
because that party resisted the extension of sla- 
very, but did not seek its abolition. In the debate 
on the submarine telegraph he showed his oppo- 
sition to monopolists by saying : " I cannot agree 
that our government should be bound by any con- 
tract with any private incorporated company for 



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fifty years; and the amendment I desire to offer 
will reserve the power to congress to determine 
the proposed contract after 'ten years." All bills 
making appropriations for public expenditures 
were closely scrutinized, and the then prevalent 
system of making contracts in advance of appro- 
priations was denounced by him as illegal. At the 
close of his second congressional terra he was 
recognized as the foremost man in the house of 
representatives. He had from deep and unchanged 
conviction adopted the political faith of the Re- 
publican party, but without any partisan rancor or 
malignity toward the south. 

He was re-elected to the 86th congress, which 
began its first session amid the excitement caused 
by the bold raid of John Brown. In 1859 he was 
the Republican candidate for the speakership. He 
had subscribed, with no knowledge of the book, 
for H in ton R. Helper's " Impending Crisis," and 
this fact was brought up against him and estranged 
from him a few of the southern Whigs, who De- 
sought him to declare that he was not hostile to 
slavery. He refused, and after eight weeks of bal- 
loting, in which he came within three votes of 
election, he yielded to William Pennington, who 
was chosen. Mr. Sherman was then made chair- 
man of the committee of ways and means. He 
took a decided stand against ingrafting new legis- 
lation upon appropriation bills, saying: "The 
theory of appropriation bills is, that they shall 
provide money to carry on the government, to exe- 
cute existing laws, and not to change existing laws 
or provide new ones." In 1860 he was again elected 
to congress, and, when that body convened in De- 
cember, the seceding members of both houses were 
outspoken and defiant At the beginning of Presi- 
dent Buchanan's administration the public in- 
debtedness was less than $20,000,000, but by this 
time it had been increased to nearly $100,000,000, 
and in such a crippled condition were its finances 
that the government had not been able to pay the 
salaries of members of congress and many other 
demands. Mr. Sherman proved equal to the occa- 
sion in providing the means for the future support 
of the government His first step was to secure 
the passage of a bill authorizing trie issue of what 
are Known as the treasury-notes of I860. 

On the resignation of Salmon P. Chase, he was 
elected to his place in the senate, and took his seat 
on 4 March, 1861. He was re-elected senator in 
1867 and in 1873. During most of his senatorial 
career he was chairman of the committee on finance, 
and served also on the committees on agriculture, 
the Pacific railroad, the Judiciary, and the patent- 
office. After the fall of Fort Sumter, under the call 
of President Lincoln for 75,000 troops he tendered 
his services to Gen. Robert Patterson, was appointed 
aide-de-camp without pay, and remained with the 
Ohio regiments till the meeting of congress in 
July. After the close of this extra session he re- 
turned to Ohio, and received authority from Gov. 
William Denison to raise a brigade. Largely at 
his own expense, he recruited two regiments oi in- 
fantry, a squadron of cavalry, and a batter v of ar- 
tillery, comprising over 2,300 men. This force 
served during the whole war, and was known as 
the "Sherman brigade." The most valuable ser- 
vices rendered by him to the Union cause were his 
efforts in the senate to maintain and strengthen 
the public credit, and to provide for the support of 
the armies in the field. On the suspension of 
specie payments, about the first of January, 1862, 
the issue of United States notes became a necessity. 
The question of making them a legal tender was 
not at first received with favor. Mainly through 



the efforts of Senator Sherman and Sec. Chase, this 
feature of the bill authorizing their issue was car- 
ried through congress. They justified the legal- 
tender clause of the Jbill on the ground of necessity. 
In the debates on this question Mr. Sherman said : 
44 1 do believe there is a pressing necessity that 
these demand-notes should be made legal tender, 
if we want to avoid the evils of a depreciated and 
dishonored paper currency. I do believe we have 
the constitutional power to pass such a provision, 
and that the public safety now demands its exer- 
cise." The records of the debate show that he 
made the only speech in the senate in favor of the 
national-bank bill. Its final passage was secured 
only by the personal appeals of Sec. Chase to the 
senators who opposed it. Mr. Sherman's speeches 
on state and national banks are the most important 
that he made during the war. He introduced a 
refunding act in 1867. which was adopted in 1870, 
but without the resumption clause. In 1874 a 
committee of nine, of which he was chairman, was 
appointed by a Republican caucus to secure a con- 
currence of action. They agreed upon a bill fixing 
the time for the resumption of specie payment at 
1 Jan., 1879. This bill was reported to the caucus 
and the senate with the distinct understanding 
that there should be no debate on the side of the 
Republicans, and that Mr. Sherman should be left 
to manage it according to his own discretion. The 
bill was passed, leaving its execution dependent 
upon the will of the secretary of the treasury for 
the time being. 

Mr. Sherman was an active supporter of Ruther- 
ford B. Hayes for the presidency in 1876, was a 
member of the committee that visited Louisiana 
to witness the counting of the returns of that 
state. He was appointed secretary of the treas- 
ury by President Hayes in March, 1877, and im- 
mediately set about providing a redemption fund 
by means of loans. Six months before 1 Jan., 
1879, the date fixed by law for redemption of 
specie payments, he had accumulated $140,000,- 
000 in gold, and he had the satisfaction of seeing 
the legal-tender notes gradually approach gold in 
value until, when the day came, tnere was practi- 
cally no demand for gold in exchange for the notes. 
In 1880 Mr. Sherman was an avowed candidate for 
the presidential nomination, and his name was pre- 
sented in the National convention by James A. 
Garfield. During the contest between the support- 
ers of Gen. Grant and those of James G. Blaine, 
which resulted in Mr. Garfield's nomination, Mr. 
Sherman's vote ranged from 90 to 97. He returned 
to the senate in 1881, and on the expiration of his 
term in 1887 was re-elected to serve until 1898. 
At present (1888) he is chairman of the committee 
on foreign relations, and is an active member of 
the committees on expenditures of public money, 
finance, and rules. In December, 1885, he was 
chosen president of the senate pro tem. % but he de- 
clined re-election at the close of his senatorial 
term in 1887. His name was presented by Jo- 
seph B. Foraker in nomination for the presidency 
at the National convention held in 1884, but 
the Ohio delegation was divided between him 
and James G. Blaine, so that he received only 80 
votes from this state. Again in 1888 his name 
was presented by Daniel H. Hastings, in behalf of 
the Pennsylvania delegation at the National con- 
vention, and on the first ballot he received 229 
votes and on the second 249, being the leading 
candidate, and continued so until Benjamin Har- 
rison received the support of those whose names 
were withdrawn. Mr. Sherman has published 
44 Selected Speeches and Reports on Finance and 



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SHERWIN 



SHEW 



Taxation, 185&-1878 " (New York, 1879). See 
" John Sherman, What he has said and done : Life 
and Public Services," by Rev. Sherlock A. Bronson 
(Columbus, Ohio, 1880). 

SHERWIN, Thomas, educator, b, in West- 
moreland. N. H., 26 March, 1799 ; d. in Dedham, 
Mass., 28 July, 1869. He worked on a farm in 
Temple, N. H., served an apprenticeship to a 
clothier in Groton, Mass., and, after graduation at 
Harvard in 1825, taught an academy in Lexington, 
Mass., in 1825-'6. He was a tutor in mathematics 
at Harvard in 1826-7, and from 1828 till 1888 was 
submaster of the English high-school of Boston, 
of which he had charge from that date until his 
death. This .school was reputed a model of its 
kind. He was an originator of the American 
institute of instruction in 1830, its president in 
1858-'4, a member of the American academy of 
arts and sciences, was active in establishing the 
Massachusetts institute of technology, and was 
president of the Massachusetts teachers' associa- 
tion in 1845. He was the author of an " Element- 
ary Treatise on Algebra " (Boston, 18411— His 
son, Thomas, was lieutenant-colonel of tne 22d 
Massachusetts regiment during the civil war, and 
for meritorious services was brevetted brigadier- 
general of volunteers on 18 March, 1865. 

SHERWOOD, Adiel, clergyman, b. in Fort 
Edward, N. Y., 8 Oct, 1791 ; ci in St. Louis, Mo., 
18 Aug., 1879. After studying .three years at 
Middlebury college, Vt., young Sherwood entered 
Union college in 1816, and was graduated in 1817. 
He then spent a year at Andover theological semi- 
nary, at tne close of which infirm health caused 
him to remove to Georgia. Here he was ordained 
in 1820 as a Baptist minister. Besides serving as 
pastor and performing extensive preaching tours 
at various places, he was especially effective in ad- 
vancing the educational interests of the Georgia 
Baptists. For several years, beginning in 1827, he 
was at the head of a school in Edenton. He was 
elected in 1887 to a professorship in Columbian 
college, Washington, D. C, but resigned the next 

Sar to accept the chair of sacred literature in 
ercer university, Ga. In 1841 he was elected 
president of Shurtleff college, Alton, III During 
l848-'9 he was president of the Masonic college, 
Lexington, Mo. In 1857 he returned to Georgia, 
and became president of Marshall college at Grif- 
fin. After the civil war he went again to Missouri. 
He received the honorary degree of D. D. Besides 
contributing extensively to periodicals, Dr. Sher- 
wood was the author of a " Gazetteer of Georgia" ; 
M Christian and Jewish Churches " ; aud " Notes on 
the New Testament." 

SHERWOOD, James Manning, clergyman, b. 
in Fishkill, N. T., 29 Sept., 1814. He was educated 
by private tutors, studied theology under Rev. 
George Armstrong in Fishkill, was licensed to 
preach in 1884, and was pastor of the Presbyterian 
church at New Windsor, N. Y., from 1835 till 1840, 
at Mendon, N. Y., in l840-'5, and at Bloomfleld, 
N. J., in 1852-'8. He was editor of the ** American 
National Preacher " in 1846-'9, of the " Biblical 
Repository " from 1847 till 1851, and of the " Eclec- 
tic Magazine" from 1864 till 1871. Mr. Sherwood 
was the founder of "Hours at Home" in 1865, 
which he edited until 1869, and he was* the editor 
of the «• Presbyterian Review" from 1863 till 1871, 
and of the "Presbyterian Quarterly and Prince- 
ton Review" in 1872-'8. He has conducted the 
"Homiletic Review" since September, 1888, and 
also conducts the '• Missionary Review." He has 
been engaged as a reader of manuscripts for various 
publishing-houses, and has written numerous re- 



views. He is the author of "Plea for the Old 
Foundations" (New York, 1856k "The Lamb in 
the Midst of the Throne, or tne History of the 
Cross " (1888) ; and " Books and Authors, and 
how to use Them " (1886). He has also edited the 
" Memoirs " and two volumes of " Sermons " of the 
Rev. Ichabod Speucer, D. D. (1855), and David 
Brainerd's "Memoirs," with notes (1884).— His 
cousin, John D, author, b. in Fishkill, N. Y., 15 
Oct., 1818. was graduated at Yale in 1889. He 
has held local offices in Englewood, N. J., and at 
one time during the civil war was commissioner of 
the draft. He afterward became aide-de-camp to 
Gen. James S. Wadsworth, with the rank of colo- 
nel, and served with the Army of the Potomac 
until the close of the war. He has contributed 
to magazines, and is the author of " The Case of 
Cuba ,r (Boston, 1869); "Comic History of the 
United States " (1870) ; and a chapter on " Ameri- 
can Tumuli " in " Flint Chips and Guide to Pre- 
historic Archeology," by Edward T. Stevens (Lon- 
don, 1870V 

SHERWOOD, Mary E., author, b. in Keene, 
N. H., about 1880. She is the daughter of James 
Wilson, member of congress from New Hamp- 
shire, and married John Sherwood, a lawyer of 
New York city. She is well known as a society 
leader, and has devoted special attention to the 
advancement of literary ana artistic pursuits. One 
of her sons married, in 1887, Rosina Emmet, the 
artist Mrs. Sherwood has given in New York city 
and elsewhere, for several seasons, readings that 
have been exceedingly successful, has written for 
various periodicals, and is the author of " The Sar- 
casm of Destiny" (New York, 1877); "Home 
Amusements" (1881); "Amenities of Home" 
(1881) ; '* A Transplanted Rose " (1882) ; and " Man- 
ners and Social Usages " (1884). 

SHERWOOD, William Hall, pianist, b. in 
Lyons, N. Y., 81 Jan., 1854. His talent for music 
manifested itself at a very early age, and when he 
was nine years old he began to appear in concerts 
in New York, Pennsylvania, and Canada. He af- 
terward gave lessons also at Lyons musical academy, 
which was founded by his father. Rev. Lyman fl. 
SLerwood. In 1871 he became the pupil of Will- 
iam Mason, by whose advice he went to Europe 
that year. He studied for seven months under 
Theodore Kullak, and subsequently also with Dop- 
•pler, Ernst Friedrich E. Riehter, and Carl Fried- 
rich Weitzmann. During this period he frequent- 
ly appeared before the public, at the Beethoven fes- 
tival in Berlin, at Weimar with Liszt, and on other 
occasions, meeting with much success. In 1876 he 
returned to the United States, and appeared in 
most of the principal cities, playing frequently in 
Philadelphia during the Centennial exhibition. In 
the autumn of the same year he settled in Boston, 
and soon became widely known as a soloist and 
teacher. Since then he has played at various times 
in all the larger cities of the Union, and is noted 
for his excellent technique, variety of interpreta- 
tions, and depth of expression. His work as a 
composer is limited to about twenty pieces for the 
piano, and many more in manuscript. 

SHEW, Joel, physician, b. in Providence, Sara- 
toga co., N. Y., 13 Nov., 1816; d. in Oyster Bay, 
N. Y., 6 Oct., 1855. After studying medicine and 
receiving his degree, he visited the water-cure 
establishment of Dr. Vincent Priessnitz. which was 
founded in 1826 in Graf en berg, Austrian Silesia, 
and became an advocate of Priessnitz's system, 
which he introduced into the United States. He 
was physician in the first hydropathic institution 
opened in New York in 1844, and in 1845 became 



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manager of a similar establishment in New Leba- 
non Springs, N. Y. He contributed to " The Water- 
Cure Journal," and was the author of several works 
on water treatment, including "Hydropathy, or 
the Water-Cure" (New York, 1844): » 4 Cholera 
treated by Water" (1848); "Children: their Hy- 
dropathic Management " (1852) ; and " The Hydro- 
pathic Family Physician * (1854). 

SHIELDS, James, soldier, b. in Dungannon, 
County Tyrone, Ireland, in 1810; d. in Ottumwa, 
Iowa, 1 June, 1879. He emigrated to the United 
States in 1826, studied law, and began practice at 
Kaskaskia, 111., in 1832. He was sent to the legis- 
lature in 1836, 

elected state 

auditor in 1839, 
in 1843 ap- 
pointed a judge 
of the state su- 
preme court, 
and in 1845 
made commis- 
sioner of the 
general land- 
office. When 
the war with 
i Mexico began 
he was ap- 
pointed a brig- 
adier - general, 
his commission 
dating from 1 
July, 1846, and 
was assigned to 
the command 
of the Illinois 
contingent He served under Gen. Zachary Taylor 
on the Rio Grande, under Gen. John E. Wool in 
Chihuahua, and through Gen. Winfleld Scott's cam- 
paign. At Cerro Gordo he gained the brevet of 
major-general, and was shot through the lung. 
After his recovery he took part in the operations in 
the valley of Mexico, commanding a brigade com- 
posed of marines and of New York and South Caro- 
lina volunteers, and at Chapultepec he was again 
severely wounded. He was mustered out on 20 
July, 1848, and in the same year received the ap- 
pointment of governor of Oregon territory. This 
office he resigned on being elected U. S. senator 
from Illinois as a Democrat, and served from 3 
Dec, 1849, till 3 March. 1855. After the expiration 
of his term he removed to Minnesota, and when the 
state government was organized he returned to the 
U. S. senate as one of the representatives of the new 
state, taking his seat on 12 May, 1858, and serving 
till 3 March, 1859. At the end of his term he set- 
tled in California, and at the beginning of hostili- 
ties in 1861 was in Mexico, where he was enj 



in superintending a mine. Hastening to Washing- 
ton, he was appointed a brigadier-general of vol- 
unteers on 19 Aug. He was assigned to the com- 
mand of Gen. Frederick W. Lander's brigade after 
the latter's death, and on 23 March, 1862, at the 
head of a division of Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks's 
army in the Shenandoah valley, he opened the 
second campaign with the victory at Winchester, 
Va., after receiving a severe wound in theprepara- 
tory movements on the preceding day. He was in 
command at Port Republic on 9 June, and was 
defeated by Gen. Thomas J. Jackson. Resigning 
his commission on 28 March, 1863, he settled in 
California, but soon removed to Carrollton, Mo., 
where he resumed the practice of law. He served 
as a railroad commissioner, and was a member of 
the legislature in 1874 and 1879. 



SHIELDS, Mary, philanthropist, 
delphia, Pa.. 12 Jan., 1820; d. there, 8 Oct, 1880. 
She was a daughter of John Shields, a wealthy 
merchant of that city, and inherited a large estate 
from him and from her brother. She was active 
in benevolent work, and bequeathed $1,400,000 for 
charitable purposes. The Pennsylvania deaf and 
dumb asylum, the Institution for the blind, the 
Old man's home, the House of mercy for the care 
of consumptives, the Indigent and single woman's 
society, received each one sixth of this sum, and 
the remaining sixth was divided between the 
Pennsylvania hospital and the city of Philadelphia, 
"to relieve and make more comfortable the sick 
and insane poor at the almshouse." 

SHIELDS, Patrick Henry, jurist, b. in York 
county, Va., 16 May, 1773; d. in New Albany, 6 
June, 1848. In accordance with his father's will 
he was educated for the legal profession at Hamp- 
den Sidney and William and Mary colleges. In* 
heriting a large tract of land near Lexington, 
Ky., he removed to that state in 1801, but found 
the title to the estate defective. In 1805 he passed 
into Indiana territory, and joined his classmate and 
life-long friend, William Henry Harrison. He was 
commissioned the first judge of Harrison county 
in 1808, and it is recorded of him that he fought 
gallantly in the battle of Tippecanoe. His house 
was often the headquarters of the territorial au- 
thorities. He was a member of the Constitutional 
convention at Corydon in 1816, and filled judicial 
offices until the time of his death. Judge Shields, 
as one of the founders of the state, took an active 
part in reforming the territorial courts, in organ- 
izing the school-system, and in maintaining the 
congressional ordinance of 1787, which prohibited 
the indefinite continuance of slavery, though he 
was at the time himself a slave-holder. Accord- 
ing to family tradition, he was the author of the 
constitutional article which confirmed Indiana as a 
free state.— His grandson, Charles Woodruff, edu- 
cator, b. in New Albany, Ind., 4 April, 1825, entered 
Princeton as an advanced student, and was gradu- 
ated with distinction in 1844. After a course of 
four years' study in Princeton theological seminary 
he was licensed to preach by the presoytery of New 
Brunswick, N. J., in 1848. in 1849 he was ordained 
pastor of the Presbyterian church of Hempstead, 
L. I., and in 1850 he was installed as pastor or the 2d 
Presbyterian church of Philadelphia, Pa. He had 
been earlv imbued with a philosophical spirit, and 
published: in 1861 an elaborate treatise entitled 
" Philosophia Ultima," in which he expounded an 
academic scheme of irenical studies lor the con- 
ciliation of religion and science. His friends, pro- 
foundly impressed by this exposition, created for 
him in Princeton a new professorship of the har- 
mony of science and revealed religion. This chair 
was the first of its kind in any American college, 
and at the time of its establishment (1865) was so 
novel in theory that its utility and even its ortho- 
doxy were questioned, but its usefulness as, well as 
its timeliness was soon abundantly vindicated. He 
was appointed professor of modern history in 1871, 
but soon resigned this added chair that he might 
not be diverted from the aim of his life, which he 
has pursued in college lectures, in papers before 
the philosophical society of Washington, in contri- 
butions to periodicals, and in elaborate published 
works. He received the honorary degree of D. D. 
from Princeton in 1861, and that of LL. D. from 
Columbian university, Washington, in 1877. Dr. 
Shields has advocated the restoration of theology, 
as a science of religion, to its true philosophical 
position in a university system of culture, as dia- 



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tinguished from the clerical or sectarian systems of 
education, and the placing of philosophy as an 
umpire between science and religion, as embracing 
without invading their distinct provinces. This 
view he has maintained at Princeton in systematic 
lectures and in his " Religion and Science in their 
Relation to Philosophy" (New York, 1875). He 
looks forward to the formulation of an ultimate 
philosophy, or science of the sciences, which is to be 
reached inductively from the collective intelligence 
of men working through successive generations. 
This forms the argument of his great work, " The 
Philosophia Ultima," now (1888) passing through 
a revised edition, and of which vol. i. is an historical 
and critical introduction, while vol. ii. is to treat 
of the history and logic of the sciences. Dr. Shields 
has been an earnest advocate of the restoration of 
the Presbyterian prayer-book of 1661 for optional 
use by ministers and congregations that desire a 
liturgy. To this end he published " The Book of 
Common Prayer as amended by the Presbyterian 
Divines " (18&). with an appendix entitled •• Litur- 
gia Expureata" (1864). He looks forward to the 
organic union of the Congregational, Presbyterial, 
and Episcopal principles of the New Testament 
church in an " American Catholic Church " of the 
future. His irenical writings under this head em- 
brace a series of essays entitled "The United 
Churches of the United States," "The Organic Af- 
finity of Presbytery and Episcopacy," and "The 
Christian Denominations and the Historic Episco- 
pate." No essays have excited wider remark in the 
theological world. The style of Dr. Shields is re- 
markable for lucidity of statement and graceful 
rhetoric. He divides his time equally between 
Princeton and his villa at Newport. 

SHILLABER, Benjamin Penhallow, humor- 
ist, b. in Portsmouth, N. H., 12 July, 1814. After 
a district-school education he entered a printing- 
office in 1880. In 1832 he removed to Boston, and, 
after remaining there five years, he went for a year, 
in 1837, to British 
Guiana. In 1840 
he became editor 
of the Boston 
"Post," which post 
he retained for ten 
years. From 1851 
till 1853 he was 
editor of a comic 
paper called " The 
Carpet - Bag," to 
which John G. 
Saxe and other 
humorists contrib- 
uted, and from 
1856 till 1866 he 
7? • A^JU* • // /> conducted " The 

•Jx~ v if. <&h*JZaO^ Saturday Evening 

Gazette. His 

*• Life and Sayings of Mrs. Partington " (Boston. 
1854) gave him a world-wide reputation. It had 
been preceded by •• Rhymes with Reason and with- 
out " (1853). and was followed by " Knitting- Work " 
(1857); " Partington ian Patchwork" (1873); and 
" Lines in Pleasant Places " (1875). In 1879 he began 
the "Ike Partington Juvenile Series," with "Ike 
and his Friends ' (1879), which he followed with 
"Cruises with Captain Bob" (1881), and "The 
Doublerunner Club" (1882). In 1882 he published 
"Wide-Swath," a collection of verses, embracing 
his " Lines in Pleasant Places " and other poems. 
He has contributed sketches and essays to various 
periodicals, during the intervals between each 
published volume, with great success. 



SHIMEALL, Richard Cunningham (shim'-e- 
all). author, b. in New York city in 1803 ; d. there, 
19 March, 1874. He was graduated at Columbia 
in 1821, and at the Protestant Episcopal general 
theological seminary in 1824, ana the same year 
was ordained to the ministry. After officiating for 
ten years as rector of a Protestant Episcopal church, 
he united with the Reformed Dutch church, and 
still later with the Presbyterian church. Mr. 
Shimeall was a profound biblical scholar, and had 
a thorough knowledge of the Greek and Oriental 
languages. He adopted the views of the English 
Millenarians, and most of his works were upon 
subjects connected with the prophecies and their 
interpretation. His principal publications are 
" Age of the World as founded on Sacred Records " 
(New York, 1842); "The End of Prelacy" (1845); 
•* Our Bible Chronology, Historic and Prophetic " 
(1859); "Christ's Second Coming "(1865); "Politi- 
cal Economy of Prophecy, with Special Reference 
to the History of the Church" (1866); "Prophetic 
Career and Destiny of Napoleon III." (1866) ; " Dis- 
tinction between the Last Personal Antichrists 
and the Many Antichrists of Prophecy " (1808) ; 
" Unseen World : the Heavenly Blessedness, or 
where and what is Heaven t" (1870). 

SHINDLER, Mary Stanley Bunce Palmer, 
author, b. in Beaufort, S. C, 15 Feb., 1810. Her 
father, the Rev. B. M. Palmer, was pastor of a Con- 
gregational church at Beaufort, and when she was 
three years old he removed with her to Charleston, 
S. C, where she was educated. In June, 1835, Miss 
Palmer married Charles E. Dana, and removed with 
him first to New York, and in 1837 to Blooming- 
ton, Iowa. On his death, soon afterward, she re- 
turned to her family in Charleston. Here she be- 
Sm to write, and became well known as a poet In 
ay, 1848, she married the Rev. Robert D. Shind- 
ler, a clergyman of the Episcopal church, who was 
for a time professor in Shelby college, Kentucky. 
She removed with her husband in 1850 to Upper 
Marlborough, Md., and in 1869 to Nacogdoches, 
Tex. She has published "The Southern Harp" 
(Boston, 1840) ; " The Northern Harp " (New York, 
1841); "The Parted Family, and other Poems" 
(1842); "The Temperance Lyre" (1842); "Charles 
Morton, or the Young Patriot " (1843) ; " The Young 
Sailor" (1844); "Forecastle Tour" (1844); and 
" Letters to Relatives and Friends on the Trinity " 
(1845). She has been a frequent contributor to 
popular periodicals. 

SH1NGASK. (swampy ground overgrown with 
grass), called by the whites " King Shineask," In- 
dian chief, lived in the 18th century. He was a 
brother of Tarn aqua, or King Beaver, and ranked 
first among Indian warriors during the French and 
Indian war. The frontiers of Pennsylvania suf- 
fered severely from the forays of this Delaware, 
and Gov. William Denny in 1756 set a price of 
£200 upon his head or scalp. Although he was an 
implacable foe in battle, he was never known to 
treat a prisoner with cruelty. 

SHINN, Asa, clergyman, b. in New Jersey, 8 
May, 1781 ; d. in Brattleboro, Vt., in February, 
1853. When he was seven years old his parents 
removed to Virginia. He was entirely self-edu- 
cated, united with the Methodist church in 1798, 
and in 1800 became an itinerant preacher. After 
being admitted on trial by the Baltimore circuit in 
1801, he was sent in 1803 to form a new circuit in 
the wilderness of the Ohio, on the waters of the 
Hockhooking. After laboring chiefly in the west 
and in Mar viand, ho withdrew in 1829 from the 
Methodist Episcopal church and united with the 
newly organized Methodist Protestant church. 



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When the Ohio annual conference of that body 
was organized in October. 1829, he was elected 
president, and stationed at Cincinnati; and in 
1833, when the Pittsburg conference was formed, 
he was chosen its president From 1834 till 1836 
he was associate editor of the *• Methodist Prot- 
estant*' at Baltimore. He was subject to attacks 
of insanity, and died in an asylum. He published 
" An Essay on the Plan of Salvation " (Baltimore, 
1813), and "The Benevolence and Rectitude of 
the Supreme Being " (Philadelphia, 1840). 

SHINN, Ctoorre Wolfe, clergyman, b. in Phila- 
delphia, Pa., 14 Dec., 1839. He was educated at 
the public schools, at Virginia theological school, 
and the Philadelphia divinity-school, and was grad- 
uated at the latter in 1868. He entered the min- 
istry of the Protestant Episcopal church, and has 
been rector of churches in Philadelphia, Shamo- 
kin, and Lock Haven, Pa., Troy, N. Y., and of 
Grace church, Newton, Mass., where he still (1888) 
remains. He has been head master of St. Paul's 
school, Troy, edited for ten vears " The Teachers' 
Assistant," contributed articles to church periodi- 
cals, and has published " Manual of Instruction upon 
the Collects, Epistles, and Gospels for the Christian 
Year" (New York, 1874); " Manual of the Praver- 
Book " (1875) ; " Manual of Church History " (18*6) ; 
•* Stories for the Happy Days of Christmas Time" 
(1879); "Questions about our Church" (1880); 
"Questions that trouble Beginners in Religion" 
(1882); and edited a "Prayer- Book and Hymnal 
for the Sunday-School n (1885). 

8HIPMAN, George Ellas, physician, b. in 
New York city, 4 March, 1820. He entered Mid- 
dlebury college in 1832, was graduated at the Uni- 
versity of New York in 1839, and four years later 
completed his studies at the New York college of 
physicians and surgeons. In 1846 he removed to 
Chicago, where he soon had a large and lucrative 

Jractice. In 1848 he founded the " Northwestern 
ournal of Homoeopathy," and was its successful 
editor four years. Since that date he has contrib- 
uted many articles to medical journals, and in 1865 
he became editor of the " United States Medical 
and Surgical Journal," and the next year published 
"The Homoeopathic Guide." In 1871 he conceived 
the idea of establishing a home for foundlings; or, 
as he firmly believes and declares, he founded the 
home in obedience to the expressed desire of God. 
With $77.88 in hand he opened it, 80 Jan., 1871, 
trusting in the Lord to furnish the needed funds 
as wanted. On 9 May, 1874, possession was taken 
of a new building that cost $40,837. To this an 
addition was made in 1883-'4, making the aggre- 
gate cost of buildings $88,690. During the first 
thirteen years 4,978 children were received, of 
which 889 were given away, and 1,097 were restored 
to their parents. No state or municipal aid has 
ever been contributed to the support of the home, 
nor has Dr. Shipraan ever asked for any assistance. 
SHIPP, Albert Micajah, educator, b. in Stokes 
county, N. C, 15 Jan., 1819. He was graduated at 
the University of North Carolina in 1840, and re- 
ceived into the South Carolina Methodist confer- 
ence in 1841. In 1847 he became president of 
Greensborough female college. N. C, and in 1849 
professor of history and French in the University 
of North Carolina. He was made in 1859 president 
of Wofrord college, Spartanburg Court- House, S. C, 
in 1874 professor of exegetical and biblical theology 
in Vanaerbilt university, and in 1882 dean of the 
faculty and chancellor of that university. He 
originated the feature of biblical professorships in 
all Methodist institutions of learning, and was 
among the first to advocate biblical institutes for 



the proper education of preachers for the Methodist 
Episcopal church, south. He has been a member 
of every general conference since 1850. He has 
published *'The History of Methodism in South 
Carolina" (Nashville, 1882). 

SHIPP. Bernard, author, b. near Natchez, 
Miss., 80 April, 1818. His father, William Shipp, 
a native of Virginia, was a merchant of Natchez 
for thirty years. He was educated at Lexington, 
Ky., and at Philadelphia, and, after spending his 
youth and early manhood at Natchez, removed to 
Louisville, Kv. He published " Fame, and other 
Poems" (Philadelphia, 1848), and "The Progress 
of Freedom, and other Poems" (New York, 1852). 

SHIPPEN, Edward, mayor of Philadelphia, 
b. in Hillham, Cheshire, England, in 1639 ; a. in 
Philadelphia, Pa., 2 Oct, 1712. He was the son of 
William Shjppen. His brother, Rev. William 
Shippen, D. D., was rector of Stockport, Cheshire, 
and nis nephew, Robert Shippen, D. D., was prin- 
cipal of Brasenose college, and vice-chancellor of 
Oxford university. Edward was bred to mer- 
cantile pursuits, and emigrated to Boston, Mass., 
in 1668, where he became a wealthy merchant In 
1671 he became a member of the Ancient and hon- 
orable artillery company of Boston. He married 
Elizabeth Lybrand, a Quakeress, united with that 
sect and shared the " iailings, whippings, and ban- 
ishments, the fines ana imprisonments," that were 
inflicted on the Quakers. In 1693 Mr. Shippen was 
either banished or driven to take refuge in Phila- 
delphia. He did not quit Boston without erecting 
a memorial on "a M-een," near to "a pair of gal- 
lows, where several of our friends had suffered 
death for the truth, and were thrown into a hole." 
He asked leave of the magistrates to erect some 
more lasting monument there, but they were not 
willing. About the time he was leaving he gave a 
piece of land for a Friends' meeting-house, located 
In Brattle's pasture, on Brattle street near the site 
of the Quince v house, and on which was constructed 
the first brick church in Boston. In Philadelphia 
his wealth and character obtained for him position 
and influence. In 1695 he was elected to the as- 
sembly, and chosen speaker. In 1696 he was 
elected to the provincial council, of which he con- 
tinued a member till his death, and for ten vears 
he was the senior member. He was commissioned 
a justice of the peace in the same year, and in 1697 
a judge of the supreme court and the presiding 
judge of the courts of common pleas and quarter 
sessions and the orphan's court In 1701 he be- 
came mayor of Philadelphia, being so named in 
William Penn's city charter of that year, and dur- 
ing this year he was appointed by P'enn to be one 
of his commissioners of property, which office 
Shippen held till his death. As president of the 
council, he was the head of the government from 
May until December, 1703. In 1704, and for sev- 
eral years thereafter, he was chosen one of the 
aldermen, and from 1 June, 1705, till 1712 he was 
the treasurer of the city. He contracted his third 
marriage in 1706, which led to his withdrawal from 
the Society of Friends. His house long bore the 
name of ** the Governor's House." ** It was built 
in the early rise of the city, received then the name 
of « Shippen*8 Great House.' while Shippen himself 
was proverbially distinguished for three great 
things — * the biggest person, the biggest house, and 
the biggest coach.' "—His son, Joseph, b. in Boston, 
28 Feb., 1679 ; d. in Philadelphia in 1741. lived in 
Boston until 1704, when he moved to Philadelphia. 
He was among the men of science in his day, and 
in 1727 he joined Benjamin Franklin in founding 
the Junto •• for mutual information and the public 



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good" — Joseph's son, Edward, merchant, b. in 
Boston, Mass., 9 July, 1703 ; d. in Lancaster, Pa., 
25 Sept., 1781, was brought up to mercantile pur- 
suits by James Logan, and was in business with 
him in 1732, as Logan and Shippen; afterward 
with Thomas Lawrence, in the fur-trade, as Ship- 
pen and Lawrence. In 1744 he was elected mayor 
of the city. In 1745, and for several years there- 
after, he was one of the judges of the court of com- 
mon pleas. In May, 1752, he removed to Lancaster, 
where he was appointed prothonotary, and contin- 
ued such until 1778. He had large transactions as 
paymaster for supplies for the British and provin- 
cial forces when they were commanded by Gen. 
Forbes, Gen. Stanwiz, and Col. Bouquet, and man- 
aged them with so much integrity as to receive 
public thanks in 1760. He was a county judge 
under both the provincial and state governments. 
In early life he laid out and founded *Shippens- 
burg, Pa. In 1746-'8 he was one of the founders 
of the College of New Jersey, and he was one of its 
first board of trustees, which post he resigned in 

1767. He was also a subscriber to the Philadelphia 
academy (afterward the University of Pennsyl- 
vania), and was a founder of the Pennsylvania 
hospital and the American philosophical society. 
Mr. Shippen'8 advanced age prevented him from 
taking an active part, except as a committee-man, 
during the Revolution, vet his sentiments were 
warmly expressed in behalf of his country. — Will- 
iam, another son of Joseph, physician, b. in Phila- 
delphia, 1 Oct., 1712; d. in Germantown, Pa., 4 
Nov., 1801, applied himself early in life to the 
study of medicine, for which he had a remarkable 
genius. He speedily obtained a large and lucrative 
practice, which he maintained throughout his life. 
He was a member of the Junto, and aided in 
founding the Pennsylvania hospital, of which he 
was the physician from 1753 till 1778, the Public 
academy, and its successor, the College of Phila- 
delphia (now the University of Pennsylvania), 
being chosen in 1749 one of the first trustees of 
the academy. He was a trustee of the college in 
1755-' 79, and a member of the American philo- 
sophical society, of which he was vice-president in 

1768, and for many years after. He was for nearly 
sixty years* a member of the 2d Presbyterian 
church of Philadelphia, being (1742) one of its 
founders. On 20 Nov., 1778, he was chosen by the 
assembly of Pennsylvania to the Continental con- 
gress, and he was re-elected in 1779. He was for 
thirty years a trustee of Princeton college. Dr. 
Shippen was notably liberal toward the poor, and, 
it is said, not only gave his professional art and 
medicines without charge, but oftentimes assisted 
them by donations from his purse. He retained 
his physical powers very late in life, and it is said 
that M at the age of ninety he would ride in and 
out of the city on horseback without an overcoat 
in the coldest weather." — William's son, William, 
known as William Shippen the younger, physician, 
b. in Philadelphia, 21 Oct, 1786; d. in German- 
town, Pa., 11 July, 1808, was graduated at Prince- 
ton in 1754, and -delivered the valedictory for his 
class. He studied medicine with his father until 
1758, when he went to England, and studied under 
Dr. John and Dr. William Hunter and Dr. McKen- 
zie, and in 1761 was graduated M. D. at Edinburgh. 
Returning to Philadelphia in 1762. he entered on 
the practice of his profession, and on 16 N.ov., 
1762, he began the first course of lectures on anat- 
omy that was ever delivered in this country. The 
first were delivered at the state-house, and the 
subsequent ones in rooms that were constructed 
by his father for the purpose in the rear of the 



lattet^s residence. After the first lecture he made 
the following announcement in the " Pennsylvania 
Gazette " : "Dr. Shippen's anatomical lectures will 
begin to-morrow evening, at six o'clock, at his 
father's house in Fourth street. Tickets for the 
course to be had of the doctor at five pistoles each ; 
and any gentlemen who incline to see the subject 
prepared for the lectures, and learn the art of dis- 
secting, injecting, etc., are to pay five pistoles 
more.* Dr. Shippen's school of anatomy was con- 
tinued until 28 Sept., 1765, when he was chosen 
professor of anatomy and surgery in the newly 
established medical school of the College of Phila- 
delphia, of which he was one of the founders. 
This was the first medical school in this country. 
Dr. Shippen retained this post till 1780, when he 
was elected professor of anatomy, surgery, and 
midwifery m the University of the state of Penn- 
sylvania, and in 1791, on the union of these insti- 
tutions, under the name of the University of Penn- 
sylvania, he became professor of anatomy in the 
latter, retaining the place until 1806. On 15 July, 
1776, he was appointed chief physician of the Fly- 
ing camp. In March, 1777, he laid before congress 
a plan for the organization of a hospital depart- 
ment, which, with some modifications, was adopted, 
and on 11 April, 1777, he was unanimously elected 
" Director-General of all the Military Hospitals for 
the Armies of the United States." He was charged 
with an improper administration of the office, and 
arraigned before a military court, which led him to 
resign the post, 8 Jan., 1781. The investigation did 
not develop any matters reflecting on his integrity. 
In 1778-'9, and again from 1791 till 1802, he was 
one of the physicians of the Pennsylvania hospital 
He was for more than forty years a member of the 
American philosophical society, in which he held 
the offices of curator and secretary. His skill and 
eloquence as a teacher, exercised during forty years 
in the first medical school in the country, made him 
widely known at home and abroad, and won for him 
permanent distinction and respect in the medical 
world. — Edward, son of the second Edward, jurist, 
b. in Philadelphia, 16 
Feb., 1729: d. there, 
16 April, 1806, at the 
age of seventeen be- 
gan the study of the 
law with Tench Fran- 
cis, and, while pursu- 
ing his studies, draft- 
ed the first common 
recovery in Pennsyl- 
vania. In 1748 ne 
went to London to 
complete his law stud- 
ies at the Middle Tem- 
ple, and, returning to 
Philadelphia, was ad- 
mitted to the bar. On 
22 Nov., 1752, he was 
appointed judge of 
the vice - admiralty, 
and in 1755 he be- 
came one of the com- 
missioners to wait upon the *• Paxton Boys," who 
were engaged in an insurrection, to persuade them 
to disperse, which mission was successful. He held 
several local offices until the Revolution. He took 
a deep interest in the provincial wars, and watched 
and recorded every occasion when the provincial 
troop were successful. In 1762 he was appointed 
prothonotary of the supreme court, retaining this 
post till the Revolution. He became a member of 
the provincial council in 1770, in which office he 




U?du) uAx^ut^u 



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SHIPPEN 



SHIRLAW 



513 



served for five years. During the war for independ- 
ence he probably sympathized with the mother 
country, as he was, by order of the council, placed 
on his parole to give neither succor nor information 
to the enemy. He remained in Philadelphia during 
the British occupancy. In May, 1784, he was ap- 
pointed president judge of the court of common 
pleas, and in September of the same year he became 
a judge of the high court of errors and appeals, 
which latter office he retained until 1806, when the 
court was abolished. In 1785 he was chosen a jus- 
tice for the dock ward of Philadelphia, and in the 
same year was appointed president of the court of 

?uarter sessions of the peace and oyer and terminer, 
n 1791, at which time he was still at the head of 
.the court of common pleas, he was appointed an as- 
sociate justice of the supreme court, in which office 
he served till 1799. Gov. McKean then nominated 
Judge Shippen to be the chief justice, which office 
he resigned in 1805. He "was a man of large 
views," said Chief-Justice Til gh man. •• Everything 
that fell from that venerated man," said Judge 
Duncan, " is entitled to great respect" The best 
extant portrait of him is that by Gilbert Stuart, 
now in the Corcoran gallery in Washington, and is 
represented in the accompanying vignette. To his 
pen we owe the first law reports in Pennsylvania. 
In 1790 he received the degree of LL. D. from the 
University of Pennsylvania, of which institution 
he was a trustee from 1791 till his death. His 
third daughter, Margaret, b. in Philadelphia in 
1760; d. in London, 24 Aug., 1804, was second wife 
of Benedict Arnold. — Joseph, another son of the 
second Edward, soldier, b. in Philadelphia, 30 Oct, 
1732; d. in Lancaster, Pa., 10 Feb., 1810, was 
graduated at Princeton in 1753, and shortly after- 
ward entered the provincial army, in which he rose 
to the rank of colonel, and served in the expedition 
that captured Fort Du Quesne. After the troops 
were disbanded he went to Europe, partly on a 
mercantile venture, but chiefly for travel. He re- 
turned to Philadelphia in 1761, and in the follow- 
ing year was chosen to succeed the Rev. Richard 
Peters as secretary of the province, in which post 
he served until the Revolution, when the provincial 
council ceased to exist He subsequently removed 
to Lancaster, Pa., where in 1789 he became a judge 
of the county courts. He was fond of the fine arts, 
early noted Benjamin West's genius, and, with 
William Allen and other friends, greatly aided 
him with means forpursuing his artistic studies 
in Italy, for which West was grateful during life. 
He was for more than forty years a member of the 
American philosophical society. — Edward, great- 

Sandson of the second Edward, lawyer, b. on his 
ther's estate, " Elm Hill," Lancaster co., Pa., 16 
Nov., 1821, was the son of Dr. Joseph Galloway 
Shippen. He received an academical education, 
studied law, and. on 11 April, 1846, was admitted 
to the bar in Philadelphia, where he has since prac- 
tised, gaining reputation in his profession. Mr. 
Shippen is known for his active interest in educa- 
tion. He was for many years a member of the 
board of public education in Philadelphia, and 
from 1864 till 1869 its president He has been a 
delegate to several national educational conven- 
tions, before some of which he has delivered im- 
portant addresses. He is one of the founders of 
the Teachers' institute and of the Teachers* benevo- 
lent association of Philadelphia. By an appoint- 
ment of the mikado, he was for many years in 
charge of the Japanese boys that were sent by the 
government of Japan to this country to be edu- 
cated. During the civil war he was chief of the 
educational department of the sanitary commis- 
vol. v.— 33 



sion. During the Centennial exposition in 1876 
Mr. Shippen was the president of the Chilian com- 
mission. For his benevolent interest in the Ital- 
ians in Philadelphia he received, on 10 Oct., 1877, 
from Victor Emanuel, the order of Cavaliere della 
Corona d'ltalia. He is the president of the art 
club of Philadelphia. He is consul for the Argen- 
tine Republic, Chili, and Ecuador, at Philadelphia, 
and has filled these posts for many years. Several 
of Mr. Shippen's addresses on educational subjects 
have been published, among them one on the dedi- 
cation of the Hollingsworth school, 31 Oct, 1867 
(Philadelphia, 1867) ; •* Compensation of Teachers " 
(1872); and " Educational Antiques" (1874).— Ed- 
ward, great-grandson of Chief-Justice Edward, 
surgeon, b. in New Jersey, 18 June, 1826, is the son 
of Richard Shippen. He was graduated at Prince- 
ton in 1845, and at the medical department of the 
University of Pennsylvania in 1848, entered the 
navy as assistant surgeon, 7 Aug., 1849, and was 
commissioned sugeon, 26 April, 1861. He was on 
the " Congress" when she was destroyed by the 
44 Merrimac " at Newport News, Va., and was in- 
jured by a shell, and in 1864-'5 was on the iron- 
clad frigate " New Ironsides " in both attacks on 
Fort Fisher and the operations of Bermuda Hun- 
dred. He made the Russian cruise under Admiral 
Farragut, was commissioned medical inspector in 
1871, was fleet-surgeon of the European squadron 
in 1871-*3, in charge of the Naval hospital in 
1874-7, commissioned medical director in 1876, 
and was president of the naval medical examining 
board at Philadelphia in 188a-*2. Dr. Shippen 
has contributed largely to Hamersley's "Naval 
Encyclopedia," the •• United Service Magazine," 
and to kindred publications. 

SHIPPIN, William, soldier, b. about 1745; d. 
near Princeton, N. J., 3 Jan., 1777. He followed 
the sea in his youth, was a soldier in the royal 
army about 1769, and subsequently engaged in the 

E revision business in Philadelphia. In March, 1776, 
e was commissioned as captain of a privateer, and 
later in the year he commanded the marines in a 
schooner cruising in Delaware river, which took 
several prizes. His force was transferred to an 
armed boat, and afterward joined Washington's 
army. He was killed in the battle of Princeton. 

SHIRAS, Alexander Eakln, soldier, b. in 
Philadelphia, Pa., 10 Aug., 1812 ; d. in Washing- 
ton, D. C., 14 April, 1875. His grandfather emi- 
grated from Petershead, Scotland, about 1765. 
The son was appointed to the U. S. military acad- 
emy through his uncle, Maj. Constantine M. Eakin, 
ana was graduated there in 1833. He was assigned 
to the 4th artillery, and served on frontier and 
garrison duty till 1839, when he was assistant pro- 
fessor of mathematics at West Point till 1843. He 
was made commissary of subsistence, 3 March, 
1847, with the staff rank of captain, and served in 
the subsistence bureau in Washington till his 
death, rising to the head of his department, with 
the rank of brigadier-general, which he attained 
on 23 June. 1874. A large share of the credit for 
the manner in which the National armies were 
supplied during the civil war is due to Oen. Shiras. 
At the close of the war he was brevetted brigadier- 
general and major-general, U. S. army. 

SHIRLAW, Walter, artist, b. in Paisley, Scot- 
land, 6 Aug., 1838. He came to the United States 
with his parents in 1840, and later followed for 
some time the occupation of bank-note engraving. 
He first exhibited at the National academy in 
1861, and subsequently decided to devote himself 
altogether to art He was elected an academician 
of the Chicago academy of design in 1868. In 



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514 



SHIRLET 



SHOCK 



1870-7 he studied in Munich, under George Raab, 
Richard Wagner, Arthur George von Ramberg, 
and Wilhelm Lindenschmidt. His first work of 
importance was the " Toning of the Bell " (1874), 
which was followed by " Sheep-shearing in the 
Bavarian Highlands** (1876). The latter, which is 
probably the best of his works, received honorable 
mention at the Paris exposition in 1878. Other 
notable works from his easel are " Good Morning,*' 
in the Buffalo academy (1878) ; " Indian Girl ** and 
-Very Old** (1880); - Gossip '* (1884) ; and "Jeal- 
ousy * (18861 owned by the Academy of design, New 
York. His largest work is the frieze for the dining- 
room in the house of Darius O. Mills, New Yorlc. 
Mr. Shirlaw has also earned an excellent reputation 
as an illustrator. He was one of the founders of 
the Society of American artists, and was its first 
president. On his return from Europe he took 
charge of the Art students* league, New York, and 
for several years taught in the composition class. 
He became an associate of the National academy 
in 1887, and an academician the following year. 

SHIRLEY, John Milton, lawyer, b. in San bom- 
ton, N. H., 16 Nov., 1831 ; d. in Andover, N. H., 
21 May, 1887. He was educated at Sanbornton 
and the Northfield conference seminary, studied 
law, and was admitted to the bar in 1854. He rep- 
resented Andover in the legislature in 1859-*o0, 
and was postmaster of that place from 1856 till 
1869. He published " The Early Jurisprudence of 
New Hampshire *' ; •* Complete History of the Dart- 
mouth College Case**; u Reports of Cases in the 
Supreme Judicial Court,** vols. 40-54 (Concord, 
1872-*5) ; and " Reports of Cases in the Superior 
Court of Judicature,** voL 55 (1876). 

SHIRLEY, Paul, naval officer, b. in Kentucky, 
19 Dec, 1820; d. in Columbus, Ohio, 24 No?., 1876. 
He entered the navy in 1889 became master, 8 
Dec., 1858 ; lieutenant, 21 July, 1854 ; commander, 
5 Nov., 1868; and captain, 1 July, 1870. While in 
command of the sloop "Cyane," of the Pacific 
squadron, he captured the piratical cruiser " J. M. 
Cnapman ** in 1868, for which service he was com- 
plimented bv Rear- Admiral Charles H. Bell. He 
also, while m command of the " Suwanee,** took 
the piratical steamer "Colon," at Cape St. Lucas, 
Lower California, and thereby saved two mail- 
steamers that would have been captured. He was 
fleet-captain of the North Pacific squadron, and 
commanded the flag-ship " Pensacola^* in 1867-*8, 
and was in charge of the receiving-ship "Inde- 
pendence," at Mare island, Cal., in 1869-'7(). 

SHIRLEY, William, colonial governor of Mas- 
sachusetts, b. in Preston, Sussex, England, in 1698 ; 
d. in Roxbury, Mass., 24 March. 1771. He studied 
law and came to Boston in 1784, where he prac- 
tised his profession. He was a commissioner for 
the settlement of the boundary between Massa- 
chusetts and Rhode Island, and acted as such 
when he was appointed governor of Massachusetts 
in 1741. He administered the government of the 
colony until 1745, and in this year planned the 
successful expedition against (Jape Breton. He 
was in England from 1745 till 1753, and was one 
of the commissioners at Paris for settling the 
limits of Nova Scotia and other controverted 
rights in 1750. In 1758 he returned as governor 
of Massachusetts, treated with the eastern Indians 
in 1754, explored Kennebec river, and erected 
several forts. He was commander-in-chief of the 
forces in British North America at the opening of 
the French war in 1755. planned the expedition 
of Gen. John Prideaux against Niagara, and went 
with it as far as Oswego. In 1759 he was made 
lieutenant-general, and: he afterward became gov- 




/jffifor^ 



ernor of one of the Bahama islands, but returned 
to Massachusetts in 1770 and built the mansion in 
Roxbury that was 
afterward the resi- 
dence of Gov. Eus- 
tis. He published 
44 Electro," a tragedy; 
41 Birth of Hercules,** 
a mask ; a " Letter to 
the Duke of New- 
castle,'* with a jour- 
nal of the " Siege of 
Louisburg** (1745); 
and the " Conduct of 
Gen. William Shirley 
brifly stated '* (Lon- 
don, 1758).— His son, 
William, was killed 
with Gen. Braddock 
in 1755. — Another 
son, Sir Thomas, b. in 
Boston ; d. in March, 
1800, was a major- 
general in the Brit- 
ish armv, created a baronet in 1786, and was gov- 
ernor of the Leeward islands. 

SHOBER, Gottlieb, clergyman, b. in Bethle- 
hem, Pa., 1 Nov., 1756; d. in Salem, S.C., 27 June, 
1888. His parents removed when he was young to 
Bethabara, a Moravian settlement in the south, 
and gave him a common-school education. He 
taught for a few years, then learned the trade of 
a tinsmith, and began business in Salem, S. C, 
where he soon combined a bookstore with his tin- 
shop, became postmaster, and built the first paper- 
mill south of the Potomac While an apprentice 
he had studied law, was admitted to the bar, and 
soon acquired an extensive practice among the 
German settlers. Later he became a large land- 
owner, had numerous slaves, and was frequently 
elected to the legislature. After his fiftieth year 
he desired to enter the ministry, but, finding it im- 
possible to take the long theological course that 
was required by the Moravian church, he induced 
the village authorities to make a change in their 
laws, which, being confirmed by the legislature, 
permitted another denomination within their 
borough. He then took a course of reading, and 
in 1811 was appointed bv the Lutheran synod 
pastor at Salem. The indignant Moravians tried 
to compel him to leave the town, but he proved 
his right to remain by their own recent enact- 
ment, and labored there gratuitously till a few 
years before his death. He was a founder of the 
general synod of the Lutheran church, of which 
he was president in 1825, and one of the com- 
mittee to prepare a Lutheran hymn-book, and to 
Publish the translation of Luther's catechism. In 
825 he was a director of the theological institu- 
tion which adopted measures for the formation of 
the seminary at Gettysburg, Pa., to which he left 
three thousand acres of land. He translated Sel- 
ling's " Scenes in the World of Spirits,** and pre- 
pared " A Comprehensive Account of the Rise and 
Progress of the Christian Church by Dr. Martin 
Luther** (Baltimore, Md., 1818). 

SHOCK, William Henry, naval officer, b. in 
Baltimore, Md., 15 June, 1821. He entered the 
navy as 3d assistant engineer, 18 Jan., 1845, and 
served in the Mexican war. He was promoted 2d 
assistant engineer, 10 July, 1847, became 1st assist- 
ant engineer, 81 Oct., 1848, was senior engineer of 
the coast-survey steamer " Legaree *' in 1849, and 
superintended the construction of the machinery 
of the steamer " Susquehanna ** at Philadelphia iff 



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SHOEMAKER 



SHOLES 



515 



1850-'1. He was promoted to chief engineer, 11 
March, 1851, superintended the construction of 
the machinery of the steamer "Princeton" at 
Boston in 1851-% and, after a year's service as 
engineer inspector of U. S. mail steamers, made a 
cruise as chief engineer of the " Princeton " and 
superintended the construction of marine-engines 
at West Point, N. Y., in 1854-'5. He was president 
of the examining board of engineers in 1860-'2, 
after which he superintended the building of river 
monitors at St Louis, Mo., in 1862-'3. He was 
fleet -engineer under Admiral Farragut during 
the operations at Mobile, where he rendered valu- 
able services, as also under Admiral Thatcher in 
1863-'5. In the summer of 1870 he was tempo- 
rarily appointed chief of the bureau of steam 
engineering, which post he filled again in 1871, 
and received the written thanks of the department 
for the efficient manner in which he had dis- 
charged the duties. In 1873 he went to Europe to 
inspect foreign dock-yards and to represent the 
bureau of steam engineering at the Vienna exhibi- 
tion, and was appointed one of the American 
judges of award oy the president. He was ap- 
pointed engineer-in-chief of the navy, 8 March, 
1877, in which capacity he served until 15 June, 
1888, when he was retired. He has been for many 
years an active member of the Franklin institute 
of Philadelphia and a contributor to the journal of 
that institution. In 1868 he designed and construct- 
ed projectiles to have a rotary motion when fired 
from smooth - bore 
guns, the experi- 
ments with which 
resulted satisfactori- 
ly. He has also in- 
vented and patented 
a relieving cushion 
for wire ngging for 
ships, which nasbeeu 
adopted in the navy 
(18o9), a projectile 
for small arms, im- 
proving the efficien- 
cy of muskets (1870), 
and steam radiators 
and attachments for 
heating purposes 
(1874). He is the 
author of u Steam 
Boilers : their De- 
sign, Construction, 
and Management " (New York, 1881). This became 
the text-book of the U. S. naval academy on the 
subject and is a standard work. 

SHOEMAKER, George Washington, invent- 
or, b. near Williamsport, Pa., 14 Dec., 1861. He 
received his education at Keystone academy, Fac- 
toryville, Pa., and then entered his father's woollen- 
mill. Having mechanical ability, he made various 
improvements in the plant, and in 1886 invented a 
ring-machine, by which wool-spinning may be car- 
ried on continuously. With the Crompton mule, 
now in general use, an output of 150 pounds is ob- 
tained in teu hours with 250 spindles, while the 
new system, with an equal number of spindles, has 
given during the same time 640 pounds of yarn. 
It is estimated that, under favorable conditions, 
from 800 to 1,000 pounds of yarn can be produced 
in ten hours. The cost of a machine of the Shoe- 
maker type is much less than that of the other. 

SHOEMAKER, William Lokens. poet, b. in 
Georgetown, D. C. 19 July, 1822. He is of Quaker 
descent. After graduation at Jefferson college in 
1841 he entered the medical department of the 




fi7f&~^! 



University of Pennsylvania, where he took his de- 
gree in 1846, but has never practised. He has writ- 
ten many poems, sonnets, and translations of Ger- 
man ballads and lyrics, but they have never been 
published in book-form. The best known of them 
are " The Sweetheart Bird-Song," which was set to 
music by Michael Balfe, "The Sabbath of the 
Year," and "Twill Soon be Dark." Some of bis 
verses are included in John J. Piatt's ** Union of 
American Poetry and Art " (Cincinnati, 1880-'l). 

SHOLES, Charles Clark, journalist, b. in Nor- 
wich, Conn., 8 Jan., 1816; d. in Kenosha, Wis., 
5 Oct, 1867. He was brought up in Danville, 
Pa., and there learned the trade of printing, after 
which he went to Harrisburg and engaged as a 
journeyman in the newspaper - office of Simon 
Cameron. In 1886 he went to Wisconsin and 
conducted in Green Bay the first journal in that 
part of the west. Mr. Snoles was soon appointed 
clerk of the territorial district court, and in 1887 
was elected to the territorial legislature from 
Brown county. In 1838 he purchased in Madison 
the " Wisconsin Inquirer," and early in 1840 the 
" Kenosha Telegraph," but subsequent business en- 
gagements compelled him to relinquish these jour- 
nals. He fixed his residence in Kenosha in 1847, 
of which place he was several times mayor, fre- 
quently represented Kenosha county both in the 
assembly and senate of the state, and in one ses- 
sion was chosen speaker of the former body. In 
1856 he was the Republican* candidate for lieuten- 
ant-governor, but failed of election. Mr. Sholea 
was one of the early organizers of what afterward 
grew into the Northwestern telegraph company, 
with which corporation he was connected at the 
time of his death. He was an active Abolitionist 
and zealous promoter of the cause of popular edu- 
cation.— His brother, Christopher Latham, in- 
ventor, b. in Mooresburg, Pa., 14 Feb., 1819, was edu- 
cated in private schools in Columbia and North- 
umberland counties. Pa., and then followed the 
printer's trade. In 1819 he went to Wisconsin and 
was postmaster of Kenosha during Polk's admin- 
istration. He was a member from Racine county, 
of the first state senate in 1848, and was elected to 
the assembly in 1851-*2, and again to the senate in 
1856-'8. Duringtheadministrations of Lincoln and 
Johnson he held the office of collector of customs of 
the port of Milwaukee and he was commissioner of 
public works for Milwaukee in 1 869-' 78, and again 
in 1876- '8. Mr. Sboles was a member of the school 
board of Milwaukee in 1870-'l, part of which time 
he was its president. In addition to bis work as a 
journalist, which has been his profession when not 
holding office, he has interested himself in inven- 
tions, the most important of which is the type- 
writing machine that was introduced through the 
firm of E. Remington and Sons. It was begun in 
1866, and when patented in 1868 was about the 
size of a sewing-machine. It is worked with let- 
tered keys arranged in four rows, each type-carrier 
being thrown up as its key is struck. The type 
letters are engraved on the ends of steel bars, which 
are pivoted in the circumference of a circle, so that 
the end of each bar will strike at the same point 
in the centre of the circle. An inked ribbon passes 
over the centre of the circle, and over the whole 
a cylinder carries the paper to receive the impres- 
sion. The cylinder, by a spring and ratchet move- 
ment, revqlves the width of a letter, and when a line 
is completed it is also given a lateral movement. 
In 1878 this invention passed into the hands of the 
Remingtons for manufacture, since which time 
many minor improvements have been added to it, 
increasing its usefulness. 



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516 



SHORT 



SHOUP 



SHORT, Charles, educator, b. in Haverhill, 
Mass., 28 May, 1821 ; d. in New York city, 24 Dec, 
1886. He was graduated at Harvard in 1846. From 
1847 till 1863 he was classical instructor in Roxbury 
and Philadelphia, and in the latter year he became 
president of Kenvon college, Ohio, and professor 
of moral and intellectual imilosophy. In 1868 he 
was called as professor of Latin to Columbia col- 
lege, where 7 he remained until his death. In 1871 
Dr. Short was appointed a member of the Ameri- 
can committee for the revision of the New Testa- 
ment, and subsequently he was secretary of that 
body. "Dr. Short," says the Rev. Talbot W. 
Chambers, "was remarkable as a painstaking 
scholar, who would have contributed more to clas- 
sical literature but for his reluctance to let any- 
thing pass from his pen till he had exhausted his 
ability upon it." He was a member of many 
learned societies, to which he contributed papers 
of much originality. He was also a mernoer of 
the Century club, and a vestryman in St. Thomas's 
church, New York city, where a tablet has been 
erected to his memory. He received the degree of 
LL. D. from Kenyon college in 1868. His works 
include revisions of Schmitz and Zumpt's "Ad- 
vanced Latin Exercises " (1860), and Mitchell's new 
" Ancient Geography " ; translations from the Ger- 
man for Herzogs "Real Encyclopedia " (1860): 
the essay " On the Order of Words in Attic-Greek 
Prose," prefixed to Yonge's " English-Greek Lexi- 
con," the most exhaustive treatise that has yet ap- 
peared on the subject (1870) ; and, with Charlton 
T. Lewis, a new edition of Andrews's Freund's 
" Latin Lexicon " (1876). He was also a contribu- 
tor to various reviews. 

SHORT, Charles Wilkin*, botanist, b. in 
Woodford county, Ky., 6 Oct., 1794 ; d. in Louis- 
ville, Ky., 7 March, 1863. He was graduated at 
Transylvania university in 1810, and at the medi- 
cal department of the University of Pennsylvania 
in 1815, and in 1825 was called to the chair of ma- 
teria raedica and medical botany in Transylvania 
university. In 1838 he removed to Louisville, Ky., 
where he was associated with Dr. Charles Caldwell, 
Dr. Lunsford P. Yandell, Dr. John Esten Cooke, 
and Dr. Daniel Drake in founding the medical 
department of the University of Louisville, and 
continued to hold a chair in that institution until 
1849, when he retired. He then devoted himself 
to the collection of plants and flowers, and, with 
Dr. Robert Peter, and Henry A. Griswold, prepared 
" Plants of Kentucky." Dr. Short was one of the 
editors of the " Transylvania Journal of Medicine " 
in 1828-'39, and the author of various botanical 
notices. At his death his vast herbarium, the re- 
sult of his life-long collections and exchanges, was 
bequeathed to the Smithsonian institution. It is 
now in the possession of the Academy of natural 
sciences in rhiladelphia. 



SHORT, William, diplomatist, b. in Spring 
larden, Va., 30 Sept., 1759; d. in Philadelphia, 
Pa., 5 Dec., 1849. He was educated at William 



and Mary college, and at an early age was chosen 
a member of the executive council of Virginia. 
When Thomas Jefferson was appointed minister 
to France in 1785, Short accompanied him as 
secretary of legation, and after his departure was 
made char^6 d'affaires on 26 Sept., 1789, his com- 
mission being the first one that was signed by Gen. 
Washington as president, but he was not regularly 
commissioned till 20 April, 1790. He was trans- 
ferred to the Hague as minister-resident on 16 
Jan., 1792. On 19 Dec. of the same year he left 
for Madrid, having been appointed on 18 March 
commissioner plenipotentiary with William Car- 



michael to treat with the Spanish government con- 
cerning the Florida and Mississippi boundaries, 
the navigation of the Mississippi, commercial 
privileges, and other open questions. When Car- 
michael, who was charge d'affaires, left for home 
Short was commissioned as minister-resident, 28 
May,. 1794, with power, as sole commissioner, to 
conclude the negotiations, which resulted in the 
treaty of friendship, commerce, and boundaries 
that was signed on 27 Oct., 1795. He left for 
Paris three days later, and returned to the United 
States soon afterward. His state papers, especially 
those relating to the Spanish negotiations, are 
marked by ability and research. 

SHORT ALL, John George, humanitarian, b. 
in Dublin, Ireland, 20 Sept., 1838. He came to 
the United States with his parents when he was 
about six years of age, and from his thirteenth till 
his sixteenth year was in the employ of Horace 
Greeley in the New York " Tribune " office. After 
working a few weeks on the Chicago " Tribune " 
he entered upon the business of making records of 
abstracts of title to lands in Cook county. 111. His 
records were so complete and reliable that, with 
those of other firms, they formed a sufficient basis 
to establish titles of the real estate in Cook county 
after the destruction of most of the county recorda 
in the great fire of 1871. Mr. Shortall did great 
service in the collection and preservation of his 
valuable abstracts of title. His services and ma- 
terial aid in efforts for the elevation of humanity 
and the prevention of cruelty to animals have 
made his name revered as one who had done and 
is doing for Chicago in the way of reform what 
Henry Bergh and George T. Angell have done for 
New York and Boston. He is president of the 
Illinois humane society, and is associated with the 
National and State humane associations. 

SHORTER, James Alexander, A. M. E. 
bishop, b. in Washington, D. C, 4 Feb., 1817. He 
is of African descent. After entering the itinerant 
ministry of the African Methodist Episcopal church 
in April, 1846, he held a pastorate in Cincinnati, 
Ohio, in 1863, and organized the women of his 
church into bands for the relief of the freed men 
that flocked thither. He was elected bishop in 
1868, and sent more fully to organize the church 
in the extreme southwest, Arkansas, Louisiana, 
and Texas. He was one of the delegates to the 
Methodist ecumenical council in London, Eng- 
land, in 1881, and continued his travels into France 
and Switzerland. As president of the missionary 
society of his church, he has succeeded in opening 
the work in Hayti and Africa, whither missionaries 
have been sent. 

SHORTER, John GUI, governor of Alabama, 
b. in Jasper county, Ga., in 1818; d. in Eufalau, Ala., 
29 May, 1872. He was graduated at the University 
of Georgia in 1837, and soon afterward began the 
practice of law in Eufaula, Ala. In 1842 he was ap- 
pointed state's attorney, and he subsequently was 
a member of both branches of the legislature. He 
was appointed circuit judge in 1852, and continued 
in this office for nine years. At the beginning of 
the civil war he was appointed commissioner from 
Alabama to Georgia, and in 1861 he was a member 
of the provisional Confederate congress. In the 
same year he was elected governor of the state, 
serving till 1863. He was an active member of 
the Baptist denomination. 

SHOUP, Francis Asbury, soldier, b. in Laurel, 
Franklin co., Ind., 22 March, 1834. He was gradu- 
ated at the U. S. military academy in 1855, and 
assigned to the artillery, but resigned, 10 Jan., I860. 
He then studied law, was admitted to the bar at 



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Indianapolis, and moved to St. Augustine, Fla., 
early in 1861. He erected a battery at Fernandina 
under orders of the governor of Florida, was ap- 
pointed lieutenant in the Confederate army, became 
major of artillery in October, 1861, and was as- 
signed to duty with Gen. Hardee in the trans- 
Mississippi department. He was afterward with 
Gen. Albert Sidney Johnston at Shiloh as senior 
artillery officer of his army, and massed the artil- 
lery against Gen. Prentiss s position. He was in- 
spector of artillery under Gen. Beauregard after the 
latter 's succession to the command, subsequently 
served under Hindman as chief of artillery, com- 
manded a division, as major, at the battle of 
Prairie Grove, and was appointed brigadier -gen- 
eral, 12 Sept, 1862, and ordered on duty at Mobile, 
Ala. Afterward he commanded a Louisiana bri- 
gade at Vicksburg. and received the first attack of 
the National forces. He surrendered at that place, 
and after his exchange was chief of artillery to 
Gen. Joseph E. Johnston, and constructed the de- 
fensive works on Chattahoochee river. On the 
succession of Gen. John B. Hood to the command 
of the army in July, 1864, Gen. Shoup was made 
chief of staff. He was relieved at his own request, 
and prepared a pamphlet, which was submitted to 
the Confederate congress, recommending the en- 
listment of negro troops. After the close of the 
war in 1866 he was elected to the chair of applied 
mathematics in the University of Mississippi. He 
then studied for the ministry, took orders in the 
Protestant Episcopal church, and has been rector 
of churches in Waterford, N. Y., Nashville. Tenn., 
Jackson, Miss., and New Orleans, La. He was 
professor of metaphysics in the University of the 
south in 1883-'8. He is the author of " Infantry 
Tactics " (Little Rock, Ark., 1862) ; " Artillery 
Division Drill" (Atlanta, 1864); and "Elements 
of Algebra" (New York, 1874). 

SHREVE, Henry Miller, inventor, b. in Bur- 
lington county, N. J., 21 Oct., 1785 ; d. in St. Louis, 
Mo., 6 March, 1854. He was educated in western 
Pennsylvania, and as a boy became interested in 
the navigation of western rivers. In 1810 he 
carried the first cargo of lead that was taken by 
an American from Galena river to New Orleans, 
thus establishing a business that previously had 
been exclusively in the hands of the British. Dur- 
ing the war of 1812 he conveyed supplies to Fort 
St Philip past the British batteries by protecting 
his vessel with cotton-bales. At the battle of 
New Orleans he had charge of one of the field- 
pieces that proved so destructive to that column 
of the British army that was led by Gen. Sir 
John Keane. In May, 1815, he ascended'the Missis- 
sippi to Louisville in the " Enterprise," the first 
steam vessel that ever performed that voyage, and 
subsequently he built the *• Washington " on a plan 
of his own invention, with improvements that 
made it superior to Robert Fulton's boat. By 
using a cam cut-off that he devised, he was able to 
save three fifths of the fuel. In March, 1817, his 
vessel made its first trip laden with passengers and 
freight, and demonstrated its superiority. When 
its success was thoroughly shown, Fulton and his 
associates, having the exclusive right " to navigate 
all vessels propelled by fire and steam in the rivers 
of said territory," entered suit against him and 
seized his boats ; but the case was decided in his 
favor. In 1826 he was appointed superintendent 
of western river improvements, which place he 
held until 1841. During that time he had charge 
of the removal of the great Red river raft, " con- 
sisting of an accumulation of trees, logs, and drift- 
wood of every description firmly imbedded in its 



channel for more than 160 miles," and in conse- 
quence the river was opened for a distance of 1,200 
miles. He built the snag-boat "Heliopolis" in 
1829 for removing snags and '* sawyers " from Ohio 
river, and during the same year invented a steam 
marine battering-ram for harbor defence. 

SHREVE, Thomas H., journalist, b. in Alex- 
andria, Va., in 1808; d. in Louisville, Ky., 23 
Dec., 1858. He was educated in the academy at 
Alexandria, engaged in mercantile pursuits, settled 
in Cincinnati in 1830, and in 1834 purchased a 
share in the " Mirror," a weekly literary journal. 
In 1838 he established himself as a merchant in 
Louisville, and subsequently he became one of the 
editors of the Louisville "Journal." From the 
time of his editorial connection with the Cincin- 
nati " Mirror " he contributed essays and poems to 
magazines. He published " Drayton, an American 
Tale " (New York, 1851). Some of his verses are 
reprinted in William T. CoggeshalTs " Poets and 
Poetry of the West " (Columbus, I860).— His cousin, 
Samuel Henry, engineer, b. in Trenton. N. J., 
2 Aug., 1829; d. in New York city, 27 Nov., 
1884. He was graduated at Princeton in 1848, 
and at Harvard law-school in 1850, ahd after- 
ward studied civil engineering. He had charge of 
the construction of several railroads, and became 
in 1875 engineer of the New York rapid transit com- 
mission. He was consulting engineer of the Metro- 
S)litan elevated railroad and engineer-in-chief of the 
rooklyn elevated railroad. He was the author of 
a work on " The Strength of Bridges and Roofs " 
(New York, 1873), which was translated into 
French, and at the time of his death had almost 
completed a treatise on the " Theory of the Arch." 

SHUBRICK, John Templar, naval officer, b. 
on Bull's island, S. C, 12 Sept, 1788 ; d. at sea in 
the summer of 1815. His father was colonel in 
the Revolutionary army under Gen. Nathanael 
Greene, and his aiae at the battle of Eutaw Springs. 
The son entered the navy as midshipman, 19 Aug., 
1806, was attached to the "Chesapeake" during 
the surrender to the British ship ** Leopard," and 
remained in that vessel under Decatur until 1808. 
He was commissioned lieutenant, 28 May, 1812, 
attached to the •* Constitution " during her escape 
from the British fleet in July. 1812, and participated 
in the capture of the " Guerriere " and " Java.** On 
6 Jan., 1813, he was transferred to the '* Hornet," 
and was executive officer at the capture of the 
British brier "Peacock," 24 Feb., 1813. He was 
next transferred to the " President," of which he 
acted as executive at its capture by a British fleet, 
15 Jan., 1815. He was carried a prisoner to Ber- 
muda, but released at the end of the war. He 
received three silver medals and votes of thanks 
from congress for assisting in the capture of the 
"Guerriere," "Java," and "Peacock." South 
Carolina gave him a vote of thanks and a sword. 
On 20 May, 1815. he sailed as executive of the 
" Guerriere ' to Algiers, where he assisted at the 
capture of an Algerine frigate and brig, and in 
the demonstration by which Decatur obtained the 
treaty with Algiers. He was assigned to command 
the brig ** fipervier," and sailed from Algiers early 
in July, 1815, with a copy of the treaty for ratifi- 
cation. The brig was lost at sea with all on board. 
—His brother, William Branford, naval officer, 
b. on Bull's island, S. C, 31 Oct, 1790 ; d. in Wash- 
ington, D. C, 27 May, 1874, entered the navy as 
midshipman, 19 Aug., 1806, was commissioned 
lieutenant, 5 Jan., 1813, commanded a gun-boat in 
Hampton Roads in 1813, and assisted in defending 
Norfolk against the British. He was 3d lieutenant 
of the " Constitution " at the capture of the " Cy- 



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SHUBRICK 



SHUCK 



ane " and " Levant," 23 Feb., 1815, and executive in 
her subsequent escape from a British fleet He re- 
ceived a silver medal, and was included in the vote 
of thanks by congress to Stewart and his officers, and 

South Carolina 
gave him thanks 
and a sword 
for his services. 
He was com- 
missioned mas- 
ter-commandant, 
28 March, 1820, 
and captain, 21 
Feb., 1881, com- 
manded the West 
India squadron 
in 1838-*40, and 
was chief of the 
bureau of provis- 
ions and cloth- 
ing in 1845 -'6. 
On 22 Jan., 1847, 
Sys/1 s sT s > * ne arrived on the 
yt^//^u^u-^yyUc^i<^. coagt f Califor- 
nia in the " Inde- 
pendence," and assumed command-in-chief of the 
U. S. naval force in the Pacific. He captured the 
city of Mazatlan, 11 Nov., 1847, and, landing the 
naval brigade, held it against superior forces. He 
also took Guaymas, La Paz, and San Bias, which 
places, together with other ports in Mexico and Cali- 
fornia, he held until the close of the war. He com- 
manded the "Princeton'* in 1853, with a small 
squadron, to protect the fisheries in a dispute with 
the British, was chief of the bureau of construc- 
tion in 1853, chairman of the light-house board in 
1854-'8, and in 1858 was appointed to command a 
fleet of 19 vessels with 200 guns and 2,500 men, fly- 
ing the flag of a vice-admiral, to operate against 
Paraguay for firing upon the U. S. steamer " Water- 
Witch." He reached Asuncion, 25 Jan., 1859, and by 
display of force obtained apologies and pecuniary 
indemnity on 10 Feb. The president highly com- 
mended his zeal and ability in the conduct of this 
mission, and the president of the Argentine Confed- 
eration presentea him with a sword. In 1881 unsuc- 
cessful efforts were made to induce him to join the 
Confederates in behalf of his native state. In De- 
cember, 1861, he was placed on the retired list, but he 
continued on duty as chairman of the light-house 
board from 1860 till 1870.— Another brother, Ed- 
ward Rutledge, naval officer, b. in South Caro- 
lina in 1794 ; d. at sea, 12 March, 1844, entered 
the navy as midshipman, 16 Jan., 1809. He served 
during the war of 1812~'15 on the ** President," 
in the long cruises of Com. John Rodgers, and 
became lieutenant, 9 Oct, 1813. He was commis- 
sioned commander, 24 April, 1828, had charge of 
the sloop "Vincennes" in the West Indies in 
1830-'3, and became captain, 9 Feb., 1837. He 
took command of the frigate " Columbia," 22 July, 
1842, on the Brazil stat ion, and died at sea. — An- 
other brother, Irvine, naval officer, b. in South 
Carolina in 1798; d. in Wilmington, Del., 5 April, 
1849, entered the navy as midshipman, 12 May, 
1814, served in the "President" under Decatur 
when that vessel was captured by the British, 15 
Jan., 1815, was in the " Guerriere in the Algerine 
war in 1815. when Decatur captured the Algerine 
frigate, and assisted in suppressing piracy in the 
West Indies while attached to the sloop •• Hornet " 
in 1821-3. He was commissioned lieutenant, 18 
Jan., 1825, was executive officer of the " Potomac," 
on the Pacific station, in 1831-'4, and commanded 
the landing-party from that vessel on 6 Feb., 1832, 



in the attack on the Malay town of Quallah Battoo, 
Sumatra, which he destroyed to avenge the capture 
and plunder of the American ship "Friendship" 
the year before. He was highly commended for 
ability and gallantry in the conduct of this expedi- 
tion. After being commissioned commander, 8 
Sept , 1841, he tooK charge of the ** Saratoga," on 
the Brazil station, in 1844-'7, and was inspector at 
the Philadelphia navy-vard in 1848-U. — Irvine's 
son, Thomas Branford, naval officer, b. in Wil- 
mington, Del., 8 June, 1825; d. in Vera Cruz, 
Mexico, 25 March, 1847, was off Vera Cruz in the 
steamer " Mississippi " when he was sent on shore, 
23 March, 1847, in charge of one of the guns in 
the naval battery in the works against that city. 
He was killed while 
in the act of point- 
ing this gun during 
the bombardment of 
Vera Cruz. A monu- 
ment called the Mid- 
shipmen's Monu- 
ment (see engrav- 
ing) was erected at 
Annapolis in the 
grounds of the na- 
val academy, to com- 
memorate nis death 
and that of Passed ; 
Midshipmen Henry 
A. Clemson, John R. 
Hynson, and Mid- j 
shipman Wingate 
Pillsburv, who were 
drownea when the 

brig " Somers " was capsized and lost in a squall 
off Vera Cruz in December, 1846. 

SHUCK, Jehu Lewis (shook), missionary, b. in 
Alexandria, Va., 4 Sept, 1812; d. in Barnwell, 
S. C, 20 Aug., 1863. He was educated at the Vir- 
ginia Baptist seminary (now Richmond college), 
and on 22 Sept., 1885, embarked with his bride for 
China. He began his labors in Macao, where he 
baptized the first Chinese converts, met with suc- 
cess also at Hong Kong, whither he removed in 
1842, and subsequently settled at Canton. In 1844 
he came to the United States with his Chinese as- 
sistant, and visited various parts of the country in 
the interest of the missions. He returned to China 
in 1846, and settled at Shanghai, where he preached 
for years with good results, having completely 
mastered the Chinese idioms. When the Chinese 
were attracted in considerable numbers to Cali- 
fornia after the discovery of gold, the missionary 
board selected Mr. Shuck for that field, and he 
labored there for seven years, retiring in 1861 to 
Barnwell, where he preached to the neighboring 
churches during the remainder of his life. He 
published •* Portfolio Chinensis, or a Collection of 
Authentic Chinese State Papers" (Macao, 1840).— 
His wife, Henrietta Hall. b. in Kilmarnock, Va., 
28 Oct., 1817 ; d. in Hong Kong. 27 Nov., 1844, was 
the daughter of a Baptist minister. She soon 
learned Chinese after arriving at the field of her 
intended labors, and was an earnest teacher of 
Christianity among the heathen till her death. She 
was the author of " Scenes in China, or Sketches 
of the Country, Religion, and Customs of the Chi- 
nese" (Philadelphia, 1852). Jeremiah B. Jeter 
published her " Life " (Boston, 1848).— Their son, 
Lewis Hall, clergyman, b. in Singapore, India, 8 
Aug., 1886, was graduated at Wake Forest univer- 
sity, N. C, in 1856, taught for some years, studied 
theology, and since 1883 has been pastor of a Bap- 
tist church in Charleston, S. C. 



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SHUFELDT, Robert Wilson, naval officer, b. 
in Red Hook, Dutchess co., N. Y., 21 Feb., 1822. 
He entered the navy as a midshipman, 11 May, 
1839, was attached to the naval school at Philadel- 
phia in 1844-'5, and became a passed midshipman, 
2 July, 1845. He was promoted to master, 21 Feb., 
1853, and to lieutenant, 26 Oct., 1853, but resigned 
from the navy, 20 June, 1854, and was connected 
with the Collins line of Liverpool steamers as 
chief officer for two years. He then commanded 
the steamers " Black Warrior " and •• Catawba " on 
the line between New York and New Orleans, and 
had charge of the party that surveyed the Isthmus 
of Tehuantepec for a railroad and interoceanic ca- 
nal. When the civil war began he was in com- 
mand of the steamer " Quaker City," of the New 
York and Havana line of steamers, and was ap- 
pointed U. S. consul-general at Havana. In April, 
1863, he resigned, and was reinstated in the navy 
with a commission of commander, dated 19 Nov., 
1862. He was given the steamer " Conemaugh," 
on the blockade at Charleston, where he partici- 
pated in the engagements on Morris island. He 
commanded the steamer " Boteus," of the Eastern 
Gulf blockading squadron, in 1864-'6. After the 
war he had the "Hartford," of the East India 
squadron, in 1865-'6, and the " Wachusett," of the 
Asiatic squadron, in 1866-'8. He was commissioned 
captain, 81 Dec, 1869, and commanded the moni- 
tor " Miantonomoh " in 1870, after which he had 
charge of the Tehuantepec and Nicaraguan sur- 
veying expeditions of 1870-'l. He was chief of the 
bureau of equip- 
ment and recruit- 
ing in the navy de- 
partment in 1875- 
*8, and was com- 
missioned commo- 
dore^ Sept.,1876. 
In 1879 -'80 he 
sailed in the "Ti- 
conderoga" on a 
special mission to 
Africa and the 
East Indies, to as- 
certain and report 
on the prospects 
for the revival of 
American trade 
with those coun- 
tries. While he 
was on this expe- 
dition the sultan 
of Zanzibar, Said 
Barghasb, presented him with a sword. He was 
promoted to rear-admiral on 7 May, 1888, and was 
retired, 21 Feb., 1884. 

SHULTZ, Theodore, missionary, b. in Ger- 
dauen, Prussia, 17 Dec, 1770 ; d. in Salem, N. C. 
4 Aug., 1850. He entered the foreign mission field 
of the Moravian church in 1799, and was sent to 
Surinam, South America, where he served seven 
years. He was then transferred to the United 
States, and until 1821 labored in the ministry, 
after which he was appointed administrator of the 
estates of the southern diocese, retiring in 1844 He 
revised and improved a " Dictionary," and trans- 
lated a " Harmony of the Gospels " into the Arra- 
wak language.— His son, Henry Augustus, Mora- 
vian bishop, b. in Surinam, South America, 7 Feb., 
1806; d. in Bethlehem, Pa., 21 Oct, 1885, was a 
graduate of the Moravian theological seminary, 
and filled various pastoral offices. In 1848 he 
was elected a delegate to the general synod that 
convened at Herrnhut, Saxony, and on 81 July, 




A 



%L# *fufi/c 



'<#■ 



1864, he was consecrated to the episcopacy at Beth- 
lehem. He promoted, with great zeal, the cause 
of home missions. 

SHUMWAY, Henry Cotton, artist, b. in Mid- 
dletown, Conn., 4 July, 1807; d. in New York, 6 
May, 1884. He studied at the Academy of de- 
sign, New York, during 1828-'9, and was one of 
the early members of the academy, being elected 
an associate in 1831, and academician the follow- 
ing year. For many years he followed his profes- 
sion as a miniature-painter successfully in New 
York and other cities. Among the numerous emi- 
nent men that sat to him were Henry Clay, Daniel 
Webster, and Prince Napoleon (afterward Napo- 
leon IIL), Whose portraits he painted in 183a He 
was for many years a captain in the New York 7th 
regiment ana a member of the veteran corps. 

SHUNK, Francis Rawn, governor of Penn- 
sylvania, b. in Trappe, Montgomery co., Pa., 7 Aug., 
1788 ; d. in Harrisbuii, Pa., 30 July, 184a He ob- 
tained an education by his own exertions, taught 
at the age of fifteen, became a clerk in the office 
of Andrew Porter, the surveyor-general, at Har- 
risburg, in 1812, and while thus employed studied 
law. He was for many years clerk of the state 
house of representatives, and subsequently secre- 
tary of the board of canal commissioners. In 1888 
Gov. Porter appointed him secretary of state. In 
1842 he established himself as a lawyer at Pitts- 
burg, and in 1844 he was elected governor. He 
was re-elected in 1847, and resigned on 9 July, 1848, 
when sickness prevented the further discharge of 
his duties. — His son, William Findlay, is the au- 
thor of a " Practical Treatise on Railway Curves " 
(Philadelphia, 1854). — His grandson, Francis 
Kawn, graduated at the head of the class of 1887 
at the U. S. military academy. 

SHURTLEFF, Ernest Warburton, noet, b. 
in Boston, Mass., 4 April, 1862. He was educated 
at Boston Latin school and Harvard, was gradu- 
ated at Andover theological seminary in 1888, 
and became pastor of a Congregational church at 
Palmer, Mass. He began to write for newspapers 
and magazines at the age of fourteen, received a 
thorough musical education, and has published 
songs and other compositions and several volumes 
entitled " Poems " (Boston, 1882) ; " Easter Gleams " 
(1884) ; " Song of Hope " (New York, 1885) ; " When 
I was a Child" (Boston, 1886); and "New Year's 
Peace" (1887). 

SHURTLEFF, Nathaniel Bradstreet, anti- 
quary, b. in Boston, Mass., 29 June, 1810; d. there, 
17 Oct., 1874. He was the son of Dr. Benjamin 
Shurtleff, whose donations to the college in Alton, 
111., caused that institution to assume his name. 
The son was graduated at Harvard in 1881, and 
at the medical department in 1834. but pave his 
attention to literary and scientific pursuits. His 
list of works on genealogy shows his devotion to 
that subject, and he traced his descent to eleven 
of the Pilgrims of the "Mayflower," a number 
probably exceeding that of any of his contempo- 
raries. For three terms he was mayor of Boston 
(1868-70), and he prided himself on the fact that 
he was the first to hold that office who had always 
belonged to the Democratic party. During his ad- 
ministration extensive improvements in the streets, 
made necessary by the rapid growth of South Bos- 
ton, were effected in that district, and Dorchester 
became a part of Boston. His books include 
"Epitome of Phrenology " (Boston, 1835); "Per- 
petual Calendar for Old and New Style*' (1848); 
" Passengers of the 'Mayflower* in 1620" (1849); 
"Brief Notice of William Shurtleff, of Marsh- 
field " (1850); " Genealogical Memoir of the Fami- 

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SIBLEY 



ly of Elder Thomas Leavett, of Boston " (1850) ; 
M Thunder and Lightning, and Deaths in Marsh- 
fleld in 1658 and 1666" (1850); "Records of the 
Governor of and Company of the Massachusetts 
Bay in New England, 1628-1686" (5 vols, in 6, 
1853-*4) ; with David Pulsifer edited " Records of 
the Colony of New Plymouth in New England " 
(11 vols., 1855-*61); "Decimal System for Libra- 
ries" (1856); and "Memoir of the Inauguration 
of the Statue of Franklin " (1857). 

8HURTLEFF, Roswell Morse, artist, b. in 
Rindge, Cheshire co., N. H., 14 June, 1888. About 
1857 he went to Buffalo, where for two years 
he studied drawing. In 1859 he was in Boston, 
studying at the Lowell institute, and drawing 
on wood for John Andrew. In 1861 he enlisted 
in the National army, and he afterward con- 
tinued to furnish drawings to various periodicals 
and to the wood-engravers. About lo70 he be- 
gan to devote himself entirely to painting. His 
animal paintings first gained him distinction, and 
of these the best known are "The Wolf at the 
Door " and " A Race for Life " (1878). Among his 
later works in oil, most of which are scenes in the 
Adirondacks, are " On the Alert " (1879) ; " Autumn 
Gold " (1880) ; " Gleams of Sunshine " (1881) ; and 
" A Song of Summer Woods " (1886). His water- 
colors include "Harvest Time," "Basin Harbor. 
Lake Champlain," and " The Morning Draught " 
(1881), and " A Mountain Pasture " (1882). He was 
elected an associate of the National academy in 
1880, and is a member of the Water-color society. 

SHUTE, Samuel, colonial governor, b. in Lon- 
don, England, in 1658 ; d. in England, 15 April, 
1743. He was brought up as a dissenter in re- 
ligion, being a grandson of the Puritan divine, Jo- 
seph Carvl, and was educated at the University of 
Leyden, but adhered later to the Church of Eng- 
land. Entering the army, he served under the 
Prince of Orange, and afterward under the Duke 
of Marlborough in the Netherlands, attaining the 
rank of lieutenant-coloneL In 1716 he obtained a 
commission as royal governor of Massachusetts, 
paying a bonus of £1,000 to CoL Elisha Burgess, 
the first appointee of George L He was honest 
and well-meaning, but obstinate, and from the be- 
ginning was engaged in a struggle with the assem- 
bly over the prerogative. The financial depression 
resulting from Indian wars he attempted to relieve 
by the emission of treasury' bills, condemning a 
banking scheme that was favored by the legisla- 
ture. He endeavored to make treaties with the 
eastern Indians, and wean them from the influence 
of Sebastian Rasle. A controversy with Elisha 
Cooke with regard to the royal rights to ship tim- 
ber in the forests of Maine and the conduct of the 
king's surveyor, led him to annul Cooke's elec- 
tion to the council in 1718. The assembly retorted 
by choosing Cooke their speaker ; but the governor 
refused to recognize the election* He had a dis- 
pute with the general court also over the impost 
bill, and when he demanded a fixed salary the 
representatives reduced the amount voted to him 
in the form of a present to £500, and, on his in- 
sisting on an annual payment of £1,000, gave him 
that amount in currency, worth but £860. In 1723 
he went to England to urge his charges against 
the general court, and was there met by counter 
demands. The points at issue were settled by an 
explanatory charter that was signed on 12 Aug., 

1725, and adopted by the general court on 15 Jan., 

1726, which denied the right of the legislature to 
adjourn at will for more than two days, and gave 
the governor a negative over the choice of speak- 
er, but contained no injunction for fixing the sala- 



ries of the crown officials. When Shute was about 
to take ship again for Massachusetts, in June, 1727, 
the king died, and the new cabinet that came into 
office appointed another governor. 

SHUTE, Samuel Moore, educator, b. in Phila- 
delphia, Pa., 24 Jan., 1828. He was graduated at 
the University of Pennsylvania in 1844, and studied 
theology in the seminary of the Reformed church* 
Philadelphia. He was pastor of a Baptist church 
in Pemberton. N. J., from 1853 till 1856, and then 
of one at Alexandria, Va., till 1859, when he be- 
came professor of the English language and litera- 
ture m Columbian university, Washington, D. C. 
He is the author of a ** Manual of Anglo-Saxon " 
(New York, 1867). 

SIB I EL, Alexander, known as Fray Domingo, 
German antiquary, b. in Saarlouis in 1709 ; d. in 
Dessau in 1791. He studied at Mechlin, became a 
Jesuit, and was sent to New Spain in 1784. After 
being for several years a professor in the college of 
the order in Mexico, he was appointed vicar of a 
remote parish in the northern part of the country, 
where he discovered some half-buried monuments 
of the Aztec architecture covered with hiero- 
glyphs. He devoted several .years to their study, 
buying, meanwhile, Aztec antiquities whenever he 
could find them, and at last was enabled to read 
part of the inscriptions. Distinguished men of 
science, like Ventura and Boturim, had previously 
labored vainly foryears to decipher Aztec inscrip- 
tions. Toward 17y0 Sibiel returned to Germany 
and was appointed chaplain at the court of Anhalt 
His works include " De arte Hierogliphum Mexi- 
canorum" (Dessau, 1782); "Reisen in Mexico** 
(2 vols., 1785) ; and " Litters? annuo Societatis Jesu 
in provincia Mexicans" (5 vols., 1787). 

SIBLEY, George Champlain, explorer, b. in 
Great Barrington, Mass., in April. 1782 ; d. in Elma, 
St Charles co.. Mo., 81 Jan., 1863. He was the son 
of John Sibley, a surgeon in the Revolutionary 
army, and a daughter of Samuel Hopkins, of New- 
port, and was brought up in North Carolina. He 
went to St Louis, Mo., during Jefferson's adminis- 
tration as an employe 1 of the Indian bureau, and 
was subsequently sent among the Indians as an 
agent of the government Escorted by a band of 
Osage warriors, he explored the Grand Saline and 
Salt mountain, publishing an account of the expe- 
dition. After retiring from the Indian department, 
he was appointed a commissioner to survey a road 
from Missouri to New Mexico, and made several 
treaties with Indian tribes. He and his wife, Mabt 
Easton, were the founders of Lindenwood college, 
St. Charles, Mo., giving the land on which it is 
built He' was interested in the scheme of African 
colonization and other philanthropic objects. — His 
nephew, Henry Hopkins, soldier, b. in Nachi- 
toches, La,, 25 May, 1816; d. in Fredericksburg, 
Va., 28 Aug., 1886. He was graduated at the U. S. 
military academy in 1838, served in the Florida war 
as 2d lieutenant of dragoons, was promoted 1st 
lieutenant on 8 March, 1840, took part in the expe- 
dition against the Seminoles in the Everglades, and 
served as adjutant of his regiment till 1846. He 
was engaged in the military occupation of Texas, 
was made a captain on 16 Feb., 1847, and took part 
in all the principal operations of the Mexican war, 
gaining the brevet of major for gallantry in the 
affair at Medelin, near Vera Cruz. He served for 
several years on the Texas frontier against the In- 
dians, was stationed in Kansas during the anti- 
slavery conflict took part in the Utah expedition 
and in the Navajo expedition of 1860, and, while 
stationed in New Mexico, was promoted major, but 
resigned on the same day, 13 May, 1861, in order 



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to join the Confederate army. He soon received a 
commission as brigadier-genera), and on 5 July was 
assigned to the command qt the Department of 
Mexico, and intrusted with the task of driving 
therefrom the National forces. He raised a brigade 
in northwestern Texas, left Fort Bliss in January, 
1868, to effect the conquest of New Mexico, ap- 
peared before Port Craig on 16 Feb., and on 21 
Feb. fought with Col. Edward R. S. Canby the en- 
gagement of Yalverde, which resulted in the with- 
drawal of the National troops. He occupied Al- 
buquerque and Santa Fe\ but in April was com- 
pelled to evacuate the territory. Subsequently he 
served with his brigade under Gen. Richard Taylor 
and Gen. E. Kirby Smith. In December, 1869, he 
entered the service of the khedive of Egypt with 
the rank of brigadier-general, and was assigned to 
the duty of constructing sea-coast and river de- 
fences. At the termination of his five years* con- 
tract he returned, with broken health, to the United 
States. He was the inventor of a tent for troops 
modelled after the wigwams of the Sioux and Co- 
manche Indians. He obtained letters-patent, and 
the U. S. government, while he was in its service, 
contracted for the use of the tent At the close of 
the civil war the U. S. officials refused to carry 
out the terms of the contract, and after his death 
the claim was brought before congress in the inter- 
est of his family. He occasionally lectured on the 
condition of the Egyptian fellaheen. 

SIBLEY, John. Langdon, librarian, b. in 
Union, Me., 29 Dec, 1804 ; d. in Cambridge, Mass., 
9 Dec., 1885. He was graduated at Harvard in 
1826, and entered the divinity-school. While he 
was in college much of his time was spent in work- 
ing in the library, and he was assistant librarian 
in the divinity-school in 1825-'6. In 1829 he was 
ordained pastor of the first church in Stow, Mass., 
where he remained four years. From 1888 till 
1841 he was engaged in literary work in Cambridge, 
and during Dart of this period he was editor and 
proprietor of the " American Magazine of Useful 
ana Entertaining Knowledge.** When Gore hall, 
the present library building of Harvard, was opened 
in 1841, Mr. Sibley was appointed assistant libra- 
rian under Dr. Thaddeus William Harris. On the 
tatter's death in 1856, Mr. Sibley was appointed 
librarian, which post he held for twenty-one years, 
until 1877, when, owing to his age and the failure 
of his sight, he was retired from active work, and 
made librarian emeritus. Owing to his persistent 
requests for all kinds of printed matter, and his 
earnest appeals for pecuniary aid, the number of 
volumes increased from 41,000 in 1841 to 164,000 
volumes, and almost as many pamphlets, in 1877, 
and its permanent fund from $5,000 to $170,000 in 
the same period. From 1889 till his retirement he 
was the editor of the triennial and quinquennial 
catalogues. He first inserted obituary dates in the 
triennial of 1845, and from 1849 solicited and pre- 
served biographical notes of the graduates. After 
1860 he inserted in the triennials his " Appeal to 
Graduates and Others** for biographical sketches, 
giving a list of questions for guidance in their 
preparation. From 1850 till 1870 he also edited 
the annual catalogues. He was indefatigable in 
his quest for biographical information and exact 
dates, and had the reverence of a Chinaman for 
scraps of paper, utilizing odds and ends, especially 
the blank insides of envelopes, upon which many 
of his most valuable memoranda were made. These 
notes, accumulated during more than half a cen- 
tury, together with the letters that he received 
during about forty years, were chronologically 
arranged and bound, and his very large collection 



of newspaper-cuttings relating to graduates was 
carefully indexed and arranged in scrap-books. 
For thirty-seven years he lea the singing of the 
78th Psalm at the commencement dinner. Bow- 
doin conferred upon him the honorary degree of 
A. M. in 1856. He was a fellow of the American 
academy of arts and sciences, and from 1846 an 
active member of the Massachusetts historical so- 
ciety, and he was also a member of other historical 
societies. In remembrance of the aid that he had 
received as a student from the charity fund of 
Phillips Exeter academy, he began in 1862 a series 
of gifts to that institution, which amounted at the 
time of his deAth to more than $89,000, the income 
from which is to be used for the support of meri- 
torious and needv students. He was not known as 
the donor until the dedication of the new academy 
building in 1872. He published "Index to the 
Writings of George Washington** (Boston, 1837); 
"History of the Town of Union, Me," (1851); 
" Index to the Works of John Adams ** (1858) ; and 
" Notices of the Triennial and Annual Catalogues 
of Harvard University, with a Reprint of the 
Catalogues of 1674, 1682, and 1700 "(1865). His 
last and greatest work, upon which he had spent 
nearly forty years of constant research and unre- 
mitting labor, is " Biographical Sketches of Gradu- 
ates of Harvard Universitv," three volumes of 
which hare been published (1873-*85). In the 
preface to his third volume, written nine months 
before his death, he says: "I have passed my 
eightieth birthday, and have expended such work- 
ing power as remained to me in the volume now 
given to the public I can do no more. But the 
work will be continued by younger hands, into 
which will pass a large mass of materials — the ac- 
cumulated collections of more than half a century.*' 
SIBLEY, Mark Hopkins, jurist, b. in Great 
Barrington, Mass., in 1796; d. in Canandaigua, 
N. Y., 8 Sept, 1852, received a classical education, 
removed to Canandaigua in 1814, studied law, was 
admitted to the bar, and gained a high reputation 
as an advocate. He was a member of the New 
York legislature in 1884-*5, and was elected as 
a Whig to congress, serving from 4 Sept., 1887, 
till 8 March, 1839. At the close of his term he 
was elected a state senator, and in 1846 became 
county judge. He was a member of a charming 
social circle in Canandaigua, including Francis 
and Gideon Granger, John Greig, and William 
Wood. — His cousin, Hiram, financier, b. in North 
Adams, Mass., 6 Feb., 1807; d. in Rochester, N. 
Y., 12 Julv, 1888, received a common-school edu- 
cation. He practised the shoemaker's trade with- 
out preparatory training, and, emigrating to west- 
ern New York at the age of sixteen, worked 
as a journeyman machinist in a manufactory of 
carding-macnines in Lima, and mastered three 
other trades before he was twenty-one years old. 
He carried on the wool-carding business at Sparta 
and Mount Morris, next established a foundry and 
machine-shop at Mendon, and in 1843 removed to 
Rochester, on being elected sheriff of Monroe 
county. He was instrumental in obtaining from 
congress an appropriation in aid of Samuel F. B. 
Morse's experiments, and interested himself in 
telegraphy from the beginning. When the inven- 
tion came into practical use, the business being 
divided between many companies, Mr. Sibley, who, 
with other citizens of Rochester, was interested in 
two of the largest — viz., the Atlantic, Lake, and 
Mississippi Valley and the New York, Albany, and 
Buffalo— conceived the plan of uniting the scattered 
plants and conflicting patents in the hands of a 
single corporation. Lines that had proved un- 



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profitable were purchased at nominal prices, and the 
telegraphs that extended over parts of thirteen 
states were consolidated under the name of the 
Western Union telegraph company, of which Sib- 
ley was president for seventeen years, during which 
period tne value of the property grew from $220,- 
000 to $48,000,000. He was unable to interest his 
associates in a line to the Pacific coast, and con- 
structed it alone in 1861, transferring it to the 
company after its completion. With the other 
managers, he distrusted the practicability of sub- 
marine telegraphy, and entered into the project of 
telegraphic communication with Europe by way of 
Bering strait and Siberia. He visited St Peters- 
burg in 1864, and obtained a promise of co-opera- 
tion from the Russian government The Western 
Union company expended $8,000,000 in building 
1,500 miles of the projected line, but abandoned 
the enterprise as soon as the first message was sent 
over the Atlantic cable. Mr. Sibley was the prin- 
cipal promoter of the Southern Michigan and 
Northern Indiana railroad. He purchased large 
tracts of land in Michigan, and was interested in 
the lumber and salt manufacturing business at 
Saginaw. After the civil war he engaged largely 
in railroad building and various industrial enter- 
prises in the southern states, and did much to re- 
vive business activity. He has become the largest 
owner of improved lands in the United States, and 
has in recent years engaged in farming operations 
on a great scale. The Suit Oaks farm, of nearly 
40,000 acres, in Illinois, the Howland island farm, 
comprising 3,600 acres, in Cayuga, N. Y., and 
many others, are mainly devoted to seed-culture. 
Mr. Sibley gave $100,000 for a building to hold a 
public library and the collections of Rochester uni- 
versity, and a like sum for the establishment of the 
Sibley college of mechanical engineering and the 
mechanic arts connected with Cornell university. 

SIBLEY, Solomon, jurist, b. in Sutton, Mass., 
7 Oct, 1769; d. in Detroit, Mich., 4 April, 1846. 
He studied law, and began practice in Marietta, 
Ohio, in 1795, removing in the following year to 
Cincinnati, and a year later to Detroit, Mich. He 
was elected to the first legislature of the North- 
western territory in 1799, and was a delegate to 
congress from the territory of Michigan in 1820-'8. 
He was appointed a judge of the supreme court of 
Michigan, and held that office until he was cora- 

Billed by deafness to resign in 1886.— His son, 
enrv Hastings, pioneer, d. in Detroit, Mich., 20 
Feb., 1811, received a classical education, and began 
the study of law, but abandoned it to engage in 
mercantile business at Sault Sainte Marie, soon 
afterward entered the employment of the Ameri- 
can fur company, became a partner, and on 7 Nov., 
1834, during one of his trips, reached the mouth of 
the Minnesota river, and was so delighted with the* 
spot that he made it his permanent home, building 
at Mendota the first stone house within the present 
limits of the state of Minnesota. He devoted much 
of his time to the sports of the frontier, which he 
described in graphic style in the "Spirit of the 
Times" and "Turf, Field, and Farm," over the 
pen-name of " Hal, a Dacotah." When the state 
of Wisconsin was admitted into the Union, 29 
May, 1848, the western boundary was fixed at St 
Croix river, leaving an area of about 28,000 square 
miles, on the east of Mississippi river, including 
some organized counties, without a government 
The aeting governor of the territory issued a proc- 
lamation providing for the election of a delegate to 
represent this district in congress, and Mr. Sibley 
was chosen in November, 1848. After much delay 
and discussion, he was admitted to his seat, 15 Jan., 




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1849, and secured the passage of an act creating 
the territory of Minnesota, which embraced the 
rest of Wisconsin and a vast area west of the Mis- 
sissippi He was elected a delegate to congress 
from Minnesota 
in 1849, and re- 
elected in 1851, 
when he declined 
longer to be a 
candidate. He 
was a member of 
the Democratic 
branch of the 
convention that 
framed in 1857 the 
state constitution 
that was adopted 
br the people in 
November of the 
same year. The 
state was admit- 
ted to the Union 
on 11 May, 1858, 
and he was in- 
augurated as gov- 
ernor in the same month. He opposed the loan 
of state credit to railroad companies, and, when a 
constitutional amendment was carried authorizing 
the issue of bonds, he refused to send them out ex- 
cept on security of trust deeds from the companies 
S'ving a priority of lien upon all their property, 
ut this ruling was negatived by the decision of 
the supreme court, thus leaving the way open for 
the issue of an indefinite amount of first mortgage 
bonds, and resulting in the bankruptcy of the com- 
panies and the repudiation of the bonds by the 
people of Minnesota. When the great Sioux rising 
occurred on the Iowa and Minnesota frontier in 
1862 (see Little Crow) he commanded the white 
forces composed of volunteer citizens. Notwith- 
standing the delay in procuring arms and ammuni- 
tion, only five weeks elapsed before the decisive bat- 
tle of Wood Lake, 28 Sept, broke the power of the 
savages. Their capture followed two days later. 
He was commissioned brigadier-general of volun- 
teers, and afterward breveited major-general He 
was appointed a member of the board of Indian 
commissioners during President Grant's adminis- 
tration, and in 1871 was elected to the legislature, 
where, during the ensuing session, he made a vig- 
orous speech against the repudiation of the state 
railroaa bonds, being thus instrumental in restor- 
ing the credit of Minnesota. He received the de- 
gree of LL. D. from Princeton in 1888. Gen. Sibley 
has held the offices of president of the Chamber of 
commerce of St Paul, where he resides, of the 
board of regents of the State university, and of 
the State historical society, to whose " Collections n 
he has made many contributions. 

SICKEL, Horatio Gates, soldier, b. in Bel- 
mont^ Bucks co.. Pa., 8 April, 1817. He was edu- 
cated at the Friends' school in Byberry, eng 
in the business of coach-making, invented in lB 
a new method of producing artificial light, and 
became an extensive manufacturer of lamps. Be- 
fore the civil war he was connected with various 
militia organizations. He entered the U. S. service 
on 17 June, 1861, as colonel of the 8d regiment of 
the Pennsylvania reserve corps, and succeeded Gen. 
George G. Meade in the command of the brigade. 
He commanded a brigade in Gen. George Crook's 
Kanawha valley expedition of 1864, and afterward 
one in the 5th army corps till the close of the war. 
He participated in the principal battles of the 
Army of the Potomac, lost his left elbow-joint, be- 



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sides receiving two other wounds in the service, 
and was brevetted brigadier-general on 21 Oct, 
1864, and major-general on 18 March, 1865. He 
was health officer of the port of Philadelphia in 
1865-*9, in 1869-*71 collector of internal revenue, 
and in 1871-*84 U. S. pension-agent He has been 
an officer in banking and railroad corporations, 
was for eight years a member of the Philadelphia 
school board, and since 1881 has been president of 
the board of health of Philadelphia. 

SICKLES, Daniel Edgar, soldier, b. in New 
York city, 20 Oct, 1823. He was educated at the 
University of the city of New York, but left to learn 
the printer's trade, which he followed for several 
vears. He then studied law, was admitted to the 
bar in 1844, and began practice in New York city. 
In 184? he was elected to the legislature, in which 
body he took rank as a leader of the Democrats. 
In 1858 he was appointed corporation counsel of 
New York city, ana on 30 July of the same year 
he was commissioned as secretary of legation at 
London, and accompanied James Buchanan to Eng- 
land. He returned in 1855, was elected, after an 
energetic canvass, to the state senate in the autumn, 
and a year later was chosen a member of congress, 
taking his seat on 7 Dec., 1857. Discovering a guilty 
intimacy between his wife, who was the daughter of 
Antonio Bagioli. and Philip Barton Key, U. S. at- 
torney for the District of Columbia, he shot the 
latter in the street on 27 Feb., 1859. He was in- 
dicted for murder, and after a trial of twenty days 
was acquitted. He had been elected for a second 
term in 1858. and served till 3 March, 1861. At the 
beginning of the civil war he raised the Excelsior 
bngade of U. S. volunteers in New York city, and 
was commissioned by the president as colonel of 
one of the five regiments. On 8 Sept, 1861, the 
president nominated him brigadier-general of vol- 
unteers. The senate rejected his name in March, 
1862, but confirmed a second nomination. He com- 
manded a brigade 
under General Jo- 
seph Hooker, and 
gained distinction 
at Williamsburg, 
Fair Oaks, and 
Malvern Hill His 
brigade saw se- 
vere service in the 
seven days' fight 
before Richmond 
and in the Mary- 
land campaign, 
and bore a con- 
spicuous part at' 
Antietam. He suc- 
ceeded Gen. Hook- 
er in the command 
of the division, 
and was enraged 
at Fredericksburg. 
On the reorganization of the Army of the Poto- 
mac he was assigned to the command of the 3d 
array corps, and was appointed major-general on 
7 March, 1863, his commission dating from 29 
Nov., 1862. At Chancellorsville he displayed gal- 
lantry and energv, gaining the first success of the 
day by cutting on* an ammunition-train of the en- 
emy, arresting a general panic by rallying the re- 
treating artillery, and withstanding the force of 
Stonewall Jackson's attack with determination after 
the line was formed. At Gettysburg his corps was 
posted between Cemetery hill and Little Round 
Top. He advanced to an elevation which he thought 
desirable to hold, and in this position was assailed 




by Gen. James Longstreet's column, while Gen. 
John B. Hood endeavored to gain the unoccupied 
slope of Little Round Top. In the desperate strug- 
gle that followed, the 8d corps effectively aided in 
E reserving that important position from the enemy, 
ut was shattered by the onset of overwhelming 
numbers. After the line was broken, Gen. Ambrose 
P. Hill followed the Confederate advantage with 
an attack on Sickles's right during which Gen. 
Sickles lost a leg. He continued in active service 
till in the beginning of 1865, and was then sent on 
a confidential mission to Colombia and other South 
American countries. On 28 July, 1866, he joined 
the regular army as colonel of the 42d infantry. 
On 2 March, 1867, he was brevetted brigadier- 
general for bravery at Fredericksburg, and major- 
Smeral for gallant and, meritorious service at 
ettysburg. He commanded the military district 
of the Carolinas in 1865-7, and carried out the 
work of reconstruction so energetically that Presi- 
dent Johnson relieved him from his command, after 
first offering him the mission to the Netherlands, 
which he declined. He was mustered out of the 
volunteer service on 1 Jan., 1868, and ou 14 April, 
1869, was placed on the retired list of the U. S. army 
with the full rank of major-general. He was active 
in promoting the candidacy of Gen. Ulysses S. Grant 
for the presidency, and on 15 May, 1869, was ap- 
pointed minister to Spain. He relinquished this 
post on 20 March, 1873, and resumed his residence 
in New York city. He is president of the New 
York state board of civil service commissioners, 
and likewise of the board of commissioners for the 
erection of New York monuments at Gettysburg. 

SICOTTE, Louis V., Canadian jurist, b. in St 
Famille, Lower Canada, 7 Nov., 1812. He was 
admitted as an advocate in 1888, entered the par- 
liament of Canada in 1851, became a member of the 
executive council in 1853, and was made speaker in 
1856. He was appointed queen's counsel in 1854, 
and puisne "judge of the supreme court of the prov- 
ince of Quebec in 1863. 

SIDELL. William Henry, soldier, b. in New 
York city, 21 Aue., 1810; d. there, 80 June, 1878. 
He was graduated at the U. S. military academy in 
1833, and assigned to the artillery, but resigned in 
order to follow the profession of civil engineering. 
He was successively city surveyor of New York, 
assistant engineer of the Croton aqueduct,and divis- 
ion engineer of railroads in Massachusetts and New 
York. In the construction of the Panama railroad 
he acted as chief engineer. He was employed by 
the U. S. government on surveys of the delta of 
Mississippi river. In 1849-'55 he was chief engi- 
neer of the railroad between Quincy and Galesburg, 
III. He was appointed in 1859 chief engineer of the 
projected Tehuantepec railroad, and had completed 
the surveys when the political troubles in the U nited 
States caused the abandonment of the enterprise. 
He volunteered at the beginning of the civil war, 
but before he received an appointment he was 
restored to the regular army on its enlargement, 
with the rank of major, 14 May, 1861. He mustered 
and organized recruits in Louisville, Ky.,and Nash- 
ville, Tenn., was also disbursing officer, and planned 
a system by which more than 200,000 soldiers were 
mustered in, and at the end of their terms of ser- 
vice disbanded, without errors or delays. From 
May, 1863, till the close of the war he was acting 
assistant provost-marshal for Kentucky. He was 
promoted lieutenant-colonel of the 10th infantry 
on 6 May, 1864, and received the brevets of colonel 
and brigadier-general on 80 March, 1865, and on 
15 Dec., 1870, was retired from service, in conse- 
quence of a paralytic attack. 



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SIGEL, Franz, soldier, b. in Sinsheim, Baden, 
18 Nov., 1824. After completing his studies at the 
gymnasium of Bruchsal, he entered the military 
school at Carlsruhe, and was graduated in 1843. 
While a lieutenant, stationed at Mannheim, he as- 
sailed the standing army in public writings, and 
thus became involved 
in quarrels with his 
brother officers. To- 
ward the close of 1847, 
after a duel that termi- 
nated fatally for his an- 
tagonist, he resigned. 
When the Baden revo- 
lution began, in Febru- 
ary, 1848, he raised a 
corps of volunteers, or- 
ganized the Lake dis- 
trict at Constance, led 
a body of more than 
4,000volunteersagainst 
Freiburg, and was beat- 
en in two encounters 
with the royal troops. 
He escaped across the 
French border, 28 
April, and made his way into Switzerland. The in- 
surrection of May, 1849, recalled him to Baden. He 
was made commandant of the Lake and Upper 
Rhine district, then placed in charge of the army 
of the Neckar, met the royal forces at Heppenheim 
on 30 May, became minister of war, and finally suc- 
ceeded to the chief command of the troops.* He 
fought in several battles under Gen. Louis Miero- 
slawski, whom he succeeded, conducted the army of 
15,000 men in retreat through three hostile army 
corps, and crossed the Rhine with the remnant into 
Switzerland on 11 July. While residing at Lugano 
he was arrested by the Federal authorities in the 
spring of 1851 .and delivered over to the French 
police, who conducted him to Havre with the in- 
tention of placing him on a ship bound for the 
United States. He, however, went to England, 
lived in London and Brighton, and in May, 1852, 
sailed for New York. After his marriage to a 
daughter of Rudolf Dulon, he taught in the lat- 
ter's school, at the same time translating manuals 
of arms into German, and conducting •* Die Revue,'* 
a military magazine, till 1858, when he was called 
to St Louis, Mo., as teacher of mathematics and 
history in the German institute. He was elected a 
director of the public schools of that city, edited a 
military journal, and during the secession crisis 
defended northern principles in newspaper articles. 
At the beginning of the civil war he organized a 
regiment of infantry and a battery, which rendered 
efficient service at the occupation of the arsenal 
and the capture of Camp Jackson. In June, 1861, 
he was sent with his regiment and two batteries to 
Rolla, whence he marched to Neosho, compelled the 
retreat of Gen. Sterling Price into Arkansas, then 
turned northward in order to confront Claiborne 
Jackson, at Carthage sustained a long conflict on 
the open prairie with a force much greater than his 
own, and finally retreated in good order, with con- 
stant fighting, to Springfield and Mt Vernon. He 
took part in the fight at Dug Springs, and after 
the battle of Wilson's Creek conducted the re- 
treat of the army from Springfield toward Rolla. 
He was commissioned as brigadier-general, to 
date from 17 May, 1861. In the autumn campaign 
of Gen. John C. Fremont he had command of 
the advance-guard, and in the retreat from Spring- 
field he commanded the rear-guard, consisting 
of two divisions. He took command of the right 



wing of the troops assembled under Gen. Sam- 
uel K. Curtis at Rolla, and gained the battle of 
Pea Ridge by a well-timed assault. He was there- 
upon made a major-general, dating from 21 March, 
1862, and was ordered to the east and placed in 
command of the troops at Harper's Ferry. He co- 
operated in the movement againt Gen. Thomas J. 
Jackson at Winchester. When Gen. John Pope 
was placed in command of the newly created army 
of Virginia, Sigel, in command of the 1st corps, toot 
part in the engagements beginning with Cedar 
Creek and ending with Bull Run, where he com- 
manded the right wing, and won in the first day's 
fight a decided advantage over Jackson. After the 
battle he covered the retreat to Centreville. His 
corps held the advanced position at Fairfax Court- 
House and Centreville. He commanded the 4th 
grand reserve division until that organization was 
abolished, when he resumed command of the 11th 
corps, took leave of absence on account of failing 
health, and was superseded by Gen. Oliver 0. How- 
ard. In June, 1863, he took command of the reserve 
armv of Pennsylvania, and organized a corps of 
lO.Ofa) men to aid in repelling Lee's invasion. In 
February, 1864, President Lincoln appointed him to 
the command of the Department ana the Army of 
West Virginia. He fitted out an expedition that 
operated under Gen. George Crook in the Kanawha 
valley, and led a smaller one of 7,000 men through 
the Shenandoah valley against Lynchburg and 
Staunton, but was defeated by Gen. John C. Breck- 
inridge at New Market. He was thereupon relieved, 
and in June, 1864, put in command of the division 
guarding Harper's Ferry. He repelled the attack 
of Gen. Jubal A. Early on Maryland Heights, but 
was relieved of his command soon afterward, and 
retired to Bethlehem, Pa., to recruit his health. 
He resigned his commission on 4 May, 1865, and 
became editor of the Baltimore " Wecker." In 
September, 1867, he removed to New York city. In 
1869 he was the Republican candidate for secretary 
of state in New York. He was appointed collector 
of internal revenue in May, 1871, and in October 
was elected register of the city of New York. After 
his three years' term expired he lectured, and edited 
a weekly paper. Since 1876 he has been an adherent 
of the Democratic party, and in 1886 he was ap- 
pointed pension-agent in New York city. He con- 
tributed a memoir of his part in the German revo- 
lution to Friedrich Hecker's *• Erhebung des Volkes 
in Baden f ttr die deutsche Republic " (Basel, 1848), 
and while in Switzerland published a republican 
brochure entitled " Furstenstaat und Volkstaat " 
(St. Gall, 1848), the circulation of which was for- 
bidden in Germany, and the author was sentenced 
in contumaciam to four years* imprisonment. — His 
brother, Albert, soldier, b. in Sinsheim, Baden, 13 
Nov., 1827; d. in St. Louis, Mo., 15 March, 1884, 
was graduated at the military academy at Carlsruhe 
in 1845, and served as an officer in the grand-ducal 
army. He was sentenced to a year's confinement 
in the fortress of Kislau for his sympathy with the 
revolutionary movement, but was liberated in time 
to take part 'in the general uprising of the army and 
people in 1840 in command of a regiment of volun- 
teers. He emigrated to England, and in 1852 came 
to the United States. Joining the 2d New Jersey 
volunteers at the beginning of the civil war, he was 
elected captain. After taking part in the battle of 
Bull Run, he assisted in organizing a New York 
regiment, and afterward organized and commanded 
a regiment of Missouri cavalry militia, and was 
stationed for some time at Waynesville, Mo., in 
command of a brigade. He was' made U. S. land- 
recorder after the war, and was appointed adjutant- 



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SIGNAY 



SIGOURNEY 



general of Missouri by Gov. Gratz Brown. Ho was 
connected with the press as editorial writer and cor- 
respondent, and published a volume of German 
poems (St. Louis, 1863; enlarged ed., 1885). 

SIGNAY, Joseph (scen-yay), Canadian arch- 
bishop, b. in Quebec, 8 Nov., 1778; d. there, 8 Oct., 
1850. He studied philosophy and theology in the 
Seminary of Quebec, was oraained priest in Lon- 
gueil, 28 March, 1802, and was appointed assistant 
pastor at Chambly, and subsequently at Longueil. 
In 1804 he became parish priest of St. Constant, 
and he was transferred to Sainte-Marie-de Ramsay 
in 1805. He went as missionary to Lake Cham- 

Slain in 1806, to take charge of the French Cana- 
ians that had settled in its neighborhood, but in 
1814 he was appointed pastor of Quebec. He was 
chosen coadjutor to Bishop Panet in 1826, named 
bishop of Fussala by a bull of Leo XII. the same 
year, and consecrated under this title on 20 May, 
1827. He became administrator of the diocese on 
13 Oct., 1832, and on 14 Feb., 1833, succeeded to 
the bishopric of Quebec. Bishop Signay excited 
hostility among part of his flock by his efforts to 
prevent the Irish from building a church in Que- 
bec, and, after it was erected, by his refusal to visit 
it. During the cholera epidemic of 1833 he dis- 
played the utmost zeal and devotion. The same 
year he selected Pierre Flavien Turgeon as his co- 
adjutor. The letter that he wrote on this occasion 
to the British ministry, praying them to sanction 
his choice, was considerea by a large number of his 
flock to be humiliating and unnecessary, as the ap- 
proval of the English authorities in the case of Ca- 
nadian bishops was no longer required. In 1844 
the dioceses of Upper and Lower Canada were 
erected into an ecclesiastical province, on the de- 
mand of the Canadian clergy, and the dioceses of 
Montreal, Kingston, and Toronto were placed un- 
der the metropolitan jurisdiction of Quebec, which 
was created an archbishopric. Although the title 
of archbishop had been given to his two predeces- 
sors, he was the first that was entitled to it offi- 
cially. Several months after his nomination he 
received the pallium, which was brought to hira 
from Rome. He showed great activity and dis- 
interestedness during the conflagration that de- 
stroyed part of Quebec in 1845, sharing his means 
with those that were ruined ; and during the ship 
fever of 1847 and 1848 he rivalled his priests in 
his personal sacrifices for the victims. In 1849 he 
found it necessary, from physical weakness, to con- 
fide the administration of the archdiocese to his co- 
adjutor. The pastorals and other letters of Arch- 
bishop Signay are published in the 3d volume of 
the "Man dements des eVeques de Quebec," which 
also contains a biography. 

SIGOGNE, Mand6 (se-gone), Canadian clergy- 
man, b. in Tours, France, in the latter half of the 
18th century; d. in Nova Scotia about 1850. He 
emigrated to England in 1791, and in 1798 sailed 
for Nova Scotia, to labor among the French Cana- 
dians and Indians, and took charge of the Acadians 
that had settled along Sisibout river. He was a 
man of extraordinary courage and activity, and 
with few resources built two large churches, St. 
Mary, of Frenchtown, and St. Anne, of Argyle. 
He was regarded by the Acadians of the coast of 
St Mary's bay as tneir father and protector, and 
the influence he obtained over them was so great 
and so justly acquired that the English government 
of Halifax made hira a judge, and delegated to him 
entire temporal authority over his nock. After 
this he erected a third church, in the village of 
Mountegan, to which the bishop of Quebec gave 
the name St. Mande, in his honor. 



SIGOURNEY, Lydia Huntley, author, b. in 
Norwich, Conn., 1 Sept, 1791 ; d. in Hartford, 
Conn., 10 June, 1865. She was the daughter of 
Ezekiel Huntley, a soldier of the Revolution. She 
read at the age of three, and at seven wrote simple 
verses. After receiving a superior education at 
Norwich and Hartford, she taught for five years 
a select class of young ladies in the latter city. In 
1815, at the suggestion and under the patronage of 
Daniel Wadsworth, she published her first volume, 
** Moral Pieces in Prose and Verse.'* In 1819 she 
became the wife of Charles Sigourney, a Hartford 
merchant of literary and artistic tastes. Without 
neglecting her domestic duties, she thenceforth 
devoted her leisure to literature, at first to gratify 
her own inclinations and subsequently, after her 
husband had lost the greater part of his fortune, 
to add to her income. She soon attained a reputa- 
tion that secured for her books a ready sale. In 
her posthumous *• Letters of Life " (1866) she enu- 
merates forty-six distinct works, wholly or partially 
from her pen, besides more than 2,000 articles in 
prose and verse that she had contributed to nearly 
300 periodicals. Several of her t>ooks also at- 
tained a wide circulation in England, and they 
were also much read on the continent She re- 
ceived from the queen of the French a handsome 
diamond bracelet as a token of that sovereign's 
esteem. Her poetry is not of the highest order. 
It portrays in graceful and often felicitous lan- 
guage the emotions and sympathies of the heart, 
rather than the higher conceptions of the intel- 
lect. Her prose is graceful and elegant, and is 
modelled to a 
great extent on 
that of Addison 
and the Aikins, 
who, in her youth, 
were regarded as 
the standards of 
polite literature. 
All her writings 
were penned in 
the interest of a 
pure morality.and 
many of them 
were decidedly re- 
ligious. Perhaps • 
no American writ- 
er has been more 

frequently called •».*•.- 

upon for gratui- v**" " '*. 

tous occasional ^ f*j0 s# 

ppemsof all kinds, ct. &C Ji?e<A+*U4< 
To these requests 7 / 

she generally ac- 
ceded, and often greatly to her own inconvenience. 
But it was not only through her literary labors that 
Mrs. Sigourney became known. Her whole life was 
one of active and earnest philanthropy. The poor, 
the sick, the deaf-mute, the blind, the idiot, the slave, 
and the convict were the objects of her constant 
care and benefaction. Her pensioners were nu- 
merous, and not one of them was ever forgotten. 
During her early married life, she economized in 
her own wardrobe and personal luxuries that she 
might be able to relieve the needy, while later 
in Tier career she saved all that was not abso- 
lutely needed for home comforts and expenses 
for the same purpose. Her character and worth 
were highly appreciated in the city that for more 
than fifty years was her home. She never left 
it after her marriage, except when in 1840 she vis- 
ited Europe, a record of which journey she pub- 
lished in '* Pleasant Memories of Pleasant Lands " 



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SIGttENZA Y G6NG0RA 



SILKMAN 



(Boston, 1842). During her residence abroad two 
volumes of her poems were issued in London. Be- 
gides the foregoing and an edition of poet ical se- 
lections from her writings, illustrated by Felix O. 
C. Darley (Philadelphia, 1848), her books include 
"Traits of the Aborigines of America," a poem 
(Hartford, 1822); "Sketch of Connecticut Forty 
Years Since " (1824) ; *• Letters to Young Ladies 
(New York, 1833 ; 20th ed M 1853 ; at least five Lon- 
don eds.); "Letters to Mothers" (1838; several 
London eds.); "Pocahontas, and other Poems" 
(1841); "Scenes in My Native Land" (Boston, 
1844); "Voice of Flowers" (Hartford, 1845); 
"Weeping Willow " (1840) ; " Water- Drops," a plea 
for temperance (New York, 1847) ; " Whisper to a 
Bride " (Hartford, 1840) ; "Letters to My Pupils" 
(New York, 1850); "Olive Leaves" (1851 ; Lon- 
don, 1853); "The Faded Hope," a memorial of her 
only son, who died at the age of nineteen (1852) ; 
44 Past Meridian " (1854) ; " Lucy Howard's Jour- 
nal " (1857) ; " The Daily Counsellor," a volume of 
poetry (Hartford, 1858); "Gleanings," from her 
poetical writings (1800) ; and " The Man of Uz, and 
other Poems" (1802). 

SIGt)ENZA Y G0NGORA, Carlo*, Mexican 
historian, b. in the city of Mexico in 1045 ; d. there, 
22 Aug., 1700. He studied mathematics and as- 
tronomy in his native city under the direction of 
his father, and in 1000 entered the Company of 
Jesus. In 1002 he published his first poem. He 
continued his mathematical and scientific studies, 
and in 1005 left the Jesuit order, being appointed 
chaplain of the hospital " Amor de Dios. There 
he became intimate with Juan de Alva Ixtlilxot- 
chitl, who put at his disposal the rich collection of 
documents of his ancestors, the kings of Texcoco, 
and in 1008 Siguenza began the study of Aztec 
history and the deciphering of the hieroglyphs and 
symbolical writings of the Toltecs. In 1081 he 
wan appointed by Charles II. royal cosmographer 
and professor of mathematics in the University of 
Mexico, and in 1093 he was sent by the viceroy, 
Gaspar de Sandoval (q. v.), to accompany Admiral 
Andres de Pez on a scientific exploration of the Gulf 
of Mexico. On his return he entered the Jesuit 
order again, and, after falling heir to Ixtlilxot- 
chitl's collection of documents, gave the last years 
of his life in the retirement of the hospital to the 
completion of his works on ancient Mexican his- 
tory. Siguenza was a very prolific writer. His 
published works include "Primavera Indiana" 
(Mexico, 1002); "Las Glorias de QuereUro" a 
poem (1008) ; " Libra Astronomica " (1081) ; " Mani- 
flesto filosoflco contra losCometas*' (1081); "Los 
infortunios de Alonso Ramirez," describing the 
adventures of a man that was captured by pirates 
in the Philippines, bat escaped in a boat and was 
thrown on the coast of Yucatan (1090) ; " Relaci6n 
historicade los sucesos de la Armada de Barlovento 
en la isla de Santo Domingo con la quema del 
Guirico" (1091); "Mercuno Volante 6 Papel 
Periodic© " (1098) ; and " Descripci6n de la bahia 
de Santa Maria de Galve, alias Panzacola, de la 
Mobila y del Rio Misisipi " (1094). Of his numerous 
manuscripts, only fragments were preserved after 
the expulsion of the Jesuits, but there is a move- 
ment on foot to print them. The most interesting 
are "Historia del Imperio de los Chichimecas,* 
"Genealogia de los Reyes Mexicanos," "Un 
Fragmento de la Historia antigua de los Indios " 
(with illustrations), "Calendario de los meses y 
fiestas de los Mexicanos," "Cidografia Mexi- 
cana," " Anotaciones criticas a las obras de Bernal 
Diaz del Castillo y P. Torquemada," and " Historia 
de la Provincia de Tejas.** 



HIKES, William Wirt, author, b. in Water- 
town, Jefferson co., N. Y., in 1830; d. in London, 
England, 19 Aug., 1883. In childhood he was an 
invalid, and he was to a great extent self-educated. 
He learned type-setting in Watertown at the age 
of fourteen, and ever afterward was engaged in 
journalism or other literary occupations. lie con- 
tributed largely to newspapers in Utica, working 
at the same time as a type-setter, thence went 
to Chicago, and was employed on the "Times** 
and " Evening Journal.*' At the age of twenty- 
four be was appointed state canal inspector of 
Illinois. In 1807 he came to New York, was em- 
ployed on various journals, and became an earnest 
student of the lower classes of city life. He wrote 
many poems, and published stories of adventure 
in the " Youth's Companion " and " Oliver Optic's 
Magazine." At one time he purchased an interest 
in a paper called ** City and Country," published 
at Nyack, N. Y., which he edited and filled, to a 
considerable extent, with his own contributions in 
prose and poetry. He married Olive Logan (g. v.) 
on 19 Dec., 1871. Mr. Sikes was an incessant ana 
conscientious worker. He was known by his inti- 
mate friends to have employed as many as thirty 
pen-names in contributing to the American press. 
Some of his writings were printed under a feminine 
signature. He was appointed U. S. consul at Car- 
diff, Wales, by President Grant in June, 1876, 
which post he held until his death. Shortly after 
his appointment he began a series of papers on 
Welsh history, archeology, and social conditions, 
which attracted wide attention, and the works that 
he subsequently published in London, on these or 
kindred topics, were received with praise by British 
critics. He was an accomplished art critic, and his 
criticism of the Wiertz gallery of Brussels, which 
he contributed to " Harper's Magazine," has been 
selected by the authorities of that institution for 
printingwith their catalogue. He was the author 
of "A Book for the Winter Evening Fireside" 
(Watertown, 1858); "One Poor Girl: the Story of 
Thousands" (Philadelphia, 1809); "British Gob- 
lins: Welsh Fairy Mythology" (London, 1880); 
" Rambles and Studies in Old South Wales " (1881) ; 
and " Studies of Assassination " (1881). 

SILKMAN, James Bailey, lawyer, b. in Bed- 
ford, Westchester co., N. Y., 9 Oct, 1819; d. in 
New York city, 4 Feb., 1888. He was graduated 
at Yale in 1845, studied law, and after laboring as 
a journalist was admitted to the bar in 1850, soon 
establishing a good practice. Prior to the civil 
war he caused much excitement by introducing 
resolutions against slavery in the New York dioce- 
san convention of the Protestant Episcopal church. 
After the war he became greatly interested in re- 
ligious matters, and was at one time identified 
with the Fulton street prayer-meeting. Subse- 
quently he was converted to Spiritualism, and re- 
mained until his death one of its foremost adher- 
ents. So pronounced were his views on this sub- 
ject that his family bad him examined to decide 
with regard to his sanity, and in 1883 he was 
committed to the Utica asylum. From this de- 
cision he appealed, and after a long litigation in 
the courts he recovered a verdict of $15,000 dam- 
ages against his son and his son-in-law for false 
imprisonment. An appeal from this verdict was 
pending at the time of his death. On being re- 
leased from Utica he reopened his law-office and 
recovered a portion of his practice, but made it 
thenceforth the chief aim of his life to procure the 
release of those inmates of the Utica asylum that 
he claimed were unjustly confined. In this, owing 
to his ability as a lawyer and his persistence in 



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Google 



SILL 



SILLIMAN 



637 



he undertook, he was unusually suc- 
,1, and a number were released at different 
times through his efforts. 

SILL, Edward Rowland, educator, b. in Wind- 
sor, Conn., 29 April, 1841 ; d. in Cleveland, Ohio, 
27 Feb., 1887. He was graduated at Yale in 1861, 
and, owing to feeble health, resided on the Pacific 
coast till July, 1866, when he returned to the east, 
and. after studying theology at Harvard divinity- 
school for some tune, devoted himself to literary 
work in New York city. After teaching for three 
years in Medina county and at Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio, 
fee accepted the office of principal of the high-school 
at Oakland, Cal., in 1871, and in 1874 was appoint- 
ed professor of the English language and litera- 
ture in the University of California, where he re- 
mained for eight Tears. He resigned his chair in 
1882 to resume literary work, and returned to 
Cuyahoga Falls, where he remained until his death, 
which occurred in a hospital at Cleveland after he 
had undergone an operation. Elizabeth Stuart 
Phelps says : M He has left, I think, no volume but 
the * Booklet,' as he used to call it, privately print- 
ed as a farewell to his friends in California. . . . 
It contains some of the most delicate, most fin- 
ished, and most musical poetic work that the coun- 
try has produced. ... He was personally beloved 
as I believe few men of our day have been." The 
volume referred to is " The Hermitage, and other 
Poems " (New York. 1867). 

SILL, John Manelon Berry, educator, b. in 
BlackRock, Erie oa, N. Y., 28 Nov., 1881. He 
was educated at Jonesville, and at the Michigan 
state normal school, of which he was the first male 
graduate, concluding his course of study in 1854. 
He also received the honorary degree of A. M, from 
the University of Michigan in 1871. From his 
graduation until 80 June, 1868, he was professor 
of the English language and literature in the 
Michigan state normal school. He was then 
chosen superintendent of the publio schools of 
Detroit, which office he held until 1865. In 
1865-75 he was prinoipal of the Detroit female 
seminary, and from the latter year until his resig- 
nation in 1886 he was again superintendent of the 
public schools. 8ince that date he had been prin- 
cipal of the Michigan state normal school He 
was president of the Michigan state teachers' asso- 
ciation in 1861-*2, a member for two years of the 
Detroit board of education, and one of the board 
of regents of the University of Michigan in 
1867-%. Mr. Sill has published u Synthesis of the 
English Sentence" (New York, 1856), and "Prac- 
tical Lessons in English " (1880). 

SILL. Joanna Woodrow, soldier, b. in Chilli- 
cotbe, Ohio, 6 Dec., 1831 ; d. near Murfreesboro, 
Tenn., 81 De<x,1862. He was graduated at the U. & 
military academy in 1858, assigned to the ordnance, 
and, after being on duty at Watervliet arsenal, 
returned to the academy, where he was assistant 

§rof essor of geography, history, and ethics from 28 
ept, 1854, till 29 Aug., 1857. He was promoted 
2d lieutenant in 1854, and 1st lieutenant in 1856. 
He was engaged in routine duty at various arse- 
nals and ordnance depots until 25 Jan., 1861, when 
he resigned to accept the professorship of mathe- 
matics and civil engineering in the Brooklyn col- 
legiate and polytechnic institute. At the begin- 
ning of the civil war in April he at once offered 
his services to the governor of Ohio, and was com- 
missioned assistant adjutant-general of that state. 
On 27 Aug. he was commissioned colonel of the 
88d Ohio volunteers, after taking part in the battle 
of Rich Mountain on 11 July. From September, 
1861, till September, 1862, he participated in the 



operati 
after 3( 



.tions in Kentucky, Tennessee, and Alabama, 

'ter 30 Nov., 1861, being in command of a brigade. 
On 16 July, 1862, he was appointed brigadier-gen- 
eral of volunteers, and in the following autumn 
and winter he took part in the battle of Perryville, 
the pursuit of Gen. Braxton Bragg's army, and 
the Tennessee campaigu of the Army of the Cum- 
berland. He was killed at the battle of Stone Riv- 
er while endeavoring to rally his men. 

SILLE, N leasing de, lawyer, b. in Holland 
about 1600. He was commissioned by the Dutch 
West India company in 1688 as first councillor in 
their provincial government of New Amsterdam, 
and arrived in that town on 24 July. He was a 
thorough statesman and an experienced lawyer, 
and, having built a large house on the corner of 
Broad street and Exchange place, entertained his 
friends in the same elegant manner as that to which 
he had been accustomed in the Hague. De Sille 
brought to this country more silver plate than any 
one before him, and took special pride in its exhi- 
bition. He built the first stone house in New 
Utrecht, resided there for many years, and left a 
brief history of the settlement of that town. 

SILLER Y, Noel Brulart de, French mission- 
ary, b. in France in December, 1577; d. there, 26 
Sept, 1640. He belonged to a noble family in 
France, at an early age entered the Knights of 
Malta, and was afterward ambassador at Madrid and 
Rome. He finally renounced the world, became a 
priest, and devoted his large fortune to works of 
charity. The Jesuits having suggested to him the 
founding of a town in Canada for Indian converts, 
he was pleased with the idea, and hrl688 sent 
workmen to Quebec to execute the plan. The re- 
sult was the establishment of the town that bears 
his name. In a few years it was filled with Algon- 
quin Christians, who cleared a large tract around 
it, and were taught the duties of civilised society. 
See u Vie de l'illustre serviteur de Dieu, Noel Bru- 
lart de Sillery, Chevalier de Malte, et Bailly Com- 
mandeur Grand' Croix dans l'ordre " (Paris, 1848). 

SILLIMAN, Gold Selleek, soldier, b. in Fair- 
field, Conn., 7 May, 1782; d. there 21 July, 1790. 
His father, Judge Ebenezer Silliman (1707-75), 
was graduated at Yale in 1727, and there stud- 
ied theology, but turned his attention to law. 
In 1780 he was sent as deputy to the general as- 
sembly, and in 1789-*66 was a member of the 
house of assistants, after which he returned to the 
lower house, of which he was speaker .for many 
years. He was annually chosen judge of the su- 
perior court of the colony from 1748 to 1766, and 
held the rank of major in the 4th regiment of 
militia. His son, Gold, was graduated at Yale in 
1752, and, after being educated as a lawyer, became 
attorney for the crown in Fairfield county during 
colonial times. He had interested himself in mili- 
tary affairs, and at the beginning of the Revolu- 
tionary war was colonel of cavalry in the local 
militia. During the greater part of the war he 
held the rank of brigadier-general and was charged 
with the defence of the southwestern frontier of 
Connecticut which, owing to the long occupation 
of New York city by the British, was a duty that 
repaired much vigilance. He served at the head 
of nis regiment in the battle of Long Island, and 
also in that of White Plains, where he was posted 
in the rear-guard. In 1777 he was active in re- 



pelling the raid on Danbury. In May, 1779, a 
party that was sent from Lloyd's neck by Sir 
Henry Clinton surprised him in his own house. 



and for a year he remained a prisoner on parole 
at Flatbush and Gravesend, Long Island. Sub- 
sequently he was exchanged.— His son, Gold Sal- 



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528 



SILLIMAN 



SILLIMAN 




leek, lawyer, b. in Fairfield, Conn., 26 Oct, 1777; 
d. in Brooklyn, N. Y., 3 June, 1868, was graduated 
at Yale in 1796, and then studied law. He entered 
upon the practice of his profession in Newport, 
K I., where he had a large and successful business 
until 1815, when he came to New York city, where 
he engaged in commercial pursuits. On retiring 
from this occupation, he settled in Brooklyn, where 
for several years he held the office of postmaster. 
—Another son, Benjamin, scientist, b. in North 
Stratford (now Trumbull), Conn., 8 Aug., 1779; 
d. in New Haven, Conn., 24 Nov., 1864, was gradu- 
ated at Yale in 1796, and, after spending a year at 
home, taught at Wethersfield, Conn. In 1798 he 
returned to New Ha- 
ven, where he began 
the study of law with 
Simeon Baldwin, and 
in 1799 was appoint- 
ed tutor at Yale, 
which place he held 
until he was admit- 
ted to the bar in 1802. 
Natural science was 
at that time begin- 
ning to attract the 
attention of educa- 
tors, and, at the solic- 
itation of President 
Dwight, he aban- 
~^ ~ doned the profession 

^D J^jLLcj^LjuttL^j^ of ** w an * devoted 

In September, 1802, 
he was chosen professor of chemistry and natu- 
ral history at Yale, with permission to qualify 
himself for teaching these branches. Procuring 
a list of books from Prof. John MacLean {o. v.), 
ot Princeton, he proceeded to Philadelphia, where, 
during two winters, he studied chemistry under 
Prof. James Woodhouse, then professor of chem- 
istrv in the University of Pennsylvania. In 1804 
he delivered a partial course of lectures on chem- 
istry, and during the following year he gave a 
•complete course. He went abroad in March, 1805, 
to procure scientific books and apparatus, and 
spent about a year in study in Edinburgh and 
London, also visiting the continent and making 
the acquaintance of distinguished men of science. 
On his return he devoted himself to the duties of 
his chair, which included chemistry, mineralogy, 
and geology, until 1858, when he was made pro- 
fessor emeritus, but, at the special request of his 
colleagues, continued his lectures on geology until 
1855, when he was succeeded by his son-in-law, 
James D. Dana. While in Edinburgh he became 
interested in the discussions, then at their height, 
between the Wernerians and Huttonians, and at- 
tended lectures on geology ; and on his return he 
began a study of the mineral structure of the 
vicinity of New Haven. About 1808 he persuaded 
the corporation of Yale to purchase the cabinet of 
minerals of Benjamin D. Perkins, and a few years 
later he secured the loan of the magnificent col- 
lection of George Gibbs (q. v.), which in 1825 be- 
came the property of the college. His scientific 
work, which was extensive, began with the ex- 
amination in 1807 of the meteor that fell near 
Weston, Conn. He procured fragments, of which 
he made a chemical analysis, and he wrote the 
earliest and best authenticated account of the fall 
of a meteor in America. In 1811 he began an ex- 
tended course of experiments with the oxy-hvdric 
or compound blow-pipe that was invented \>y Itob- 
ert Hare, and he succeeded in melting many of the 



most refractory minerals, notably those containing 
alkalies and alkaline earths, the greater part of 
which had never been reduced before. After Sir 
Humphry Davy's discovery of the metallic bases of 
the alkalies, Prof. Silliman repeated the experiments 
and obtained for the first time in this country the 
metals sodium and potassium. In 1822, while en- 
gaged in a series of observations on the action of 
a powerful voltaic battery that he had made, simi- 
lar to Dr. Hare's " deflagrator," he noticed that 
the charcoal points of the negative pole increased 
in size toward the positive pole, and, on further ex- 
amination, he found that there was a correspond- 
ing cavity on the point of the latter. He inferred, 
therefore, that an actual transfer of the matter of 
the charcoal points from one to another took place, 
and. on careful examination, he found that the char- 
coal had been fused. This fact of the fusion of 
the carbon in the voltaic arc was long disputed in 
Europe, but is now universally accepted. In 1880 
he explored Wyoming valley and its coal-forma- 
tions, examining about one hundred mines and 
localities of mines; in 1882-*8 he was engaged 
under a commission from the secretary of the 
treasury in a scientific examination on the subject 
of the culture and manufacture of sugar, and in 
1836 he made a tour of investigation among the 
gold-mines of Virginia. His popular lectures be- 
gan in 1808 in New Haven, wnere he delivered a 
course in chemistry. He delivered his first course 
in Hartford in 1884. and in Lowell, Mass., in the 
autumn of that year. During the years that fol- 
lowed he lectured in Salem, Boston, New York, 
Baltimore, Washington, St Louis, New Orleans, 
and elsewhere in the United States. In 1888 he 
opened the Lowell institute in Boston with a course 
of lectures on geology, and in the three following 
years he lectured there on chemistry. This series 
was without doubt the most brilliant of the kind 
that was • ever delivered in this country, and its 
influence in developing an interest in the growing 
science was very great Many of the present leao- 
ers in science trace their first inspiration to these 
popular expositions of Prof. Silliman. Through 
nis influence in 1880 the historical paintings of 
Col. John Trumbull, and the building in which 
they were formerly deposited (now tne college 
treasury), were procured for Yale, He opposed 
slavery in all its forms. Among the various colo- 
nies sent out from the eastern states during the 
Kansas troubles was one that was organized in 
New Haven, and, at a meeting held prior to its de- 
parture in April, 1856, the discovery was made 
that the party was unprovided with rifles. A 
subscription was proposed at once, and Prof. Silli- 
man spoke in favor of it This insignificant ac- 
tion was soon noised abroad, and, owing to the 
strong feeling between the partisans of slavery 
and those opposed to it, the matter was discussed 
in the U. S. senate. During the civil war he was 
a firm supporter of President Lincoln, and exerted 
his influence toward the abolition of slavery. The 
degree of M. D. was conferred on him by Bowdoin 
in 1818, and that of LL D. by Midalebury in 
1826. Prof. Silliman was chosen first president in 
1840 of the American association of geologists 
and naturalists, which has since grown into the 
American association for the advancement of sci- 
ence, and he was one of the corporate members 
named by congress in the formation of the Na- 
tional academy of sciences in 1868. Besides his 
connection with other societies in this country and 
abroad, he was corresponding member of the Geo- 
logical societies of Great Britain and France. In 
1818 he founded the ** American Journal of Sci- 



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SILLIMAN 



SILLIMAN 



ence," whioh he conducted as sole editor until 
1888, and as senior editor until 1846, when he 
transferred the journal to his son and to James 
D. Dana. This journal is now the oldest scientific 
paper in the United States. Prof. Silliman 
edited three editions of William Henry's '* Ele- 
ments of Chemistry " (Boston, 1808-'14), also three 
editions of Robert Bakewell's "Introduction to 
Geology " (New Haven, 1829, 1833, and 1839), and 
was the author of " Journals of Travels in England, 
Holland, and Scotland" (New York, 1810); "A 
Short Tour between Hartford and Quebec in the 
Autumn of 1819" (1820); "Elements of Chemistry 
in the Order of Lectures given in Yale College 

Svols., New Haven, lSSO-'l); "Consistency of 
iscoveries of Modern Geology with the Sacred 
History of the Creation ana Deluge " (London, 
1837) ; and " Narrative of a Visit to Europe in 1851 " 
(2 vols., 1858). He was called by Edward Everett 
the " Nestor of American Science." Prof. Silliman 
was married twice. His first wife was Harriet 
Trumbull, the daughter of the second Gov. Jona- 
than Trumbull. One of his daughters married Prof. 
Oliver P. Hubbard, and another Prof. James D. 
Dana. A bronze statue of Prof. Silliman was erected 
on the Yale grounds in front of Farnam college in 
1884. See " Life of Benjamin Silliman," by George 
P. Fisher (2 vols., New York, 1866).— Benjamin's 
son, Benjamin, chemist, b. in New Haven, Conn., 
4 Dec, 1816 ; d. there, 14 Jan., 1885, was graduated 
at Yale in 1837, and at once became assistant to 
his father, under whom he had served in a similar 
capacity during the explorations in the gold 
region of Virginia in 1886. Some of the lectures 
In the departments of chemistry, mineralogy, and 
geology were delivered by him, and he also de- 
voted himself assiduously to the acquirement of 
a special knowledge of chemistry. In 1842 he 
fitted up at his own expense an apartment in the 
old laboratory of the college, where he received 

Srivate pupils, notably John P. Norton and T. 
terry Hunt, and there he likewise conducted his 
earliest scientific researches. In 1846 he urged 
upon the corporation of Yale the foundation of a 
department for the etudy of advanced science, and 
in consequence the School of applied chemistry 
was organized, with himself as its professor of 
chemistry, without salary. The movement was 
successful, and in 1847 the Yale scientific school 
was formed on the basis of this beginning, which, 
since 1860, in recognition of the gifts of Joseph E. 
Sheffield, has borne his name. Prof. Silliman con- 
tinued a member of the faculty of the scientific 
school until 1869, except during the years 1849-'54, 
when he held the chair of medical chemistry and 
toxicology in the medical department of the Uni- 
versity of Louisville, Ky. In 1854 he was called 
to give instruction in the academic and medical 
departments of Yale, in consequence of the resig- 
nation of the elder Silliman. He held the chair of 
feneral and applied chemistry in the college until 
870, but retained the appointment in the medical 
department until his death. On the invitation of 
citizens of New Orleans, he delivered in 1846-'6 
what is believed to have been the first series of 
lectures on agricultural chemistry in the United 
States, and subsequently he gave popular lectures 
on scientific topics throughout the country. Prof. 
Silliman was a member of the common council of 
New Haven in 1845-'9, and one of the trustees of 
the Peabody museum of natural history. His sci- 
entific work included many investigations in min- 
eralogy, at first chiefly from the chemical side, in- 
cluding researches on meteorites as well as studies 
In geology and physical optics. Later he turned 
to* v.— «4 



his attention more to applied science, including 
the examination of mines and the preparation of 
reports on questions connected with the chemical 
arts and manufactures; and he frequently ap- 
peared as an expert in the courts. In 1869 Pro! 
Silliman became cne of the state chemists of Con- 
necticut, and in that capacity was employed as a 
scientific witness in the courts. The collection of 
minerals that he accumulated during his expedi- 
tions over the country was sold in 1868 to Cornell 
university, where it bears the name of the Silliman 
cabinet The mineralogical collections of Yale 
are indebted to him for various (rifts, and, through 
his personal solicitation of funds, the Baron Led- 
erer collection was secured in 1843 for the college. 
The honorary degree of M. D. was conferred on 
him by the University of South Carolina in 1849, 
and that of LL. D. by Jefferson medical college in 
1884. Prof. Silliman was a member of many sci- 
entific societies, and was secretary of the Ameri- 
can association of geologists and naturalists in 
1843-'4. He was named as one of the original 
members of the National academy of sciences by 
act of congress in 1863, and served on several of 
its roost important committees, notably that ap- 
pointed in 1882 to report on the use of sorghum as 
a source of sugar. Prof. Silliman had charge of 
the chemical, mineralogical, and geological depart- 
ments of the World's fair that was held in New 
York during 1853, and at that time edited with 
Charles R. Goodrich " World of Science, Art, and 
Industry " (New York, 1858), and " The Progress 
of Science and Mechanism " (1854), in which the 
chief results of the great exhibition were recorded. 
In 1838-'45 Prof. Silliman became associated in 
the editorship of the " American Journal of Sci- 
ence," and with James D. Dana he was its editor 
from the latter year until his death. His scientific 
papers were nearly one hundred in number, of 
which over fifty were published in the " American 
Journal of Science," and they cover a wide range 
of topics. In addition, he published " First Prin- 
ciples of Chemistry " (Philadelphia, 1846 ; revised 
ed\, 1856), of which more than 50,000 copies were 
sold; "Principles of Physics" (1858; revised ed., 
1868) ; and "American Contributions to Chemistry " 
(1875).— The second Gold Selleck's son, Benjamin 
Douglas, lawyer, b. in Newport, R. I., 14 Sept, 
1805, was graduated at Yale in 1824, and then 
studied law with James Kent and his son, William 
Kent, until 1829, when he was admitted to the bar. 
He opened an office in New York during that year, 
and has since been steadily engaged in the prac- 
tice of his profession in that city, with his resi- 
dence in Brooklyn. He has often served as a 
delegate from Kings county to National and state 
conventions of the Whig and Republican parties, 
including the one at Harrisburg in 1839, at which 
William Henry Harrison was nominated for the 
presidency. He was elected to the legislature in 
1838, and was nominated by the Whigs for con- 
gress in 1848, but failed of election, although he 
Fed the ticket of his party at the polls. In 1852 
he received, but declined, the Whig nomination 
for the state senate. During the civil war he was 
an earnest supporter of the government, and in 
March, 1865, he was appointed by President Lincoln 
U. S. attorney for the eastern district of New York. 
He held this office until September, 1866, and dur* 
ing that time argued in behalf of the government 
important questions that grew out of the civil 
war. In 1872 he was a member of the commission 
for revising the constitution of the state, and, as 
a chairman of one committee and a member of 
others, took an active part in the proceedings of 



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SILLIMAN 



SILVA 



that body. He was nominated in 1873 by the Re- 
publican party as their candidate for the office of 
attorney-general of New York, but failed of elec- 
tion. The degree of LL. D. was conferred on him 
by Columbia in 1878, and by Yale in 1874. Dur- 
ing his career in the state legislature he introduced 
the charter of Greenwood cemetery, and he is a 
trustee of that corporation. He has long been con- 
nected with the Long Island historical society, of 
which he is a director, and for more than twenty 
years he has been president of the Brooklyn club. 
Mr. Silliman was president of the New England 
society of Brooklyn from its beginning until 1876, 
when he declined a re-election, and is president of 
the Yale alumni association of Long Island. He 
was one of the founders of the New York bar as- 
sociation, one of its vice-presidents, and a trustee 
of various charitable and benevolent associations. 
— Benjamin Douglas's brother, Augustas Ely, 
financier, b. in Newport. R. I., 11 April, 1807; 
d. in Brooklyn, N. Y., 80 May, 1884, early entered 
commercial life and became connected with the 
Merchants' bank of New York. He was its presi- 
dent from 1857 until 1868, when failing health com- 
pelled his retirement from active business. He 
took part in the establishment of the Clearing 
house association in 1858, and was one of the com- 
mittee that during the first six years of its exist- 
ence directed its proceedings. Mr. Silliman was 
a member of the Long Island historical society, 
and was in 1840- , 1 president of the New York 
mercantile library association. He published ** A 
Gallop among American Scenery, or Sketches of 
American Scenes and Military Adventure " (New 
York, 1848: enlarged ed., 1881), and translated 
from the French ** Fenelon's Conversations with 
M. de Ramsai on the Truth of Religion, with his 
Letters on the Immortality of the Soul and the 
Freedom of the Will" (1869). In honor of the 
memory of his mother he bequeathed to Yale uni- 
versity nearly $100,000 for the foundation of an an- 
nual seriesof lectures in that university," the general 
tendency of which may be such as will illustrate 
the presence and wisdom of God as manifested in 
the natural and moral world." 

8ILLIMAN, Justus Mitchell, mining engi- 
neer, b. in New Canaan, Conn., 25 Jan., 1842. He 
studied at New Canaan academy, enlisted at the be- 

S'nning of the civil war, and served for three years, 
ling wounded at Gettysburg. At the close of the 
war he settled in Troy, N. Y., where he taught in 
an academy, and was graduated at Rensselaer poly- 
technic institute in 1870 with the degree of M. E. 
In September of that year he was called to the 
charge of the department of mining engineering 
and graphics in Lafayette college, which place he 
still (1888) holds. Prof. Silliman has invented an 
instrument for orthographic, clinographic,and crys- 
tallographic projection, also a water manometer 
and anemometer. He is a fellow of the American 
association for the advancement of science and a 
member of the American institute of mining en- 

S'neers, and has been president of the Lehigh val- 
y microscopical society. His special work has 
included various investigations, of which his ex- 
amination of the Bessemer flame with colored 
glasses and the spectroscope is the best known. 
Prof. Silliman's writings have been confined to pro- 
fessional papers that nave been published in the 
transactions of societies of which ne is a member. 
8ILLOWA Y, Thomas William, architect, b. 
in Newburyport, Mass., 7 Aug^, 1828. He received 
a good education, especially in the arts of design? 
and devoted himself to the preparation of archi- 
tectural plans for public buildings, in which busi- 



gii 
lei 



ness he established himself at Boston, Mass., in 
1851. In the course of the next twenty years more 
than 800 church edifices were built or repaired 
under his superintendence, besides other public 
buildings, including the capitol at Montpelier, Vt. 
(1857), the Soldiers' monument at Cambridge, Mass. 
(1870), and Buchtel college, Akron, Ohio (1872). 
After the earthquake in Charleston, S. C, in 1886, 
he was called to that city professionally and re- 
stored six of the church edifices that nad been 
partially destroyed. In 1852 he began to preach 
to Universalist congregations, and in 1863 he was 
ordained a clergyman of that faith. He has pub- 
lished " Theogonis, a Lamp in the Cavern of Evil " 
(Boston, 1856); "Text-Book of Modern Carpen- 
try " (1858) ; " Warming and Ventilation " (18&0) ; 
"Atkinson Memorial, a series of eighteen dis- 
courses (1861) ; " The Conference Melodist " (1868) ; 
"Cantica Sacra " (1865) ; "Service of the Church 
of the Redeemer," at Brighton, Mass. (1867) ; and, 
with Lee L. Powers, " Cathedral Towns of Eng- 
land, Ireland, and Scotland " (1888). He edited, 
with George M. Harding, an improved edition of 
Shaw's " Civil Architecture " (1852). 

SILSBEE, Joshua S., actor, b. in Litchfield, 
Conn., 4 Jan., 1815 ; d. in San Francisco, CaL, 22 
Dec, 1855. He made his first appearance on the 
stage at Natchez. Miss., in the winter of 1887, and 
afterward played Jonathan Ploughboy in " Forest 
Rose" at the Walnut street theatre, Philadelphia, 
in 1841. He appeared as a star soon afterward in 
Boston. Going to England in 1851, he was the 
first comedian to introduce Yankee characters on 
the stage in that country, opening at the Adelphi, 
London, in his favorite part of Jonathan Plough- 
boy. During his residence in England, Tom Tay- 
lor, the dramatic author, is said to have written 
for him the play that afterward became famous 
as "The American Cousin," though it is doubtful 
whether he ever appeared in it After his death 
his widow brought the piece to the United States 
and sold it to Laura Keene. Soon afterward John 
Sleeper Clark brought out the play in Philadelphia, 
and from the disputed ownership arose a long 
copyright lawsuit Laura Keene subsequently sold, 
or gave, her copy to Edward A. Sothern. The 
Yankee part was thus probably first played not by 
SiLsbee, but by Joseph Jefferson, under Miss 
Keene's management 

SILSBEE, Nathaniel, senator, b. in Essex 
county, Mass., in 1773; d. in Salem, Mass., 1 Jul*, 
1850. His father, Nathaniel, was a shipmaster in 
Salem. The son engaged in mercantile pursuits, 
and amassed a fortune. He served frequently in 
each branch of the Massachusetts legislature, and 
was elected to congress as a Democrat, serving 
from 1 Dec, 1817, till 8 March, 1821. He then 
declined a renomination. He was in the state sen- 
ate in 1828-'6, and was elected and re-elected to the 
U. S. senate, holding the seat from 4 Dec., 1826, 
till 8 March, 1885. He was a firm supporter of the 
administration of John Quincy Adams. 

SILYA, Francis Augustus, artist b. in New 
York city, 4 Oct, 1885; d. there, 81 March, 1886. 
He worked as a sign-painter until the opening of 
the civil war, when he entered the National army. 
At the close of the war he settled in New York 
and devoted himself to the painting of marine 
subjects. He was elected a member or the Water- 
color society in 1872. Among his works are u Gray 
Day at Cape Ann " ; " Sunrise in Boston Harbor *; 
•New London Light"; "September Day on the 
Coast" (1879); "Old Town by the Sea 6 (1880); 
"Old Connecticut Port" (1882); "Passing Show- 
era " (1885) ; and " Near Atlantic City " (1886). 



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SILVA, Jose* Laurencio, Venezuelan soldier, 
b. in Tinaco, 7 Sept, 1792; d. in Chirgua, 27 Feb., 
1878. When the revolutionary junta of Caracas 
was installed, 19 April, 1810, Silva offered his ser- 
vices and was appointed sergeant in the forces 
sent against the royalists of Coro. He served un- 
der the orders of the Marquis de Toro, and on his 
return was promoted lieutenant, taking part in the 
campaign of 1811 -'12 under Gen. Miranda. After 
the capitulation of the latter, Silva escaped to the 
plains of Guarico, where he gathered a guerilla 
force and continued to oppose the Spaniards till 
he joined Bolivar on the latter's invasion of 
Venezuela in 1818. Silva participated in the bat- 
tles of Taguanes. A rati re, Barbula, and Mosqui- 
tero, and in the famous defence of La Victoria, 12 
Feb., 1814, where his troop of 180 men was reduced 
to 20. After his recovery from his wounds he 
was assigned to another regiment, with which he 

Sarticipated in the defence of San Mateo and the 
rst battle of Carabobo. After the defeat of La 
Puerta and the capitulation of Valencia, Silva re- 
tired to Guarico. He was captured by the Spanish 
under Lopez Ou in tana and condemned to death, 
but escaped and joined Paez in Apure, under whom 
he served till 18i9. On Bolivar's return from Co- 
lombia, Silva joined him and participated as lieu- 
tenant-colonel in the battle of Carabobo, 24 
June, 1821. In 1822 he marched with Bolivar to 
southern Colombia, participated in the battle of 
Bombona, 7 April, 1822, and went with the divis- 
ion that was sent in 1828 to aid the Peruvian 
patriots. In the battle of Junin he was at the 
nead of the Hussars de Colombia, and was pro- 
moted colonel, and after the battle of Ayacucho 
he was made a brigadier of Peru and Colombia. 
On this occasion he was officially styled the hero 
of Junin. He continued to serve in Peru, accom- 

rying Sucre in his entry into La Paz, after which 
returned to Colombia, and in 1828 was sent to 
2uell an insurrection in Guayana. On his return 
e was promoted major-general, and after the dis- 
integration of Colombia he demanded a passport 
to Venezuela with the regiments of grenadiers and 
hussars of Apure, which refused to continue ser- 
vice in New Granada. As a defender of Bolivar, 
whose niece he had married in 1827, he was exiled 
in 1831, and in 1835 returned to take part in the 
revolution of 1885, but soon submitted to the gov- 
ernment. In 1849 he commanded the government 
troops against Gen. Paez, with whom ne signed a 
convention at Macapo, and, when the same was 
violated by President Monagas, he resigned and 
retired to his farm. In 1855 he was promoted lieu- 
tenant-general by congress, and was secretary of 
war; in the next year he was appointed to the 
government council, but soon resigned and retired 
to his country-seat 

SILVER, Thomas, inventor, b. in Greenwich, 
Cumberland co., N. J., 17 June, 1818 ; d. in New 
York city, 12 April, 1888. His parents were Qua- 
kers. As a boy he displayed unusual mechani- 
cal skill, and when he was only nine years old his 
toy boat, with hidden propeller-wheel and other 
ingenious devices, was the wonder of the village 
in which he lived. He was educated in Green- 
wich and Woodstown, N. J., and in Philadelphia, 
and became a civil engineer, but continued to de- 
vote much time to the perfection of numerous 
contrivances for lightening human toil and in- 
creasing the safety of travellers. Among the pat- 
ents, upward of fifty in number, granted nim, were 
those for a grain-dryer, a fuel-saving heat-cham- 
ber, a gas-consumer, a tension-regulator, a machine 
for paying out submarine cables, a machinery- 



lubricator, a rotary ascending-railway, and clock- 
work for mechanical lamps. Models of some of 
these are at the patent-office, Washington, D. C, 
the South Kensington museum, London, and the 
Paris conservatoire des arts. The loss of the steam- 
er "San Francisco," bound to California with 
troops in 1854, suggested his best-known invention. 
That vessel was wrecked through her engines be- 
coming disabled in a severe storm, and, to meet 
such emergencies, Mr. Silver devised his " marine 
governor," which was adopted by the French navy 
in 1855. It is also applied to many stationary en- 
gines, notably to those in the press-rooms of the 
great dailies in large cities. It was adopted by 
the British admiralty in 1864, and the example 
has been followed by the navies of all the chief 
powers, except the United States. Mr. Silver per- 
fected a plan of channel transit for the carrying 
of coal by car direct from Wales to France, in 
which Napoleon III. was interested, but it was lost 
to that country by the surrender at Sedan. Mr. 
Silver was made a member of the Franklin insti- 
tute of Philadelphia in 1855. He received the 
James Watt medal from the Royal polytechnic 
society of London, and one from Napoleon III. for 
his " regulateur marine." He published " A Trip 
to the North Pole, or the Theory of the Origin of 
Icebergs" (New York, 1887). 

SIMCOE, John Graves, British soldier, b. near 
Exeter, England, 25 Feb., 1752; d. in Torbay, 26 
Oct., 1806. His father, a captain in the navy, was 
killed at Quebec during its siege by Wolfe. The 
son entered the army as ensign in 1770, and at the 
beginning of the American war purchased a cap- 
taincy in the 40th foot, which regiment he com- 
manded at the battle of Brandywine, where he was 
wounded, as also at Monmouth. He raised a 
battalion called the Oueen's rangers, which was 
drilled and disciplined in a superior manner for 
light and active service, and with which he did 
important service to the royal cause in the south. 
On 28 June, 1779, Sir Henry Clinton gave him the 
rank of lieutenant-colonel. In October, 1779, while 
on an expedition to destroy some boats, he was 
taken prisoner and narrowly escaped death. Col. 
Simcoe's corps was constantly in advance of the 
army, and performed a series of skilful and success- 
ful enterprises. He was with Cornwallis at York- 
town.and was included in the capitulation. After the 
war Simcoe's corps was disbanded, and the officers 
were placed on half-pay. He was governor of Up- 
per Canada in 1791 -'4, and has been accused of pro- 
moting Indian hostilities against the United States 
in the northwestern territories. He was promoted 
colonel, 18 Nov., 1790, major-general, 8 Oct, 1794, 
lieutenant-general, 3 Oct., 1798, and was governor 
and commander-in-chief of Santo Domingo from 
December, 1796, till July, 1797, exerting himself 
successfully against the French, and to establish 
the financial and other interests of the colony. A 
lake of considerable size in Ontario and a county 
and town bear his name. He wrote and printed 
for private distribution a " History of the Opera- 
tion of a Partisan Corps called the Queen's Han- 
gers " (Exeter, 1787 : reprinted, with a memoir of 
the author. New York, 1844). 

SIMITIERE, Pierre Eugene do, artist, b. in 
Geneva, Switzerland ; d. in Philadelphia in Octo- 
ber. 1784. He went to the West Indies about 
1750, and, after spending nearly fifteen years there, 
to New York, and in 1766 to Philadelphia. Here 
he became well known as a collector of curiosities, 
and in 1768 was elected a member of the American 
philosophical society. His collection was so cele- 
brated that in 1782 he opened it to the public under 



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the name of the American museum. He was an 
artist of some ability, andpainted numerous por- 
traits, including one of Washington. His heads 
of thirteen notables — Washington, Baron Steuben, 
Silas Deane, Joseph Reed, Gouvemeur Morris, Gen. 
Horatio Gates, John Jay, William H. Drayton, 
Henry Laurens, Charles Thomson, Samuel Hun- 
tingdon, John Dickinson, and Benedict Arnold — 
were engraved by Benjamin Reading and published 
in a quarto volume (London, 1788). ' He painted 
also miniatures in water-color, and made some de- 
signs for publications. Soon after the Declaration 
of Independence he was employed by a committee 
of congress to furnish designs for a seal for the 
new republic Subsequently he suggested another 
design, but neither was accepted. His valuable 
collection of manuscripts and broadsides, forming 
material for a history of the Revolution and com- 

f>rising several volumes, is in the Philadelphia 
ibrary. Princeton conferred upon him in 1781 
the honorary degree of M. A. 

SIMKINS, Arthur, legislator, b. on the eastern 
shore of Virginia about 1750; d. in Edgefield, 
S. C, in 1826. He emigrated to South Carolina 
early in life, and ultimately established himself on 
Log creek, in Edgefield district. Having studied 
law and been admitted to the bar, he was made 
county court judge. At the beginning of the 
Revolutionary war he took sides with the patriots, 
and his place, known as "Cedar Fields," was 
burned by the Tories. After the war he was chosen 
a member of the general assembly, and retained 
his seat for nearly twenty years. He was also a 
delegate to the convention that adopted \he Fed- 
eral constitution, and he voted against it on the 
ground that it took too much power from the states. 
— His son, Eldred, lawyer, b. in Edgefield district, 
S. C, 29 Aug., 1779; d. there in 1832, was well 
educated at home, and subsequently attended the 
Litchfield, Conn., law-school, where he remained 
for more than three years. He then made himself 
thoroughly acquainted with the local laws of South 
Carolina, and was admitted to the bar. 7 May, 
1806, beginning to practise at Edgefield court- 
house in 1806, and soon winning a reputation. In 
1812 he was elected lieutenant-governor, and five 
years later he was chosen a member of congress to 
replace John C. Calhoun, who had accepted a seat 
in President Monroe's cabinet. He was re-elected 
and served from 8 Feb., 1818, till 3 March, 1821, 
but declined a second re-election, and retired in 
favor of his law-partner, George McDuffie. He 
was repeatedly a member of the legislature, and in 
1825 prepared an act, which was passed, giving 
jurisdiction' to certain courts to order the sale or 
division of the real estate of intestates not exceed- 
ing $1,000 in value. He was employed in many 
important cases, but was always of feeble health, 
ana in later years unable to confine himself closely 
to his profession. 

SIMMONS, Franklin, sculptor, b. in Webster, 
Me., 11 Jan., 1842. His boyhood was spent in 
Bath and Lewiston, and his love for sculpture was 
early developed. Having a facility for portraiture, 
he made his first attempts in that line. During 
the last two years of the civil war he was in Wash- 
ington, where the members of the cabinet and 
officers of the armyand navy sat to him for life- 
size medallions. They were cast in bronze, and 
most of them were purchased by the Union league 
of Philadelphia. In 1868 he went to Rome, Italy, 
where he has since resided. He visited his native 
land in 1888. His more important works are 
the statues of Roger Williams, in Washington 
and Providence; William King, for the state 



of Maine; Oliver P. Morton, in Indianapolis: 
Henry W. Longfellow (1887), in Portland ; " Me- 
dusa * (1882); "Jochebed with the Infant Moses M ; 
•* Grief and History," the group that surmounts 
the naval monument at Washington ; " Galatea" 
(1884); "Penelope"; "Miriam*; "Washington 
at Valley Forge"; and " The Seraph Abdiel," from 
" Paradise Lost " (1886). Among his portrait busts 
are those of Abraham Lincoln, William T. Sher- 
man, David D. Porter, James G. Blaine, Francis 
Wayland, and Ulysses S. Grant (1886). The hono- 
rary decree of A. M. was conferred on him by 
Bates college and also by Colby university. 

SIMMONS, George Frederick, clergyman, b. 
in Boston, Mass., 24 March, 1814 ; d. in Concord, 
Mass., 5 Sept, 1855. He was graduated at Har- 
vard in 1882, and, after being employed as a private 
tutor, prepared for the ministry at* Cambridge di- 
vinity-school, where he completed his course in 
1838. He was ordained the same year as an evan- 
gelist of the Unitarian denomination, and at once 
went to Mobile, Ala., where he began his ministry. 
Owing to his decided opposition to slavery, he re- 
mained there only until 1840, when he was obliged 
to fly for his life, and barely escaped the fury of a 
mob. In November, 1841, he was ordained pastor 
of the Unitarian church at Waltham, Mass. Mean- 
time he had become deeply interested in certain 
theological questions whicn he felt he could not 
solve while engaged in pastoral work, and so re- 
signed in the spring of 1848 and sailed for Eu- 
rope, where he remained until October, 1845, spend- 
ing most of the time at the University of Berlin, 
and being brought much in contact with the 
German historian, Neander. In February, 1848, 
he was called to Springfield, Mass., as the successor 
of Dr. William B. O. Peabody. Here, while he 
was greatly admired by part of his congregation, 
others regarded him with less favor, and in 1851 
he was compelled to resign, after preaching two 
sermons on a riotous assault that had been made 
in the town on George Thompson, the English 
anti-slavery apostle. In January, 1854, he was 
installed pastor of a church at Albany, N. Y„ but 
in the summer of 1855 he was attacked by typhus 
fever, from the effects of which he never rallied. 
Mr. Simmons was distinguished by an acutely 
philosophical mind, a strong sense of right, and a 
thoughtful and reverent spirit "I knew him 
well, said his classmate, Samuel Osgood, " loved 
him much, and respected him even more." He 
was retiring in his habits, and his somewhat unso- 
cial nature was no doubt an obstacle in the way of 
his exercising a proper influence on his flock. He 
published " Who was Jesus Christ t " a tract (Bos- 
ton, 1839) ; " Two Sermons on the Kind Treatment 
and on the Emancipation of Slaves, preached at 
Mobile, with a Prefatory Statement " (1840) ; " A 
Letter to the So-Called ' Boston Churches ' " (1846) ; 
"The Trinity," a lecture (1849); "Public Spirit 
and Mobs," two sermons delivered at Springfield 
on the Sunday after the Thompson riot (1851); and 
"Faith in Christ the Condition of Salvation" 
(1854). Six of his sermons were published in one 
volume soon after his death (Boston, 1855). 

SIMMONS, James, law-reporter, b. in Middle- 
bury. Vt, 11 June, 1821. He was graduated at 
Miadlebury college in 1841, removed to Wisconsin, 
studied law, and was admitted to the bar of Wal- 
worth county in 1843. Besides filling several 
minor offices, he was clerk of the county circuit 
court from 1861 till 1871. Mr. Simmons has pub- 
lished "Simmons's Wisconsin Digest" (Albany, 
1868); "Supplements" to the same (1874- , 9); 
"Supplement to Wait's Digest, New York Re- 



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ports " (187&-7 and 1882); and " Simmons's New 
Wisconsin Digest " (1886). He has also published 
several local histories, is the author of various ar- 
ticles in Wait's " Actions and Defences " (1878-*9)» 
and has edited u Digest of English Reports " (2 
vols., Chicago, 1878-m and " Wisconsin Reports " 
(vol. xxix., 1878; vol lxix., 1888). 

SIMMONS. Junes Fowler, senator, b. in Lit- 
tle Compton, Newport co., R. I., 10 Sept, 1795 ; d. 
in Johnson, R. L, 10 July, 1864. He received a 
good English education, and was first a fanner, 
and subsequently a manufacturer. He was a mem- 
ber of the state nouse of representatives from 1828 
till 1841, when he was chosen to the U. S. senate, 
and served from 81 May of the latter year till 8 
March, 1847. Ten years later he was again elected 
to the senate as a Whig for the full term from 4 
March, 1857. but he resigned in 1862. 

SIMMONS, Joseph Edward, banker, b. in 
Troy, N. T., 9 Sept, 1841. He was graduated at 
Williams in 1862, studied law, and was admitted 
to the bar in 1868. After practising in Troy until 
the close of 1866, he abandoned the profession and 
removed to New York city, where he has since en- 
gaged in banking. He became a member of the 
Stock exchange in 1872, and was elected its presi- 
dent in 1884 He was re-elected in 1885, but de- 
clined a renomination in 1886. He was appointed 
a commissioner of education in 1881, reappointed 
in 1884, and again in 1887. He was unanimously 
elected president of the board of education in 1886, 
and re-elected in 1887-*8. In the latter year he 
was also made president of the Fourth national 
bank of New York city. Mr. Simmons received 
the degree of LL. D. from the University of Nor- 
wk , Northfield, Vt, in 1885. 

SIMMONS, William Hayne, poet, b. in South 
Carolina about 1785. He studied medicine in the 
medical department of the University of Pennsyl- 
vania, where he was graduated in 1806. He never 
practised his profession, but resided for some time 
in Charleston, S. C, whence he removed to East 
Florida. While in Charleston he published, anony- 
mously an Indian poem entitled " Onea." He is 
also the author of " A History of the Seminoles." 
— His younger brother, James Wright, poet, b. in 
South Carolina, studied for a time at Harvard, 
travelled in Europe, and settled in one of the west- 
ern states. He published " Blue Beard, a Poem " 
(Philadelphia, 1821) and "The Greek Girl "(Bos- 
ton, 185»). A series of metrical tales, " Wood- 
Notes from the West," remain in manuscript 
Verses by both the brothers may be found in 
Duyokinok's " Cyclopedia of American Literature." 

SIMMONS, William Johnson, educator, b. in 
Charleston, & C, 29 June, 1849. He is of African 
descent After studying in Madison and Roches- 
ter universities, he was graduated at Howard 
university, Washington. D. C, in 1878, taught in 
Washington and in Ocala, Fla^ and in 1879 entered 
the ministry of the Baptist church. In that year 
he was called to a church in Lexington, Ky., and 
in 1880 he was elected president of the State uni- 
versity. He became editor of the " American Bap- 
tist" in 1883, called together and organised the 
American Baptist national convention in 1886, 
and was president of the colored National press 
convention in the same year. He was appointed 
district secretary of the American Baptist home 
mission society for the south in 1887. Wilber- 
force university gave him the degree of D. D. in 
1885. Dr. Simmons has published " Men of Mark " 

S Cleveland, Ohio, 1877), and a pamphlet on " In- 
ustrial Education " (1886), and is writing a u His- 
tory of the Colored Baptists of Kentucky;" 



SIMMS, Jeptha Boot, author, b. in Canter- 
bury, Conn., 81 Dec., 1807; d. in Port Plain, N. Y. t 
81 May, 1888. His tether was a hat-manufacturer. 
The son was educated at an academy in a neigh- 
boring town. In 1839 he began the retail dry- 
goods business in New York city, but, his health 
foiling after three years, he removed to Schoharie 
county, N. Y., and entered into business there in 
1883, but failed in 1884 For a few years after 
1843 he filled the office of toll-collector for the 
New York and Erie canal at Fultonville, and for 
nine years he was ticket-agent for the New York 
Central railway at Fort Plain. His spare hours 
were employed in writing historical and other 
works, besides which he collected and labelled a 
large assortment of fossils, many of them rare, and 
sold them for $5,000 to the state of New York for 
the Geological museum at Albany. He was a cor- 
responding member of the Oneida historical so- 
ciety, and rendered it much aid in collecting funds 
for the erection of the monument on the battle- 
field of Oriskany. He was a rapid writer and a 
voluminous contributor to the popular press 
throughout the state. He published "History of 
Schoharie County, N. Y. M (Albany, 1845); "The 
American Spy, Nathan Hale" (1W6); "Trappers 
of New York * (1850); and "The Frontiersmen n 
f3 vols., 1882-*8). He also composed several poems, 
Fourth-of-July orations, and lectures on different 
topics, which he delivered at various places in the 
central counties of New York. — His nephew, Jo- 
seph, physiognomist, b. in Plainfleld Centre, Ot- 
sego co n N. Y.,3 Sept, 1888, attended the acad- 
emy at West Winfield, Herkimer co., N. Y., sev- 
eral terms. During four more he was employed in 
teaching, and in 1854 he began to lecture on phy- 
siognomy and physiology. From childhood the 
bent of his mind toward the study of character by 
external signs had shown itself m scanning and 
measuring the features of his companions. He 
was graduated at the medical department of New 
York university in 1871, after devoting himself 
somewhat to surgery, but more to making and 
promulgating new discoveries in physiognomy. In 
pursuit of his study he afterward explored the 
United States, Canada, and part of Mexico, and 
continued his observations in Europe, Egypt, Nu- 
bia, Algiers, Morocco, Syria, Arabia, and Palestine. 
He has lectured with success in this country and 
abroad. From 1881 to 1884 he delivered scientific 
lectures in Melbourne, in Sydney, and in the Aus- 
tralasian colonies. In 1884 he gave up lecturing 
and visited Europe again, collecting new facts and 
preparing material for works on physiognomy and 
physiology. He has published a " Physiognomical 
Chart " for recording and reading character (Olas- 
1878); "Nature's Revelations of Character " 
ndon, 1874; several eds. in New York); a 
"Book of Scientific Lectures" on physiology and 
physiognomy (London, 1875) ; " Health and Char- 
acter" (San Francisco, 1879); and "Practical and 
Scientific Physiognomy " (1884). 

SIMMS, Wlfllam Ollmore, author, b. in 
Charleston, a C, 17 April, 1806 ; d. there, 11 June, 
1870. He was a precocious child, and his passion 
for writing, which continued unabated till his 
death, manifested itself as early as his seventh year. 
His whole academic education was received in the 
school of his native city, where he was for a time 
a clerk in a drug and chemical house. Though 
his first aspirations were for medicine, he studied 
law at eighteen, but never practised to any extent 
In 1837 ne published in Charleston a volume of 
"Lyrical ana other Poems"— his first attempt in 
literature. In 1838 he became editor and partial 



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SIMON 






(2 vols., 1849) ; " Beauohampe " (2 vols., 1842) ; 
M Helen Halsey " (1846) ; " Castle Dismal " (1846) ; 
14 Count Julian w (2 vols., 1845) ; " Grouped Thoughts 
and Scattered Fancies," poems (Richmond, 1845) ; 
"The Wigwam and the Cabin, or Tales of the 
South " (two series, Charleston, 1845-*6) ; " Arevtos, 
or Songt and Ballads of the South " (1846) ; " Lays 
of the Palmetto" (1848); "Katherine Walton" 



(New York, 1851) ; M The Golden Christmas n (1858) ; 
"Marie de Berniere" (1853); "Father Abbott, or 
the Home Tourist " (1854) ; " Poems " (2 vols^ 18M) ; 
" The Forayers " (1855) ; M The Maroon, and other 
Tales" (1855); " Charlemont " (1856); "Utah* 
(1856h and "The Cassique of fcawah" (I860). 
In 1867 he edited "War Poetry of the South.'* 
He wrote a " History of South Caiolina" (Charles- 
ton, 1840) and " South Carolina in the Revolution " 
(1854), and lives of Francis Marion (New York, 
1844), Capt John Smith (1846). Chevalier Bayard 
(1848), and Gen. Nathanael Greene (1849). He 
wrote two dramas, " Norman Maurice " and ** Mi- 
chael Bonhum, or the Fall of the Alamo," which 
was acted in Charleston. He also wrote a " Geogra- 
phy of South Carolina " (1843). He edited M Seven 
Dramas ascribed to Shakespeare," with notes and 
introductions (1848), and contributed many reviews 
to periodicals, two volumes of which were after- 
ward collected (New York, 184&-'6). A collected 
edition of part of his works has been published (19 
vols^ New York, 1859). His life has been written 
by George W. Cable in the " American Men of Let- 
ters " series (Boston, 1888). 

SIMON, Etlenne, Flemish explorer, b. in Bru- 
ges in 1747 ; d. in Geneva in 1800. He followed 
the sea for several years, and afterward fixed his 
residence in Rio Janeiro as a merchant In 17S2 
he was granted a tract of land, and set out for Eu- 
rope in search of colonists, but failed in the scheme, 
owing to the war that then raged on the continent, 
and, returning to Brazil in 1795, began to travel. 
After spending nine years thus he returned to Eu- 
rope in 1804, and, settling in Switzerland, devoted 
the remainder of his life to arranging his notes. 
His works include "Recit d'une ascension au 
Mont Tapagayo dans l'interieur du Bresil " (Gene- 
va, 1805) ; " Voyage a travers les provinces de Sffo 
Paulo et d'Espiritu Santo " (1805) ; "La domina- 
tion Portugaise au Bresil " (1806) ; " Belem Para 
et Rio de Janeiro " (1807) ; and a Coup d'oeil histo- 
rique sur les missions 6tablies par les Jesuites dans 
le Paraguay "(1808). 

SIMON, Pedro Antonio, Flemish historian, 
b. in Cambrai about 1560 ; d. in Colombia, South 
America, about 1680. He entered the Franciscan 
order, and was sent, about 1590, as a missionary to 
New Granada, where he resided successively in Gua- 
cheta, Bogota, Serrezuela, Zipacoa, and Meuqueta, 
on Funza river, about fifteen miles north from the 
present city of Bogota. Father Simon became the 
historian of the Muiscas or Chibcha Indians, among 
whom he lived for many years. His moat interest- 
ing work contains a summary history of all the tribes 
that lived in the ancient empire of Cundinamarca, 
and describes their civilization, their arts, their 
monuments, and their manners. It contains also 
an analysis of the Funza dialect, which is altogether 
unknown to-day, and of which the only monument 
left is Simon's history, and of the Bogota or Chibcha 
dialect, which had nearly superseded the other dia- 
lects at the time of the Spanish coajqnest Simon's 
work is the only one that gives details eonoerninf 
the early history and condition of the tribes living 
in Cuadinamarca before the conquest, as all other 
works that relate to that country have beam last, 
among them the " Historia ds Is Nuevs Granada " 
by the missionaries Median© and Aguado, and the 
part of the " Eloiiosde Varones ilustres de India* * 
of Castellanos that is devoted to Cundinamarca* 
The only one left referring to Cundinamarca is the 
incomplete relation of Lucas Fernandez ds Piedra- 
hits (q. vX Simon's work relating to Venezuela was 

" lishea under the title " Noticies " 



publish 

Us Conquistas de Tierra firme" 



historiales ds 
(Madrid, 1687). 



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535 



The two other parts relating to Cundinamarca are 
yet in manuscriDt, the second in the library of the 
Koyal historical society, and the third in the 
National library of Madrid. Henri Ternaux- 
Compans, although he says he purchased them, can 
only have obtained copies, which he used for his 
" Essai sur l'ancien Cundinamarca " (Paris, 1842). 

SIMOND, Alfred, South American botanist, b. 
in the province of Sao Paulo in 1740 ; d. in Rome, 
Italy, in 1801. His father, who was a Frenchman 
by. birth, served in the Portuguese army, and ob- 
tained with his discharge a land-grant in the prov- 
ince of Sao Paulo ; and his mother was an Indian. 
The son was destined for the church, and was about 
to enter the Jesuit order when it was expelled from 
Brazil. Returning to his father's farm, he began 
there the study of agriculture and natural history, 
which he finished at Paris under the direction of 
Bnffon, who induced him in 1776 to accompany 
Baron Malouet to Guiana. Here he was employed 
in draining marshes, and established a model farm 
for the improvement of agricultural methods. Af- 
ter Malouet's withdrawal in 1780, Simond remained 
in the colony without government support, and for 
several years tried vainly to establish a settlement 
east of Essequibo river. Returning to France at 
the beginning of the revolution, he was instructed 
by the Constituent assembly's committee on foreign 
affairs to write a detailed memoir concerning the 
disputed border-line between the French and Por- 
tuguese possessions in South America, and in 1795 
he was sent to Guiana to draw a map of the basin 
of the Orinoco river. Sitnond's works include 
M Memoirs sur les limites ventables de la Guiane 
Francaise " (Paris, 1791) ; " Enumeratio plantarum 
in Guiana crescentium" (2 vols., 1793) ; ll Conspec- 
tus Polygarum tor© Guiane meridionalis " (2 vols., 
Rome, 1797) ; and " Flora Brasilia exhibens charac- 
teres generum et specierum plantarum in provincia 
Sancti Pauli crescentium " (2 vols., 1800). 

SIMONDS, William, author, b. in Charleston, 
Mass., 80 Oct., 1822 ; d. in Winchester, Mass., 7 July, 
1869. After attending school at Salem and spend- 
ing some time in learning the jewelry business at 
Lynn, Mass., he was apprenticed to a Boston printer 
in 1887. While thus engaged he wrote his first 
book, " The Pleasant Way " (1841), which was pub- 
lished by the Massachusetts Sabbath-school society. 
This was followed in 1845 by "The Sinner's Friend," 
which was also well received. In December, 1845, 
be left the printing-office where he had spent nearly 
nine years, and early in 1846 began the publication 
of M The Boston Saturday Rambler/' of which, after 
the first six months, he became the sole editor. In 
November, 1850, "The Rambler " was merged in 
the **New England Farmer/* of which Simonds was 
general editor until his death. In 1848 he began 
the publication of a monthly entitled " The Pictorial 
National Library," but was unable to issue it longer 
than eighteen months. Mr. Simonds was convinced 
that he had a mission to perform in writing for the 

Soung, and he employed every means in his power 
) render his tales natural and attractive, and to 
make them accurate reflections of life. His chief 
work is " The AimweU Stories," written under the 
pen-name of Walter AimweU. These stories deal 
chiefly with New England farm-life. The first, 
" Clinton," appealed in 1858. He purposed to ex- 
tend the series to twelve volumes, but lived to 
complete only six. The last one, M Jerry," was left 
unfinished, and to it is added a memoir of the 
author. Besides the books already mentioned, he 

eibiithed "Thoughts for the Thoughtless" (Boe- 
u, 1851); "The Boy's Own Guide* (1852) ; and 
-The Boy's Book of Morals and Manners " (1855). 



8IMONIN, Louis Laurent (se-mo-nang), French 
geologist, b. in Marseilles, 22 Aug., 1830. He 
studied at the School of mines at Saint Etienne, 
was graduated as engineer in 1852, and held after- 
ward various posts in connection with mines in 
Italy and France. He made several voyages to the 
United States by order of the French government, 
visited Cuba, the West Indies, Central America, the 
Isthmus of Panama, and Mexico, and travelled ex- 
tensively through California and most of the United 
States. In 1867 he was placed at the head of a 
French commission charged to study the laying out 
of the Pacific railroad and the preliminary surveys, 
and in his report greatly praised the work. In 1876 
he was made a member of the international jury 
for the Centennial exhibition in Philadelphia, and 
before returning to France he made a special study 
of the mines in Pennsylvania and in the Reading 
valley. Simonin is an admirer of American insti- 
tutions. He has been several times a candidate for 
the chamber of deputies, promising that if he 
were elected he would support free democratic in- 
stitutions as they are understood on this side of the 
Atlantic, and he has been called the American 
candidate. Since 1860 he has contributed articles to 
French magazines describing his travels and Ameri- 
can scenery. Since 1877 he has been scientific critic 
of " La France." He has also greatly interested him- 
self in the Panama canal, ana his advocacy has con- 
tributed to the authorization by the government 
of a lottery loan in its behalf. His works include 
' 4 Le grand ouest des Etats-Unis" (Paris, 1869); 
"L'homme Ame>icain" (1870); "A travers les 
Etats-Unis" (1875); "Le monde Americain, sou- 
venirs de mes voyages aux Etats-Unis" (1876); 
" L'oret l'argent/ a study of gold- and silver-mines 
in both Americas (1877) ; and " Resume 1 d'une con- 
ference sur le Canal de Panama " (1884). 

SIMONS, Michael Laird, journalist, b. in 
Philadelphia, Pa., 7 Sept, 1848 : d. there, 17 Nov., 
1880. He was graduated at the Central high- 
school of his native city, and entered journalism 
when quite young in the employ of the Philadel- 
phia u Inquirer," subsequently engaging with the 
" Evening Telegraph." and contributing to various 
literary journals. Mr. Simons was identified with 
the establishment of the Reformed Episcopal 
church, served as a delegate to its councils, and 
was secretary of the synod of Philadelphia at the 
time of his death. He edited " StodarTs Review," 
condensed D'Aubigne's " History of the Refor- 
mation" (1870), published •• Half-Hours with the 
Best Preachers' (1871), and continued Duyck- 
inck's •• Cyclopedia of American Literature," add- 
ing about one hundred new names, down to 1878. 
His last work, an extensive " History of the World," 
is still unpublished. 

SIMONS, Thomas Young, lawyer, b. in Charles- 
ton, S. C, 1 Oct, 1828; d. there, 80 April, 1878. 
He was graduated at Tale in 1847, and two years 
later began to practise law in his native city. In 
1854~'6u he was a member of the legislature, and 
in the latter year a presidential elector. He was 
also a member of the convention that passed the 
ordinance of secession in December, 1860, and in 
the civil war he served as captain of the 27th 
South Carolina regiment, and later as judge-advo- 
cate. He was sent to the National Democratic 
conventions of 1800, 1888> and 1872, and was a 
member of the executive committee of his party 
from the latter year tiU 1870. Besides his other 
labors, he was editor of the Charleston M Courier" 
in 1865-'73. In the tax-payees' conventions of 
1871 and 1874 he was an active member, and his 
later years were identified with the efforts to pro- 



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core local self-government and the creation of a 
Union reform party in South Carolina. 

SIMONSON, John Smith, soldier, b, in Union- 
town, Pa., 2 June, 1796 ; d. in New Albany, Ind., 
5 Dec., 1881. His father, Adam Smith Simonson, 
was a well-known physician of western Pennsyl- 
vania. When but seventeen years old he enlisted 
in the New York volunteers and served as sergeant 
through the campaign on the Niagara frontier, re- 
ceiving an honorable discharge in November, 1814. 
Three years later he settled in Charlestown, Ind. 
He was a member of the state senate in 1828-*80, 
and in 1841-'6 of the lower house, serving as 
speaker during the last year. In 1846 he was ap- 
pointed captain of U. S. mounted rifles, and served 
through tne Mexican war under Gen. Scott, en- 
gaging in the capture of Vera Crux and the battles 
that followed. He was brevetted major in 1847 
for gallant service at Chapultepec, where he com- 
manded his regiment after the fall of its colonel, 
and he also took a creditable part in the attack on 
the Belen gate. The succeeding years were spent 
on duty in Texas and New Mexioo, commanding 
expeditions against the Indians and in making ex- 
plorations. In May, 1861, he was promoted colonel 
of the 8d cavalry, and he was retired in the follow- 
ing September. At the opening of the civil war 
he was made superintendent of the volunteer re- 
cruiting service at Indianapolis, Ind., and he con- 
tinued on active military duty till 1869. In 1866, 
on the recommendation of Qen. Grant, he was 
brevetted brigadier-general, U. S. army, for long 
and faithful service. 

SIMONTON, James William, journalist, b. in 
Columbia county, N. T., 80 Jan., 1828 ; d. in Napa, 
Cal., 2 Nov., 1882. He went as a lad to New York 
city, and was educated at the public schools there. 
At twenty years of age he was engaged as local re- 
porter on tne " Courier and Enquirer." Within a 
year or two be was sent, with Henry J. Raymond, 
to Washington as congressional correspondent, and 
he continued as such until 1860, winning, by his 
ability and conscientiousness, the confidence and 
esteem of Daniel Webster, Henry Clay, John C. 
Calhoun, Thomas H. Benton, and other statesmen. 
In the autumn of 1851, when the New York 
" Times " was founded, he was one of the original 
proprietors with George Jones, Henry J. Raymond, 
and others, and soon went to Washington again as its 
correspondent, as well as the correspondent of New 
Orleans, San Francisco, and Detroit journals. His 
letters, entitled " The History of Legislation," were 
really a record of the times, and drew wide atten- 
tion. He became part owner in 1859 of the " Even- 
ing Bulletin " in San Francisco, where he lived for 
years, and subsequently of the " Morning Call," of 
the same city, retaining his interest throughout 
life. Having returned to New York, he was chosen 
in 1867 general agent of the associated press there, 
and discharged the duties of the office for fourteen 
years, when he resigned on account of delicate 
health. He then retired to his California vine- 
yard, and died there suddenly of heart disease. 

SIMPSON, Edmund, theatre-manager, b, in 
England in 1784; d. in New York city, 81 July, 
1848. He made his theatrical dibui at the Tow- 
oester theatre in England in May, 1806, as Baron 
Steinf ort in Kotzebues " Stranger. In this country 
Simpson first appeared at the New York Park 
theatre on 22 Oct., 1809, as Harry Dornton in M The 
Road to Ruin." In 1828, when playing the Dart 
of Faustus in the drama of that name, one of his 
legs was broken by an accident to the stage-ma- 
chinery, and he was crippled for life. His last 
performance was Dexxle in " London Assurance." 



As a comedian, Simpson «was studious and pains- 
taking, and in his delineations intelligent and re- 
spectable, but there was ever attached to his repre- 
sentations a hardness of manner that interfered 
with his popularity. In 1810 he became stage- 
manager, and remained permanently connected 
with the one playhouse as actor, stage-manager, 
and manager for thirty-eight years. It was nis 
privilege to introduce nearly all the noted British 



players of his day to American audiences. From 
1821 until 1840 Simpson was working-manager to 
Stephen Price, the lessee of the theatre, but on the 
death of Price he assumed the sole management 
During his career he went through several trials of 
adversity, and finally retired, 6 June, 1848, under 
discouragement ana in reduced circumstances. 
Under Simpson's direction the old Park theatre, or 
" The Theatre," as the show-bills named it, was 
noted for its well-drilled and efficient stock-com- 
pany. The scenery of this noted resort was made 
up of flats and drops of the simplest construction, 
the properties were cheap, worn, and few in num- 
ber, the costumes flimsy and tinselled, and the 
auditorium, before the rising of the curtain, usu- 
ally filled with the stifling leakage of gas. The 



boxes were painted in white and gold, with the 
first and second tiers divided into a series of 
screened lock-boxes. A separate stairway led to 
the third tier and the gallery. This third tier was 
an assembling-place for the dissolute of both i 



one half the gallery was patronised by boys, ser- 
vants, and sailors, and the remainder was devoted 
to the accommodation of negroes. What is now 
known a* the parterre was called the pit. It was 
fitted with hard wooden benches, and the admission 
to it was half-price. Here the bachelors, critics, 
and wits of the day found their places. Drinking- 
bars, united with apple-, pie-, and peanut-etands, 
were connected with the pit and the upper tier of 
boxes, *s Mrs. Trollope has truly pictured, it was 
not an uncommon thing to see men rise, on the 
front rows of the dress-circle in their shirt-sleeves, 
and between the acts turn their backs to the audi- 
ence, while their better-halves sat munching apples 
and peeling oranges. Not seldom the entertain- 
ments of an evening comprised a five-act tragedy, 
a comedy, and an oho diversion, that terminated at 
twelve or one o'clock. The old Park theatre, rep- 
resented in the illustration, was a wooden, barn- 
like structure, fronting about eighty feet on Park 
row, and rising to the height of sixty or seventy 
feet painted in imitation of blocks of granite. 

SIMP80N, Edward, naval officer, b. in New 
York cityj8 March, 1824; d. in Washington, D. O, 
2 Deo., 1888. He entered the navy as midshipman, 
11 Feb., 1840, was in the first class at the naval acad- 
emy in 1846-'6, and was graduated in the latter 
year. During the Mexican war he was attached to 
the steamer " Vixen," in which he participated in 
various engagements, including the bombardment 



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and capture of Vera Cruz. He served on the coast 
surrey, 1848-'50, in the brig " Washington " and 
steamers M Vixen " and " Legare." In 1850-'8 he 
cruised in the frigate "Congress." on the Brazil 
station, as acting master, and in 1853-'4 he was at- 
tached to the naval academy as assistant instructor 
in naval gunnery and infantry tactics. He was 
promoted to master, 10 July, 1854, and to lieuten- 
ant, 18 April, 1855, and served in the sloop " Ports- 
mouth" in the East India squadron, 185o-'8, par- 
ticipating in the capture of tne Barrier forts near 
Canton, China. He went to the naval academy 
upon his return, and was in charge of the depart- 
ment of naval gunnery in 1858-'o2, and comman- 
dant of midshipmen in 1862-'8. He was commis- 
sioned lieutenant-commander, 16 July, 1862, and 
in the monitor " Passaic," off Charleston, in 1868-'4, 
participated in various engagements. He was com- 
missioned commander, 3 March, 1865, and served 
as fleet-captain of the consolidated Gulf squad- 
ron, being present at the fall of Mobile and re- 
ceiving the surrender of the Confederate fleet on 
Tombigbee river. He was commissioned captain, 
15 Aug., 1870, and went on a special naval mission 
to Europe in 1870-'2. He was in charge of the 
torpedo station at Newport, R. I., in 1873-'5, was 
commandant of the New London naval station in 
1878-*80, and of the Philadelphia League island 
navy-yard in 1880-'4. He was promoted to com- 
modore, 26 April, 1878, and to rear-admiral, 9 Feb., 
1884, and placed on the retired list, 8 March, 1886. 

Admiral Simp- 
^ > _ son was presi- 

dent of the U.S. 
naval institute 
in 1886-'8, and 
was the senior 
member of the 
Naval academy 
graduates asso- 
ciation. He had 
j devoted himself 
I to the scientific 
development of 
the navy, espe- 
cially in the sci- 
ence of gunnery 
and torpedoes. 
Besides articles 
in magazines on 
professional sub- 
jects, he published "Ordnance and Naval Gun- 
nery," which was the text-book at the naval acad- 
emy until 1868 (New York, 1862); "The Naval 
Mission to Europe " (2 vols., Washington, 1878) ; 
and "Report of the Gun-Foundry Board" (1885). 
Several of his articles are republished in " Modern 
Ships of War" (New York, 1887). 

SIMPSON, Sir George, British traveller, b. in 
Loch Broom, Ross-shire, Scotland, in 1796; d. in 
Lachine, near Montreal, 7 Sept, 1860. From 1809 
till 1820 he was in the employ of a London firm 
engaged in the West India trade, of which his un- 
cle was a member. His energy and active business 
habits attracted the attention of the Earl of Sel- 
kirk, then at the head of the Hudson bay com- 
pany, and Andrew Colville, the earl's brother-in- 
law, a large stockholder, and in February, 1820, he 
was selected to superintend the affairs of the com- 
pany in America. In May he left Montreal for the 
northwest, and in 1821 he succeeded in terminat- 
ing the long rivalry that had existed between the 
Hudson bay com|»any and the Northwest com- 
pany by their union. He was soon afterward ap- 
pointed governor of the northern department, and 



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subsequently became governor-in-chief of Rupert's 
land, and general superintendent of all the Hud- 
son bay company's affairs in North America. In 
that capacity he planned the successful expedition 
under his cousin, 
Thomas Simpson 
(i836-'9),andgreat- 
lv aided other trav- 
ellers in their explo- 
rations. Inl841- , 2 
he made the over- 
land journey round 
the world, going 
from London to 
Montreal, thence to 
Vancouver and Sit- 
ka, thence by New 
Archangel and the 
Aleutian islands to 
Ochotsk,across Rus- 
sian Asia to Mos- 
cow and St. Peters- 
burg, and home 1 
the Baltic. He 
claimed to be the 
first traveller to make the overland journey. For 
many years preceding his death he resided at La- 
chine, entertained the Prince of Wales during his 
visit in 1860, and was a director of the Bank of 
British North America and of the Bank of Montreal. 
In 1841 he was knighted for his services in connec- 
tion with the cause of arctic exploration. He pub- 
lished " Narrative of an Overland Journey round the 
World during the Years 1841-2 " (2 vols., London, 
1847). — His cousin, Thomas, British explorer, b. in 
Dingwall, Ross-shire, Scotland, 2 July, 1808 ; d. 
near Turtle river, British America, 14 June, 1840, 
was graduated in 1828 at the University of Aber- 
deen, where he won the Huttonian prize*. In 1829 
he entered the service of the Hudson Bay com- 
pany as secretary to his cousin. Gov. Simpson, and 
soon afterward accompanied the latter on a tour 
through the southeastern part of the Hudson bay 
territory. In 1886 an expedition was arranged by 
Gov. Simpson to connect the discoveries of Sir 
John Ross and Sir George Back, and it was placed 
under the command of Thomas Simpson. After 
passing the winter at Fort Chipewyan, on Great 
Slave Take, Simpson and his party reached Mac- 
kenzie river in July, 1887, and a few days afterward 
arrived at Foggy Island bay, the farthest point that 
had been attained by Sir John Franklin. They 
then traced the arctic coast of North America 
from the mouth of Mackenzie river to Point Bar- 
row, and from the mouth of Coppermine river to 
the Gulf of Bothnia. The expedition was occupied 
in this service about three years, and, as it was 
claimed at the time, resulted in solving the prob- 
lem of the existence of a passage by water between 
the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. While returning 
with the valuable results of his discoveries, Simp- 
son was either killed or met his death by suicide, 
as was asserted by some of the members of his 
party. The weight of evidence is in favor of the 
former assumption. See " The Life and Travels 
of Thomas Simpson, the Arctic Discoverer," by 
his brother, Alexander Simpson (London, 1845). — 
Thomas's brother, Alexander, author, b. in Roes- 
shire in 1811, was educated at the University of 
Aberdeen. He spent several years in the service of 
the Hudson bay company, and was afterward British 
consul at the Sandwich islands. He published 
"The Sandwich Islands" (London, 1848); "Life 
and Travels of Thomas Simpson, the Arctic Dis- 
coverer" (1845); and "Oregon Territory Conaid- 



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SIMPSON 



SIMPSON 



ered n (1846).— Another brother. JEmlllus, a lieu- 
tenant in the royal nary, who died in 1881 on the 
Pacific coast of British North America, was also 
engaged in the work of exploration, and was super- 
intendent of the Hudson bay company's marine 
department on the Pacific from 1826 till 1881. 

SIMPSON, George Semmes, pioneer, b. in St 
Louis, Mo., 7 May, 1818 ; d. in Trinidad, CoL, 4 
Sept, 1885. He reoeived a college education and 
studied law, but on the completion of his studies 
set out for the far west After various experiences 
in Wyoming, Colorado, and New Mexioo, he built 
the old fort in 1842 where the city of Pueblo, CoL, 
now stands. In November of that year he married 
a Spanish beauty, Juana Suaso, travelling with her 
on horseback through a wild country infested by 
hostile Indians to Taos, N. M., where the services 
of a priest were secured. Their daughter, Isabel, 
now Mrs. Jacob Beard, of Trinidad, was the first 
white child that was born in the Rocky mountain 
region of Colorado. Indians came in large num- 
bers from the plains and mountains to see the 
white child. Tney brought her presents and held 
a great war-dance in her honor. Subsequently 
Mr. Simpson lived in various Darts of New Mexico 
until 1849, when he went to California, but he re- 
turned to Colorado bv way of the isthmus in 1852. 
In 1866 he settled in Trinidad, CoL, and there 
spent the last years of his life. He contributed 
both prose and verse to magazines and journals, 
and the first information that gold was found in 
the sands of Cherry creek, Col., was sent to news- 
papers in the east by him. He left a compilation 
of his contributions, reviewing the events of his 
life, with the request that they be published. He 
was buried in a tomb cut out of the solid rock on 
the summit of a mountain known as Simpson's 
Nest, where he had once found shelter from the 
Indians. A monument marks the spot 

SIMPSON, Henry, author, b. in 1790; <L in 
Philadelphia, Pa, 25 March, 1868. He was a mem- 
ber of the legislature of Pennsylvania, an ap- 
praiser of the port of Philadelphia, and at one time 
an alderman of the city. He was a member of the 
Historical society of Pennsylvania and published 
" The Lives of Eminent Pniladelphians " (Phila- 
delphia, 1859). 

SIMPSON, Junes Hervey, soldier, b, in New 
Jersey, 9 March, 1818; d. in St Paul, Minn., 2 
March, 1888. He was graduated at the U. S. mili- 
tary academy in 1882, and assigned to the artillery. 
During the Florida war he was aide to Gen. Abra- 
ham fiustis. He was made 1st lieutenant in the 
corps of topographical engineers on 7 July, 1888, 
engaged in surveying the northern lakes and the 
western plains, was promoted captain on 8 March, 
1858, served as chief topographical engineer with 
the army in Utah, and in 1 859 explored a new route 
from Salt Lake City to the Pacific coast, the reports 
of which he was busy in preparing till the begin- 
ning of the civil war. He served as chief topo- 
graphical engineer of the Department of the Shen- 
andoah, was promoted major on 6 Aug., 1861, was 
made colonel of the 4th New Jersey volunteers on 
12 Aug., 1861, and took part in the peninsular cam- 
paign, being engaged at West Point and at Gaines's 
Mills, where he was taken prisoner. After his ex- 
change in August, 1862, he resigned his volunteer 
commission in order to act as chief topographical 
engineer, and afterward as chief engineer of the 
Department of the Ohio, where he was employed 
in making and repairing railroads and erecting 
temporary fortifications. He was promoted lieu- 
tenant-colonel of engineers on 1 June, 1868, had 
general charge of fortifications in Kentucky from 



that time till the close of the war, was brevetted 
colonel and brigadier-general in March, 1865, and 
was chief engineer of the interior department hav- 
ing charge of the inspection of the Union Pacific 
railroad, till 1867. He afterward superintended 
defensive works at Key West, Mobile, and other 
places, surveys of rivers and harbors, the improve- 
ment of navigation in the Mississippi and other 
western rivers, and the construction of bridges at 
Little Rock, Ark^ St Louis, Mo., Clinton, Iowa, 
and other places. Gen. Simpson was the author 
of " Shortest Route to California across the Great 
Basin of Utah " (Philadelphia, 1869), and " Essay 
on Coronado's March in Search of the Seven Cities 
of Cibola" (1869). 

SIMPSON, John, Canadian senator, b. in 
Rothes, Scotland, in May, 1812 ; <L in Bowman- 
ville, Ont, 21 March, 1885. He came in childhood 
with his parents to Upper Canada, where they set- 
tled at Perth. He entered mercantile life in 1825 
as a clerk at Darlington, rose to be his employer's 
partner, and was for many years engaged in mill- 
ing and as a general merchant In 1848 he opened 
a branch of the Bank of Montreal at Bowmanville, 
and later he established one at Whitby. He was 
one of the most active of the founders of the On- 
tario bank in 1857, and was its president until a 
few years before his death. In 1856 Mr. Simpson 
was elected to the legislative council of Canada for 
Queen's division, and he represented it in that 
body till 1867, when he became a member of the 
Dominion senate. He was a Liberal in politics. 

SIMPSON, Josiah, surgeon, b. in New Bruns- 
wick, N. J., 27 Feb., 1815 ; d. in Baltimore, Md., 8 
March. 1874. He was graduated at Princeton in 
1888, and in medicine at the University of Penn- 
sylvania in 1836. The following year, being made 
assistant surgeon, U. S. army, he served through 
the Florida war, receiving honorable mention by 
Gen. Zachary Taylor for his services at the battle 
of Okeechobee. He was also commended by Gen. 
Winfield Scott and Gen. William J. Worth, under 
whom he served in the Mexican war at Vera Crux, 
Cerro Gordo, Churubusco, and Chapultepec In 
1848-'55 he was attending surgeon with headquar- 
ters at New York, acting also as post-surgeon at 
Bedlow's island. He was then promoted surgeon 
and was medical director of the Department of the 
Pacific till 1858, of the middle department in 
1862-'6, and of the Department of the Tennessee 
till 1867, when he was transferred to Baltimore. 

SIMPSON, Marcos de Lafayette, soldier, b. 
in Esperance, Schoharie co., N. ¥., 28 Aug., 1824. 
He was graduated at the U. S. military academy 
in 1846, and, serving the same year in the war with 
Mexico, was brevetted 1st lieutenant in 1847 for 
gallant and meritorious conduct in the battles of 
Confreres and Churubusco, and captain for the 
battle of Chapultepec From 1848 till 1861 he 
was quartermaster at various posts, and assistant 
in the office of the commissary-general, acting as 
chief commissary of the Department of the Pacific 
in 1859-'61. During the civil war he served in the 
commissary-general^ office, and he was brevetted 
colonel, brigadier-general, and major-general on 18 
March, 1865. In 1867-78 he was chief commis- 
sary of subsistence of the Division of the Pacific, 
till 1879 of that of the Atlantic, and since 1879 
he has held the same office in the Division of the 
Missouri, at Chicago. 

SIMPSON, Matthew, M. E. bishop, b. in Ca- 
diz, Ohio, 20 June. 1811 ; d. in Philadelphia, Pa^ 
18 June, 1884. He received the best education 
that the town afforded, and his father dying when 
the boy was two years old, he was instructed and 



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SIMPSON 



SIMPSON 



589 




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enconraged by his uncle, Matthew Simpson, after 
whom he was named. The latter was a thorough 
scholar, generally informed, was in the state sen- 
ate ten years, and for seven years a judge of the 
county court. He 
was familiar with 
Greek and Hebrew, 
and conferred upon 
his nephew many ad- 
vantages that boys 
usually did not have 
at that early day in 
the west. When he 
was about sixteen 
years of age Mat- 
thew left home and 
became a student 
in Madison college, 
Pa., which has since 
been incorporated 
with Alleghany col- 
lege at Meadville. 
His progress was 
rapid and he became 
a tutor before he was nineteen years old. He soon 
began the study of medicine, and in 1888 entered 
upon its practice, but was drawn to the ministry and 
entered the Pittsburg conference of the Methodist 
Episcopal church on trial in 1834. He was made 
third preacher of St. Clairsville circuit in Ohio. 
Here his success was marked, and the following 
year he was removed to Pittsburg. In 1887 he was 
transferred to Williamsport, and the same year 
elected vice-president and professor of natural sci- 
ence in Alleghany college. He was chosen presi- 
dent of Indiana Asbury (now De Pauw) university, 
Greencastle, Ind., in 1889. This post he filled with 
great popularity for nine years. His eloquence 
made him in great demand in the pulpit and on 
the platform. His personal qualities gave him an 
extraordinary influence over students, and made 
him efficient in raising money for the endowment 
of the college. In 1844 he was elected to the gen- 
eral conference, and in 1848 he was re-elected. He 
appeared in 1852 in the conference as the leader of 
his delegation, and at this conference he was made 
bishop. In 185? he was sent abroad as a delegate 
to the English and Irish conference of the Wes- 
levan connection, and was also a delegate to the 
World's evangelical alliance which met in Berlin. 
His preaching and addresses upon this tour at- 
tracted great attention, particularly his sermon 
before the alliance, which extended his fame as a 
pulpit orator throughout the world. After its ad- 
journment he travelled through Turkey, Palestine, 
Epypt, and Greece. In 1859 he removed from 
Pittsburg to Evanston, 111., and became nominally 
president of Garrett biblical institute. Subse- 
quently he removed to Philadelphia. His powers 
as an orator were displayed during the civil war in 
a manner that commanded the admiration and 
gratitude of the people. President Lincoln re- 
garded him as the greatest orator he ever heard, 
and at his funeral m Springfield Bishop Simpson 
officiated. He made many addresses in behalf of 
the Christian commission, and delivered a series of 
lectures that had much to do with raising the spirit 
of thepeople. His official duties took him abroad 
in 1870 and in 1875. In 1874 he visited Mexico. 
At the Ecumenical council of Methodists in Lon- 
don he was selected by the representatives of all 
branches to deliver the opening sermon. After 
the news of the death of President Garfield he de- 
livered an address at Exeter halL He was selected 
fey the faculty of Tale to deliver a series of ad- 



dresses before the students of the theological de- 
partment, which were published as " Lectures on 
Preaching " (New York, 1879). In later years his 
appearance was patriarchal. His eloquence was 
simple and natural, but increasing in power from 
the beginning to the close. It was peculiar to him- 
self and equally attractive to the learned and the 
ignorant When he was at his best few could re- 
sist his pathetic appeals. Though his eloquence is 
the principal element of his fame, he was a man of 
unusual soundness of judgment, a parliamentarian 
of remarkable accuracy and promptitude, and one 
of the best presiding officers and safest of counsel- 
lors. He was present in the general conference in 
Philadelphia in 1884. Though broken in health 
so as not to be able to sit through the sessions, his 
mind was clear and his farewell address made a 
profound impression. Bishop Simpson published 
" Hundred Years of Methodism" (New York, 1876), 
and '• Cyclopaedia of Methodism " (Philadelphia, 
1878 ; 5th ed., revised, 1882). After his death a vol- 
ume of his * 4 Sermons " was edited by Rev. George 
R. Crooks, D. D. (1885). A window in his memory is 
to be placed by American admirers in City Road 
chapel, London, where John Wesley preached. 

SIMPSON, Michael, soldier, b. in Paxtang, 
Lancaster co.. Pa., 19 May, 1740 ; d. in York county, 
Pa., 1 June, 1818. He received a good education, 
and was a farmer. After the defeat of Braddock he 
was commissioned an ensign in the provincial ser- 
vice, and was in the expeditions of Forbes and 
Bouquet to the Ohio. At the beginning of the 
Revolution he was appointed lieutenant in the 1st 
Pennsylvania battalion, and was attached to the 
Quebec expedition under Arnold in 1775. He was 
promoted captain, commanded a company at the 
battle of Long Island, and also participated in the 
battles of Trenton, Princeton, Brandywine, German- 
town, and White Plains. He was retired from ser- 
vice on the rearrangement of the Pennsylvania line 
in January, 1781. After the war he retired to a farm 
on Susquehanna river, where he owned the ferry 
on the York county side of the river that was gen- 
erally known as Simpson's ferry. He was appoint- 
ed brigadier-general of Pennsylvania troops under 
orders for the establishment of a provisional army. 
He was a warm friend of Washington, who tarried 
at his residence over night while returning from 
the western expedition in 1794 

SIMPSON, Stephen, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 
24 July, 1789 ; d. there, 17 Aug., 1854. His father, 
George Simpson (1759-1822), was an assistant com- 
missary-general in the Revolution, one of the chief 
officers of the Bank of North America, the first 
bank in the Union, subsequently cashier of the 
Bank of the United States from its establishment 
in 1791 till its close in 1811, and then cashier of the 
Girard bank. These various posts he held during 
forty years. Through his pat not ism and close con- 
nection with the finances of the country he was of 
Et service to the government in the war of 1812 
btaining from moneyed men loans to carry on 
contest. The son was a note-clerk in the Bank 
of the United States, but resigned and soon after- 
ward attacked the bank, its policy and transac- 
tions, in a series of able but vindictive articles, 
signed " Brutus." He then volunteered in the army, 
and with his brother George, an officer, fought at 
the battle of New Orleans in the only company in 
which any men were killed. On his return he be- 
came editor and proprietor of " The Portico,*' and 
in 1822, with John Conrad, established "The Co- 
lumbian Observer," a Democratic paper in the inter- 
ests of Andrew Jackson, also resuming the letters 
of " Brutus," whose authorship was thus acknowl- 



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edged. He contributed to periodicals and to the 
" Philadelphia Book," and wrote a " Life of Stephen 
ttirard " (Philadelphia, 1882). 

SIMS, Alexander Dromroole, congressman, 
b. in Brunswick county, Va., 11 June, 1808; d. in 
Kingstree, a C, 11 Nov., 1848. He was educated 
at the University of North Carolina, and was gradu- 
ated at Union in 1828, studied law, and after prac- 
tising in his native county, removed to Darlington, 
S. C, where he taught for five years, and afterward 
practised his profession with success. He was a 
member of the legislature in 1840-'4, and was 
elected to congress as a state-rights Democrat, 
serving from 1 Dec., 1845, till his death. He pub- 
lished a controversial paper on slavery and a novel 
entitled " Bevil Faulcon" (1842).— His brother, 
Edward Dromgoole, educator, b. in Brunswick 
county, Va., 24 March, 1805; d. in Tuscaloosa, 
Ala., 12 April, 1845, was graduated at the Uni- 
versity of North Carolina in 1824, became prin- 
cipal of an academy at La Grange, Ala., was 
afterward professor of mathematics in La Grange 
college, entered the Tennessee conference of the 
Methodist Episcopal church in 1831, and, after 
serving for two years as an itinerant preacher, 
became professor of ancient languages at Ran- 
dolph Macon college. He went to Europe in 
1886, studied Latin, Greek, Hebrew, Arabic and 
Syriac for two years at the University of Halle, 
spent a year in travel, and on his return to the 
United States assumed the chair of English litera- 
ture at Randolph Macon. From 1842 till his 
death he taught the same subject in the Univer- 
sity of Alabama. He was the first to teach Anglo- 
Saxon in connection with English literature in 
the south, and was preparing grammars of English 
and Anglo-Saxon at the time of his death. 

SIMS, Charles N., clergyman, b. in Union coun- 
ty. Ind., 18 May, 1885. He entered the Methodist 
ministry in l£o? and was graduated at Indiana 
Asbury (now De Pauw) university in 1859. In 
1860 he became president of Valparaiso college, 
Ind., and in 1863 was appointed to a pastoral 
charge in Richmond, Ind. He was subsequently 
pastor at Wabash, Evansville, and Indianapolis, 
Ind., Baltimore, Md., Newark, N. J., and Brook- 
lyn, N. Y. Since 1? Nov., 1880, he has been chan- 
cellor of Syracuse university. In 1882 and 1888 he 
was appointed commissioner to the Onondaga In- 
dian nation. He was a delegate to the general 
conference of his church in 1884 and 1888. The 
degree of D. D. was conferred on him by De Pauw 
university in 1870, and that of LL. D. in 1882. Dr. 
Sims has done much literary work for periodicals, 
and is the author of a * ( Life of Thomas M. Eddy " 
(New York, 1879). 

SIMS, Henry Augustus, architect, b. in Phila- 
delphia, Pa., 22 Dec, 1882 ; d. there, 10 July, 1875. 
He was educated at the Philadelphia high-school, 
studied civil engineering, and followed that pro- 
fession in Canada, Georgia, and Minnesota, sub- 
sequently he studied architecture, and practised 
that art in Canada from 1860 till 1866, and after- 
ward in Philadelphia till his death. He was long 
the secretary for foreign correspondence of the 
American institute of architects. He designed 
many city and country residences and, among 
other public buildings, the Columbia avenue and 
2d Presbyterian churches in Philadelphia, the 
chapel at Mercersburg, Pa., the court-house at 
Hagerstown, Md., and the almshouse of Mont- 
gomery county, Pa. — His brother, Clifford Stan- 
ley, author, b. in Dauphin county, Pa., 17 Feb., 
1889, was educated at tne academy of the Protest- 
ant Episcopal church in Philadelphia, studied law, 



and was admitted to the bar in 1860, but never 
practised. He served as acting assistant paymas- 
ter in the U. S. navy in 1868, and was chosen lieu- 
tenant-colonel of tne 4th Arkansas infantry in 
1864, but was taken prisoner before he coula be 
mustered in. He was judge-advocate-general of 
Arkansas in 1864-*9, a delegate to the Arkansas 
constitutional convention in 1867-*8, a commission- 
er to digest the statutes of Arkansas in 1868, and a 
representative in the legislature in 186S-*9. For 
the next nine years he was U. S. consul for the dis- 
trict of Prescott, Canada. Mr. Sims has published 
"The Origin and Signification of Scottish Sur- 
names, with a Vocabulary of Christian Names** 
(Albany, 1862); "The Institution of the Society of 
the Cincinnati in the State of New Jersey " (1866) ; 
and an edition of William Noye's " Maxims of the 
Laws of England,'* with a memoir of the author 
(1870). — Another brother, James Peacock, archi- 
tect, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 15 Nov., 1849; d. 
there, 20 May, 1882, was graduated at the Univer- 
sity of Pennsylvania in 1868, and studied architec- 
ture with his brother Henry. He designed, be- 
sides many private residences, the building of the 
Royal insurance company, Christ church and Holy 
Trinity memorial chapels, Philadelphia, and Christ 
church in Germantown. 

SIMS, James Marlon, surgeon, b. in Lancaster 
county, S. C, 25 Jan., 1818 ; d. in New York city, 
18 Nov., 1888. He was graduated at South Caro- 
lina college in 1882, began the study of medicine 
with a physician of his neighborhood, entered 
Charleston medical 
school when it was 
opened in Novem- 
ber, 1838, and com- 
Jleted his course at 
efferson medical 
college, Philadel- 
phia, in 1885. He 
began practice in 
Lancaster, where 
his parents resid- 
ed, but became dis- 
couraged at the 
loss of his first pa- 
tients, and removed 
to Mount Meigs, 
Montgomery co., 
Ala., and, after his 
marriage in Decem- 
ber, 1886, to Macon 
county. He was suc- 
cessful there, but 

severe attacks of malarial fever impelled him to 
change his residence. Near the close of 1840 he 
settled in Montgomery, where in a short time he 
gained a good reputation as a surgeon. He was 
the first practitioner in the south to operate for 
strabismus or to treat club-foot successfully. In 
1845 he published a paper on the cause and the 
proper mode of treatment of trismus nascentium, 
in which he attributed the disease to mechani- 
cal pressure on the base of the brain, and affirmed 
that it could be prevented by not placing new- 
born infants in a constrained posture, and often 
cured by simply laving them on their side. He 
explained his hypothesis in the M American Journal 
of the Medical Sciences'* in 1846 and 1848, and 
subsequently in an M Essay on the Pathology and 
Treatment of Trismus Nascentium, or Look-jaw of 
Infants" (Philadelphia, 1864). His view was not 
generally accepted by the profession, although a 
lew doctors used his method with success, and the 
doctrine was confirmed more than thirty yean 




c^v^e*<^w j£~*r 



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SIMS 



SIMS 



541 



after its announcement by the investigation of a 
long series of cases in Washington, D. C. In 1845 
Dr. Sims conceived a method of treating vesico- 
vaginal fistula, an affection for which the physi- 
cians of various countries had vainly sought a cure. 
He fitted up a hospital beside his house, into which 
he collected cases from the neighboring country, 
maintaining them at his own expense. After ex- 
perimenting for three years and a half, he finally 
devised the silver suture, which has since been em- 
ployed in many branches of surgery, and with 
which he effected a perfect cure. He invented 
various instruments during his experiments, chief 
of which was the duck-bill speculum, commonly 
called the Sims speculum. This revealed the seat 
of other serious complaints, and rendered them 
amenable to surgical treatment He had before 
paid no attention to gynecology, but the possession 
of this instrument, which has raised that branch 
from the level of empirical experiment to that of 
certain knowledge, induced him to devote his at- 
tention henceforth to the study and treatment of 
diseases of women. Soon after his first successful 
operations on fistula of the bladder he was seized 
with chronic diarrhoea, and, after combating the 
disease for three years in vain, in order to save 
his life, he removed in 1858 to New York city. He 
demonstrated to prominent surgeons the success of 
the silver suture m vesico- vaginal fistula and lacer- 
ated perimeum, and his methods came into use 
in the hospitals ; yet their author met with a cold 
reception, and his proposition to open a hospital 
for the treatment of women's diseases was opposed 
by the other doctors until it was auspiciously 
presented before the public. The project was wel- 
comed, by influential women, and in 1855 a tem- 
porary hospital was opened. The necessity for a 
larger institution was soon recognised. In 1857 
the legislature granted a charter for the Woman's 
hospital of the state of New York, and in the fol- 
lowing year appropriated $50,000 for the purpose, 
while the common council of the city gave as a site 
the old Potter's field between Fourth and Lexing- 
ton avenues. In 1861 Dr. Sims went to Europe to 
study hospital architecture, and, having convinced 
himself of the advantages of the pavilion system, 
returned in 1862 and persuaded the governors to 
adopt that plan. While he was in Europe the 
chief gynecologists in London, Paris, Dublin, and 
Edinburgh invited him to perform the operation 
for vesioo-vacinal fistula in the hospitals. His 
successes in Paris led to his being invited to Brus- 
sels to demonstrate the operation before the faculty. 
He took his family to Europe in July, 1863, in- 
tending to return to New York to earn the means 
of supporting them there, but through his pro- 
fessional friends and the fame of his operations, ob- 
tained a remunerative practice in Paris, and de- 
cided to remain abroad until the civil war came to 
an end. He removed to London about 1864 for 
the education of his children. His " Clinical Notes 
on Uterine Surgery," which was published simul- 
taneously in English, French, and German (London, 
Paris, and Berlin. 1865), described novel methods 
of treatment which were not readily adopted by the 
profession, but which in a few years revolutionised 
the practice of gynecology. In 1868 he returned 
to the United States and resumed practice in New 
York city. While visiting Paris in 1870 he organ- 
ised an Anglo-American ambulance oorps, was 
made its surgeon-m-ohief, and arrived at Sedan 
immediately before the battle. After treating 1,600 
French ana 1,000 German soldiers in the hospital 
that was assigned to the oorps, he resigned at the 
and of a month. A report of the services of his 



ambulance oorps has been published by Sir William 
McCormack, who succeeded him as surgeon-in-chief 
(London, 1871). The first pavilion of the Woman's 
hospital that he originated in New York city was 
completed in 1866. In January, 1872, he was re- 
appointed a member of the board of surgeons. His 
return increased the reputation of the institution, 
the second pavilion of which was completed in 
1876. Many surgeons of the city and from abroad 
attended to witness his operations. Finally the 
board of governors, out of a supposed regard for 
the modesty of the patients, made a regulation re- 
stricting the number of visitors to fifteen on any 
one occasion. Dr. Sims was touched in his profes- 
sional dignity by this invasion of his proper prov- 
ince, and on 1 Dec, 1874, resigned his post. The 
American medical association elected him to pre- 
side over its meetings at Philadelphia. In 1881 he 
served as president of the American gynecological 
society. A part of the last period of his life was 
spent in Paris, where his family continued to reside. 
Among his benefactions is the J. Marion Sims asy- 
lum for the poor in Lancaster, S. C. He was given 
the degree of LL. D. by Jefferson university, Pa., 
in 1881, was made a knight of the Legion of honor 
in France, a knight of the order of Leopold L, and 
a corresponding fellow of the Royal academy of 
medicine in Belgium, and received the iron cross 
of Germany, two medals from the Italian govern- 
ment, and decorations from the Spanish and Por- 
tuguese governments. Dr. Sims began, but did not 
finish, a work on accidents of parturition and an- 
other on sterility. He read papers on these and 
many other subjects before the medical associa- 
tions of the United States and England, and de- 
scribed in medical journals new operations and in- 
struments, and advanced theories of pathology and 
practice that attracted the universal attention of 
medical men. He published also a short treatise on 
14 Ovariotomy " (New York, 1878). Not long before 
his death he wrote "The Story of My Life" (New 
York, 1884). See also a M Memoir," by Dr. Thomas 
Addis Emmet (1888).— His son, Harry Marlon, 
surgeon, b. in Montgomery, Ala., 27 Feb., 1851, re- 
ceived his early education in England, France, and 
Germany, was graduated at Washington and Lee 
in 1870, and afterward passed through the course 
of the College of physicians and surgeons. New 
York city, receiving his degree in 1878. He was a 
member of the ambulance corps that his father or- 
ganised during the Franco-Prussian war, being 
present at Sedan, Orleans, and other battles, ana 
rendered active field service in Paris duringthe 
Commune. He established himself in New York 
city, giving much attention to gynecology, on 
which subject he has lectured for several yean be- 
fore the New York polyclinic. Besides publishing 
papers on subjects connected with his specialty, he 
has prepared an American edition of Dr. Grailly 
Hewitt's work on " Diseases of Women," with ad- 
ditions showing the later improvements in gyne- 
cology in this country (New York, 1884). 

8IM8, WInfleU Scott, inventor, b. in New 
York city, 6 April. 1844. He was graduated at 
the Newark high-school in 1861, and served during 
the civil war In the 87th New Jersey regiment. 
"Subseouently he turned his attention to the inven- 
tion of electric apparatus, and devised various im- 
provements in electro-magnets. In 1878 ha con- 
structed an electric motor to be used for light 
work. By means of this motor, weighing forty-five 
pounds and battery of twenty half-gallon Bunnell 
cells, he was able to propel an open boat sixteen 
feet long, with six persons on board, at the .ate of 
four miles an hour. Mr. Sims was the first to ap- 



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542 



SIMSON 



SITGREAVES 



ply electricity for the propulsion and guidance of 
movable torpedoes for harbor and coast defence. 
His torpedo is a submarine boat, with a cylindrical 
hull of copper and conical ends, supplied with a 
screw propellor and rudder. The power is elec- 
tricity generated by a dynamo-electric machine on 
shore or on ship-board, and by its means the tor- 
pedo is propelled, guided, ana exploded. During 
1879 this system was tested by Gen. Henry L. Ab- 
bot, of the U . S. engineer corps, at Willett's point, 
and since that time the U. S. government has pur- 
chased ten of these boats having a speed of ten to 
eleven and a half miles an hour. These boats carry 
from 400 to 450 pounds of dynamite. Mr. Sims 
has now in course of construction a boat, to have a 
speed of eighteen miles an hour, which is to carry a 
250-pound charge of dynamite. 

SIMSON, Simpson, philanthropist, b. in New 
York city in 1780; d. there, 7 Jan., 1857. He 
studied law at Columbia, but after a few years' 
practice retired to his farm in Yonkers, and de- 
voted himself to charitable and benevolent wonc. 
He was founder of the Mount Sinai hospital, arjd 
bequeathed large sums to Jewish and general in- 
stitutions, including $50,000 that, after the death 
of a nephew, should be paid " to any responsible 
corporation in this city whose permanent fund 'is 
established by its charter for the purpose of ameli- 
orating the condition of the Jews in Jerusalem, 
Palestine." By decision of the state supreme court 
on 29 May, 1888, this amount, with thirty years' 
interest, was paid to the North American relief 
society for indigent Jews in Jerusalem. 

SINCLAIR, Carrie Bell, poet, b. in Milledge- 
ville, Ga., 22 May, 1889. Her father, Elijah, a nephew 
of Robert Fulton, was a Methodist clergyman who 
at the time of his death conducted a seminary 
for girls at Georgetown, S. C. The family removed 
to Augusta, Ga., where she contributed poetry to 
the " Georgia Gazette." She published a' volume 
of " Poems " (Augusta, 1860), and during fthe civil 
war wrote lyrics commemorating incidents of the 
battle-field and praising the Confederate cause, 
some of which were set to music, while devoting 
herself to supplying the wants and alleviating the 
sufferings of southern soldiers in Savannah. After 
the war she made Philadelphia her residence, and 
wrote for periodicals. Her war-songs and other 
poetical productions were collected in " Heart Whis- 
pers, or Echoes of Song" (1872). 

SINCLAIR, Peter, Canadian member of par- 
liament, b. in Argyllshire, Scotland, in 1825. He 
was educated in his native place, emigrated to 
Prince Edward island, engaged in farming, and 
was elected to the house of assembly in 1867. He 
was a member of the executive council from 1869 
till 1871, and again in 1872, when he acted as gov- 
ernment leader, and was a member of the board of 
works. He was elected to the Dominion parlia- 
ment in September, 1878, and re-elected by accla- 
mation in 1874, but defeated in 1878. He was 
chosen to the legislature of Prince Edward island 
in 1882, and again in 1886. He is a Liberal, and 
in favor of reciprocal trade with the United States. 

SINGER, Isaac Herritt, inventor, b. in Os- 
wego, N. Y.. 27 Oct., 1811 ; d. in Torquay, Eng- 
land, 28 July 1875. He was a machinist, and 
devoted himself entirely to the study of improving 
sewing-machines. After years of close application 
he succeeded in completing a single-thread, chain- 
stitch machine, for which he received a patent 
In the early part of his career he was assisted by 
Edward Clark, a wealthy lawyer, by whose aid he 
was enabled to establish a factory in New York. 
The Howe sewing-machine company sued him 



for infringing on their patents, but the matter 
was finally compromised. He then had some 
difficulty with Mr. Clark, in consequence of which, 
while each retained an equal interest in the ma- 
chine, its manufacture was placed in the hands of 
a company. Mr. Singer soon became wealthy, and, 
leaving this country, resided for some time in 
Paris, but later removed to England, where he 
lived in a curiously constructed house that he 
built in Torquay. 

SINGERLY, William Miskey, journalist, b. 
in Philadelphia, Pa., 27 Dec., 1832. He was edu- 
cated in the Philadelphia high-school, and trained 
to mercantile business. From 1859 till 1881 he 
was connected with the city railways, and since 
1877 he has been the publisher of the Philadelphia 
14 Record." His newspaper has been the instru- 
ment for correcting various abuses. In 1984 he 
effected arrangements by which the people of 
Philadelphia obtained fuel for one quarter less 
than they had paid. He has built 700 dwellings 
in a previously unimproved suburb of Philadel- 
phia. Besides his finely appointed printing-office, 
he conducts extensive pulp- and paper-mills at 
Elkton, Md., and has devoted much attention to 
breeding beef and dairy cattle and trotting-horses 
on model farms in Pennsylvania and Kentucky. 

SINNICKSON, Thomas, patriot, b. in Salem 
county, N. J.; d. in Salem, N. J., 15 May, 1817. 
He received a classical education and became a 
merchant. For many years he sat in the provin- 
cial council of New Jersey, and in 1775 he was a 
delegate to the Provincial congress. He was a cor- 
respondent of the committee of safety, and served 
as a captain during the Revolutionary war, being 
present at the battles of Trenton and Princeton. 
After the peace he was a member of the legisla- 
ture, and on the adoption of the constitution of 
the United States was elected to congress, serving 
from 4 March, 1789, till 8 March, 1791. He waa 
elected again in 1796, and served from 15 May, 
1797, till 3 March, 1799. He was presiding judge 
of the court of common pleas for many years. 

SISTIAGA, Sebastian (sis-te-ah'-gah), Mexican 
missionary, b. in Teposcolula, about 1890; d. in 
Puebla in 1756. He became a Jesuit in 1704, and, 
after finishing his studies, was assigned in 1718 to 
the missions of Lower California. In 1721 he re- 
solved to explore the northeast coast of the penin- 
sula, and, leaving Loreto, he followed the coast up 
to latitude 81° «., discovering three good ports, 
with plenty of spring-water and an abundance of 
hard woods, and also founding the mission of San 
Ignacio. After many years of successful mission- 
ary labor he returned to Mexico, dying in the 
college of the order in Puebla. He wrote M ReW 
cion de un viaje a la Baja California y de loa 
descubrimientos hechos, con pianos de los puertoa, 
remitida al Virey de Mexico*' and " Noticia de la 
Misi6n de San Ignacio con sus ocho pueblos," the 
manuscripts of which were used by H. EL Ban- 
croft, the historian of California. 

SITGREAVES, John, jurist, b. in New Berne, 
N. C, about 1740; d. in Halifax, N. C, 4 March, 
1802. He studied and practised law in New Berne, 
was appointed an officer in Richard Caswell's regi- 
ment of militia in 1776, and served at his aide-de- 
camp at the battle of Camden in 1780. In 1784-*5 
he represented North Carolina in the Continental 
congress, and in l786-'9 he was a member of the 
North Carolina legislature, leaving that body on 
being appointed United States district judge for 
North Carolina. 

8IT9RBA VE8, Samuel, lawyer, b. in Philadel- 
phia, Pa., 16 March, 1764 ; d. in Easton, PlL, 4 April, 



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SITJAR 



SKENE 



543 



1834. He received a classical education, studied 
law, and was admitted to the bar in Philadelphia, 
8 Sept, 1788. In 1786 he settled at Easton, where 
he soon gained an extensive practice. He was 
elected a member of the State constitutional con- 
vention of 1789-'90, and was elected to congress in 
1794, and again in 1796. In 1797 he conducted the 
impeachment of William Blount. He was one of 
the commissioners to settle claims under the Jay 
treaty. In 1799 he was retained by the government 
to assist in the trial of John Fries for treason. At 
the end of John Adams's administration he retired 
from politics, and resumed practice. — His son, 
Lorenxo, soldier, b. in Pennsylvania about 1811 ; 
d. in Washington, D. C, 14 May, 188a He was 
graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1882, 
and was assigned to the artillery. He resigned 
to engage in civil engineering, but was reappointed 
in the army as 2d lieutenant of topographical engi- 
neers on 18 July, 1840, and was employed in sur- 
veys of the Sault Sainte Marie, Portsmouth harbor, 
and the Florida reefs. During the Mexican war 
he took part in the march through Chihuahua and 
in the battle of Buena Vista, where he gained the 
brevet of captain for gallantry. He was in charge 
in 1851 of the survey of Zufii and Colorado rivers, 
N. M., of which a report was published (Washing- 
ton, 1858). He mustered volunteers at Albany, 
N. Y., in 1861-*2, being promoted major on 6 Aug., 
1861. He reached the grade of lieutenant-colonel 
of engineers on 22 April, 1864, and subsequently 
had charge of harbor improvements on Lake Michi- 
gan till 10 July, 1866, when he was retired. 

SITJAR, Buenaventura (seet'-har), Spanish 
missionary, b. in the island of Majorca, 9 Dec., 
1739 ; d. in San Antonio, Cal., 8 Sept., 1808. He 
was a member of the Franciscan order, came as a 
missionary to America, and founded in 1771 the 
mission of San Antonio, and in 1797 that of San 
Miguel. With the assistance of Father Miguel 
Pieras, he composed a vocabulary of the Telame* or 
Sextapay language. This work forms the seventh 
volume of John G. Shea's " Library of American 
Linguistics " (New York, 1861), and was published 
separately under the title of " Vocabulary of the 
Language of the San Antonio Missions " (1868). 

SITTING BULL, Sioux chief, b. about 1887. 
He was the principal chief of the Dakota Sioux, 
who were driven from their reservation in the 
Black Hills by miners in 1876, and took up arms 
against the whites and friendly Indians, refusing 
to be transported to the Indian territory. In 
June, 1876, they defeated and massacred Gen. 
George A. Custer's advance party of Gen. Alfred 
H. Terry's column, which was- sent against them, 
on Little Big Horn river, and Were pursued north- 
ward by Gen. Terry. Sitting Bull, with a part 
of his band, made his escape into British ter- 
ritory, and, through the mediation of Dominion 
officials, surrendered on a promise of pardon in 
1880. In July and August, 1888, in a conference 
at Standing Bock, Dak., he influenced his tribe to 
refuse to relinquish Indian lands. 

8KEAD, James, Canadian senator, b. at Calder 
Hall, Moresby, Cumberland. England, 81 Dec, 
1817; d. in Ottawa, Canada, 5 July, 1884. He was 
educated in his native town, and, coming to Can- 
ada with his family in 1882, settled at Bytown 
(now Ottawa). Mr. Skead afterward engaged in 
the timber trade, and also in manufacturing. At 
the time of confederation in 1867 he was called to 
the senate. Early in 1881 he resigned, but he was 
reappointed on 24 Dec. of the same year. He 
represented Rideau division from 1862 till 1867 in 
the legislative council of Canada, and was an un- 



successful candidate for Carleton for the Ontario 
assembly in 1867. He was president of the Ottawa 
board of trade, of the Ottawa Liberal-Conserva- 
tive association, of the Liberal-Conservative con- 
vention that met in Toronto, 28 Sept, 1874, of the 
Dominion board of trade, and of the Agricultural 
and arts association of Ontario, and was con- 
nected as president or director with various other 
financial or industrial institution*. 

SKENANDO, Oneida chief, b. in 1706; d. in 
1816. During the war of the Revolution he had 
command of 250 warriors of the Oneida and Tus- 
carora tribes of Indians, and rendered important 
services to the American cause. Skenando was 
tall and commanding in person, and his face dis- 
played unusual intelligence. He was an intrepid 
warrior, and one of the noblest and wisest counsel- 
lors of the Six Nations. The first mention of his 
name is bv Rev. Samuel Kirkland, who became 
acquainted with him when he first went into the 
Indian country in 1764. Skenando formed so 
strong an attachment for Mr. Kirkland that he 
expressed a desire to be buried by the side of his 
friend, which was done. He was known among 
the Indians as the " white man's friend." 

SKENE, Alexander Johnston Chalmers, phy- 
sician, b. in Fyvie, Aberdeenshire, Scotland, 17 
June, 1887. He was educated chiefly in the schools 
of Aberdeen, and studied medicine at King's col- 
lege, Scotland, at the University of Michigan, and 
at Long Island college hospital, where he was 
graduated in 1868. From July, 1868. till June, 
1864, he was acting assistant surgeon in the U. S. 
army. In 1864 he settled in Brooklyn, where he 
has since been engaged in successful practice. Dr. 
Skene was adjunct physician in Long Island col- 
lege hosDital in 1864, appointed professor of gyne- 
cology there in 1872, and dean of the faculty in 
1886. He was professor of gynecology in the Post- 
graduate medical school of New York in 1884, 
and is president of the American gynecological so- 
ciety. He performed the first successful operation 
of gastro-ely trotomy that is recorded, and also that 
of craniotomy, using Sims's speculum. He has in- 
vented about twelve surgical instruments, has 
written numerous articles for the medical journals, 
andpublished " Uro-Cystic and Urethral Diseases 
in Women M (New York, 1877), and " Treatise on 
Diseases of Women, for the Use of Students and 
Practitioners "(1888). 

SKENE, Philip, soldier, b. in London, Eng- 
land, in February, 1725 ; d. near Stoke Golding- 
ton, England, 10 June, 1810. He was heir-male 
rafter 1742) of Sir Andrew Skene, of Hallyards, 
Fife, and entered the 1st royal regiment in 1786, 
under the auspices of his »»ele, Capt Andrew 
Skene, was at the taking v* \s»rinagena and Porto 
Bello, and at the battles of Dettingen, Fontenoy, 
and Culloden. He left the royal regiment in 1750, 
and was afterward captain in the 27th and 10th 
foot, and major of brigade. In the same year he 
married Katherine, heiress of the Heydens. of Mt 
Heyden, County Wicklow, who was related to Sir 
William Johnson. In 1756 he came again to this 
country, and was engaged under Lord Howe at 
the attack on Ticonaeroga, and afterward under 
Lord Amherst at its capture, with that of Crown 
Point Thence he went to the attack on Marti- 
nique and Havana under Lord Albemarle, and 
was one of the first to enter the breach at the 
storming of Moro Castle. In 1750, by the desire 
of Lord Amherst and with a view to strengthen- 
ing the British hold on Canada, he received a large 
grant of land on Lake Champlain, which he in- 
creased by purchases to the extent of about 60,000 



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644 



SKENE 



SKINNER 



tores, and founded on Wood creek the town of 
Skenesborongh (now Whitehall, N. Y.\ He was 
named governor of Crown Point and Ticonderoga, 
with the rank of colonel in the army, became colonel 
of the local militia, judge, and postmaster, estab- 
lished flourishing foundries and saw-mills, con- 
structed and sailed vessels on the lake, and opened 
roads to Albany. In the Revolution, after being 
exchanged as a prisoner, he served a short time 
under Sir William Howe at New York, and then 
volunteered under Gen. Burgoyne, during whose 
campaign his horse was twice shot under him. He 
and his son had acted as guides to the army from 
Canada ; the British troops having for some time 
occupied Skenesborough, on their moving, Gen. 
Haldimand ordered the whole place to be burned, 
lest it should become a danger in the hands of 
their opponents. Col. Skene thus saw the fruits 
of an invested fortune and many years' labors 
perish before his eyes at his countrymen's hands. 
The night before the capitulation of Saratoga, Col. 
Skene, as appears from one of his letters, went to 
Gen. Burgoyne and urged on him that there was 
no need for capitulating at all ; that, on con- 
dition that arms and baggage were abandoned, he 
would undertake to guide the army safe to Canada. 
After the recognition of independence, CoL Skene 
was in London, and intended to return and begin 
again as an American citixen ; but the state of New 
York attainted him and his son of high treason, 
and confiscated their estates. After the war he re- 
turned to New York to recover his property, but 
was unsuccessful, and went back to England. The 
British government in 1785 granted nim a pen- 
sion of £340 per annum for life, and a sum of 
£30.000, with which he purchased the estate of 
Addersey Lodge, Northamptonshire. He has been 
sometimes confounded with a namesake, Gen. 
Philip Skene, colonel of the 60th foot, who died 
in 1788, and also with Lieut Philip Skene, of the 
72d foot, who died in 1774— His only son, Andrew 
Philip, soldier, b. 25 March, 1758; d. in Durham, 
England, in January, 1826, entered the 5th regi- 
ment of dragoons in 1768. He was graduated at 
King's (now Columbia) college, New York, in 1772. 
and transferred afterward to the 6th dragoons, ana 
named major of brigade, being the first subaltern 
that ever had held that post He lost a separate 
estate near Skenesborough, was afterward captain 
in the 9th dragoons, ana became military paymas- 
ter at divers places in the three kingdoms. The 
last twentv-two yean of his life were passed at 
Durham.— Andrew's eldest son, Philip Orkney, 
soldier, b. about 1790; d. in 1887, became a lieu- 
tenant of engineers in the British army, and was 
for a long time stationed in Canada, where he de- 
signed the works of Quebec He had previously 
been chosen to attend at Paris the princes of Prus- 
sia, afterward King Frederick William IV., and 
the Emperor William. He wrote many works and 
labored zealously to propagate the Hamiltonian 
system of teaching languages, the schemes of Rob- 
ert Owen, and the oo-operative system, which he 
was one of the first to introduce in London.— An- 
other son, Andrew Moti, d. in Durham, England, 
10 July, 1849, entered the royal navy in 1808, was 
present at Flushing and at actions in the West 
Indies, and was shipmate of the Emperor Napoleon 
in the voyage to St Helena. He afterward went 
with Sir Jonn Boss on the arctic expedition of 
1818, his name being given to* the Skene islands 
in Baffin bay. Most of the published drawings of 
the expedition are from his pencil He also ac- 
companied Sir William E. Parry in 1819, the name 
of Skene bay, the rank of lieutenant, and a share 



of the reward of £5,000 being the recompense of 
that arduous service. Retiring on half-pay, and 
presently refusing the command of a new arctic 
expedition, he devoted most of his leisure to divers 
inventions connected with his profession, the most 
remarkable of which he patented, a system of feath- 
ering paddles, which was not then approved, but 
after the expiration of the patent was generally 
adopted, until it was superseded by the screw. — 
His onlv son, Awdexw Philip, b. 6 Sept, 1882, suc- 
ceeded to the Irish and Canadian estates. 

8KILTON, Julius Augustas, physician, b. in 
Troy, N. T., 29 June, 1888. He was graduated at 
Rensselaer polytechnic institute in 1849, and at 
Albany medical college in 1855, and began to prac- 
tise in Troy in 1855. He was a member of the 
board of education in 1856, and citv physician in 
1857-*8. In 1861 he was made assistant surgeon 
of the 80th New York regiment, and surgeon of 
the 87th New York in 1862. He was taken prisoner 
in the summer of that year, and was released in 
feeble health, but recovered sufficiently to become 
surgeon of the 14th New York cavaurv in 1868, 
served in New York city during the draft riots, 
and was medical director of cavalry department of 
the southwest in 1864-'5. In 1809 he was appointed 
U. S. consul at the city of Mexico, and in 1872 he 
was promoted to be consul-general, holding the 
office until 1878. He received the degree of A. B. 
from Wesleyan university in 1858. Besides his an- 
nual reports he has published " Mining Districts of 
Parhuca, Real del Monte, El Chioo. and Star Rosa, 
State of Hidalgo, Republic of Mexico." 

SKINNER, Charles Rufos, member of con- 
gress, b. in Union Square, Oswego oo., N. Y M 4 Aug., 
1844. He was educated at Clinton liberal insti- 
tute and at the Mexico, N. Y., academy, was school 
commissioner of Watertown, N. Y., in 1875- , 84, 
member of the assembly in lST?-^, and a repre- 
sentative in congress in 1881-5, as a Republican. 
In congress he was the author of the bill providing 
for the special delivery stamp, and he introduced a 
bill reducing the postage on letters from three to 
two cents. He was appointed deputy superintend- 



ent of public instruction of the state of New York, 
7 April, 1886. for the term that will expire in 1889. 
SKINNER, Cortlandt soldier, b. in New Jer- 
sey in 1728 ; d. in Bristol, England, in 1799. He re- 
ceived a good education, became a successful lawyer, 
and was attorney-general of New Jersey in 1775, 
in whiCh capacity ne evinced great ability and in- 
tegrity. At the opening of the Revolution he ac- 
cepted service under the crown and was authorized 
to raise a corps of loyalists, of which he was 
allowed to nominate the officers. Three battalions 
were organised, and called the New Jersey volun- 
teers. Skinner continued in command of the 
corps, with the rank of brigadier-general, and at 
the peace went to England, where he received com- 

Ensation for his losses as a loyalist, and also the 
if -pay of a brigadier-general during his life. One 
of his daughters married Sir William Robinson, 
commissary-general in the British army, and an- 
other Sir George Nugent, a field - marshal. — His 
son, Philip Kearny, soldier, b. in Amboy, N. J. ; 
d. in London, 9 April, 1826, entered the service as 
an ensign in the New Jersey loyalist volunteers, 
was made a prisoner in the expedition to Ostend, 
served in Ireland, the East and West Indies, and 
Spain, and became a lieutenant-general in 1825. 

SKINNER, Exekiel, clergyman, b. in Glaston- 
bury, Conn., 27 June, 1777 ; a. in Green port, L. L, 
25 Dec., 1855. He was apprenticed to a blacksmith, 
but, abandoning his trade in 1797, he studied medi- 
cine, was licensed to practise in 1801, and settled at 



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Granville, Mass., as a physician. He was a deist, 
but, changing his views, he removed to Lebanon, 
Conn., in 1807, and united with the Baptist church. 
He served in the war of 1812 as a surgeon, in 1819 
was licensed to preach, and in 1822 was ordained 
pastor of the Baptist church in Ashford, Conn. On 
the death of his son, Rev. Benjamin Rush Skinner, 
a missionary in Liberia, the father in 1884 went to 
replace him, and spent four years in that colony as 
its governor and as preacher. After his return he 
resumed his pastoral duties and medical practice. 
He published a series of essays on the prophecies, 
in the " Christian Secretary " (1842). 

SKINNER, George lire, botanist, b. in Scot- 
land in 1805; d. in Aspinwall, Panama, 9 Jan., 
1867. He was a member of the mercantile firm of 
Klee, Skinner and Co., Guatemala. He pursued 
his researches into the botany of western Mexico 
and Guatemala more thoroughly than any preced- 
ing botanist, and gave attention to the Orchidaces. 
The genus Uroskmneria was named for him, and 
also the Cattleaya Skinneri among the orchids. 

SKINNER, James Ateheson, Canadian mem- 
ber of parliament, b. in Tain, Ross-shire. Scotland, 
26 Oct, 1826. He was educated in his native 
place, went to Canada in 1848, and engaged in 
business in Hamilton. He became a lieutenant- 
colonel of militia in 1866, was at Ridgeway during 
the Fenian invasion, and in 1871 organized ana 
commanded the first Canadian team to contest at 
Wimbledon, England, in the rifle matches. He 
served in the Dominion parliament in 1874-*8. 

SKINNER, John, British soldier, b. in Ne\Y 
Jersey about 1750; d. in England, 10 Oct, 1827. 
He entered the service of the crown as an ensign 
in the 16th regiment of foot was in the actions 
of Beaufort and Stone Ferry and at the sieges 
of Savannah and Charleston, and commanded a 
troop in Tarleton's legion in the battles of Black- 
stocks, Cowpens, and Guilford. In 1795 he reduced 
the Maroons of Jamaica to submission, and in 1804 
he commanded the 16th regiment in the expedition 
against Surinam. He became a major-general, was 
successively governor of several of the West India 
islands, and commanded a brigade at the capture 
of Guadeloupe in 1810. 

SKINNER, John Stuart, editor, b. in Mary- 
land, 22 Feb., 1788; d. in Baltimore, 21 March, 
1851. At the age of twenty-one he began practice 
as a counsellor and attorney. In 1812 he was a gov- 
ernment agent " to receive and forward the ocean 
mails, to furnish the vessels with necessary sup- 
plies, and to see that nothing transpired prejudicial* 
to the interests of the republic or offensive to ene- 
mies thus admitted under the guardianship of a 
flag of truce." For this responsible trust Presi- 
dent Madison framed a special commission and se- 
lected Mr. Skinner to execute it. To this duty was 
soon after added that of agent for prisoners of 
war. In 1818 he was ordered: to remove his offices 
from Annapolis to Baltimore, and a little later he 
accepted a purser's commission in the navy. This 
poet he filled during the war, and for several years 
afterward. When the British forces moved toward 
Washington, Mr. Skinner rode ninety miles in the 
night and first announced their approach. The 
British retaliated by burning the buildings on 
his St Leonard's creek estate, for which loss he 
never sought remuneration from the government 
He was with Francis S. Key on the mission that 
suggested the latter's song. " The Star-Spangled 
Banner." From 1816 till 1848 he was postmaster 
of Baltimore. Having much practical knowledge 
of agriculture and rural sports, in April, 1819, 
he established " The American Farmer, the first 
vol. v. — 85 



agricultural journal in this country. This peri- 
odical was warmly supported by Thomas Jefferson, 
Andrew Jackson, Timothy Pickering, and others 
of recognized ability. When Gen. Lafayette re- 
visited the United States in 1824 he was the guest 
of Mr. Skinner during his sojourn in Baltimore, 
and selected the latter as agent to manage the 
20,000-acre grant of land that had been voted him 
by congress. In August, 1829, Mr. Skinner pub- 
lished the first number of the "American Turf 
Register and Sporting Magazine," a monthly peri- 
odical. His devotion to this work induced him to 
dispose of the *' American Farmer" the same year. 
After conducting the " Turf Register" successfully 
for ten years, he sold the magazine, and in July, 
1845, began a new publication, the. ** Farmer's li- 
brary and Monthly Journal of Agriculture," pub- 
lished by Greeley and McElrath. This was suc- 
ceeded in 1848 by the " Plough, the Loom, and the 
Anvil," which he conducted until his death. These 
periodicals gave a new stimulus to agricultural 
pursuits, ana added to the general popularity of 
out-door sports. At various times he edited for 
publication in this country several standard foreign 
works, including Alexander Petzhold's " Lectures 
on Agricultural Chemistry," Henry Stephens's 
" Book of the Farm," and Albrecht baniel ThaVs 
" Principles of Agriculture," in the " Farmer's Li- 
brary and Monthly Journal of Agriculture" (New 
York, 1846-»8); "Youatt on the Horse" (1844); 
"Every Man his own Cattle Doctor" (1844); and 
" Guenon on Milch Cows." with an introduction ; 
and he wrote " Christmas Gift to Young Agricultu- 
rists" (Washington, 1841); "Letter on Nautical 
Education " (1841) : and " The Dog and Sportsman " 
(1845).— His son, Frederick Gnstavna, b. in An- 
napolis, Md., 11 March, 1814, at the age of twelve 
years was taken to La Grange by Gen. Lafayette, 
and received his early education there. On return- 
ing to this country, ne entered West Point When 
Gen. Lafayette died, congress passed compliment- 
ary resolutions upon his life and services, and* Mr. 
Skinner was selected by President Jackson to 
convey these resolutions to Lafayette's family. 
After remaining two years in France, as working 
attache* of the American legation, he made a tour 
of the continent and enjoyed the widest possible 
range of field sports. At the opening of the civil 
war he was given command of the 1st Virginia 
infantry, and ne was colonel of that regiment until 
disabled by wounds. After the war he went to 
Egypt and, refusing a commission in the Egyptian 
army, devoted his attention to the field sports of 
that country. Upon returning to his native land, 
he joined the staff of the " Turf, Field, and Farm," 
in New York, and, as field editor of that journal, 
was instrumental in bringing about the first field- 
trial, the first bench-show of dogs, and the first 
international gun-trial that was ever held in the 
United States. He was at one time chief of the 
agricultural bureau of the U. S. patent-office, and 
published "Elements of Agricultural Chemistry, 
from the French " (Philadelphia, 1854). 

SKINNER, Otis Ainsworth, author, b. in 
Royalton, Vt, 8 July, 1807; d. in Napierville, ML* 
18 Sept, 1861. He taught for some time, and in 
1826 became a Universalist minister. He waa 
settled as pastor in Baltimore in 1881, in Haver- 
hill in 1886, in Boston in 1887, and in New York 
city in 1846. He returned to his former charge in 
Boston in 1849, and remained till April, 1857 
when he settled in Elgin, 11 L In August of th 
same year he was chosen president of Lombar 
university, Galesburg, 111., and in October, 1858,. h 
became pastor at Jobet Hi He edited the M Sooth 



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eastern Pioneer," a religious paper, at Baltimore, 
the " Gospel Sun " at Haverhill, and the " Uni- 
ve realist Miscellany," a monthly magazine, at Bos- 
ton (1844-'9). He was an efficient worker in the 
cause of temperance, education, and other reforms. 
He published M Universalism Illustrated and De- 
fended" (Boston, 1839): "Miller's Theory Explod- 
ed " (1840) ; " Letters on Revivals " (1842) ; " Prayer- 
Book for Family Worship" (1843); "Letters on 
Moral Duties of Parents (1844) ; " Lessons from 
the Death of the Young" (1844); " Reply to Hat- 
field" (1847); and "Death of Daniel Webster" 
(1852). His life was written by Thomas B. Thayer 
{Boston, 1861). 

SKINNER, Richard, jurist, b. in Litchfield, 
Conn., 30 May, 1778; d. in Manchester, Vt., 23 
May, 1833. He was educated at Litchfield law- 
school, admitted to the bar in 1800, and in that 
year removed to Manchester, Vt., where he was 
elected state's attorney for Bennington county in 
1801, and probate judge in 1806. He was a mem- 
ber of congress in 18 13-' 15, and in 1817 became 
justice of the state supreme court, of which he had 
been an associate since 1816. He was speaker of 
the lower house of the legislature in 1818, governor 
of the state in 1820-'4, and again chief justice in 
1824-'9. He was an officer of various local benevo- 
lent associations, president of the northeastern 
branch of the American education society, and a 
trustee of Middlebury college, from which he re- 
ceived the degree of LL. D. in 1817. — His only son, 
Mark, b. in Manchester, Vt., 18 Sept., 1813 ; d. 
there, 16 Sept., 1887, was graduated at Middleburv 
in 1833, and studied law at Saratoga Springs, Al- 
bany, and New Haven. He settled at Chicago in 
1836, was elected city attorney in 1839, appointed 
U. S. district attorney for Illinois in 1844, and 
chosen to the legislature in 1846. He became 
judge of Cook county court of common pleas in 
1851. In 1842 he was made school-inspector for 
Chicago, and gave much time and labor to the 
cause of education. The city in 1859 honored his 
services by naming its new school-building " the 
Skinner school." He was president of the Illinois 

general hospital of the lake in 1852, of the Chicago 
ome for the friendless in 1860, first president of 
the Chicago reform-school, one of the founders and 
patrons of the Chicago historical society, a founder 
of the New England society of Chicago, and de- 
livered an address before it in 1848, entitled " A 
Vindication of the Character of the Pilgrim Fa- 
thers " (1849). He was an elder in the Presbyterian 
church, and a liberal contributor to all church 
charities. Judge Skinner was chairman of the 
meeting in November, 1846, to make arrangements 
for the river and harbor convention of 1847, and 
was a delegate to that convention. He took an 
active part in building the Galena and Chicago 
railroad, and was for years one of its directors, and 
a director in the Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy 
railroad. He was originally a Democrat, one of 
the founders of the Anti-Nebraska party in 1854, 
and a member of the Republican party from its 
organization in 1856. In October, 1861, he was 
elected president of the Northwestern sanitary 
commission, and he continued such until 1864. 
Judge Skinner owned a large and valuable library, 
comprising a full collection of books relating to 
America. This was burned in 1871, and since that 
time he has more than duplicated his former col- 
lections. See a memoir by E. W. Blatchford, pub- 
lished by the Chicago historical society (1888). 

SKINNER. Thomas Haryey, author, b. in 
Harvey's Neck. N. C, 7 March, 1791 ; d. in New 
York city, 1 Feb., 1871. He was graduated at 



Princeton in 1809, and studied law, but, abandon- 
ing it for theology, was licensed to preach in 1812. 
In 1818 he became assistant in a Presbyterian 
church in Philadelphia, and in 1816 he was settled 
as a pastor in that city. In 1832 he became pro- 
fessor of sacred rhetoric in Andover theological 
seminary, and in 1835 he was appointed pastor of 
the Mercer street Presbyterian church, New York. 
From 1848 till his death he was professor of sacred 
rhetoric and pastoral theology in Union theologi- 
cal seminary. Williams gave him the degree of 
D. D. in 1826, and that of LL. D. in 1855. Dr. 
Skinner was an eloquent pulpit orator and an able 
teacher. He published "Religion of the Bible** 
(New York, 1839) ; " Aids to Preaching and Hear- 
ing" (Philadelphia, 1889); "Hints to Christians" 
(l&l); "Vinet's Pastoral Theology" (1854); 
"Vinet's Homileties" (1854), two translations; 
"Discussions in Theology" (New York, 186®); 
"Thoughts on Evangelizing the World" (1870); 
and occasional sermons. He also contributed to 
the religious press. 

SLACK, Elijah, educator, b. in Lower Wake- 
field, Bucks co.. Pa., 24 Nov., 1784; d. in Cincin- 
nati, Ohio, 29 May, 1866. He was graduated at 
Princeton in 1808, was principal of Trenton acade- 
my in 1808-' 12, and was licensed by the New 
Brunswick presbytery as a preacher in 1811. In 
1812 he was elected vice-president and professor of 
natural philosophy and chemistry in Princeton. 
He continued his connection with' this institution 
till 1817, when he removed to Cincinnati In that 
year he was elected superintendent of the Literary 
and scientific institute of that city, and when Cin- 
cinnati college was established in 1819 he was ap- 
pointed its president, and so continued till 1828. 
In 1837 he established a high-school at Brownsville, 
Term., which was successful, and in 1844 he re- 
turned to Cincinnati He had received the degree 
of M. D., and was at one time professor in Ohio 
medical college. Princeton gave nim the degree of 
LL. D. in 1863.— His cousin, James Richard, sol- 
dier, b. in Bucks county, Pa., 28 Sept., 1818 : d. in 
Chicago, 111., 28 June, 1881, removed with his 
father s family to Indiana in 1837, studied law, was 
admitted to the bar, and became a successful law- 
yer. In September, 1861, he was commissioned 
colonel of the 47th Indiana regiment, and was 
ordered with his command to Kentucky. He was 
assigned to Gen. Don Carlos Buell's army, but was 
subsequently transferred to Missouri and placed 
under Gen. John Pope. With his command he 
participated in numerous actions. He was com- 
missioned brigadier-general of volunteers, 31 Dec., 
1864, major-general by brevet, 13 March, 1865, and 
was mustered out of the service, 15 Jan., 1866. After 
the war he resumed the practice of law. and at the 
time of his death, and for many years preceding, 
was a judge of the 28th judicial circuit of Indiana. 

SLADE, Daniel Denison, physician, b. in Bos- 
ton, Mass., 10 May, 1823. He was graduated at 
Harvard in 1844, and at the medical department 
in 1848 with the appointment of house surgeon to 
the Massachusetts general hospital. In 1849 he 
went abroad for the purpose of nigher studies, and 
on his return in 1852 he settled in practice in Bos- 
ton, where he continued until 1863. Dr. Slade 
then gradually relinquished his profession for liter- 
ary and horticultural pursuits, and in 1870 was 
chosen professor of applied zoology in Harvard, 
which chair he held for twelve years. In 1884 he 
was appointed assistant in the Museum of com- 
parative zodlogy and lecturer on comparative oste- 
ology in Harvard. During the civil war he was 
appointed one of the inspectors of hospitaU under 



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the U. S. sanitary commission, and for some time 
be was house surgeon of the Boston dispensary. 
He is a member of the Massachusetts medical soci- 
ety and of the Boston society of medical improve- 
ment Dr. Slade won the Piske prize by his essays 
on " Diphtheria " in 1850 and •• Aneurism " in 185*2, 
the Boylston prize by one on " Spermatorrhoea " in 
1857, and the Massachusetts medical prize by one 
on " Bronchitis " in 1859. In addition to his con- 
tributions to medical, agricultural, and horticul- 
tural journals, he published " Diphtheria, its Na- 
ture and Treatment " (Philadelphia, 1861). 

SLADE, William, governor of Vermont, b. in 
Cornwall, Vt, 9 May, 1786; d. in Middleburv, Vt, 
18 Jan., 1859. He was graduated at Middfebury 
college in 1807, studied law, was admitted to the 
bar in 1810, and begpn practice at Middleburv. 
He was a presidential elector in 1812, and in 
1814-'15 published and edited the "Columbian 
Patriot " in connection with bookselling and job- 
printing, but was not successful. In 1815 he was 
elected secretary of state, which office he held 
eight years, and in 1816-*22 he was judge of the 
Addison county court. He was afterward state's 
attorney for the same county. Mr. Slade was clerk 
in the state department at Washington from 1823 
till 1829, when he resumed the practice of law in 
Middleburv. He was a member of congress in 
1831-43, in 1844 was reporter of the supreme court 
of Vermont, and in 1844-'6 served as governor of 
that state. In 184&-'56 he was secretary of the 
National board of popular education. He pub- 
lished "Vermont State Papers" (Middleburv, 
1823) ; " The Laws of Vermont to 1824 " (Windsor, 
1825) ; " Reports of the Supreme Court of Vermont, 
Vol. XV." (Burlington, 1844); and pamphlets and 
congressional speeches. 

SLAFTER, Edmund Farwell, author, b. in 
Norwich, Vt, 30 May, 1816. He was graduated at 
Dartmouth in 1840, studied at Andover theological 
seminary, and in 1844 was ordained a minister of 
the Protestant Episcopal church. The same year 
he became rector of St. Peter's church, Cambridge. 
Mass., where he remained till the autumn of 1846, 
when he was appointed rector of St John's church, 
Jamaica Plain. Here he continued eight years, 
and then became assistant rector of St Paul's 
church, Boston. In 1857 Mr. Slaf ter was appointed 
an agent of the American Bible society, which 
place he resigned in 1877, and he has since given 
nis leisure time to historical studies. He is a mem- 
ber of many learned societies in America and Eu- 
rope. He' has published, among other works, 
44 The Assassination Plot in New York in 1776 : a 
Letter of Dr. William Eustis, Surgeon in the Revo- 
lutionary Army and late Governor of Massachu- 
setts, with Notes" (Boston, 1868); "Memorial of 
John Slafter, with Genealogical Account of his 
Descendants" (1868); "The Charter of Norwich, 
Vermont and Names of the Original Proprietors : 
with Brief Historical Notes" (1869): "The Ver- 
mont Coinage," Vermont historical society collec- 
tion (Montpelier, 1870); "Sir William Alexander 
and American Colonization," in the series of the 
Prince societv (Boston, 1878) ; "The Copper Coin- 
age of the fiari of Stirling, 1632 "(1874); "Voy- 
ages of the Northmen to America," edited, with 
an introduction (1877); "Voyages of Samuel de 
Cham plain," translated from the French by Charles 
Pomeroy Otis, with historical illustrations and a 
memoir (8 vols., 1878, 1880, 1882); and "History 
and Causes of the Incorrect Latitudes as recorded 
in the Journals of the Early Writers, Navigators, 
and Explorers relating to the Atlantic Coast of 
North America, 1585-1740" (1882). 




gSa+T^tjL^ 0UL£bS^ 



SLATER, Samuel, manufacturer, b. in Belper, 
Derbyshire. England, 9 June, 1768 ; d. in Webster, 
Mass., 21 April, 1835. He was the son of a respect- 
able yeoman, received a good education, and served 
an apprenticeship at cotton-spinning with Jedi- 
diah Strutt, the partner of Richard Arkwright He 
was a favorite with 
Mr. Strutt, aided 
him in making im- 
provements in his 
mills, and gained a 
thorough mastery of 
the theory and prac- 
tice of the new man- 
ufacture. In 1789 
congress passed its 
first act for the 
encouragement of 
manufactures, and 
the legislature of 
Pennsylvania of- 
fered a bounty for 
the introduction of 
the Arkwright pat- 
ent Young Slater 
became cognizant of 
these circumstan- 
ces, and determined to introduce the invention in 
the United States ; but as the laws of England did 
not admit of his taking drawings or models with 
him, he had to trust to his memory to enable him to 
construct the most complicated machinery. He 
landed in New York in November, 1789, and, hav- 
ing ascertained that Moses Brown had made some 
attempts at cotton-spinning in Rhode Island, wrote 
to him and told him what he could do. Mr. Brown, 
in replying to him, wrote : " If thou canst do this 
thing, I invite thee to come to Rhode Island, and 
have the credit of introducing cotton-manufacture 
into America." Slater proceeded to Pawtucket, 
R. L, in January, 1790, and immediately entered 
into articles of agreement with William Almy and 
Smith Brown to construct and operate the new 
cotton-spinning machinery. On 21 Dec., 1790, he 
started at Pawtucket three 18-inch carding-ma- 
chines, the necessary drawing-heads with two rolls 
and four processes, the roving cases and winders 
for the same, and throstle spinning-framee of 
seventy-two spindles. In a short time reels were 
made for putting the yarn into skeins, in which 
form it was at that time placed upon the market 
In doing this Mr. Slater was compelled to prepare 
all the plans in the several departments of manu- 
facturing, and to construct with his own hands 
the different kinds of machinery, or else teach 
others how to do it The first yarn made on his 
machinery was equal to the best quality made in 
England. About 1800 the second cotton-mill went 
into operation in Rhode Island. In 1806 Mr. Slater 
was joined by his brother John, from England, 
and soon afterward a cotton-mill was erected in a 
locality now known as Slatersville, R. I. In 1812 
Mr. Slater began the erection of mills in Oxford 
(now Webster), Mass., adding in 1815-'16 the manu- 
facture of woollen cloth. He was also interested in 
iron-manufactures, and acquired great wealth. In 
1796 he established a Sunday-school for the im- 
provement of his work-people, which was the first, 
or among the first in the United States. See a 
memoir of him by George S. White (Philadelphia, 
1886).— His nephew, John Fox, philanthropist b. 
in Slatersville, R. I., 4 March, 1815 ; d. in Norwich, 
Conn., 7 May, 1884, was the son of John Slater. 
He was early trained for the manufacturing busi- 
ness, and in 1872 became sole owner of the mill 



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property he was then conducting. He made ex- 
cellent investments, and in a few years acquired 
neat wealth. Mr. Slater was early interested in 
the cause of education, and gave liberally for the 
establishment of the Norwich free academy and 
other objects. In April, 1982, he placed in the 
hands of trustees $1,000,000, the interest of which 
is to be used for the education of freedmen in the 
south.— His son. William Albert, in November, 
1886, transferred to the Free academy, Norwich, a 
building costing $160,000, which he erected in 
memory of his father. 

SLAUGHTER, Gabriel, governor of Kentucky, 
H in Virginia about 1707 ; d. in Mercer county, 
Ky., 19 Sept, 1820. He emigrated to Kentucky at 
an early age, was a skilful and successful farmer, 
and frequently chosen to the legislature. At the 
battle or New Orleans he was colonel of a Kentucky 
regiment, and he received the thanks of the legis- 
lature for his gallant services on that occasion. 
In 1816 he was elected lieutenant-governor of Ken- 
tucky, and on the death of the governor, George 
Madison, soon afterward, be served as acting gov- 
ernor for the four yean of Madison's term. 

SLAUGHTER, William Bank, lawyer, b. in 
Culpeper county, Va., 10 April, 1798 ; d. in Madi- 
son, Wis., 21 July, 1879. He was educated at 
William and Mary, admitted to the bar, practised 
first in Bardstown, Ky., and then in Bedford, Ind., 
and in 1882 was elected to the legislature of the 
latter state. While in that body he introduced a 
set of resolutions strongly sustaining President 
Andrew Jackson's proclamation to the South Caro- 
lina milliners. He was appointed register of the 
land-office at Indianapolis in 1888, and at Green 
Bay in 1885, and in the latter Year was elected a 
member of the legislative council of Michigan, and 
introduced a memorial to congress asking that the 
territory to the west of Lake Michigan be organ- 
ized into a new territory to be named Wisconsin. 
After residing in Wisconsin and in his native 
place, he returned in 1861 to Middleton, Wis., and 
in 1862 was appointed commissary of subsistence 
and quartermaster. He Wrote for periodicals and 
encyclopaedias, and published " Reminiscences of 
Distinguished Men I have Met " (Milwaukee, 1878). 
— His cousin, Philip, clergyman, b. in Spring- 
field, Culpeper county. Va., 26 Oct., 1808. He is a 
son of Capt Philip Slaughter, of the 11th conti- 
nental regiment in the army of the Revolution. 
His education was obtained partly at home and 
partly in a classical academy at Winchester, Va. 
He entered the University of Virginia in 1825, and, 
after studying law, was admitted to the bar in 
1828. Five years later, having resolved to enter 
the ministry, he went to the Episcopal theological 
seminary, Alexandria, Va. He was ordained dea- 
con in Trinity church, Staunton, 25 May, 1834, by 
Bishop Meade, and priest in St Paul s church, 
Alexandria, in July, 1835, by Bishop Richard C. 
Moore. His first charge was in Dettm^en parish, 
Va. In 1836 he accepted a call to Chnst church, 
Georgetown, D. C, in 1840 he assumed charge of 
Meade and Johns parishes, and in 1843 he be- 
came rector of St Paul's church, Petersburg, Va. 
Health failing, he spent 1848-*9 in Europe. On 
returning home he established in 1850, and edited, 
" The Virginia Colonizationist " at Richmond, Va. 
Six years later he built a church on his farm in 
Culpeper county, and officiated gratuitously for 
his neighbors and servants until his church was 
destroyed by the National aqmy in 1862. He then 
edited in Petersburg " The Army and Navy Mes- 
senger," a religious paper for soldiers, and also 
nreached and visited in camp and hospitals. When 



peace returned in 1865 he was for a time associ- 
ate editor of the " Southern Churchman." Then he 
went back to his old home, where, as the churches 
were destroyed, he fitted up a recess-chancel in 
his own house for church services. Emmanuel 
church in Slaughter parish having been rebuilt he 
accepted charge of it, and served there while health 
and strength sufficed. He received the degree of 
D. D. from William and Mary in 1874. Of late 
years he has held the office of historiographer of 
the diocese of Virginia, which was tendered to him 
by the convention. Dr. Slaughter has made large 
contributions to religious and general literature, 
not only in publishing special sermons, orations, 
addresses, tractates, and magazine articles, but also 
in bringing out various volumes from his pen dur- 
ing the last forty years. Among these are " St 
George's Parish History " (Richmond, 1847) ; " Man 
and Woman " (1860) ; M Life of Randolph Fairfax w 
(1862) ; ** Life of Colonel Joshua Pry, Sometime Pro- 
fessor in William and Mary College, Va., and Wash- 
ington's Senior in Command of Virginia Forces, in 
1754" (New York, 1880); "Historic Churches of 
Virginia," in Bishop Perry's " Centennial History w 
(1882); "Life of Hon. William Green, Jurist and 
Scholar " (Richmond, 1883) ; " Views from Cedar 
Mountains, in Fiftieth Year of Ministry and Mar- 
riage "(New York, 1884); "The Colonial Church 
of Virginia" (1885); "Christianity the Key to the 
Character ana Career of Washington," a discourse 
before the ladies of Mount Vernon association, in 
Pohick church (1886); and "Address to the Min- 
ute-Men of Culpeper" (1887). 

SLEEPER. John Sherborne, author, b. in 
Tyngsboro, Mass., 21 Sept, 1794; d. in Boston 
Highlands, Mass., 14 Nov., 1878. He was during 
twenty-two years a sailor and a shipmaster in the 
merchant service from Boston. He afterward en- 
id in journalism, was connected with the New 

ampshire " News Letter " at Exeter in lSSl-^, 
and the Lowell " Daily Journal " in 1838, and was 
editor of the Boston "Journal" in 1834-'54. He 
was mayor of Roxbury, Mass., in 1856-*8, and pub- 
lished " Tales of the Ocean " (Boston, 1842) ; " Salt- 
Water Bubbles" (1854); "Jack in the Forecastle" 
(I860) ; " Mark Rowland, a Tale of the Sea. by 
Hawser Martingale '* (1867) ; and various addresses. 

SLEMMER, Adam J., soldier, b. in Mont- 
gomery county, Pa., in 1828; d. in Fort Lara- 
mie, Itan., 7 Oct. 1868. He was graduated at the 
United States military academy in July, 1850, and 
assigned to the 1st artillery. After a short cam- 
paign against the Seminole Indians in Florida, in 
which he took a creditable part he was for four 
years on frontier service in California, and in 
1855-'9 was assistant professor of mathematics at 
the U. S. military academy. He afterward re- 
turned to garrison duty at Fort Moultrie, S. C, 
and in 1860 was transferred to Florida, where in 
1861 he commanded a small body of U. S. soldiers 
in Pensacola harbor, occupying with them Fort 
Barrancas; but when intelligence of the surrender 
of Pensacola navy-yard reached him, he trans- 
ferred bis troops on 10 Jan. to Fort Pickens, oppo- 
site, which he successfully held until he was re- 
lieved by CoL Harvey Brown, thus preserving the 
key to the Gulf of Mexico. He was promoted 
major of the 16th infantry in May, 1861, was for 
a snort time inspector-general of the Department 
of the Ohio, returnod to active duty in May, 1862, 
and participated in the siege of Corinth and the 
subsequent movement to Louisville, Ky., and to 
the relief of Nashville, Tenn. He was made brig- 
adier-general of volunteers, 29 Nov., 1862, and 
took part in the battle of Stone River, 81 Deu^ 



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SLIDELL 



549 



1882, where he was so severely wounded as to be 
incapacitated for further active service in the 
field. On 8 Feb., 1864, he was promoted lieuten- 
ant-colonel of the 4th infantry, and in March, 
1865, he was brevetted colonel and brigadier- 

Smeral, U. S. army, for his meritorious services, 
e was mustered out of the volunteer service in 
August, 1865, and was afterward sent to command 
Fort Laramie, where he died of heart disease. 

SLENKER, Elralna Drake, author, b. in La 
Orange, N. T., 28 Dec., 1827. She is a daughter of 
Thomas Drake, was educated at. district schools, 
and then alternated between teaching and study- 
ing at higher schools. She married Isaac Slenker 
in 1856, and has long resided in SnowviUe, Va. 
Mrs. Slenker has contributed to various journals, 
and wan in 1880-1 assistant editor of the New 
York "Physiologist and Family Physician." The 
" Children's Corner " in the " Boston Investigator," 
and " Elmina Column " in " The South Land? have 
been under her charge for several years, and she has 
published "Studying the Bible* (Boston, 1870); 
- John's Way " (New York, 1878) ; " The Darwins " 
0879); and - Mary Jones" (Nashville, 1885). 

SLICER, Henry, clergyman, b. in Annapolis, 
Md., in 1801 ; d. in Baltimore, 28 April, 1874 He 
received a good education, worked for a time as 
a furniture- painter, studying theology at the same 
time, and in 1821 was licensed as a preacher of 
the Methodist Episcopal church. After serving 
on the Hartford and Redstone circuits, he was 
transferred in 1824 to the navy-yard at Washing- 
ton. In 1882 he was appointed presiding elder of 
the Potomac district, and in 1887 he was elected 
chaplain of the U. S. senate, being twice re-elected. 
In 1 846 he was stationed at Carlisle, Pa., was again 
elected chaplain of the U. S. senate, and heldthe 
office till 1850. In the following nineteen years 
he was stationed at Baltimore and Frederick city, 
was again chaplain of the senate, and a presiding 
elder for eight years. From 1862 till 1870 he was 
chaplain of the Seaman's chapel at Baltimore, and 
in 1870 he was again presiding elder of the Balti- 
more district He had been a member of seven 
Suadrennial general conferences. He received the 
egree of D.D. from Dickinson college, Carlisle, 
Pa., in 1860. While chaplain of the senate he de- 
livered a sermon against duelling, which power- 
fully aided the passage of the act making duels 
illegal (New York, 1888). His other works are 
44 Appeal on Christian Baptism " (New York, 1885), 
and M A Further Appeal * (1886). 

SLIDELL, John, statesman, b. in New York 
city about 1798 ; d. in London, England, 29 July, 
1871. He was graduated at Columbia in 1810, and 
engaged unsuccessfully in commerce. He then 
studied law, and in 1819 removed to New Orleans, 
Where, making a specialty of commercial law, he 
soon acquired a large practice. In 1828 he was a 
defeated Democratic candidate for co ng r e s s , and 
actively canvassed the state for Andrew Jackson, 
who appointed him U. S. district attorney for 
Louisiana, but after a year in office he resigned. 
Mr. Slidell was a candidate for the U. S. senate in 
1884, but Charles Gayarre' was chosen. He dis- 
posed of his practice in 1885 and continued as a 
leader in Louisiana politics until 1842, when he 
was elected to congress as a state-rights Democrat, 
and served from 4 Dec, 1848, till 10 Nov., 1845. In 
November, 1845, he was sent as minister to Mexico 
by President Polk, to adjust the difficulty caused 
by the annexation of Texas to the United States : 
but that government refused to receive him, and 
he returned in January, 1847, when he resigned. 
He was again a candiuaie for the U. S. senate in 




Cs%.jZ*£Ut 



1849 ; but his party were in the minority, and in 
the canvass of 1852 he was active in behalf of 
Franklin Pierce. On the inauguration of the lat- 
ter he refused a diplomatic appointment to Central 
America, but, on the acceptance by Pierre Soule" of 
the French mission, he was sent to the U. S. sen- 
ate and served, 
with re-election, 
from 5 Dec, 1858, 
to 4 Feb., 1861. 
He rarely spoke, 
but was a member 
of important com- 
mittees, and ex- 
erted great influ- 
ence Preferring 
to remain in the 
senate, he declined 
a cabinet appoint- 
ment from Presi- 
dent Buchanan, 
but continued a 
confidential friend 
of the latter 
throughout his ad- 
ministration. Mr. 
Slidell was a stren- 
uous supporter of 

the doctrines of state-rights, and, when Louisiana 
passed the ordinance of secession, he withdrew from 
the senate with his colleague, after making a defi- 
ant speech. In September, 1861, he was appointed 
Confederate commissioner to France, ana set out 
with James M. Mason for Southampton from Ha- 
vana in November. He was seised on the high-seas 
by Capt Charles Wilkes, and brought to the United 
States. After imprisonment in Fort Warren he 
was released and sailed for England on 1 JaiL, 1862. 
From England he went at once to Paris, where, in 
February, 1862, he paid his first visit to the French 
minister of foreign affairs. His mission, which had 
for its object the recognition of the Confederate 
states by the French government, was a failure, 
but the well-known sympathy of Napoleon I1L, 
who at that time was deeply interested in the 

Sroject of a Mexican empire under Maximilian, 
id much to favor the Confederate cause. In or- 
der to secure French aid, he proposed a commer- 
cial convention, by which France should enjoy 
valuable export and import privileges for a long 
period, and which, if carried into effect speedily, 
on the basis of breaking the blockade, because of 
its legal inefficiency, would give France control of 
southern cotton, and in return furnish the Con- 
federacy with ample supplies, including arms and 
munitions of war. This was not accepted, on ac- 
count of the emperor's refusal to recognize the 
Confederate states unless the British authorities 
should co-operate But the sympathy of Napoleon 
III. proved of great value, for by his secret influ- 
ence Mr. Slidell was able to begin the negotiation 
of the $15,000,000 Confederate loan. Early in 1868 
the emperor permitted him to make proposals for 
the construction of four steam corvettes and two 
iron-clad rams at private ship-yards in Bordeaux 
and Nantes ; but later in the year, information of 
this fact coming to the knowledge of the U. S. rep- 
resentative in Paris, imperial orders were issued 
that the vessels should be sold to foreign powers. 
One of them was transferred to the Confederate 
navy in January, 1865, after being purchased by 
Denmark, as is claimed by the Confederates, thougfc 
it is asserted on the other side that the purchase 
was fictitious. This vessel, the •* Stonewall," set 
out for the United States, but did not reach Ha- 



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660 



SLOAN 



SLOANE 



Tana till May, after the surrender of the Confed- 
erate armies. Mr. Slidell settled in England at 
the close of the war, and continued there till his 
death. A full account of the relations of Mr. 
Slidell with the French government in regard to 
the building of the vessels mentioned above is con- 
tained in ** France and the Confederate Navy," by 
John Bigelow (New York, 1888).— His brother, 
Thomas (1810-'60), was a judge of the Louisiana 
supreme court in 1845-'52, and then chief justice 
till 1865, when he was assaulted by a ruffian and 
received injuries from which he never recovered. 
With Judah P. Benjamin, he prepared a " Digest 
of Supreme Court Decisions." 

SLOAN, Samuel, architect, b. in Chester county, 
Pa,, 7 March, 1810 ; d. in Raleigh, N. C, 19 July, 
1884. He established himself in Philadelphia, and 
designed many important buildings, among them 
the Blockley hospital for the insane in that city, 
and the state insane hospital at Montgomery, Ala. 
He conducted the " Architectural Review," begin- 
ning in 1868, and published " City and Suburban 
Architecture " (Philadelphia, 1859) ; " Constructive 
Architecture n (1859); "Model Architect " (1860) ; 
and " Designs for Rural Buildings w (1861). 

SLOAN, Samuel, railroad president, b. in Lis- 
burn, near Belfast, Ireland, 25 Dec, 1817. He 
came to this country in infancy, was graduated at 
Columbia college grammar-school m 1880, was 
engaged as a clerk, and afterward became a mer- 
chant. He was supervisor of Kings county in 
1850-'l, and state senator in 1858-*9, and was 
elected president of the Hudson River railroad, 18 
Feb, 1855, which office he retained till 1862. Sub- 
sequently for two years he was commissioner of 
the trunk lines of railroad to the west, as general 
arbitrator of railroad disputes. Mr. Sloan was 
elected president of the Delaware, Lackawanna, 
and Western railroad company in 1867, which post 
he now (1888) holds. He is also president of the 
Oswego and Syracuse ; Syracuse, Binghamton, and 
New York ; Utica, Chenango, and Susquehanna 
Valley ; Fort Wayne and Jackson ; Green Bay, Wi- 
nona, and St. Paul ; and other roads. 

SLOANE, Sir Hans, bark, British naturalist, 
b. in Killyleagh, County Down, Ireland, 16 ApriL 
1660; d. in London, 11 Jan., 1758. He studied 
medicine in London, in 1685 was elected a fellow 
of the Royal society, and afterward spent some 
time in Jamaica and other West India islands, 
where he collected a great number of plants. He 
became physician-general to the army in 1716, 
president oi the College ofphysicians in 1719, and 
physician to the king in 1727, and about the same 
time succeeded Sir Isaac Newton as president of 
the Royal society. His library and natural history 
collection were purchased by the British govern- 
ment after his death, and formed the beginning of 
the British museum. Besides numerous contribu- 
tions to the " Philosophical Transactions,** he pub- 
lished the " Natural History of Jamaica " (2 vols., 
London, 1725). 

SLOANE, James Benwlek Wilson, educator, 
b. in Topsham, Orange co., Vt, 29 May, 1888 ; d. 
in Alleghany City, Al, 6 March, 1886. He was 

riuated at Jefferson college, Canonsburg, Pa., 
1847, and studied theology at the Reformed 
Presbyterian seminary in northwestern Ohio, where 
he was graduated in 1858. In 1854 he became pastor 
at Rusnsylvania, Ohio, and in 1856-'68 he held a 
charge in New York city. He was president of 
Richmond college, Ohio, in 1848-'5<^ of Geneva 
college, in the same state, in 1851-6, and professor 
of systematic theology and homiletics in Alleghany 
theological seminary from 1868 till his death, file 



was also pastor of the 1st Reformed Presbyterian 
church in Alleghany. He published numerous 
sermons and literary addresses. See his M Life and 
Work," edited by his son, William (New York, 1888). 
—His son, William Mllligan, educator, b. in 
Richmond, Ohio, 12 Nov., 1850, was graduated at 
Columbia in 1868. He was instructor in classics 
in Newell institute, Pittsburg, in 1868-*72, studied 
in Berlin and Leipsic in 1872-'6, and in 1873-'5, 
in addition, was also private secretary of George 
Bancroft, then minister at Berlin, and worked 
under his direction on the tenth volume of the 
"History of the United States." From 1877 till 
1888 he was assistant and professor of Latin in 
Princeton, and he has since oeen professor of his- 
tory in that institution. In June, 1888, he declined 
the Drofessorship of Latin to which he was invited 
by Columbia college. He has been since 1885 edi- 
tor of the " New Princeton Review." He edited his 
father's " Life and Work " (New York, 1888). 

SLOANEfJohn, statesman, b. in York, Pa^ in 
1779 ; d. in Wooster, Ohio, 15 May, 1856. He re- 
moved to Ohio at an early age, was a member of 
the state assembly in 1804-'6, and served the last 
two years as speaker. He was U. S. receiver of 
public moneys at Canton in 1808-'16, and at Woos- 
ter in 1816-'19, was elected to congress from Ohio, 
and served by successive elections from 6 Dec, 
1819, till 8 March, 1829. He was clerk of the 
court of common pleas for seven years, secretary of 
state of Ohio three years, and was appointed treas- 
urer of the United States, serving nrom 27 Nov., 
1850, till 1 April, 1858. During the war of 1812 
he was a colonel of militia. 

SLOANE, Rash Richard, lawyer, b. in San- 
dusky, Erie co., Ohio., 18 Sept., 1828. He was edu- 
cated at Wesleyan academy, Norwalk, Ohio, studied 
law, and was admitted to the bar. He was city 
clerk of Sandusky, Ohio, in 1855-7, was elected 
judge of the probate court for Erie county in 1857, 
and re-electea in 1860, was appointed by President 
Lincoln to the general agency of the post-office 
department, serving from 1861 till I860, and was 
mayor of Sandusky in 1870. 1880, and 1881. Mr. 
Sloane was an ardent anti-slavery man, and was 
instrumental in the escape of seven slaves in San- 
dusky, on 20 Oct, 1850, where they had been ar- 
. rested by their masters. He was prosecuted, and 
paid over $4,000 damages and costs, being the first 
victim of the fugitive-slave law of 1850. 

SLOANE, Thomas O'Conor, chemist, b. in New 
York city, 24 Nov., 1851. He is a nephew of 
Charles O'Conor. After graduation at bt Fran- 
cis Xavier's college in 1870, and at the School of 
mines of Columbia in 1872, with the degree of 
E. M., he received the degree of Ph. D. in 1876 from 
the latter institution. His scientific work has in- 
cluded a method for the determination of sulphur 
in illuminating gas, and various other improved 
processes for the estimation of constituents in gas 
analysis. Dr. Sloane has invented the thermo- 
phote, which is the only apparatus ever devised for 
registering automatically and mechanically the 
illuminating power of gas. He has lectured exten- 
sively in schools and before public audiences, and 
since 1888 has been lecturer in chemistry and 
physics at Seton Hall college. His services have 
been frequently called for as an expert in patent 
suits, ana he is regularly retained by law firms in 
New York city. In 187o-*80 he was one of the de- 
partment editors of the ** Sanitary Engineer," and 
since 1886 has been one of the staff of the " Scien- 
tific American." He has contributed largely to 
technical journals in this country and abroad, 
and is a member of scientific societies. From 1882 



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SLOCUM 



551 



till 1886 he was treasurer of the American chemi- 
• cal society. Dr. Sloane is the translator of Alglave 
and Boulard's "Electric Light" (New York, 1888), 
and is the author of " Home Experiments in Sci- 
ence " (Philadelphia, 1888). 

SLOAT, John Drake, naval officer, b. in New 
York city in 1780; d. in New Brighton. Staten 
island. N. Y M 28 Nov., 1867. He entered the navy 
as midshipman, 12 Feb., 1800, and was honorably 
discharged by the peace-establishment act, 21 May, 
1801. He re-entered the navy as a sailing-master, 
10 Jan., 1812. and served in the frigate ** United 
States " in 1812- f 15. In this ship, on 25 Oct., 1812, 
he participated in the capture of the British frigate 
" Macedonian," and was subsequently blockaded 
in Thames river, Conn., by the British fleet until 
the end of the war. He received a vote of thanks 
and silver medal for the victory over the •* Mace- 
donian," and was promoted to lieutenant, 24 July, 
1818. After the war he was on leave until 181 7. In 
182$-'5 he cruised in the schooner " Grampus," sup- 
pressing piracy in the West Indies, and participated 
in the capture of the pirate brig " Palmyra '* near 
Campeacny. He succeeded to the command of 
the " Grampus " in 1824, and assisted at the cap- 
ture and destruction of the town of Foxhardo, the 
headquarters of the pirates on Porto Rico. In the 
spring of 1825 he captured a piratical brig near 
St. Thomas, W. I., with the pirate chief Colfrecinas, 
who was subsequently executed by the Spaniards. 
He was promoted to master-commandant. 21 March, 
1826, and to captain, 9 Feb., 1887, and was com- 
mandant of the navy-yard at Portsmouth, N. H., 
in 1840-*4 In 1844-'6 he had command of the 
Pacific squadron, during which he occupied Mon- 
terey in anticipation of a similar attempt by the 
English admiral, and when the Mexican war began 
he secured possession of San Francisco and other 
points in California until he was relieved by Com. 
Kobert F. Stockton, when he returned to Norfolk, 
27 April. 1847. He had command of the Norfolk 
navy-yard in 1847-'51, after which he was superin- 
tendent of the construction of the Stevens battery 
until 1855. He was placed on the reserved list, 27 
Sept. 1855, and retired, 21 Dec., 1861, but was pro- 
moted to commodore, 16 July, 1862, and to rear- 
admiral, 25 July, 1866. 

SLOCUM, Frances, captive among the Indians, 
b. in Wyoming valley, Pa., in 1778 ; d. near Lo- 
gansport, Ind., in 1851. She was taken captive by 
Delaware Indians on 2 Nov., 1778, and no intelli- 
gence was received regarding her till the summer 
of 1837, when the surviving members of her family 
heard that she was residing near Logansport, Ind. 
Her brother, Joseph Sloe urn, and her sister pro- 
ceeded thither, and, obtaining an interview with 
their lon^-lost sister, had no difficulty in establish- 
ing her identity. She had entirely forgotten her 
native language and all knowledge of Christianity, 
and was an Indian in everything but the fairness 
of her skin and the color of her hair. She had a 
distinct recollection of her capture by the savages, 
who, after taking her to a rocky cave in the moun- 
tains, departed for the Indian country. She was 
treated kindly and adopted by an Indian family, 
who brought her up as their daughter. For years 
she led a roving life, and became an expert in all 
the employments of savage existence, and when 
grown to womanhood married a young chief of the 
nation, and removed with him to Ohio. She was 
so happy in her domestic relations that she dreaded 
being discovered and compelled to reside among 
the whites. After the death of her first husband 
she married one of the Miami tribe, and at the 
time of her discovery had been many years a 



widow, and had children and grandchildren around 
her. She was known among the Indians as Ma- 
conaqua (young bear), was regarded by them as a 
queen, and was happy and in comfortable circum- 
stances. When the'Miamis were removed from 
Indiana, John Quincy Adams pleaded the cause of 
Macon aqua so eloquently in congress that she and 
her Indian relatives were exempted. Congress 
pave her a tract of land a mile square, to be held 
in perpetuity by her descendants. 

SLOCUM, Henry Warner, soldier, b. in Del- 
phi. Onondaga co., N. Y., 24 Sept., 1827. He was 
graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1852, 
appointed 2d lieutenant in the 1st artillery, and 
ordered to Florida 
the same year. He 
was promoted 1st 
lieutenant in 1855, 
but resigned in Oc- 
tober, 1856, and, 
returning to New 
York, engaged in 
the practice of law 
at Syracuse, and 
was a member of 
the legislature in 
1859. At the op- 
ening of the civil 
war he tendered 
his services, and 
on 21 May, 1861, 
was appointed col- xL^77^>^/ 
onel ofthe 27th />T^/:c7^^^^^- 
New York volun- 
teers. He commanded this regiment at the bat- 
tle of Bull Run on 21 July, where he was severe- 
ly wounded, on 9 Aug. was commissioned briga- 
dier-general of volunteers, and was assigned to 
the command of a brigade in Gen. William B. 
Franklin's division of the Army of the Potomac. 
In the Virginia peninsula campaign of 1862 he 
was engaged in the siege of Yorktown and the 
action at West Point, va., and succeeded to the 
command of the division on 15 May, on Franklin's 
assignment to the 6th corps. At the battle of 
Gaines's Mills, 27 June, he was sent with his di- 
vision to re-enforce Gen. Fitz-John Porter, who 
was then severely pressed bv the enemy, and ren- 
dered important service, as he did also at the bat- 
tles of Glendale and Malvern Hill, his division oc- 
cupying the right of the main line at both engage- 
ments. He was promoted to the rank of major- 
general of volunteers, 4 July, 1862, engaged in the 
second battle of Bull Run, at South Mountain, and 
at Antietara, and in October was assigned to the 
command of the 12th army corps. In the battles 
of Fredericksburg, Chancellors ville, and Gettys- 
burg he took an active part. At Gettysburg he 
commanded the right wing of the army, and con- 
tributed largely to the National victory. Having 
been transferred with his corps to tne west, he 
served in the Department of the Cumberland till 
April, 1864, when, his corps being consolidated 
with the 11th, he was assigned to a division and 
the command of the district of Vicksburg. In Au- 
gust, 1864, he succeeded Gen. Joseph Hooker in the 
command of the 20th corps, which was the first 
body of troops to occupy Atlanta, Ga., on 2 Sept. 
In Sherman's march to the sea and invasion of the 
Carolinas, he held command of the left wing of 
the army, and participated in all its engagements 
from the departure from Atlanta till the surrender 
of Gen. Joseph E. Johnston at Durham station, 
N. C. In September, 1865, Gen. Slocum resigned 
from the army and resumed the practice of law in 



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SLOCUMB 



SMALL 



Brooklyn, N. Y. In 1866 he declined the appoint- 
ment of colonel of infantry in the regular army. 
In 1865 he was the unsuccessful candidate of the 
Democrats for secretary of state of New York, in 
1868 he was chosen a presidential elector, and he 
was elected to congress the same year, and re- 
elected in 1870. In 1876 he was elected president 
of the board of city works, Brooklyn, which post 
he afterward resigned, and in 1884 he was again 
elected to congress. He was one of the commis- 
sioners of the Brooklyn bridge, and was in favor 
of making it free to tne public. 

SLOCUMB, Ezekiel, soldier, b. in Craven 
county, N. C, about 1750; d. near Dudley, N.C., 
4 July, 1840. His father, Joseph, -was at one time 
a merchant in Atlanta, Ga. The son entered the 
Revolutionary army at an early date, and served 
through the war. As a lieutenant he fought at 
the battle of Moore's Creek, N. C, 27 Feb., 1776, 
and he attained the rank of colonel before the 
close of the war. After the battle of Guilford, in 
1781, his farm was ravaged by the British troops 
while on their march from Wilmington to Vir- 

S'nia, and, aided by Maj. Williams, he raised a 
oop of about 200 men, and, following the royal 
army, succeeded in cutting off their foraging par- 
ties and harassed them greatly until they crossed 
Roanoke river, when he joined Gen. Lafayette 
with his troop, and was at Yorktown on 19 Oct, 
1781. After the war he returned to his home 
on a plantation near Dudley, N. C, held many 
offices of honor and trust, and was a member of 
the North Carolina house of commons from 1812 
till 1818.— His wife, Mart Hooks, at the battle of 
Moore's Creek, fearing for her husband's safety, 
visited the scene of the battle alone, and, having 
been assured that he was unharmed, dressed the 
wounds of the injured and returned to her home 
forty hours after she had left it, having ridden 125 
miles on horseback. — Their son Jesse, b. in Dud- 
ley, N. C, 20 Aug., 1780; d. in Washington, D. C, 
20 Dec., 1820, was elected to congress From North 
Carolina for two successive terms, serving from 1 
Dec, 1817, till his death. 

SLOUGH, John P. (slo), soldier, b. in Cincin- 
nati, Ohio, in 1829 ; d. in Santa Fe\ N. M., 16 Dec., 
1867. He became a lawyer in his native city, and 
in 1850 was elected to the legislature of Ohio, from 
which he was expelled for striking a member. In 
1852 he became a secretary of the central Demo- 
cratic committee of Ohio, and soon afterward he 
went to Kansas, and in 1860 to Denver city, Col. At 
the opening of the civil war he raised a company 
of volunteers, assumed command of Fort Garland, 
and afterward became colonel of the 1st Colorado 
regiment, forming part of Gen. Edward R. S. Can- 
bfs expedition to New Mexico. He fought there, 
in opposition to orders, the battle of Pigeon's 
Ranche, gaining a victory over Gen. Henry H. 
Sibley, who was forced to retire into Texas. Im- 
mediately after this he gave up his commission as 
colonel and proceeded to Washington, where he 
was appointed 1 brigadier-general of volunteers and 
military governor of Alexandria. At the close of 
the war he was appointed chief iustice of New 
Mexico by President Johnson ; but his manner and 
irritable temper rendered him unpopular. A series 
of resolutions were passed in the legislature ad- 
vocating his removal from the chief justiceship, 
which so incensed him against William D. Ryner- 
son, the member who had introduced them, that 
a personal encounter took place between the two 
men, resulting in Gen. Slough's death. 

SLUTER, George Ludewig, clergyman, b. in 
Rodenberg, Hesse-Cassel, Germany, 5 May, 1887. 



In 1847 he settled with his parents in St Louis, 
Mo. He was graduated at Westminster college, 
Fulton, Mo., in 1860, in 1863 at Princeton theo- 
logical seminary, and he was licensed as a preacher 
by the presbytery of New Brunswick the same 
year. He has been settled as pastor in Rens- 
selaer, and St Louis, Ma, Duluth, Minn., and 
Shelbyville, Ind., and since 1881 at Arlington, 
N. J. From 1866 till 1870 he was secretary of 
home missions of the synod of Missouri. He was 
assistant editor of the u Missouri Presbyterian " in 
1866-'70, and since 1881 has been the New York 
correspondent of the Cincinnati "Herald and Pres- 
byter. He has published •• Life and Character of 
Joseph Hamilton " (Shelbyville, Ind., 1872) ; " Me- 
morial of Mrs. Jane Major * (1874) ; " History of our 
Beloved Church " (1876) ; " Historical and Critical 
Investigations of the Acta Pilati" (Indianapolis, 
1879); "Illustrated Historical Atlas of Shelby 
County, Indiana" (Chicago, 1880); M The Religion 
of Politics " (Shelbyville, 1880) ; " Life of the Em- 
peror Tiberius " (New York, 1881); and minor works. 

SMALL, Alvln Edmond, physician, b. in Maine, 
4 March, 1811 ; d. in Chicago, 111., 29 Dec, 1866. He 
began the study of medicine at Bath in 1831, and sub- 
sequently continued it in the University of Pennsyl- 
vania. He settled in Delaware county, Pa., but in 
1845 returned to Philadelphia and took high rank 
in his profession. While here he became converted 
to the homoeopathic school of medicine. In 1849 
Dr. Small was appointed professor of physiology 
and pathology in tne Homoeopathic medical college 
of Pennsylvania, where he remained for seven years, 
during which time he wrote several medical works 
and was editor of the " Philadelphia Journal" In 
1856 he removed to Chicago and entered at once 
into an extensive practice, which he continued till 
his death. Soon after his arrival in that city he 
was called to the chair, of theory and practice in 
Hahnemann college, which he held for fife. 

SMALL, Henry Beaumont, Canadian natural- 
rist, b. in Market Bosworth, Leicestershire, Eng- 
land, 81 Oct., 1881. He was educated at King's 
college, London, and Lincoln college, Oxford, where 
he was graduated in 1858, afterward emigrated to 
Canada, and in 1858 removed to the state of New 
York, where he was a teacher of classics in a mili- 
tary school at Sing Sing in lSGO-^. He afterward 
taught for a time in New York city, served in the 
U. 3. sanitary commission in Virginia during part 
of the civil war, and in 1865 returned to r.»n«H*, 
He entered the civil service of Canada in 1868, and 
became chief clerk of emigration and quarantine 
in 1885. Mr. Small has contributed extensively to 
the British, American, and Canadian press ana to 
magazines, and among other works has published 
•• Animals of North America. Mammals'* (Mon- 
treal, 1865) ; " Fresh- Water Fish " (1866) ; " Chroni- 
cles of Canada " (1868) ; " Resources of the Ottawa 
Valley" (Ottawa, 1872); "Mineral Resources of 
Canada" (1880); and "Canadian Forests " (Mon- 
treal, 1885). 

SMALL, John, British soldier, b. in Strathardle, 
Athole, Scotland, in 1726; d. in the island of 
Guernsey, 17 March, 1796. After serving in the 
Scotch brigade in the Dutch service, he was com- 
missioned an ensign in the 42d Highlanders, 29 
Aug., 1747, and was appointed a lieutenant on the 
eve of the departure of that regiment for this 
country, to join the force under Loudon. He 
served under Abercrombie in the attack on Ticon- 
deroga in 1758, accompanied Sir Jeffrey Amherst 
the following year in his expedition, went to Mon- 
treal in 1760, was on service in the West Indies in 
1762, and the same year was made captain. On 14 



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June, 1775, he received a commission as major to 
raise a corps of Highlanders in Nova Scotia in aid 
of the crown. He was in the battle of Bunker Hill, 
and is a prominent figure in CoL Trumbull's pic- 
ture. He was appointed major commanding the 
2d battalion of the 84th royal engineers, with Dart 
of which he joined the army under Sir Henry Clin- 
ton at New York in 1779, and in 1780 he became 
lieutenant-colonel. He was appointed colonel, 18 
Nov., 1790, became lieutenant-governor of Guern- 
sey in 1793, and major-general, 3 Oct., 1794. 

SHALL, Michael Peter, soldier, b. in Harris- 
burg, Pa., 9 Aug., 1831. He was graduated at the 
U. S. military academy in 1855, assigned to the 
artillery, served against the Seminole Indians and 
on frontier and other duty, and was promoted 1st 
lieutenant, 27 April, 1861. He served as chief com- 
missary and quartermaster at Rolla, Mo., from 4 
Sept, 1861, till 31 Jan., 1863 ; as chief commissary 
of the 13th army corps, and of the army during 
the field, in the Teche campaign in the Depart- 
ment of the Gulf from 15 Sept. till 9 Nov., 1863; 
and was supervising commissary of the states of 
Illinois and Indiana from December, 1863, till Feb- 
ruary, 1864. He was appointed lieutenant-colonel 
on the staff, 15 Sept, 1863, became chief commis- 
sary of the Department of Virginia and North 
Carolina at Fortress Monroe, supplied the armies 
operating against Richmond, ana acted in a simi- 
lar capacity for other armies and other military 
departments till the close of the war. He became 
brevet colonel of U. S. volunteers, 1 Jan., 1865, and 
brevet brigadier-general, 9 April, 1865, for merito- 
rious services in the subsistence department dur- 
ing the war. Since 81 Oct, 1884, he has been pur- 
chasing and depot commissary at Baltimore, Md. 

SMALLEY, Eugene Virgil, journalist, b. in 
Randolph, Portage co., Ohio, 18 July, 1841. He 
Was educated in the public schools of Ohio and New 
York, and passed one year in New York central col- 
lege at McGrawville. He enlisted at the beginning 
of the civil war in the 7th Ohio infantry, and fre- 
quently sent letters about different engagements to 
tne newspapers, for which descriptions he had 
shown a predilection before entering the field. He 
served until nearly the close of the struggle, when 
he was discharged on account of wounds, and as 
soon as he was able went to Washington, D. C, 
where, in 1865, he was appointed clerk of the mili- 
tary committee of the house of representatives. 
He retained the post until 1878, at the same 
time corresponding at intervals for different jour- 
nals. He then formed a connection with a New 
York journal, continuing to be its correspond- 
ent ana editorial writer for nine vears. During his 
residence in Washington be had formed an intimate 
acquaintance with public men and measures, which 
aided him greatly as a journalist In 1882 he en- 
tered the employment of the Northern Pacific rail- 
road, and in 1884 established the " Northwest," 
an illustrated magazine, in St. Paul. Minn., of 
which he is still (1888) the editor and publisher. 
He is a frequent contributor to periodicals, mainly 
on subjects relating to the resources and develop- 
ment of the region in which he has made his home. 
He has published " History of the Northern Pacific 
Railroad " (New York, 1883), and " History of the 
Republican Party " (1885). 

SMALLEY, George Washburn, journalist, b. 
in Franklin, Suffolk co., Mass., 2 June, 1833. He 
was graduated at Yale in 1853, read law with 
George F. Hoar at Worcester in 1853-'4, and in 
Harvard law-school in 1854-'5, and in 1856 was 
admitted to the Boston bar. He practised law in 
Boston until the opening of the civil war, when, in 



the service of the New York " Tribune," he accom- 
panied the National troops to Port Royal, after- 
ward going with Gen. John C. Fremont into Vir- 
ginia. Remaining with the Army of the Potomac, 
he witnessed the battle of Antietam. Immediately 
upon its close, Smalley rode thirty miles, found a 
train, and, going direct to New York, wrote his 
narrative of the engagement on the cars. This 
vivid description, with the energy that had been 
shown in its transmission and publication, gave him 
rank among the best-known war correspondents. In 
1863 he was a member of the editorial staff of the 
44 Tribune." At the sudden beginning of the war 
between Prussia and Austria in 1866 Mr. Smalley 
was sent on a day's notice to Europe. At the close 
of the war he returned for a few months to New 
York, but was sent to England in May, 1867, by the 
44 Tribune," with instructions to organize a London 
bureau for that journal. This he aid, and the suc- 
cess that has attended the European department 
of the 44 Tribune " is largely due to his efforts. In 
1870, at the opening of the Franco-German war, 
the 4t Tribune devised a new system of news-gath- 
ering. Mr. Smalley, as the agent of this policy, 
showed an energy and foresight which gave him an 
eminent rank in journalism. The English writer 
Kinglake, in his " History of the Crimean War," 
says : " The success of that partnership for the pur- 
pose of war news which had been formed between 
one of our London newspapers and the New York 
4 Tribune,' was an era in tne journalism of Europe." 
Mr. Smalley's letters from Berlin, in April, 1888, 
descriptive of the Emperor William's death and 
burial were among the most brilliant that ap- 
peared on that occasion. 

SMALLEY, John, clergyman, b. in Lebanon 
(now Columbia), Conn., 4 June, 1734; d. in New 
Britain, Conn., 1 June, 1820. After his graduation 
at Yale in 1756 he studied theology under Rev. 
Joseph Bellamy, and on 19 April, 1758, was or- 
dained and installed pastor over a newly organized 
church at New Britain, Conn., sustaining the rela- 
tion, with slight interruption, a little more than 
fifty years. In 1800 he received the degree of D. D. 
from Princeton, and in 1810, being infirm, he was 
given a colleague, preaching afterward occasionally 
and devoting himself to the preparation of a sec- 
ond volume of discourses for publication. Dr. 
Smalley's sermons, which he always read in the 
pulpit, have seldom been surpassed in logical ac- 
curacy, clearness, and strength. The Rev. Royal 
Robbins says in 1856 : 44 Dr. Smalley, in referring 
to his treatise on 4 Natural and Moral Inability? 
seemed to think that no one previously had drawn 
the proper distinctions on tnis subject— not even 
Edwards had made the matter clear. Admitting 
the correctness of this opinion, he is to be regarded 
as the father of New England theology in that 
branch of it" He published two sermons on 4i Nat- 
ural and Moral Inability" (1769; republished in 
London) ; two on 44 Universal Salvation " (1785-*6) ; 
one on "The Perfection of Divine Law" (1787); 
and an 44 Election Sermon" (1800). Two volumes 
of his sermons were issued in 1803-'14. 

SMALLS, Robert, member of congress, b. in 
Beaufort, S. C, 5 April, 1839. Being a slave, he 
was debarred from attending school, %nd was alto- 
gether self-educated. He removed to Charleston 
in 1851, worked at the rigger's trade, afterward led 
a seafaring life, and in 1861 was employed as a 
pilot on "The Planter," a steamer that plied in 
Charleston harbor as a transport. In May, 1862, 
he took this vessel over Charleston bar, and de- 
livered her to the commander of the U. S. blockad- 
ing squadron. After serving for some time as pilot 



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SMALLWOOD 



SMILIE 



in the U. S. navy, he was promoted captain for 
gallant and meritorious conduct, 1 Dec., 1868, and 
placed in command of " The Planter," serving until 
she was put out of commission in 1866. He re- 
turned to Beaufort after the war, was a member of 
the State constitutional convention in 1868, was 
elected a member of the state house of representa- 
tives the same year, and of the state senate in 1870, 
and was re-elected in 1872. He was elected to the 
44th congress from South Carolina, has been re- 
elected to every succeeding congress except the 
46th, for which he was defeated, and served, with 
this exception, from 6 Dec, 1875, till 1888. He 
has been major-general of state troops. 

SMALLWOOD, Charles, Canadian meteorolo- 
gist, b. in Birmingham, England, in 1812 ; d. in 
Montreal, 22 Dec., 1878. He became a physician, 
and, emigrating to Canada in 1858, settled at St 
Martin's, Isle Jesus, Canada East, and acquired a 
large practice. He soon afterward established his 
meteorological and electrical observatory, a descrip- 
tion of which was given in the " Smithsonian Re- 
ports." He discovered the effects of atmospheric 
electricity on the formation of snow crystals, and 
investigated the action of ozone in connection with 
light, and that of electricity in the germination of 
seeds. In 1858 Dr. Sraallwood received the honor- 
ary degree of LL. D. from McOill college, and was 
appointed professor of meteorology in that institu- 
tion, to which was subsequently added the chair of 
astronomy. In 1860 the Canadian government 
made him a grant for the purchase of magnetic 
instruments, and in August, 1861, he began mak- 
ing observations. When the U. S. signal-service 
system was established. Dr. Small wood arranged 
for stations in connection with it in Montreal and 
other Canadian cities. He was one of the govern- 
ors of the College of physicians and surgeons of 
Lower Canada, and was a member of many scien- 
tific and literary societies in America and Europe. 
He was the author of numerous articles in scientific 
periodicals and the "Smithsonian Reports," and of 
contributions to Canadian meteorology furnished 
to various magazines for more than twenty years. 

SMALLWOOD, William, soldier, b. in Kent 
county, Md., in 1782; d. in Prince George county, 
Md., 14 Feb., 1792. On 2 Jan., 1776, he was elected 
colonel of the Maryland battalion, and on 10 July, 
with nine com- 
panies, he joined 
Washington in 
New York. On 20 
Aug. his troops 
took an active part 
in the battle of 
Brooklyn Heights, 
being hotly en- 
gaged from sun- 
rise until the last 
gun was fired, and 
losing nearly half 
their number. At 
White Plains, on 
18 Oct., the Mary- 
land line again 
^fys £Z T> Dore the brunt of 

wounded. For his 
gallantry on this occasion congress appointed him 
a brigadier-general, 23 Oct., 1776. In the battle of 
Fort Washington, 16 Nov- 1776, his command again 
suffered severely, and at Germantown, 4 Oct, 1777, 
the Maryland line retrieved the day and captured 
part of the enemy's camp. In the winter of 1777-'8 



he was stationed at Wilmington, and captured a 
British brig in the Delaware laden with stores and 
provisions. He won new laurels in the battle of 
Camden, and received the thanks of congress for 
his gallant conduct In September, 1780, he waa 
appointed major-general, but after the removal of 
Gates he refused to serve under Baron Steuben, 
who was his senior officer, declaring his intention 
to leave the army unless congress should antedate 
his commission two years. This claim was not al- 
lowed, being regarded as absurd, but Gen. Small- 
wood remained m the army until 15 Nov., 1783. In 
1785 he was elected to congress, and in the same 
year he was chosen governor of Maryland, which 
was the last public post that he held. 

SMARIUS, Cornelias Francis, clergyman, b. 
in Telburg, North Brabant, Holland, 8 March, 
1828; d. in Detroit Mich., 2 March, 1870. After 
completing his studies at the University of North 
Brabant, he came to the United States and joined 
the Society of Jesus at Florissant Mo., 13 Nov., 
1841. In 1848 he went to Cincinnati^ where he 
pursued theological studies, and was assistant pro- 
fessor of poetry and rhetoric in a school there un- 
til 1848. During this period he published anony- 
mously many poems of much beauty. He was 
ordained priest m 1849, afterward studied in Ford- 
ham, N. Y., and was pastor of the church of St 
Francis Xavier in St Louis in 1859-'60. Here he 
displayed such powers as a pulpit orator that he 
became very popular. In 1861 he was detailed for 
missionary work, with a large field of operations, 
and in 1865 he visited Europe for his health. He 
was vice-president of the University of St. Louis 
in 1850-'2, and again in 1857-& He published 
" Points of Controversy " (New York, 1865). 

SMEAD, Wesley, philanthropist, b. in West- 
chester county, N. Y., 28 Dec, 1800 ; d. in Pough- 
keepsie, N. Y., 6 Jan., 1871. He first was a news- 
boy, then became a printer, afterward studied 
medicine, and was graduated at the Ohio medical 
college, Cincinnati. He practised in that city, and 
was president of the Citizens' bank there from 
1848 till 1857. He became possessed of great 
wealth, founded in 1850 the Widows' home in 
Cincinnati, to which he gave $87,000, and gave 
liberally to every public charity that came to his 
notice. Besides essays on banking, he published 
"Guide to Wealth, or Pathway to Health, Peace, 
and Competence " (Cincinnati, 1858). 

SMEDES, Hasan Dabney, author, b. in Ray- 
mond, Miss., 10 Aug., 1840. She is the daughter 
of Thomas S. Dabney, a rich planter, and was edu- 
cated at home, at New Orleans, and at Jackson, 
Miss. When twenty years of age she married 
Lyell Smedes, but was left a widow about three 
months afterward. With her sisters she originated 
and supported the Bishop Green training-school at 
Dry Grove, Miss. In 1887 she was appointed a 
teacher in the Government Indian school in Rose- 
bud agency, Dakota territory. She has published 
" Memorials of a Southern Planter,'* which conveys 
a graphic picture of southern plantation life at its 
best and of slavery in its least repulsive aspect 
(Baltimore, 1887). 

SMILIE, John, member of congress, b. in Ire- 
land in 1741 ; d. in Washington, D. C, 80 Dec., 
1812. He came to Pennsylvania in 1760. settled in 
Lancaster county, and served during the war of 
the Revolution in both military and civil capaci- 
ties. He was a member of the legislature of Penn- 
sylvania, served in congress, as a Democrat in 
1793-'5 and in 1799-1813, and was chairman of 
the committee on foreign relations. He was a 
presidential elector in 1796. 



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SMILLIE, James (smi-ly), engraver, b. in Edin- 
burgh, Scotland, 28 Nov., 1807 ; d. in Poughkeepsie, 
N. Y., 4 Dec., 1885. He was at first apprenticed to 
James Johnston, a silver-engraver, after whose 
death, ten months later, he worked for a time with 
an engraver of pictures, Edward MitcheL In 1821 
he came with nis family to Canada, settling in 
Quebec, where his father and eldest brother estab- 
lished themselves as jewelers. Young Smillie 
worked with them for some time as a general en- 
graver, until Lord Dalhousie, struck with his evi- 
dent talent, gave him free passage to London and 
letters of introduction in 1827. This did not prove 
of much assistance to the young artist, as the Lon- 
don engravers, regarding him as the governor's 
?>rotege\ asked most exorbitant premiums. Smillie 
hereupon went to Edinburgh, where he worked 
for about five months, after which he returned to 
Quebec He went in 1829 to New York, where he 
settled permanently in the following year. His 
engraving after Robert W. Weir's " Convent Gate " 
first brought him into notice, and during 1832-'6 
he engraved a series of plates, mostly after paint- 
ings by Weir, for the New York "Mirror. In 
18182 he was elected an associate of the National 
academy, and he became an academician in 1851. 
Prom the first his name became connected with 
the art of bank-note engraving, and he has been 
called the pioneer in this line. From 1861 till his 
death his time was devoted to that branch of en- 
graving. He is best known, however, as a land- 
scape-engraver, in which branch of art he probably 
had no equal in this country. Among his more 
important plates, all executed in the line manner, 
are " Dream of Arcadia," after Cole, and " Dover 
Plains," after Asher B. Durand (1850), and " Mount 
Washington," after John F. Kensett, and " Ameri- 
can Harvesting," after Jasper F. Cropsey (1851) — all 
engraved for the American art union ; the series 
" The Voyage of Life," after Thomas Cole (1858-'4), 
and " The Rocky Mountains^ after Albert Bier- 
stadt (1865-'6).— His brother, William Camming, 
engraver, b. in Edinburgh, 28 Sept, 1813, emi- 
grated with his parents to Canada in 1821. He 
first worked at silver-engraving, but. after coming 
to New York in 1830, soon turned his attention to 
bank-note engraving. He was connected as partner 
with several firms, the last of which, Edmonds, 
Jones and Smillie, was eventually absorbed by the 
American bank-note company. In 1866 he estab- 
lished a bank-note engraving company at Ottawa, 
Canada, having secured a contract to furnish the 
Canadian government with all its paper currency, 
bonds, etc In 1874 he retired from this business, 
but eight years later he again established a com- 
pany in Canada In this business he is still (1888) 
engaged.— James's son, James David, artist, b. 
in New York city, 16 Jan., 1838, was educated by 
his father as an engraver on steel. He produced 
some excellent work, notably the illustrations for 
Cooper's novels after Felix 0. C. Darley's designs, 
but nis principal work was on bank-note vignettes. 
In 1864, after his first visit to Europe, he turned 
his attention to painting, studying without a mas- 
ter. The same year he first exhibited at the Acad- 
emy of design, New York, and was elected an 
associate of the academy in 1865, and an academi- 
cian in 1876. His work* in oil includes ** The Lift- 
ing of the Clouds, White Mountains" (1868); 
•♦Dark against Day's Golden Death, Catskills" 
(1870) ; M Evening among the Sierras " (1876) ; " The 
Adirondacks" and " Up the Hill " (1879) ; and " The 
Cliffs of Normandy " (1885). He was one of the 
original members of the Water-color society, and 
was its treasurer from 1866 till 1873, and president 



from 1878 till 1878. Among his water-colors are 
"The Track of the Torrent, Adirondacks" (1869); 
" A Scrub Race, California" (1876); "Old Cedars, 
Coast of Maine " (1880) ; " Stray Lambs, near Mont- 
rose, Pa." (1884); "Etretal, Coast of France" 
(1887); and "The Passing Herd" (1888). Mr. 
Smillie is also well known as an etcher, and was 
one of the founders of the New York etching club. 
His pencil has been frequently employed in book 
illustration, and be is the author as well as illus- 
trator of the "Yosemite" article in "Picturesque 
America." — Another son, William Main, b. in 
New York, 28 Nov., 1885; d. there, 21 Jan., 1888, 
was known as an expert letter engraver. He was 
in the employ of a firm until merged, with seven 
other companies, into the old American bank-note 
company in 1857. He remained with the company 
until it was combined with two others to form the 
present company, after which he was general mana- 
ger until his death. — Another son, George Henry, 
artist, b. in New York, 29 Dec, 1840, studied under 
his father and James M. Hart in 1861-*3. In 1871 
he visited the Yosemite valley, and in 1884 he went 
abroad. He was elected an associate of the Na- 
tional academy in 1864, and an academician in 
1882, and is also a member of the Water-color so- 
ciety. Among his works in oil are " A Lake in the 
Woods " (1872) ; " A Florida Lagoon " (1875) ; " A 
Goat Pasture '* (1879) ; " Merrimack River " (1882) ; 
"On the Massachusetts Coast " (1888) ; "Summer 
Morning on Long Island " (1884) ; and " Light and 
Shadow along Shore," which is owned by the Union 
league club, Philadelphia. His water-colors in- 
clude " Under the Pines of the Yosemite" (1872); 
" Near Portland, Maine " (1881) ; " Swamp Willows 
at Newburyport " (1888); and "September on the 
New England Coast" (1885), which gained a prize 
at the American art association's water-color exhi- 
bition in 1885. — George Henry's wife, Nellie Shel- 
don Jacobs, artist, b. in New York, 14 Sept, 1854, 
studied under Joseph 0. Eaton and James D. 
Smillie. Her works include " Grandmother's Old 
Love Letters" (1881), and "When the Dew is on 
the Grass" (1884), in oil; and "Priscilla" (1880); 
"Forgotten Strain " (1881) ; and "Family Choir" 
(1882), in water-color. She is a member of the 
Water-color society. 

SMITH, Sir Albert James, Canadian states- 
man, b. in Westmoreland county, New Bninswick, 
in 1824 He was educated in 'his native county, 
studied law, was called to the bar of New Bruns- 
wick in 1847, and was afterward appointed queen's 
counsel. He was a member of the New Brunswick 
legislature from 1852 till the union of the province 
with Canada in 1867, when he was elected to the 
Dominion parliament He was re-elected by ac- 
clamation in 1872, on his appointment to office, and 
again at the general election in 1878. He was a 
member of the executive council of New Bruns- 
wick from 1856 till 1863 and for a short period in 
1866, attorney-general from 1862 till 1863, when he 
retired from the government and held the same 
office in his own administration in 1865. He was 
a delegate to London in 1858 on the subject of the 
Intercolonial railway, and on public business in 
1865, and to Washington with Mr. Gait (now Sir 
Alexander T. Ga4t) and others on the subject of re- 
ciprocal trade, in January, 1866. He declined the 
chief justiceship of New Brunswick in 1866, the 
lieutenant-governorship of the same province in 

1873, and the post of minister of justice in June, 

1874. He became a member of the privy council, 
and was appointed minister of marine ana fisheries, 
7 Nov., 1873. He represented the Dominion gov- 
ernment before the fisheries commission at Halifax 



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in 1877, and was created a knight commander of 
the order of St. Michael and St. George in 1878. 

SMITH, Alfred Baker, soldier, b. in Massena, 
St Lawrence eo., N. Y., 17 Nov., 1825. He was 
graduated at Union college in 1851, taught, studied 
law, was admitted to the bar in 1855, and practised 
in Poughkeepsie, N. Y. He entered the National 
army in October, 1862, as major of the 150th New 
York volunteers, and was with his regiment in 
every march and action from Gettysburg till the 
close of the war, succeeding to the command as 
senior officer at Atlanta. He was promoted lieu- 
tenant-colonel and colonel, and was made briga- 
dier-general of volunteers by brevet for meritori- 
ous services in the campaign of Georgia and the 
Carolinas. He has long been a member of the 
Poughkeepsie board of education, of which he was 
president for several years, and in 1867-'75 was 
postmaster of that city. 

SMITH, Andrew Jackson, soldier, b. in Bucks 
county, Pa., 28 April, 1815. He was graduated at 
the U. S. military academy in 1838, became 1st 
lieutenant in 1845 and captain in 1847, and was 
engaged on the frontier in operations against hos- 
tile Indians. Hebe- 
came major in May, 
1861, colonel of the 
2d California caval- 
ry on 2 Oct. of that 
year, from 11 Feb. 
to 11 March, 1862, 
was chief of cavalry 
of the Department 
of the Missouri, and 
in March and July 
of the Department 
of the Mississippi. 
He became briga- 
dier-general of vol- 
unteers in March, 
,7 * ^sf . &< 1 ? 62 « engaged in 

a./sO+t*^ ^.^vanee upon 

* of that place, was 

transferred to the Department of the Ohio, and 
subsequently to the Army of the Tennessee, which 
he accompanied on the Yazoo river expedition, and 
participated in the assaults of Chickasaw Bluffs, 
27-29 Oct., 1862, and of Arkansas Post. 11 Jan., 
1863. During the Vicksburg campaign he led a 
division in the 18th army corps. He was then as- 
signed to the command of a division of the 16th 
army corps, which captured Fort De Russy, en- 
gaged in the battle of Pleasant Hill, and in almost 
constant skirmishing during the Red River cam- 
paign, in April, 1864, receiving the brevet of colo- 
nel, U. S. army, for •* gallant and meritorious ser- 
vice at Pleasant Hill." He became lieutenant-colo- 
nel, U. S. army, in May, 1864, and major-general 
of volunteers on the 12th of that month, was or- 
dered to Missouri, aided in driving Gen. Sterling 
Price from the state, and was then called to re- 
enforce Gen. George H. Thomas at Nashville, and 
to aid in pursuit of Gen. John B. Hood's army, be- 
ing engaged at Nashville. He received the brevets 
ofbrigadier-general and major-general, U. S. army, 
on 13 March, 1865, for gallant service at the bat- 
tles of Tupelo, Miss., and Nashville, Term. From 
February till June of that year he commanded the 
16th army corps in the reduction and capture of 
Mobile. He was mustered out of volunteer service 
in January, 1866, and on 28 July became colonel of 
the 7th U. S. cavalry. He then commanded the 
Department of the Missouri from 14 Sept., 1867, to 
2 March, 1868, and was on leave of absence till 6 



May, 1869, when he resigned. On 8 April of that 
year he became postmaster of St Louis. 

SMITH, Archibald Cary, naval architect, b. in 
New York city, 4 Sept, 1837. He was educated at 
the University grammar-school. New York city, 
learned the trade of boat-building, and in 1860 
built the "Comet," a sail-boat that defeated all 
rivals for several years. He studied painting un- 
der Maurice F. H. de Haas in 1863, and subse- 
quently painted pictures of many noted yachts. 
He designed for Robert Centre, of New York city, 
in 1871, the cutter " Vindex," which was the first 
iron yacht that was built in Chester, Pa., and at- 
tracted much attention as a departure from the 
usual type. His success in this business induced 
him to' abandon painting, and he has since de- 
voted himself to designing and altering yachts of 
all kinds, among which are the schooners " In- 
trepid," " Fortuna," " Norma," •* Harbinger," '* Car- 
lotta," "Iroquois," "Oriole," "Dream, "Whim," 
the sloops " Mischief," " Rover," " Kestrel," " Pris- 
cilla," ** Cinderella," ** Banshee," " Katrina," and 
" Meteor." The " Mischief " defended the " Ameri- 
ca's " cup in the race in 1887 with the Canadian 
sloop *' Atalanta." He delivered a course of lec- 
tures on naval architecture before the Seawanhaka 
yacht club, New York city, in 1878, and for many 
years was measurer of the New York yacht club. 

SMITH, Asa Dodge, clergyman, b. in Amherst, 
N. H., 21 Sept., 1804; d. in 'Hanover, N. H., 16 
Aug., 1877. He was graduated at Dartmouth in 
1830, and at Andover theological seminary in 
1834, serving in 1830-'l as principal of Limerick 
academy, Me. He was pastor of the 14th street 
Presbyterian church in New York city from 1834 
till 1863. lectured on pastoral theology in Union 
theological seminary in 1843-'4, and president of 
Dartmouth fiom 1863 until his death. Williams 
gave him the degree of D. D. in 1849, and the Uni- 
versity of New York city that of LL. D. in 1864. 
He published a large number of addresses and ser- 
mons, and " Letters to a Younj? Student " (Boston, 
1882) ; •• Memoir of Mrs. Louisa Adams Leavitt " 
(New York, 1843); "Discourse on the Life and 
Character of Rev. Charles Hall" (1854); "The 
Puritan Character," an address (1857) ; " Home 
Missions and Slavery," a pamphlet (1857) ; "Chris- 
tian Stewardship" (1863); ana "Inauguration Ad- 
dress" (Hanover, N. H., 1863). 

SMITH, Ashbel, diplomatist, b. in Hartford, 
Conn., 13 Aug., 1805 ; a. in Harris county, Tex., 
21 Jan., 1886. He was graduated at Yale in 1824, 
and at the medical department in 1828, after study- 
ing law in the interval. He also attended the Paris 
hospitals in 1831-'2, and practised in North Caro- 
lina till 1836, when he removed to Texas, and was 
appointed in the same year surgeon-general of the 
new republic. He wa«*'joint commissioner in mak- 
ing the first treaty with the Coraanches in 1837, 
Texan minister to the United States, Great Brit- 
ain, France, and Spain, during the administration 
of President Samuel Houston and President An- 
son Jones, was recalled in 1844, and became sec- 
retary of state under the latter, which office he 
held until the annexation of Texas to the United 
States in 1845. He was a member of the legisla- 
ture from Harris county for several years, and 
served throughout the Mexican war. In the early 
part of the civil war he raised the 2d Texas vol- 
unteers for the Confederate service, leading that 
regiment in several campaigns east of Missouri 
river. He retired to his plantation on Galveston 
bay in 1865. and while taking an active part in 
state politics as a Democrat was also occupied in 
the preparation of papers on scientific and agri- 



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cultural topics. In his profession his services were 
rendered gratuitously, and in every yellow- fever 
epidemic he went to Houston or Galveston and 
devoted himself to the sufferers. He was instru- 
mental in the establishment of the state university, 
and president of its board of regents. His publi- 
cations include " Account of the Yellow Fever in 
Galveston, in 1889 " (Galveston, 1840); "Account 
of the Geography of Texas" (1851); and "Per- 
manent Identity of the Human Race " (1860). 

SMITH, Augustus William, educator, b. in 
Newport, Herkimer co., N. Y., 12 May, 1802 ; d. in 
Annapolis, Md., 26 March, 1866. He was gradu- 
ated at Hamilton college in 1825, became a teacher 
in Oneida conference seminary, Cazenovia, N. Y., 
was professor of mathematics and astronomy in 
Weslevan in 1881-51, and at the latter date be- 
came its president From 1859 until his death he 
was professor of natural philosophy in the U. S. 
naval academy. Hamilton gave nim the degree of 
LL. D. in 1850. In 1860 he was one of the corps 
of astronomers that were sent by the U. S. govern- 
ment to Labrador to observe the annular eclipse of 
the sun. He was an excellent mathematician, and 
the author of several text-books, including an " Ele- 
mentary Treatise on Mechanics " (New York, 1846). 

SMITH, Azariah, missionary, b. in Manlius, 
N. Y., 16 Feb., 1817; d. in Aintab, Asia Minor, 8 
June, 1851. He was graduated at Yale in 1887, 
studied medicine and theology, and in 1842 em- 
barked for western Asia as a missionary. He ar- 
rived in Smyrna in January, 1848, made numerous 
journeys into the interior, and was the travelling 
companion of Sir Austin Henry Layard. Subse- 
quently, when Asiatic cholera raged there, he suc- 
cessfully practised among the sufferers. He settled 
at Aintab in 1848, and taught and preached there 
until his death. He wrote several valuable papers 
on meteorology and Syrian antiquities for the 
" American Journal of Science." 

SMITH, Benjamin, governor of North Caro- 
lina, b. in Brunswick county, N. C, in 1750; d. in 
Smithville, N. C, 10 Feb., 1829. He became aide- 
de-camp to Gen. Washington in 1776, was with 
him in the retreat from Long Island, participated 
in the defence of Fort Moultrie, and served during 
the British invasion of South Carolina. In 178$ 
he gave 20,000 acres of land to the University of 
North Carolina, whose trustees named a hall in 
that institution in his honor. He was fifteen times 
a member of the state senate from Brunswick 
county, served as major-general of militia in 
1794-1810, and, when war with France was threat- 
ened in 1796, raised a regiment of North Carolina 
volunteers in his county. He was governor of the 
state in 1810-'12. A town and an island of North 
Carolina are named in his honor. 

SMITH, Benjamin Bosworth. P. E. bishop, 
b. in Bristol, R. I., 18 June, 1794; d. in New York 
city, 81 May, 1884 He entered Brown university, 
Providence, R. I., and was graduated in 1816. Al- 
though of Congregational parentage, he studied 
for the ministry in the Episcopal church, was or- 
dained deacon in St. Michael's church, Bristol, 28 
April, 1817, by Bishop Griswold, and priest in St. 
Michael's church, Marblehead, Mass., 24 June, 
1818, by the same bishop. His earliest work in the 
ministry was in Marblehead for two years, after 
which he became rector of St. George's church, Ac- 
comack county, Va., and two years later rector of 
Zion church, Charlestown, with charge of the church 
in Shepherdstown. In 1828 he removed to Ver- 
mont and became rector of St Stephen's church, 
Middlebury, in 1828 he assumed charge of Grace 
church mission, Philadelphia, and in 1830 he ac- 



cepted the rectorship of Christ church. Lexington, 
Ky. This last post he held until 1887. While in 
Vermont he was editor of " The Episcopal Regis- 
ter," and subsequently in Philadelphia he conduct- 
ed "The Epis- 
copal Recorder." 
He received the 
degree of S. T. D. 
from Geneva (now 
Hobart) college 
in 1882, and that 
of LL. D. from 
Griswold college, 
Iowa, in 1870, and 
from Brown uni- 
versity in 1872. 
He was elected 
first bishop of 
Kentucky, and 
was consecrated 
in St. Paul's chap- 

XAJm. *-y~~a*~*- 

On the death of 

Bishop Hopkins in 1868 he became the presiding 
bishop. From 1872 onward, owing to advanced age 
and accompanying infirmities, he was allowed to 
reside out of the limits of his diocese, and he was 
furnished with an assistant in January, 1875. In ad- 
dition to his contributions as editor to church jour- 
nalism, Bishop Smith published " Five Charges to 
the Clergy " of his diocese ; " Saturday Evening, or 
Thoughts on the Progress of the Plan of Salva- 
tion" (New York, 1876); and "Apostolic Succes- 
sion, Facts which prove that a Ministry appointed 
by Christ Himself involves this Position " (1877). 

SMITH, Benjamin Mosby, clergyman, b. in 
Powhatan county, Va^ 80 June, 1811. He was 
graduated at Hampden Sidney in 1829, and at the 
Virginia union theological seminary in 1882. He 
was tutor in Hebrew and introductory studies from 
that date till 1886, and was successively pastor of 
Presbyterian churches in Danville and Augusta 
county, Va., from 1840 till his appointment in 
1854. to the chair of Oriental and biblical litera- 
ture in Union seminary, which office he still (1888) 
holds. In 1858-74 he was pastor of Hampden 
Sidney college church, and he was moderator of 
the general assembly of the Presbyterian church 
in 1876. Hampden Sidney gave him the degree of 
D. D. in 1845. Dr. Smith exercises much influence 
in the affairs of his church in Virginia. He has 
published numerous sermons and addresses, "A 
Commentary on the Psalms and Proverbs " (Glas- 
gow, 1859; Knoxville, Tenn., 1888), and "Ques- 
tions on the Gospels " (Richmond, Va., 1868). 

SMITH, Buckingham, antiquarian, b. on 
Cumberland island, Ga., 81 Oct., 1810 ; d. in New 
York city, 5 Jan., 1871. He was graduated at 
Harvard law-school in 1886, and practised his pro- 
fession in Maine, but soon returned to his family 
estate in Florida, where he was a member of the 
territorial legislature. He was U. S. secretary of 
legation in Mexico in 1850-'2, acting as charge 
d'affaires in 1851. During his residence there he 
made a thorough study of Mexican history and 
antiquities and -Indian philology, and collected 
many books and manuscripts. He was secretary 
of legation at Madrid in 1855-'8, made important 
researches in the Spanish libraries and archives 
respecting the colonial history of Florida and 
Louisiana, and rendered valuable services to George 
Bancroft, Jared Sparks, and Francis Parkman. He 
settled in Florida in 1859, became a judge, and 
served several terms in the state senate. A part of 



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his library was bought by the New York historical 
society after his death. He edited translations of 
the ** Narrative of Alvar Nuflei Cabexa de Vaca " 
(Washington, D. C, 1851 ; improved ed M New York, 
1878); "The Letter of Hernando de Soto" and 
" Memoir of Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda," 
of each of which 100 copies were printed (Wash- 
ington, 1854 ; collected and published in Spanish 
under the title of ** Coleccion de Varios Documen- 
ted para la Historia de la Florida y Zierras Adya- 
centes," Madrid, 1857) ; " A Grammatical Sketch of 
the Heve Language " (New York, 1861) ; a " Gram- 
mar of the Pima or Ne>ome : a Language of Sonora, 
from a Manuscript of the 17th Century" (St Au- 
gustine. 1863) ; " Doctrina Christiana e Confesiona- 
rio en Lengua NeVome, 6 sea la N6vome " (1862) ; 
" Rudo Ensayo, tentativo de una Prevencional De- 
scripcion Geographica de la Provincia de Sonora" 
(1863) ; " An Inquiry into the Authenticity of Docu- 
ments concerning a Discovery of North America 
claimed to have been made by Verrazzano " (1864) ; 
and a volume of translations of •* Narratives of the 
Career of Hernando de Soto in the Conquest of 
Florida " (1866). He also wrote for the magazines 
concerning the earlv history and writers of Florida. 

SMITH, Caleb Blood, secretary of the interior, 
b. in Boston, Mass., 16 April, 1806 ; d. in Indian- 
apolis, Ind., 7 Jan., 1864. He emigrated with his 
parents to Ohio in 1814, was educated at Cincin- 
nati and Miami colleges, studied law in Cincinnati 
and in Connersville, Ind., and was admitted to the 
bar in 1828. He began practice at the latter place, 
established and edited the "Sentinel" in 1832, served 
several terms in the Indiana legislature, and was 
in congress in 1843-'9, having been elected as a 
Whig. During his congressional career he was 
one of the Mexican claims commissioners. He re- 
turned to the practice of law in 1850, residing in 
Cincinnati and subsequently in Indianapolis. He 
was influential in securing the nomination of Abra- 
ham Lincoln for the presidency at the Chicago Re- 
publican convention in 1860, and was appointed 
by him secretary of the interior in 1861, which post 
he resigned in December, 1862, to become U. S. 
circuit judge for Indiana. 

SMITH. Charles, bookseller, b. in New York 
city in 1768 ; d. there in 1808. He was a book- 
seller in New York city, translated plays for the 
stage from the German of Kotzebue and Schiller, 
and edited the '* Monthly Military Repository " in 
1796-'7, the Revolutionary descriptions in which 
were said to have been supplied by Baron Steuben 
and Gen. Horatio Gates. He also published a •* Po- 
litical Pocket Almanac " (New York, 1797). 

SMITH, Charles Adam, clergyman, b. in New 
York city, 25 June, 1809 ; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 
15 Feb., 1879. His parents were German. Charles 
was educated at Hartwfck seminary, ordained to 
the ministry of the Lutheran church in 1830, and 
was pastor successively in Palatine, N. Y., and in 
Baltimore, Md., where he was also an editor of the 
" Lutheran Observer." He was called to the Wur- 
temberg church in Rhinebeck, N. Y., in 1842, and 
remained there till 1852, when he became pastor 
in Easton, Pa. He afterward bad charge of a 
Presbyterian church in Philadelphia, and then of 
a parish in East Orange, N. J., after which he de- 
voted himself to literary pursuits. He originated 
and published in 1850 a monthly home journal en* 
titled " The Evangelical Magazine," which, after 
adopting several names, is now published as the 
" Lutheran and Missionary." He translated many 
works from the German, including •• Krummacher s 
Parables " (New York, 1833) ; and is the author of 
" The Catechumen's Guide " (Albany, 1837) ; " Popu- 



lar Exposition of the Gospels," with Rev. John G. 
Morris (Baltimore, 1840) ; " Illustrations of Faith " 
(Albany, l&W) ; - Men of the Olden Time " (Phila- 
delphia, 1858); "Before the Flood and After" 
(1868); "Among the Lilies " (1872) ; ** Inlets and 
Outlets " (1872) ; and " Stoneridge," a series of pas- 
toral sketches (1877). 

SMITH, Charles Emory, journalist, b. in Mans- 
field, Conn., 18 Feb., 1842. He was graduated at 
Union college in 1861, became editor of the Albany 
" Express " in 1865, and of the " Albany Journal * 
in 1870, and since 1880 has conducted the Phila- 
delphia " Press." He was president of the New 
York state press association in 1874, and delivered 
the annual address at its meeting. He was a re- 

?ent of the University of the state of New York in 
87#-'80, a delegate to the National Republican 
conventions in 1876 and in 1888, has repeatedly 
served in state conventions, and was temporary 
and permanent chairman of that body in 1879. 

SMITH, Charles Henry, humorist, b. in Law- 
renceville, Ga., 15 June, 1826. He was graduated 
at Franklin college, Athens, Ga., and in 1848 be- 
came a lawyer in Rome, Ga. He served in the 
Confederate army, and after the war settled as a 
planter near Cartersville, Ga., was state senator in 
1866, and mayor of Rome, Ga., in 1868-*9. He 
began his literary career in 1861 in a series of news- 
paper letters under the signature of " Bill Arc.** 
They enjoyed a wide popularity, and are remark- 
able for homely humor and shrewd philosophy. 
A southern writer says of his widely read and 
quoted letter to Artemus Ward in July, 1865, that 
" it was the first chirp of any bird after the sur- 
render, and gave relief and nope to thousands of 
drooping hearts." He is also a successful lecturer. 
His publications include " Bill Arp's Letters " (New 
York, 1868); "BUI Arp's Scrap-Book" (Atlanta, 
1886); and many humorous and philosophical 
sketches that he has contributed to the press. 

SMITH, Charles Henry, soldier, b. in Hoffis, 
York co., Me., 1 Nov., 1827. He was graduated at 
Colby .university in 1856, entered the National 
army in 1861 as' captain in the 1st Maine cavalry, 
was attached with his regiment to the Army of 
the Potomac, and served throughout its opera- 
tions, participating in numerous battles. He became 
major of volunteers in 1862, lieutenant-colonel in 
March, 1868, and colonel of the 1st Maine cavalry, 
commanding that regiment at Uppervilie, Gettys- 
burg, Shepardstown, and through the movements 
southward to the Rapidan. In the Mine run cam- 
paign, in November, ne conducted the rear-guard 
of the left column of the army from Mine run to 
and across the Rapidan. During Gen. Philip H. 
Sheridan's cavalry campaign in May and June, 
1864, he fought at Todd's Tavern and South 
Anna, at Trevillian Station, and on 1 Aug., 1864, 
was brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers for 
gallant and meritorious conduct at St Mary's 
church, where two horses were killed under him, 
and he was shot through the thigh. He command- 
ed a cavalry brigade and was wounded at Reams's 
Station, and the 3d brigade of Gen. David M. 
Gregg's division from October, 1864, till the opera- 
tions that ended in the surrender of Lee's army. 
During the Appomattox campaign he was wound- 
ed, and a horse was killed under him at Dinwiddie 
Court-House, and he participated in the battles of 
Sailor's Creek, Brier Creek, and Farmville. In 
May and July, 1865, he was in command of a sub- 
district of the Appomattox, comprising five coun- 
ties. He was brevetted major-general of volunteers, 
18 March, 1865, for gallant and meritorious service 
during the civil war, and in March, 1867, brigadier- 



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general, U. S. army, for Sailor's Creek, and major- 

Smeral for gallant service during the civil war. 
e became colonel of the 28th infantry on the re- 
organization of the U. S. army in 1866, was trans- 
ferred in 1869 to the 19th infantry, and now (1888) 
holds that command. 

SMITH, Charles Perrin, genealogist, b. in 
Philadelphia, Pa., 5 Jan., 1819; d. in Trenton, 
N. J., 27 Jan., 1883. On attaining bis majority he 
became proprietor and editor of " The National 
Standard " in Salem, N. J., and conducted it for 
eleven years. He served in the legislature of 1852, 
and was clerk of the supreme court of New Jersey 
in 1857-'72. He was early identified with the old 
Whig party, and during the Harrison campaign 
travelled extensively through the west and north- 
west, publishing a graphic account of his journey 
in a series of letters. During the civil war he was 
a secret agent of the state of New Jersey. Mr. 
Smith was a corresponding member of the Phila- 
delphia numismatic and antiquarian society. He 
was the author of " Lineage of the Lloyd and Car- 
penter Families " (printed privately, Camden, N. J., 
1870) and " Memoranda of a Visit to the Site of 
Mathraval Castle, with a Genealogical Chart of 
the Descent of Thomas Lloyd" (1875}. See a 
memoir of him by Charles Hart in the " Necrology 
of the Philadelphia Numismatic and Antiquarian 
Society for 1888." 

SMITH, Charles Shaler, engineer, b. in Pitts- 
burg, Pa., 16 Jan., 1836 ; d. in St. Louis, Mo., 19 
Dec, 1886. He attended a private school in Pitts- 
burg, but at the age of sixteen entered on the 
study of his profession by securing an appointment 
as rodman on the Mine Hill and Schuylkill Haven 
railroad. After various services he became in 
1856 engineer in charge of the Tennessee division 
of the Louisville and Nashville railroad. Subse- 
quently he became chief engineer of bridges and 
buildings of the Wilmington, Charlotte, and Ru- 
therford railroad in North Carolina, where he re- 
mained until the beginning of the civil war. He 
then entered the Confederate army as captain of 
engineers, and continued so until 1865, during 
which time, as chief engineer of government works 
in the Augusta district, he constructed the Con- 
federate states powder-works, with a daily capacity 
of 17,000 pounds of powder, and one of the largest 
that had then been built. Mr. Smith continued 
in the south as engineer of bridges, and con- 
structed the Catawba and Congaree bridges on 
the Charlotte and South Carolina railroad. In 
1866, with Benjamin H. Latrobe, he organized the 
engineering firm of Smith, Latrobe ana Co., which 
in 1869 became the Baltimore bridge company,with 
Mr. Smith as president and chief engineer. This 
company continued in business until 1877, and did 
a large amount of work. He removed to St 
Charles, Mo., in 1868, to take charge of the rail- 
road bridge then just begun across Missouri 
river, and in 1871 he went to St. Louis, where he 
remained until the end of his life, mainly occupied 
as a consulting engineer. His name will ever be 
connected with the great bridges that were built 
under his supervision. They are hundreds in num- 
ber and include four over the Mississippi, one over 
the Missouri, and one over the St Lawrence. His 
most important work was the practical demonstra- 
tion of the uses and value of the cantilever, be- 
S'nning in 1869 with the 300-foot draw-span over 
kit river on the line of the Elizabeth andPaducah 
railroad, and including the Kentucky river bridge 
on the Cincinnati Southern railroad, that over the 
Mississippi near St Paul, and finally his last great 
bridge across the St Lawrence river a short dis- 



tance above the Lachine rapids. Mr. Smith was 
elected a member of the American society of civil 
engineers in 1873, and was a director of that 
organization in 1877-'8. His publications are con- 
fined to a few professional papers, notably "A 
Comparative Analysis of the Fink, Murphy, Boll- 
man, and Triangular Trusses " (1865) ; " Propor- 
tions of Eyebars, Heads, and Pins as determined 
by Experiment " (1877) ; and " Wind- Pressure upon 
Bridges " (1880). 

SMITH, Cotton Mather, clergyman, b. in Suf- 
field, Conn., 26 Oct, 1731 ; d. in Sharon, Conn., 27 
Nov., 1806. He was descended from Rev. Henry 
Smith, who came to this country in 1636, and was 
first pastor at Wethersfield, Conn. His mother 
was the granddaughter of Increase Mather. Cotton 
was graduated at Yale in 1751, taught the Stock- 
bridge Indians while studying theology, and in 
1753 was licensed to preach. Prom 1755 until his 
death he was pastor of the Congregational church 
in Sharon. During the Revolution he served as 
chaplain under Gen. Philip Schuyler in 1775-'6. 
During his ministry he delivered more than 4,000 
public discourses. He published three sermons 
(Hartford, 1770, 1771, 1793). He was distinguished 
for force of character, tact, tenderness of heart, fine 
scholarship, and grace of manner. His views were 
of advanced liberality, and he was an effective and 
persuasive preacher, whose influence long survived. 
— His son, John Cotton, statesman, b. in Sharon, 
Conn., 12 Feb., 1765; d. there, 7 Dec., 1845, was 
graduated at Yale in 1783, admitted to the bar in 
1786, and served several terms in the legislature, 
of which he was 
clerk in 1799 and 
speaker in 1800. 
He was elected to 
congress as a Fed- 
eral ist in the lat- 
ter year, served till 
1806, was chair- 
man of the com- 
mittee on claims 
in 1802-'6, and in 
the once celebrat- 
ed discussion on 
the judiciary in 
1801 presided over 
the committee of 
the whole. He re- 
sumed an exten- i^L^ 7 ^^ *> -^ 
sive legal practice CsP/Z&l &07fr?zz7?st4j% . 
when he returned 

from his congressional career, was again in the 
legislature in 1808-'9, and was chosen a judge of 
the Connecticut supreme court the next year. He 
was lieutenant-governor in 1810 and governor in 
1813-18, after which he retired and did not again 
accept office, devoting himself to literary pursuits 
and the care of a large estate. He was president 
of the Litchfield county foreign missionary society, 
and of the County temperance society, first presi- 
dent of the Connecticut Bible society, of the Ameri- 
can Bible society in 1831 -'45, and of the American 
board of foreign missions in 1826-'41. Yale gave 
him the degree of LL. D. in 1814. He was a mem- 
ber of the Northern society of antiquaries in Copen- 
hagen, Denmark, and of the Connecticut historical 
society, and an occasional contributor to scientific 
reviews. He combined strength of character with 
true amiability in a remarkable degree. His fine 
personal appearance and graceful, commanding 
, manners added a charm to the eloquence for which 
" his speeches were noted. True to his convictions 
and his friends, enduring no thought of corn- 



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promise on any moral question, he was yet a man 
of broad views and enlightened statesmanship. 
Though belonging to a defeated party, he was ever 
held in high respect by his opponents as an able, 
unflinching, and generous foe. See his "Corre- 
spondence and Miscellanies," edited with a eulogy 
by Rev. William W. Andrews (New York, 1847).— 
John Cotton's grandson, John Cotton, diploma- 
tist, b. in Tivoli, N. Y., in 1810; d. in Sharon, 
Conn., 21 Nov., 1879, was graduated at Yale in 
1880, elected to the legislature at twenty-one years 
of age, and served for many terms. He was an 
active member of the Democratic party, and in 
1856-'60 was U. S. minister to Bolivia. He was 
an eloquent speaker and p oss es sed of wide infor- 
mation and many attractions. — Cotton Blather's 
grandson, Thomas Mather, clergyman, b. in 
Stamford, Conn., 7 March, 1797; d. in Portland, 
Me., 6 Sept, 1864, was the son of Cotton Mather's 
daughter, who married Rev. Daniel Smith, pastor 
of the church at Stamford from 1798 until his 
death in 1841. Thomas was graduated at Yale 
in 1816, and at Andover theological seminary in 
1820. He was ordained to the ministry of the 
Congregational church in 1822, was successively 
pastor in Portland, Me., Pall River, Catskill, N. Y., 
and New Bedford, Mass., in 1826-'42, and in 1844, 
having changed his theological views, was or- 
dained in the Protestant Episcopal church. He 
was professor of theology in the Gambier (Ohio) 
seminary in 1845-'68, and president of Kenyon in 
1850-'4. Bowdoin gave him the degree of D. D. in 
1850. — Thomas Blather's son, John Cotton, clergy- 
man, b. in Andover, Mass., 4 Aug., 1826 ; d. in 
New York city, 10 Jan., 1882, was graduated at 
Bowdoin in 1847, studied theology at the Gambier 
(Ohio) seminary, was ordained deacon in the Prot- 
estant Episcopal church in 1849, 'and priest in 
1850. He was successively rector of St John's 
church, Bangor, Me., assistant on the Green foun- 
dation at Trinity church, Boston, and from 1860 
until his death was rector of the Church of the 
Ascension, New York city. During his pastorate 
there he was active in mission work, the church 
contributing under him $1,000,000 to charity. He 
organized the first successful attempt to establish 
improved tenement-houses, and was instrumental 
in erecting two blocks of such homes that are 
under the care of an association in Ascension 
church. He built the Mission chapel on the 
corner of Jane and Greenwich streets, and 
that on West 43d street, which number 8,000 
pupils, and was also active in foreign mission 
work. He was a member of the American Bible 
society, and one of a committee of three to revise 
the received Greek text Columbia gave him the 
degree of D. D. in 1862. Dr. Smith was a strong 
and effective preacher, a profound scholar, and 
of wide and Catholic views. Por several years he 
edited the " Church and State," a paper established 
as the representative of the liberal branch of the 
church. He discussed scientific, literary, and 
social subjects in it and in his pulpit, and aided 
largely in the gathering of the church congress in 
New York in 1874. Dr. Smith published an " Ar- 
tillery Election Sermon " (Boston, 1858), and nu- 
merous other occasional sermons and tractates; 
44 Limits of Legislation as to Doctrine and Ritual " 
(New York, 1874); ** Miscellanies Old and New" 
(1876); "Briar Hill Lectures: Certain Aspects 
of the Church" (1880); " The Church's Mission of 
Reconciliation" (1881); and "The Liturgy as a 
Basis of Union "(1881). 

SMITH, Daniel, senator, b. in Pauquier coun- 
ty, Va., about 1740; d. in Sumner county, Tenn., 



16 June, 1818. He emigrated to Tennessee at an 
early age, being one or the first settlers of that 
state, and filled manv public offices. He was a 
major-general of militia, was appointed by Gen. 
Washington secretary of the territory south of 
Ohio river in 1790, sat in the convention that 
formed the constitution of Tennessee, and was U. S. 
senator from that state in 1798-*9, in place of An- 
drew Jackson, who had resigned, and again from 
1805 till his own resignation in 1809. He pub- 
lished the first map of Tennessee and a geography 
of the state (Philadelphia, 1799). 

SMITH, Daniel, clergyman, b. in Salisbury, 
Conn., 16 Sept, 1806 ; d. in Kingston, N. Y., 28 June, 
1852. He was educated at wilbraham academy 
under Rev. Wilbur Pisk, ordained to the ministry 
of the Methodist Episcopal church in 1881, and 
was a pastor in Connecticut and New York for the 
subsequent twenty-one years. He was active in Sun- 
day-school and temperance work, lectured extensive- 
ly in the latter cause, and wrote more than fifty re- 
ligious books for the young. Throughout his min- 
istry he gave all his salary to benevolent objects. 
His publications include u Anecdotes for the 
Young " (New York, 1840) ; " Teacher's Assistant " 
(1847) " Lady's Book of Anecdotes " (1851) ; " Prov- 
erbs * 0851) ; and " Lectures to Young Men " (18521 

SMITH, Daniel B., educator, b. in Philadel- 

Shia, Pa., 14 July, 1792 ; d. in Germantown, Pa^ 
B March, 1888. He was educated under John 
Griscom, from whom he acquired a fondness for 
scientific studies. On leaving school, he was ap- 
prenticed to the drug business, and on completing 
his term was admitted to partnership. In 1819 he 
opened a drug-store, and continued thereafter in 
active mercantile pursuits until within a few Tears 
of his death. He was one of the founders of the 
Apprentices' library in 1820, and was active in the 
movement that led to the establishment of the Col- 
lege of pharmacy in 1822. In 1821 he became sec- 
retary of the preliminary organization, which office 
he then held until his election as vice-president in 
1828, and from 1829 till 1854 he was its president, 
also serving as chairman of the committee on publi- 
cation that in 1826 issued the first number of the 
44 American Journal of Pharmacy." Meanwhile, in 
1834, he became professor of moral philosophy. 
English literature, and chemistry in Haverfora 
school (now college), and continued in that place 
until 1846. He was influential in organizing the 
House of refuge in 1828, and the American phar- 
maceutical association in 1852, and presided over 
its first meeting in Philadelphia. Prof. Smith was 
a member of the Franklin institute from its incep- 
tion in 1824. of the Historical society from its or- 
ganisation in 1825, and was its first corresponding 
secretary. He was also a member of the American 
philosophical society and of the Philadelphia acad- 
emy of natural sciences. He published ** The Prin- 
ciples of Chemistrv" (Philadelphia, 1842). 

SMITH, David M., inventor, b. in Hartland, 
Vt, in 1809 ; d. in Springfield, Vt, 10 Nov., 1881. 
He began to learn the carpenter's trade in Gilsum, 
N. H., when he was twelve years old, and seven 
years later taught in a school. Subsequently he 
began the manufacture of " awls on the haft for 
which he obtained a patent in 1882. The awl-haft 
as manufactured by him was similar if not identi- 
cal with the one now known as the. Aiken awL 
In 1840-'l he represented the town of Gilsum in 
the New Hampshire legislature, after which he 
removed to Springfield, vt He patented a combi- 
nation-lock in 1849, of which an English expert 
named Hobbs, who had opened all the locks that 
were brought to him in London, said : " It cannot 



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be picked." This lock he also patented in Eng- 
land, and about this time he invented an improve- 
ment on the first iron lathe dog that is now in 
common use. He also devised a peg-splitting ma- 
chine, and two sewing-machines, after which he 
produced a patent clothes-pin. In 1860 he began 
the manufacture of a spring hook and eye, for 
which he also devised the machinery. Mr. Smith 
showed great ingenuity in inventing the machinery 
by which his original articles were made. In addi- 
tion to perfecting the ideas of other people that 
secured patents, he took out for himself nearly six- 
ty, among which was that for the machinery that 
is now used in folding newspapers. 

SMITH, Sir Darfd William, bart, Canadian 
statesman, b. in England, 4 Sept, 1764; d. in Aln- 
wick, Northumberland, England, 9 May, 1837. His 
father, who was lieutenant-colonel of the 5th foot, 
died while commandant of Fort Niagara, Canada 
West, in 1795. At an early age the son was ap- 
pointed an ensign in his father's regiment, in which 
he subsequently attained the rank of captain. He 
afterward studied law and was admitted to the 
bar of Upper Canada, was appointed surveyor-gen- 
eral of lands, one of the trustees for the Six Nations, 
a member of the executive council, and of the com- 
mittee for administering the government during 
the governor's absence. He was a member of the 
three first Canadian parliaments, and a speaker of 
the house of assembly in two of them. He resided 
in England for many years preceding his death, 
and administered the affairs of the Duke of North- 
umberland. For his public services he was created 
a baronet by patent, 80 Aug., 1821. 

SMITH. Delazon, senator, b. in Berlin. N. Y., 
in 1816; d. in Portland, Oregon, 18 Nov., 1860. 
He was graduated at Oberlin collegiate institute in 
1837, studied law, and was admitted to the bar. 
but adopted journalism as his profession, and be- 
came editor of the *' True Jeffersonian * in Roches- 
ter, N. Y., and subsequently of the ** Western Em- 
pire " at Dayton, Ohio. He was appointed by Presi- 
dent Tyler special commissioner to Quito, Ecua- 
dor, in 1842, removed to Iowa in 1846, and was 
licensed to preach in the Methodist Episcopal 
church. He settled in Oregon in 1852, was a mem- 
ber of the territorial legislature in 1854-'6, a dele- 
gate to the convention that framed the state consti- 
tution in 1857, and served in the U. S. senate from 
4 Feb., 1859, to 3 March of the same year, having 
been chosen as a Democrat. From 1859 until his 
death he edited the " Oregon Democrat.*' 

SMITH, Sir Donald Alexander, Canadian 
legislator, b. in Morayshire, Scotland, in 1821. 
After completing his course of education he came 
to Canada, and early in life entered the service of 
the Hudson bay company, of which he became a 
director, and later resident governor and chief com- 
missioner. He was appointed in 1870 a member of 
the executive council of the Northwest territories, 
and in December, 1869, was a special commissioner 
to inquire into the causes, nature, and extent of the 
obstructions that were offered in the Northwest 
territories to the peaceful entrance of the lieutenant- 
governor, William McDougall, during the Riel in- 
surrection. For the important services that he 
rendered on this occasion he received the thanks 
of the governor-general in council. He represented 
Winnipeg and St John in the Manitoba assembly 
from 1871 till January, 1874, when he resigned, 
and was elected to the Dominion parliament for 
Selkirk, Manitoba, in 1871, being re-elected in 
1872, 1874, and 1878, but upon petition the last 
election was declared void. He was an unsuccess- 
ful candidate in 1880, but was elected for Montreal, 
yol. t. — 86 



west, in February. 1887. In 1880 he became a 
director of the Canadian Pacific railway company, 
was largely instrumental in securing the successful 
completion of the road, and in 1886 was knighted 
for his services in connection with this undertak- 
ing. He is a governor of McGill university, and 
gave $120,000 to constitute a special course or 
college for women in connection with that institu- 
tion. With Sir George Stephen, bart, he founded 
in 1885 the Montreal scholarship of the Royal 
college of music, London, for residents of Montreal 
and its neighborhood. Sir Donald has one of the 
finest private residences in the Dominion at Mon- 
treal, a seat at Pictou. Nova Scotia, and another at 
Silver Heights, near Winnipeg, Manitoba. He pos- 
sesses a fine collection of pictures. 

SMITH, Edward Delafleld, lawyer, b. in Roch- 
ester, N. Y., 8 May, 1826; d. in Shrewsbury, N. J., 
13 April, 1878. He was graduated at the Uni- 
versity of the city of New York in 1846, was ad- 
mitteu to the bar in 1848, and practised in New 
York city. He was U. S. district attorney for the 
southern district of New York in 1861-5, returned 
to practice in the latter year, and from 1871 till 
1875 was corporation counsel of New York city. 
He was an active member of the Republican party, 
and a member of the law committee of the Univer- 
sity of the city of New York. Among his many 
cases of importance was that of the People against 
Nathaniel Gordon, master of the slave-ship "Erie," 
whom he brought to the scaffold in 1862, and that 
against John Andrews, a leader of the draft riots 
in New York city in 1868. At the time of his 
death he was attorney of record in the Eliza B. 
Jumel estate case. Mr. Smith also attained success 
in private practice, and was widely known for his 
legal ability. He published " Avid*," a poem (New 
York, 1843) ; " Destiny," a poem (1846) ; •• Oratory," 
a poem (1846) ; " Reports of Cases in the New York 
Court of Common Pleas " (4 vols., 1850-'9) ; and 
•• Addresses to Juries in Slave-Trade Trials " (1861). 

SMITH, Edward Parmelee, clergyman, b. in 
South Britain, Conn., 3 June, 1827 ; d. in Accra, 
West Africa, 15 June, 1876. He was graduated at 
Yale in 1849, and at Andover theological seminary 
in 1855. was ordained in 1856, and settled in charge 
of the Congregational church in Pepperell, Mass. 
He was superintendent of the western department 
of the Chnstian commission in 1863-'5, field secre- 
tary in 1866-'7, and at the same time general field 
agent of the American missionary association. He 
became U. S. commissioner of Indian affairs in 
1873, and president of Howard university, Wash- 
ington, D. C, in 1876. Mr. Smith died on a visit 
to the coast of Africa in the interests of the Ameri- 
can missionary association. He published "Inci- 
dents of the United States Christian Commission" 
(Philadelphia, Pa., 1869). 

SMITH, Eli, missionary, b. in North ford, Conn., 
13 Sept, 1801 ; d. in Beirut, Syria, 11 Jan., 1857. 
He was graduated at Yale in 1821, and at Andover 
theological seminary in 1826, ordained the same 
year, and went to Malta as superintendent of a 
missionary printing establishment He was sub- 
sequently transferred to the Syrian mission, trav- 
elled through Greece in 1829, and with Dr. Harri- 
son G. O. Dwight in Armenia, Georgia, and Persia 
in 1830-'l, which journey resulted in the establish- 
ment of the Armenian and Nestorian missions of 
the American board. He settled in Beirut in 1833, 
and in 1838 and again in 1852 was the companion 
and coadjutor of Prof. Edward Robinson in nis ex- 
tensive exploration of Palestine. His intimate 
knowledge of Arabic enabled him to render im- 
portant service in the production of a new and im- 



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proved form and font of Arabic type, which was 
cast under his supervision at Leipsic in 1839. He 
published with Harrison G. 0. D wight " Missionary 
Researches in Armenia" (2 vols., Boston, 1883), 
and from 1847 until his death was engaged in 
translating the Bible into the Arabic, which work 
was subsequently completed by Dr. Cornelius V. 
Van Dyke (New York, 1866-'?).— His wife, Sarah 
Lanman, missionary, b. in Norwich, Conn., 18 June, 
1802 ; d. in Boojah, near Smyrna, Asia, 80 Sept, 
1836, was the daughter of Jabez Huntington, she 
married Dr. Smith in 1838, accompanied him to 
Beirut, and, having learned Arabic, assisted him in 
his translations into that language, and taught in 
a native school for girls which she established. 
See her u Memoir, Journal, and Letters." edited by 
the Rev. Edward Hooker (London, 1839). 

SMITH, Ellas, author, b. in Lyme, Conn., 17 
June, 1769; d. in Lynn, Mass.. 29 June, 1846. 
His early education was scanty, but he became a 
teacher, and in 1792 was ordained to the ministry 
of the Congregational church. He was pastor at Wo- 
bum, Mass., in 1798-1801, and afterward supplied 
various vacant pulpits. He edited the " Christian 
Magazine," a quarterly, in 1805-'7,and in 1808 began 
the publication of the " Herald of Religious Liber- 
ty," the first religious newspaper that was ever 
printed, it having preceded the " Religious Re- 
membrancer" of Philadelphia by five years and 
the •• Boston Recorder " by eight His publications 
include "The Clergyman's Looking-dlass " (Wo- 
buni, 1808) ; " The History of Anti-Christ " H803) ; 
44 Twenty-two Sermons on the Prophecies" (1808) ; 
" New Testament Dictionary " (Philadelphia, 1812) ; 
" The Fall of Angels and Men " (1812) ; " Life, Con- 
version, Preaching, Travels, and Sufferings of Elias 
Smith " (Portsmouth, N. H., 1816) ; " The Christian 
Pocket Companion" (Exeter, N. H., 1825); "The 
Family Physician and Family Assistant " (Boston, 
1832); and the " People's Book " (1836).— His son, 
Matthew Hale, author, b. in Portland, Me., in 
1816; d. in Brooklyn, N. Y., 7 Nov., 1879, was edu- 
cated in the public schools, and at seventeen years 
of age ordained to the ministry of the Universalis 
church, from which he withdrew about 1840, became 
a Unitarian, and in 1842 was ordained in the Con- 
gregational ministry, and for the subsequent ten 
years preached in Boston, Nashua, and other 
churches in Massachusetts. He studied law and 
was admitted to the bar in 1850, removed to New 
York city, added journalism to his two other pro- 
fessions, and as correspondent of the "Boston 
Journal," under the pen-name of " Burleigh," at- 
tained reputation for brilliancy of sty le and humor. 
He was also a successful lecturer, and made several 
extensive tours in that capacity throughout the 
United States. His publications include *• Text- 
Book of Universalism (Boston, 1836) ; " Universal- 
ism Examined, Renounced, and Exposed " (1842) ; 
" Universalism not of God" (New York, 1847); 
"Sabbath Evenings" (1849); "Mount Calvary" 
(1866); and "Sunshine and Shadow in New York " 
(Hartford, 1868-'9). 

SMITH. Elihu Hubbard, physician, b. in 
Litchfield, Conn.,4 Sept, 1771 ; d. at New York city, 
19 Sept, 1798. He was graduated at Yale in 1786. 
subsequently followed a classical course under 
Dr. Timothy Dwight, and studied medicine in 
Philadelphia. He then settled in Wethersfleld, 
Conn., wnere he wrote as well as practised, and, re- 
moving to New York city in 1794. soon established 
a reputation both in literature and in his profession. 
His house was the headquarters of the Friendly 
club, and a centre of the literary society of that 
city. He became a physician to the New York hos- 



pital in 1796, and the same year was a founder and 
editor of the " Medical Repository." During the 
yellow-fever epidemic in 1798 he was unremitting 
in his care of the sick, but finally contracted the 
disease, which proved fatal. He contributed to the 
" Medical Repository "• papers on pestilential fevers ; 
edited " American Poems, Selected and Original " 
(Litchfield, 1793) ; was the author of " Letters to 
William Buel on the Fever which prevailed in New 
York in 1793 " (1794) ; " Edwin and Angelina," an 
opera in three acts (1 795} ; and prefixed to the Ameri- 
can edition of Darwin s works an " Epistle to the 
Author of the Botanic Garden " (1798). He is also 
supposed to have written an anonymous five-act 
tragedy entitled " Andre* " (1798). 

SMITH, Erasmus Darwin, jurist, b. in De 
Ruyter, Madison co., N. Y., 10 Oct, 1806; d. in 
Rochester, N. Y., 11 Nov., 1883. He was educated 
at Hamilton college, admitted to the bar, became a 
master in chancery in 1882, serving three succes- 
sive terms, was made injunction-master for the 8th 
district of New York in 1840, and clerk of that 
court in 1841, and was a justice of the supreme 
court of New York from 1855 till 1877, when he 
was retired on account of age. He served on the 
court of appeals in 1862 and 1870, and was general 
term justice in 1872-*7. Chief-Justice Chase said 
of his decision in the legal-tender case of Hayes ra. 
Powers, which settled the power of the Federal 
government to issue paper money as a war measure, 
that " its influence on the credit of the government 
was equal to a victory in the field." Rochester 
gave him the degree of LL. D. in 1868. 

SMITH, Erasmus Peshine, jurist, b. in New 
York city, 2 March. 1814 ; d. in Rochester, N. Y., 
21 Oct, 1882. While he was Quite young his par- 
ents removed to Rochester, N. Y., and his early 
education was received there. He was graduated 
at Columbia in 1832, and at the Harvard law-school 
in 1833, and entered upon the practice of law at 
Rochester soon afterward. During the early years 
of his practice he was an editorial writer on the 
Rochester " Democrat," and later he was editor of 
the Buffalo " Commercial Advertiser " and of the 
" Washington Intelligencer." He was called to the 
chair of mathematics in the University of Roches- 
ter in 1850, holding office two years, when he be- 
came state superintendent of public instruction at 
Albany. In 1857 he was appointed reporter of the 
court of appeals of the state of New York, and in 
this post ne instituted the custom of numbering 
the reports oonsecutively through the entire series, 
and only secondarily by the name of reporter, a 
custom that has since been generally followed. 
He was appointed commissioner of immigration at 
Washington in 1864, which post he relinquished 
soon afterward to become examiner of claims in 
the department of state, where he exercised much 
influence in shaping the policy of the department 
under William H. Seward and Hamilton Fish, and 
where his great knowledge of international law 
was of value to the government In 1871, Sec 
Fish being asked by the Japanese government to 
name an American to undertake the duties of ad- 
viser to the mikado in international law (a post 
analogous to that of the secretary of state in the 
United States), Mr. Smith was recommended. He 
was the first American that was chosen to assist 
the Japanese government in an official capacity, and 
remained in Japan five years, making treaties and 
establishing a system of foreign relations. WhUe 
thus engaged he rendered an important service 
to the world, as well as to the government by 
which he was employed, in breaking up the coolie 
trade. The Peruvian ship " Maria Luz," having a 



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cargo of coolies, was wrecked off the coast of 
Japan, and, under Mr. Smith's advice, the 280 
wrecked Chinamen were detained by the Japanese 
government. The case was submitted to the arbi- 
tration of the emperor of Russia, and under his 
decision, Mr. Smith representing the Japanese 
government, the coolies were sent back to China, 
with the result of breaking up the trade. Mr. 
Smith published a " Manual of Political Economy " 
(New York, 1858), in refutation of the theories of 
Kicardo and Malthus. It is "an attempt to con- 
struct a skeleton of political economy on the basis 
of purely physical laws, and thus to obtain for its 
conclusions that absolute certainty that belongs to 
the positive sciences." In this regard the work is 
wholly original, and has largely affected the work 
of later economists. It has been translated into 
French. Mr. Smith contributed a word to the 
English language in suggesting, through the Al- 
bany ** Evening Journal, the use of " telegram " 
in place of cumbrous phrases, such as " telegraphic 
message" and "telegraphic despatch.*' tie re- 
turned from Japan in 18m 

SMITH, Ermlnnie Adelle, scientist, b. in 
Marcellus, N. Y., 26 April, 1836 ; d. in Jersey City, 
N. J., 9 June, 1886. Her maiden name was Piatt. 
She was educated at Mrs. Willard's seminary in 
Troy. N. Y., and in 1855 married Simeon H. Smith, 
of Jersey City, N. J. She early devoted herself to 
geology, and made one of the largest private col- 
lections in the country. She spent four years in 
Europe with her sons, studying science and lan- 
guage, during which period she was graduated at 
the School of mines, Freiberg, Saxony, and after 
her return gave frequent courses of lectures. She 
organized and became president of the ^Esthetic 
society of Jersey City, whose monthly receptions 
from 1879 to 1886 were widely known. In 1878 
she undertook ethnological work under the au- 
spices of the Smithsonian institution, and ob- 
tained and classified over 15,000 words of the Iro- 
ouois dialects. To facilitate her work in this 
direction, she spent two summers with the remnant 
of the Tuscaroras in Canada. She published nu- 
merous papers on scientific subjects, and was a 
member of the Historical society of New York, of 
the London scientific society, and the first lady 
fellow of the New York academy of sciences. At 
the meeting of the American association for the 
advancement of science in 1885 she was secretary 
of the section of geology and geography. Her 
Iroquois-Engiish dictionary was in course of print- 
ing at the time of her death. A volume of essays 
and poems by the ^Esthetic society, written and 
delivered under her direction, was issued in 1883. 
In 1888 a geological prize was founded at Vassar 
college in her honor. 

SMITH, Ethan, clergyman, b. in Belchertown, 
Mass., 19 Dec., 1762 ; d. in Pompey, N. Y.,29 Aug., 
1849. He was apprenticed to the leather trade in 
his boyhood, was a private in the Continental army 
in 1780-'l, was graduated at Dartmouth in 1790, 
and the same year licensed to preach. From 1791 
till 1832 he was pastor of Congregational churches 
in Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, and 
Vermont, and he served as city missionary in Bos- 
ton from the latter date until his death. He was a 
founder of the New Hampshire missionary society, 
its secretary for sixteen years, and the author of 
numerous sermons : " Dissertation on the Prophe- 
cies M (Concord, N. H., 1809) ; M Key to the Figura- 
tive Language of the Prophecies" (1814); "A 
View of the Trinity " (1824) ; " A View of the He- 
brews," designed to prove that the aborigines of 
America are descended from the twelve tribes of 



Israel (Poultney, Vt, 1825) ; " A Key to the Reve- 
lation " (New York, 1888) ; and a " Prophetic Cate- 
chism " (1889). 

SMITH, Eugene Allen, geologist, b. in Ala- 
bama, 27 Oct., 1841. He was graduated at the 
University of Alabama in 1862, where he was as- 
sistant in mathematics and Latin in 1868-*5, and 
then spent three years at the universities of Berlin, 
Gottingen, and Heidelberg, receiving in 1868 the 
degree of Ph. D. from the last-named institution. 
In 1868 he became assistant state geologist of Mis- 
sissippi, and he held that office until 1871, and in 
1878 he was made state geologist of Alabama, which 
appointment he has since filled. Dr. Smith was 
called to the chair of mineralogy and geology in the 
University of Alabama in 1871, and in 1874 the title 
of his chair was changed to that of chemistry, geol- 
ogy, and natural history, which he still filLsl He 
was honorary commissioner to the World's fair in 
Paris in 1878, and during 1880-'2 was special census 
agent engaged in the preparation of reports on cot- 
ton-production in Alabama and Florida. In 1885-'6 
he was commissioner for selecting lands that had 
been given to the University of Alabama. Dr. 
Smith is a member of various scientific societies, 
has been secretary of the section on geology and 
geography of the American association for the 
advancement of science, and is a member of the 
American committee of the International geologi- 
cal congress, and its reporter on the marine tertiary 
in 1886-'8. Besides geological memoirs, his publi- 
cations include annual " Geological Reports of the 
Alabama State Survey " (Montgomery, 1874 et seq.), 
also special reports to the U. 3. geological survey, 
the U. S. entomological commission, and the U. S. 
census bureau. 

SMITH, Ezeklel Ezra, educator, b. in Duplin 
county, N. C, 23 May, 1852. He is of African 
descent and was born a slave, but enjoyed early 
educational advantages, studied in the public 
schools, and became a teacher in 1870. In 1873-4 
he was one of the Jubilee singers that raised $20,- 
000 for Shaw university, at which he was gradu- 
ated in 1878, and in the next year he was licensed 
to preach, tie was principal of the graded school 
at Goldsborough, N. C, from 1879 till 1883, when 
he became principal of the State colored normal 
school at Fayetteville, N. C. He was secretary of 
the State colored Baptist convention in 1876-'83, 
commissioned major of the 4th battalion of the 
North Carolina guards in 1880, and in 1888 was 
appointed U. S. minister and consul-general to 
Liberia, Africa. He was a founder of the North 
Carolina industrial association, and established and 
edited the " Carolina Enterprise." 

SMITH, Francis, British soldier, b. in Eng- 
land about 1720 ; d. there, 17 Nov., 1791. He be- 
came captain of the 10th foot in 1747, major in 
1758, lieutenant-colonel in 1762, colonel and aide- 
de-camp to the king in 1775, and the same year 
commanded the troops that were sent to destroy 
the American stores at Concord, Mass. He was 
wounded in the fight at Lexington, became briga- 
dier-general in 1776, and commanded a brigade in 
the battles on Long Island in August of that year, 
and at Quaker Hill in 1778. He was promoted 
to the grade of major-general in 1779, and lieu- 
tenant-general in 1737. 

SMITH, Francis Henney, soldier, b. in Nor- 
folk, Va., 18 Oct, 1812. He was graduated at the 
U. S. military academy in 1883, and was assistant 
professor there in 1834, but resigned in 1836, was 
professor of mathematics at Hampden Sidney in 
1837-'9, and, on the organization of the Virginia 
military institute in the latter year, became its su- 



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perintendent, and professor of mathematics and 
moral and political philosophy, which office he still 
(1888) holds. He was appointed colonel of a Vir- 
ginia regiment soon after the beginning of the civil 
war. ana was stationed at Norfolk and in command 
of the fort at Craney island. During the cam- 
paigns against Richmond in 1864, with his corps of 
cadets he aided in its defence, and was subse- 
quently transferred to Lynchburg to protect that 
city against the National forces under Gen. David 
Hunter. The institute buildings having been 
destroyed by fire during the war, he took active 
measures to reconstruct them when he returned to 
his duties there in 1865, and subsequently he has 
successfully administered its affairs. William and 
Mary gave him the degree of LL. D. in 1878. He 
has published, with Robert M. T. Duke, a series of 
arithmetics (New York, 1845) ; a series of algebras 
(1848) ; and is the author of " The Best Methods 
of conducting Common Schools " (1849) ; " College 
Reform " (1850) ; and a " Report to the Legislature 
of Virginia on Scientific Education in Europe" 
(1859). He translated Bicot's " Analytical Geome- 
try " from the French (1840). 

SMITH, Francis Hopkinson, artist, b. in Bal- 
timore, Md., 28 Oct., 1838. He is by profession an 
engineer, and has built a large number of public 
works, many of them under contract with the IT. S. 

Sovernment. These include the Race Rock light- 
onse off New London harbor, Long Island sound 
(1871 -'7); Block Island breakwater (1879). He is 
well known as an artist, and has produced some 
very effective work in water-colors and charcoal. 
Among his water-colors are "In the Darkling 
Wood 1 * (1876) ; " Peggotty on the Harlem " (1881) ; 
" Under the Towers, Brooklyn Bridge " (1883J; " In 
the North Woods " (1884) ; and " A January Thaw " 
(1887). He has been occupied also in book and 
magazine illustration, and he is known as an author 
by his books " Well-worn Roads " (Boston, 1886) ; 
"Old Lines in New Black and White" (1886); and 
u A Book of the Tile Club" (1887), partly illus- 
trated by himself. From 1875 till 1878 he was 
treasurer of the American water-color society. 

SMITH, Francis Osmond Jon, congressman, 
b. in Brentwood, N. H., 28 Nov., 1806; d. in Deer- 
ing, Me., 14 Oct., 1876. He was educated at Phillips 
Exeter academy, admitted to the bar, and practised 
in Portland. He was a member of the legislature 
in 1832, president of the state senate in 1838, and 
sat in congress from December of the latter year 
till 1839, having been chosen as a Whig. During 
his later life he was connected with many local and 
national improvements, was instrumental in estab- 
lishing the Portland gas company, and the York 
and Cumberland and Portland ana Oxford Central 
railroads, the latter having been mainly built by 
him. But his greatest public service was the intro- 
duction of the Morse electric telegraph, which owes 
much of its success to his labor. He published 
" Reports of Decisions in the Circuit Courts- Mar- 
tial of Maine" (Portland, 1831); "Laws of the 
State of Maine" (2 vols., 1834); and "Secret Cor- 
responding Vocabulary : Adopted for Use to Morse's 
Electro- Magnetic Telegraph*' (1845). 

SMITH, Frank, Canadian senator, b. in Rich 
Hill, Armagh, Ireland, in 1822. He accompanied 
his father to Canada in 1882, and settled near 
Toronto. He was engaged in business in London, 
Ont, from 1849 till 1867, when he removed to 
Toronto, and there continued the business of a 
wholesale grocer. He was mayor of the city of 
London in 1866, and is president or director of 
several financial or industrial institutions. Mr. 
Smith became a member of the Canadian senate in 



February, 1871, and of the Dominion cabinet, with- 
out a portfolio, 29 July, 1882. He resigned in 1887, 
but his resignation was not accepted. 

SMITH, Frank Hill, artist, b. in Boston, 
Mass., 15 Oct, 1842. He studied architecture in 
his native city with Hammatt Billings, later be- 
came a pupil at the Atelier Suisse, Pans, and stud- 
ied painting also under Leon Bonnlt. His work in 
oil includes portraits, figure-pieces, and landscapes. 
Some of his Venetian pictures belong to the Som- 
erset club, Boston. In the course of nis studies in 
Europe he gave much attention to interior decora- 
tion, making many sketches of famous interiors. 
Of late years he has devoted himself especially to 
this branch of art. He has decorated the Windsor 
hotel and the opera-house at Holyoke, Mass., and 
numerous public and private buildings in Boston 
and Cambridge and other cities. Mr. Smith has 
been a director of the school of the Boston mu- 
seum of fine arts. 

SMITH, George, historian, b. in Delaware 
county, Pa.. 12 Feb., 1804; d. in Upper Darby, 
Delaware co., Pa., 10 March, 1882. His father, 
Benjamin, was a member of the Pennsylvania 
legislature in 1801-'4, and held several minor offices 
of trust in his county. George was graduated at 
the medical department of the University of Penn- 
sylvania in 1826, but retired from practice after 
five years, and served in the state senate in 183&-*6. 
He was an associate judge of the court of common 
pleas of Delaware county from the latter date till 
1857, and was re-elected in 1861 for a term of five 
years. He was chosen the first superintendent of 
the Delaware county common schools in 1854, and 
for the subsequent iwenty-five years was president 
of the school board of Upper Darby school district. 
He also devoted much attention to scientific pur- 
suits, especially to geology. Dr. Smith was a 
founder of the Delaware county institute of science, 
and its president from 1833 until his death, pre- 
senting it with his valuable herbarium about 1875. 
He was also an honorary member of the Pennsyl- 
vania historical society, and a contributor on his- 
torical and scientific* subjects to the press. He 
published several essays and " A History of Dela- 
ware County, Pa., from the Discovery of the Terri- 
tory included within its Limits to the Present 
Time" (Philadelphia, 1862).— His son, Clement 
Lawrence, educator, b. in Delaware county, Pa*, 
13 April, 1844, was graduated at Haverfora col- 
lege, Pa., in 1860, and at Harvard in 1863. He 
was assistant professor of classics and mathematics 
at Haverford in 1868-'5, student of classical phi- 
lology at GOttingen for one year in 1865-'6, trav- 
elled a year (1866-7) in England and on the conti- 
nent, about half of the time being spent in study 
and travel in Italy and Greece; then, after two 
years' study at home, assisted in the organization 
of Swarthmore college in 1869-'70, filling the chair 
of Greek and German. He became tutor in Latin 
at Harvard in 1870, in 1873 assistant professor, and 
in 1883 professor of the same, and since 1882 he 
has been dean of the college faculty. He has 
published several papers on philological and edu- 
cational matters, and is now (1888) engaged, with 
Prof. Tracy Peck, of Yale, in editing a ** College 
Series of Latin Authors," several volumes of which 
are in an advanced state of preparation. 

SMITH, George, banker, b. in Old Deer, Aber- 
deenshire, Scotland, 8 March, 1808. He passed 
two years in Aberdeen college with the intention 
of studying medicine, but, his eyesight failing, he 
turned to forming. In 1833 he came to this coun- 
try, and in 1834 settled in Chicago, where he in- 
vested largely in city lots. He also bought land 



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where the city of Milwaukee now stands, but sold 
his real estate in 1886 for one quarter in cash and 
the balance in notes, and returned to Scotland. 
The financial depression of 1887 made it necessary 
for him to return to 
Chicago and take back 
the land he had sold. 
In 1837 he obtained a 
charter for the Wis- 
consin marine and fire 
insurance company, 
which enabled him to 
receive deposits and 
issue certificates there- 
for to the amount of 
$1,500,000. Alexander 
j Mitchell was made sec- 

retary of the company, 
with headquarters at 
Milwaukee. The in- 
surance company's cer- 
tificates circulated free- 
ly, and were for many 
years the most popu- 
lar currency in the northwest In 1889 Mr. Smith, 
under the firm-name of George Smith and Co., 
founded the first banking-house in the city of 
Chicago. When, in 1854, the Wisconsin legislature 
suppressed the circulation of the Wisconsin ma- 
rine and fire insurance company's certificates. Mr. 
Smith sold the insurance company, of which he 
had become sole owner, to Alexander Mitchell, 
and bought the charters of two banks in Georgia, 
which together had the right to issue notes to the 
extent of $8,000,000. These notes were duly issued 
in Georgia, sent to Chicago, and there circulated by 
George Smith and Co. Mr. Smith began to close up 
his business affairs in 1857, and in 1861 he returned 
to Great Britain, residing chiefly in London. 

8MITH, George Williamson, clergyman, b. 
in Catskill, N. Y., 21 Nov., 1836. He was gradu- 
ated at Hobart in 1857, was principal of Bladens- 
burg academy, Md., in 1858-'9, and served as a clerk 
in the U. S. navy department in 1861-4, at the 
same time studying theology. He was ordained 
deacon in 1860, and priest in 1864, in the Protestant 
Episcopal church, and was an assistant at various 
churches in Washington, D. C. He was acting 
professor of mathematics in the U. S. naval acad- 
emy at Newport, R. I., in 1864-'5, chaplain at the 
Annapolis academy in 1865-'8,and chaplain on the 
U. S. steamship " Franklin " in 186&-71. He was 
rector of Grace church, Jamaica, L. I., in 1872-'81, 
of the Church of 
the Redeemer, 
Brooklyn, N. Y., 
in 1880-'8, and 
since the latter 
date has been 
president of Trin- 
ity college, a por- 
tion ot which is 
shown in the ac- 
companying illus- 
tration. He re- 
ceived the degree 
of D.D. from Ho- 
bart in 1880. and 
from Columbia in 
1887. Trinity 
gave him the de- 
gree of LL. D. in the latter year. He has pub- 
lished occasional sermons, and is the author of a 
" Memoir of Rev. John H. Van Ingen " (printed 
privately, Rochester, N. Y., 1878). 



SMITH, Goldwin, Canadian author, b. in 
Reading, Berkshire, England, 18 Aug., 1828. He 
was educated at Eton and Oxford, where he was 
graduated in 1845. In 1847 he was elected a fellow 
of University college, London, where he acted for 
some time as a tutor, and in the same year he was 
admitted to the bar at Lincoln's Inn, but he has 
never practised. In 1850 he was appointed assist- 
ant secretary of the royal commission that was 
charged with the duty of making an inquiry into 
the condition of Oxford university, and he was 
secretary to the second Oxford commission, which 
effected many salutary changes in the constitution 
and government of that institution. He was ap- 
pointed a member of the Popular education com- 
mission in 1858, and the same year was made 
regius professor of modern history at Oxford, 
which chair he held till 1866. He was an active 
champion of the U. S. government during the civil 
war, when he wrote "Does the Bible Sanction 
American Slavery!" (London, 1868), "On the 
Morality of the Emancipation Proclamation" 
(1868), and other pamphlets that influenced pub- 
lic opinion on this subject. In 1864 he visited this 
country and gave a series of lectures, receiving an 
enthusiastic welcome and the degree of LL. D. 
from Brown univer- 
sity. He returned 
to the United States 
in 1868, was appoint- 
ed professor of Eng- 
lish and constitu- 
tional history in 
Cornell university, 
and resided at Itha- 
ca till 1871, when he 
exchanged his chair 
for that of a non- 
resident professor, 
and removed to To- 
ronto, where he has 
resided ever since. 
Prof. Smith was ap- 
pointed a member 
of the senate of 
Toronto university, 
was elected first president of the council of public 
instruction, and was for two years president of the 
Provincial teachers' association. He edited the 
"Canadian Monthly" in 1872-'4, founded the 
" Nation " in 1874, the " Bystander" in 1880, and 
the Toronto "Week," the principal literary and 
political journal in Canada, in 1884. In his writings 
and lectures he has advocated annexation of that 
country to the United States, which he regards as 
the manifest destiny of the Dominion, and he has 
also favored the project of commercial union, or 
unrestricted reciprocity with this country, which 
was adopted as a plank in the political platform of 
the Canadian Liberals in 1888. He has written 
much for the English reviews, and, among other 
works, has published "Irish History and Irish 
Character" (London, 1861); "Lectures on Modern 
History" (1861); "Rational Religion and the 
Rationalistic Objections of the Bampton Lectures 
for 1858" (1861); "The Empire" (1863); "The 
Civil War in America " (1866) : " Experience of the 
American Commonwealth" (1867); "Three Eng- 
lish Statesmen" (1867); "The Reorganization of 
the University of Oxford " (1868) ; " The Relations 
between America and England : A Reply to the 
Speech of the late Mr. Sumner" (1869); "A Short 
History of England down to the Reformation" 
— "The Conduct of England to Ireland" 
and " False Hopes " (1888). 



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SMITH, Gustavus Woodson, soldier, b. in 
Scott county, Ky., 1 Jan., 1822. He was gradu- 
ated at the' U. 8. military academy in 1842, ap- 
pointed to the engineer corps, and for the subse- 
quent two years engaged in constructing fortifica- 
tions in New London harbor. Conn. He was as- 
sistant professor of engineering in the U. S. mili- 
tary academy in 1844-'o, commanded the sappers, 
miners, and pontoniers during the siege of Vera 
Cruz and in the subsequent operations of the war 
with Mexico, and in 1847 was brevetted 1st lieu- 
tenant for gallant and meritorious conduct in the 
battle of Cerro Gordo, and captain for Contreras. 
He was recalled to the U. S. military academy as 
principal assistant professor of engineering in 1849, 
became 1st lieutenant in 1858, and resigned from 
the array the next year. He was subsequently em- 

E loved in the construction of various government 
uildings, and in the iron-works of Cooper and 
Hewitt, Trenton, N. J. He was street commis- 
sioner of New York city in 1858-'61, and a mem- 
ber of the board to revise the programme of in- 
struction at the U. S. military academy in 1860. 
He returned to Kentucky at the beginning of the 
civil war, entered the Confederate service, and in 
September, 1861, was appointed major-general. He 
succeeded Gen. Joseph E. Johnston in temporary 
command of the Army of Northern Virginia on 81 
May, 1862, and subsequently commanded at Rich- 
mond, was in charge of the state forces of Georgia 
in 1864-'5, and was taken prisoner at Macon on 20 
April of the latter year. He was superintendent 
in charge of the Southwest iron-works at Chatta- 
nooga, Ten n., in 1866-'9,was insurance commis- 
sioner of the state of Kentucky in 1870-'6, and since 
that time has resided in New York city. 

SMITH, Hamilton Lanphere, educator, b. in 
New London, Conn., 5 Nov., 1819. He was gradu- 
ated at Yale in 1889, and, while a student there, 
constructed what was then the largest telescope in 
this country, and, in connection with Ebenezer P. 
Mason, made an extended series of observations on 
various nebulae, the results of which were published 
in the proceedings of the American academy of 
arts and sciences (Philadelphia, 1844). He was 

Srofessor of natural philosophy and astronomy at 
lenyon college, Gambier, Ohio, in 1853-'68, and 
since the latter date has held the same chairs at 
Hobart. Trinity gave him the degree of LL. D. 
in 1871. He is president of the American society 
of microscopists and a member of several foreign 
and domestic learned societies. His publications 
include " Natural Philosophy " (Cleveland, Ohio, 
1847); " First Lessons in Astronomy and Geology " 
(1848); "Species Typica? Diatomacearum, ,, 750 
specimens in thirty cases (1885-7); and addresses 
before the American society of microscopists. 

SMITH, Sir Henry, Canadian statesman, b. in 
London. England, 28 April, 1812 ; d. in Kingston, 
Ont, 18 Sept, 1868. When he was eight years old 
he accompanied his parents to Canada. ' He was 
educated at Montreal and Kingston, studied law. 
was admitted to the bar in 1886, and in 1846 be- 
came queen's counsel. Soon after the union of 
Upper and Lower Canada in 1841 he was elected 
a member of the Canadian parliament for Fronte- 
nac, And he represented it till 1861, when he was 
defeated. He became a member of the MacNab- 
Morin administration as solicitor-general, west, in 
1854, and held this portfolio in successive adminis- 
trations till 1858, when he was appointed speaker. 
In this capacity he went to London in 1859 and in- 
vited the queen, in behalf of the Canadian parlia- 
ment, to visit Canada and open the Victoria bridge. 
During the visit of the Prince of Wales to Canada 




in 1860 he was knighted, and soon afterward left 
the Conservative party and was defeated as a can- 
didate for parliament. 

SMITH, Henry, police commissioner, b. in 
Amsterdam, Montgomery co., N. Y., 20 Octl, 1820 ; 
d. in New York city, 23 Feb., 1874. Early in life 
he engaged in trade in New York city, and for 
twenty-five years he was one of the most active 
politicians in the Whig and Republican parties. 
He was a member of the New York board of coun- 
cil men in 1854-7, supervisor in 1862-*8. and presi- 
dent of the board of police in 1868-*74. 

SMITH, Henry Boynton, clergyman, b. in 
Portland, Me., 21 Nov., 1815: d. in New York city, 
7 Feb., 1876. He was graduated at Bowdoin in 
1834, was tutor there for several years, and studied 
at Andover and Bangor theological seminaries, 
and subsequently at Halle and Berlin. He was 
pastor of the West Amesbury, Mass., Congrega- 
tional church in 
1842-*7, professor 
of mental and mor- 
al philosophy at 
Amherst in 1847- 
TH), of church his- 
tory in Union the- 
ological seminary. 
New York city, 
for the subsequent 
five years, and of 
systematic theolo- 
gy there from 1855 
till his resignation 
in 1878. He was 
moderator of the 
assembly of the 
new-school Pres- 
byterian church in 
1863, and at the 
general assembly of the next year delivered a 
discourse, which was published under the title of 
the " Reunion of the Presbyterian Churches ** (New 
York, 1864). He was subsequently a member of 
the general assembly's committee on reunion with 
the old-school branch of the church, and presented 
a report on a doctrinal basis of reunion (1867). 
He read a " Report on the State of Religion in the 
United States before the Evangelical alliance 
which met in Amsterdam in 1867, to which body 
he was a delegate. He founded the "American 
Theological Review," and was its editor from 1859 
till 1862, when it was consolidated with the " Pres- 
byterian Review," which he edited till 1871. The 
University of Vermont gave him the degree of 
LL. D. in 1850, and Princeton that of D. D. in 
1869. His principal works are " The Relations of 
Faith and Philosophv " (New York, 1849) ; M The 
Nature and Worth or the Science of Church His- 
tory " (1851); "The Problem of the Philosophy of 
History " (1858) ; •• The Idea of Christian Theology 
as a System " (1857) ; *• An Argument for Christian 
Churches" (1857); "History of the Church of 
Christ in Chronological Tables" (1859); a new 
edition of the Edinburgh translation of GreseW's 
"Church History," volumes iv. and v. of which 
he chiefly translated (5 vols., 1859-*68); a revis- 
ion of the Edinburgh translation of Hagen bach's 
" History of Christian Doctrine" (2 vols^ 1861-*2); 
a new edition of Stier's " Words of the Lord Jesus,** 
with James Strong (1864 et sea) ; and, with Ros- 
well D. Hitchcock, "The Life, Writings, and Char- 
acter of Edward Robinson " (1864). 

SMITH, Henry Hollingsworth, surgeon, b. in 
Philadelphia, Pa., 10 Dec., 1815. He was gradu- 
ated at the University of Pennsylvania in 1887, 



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and at the medical department in 1839, spent the 
subsequent eighteen months in study abroad, and 
on his return settled in practice in Philadelphia. 
He became a surgeon to St Joseph's hospital in 
1849, surgeon to the Episcopal hospital soon after- 
ward, one of the surgical staff to Blockley hospital 
in 1854, and was professor of surgery in the medi- 
cal department of the University of Pennsylvania 
from 1855 till 1871. when he became professor 
emeritus. At the beginning of the civil war he 
was appointed to organize the hospital department 
of Pennsylvania, and at the same time made sur- 
geon-general of Pennsylvania. In this capacity he 
contributed much to the efficiency of the medical 
services of the Pennsylvania, reserves and other 
state regiments. At the first battle at Winches- 
ter, Va., he originated the plan of removing the 
wounded from the battle-field to large hospitals 
in Reading, Philadelphia, Harrisburg, and other 
cities, and established the custom of embalming 
the dead on the battle-ground. He organized ana 
directed a corps of surgeons, with steamers as 
floating hospitals, at the siege of Yorktown. and 
served the wounded after the battles of Williams- 
burg, West Point, Fair Oaks, and Cold Harbor. 
After thoroughly organizing the department of 
which he was in charge, he resigned his commis- 
sion in 1862, and has since been actively engaged 
in the practice of his profession. Dr. Smith is 
widely known as a medical author. His publica- 
tions include " An Anatomical Atlas," to illustrate 
William E. Horner's M Special Anatomy " (Phila- 
delphia, 1848); "Minor Surgery" (1848); "Sys- 
tem of Operative Surgery," with a biographical 
index to the writings and operations of American 
surgeons for 284 years (2 vols., 1852) ; *• The Treat- 
ment of Disunited Fractures by Means of Artificial 
Limbs" (1855); "Professional Visit to London 
and Paris " (1855) ; " Practice of Surgery " (2 vols., 
1857-68) ; and numerous surgical articles in medi- 
cal journals; and he has translated from the 
French Civiale's "Treatise on the Medical and 
Prophylactic Treatment of Stone and Gravel" 
(Philadelphia, 1841), and edited the " United States 
Dissector " (1844), and Spenser Thompson's " Do- 
mestic Medicine and Surgery "(1853).— His cousin, 
Francis Garner, physician, b. in Philadelphia, 
Pa., 8 March, 1818; d. there, 6 April, 1878, was 
graduated at the University of Pennsylvania in 
1887, and at its medical department in 1840, and 
became a resident physician to the Pennsylvania 
hospital for the insane in 1841, lecturer on physi- 
ology in the Philadelphia medical association in 
1842. and in 1850 professor of the same branch in 
the Pennsylvania medical college. He was pro- 
fessor of the institutes of medicine in the medi- 
cal department of the University of Pennsylvania 
from 1863 till 1877, was one of the first medical 
staff of the Episcopal hospital, and for six years an 
attending physician and clinical lecturer in the 
Pennsylvania hospital. During the civil war he 
was physician in charge of a military hospital. 
He founded and established the first laboratory in 
which physiology was taught experimentally and 
by demonstration in the University of Pennsylva- 
nia, was the first president of the Philadelphia ob- 
stetrical society, and vice-president of the Ameri- 
can medical association in 1870. For nine years 
he was an editor of the Philadelphia "Medical 
Examiner." He contributed frequently to medical 
literature, translated and edited oarth and Roger's 
•* Manual of Auscultation and Percussion " (Phila- 
delphia, 1849) ; edited Daniel Drake's " Systematic 
Treatise," with H. Han bury Smith, on the " Dis- 
eases of the Interior Valley of North America" 



(1854); William B. Carpenter's " Principles of Hu- 
man Physiology" (1856); his "Microscope and its 
Revelations and Uses" (1856); and William S. 
Kirke and James Paget 's " Physiology " (1856) ; and 
was the author of " Domestic Medicine, Surgery, 
and Materia Medica" (1852), and, with John Neill, 
an " Analytical Compendium of Medicine " (1857). 
SMITH, Hezekiah, clergyman, b. on Long 
Island, N. Y., 21 April, 1737; d. in Haverhill, 
Mass., 22 Jan., 1805. He was graduated at Prince- 
ton in 1762, and soon afterward was ordained to 
the ministry at Charleston, S. C. In 1764 he 
visited New England and preached for some time 
in Haverhill, Mass. In 1765 a Baptist church was 
organized in this place, and Mr. Smith became its 
pastor. He maintained this relation to the end of 
nis life, a period of forty years. Under his minis- 
try the church grew into commanding strength 
and influence. Meanwhile he performed extensive 
missionary tours through destitute regions of New 
Hampshire and Maine. In 1776-'80 he filled the 
office of chaplain in the American army. In this 
service he became acquainted with Washington, 
besides possessing the confidence and esteem of the 
whole army. In encouraging the soldiers and 
ministering to the wounded, he repeatedly exposed 
his life in battle. He was an ardent friend of edu- 
cation, and was especially active in establishing 
and supporting Brown university, of whose board 
of fellows he was long a member. From this uni- 
versity he received in 1797 the degree of D. D. No 
man in his day did more to give character to the 
denomination with which he was identified. 

SMITH, Hezekiah Bradley, inventor, b. in 
Bridgewater, Vt., 24 July, 1816; d. in Smithville, 
Burlington co„ N. J., 3 Nov., 1887. He learned the 
trade of a cabinet-maker, and became an inventor 
and manufacturer of wooden machinery. He set- 
tled iu Woodbury, Mass., about 1860, engaged in 
the manufacture of window-blinds, and invented 
a machine that cut and cleansed forty mortises a 
minute, for which the Massachusetts mechanical 
association presented him with a gold medal. He 
subsequently took out more than forty patents for 
original inventions. He established a wood-manu- 
factory in Smithville, N. J., in 1871, which settle- 
ment was named in his honor, and spent large 
sums in building model houses, halls, and places of 
amusement for his workmen. He was elected to 
congress as a Democrat in 1878, served one term, 
and in 1882 was elected state senator, declining re- 
nomination. 

SMITH, Hezekiah Wright, engraver, b. in 
Edinburgh, Scotland, in 1828. He came to New 
York with his family in 1833, and entered the es- 
tablishment of an engraver, where he remained 
until his majority. He then passed two years with 
Thomas Doney, a mezzotint engraver, and in 1850 
went to Boston and began to practise his profes- 
sion, engraving a large number of plates for the 
Sublications of Ticknor and Field, and Little, 
•rown and Co. His most important plates are a 
full-length of Daniel Webster, after Chester Har- 
ding ; a three-quarter length Edward Everett, after 
Moses Wright; and Washington, after Gilbert Stu- 
art's Athenaaum head, this last being the best ren- 
dering of the picture that has yet been produced 
by the engraver. It was a labor of love with Mr. 
Smith, and to its completion be devoted all the 
leisure he could secure from his regular work dur- 
ing several years. His plates are executed in the 
dotted style, improperly called stipple, and most of 
his smaller portraits have considerable roulette 
work, giving them a mezzotint appearance. In 
1870 he returned to New York, and in 1877 he re- 



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moved to Philadelphia, where he remained until 
the beginning of April, 1879. He then suddenly 
expressed a determination to give up engraving, 
disposed of all his effects, left the city, and noth- 
ing has since been heard of him. During the last 
year of his residence in Philadelphia he essayed 
etching in the style of Henry B. Hall, and pro- 
duced ten plates in this manner, his last being a 
portrait of James L. Claghorn, president of the 
Pennsylvania academy of the fine arts. 

SMITH, Isaac, patriot, b. in Trenton, N. J., in 
1786 ; d. there, 29 Aug., 1807. He was graduated 
at Princeton in 1755, was a tutor there, studied 
medicine, and subsequently practised that profes- 
sion, and early espoused the patriot cause, com- 
manding a regiment in 1776. He was judge of the 
supreme oourt of New Jersey from 1788 till 1801, 
served in congress in 1795- '7, and in the latter 
▼ear was appointed by President Washington to 
treat with the Seneca Indians. At the time of his 
death he was president of the Bank of Trenton. 

SMITH, Isaac Townsend, consul-general, b. 
in Boston, Mass., 13 March, 1818. He was edu- 
cated at the Latin and the English high-schools in 
Boston, and at Capt. Alden Partridge's military 
academy at Middletown, Conn. He entered com- 
mercial life, and as supercargo made several voy- 
ages to the East Indies, China, Manila, Singapore, 
Java, and Africa. Then he settled in New York, 
where as a merchant and ship-owner he conducted 
business for several years. He was an incorpora- 
tor and for many years president of the Metropoli- 
tan savings-bank, and was a commissioner of emi- 
gration for the state of New York for several years. 
Mr. Smith was a presidential elector at the election 
of Abraham Lincoln in 1864. and is Siamese con- 
sul-general for the United States. He has been a 
contributor to the ** Magazine of American His- 
tory " and other periodicals. 

SMITH, Israel, senator, b. in Suffield, Conn., 4 
April, 1759; d. in Rutland, Vt, 2 Dec, 1810. He 
was graduated at Yale in 1781, and settled as a 
lawyer in Rupert, Vt,but removed afterward to 
Rutland. He was a boundary commissioner in 1 789, 
and took an active part in the admission of Ver- 
mont into the Union. He was a delegate to the 
convention that adopted the Federal constitution 
in 1791, a member of congress from that year till 
1797, having been chosen as a Democrat, and was 
U. S. senator from 1803 till 1807, when he resigned 
to become governor of Vermont. In 1809 he was 
a presidential elector. 

SMITH, James, signer of the Declaration of 
Independence, b. in Ireland about 1720 ; d. in York, 
POl July, 1806. The date of his birtb is un- 
certain, for he never told it His father emigrated 
with his family to this country in 1729, and en- 
gaged in farming on Susquehanna river. James 
was educated at the College of Philadelphia, studied 
law, and settled first in Shippensburg as a lawyer 
and surveyor, and afterward in York, ra., where for 
many years he was the sole practitioner at the bar. 
During this period of his life he was as widely 
known for his humorous stories, his wit, and con- 
viviality as for his learning and success in prac- 
tice, his drollery being heightened by an awkward- 
ness of gesture, a ludicrous cast of countenance, 
and a drawling utterance. He also successfully 
engaged in extensive iron-manufactures on Codo- 
rus creek, and at the beginning of the Revolution 
possessed considerable property. In 1774 he raised 
the first volunteer company in the state for the 
purpose of resisting Great Britain, and was a mem- 
ber of the convention to consider the expediency 
of abstaining from importing any goods from 




e^/o^T^-^t — * 



England, and also of assembling a general con g res s. 
At this meeting he was one of a committee of three 
to prepare instructions for the representatives, and 
these instructions, together with Smith's essay 
" On the Constitu- 
tional Power of Great 
Britain over the Col- 
onies in America," 
gave the first strong 
impulse to the patriot 
cause in that region. 
He was a member 
of the Pennsylvania 
convention in Janu- 
ary, 1776, and of the 
provincial conference 
that assembled on 18 
June of the same year 
to form a new gov- 
ernment for Pennsyl- 
vania, and seconded 
the resolution that 
was offered by Dr. 
Benjamin Rush in 
favor of a declaration of independence. This, hav- 
ing been unanimously adopted, was signed by the 
members, and presented to congress a few days be- 
fore the Declaration. On the aay of the adoption 
of the resolution, Smith was appointed, with CoL 
John Bayard and others, to organize a volunteer 
camp of Pennsylvania militia for the protection 
of Philadelphia. He was a member of the con- 
vention of 15 July, 1776, that assembled in Phila- 
delphia for the purpose of forming a new constitu- 
tion for the state, and on the 20th of the same month 
was elected to congress, remaining in that body till 
1778. In 1779 he served in the general assembly of 
Pennsylvania. In 1780 he was commissioned judge 
of the high court of appeals. In 1782 he was ap- 

Sunted brigadier-general of Pennsylvania militia, 
e was appointed a counsellor on the part of Penn- 
sylvania in the controversy between that state and 
Connecticut in 1784, and in the following year was 
chosen to congress in the place of Matthew Clark- 
son, who had resigned, but his advanced age com- 
KUed him to decline are-election. After the peace, 
ving lost his fortune during the war, he resumed 
the practice of his profession, m which he continued 
till 1801. He was the personal and political friend 
of Washington and an ardent Federalist. 

SMITH, James, pioneer, b. in Franklin county. 
Pa., in 1787 ; d. in Washington county, Ky., in 1812. 
He was captured by the Indians when he was 
eighteen years of age, and adopted into one of their 
tribes, but escaped in 1759, was a leader of the 
" black boys" in 1768-'5, and a lieutenant in Gen- 
Henry Bouquet's expedition against the Ohio In- 
dians in 1764. He was one of an exploring party 
into Kentucky in 1766, settled in Westmoreland 
county in 1768, and during Lord Dunmore's war 
was captain of a ranging company, and in 1775 
major of the Associated battalion of Westmoreland 
county. He served in the Pennsylvania conven- 
tion in 1776, and in the assembly in 1776-'7. In 
the latter year he commanded a scouting party in 
the Jerseys, and in 1777 was commissioned colonel 
in command on the frontiers, doing good service in 
frustrating the marauds of the Indian*. He settled 
in Cane Ridge, near Paris. Ky., in 1788, was a mem- 
ber of the Danville convention, and represented. 
Bourbon county for many years in the legislature. 
He published two tracts entitled " Shakerism De- 
veloped' 1 and "Shakerism Detected," "Remark- 
able Adventures in the Life and Travels of CoL 
James Smith " (Lexington, 1799; edited by Will- 



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iam M. Darlington, and republished, Cincinnati, 
1870), and "A Treatise on the Mode and Manner 
of Indian War" (Paris, Kv., 1804). 

SMITH, James, Canadian jurist, b. in Montreal 
in 1808. He was educated in his native city and 
in Scotland, studied law. was admitted to the bar 
of Lower Canada in 1880, and in 1844 was elected 
to the parliament of Canada for the county of 
Mississquoi. He held office as attorney-general, 
east, in the Viger- Draper administration till 22 
April, 1847, when he resigned, and was appointed 
a judge of the court of queen's bench of Lower 
Canada. He afterward became one of the judges 
of the superior court. 

SMITH, James Milton, governor of Georgia, 
b. in Twiggs county, Ga., 24 Oct, 1823. He was 
educated at Culloden academy, Monroe county, Ga., 
became a lawyer, entered the Confederate army in 
1861 as major in the 13th Georgia regiment, be- 
came colonel in 1862. and was a member of the 
Confederate congress from that year until the close 
of the civil war. He served in the legislature in 
1871 -^ was speaker, and in 1872 was chosen gov- 
ernor to fill the unexpired term of Rufus B. Bul- 
lock, which office he held by re-election till 1874. 

SMITH, James Wheaton, clergyman, b. in 
Providence. R. I., 26 June, 1823. He was gradu- 
ated at Brown in 1848, and at Newton theological 
seminary in 1851. In 1853 he became pastor of 
the Spruce street Baptist church in Philadelphia, 
Pa., and he continued in this relation until 1870, 
when he went out from it with a colony which es- 
tablished the Beth Eden church. He held the 
pastoral charge of this body until 1880. Im- 
paired health obliging him to resign, he was there- 
upon elected pastor emeritus. He is the author of 
a "Life of John P. Croser" (Philadelphia, 1868). 
In 1862 he received from Lewisburg (Bucknel) 
university the degree of D. D. 

SMITH, James Youngs, governor of Rhode 
Island, b. in Groton, Conn., 15 Sept, 1809 ; d. in 
Providence, R. I.. 26 March. 1876. He removed to 
Providence in 1826, engaged in the lumber business, 
and in 1838 in the manufacture of cotton goods in 
Willimantic, Conn., and Woonsocket, R I., ac- 
quiring a fortune. He served several terms in the 
Rhode Island legislature, was mayor of Providence 
in 1855-'7, and governor of Rhode Island in 1863-'5. 
During his service he efficiently supported the 
National cause, and largely contributed to it with 
his private fortune. He controlled extensive manu- 
facturing enterprises, and occupied many posts of 
trust in banking and other corporations. He was 
a Republican from the organization of that party. 

SMITH, Jeremiah, jurist, b. in Peterborough, 
N. H., 29 Nov.. 1759; d. in Dover, N. H., 21 Sept, 
1842. He enlisted in the patriot army about 1775, 
and was wounded at the battle of Bennington, Vt 
He then renewed his studies, was graduated at 
Rutgers in 1780, studied law, and was admitted to 
the bar of Dover, N. H.. early attaining to emi- 
nence as a lawyer and a scholar. He served in 
congress in 17vl-*7, having been chosen as a 
Federalist, and ably supported the measures of 
Washington. He was u. S. district attorney in 
1798-1800, a judge of the U. S. circuit court of 
New Hampshire in 1801-*2, and then became chief 
justice, but resigned in 1809 to become governor, 
in which office he served one terra. He then re- 
turned to practice, and was again chief justice in 
1813-'16, but afterward occupied no public office. 
He was president of the Exeter bank for thirty- 
nine years, trustee and treasurer of Phillips An- 
dover academy, and a member of the State histori- 
cal society. His extraordinary mental endowments 



were unimpaired by age, and were retained until 
his death. For many years he was the patron and 
close friend of Daniel Webster. Harvard gave 
him the degree of LL. D. in 1807. He published 
a sketch of Judge Caleb Ellis (Haverhill, 1816). 
See his " Life " by John H. Morison (Boston, 184oi 

SMITH, Jerome van Crownlnshleld, physi- 
cian, b. in Conway, N. H., 20 July, 1800 ; d. in New 
York city, 21 Aug., 1879. He was graduated at 
the medical department of Brown in 1818, and at 
Berkshire medical school in 1825, becoming its first 
professor of anatomy and physiology. He settled 
in Boston in 1825, edited the ** Weekly News- Let- 
ter " for two years, was port physician in 1826-'49, 
and mayor of Boston in 1854. He subsequently 
occupied the chair of anatomy and physiology, and 
afterward of anatomy alone, in New York medical 
college. He established in 1828, and edited for 
many years, the " Boston Medical Intelligencer," 
conducted the "Boston Medical and Surgical 
Journal " in 1828-*56, and the " Medical World^ in 
1857-9. His publications include "The Class- 
Bookof Anatomy" (Boston, 1880); "Life of An- 
drew Jackson" (1832); "Natural History of the 
Pishes of Massachusetts" (1833); " Pilgrimage to 
Palestine" (1851); " Pilgrimage to Egypt" (1852); 
"Turkey and the Turks" (1854); and a "Prize 
Essay on the Physical Indications of Longevity" 
(New York, 1869). He also edited "Scientific 
Tracts" (6 vols., 1888-'4) and "The American 
Medical Almanac " (3 vols.. 1839-'41). 

SMITH, Jesse C., soldier, b. in Butternuts, 
Otsego co., N. Y., 18 July, 1808; d. in Brooklyn, 
N. yT, 11 July, 1888. He was graduated at Union 
in 1832, and studied law in New York city, under 
Alva Clark. He took much interest in military 
affairs, became adjutant, and subsequently major, 
of the 75th regiment of New York militia, ana 
afterward colonel of the 14th regiment While 
commanding the latter, he suppressed the " Angel 
Gabriel " riots, which were caused by the preach- 
ing of a lunatic who gave himself 'that appella- 
tion. Gen. Smith was surrogate of Kings county 
in 1850-'5, and state senator in 1862. At the be- 
ginning of the civil war he was instrumental in 
the reorganization of the National guard, and in 
forming the 139th regiment of New York volun- 
teers. He commanded the 11th brigade of the 
National guard at the battle of Gettysburg. After 
the war he practised law in Brooklyn. 

SMITH, Job Lewis, physician, b. in Spafford, 
Onondaga co., N. Y., 15 Oct, 1827. He was gradu- 
ated at Yale in 1849 and at the New York college 
of physicians and surgeons in 1853, after which he 
settled in New York city, and has been a success- 
ful practitioner there, making a specialty of the 
diseases of children. He is clinical professor of 
that branch in Bellevue medical college and physi- 
cian to the New York charity hospital and the New 
York foundling and infant asvlums. His publica- 
tions include a •• Treatise on diseases of Children " 
(Philadelphia, 1876). 

SMITH, John, adventurer, b. in Willoughby, 
Lincolnshire, England, in January, 1579 ; d. in Lon- 
don, 21 June, 1632. Biographies of Smith are gener- 
ally based on Smith's own accounts of his life and 
services, which are not trustworthy. He was the 
eldest son of George and Alice Smith, poor tenants 
of Peregrine Bertie, Lord Willoughoy, and was 
baptized in the parish church at Willoughby, Jan., 
1579, 0. S. At the age of fifteen he was appren- 
ticed to a trade, but ran away from his master and 
served under Lord Willoughby in the Netherlands 
and other countries. Smith represents himself as 
one of the train of Peregrine Bertie, a young son 



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•3* <JfrU#}. 



of Lord Willoughby, but, on a list recently discov- 
ered of the members of that company, Smith's 
name appears as a servant He went abroad again 
to fight against the Turks under Baron Kisell, be- 
came a captain, and, he says, distinguished him- 
self by daring exploits in Hungary and Transylva- 
nia, receiving from Sigismuna Batbori, prince of 
Transylvania, a patent of nobility and a pension, 
but after engaging in many bloody battles he was 
left for dead on the field in a fight three leagues 
from Rothethurm, and, having fallen into the ene- 
my's hands, was sent as a slave to Constantinople. 
There he professes 
to have gained the 
affection of his 
mistress, a young 
woman of noble 
birth, who sent 
him with a letter, 
in which she con- 
fessed her feelings 
for him, to her 
brother, a pacha 
on the Sea of 
Azov. The prince 
maltreated Smith, 
until at length he 
beat out his mas- 
ter's brains with a 
flail, put on the 
dead man'sclothes, 
and finally reached 
a Russian garri- 
son. Smith also 
says that he was authorized to wear three Turks' 
heads in his arms, in token of three Turks killed 
by him in a series of remarkable single combats, at 
this time, and that u Sigismundus Bathor, Duke of 
Transilvania, etc.," afterward, in December, 1608, 
gave him a patent to that effect ; but the Turks 
were Sigismund's allies in 1599-1602, and he was 
not duke of Transylvania in December, 1608; 
neither was he king of Hungary, as "writ in the 
table " over Smith's tomb. Other accounts of these 
wars do not mention Smith, and the accounts fur- 
nished by himself are evidently untrustworthy. 

After travelling throughout Europe ana at- 
tempting to take part in a war in Baroarv, Smith 
returned to England, probably about 1605, and 
was persuaded by Capt Bartholomew Gosnold, who 
had already visited the coasts of America, to en- 
gage in the founding of a colony in Virginia. The 
expedition, which set sail, 19 Dec., 1606, consisted 
of 8 vessels and 105 men. The ships were com- 
manded by Capt Christopher Newport in the 
"Susan Constant," Capt Gosnold in the '• God- 
Speed," and Capt John Ratcliffe in the " Discov- 
ery." Smith is described in the list of passengers 
as a planter. By the charter no local councillors 
were named for the colony, but sealed instructions 
were delivered to Newport, Gosnold, and Ratcliffe, 
which were to be opened within twenty-four hours 
of their arrival in Virginia, wherein would be 
found the names of the persons who had been des- 
ignated for the council. On the voyage dissen- 
sions sprang up among the colonists. Smith says 
that he was accused of intending to usurp the gov- 
ernment, murder the council, and make himself 
king. When they reached the Canaries he was 
kept a prisoner for the rest of the voyage. But no 
mention of this quarrel is made by any contempo- 
rary writers, and Smith omits it in his " True Re- 
lation," although he describes it in his " General 1 
Historic." It is probable that his vanity, his pre- 
sumption, his previous adventurous career, and the 



fact that he had the interest of the colony at heart 
and was a born leader of men, excited the suspi- 
cion of his fellow-adventurers that he had designs 
against the expedition. The box of sealed instruc- 
tions was opened on the night of their arrival at 
Old Point Comfort, Va., 14 May, 1607. Smith was 
named a councillor, but, as he was under arrest, he 
was not sworn in. On 22 May, with Newport and 
22 others, he set out to discover the source of James 
river, and made a league of friendship with Pow- 
hatan and other great Indian chiefs. On their re- 
turn they found the settlers embroiled in difficul- 
ties with the Indians, and Smith's counsels regard- 
ing defences and obtaining a proper supply of food 
so far obtained recognition that on 10 June he was 
admitted into the council. His enemies had urged 
that he return to England with Capt Newport, who 
was going home, but Smith demanded to be tried 
by the colony, and was acquitted. Scanty food be- 
gan to reduce their numbers. President WingfieJd 
was accused of embezzling the stores and deposed, 
and Ratcliffe became his successor, but Smith, by 
his energy and fertile resources, became the real 
head. He at once set about procuring food by 
trading with the neighboring Indians, and built up 
and fortified Jamestown against their depredations. 
He explored the Chickahominy in November, dis- 
covered and visited many villages, and procured 
5 revisions. While on a similar voyage up the 
ames, he was taken prisoner by Powhatan, who, 
after a six-weeks' captivity, sent him back to 
Jamestown. Smith makes no allusion to the le- 

fend of his rescue by the chiefs daughter Poca- 
ontas (a. v.) till 1616 when, about the time of Po- 
cahontas's arrival in England as the wife of John 
Rolfe, he wrote an account of it in a letter ad- 
dressed to Anne, queen of James I. The Indian 
princess by that time had become a person of some 
importance, and her substantial friendship to the 
colony had been acknowledged by Smith in his 
u True Relation," in which he referred to her as 
the 4t Nonpareil" of Virginia. In this letter he 
says of the heroic act : ** At the minute of my exe- 
cution she hazarded the beating out of her own 
braines to save mine, and not only that, but so 
prevailed upon her father that I was safely con- 
veyed to Jamestown." This is all that was said of 
it, except a brief reference in his ** New England 
Trials ''(London, 1622), till the appearance of his 
"Generall Historic" (London, 1624). It may be 
that, while the story as given by Smith is false as 
to detail, Pocahontas, who was at that time twelve 
or thirteen years of age, was touched with com- 
passion for the captive and induced her father to 
treat him kindly. When Smith returned to James- 
town he found the colony reduced to forty men, 
many of whom bad determined to return to Eng- 
land, but his entreaties and the arrival of Capt 
Nelson with 140 emigrants revived their spirits. 
In June and July, 1608, he explored the coasts of 
the Chesapeake as far as the mouth of the Pa- 
tapsco, and on 24 July set out on another expedi- 
tion, and explored the head of the Chesapeake, re- 
turning to Jamestown on 7 Sept On these two 
voyages Capt Smith sailed, by nis own computa- 
tion about 8,000 miles, and from his surveys con- 
structed a map of the bay and the country border- 
ing upon it In all this exploration he showed 
himself as skilful as he was vigorous and adven- 
turous. In his encounters with the savages he 
lost not a man, traded squarely with them, kept his 
promises, and punished them when they deserved it 
In consequence, they feared and respected him. 

On 10 Sept, 160b, bv the election of the council 
and the request of the company, Smith became 



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E resident. He repaired the church and store- 
ouse, reduced the fort to a" five- sou are form," 
trained the watch, and exercised the company 
every Saturday. But the return of Capt Newport 
with seventy colonists did not improve the condi- 
tion of affairs. The new settlers were eager to ob- 
tain riches, not to build up the colony. Newport 
and Ratcliffe conspired to depose Smith, several 
exploring expeditions proved fruitless, and great 
discontent followed. In the next year there were 
Indian uprisings and insubordination among the 
settlers, and evil accounts of Smith's administra- 
tion were carried to England by Newport and Capt 
Samuel Argall. The company at home were dis- 
gusted that the returning ships were not freighted 
with the products of the country ; the promoters 
had received no profits from their ventures, and no 
gold had been found. A new charter was granted, 
and the powers that were previously reserved to 
the king were transferred to the company. Lord 
Delaware was made governor, and three commis- 
sioners — Newport, Sir Thomas Gates, and Sir 
George Somers — were empowered to manage the 
affairs of the colony until nis arrival. 

In May, 1600, they set sail with more than 500 
people and nine ships ; but one vessel was sunk on 
the voyage, and the •• Sea- Venture,'* with 150 men, 
the new commissions, bills of lading, all sorts of 
instructions, and much provision, was wrecked on 
the Bermudas. (This incident furnished the basis 
for Shakespeare's play, *• The Tempest") Seven 
vessels reached Jamestown in August cringing 
several gentlemen of good means and a crowd of 
the riff-raff of London, " dissolute gallants, broken 
tradesmen, gentlemen impoverished in spirit and 
in fortune, rakes and libertines, men more fitted to 
corrupt than to found a commonwealth." Disorder 
quickly ensued, and the newcomers would have de- 
posed Smith on report of the new commission, but 
they could show no warrant the state papers having 
been sent over in the wrecked ** Sea- Venture." He 
therefore held on to his authority and enforced it to 
save the whole colony from anarchy. But at the ex- 
piration of his vear he resigned, and Capt Martin 
was elected president But, knowing his inability, 
he too resigned after holding office three hours, 
and Smith again became president. 

Having subdued the refractory, he set out on new 
explorations, and endeavored to establish new set- 
tlements. On one of these he met with the acci- 
dent that suddenly terminated his career in Vir- 
ginia. While he was sleeping in his boat his 
powder-bag exploded, severely wounding him. To 
quench the flames, he leaped into the river, and 
before he was rescued was nearly drowned. When 
he returned to the fort, the rebels Ratcliffe, Archer, 
and others, who were awaiting trial for conspi- 
racy, united against him, and he would probably 
have been murdered had he not promised to re- 
turn to England. He arrived in London in the 
autumn of 1609. Failing to obtain employment 
in the Virginia company in 1614, he persuaded 
some London merchants to fit him out for a 
private sailing adventure to the coast of New 
England. With two ships he arrived in April 
within the territory appropriated to the Plym- 
outh company, named several points, and made a 
map of "such portion as he saw." This is the 
first fair approach to the real contour of the New 
England coast Having examined the shore from 
Penobscot to Cape Cod, and secured 40,000 cod- 
fish, he returned to England within six months of 
his departure. This was his whole experience in 
New England, which he ever afterward regarded as 
particularly his discovery, and spoke of as one of 



his children, Virginia being the other. In January, 
1615, he again sailed from Plymouth with two 
ships. His intention was, after the fishing was 
over, to remain in New England with fifteen men 
and begin a colony. Within 130 leagues out a 
storm compelled him to return. On 24 June he 
again set out with a vessel of sixty tons and thirty- 
eight men, but his ship was captured by a French 
man-of-war, and he was carried to La Rochelle. 
He escaped, and on his return home wrote an ac- 
count of his voyages to New England, which he 
published (1616). He then set himself resolutely 
to obtain means to establish a colony in New Eng- 
land, devoting the remainder of his life to that 
project everywhere beseeching a hearing for his' 
scheme, and so far succeeding that he obtained the 
promise of twenty ships of sail to go with him the 
next year (1617), the title of admiral during his 
life, and half the profits of the enterprise to be di- 
vided between himself and his companions. But 
nothing came of this fair beginning except the 
title of "Admiral of New England," which he 
at once assumed and wore all his life, styling him- 
self on the title-page of all that he printed "Some- 
time governor of Virginia and admiral of New 
England." After this he remained in England 
and devoted himself to his works, which are huge- 
ly eulogistic of himself. 

Smith was a product of his adventurous ana 
boastful age. His low origin may have hindered 
his advancement but it doubtless embittered his 
spirit toward those better born. He had, no doubt 
courage, immense energy, and a great deal of tact 
His reputation rests almost wholly upon his own 
writings, and he is the most entertaining of the 
travel-writers of his day. He had a better compre- 
hension of colonization than most of his Virginia 
associates, and the "sticking" of the settlement 
for two and a half years was largely due to his 
courage and good sense. But he has doubtless ap- 
propriated credit to himself in Virginia that was 
due to others. Smith's romantic appearance in 
history is chiefly due to his facility as a writer of 
romance. He was never knighted, although it has 
been said that he was. His arms were not grant- 
ed for services in America. William Segar, "the 
King of Armes of England," in August 1625 
(nearlv a generation after the services are said to 
have been rendered), certified that he had seen 
Sigismund's patent and had had a copy thereof 
recorded in the herald's office. All this is evi- 
dent ; but Segar must have been imposed upon (in 
the patent itself), as he was when he granted " the 
royal arms of Arragon, with a canton of Brabant 
to George Brandon, the common hangman of Lon- 
don." bmith owes his exalted position in our his- 
tory to the Oxford Tract of 1612. and to his own 
" Oenerall Historie," a work which is thus perfectly 
described by Capt. George Percy in a letter to the 
Earl of Northumberland : " The Author hathe not 
spared to appropriate many deserts to himself which 
he never performed, and has stuffed his relacyons 
with many falseties and malycvous detractyons." 
He was buried in St Sepulchre s church, London. 
His works are •• A True Relation," the first tract 
ever published relating to the colony at Jamestown 
(London, 1608; reprinted, with introduction and 
notes, by Charles Deane, Boston, 1867) ; " A Map 
of Virginia" (1612); •* A Description of New Eng- 
land " (1616 ; reprinted in the " Collections " of the 
Massachusetts historical society) ; " New England's 
Trials" (1620; reprinted privately, Boston, 1867); 
"The Generall Historie of Virginia, New England, 
and the Summer Isles" (1622) appeared in "Pur- 
chase Pilgrimes," and was republished with Smith's 



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"True Relation" (Richmond, Viw, 1819); " An Ac- 
cidence for Young Seamen " (1626); "The True 
Travels" (1630) ; and '• Advertisements for the In- 
experienced Planters of New England " (1681 ; 
new ecL, Boston, 1865). His life has been written 
by Mrs. Edward Robinson (London, 1845) ; William 
Oilmore Simms (New York, 1846) ; Charles Deane, 
in his te Notes on Wingfleld's Tract on a Discourse 
on Virginia " (Boston, 1859) ; George Channing 
Hill (1858); George S. Hillard, in Jared Sparks's 
*' American Biography " ; Charles Dudley Warner 
in the series of " American Worthies " (New York, 
1881) ; and Charles Kittridge True (1882). • 

SMITH, John, senator, b. in Hamilton county, 
Ohio, in 1785; d. there, 10 June, 1816. He had 
few early advantages, but by persistent effort ac- 
quired a respectable education, and, possessing 
much natural ability, was one of the most conspicu- 
ous of the early politicians in Ohio. He was also a 
popular Baptist preacher, and in 1790 organized 
at Columbia the first church of that denomina- 
tion in the state. He was a member of the first 
territorial legislature in 1798, and in 1803-*8 was 
U. S. senator from Ohio, having been chosen as a 
Jefferson i an Democrat During the early part of 
his service he enjoyed the close friendship or Presi- 
dent Jefferson, who in 1804 sent him on a confi- 
dential mission to Louisiana and Florida to dis- 
cover the attitude toward the United States of the 
Spanish officers that were stationed in these states, 
that he might learn how far their friendship was 
to be depended on in the event of a war between 
this country and France. Smith's intimacy with 
Jefferson was interrupted by the charge of his 
implication in the Aaron Burr treason. Smith 
and Burr were personal friends, and appearances 
were so much against him that a motion was made 
in the U. S. senate to expel him ; but it failed by 
one vote. Smith denied all connection with the 
affair, and was believed to be innocent by his con- 
stituents. See " Notes on the Northwestern Ter- 
ritory," by Jacob Burnet (New York, 1847). 

SMITH, John, senator, b. in Mastic, near 
Brookhaven, N. Y., 12 Feb., 1752; d. there, 12 Aug., 
1816. He was carefully educated, served in the 
legislature in 1784-'99, and was in congress from 
the latter year till 1804, when he took his seat in 
the U. S. senate in place of De Witt Clinton, who 
had resigned, holding office till 1818. He had been 
chosen as a Democrat. After the close of his term 
he became U. S. marshal for the district of New 
York, and he was also a major-general of militia 
for many years, 

SMITH, John, clergyman, b. in Newbury, 
Mass., 21 Dec., 1752; d. in Hanover, N. H., 30 
April, 1809. He was graduated at Dartmouth in 
1773. and served as tutor there from 1774 till 1778, 
when he became professor of languages in the col- 
lege, holding that office and that of college pastor 
until his death. Brown gave him the degree of 
D. D. in 1803. He was college librarian for thirty 
years, delivered lectures on systematic theology for 
two years, and published u Hebrew Grammar" 
(Hanover, 1772): " Latin Grammar" (1802); " He- 
brew Grammar " (1803) ; an edition of " Cicero de 
Oratore, with Notes and a Brief Memoir of Cicero 
in English "(1804); a "Greek Grammar" (1809); 
and several sermons. — His wife, Susan Mason, 
b. in Boston in 1765; d. in 1845, was the daughter 
of Col. David Mason. In her eightieth year she 
wrote a " Memoir" of her husband (Boston, 1843). 

SMITH, John, congressman, b. in Barre, Mass., 
14 Aug., 1789; d. in St. Albans, Vt., 26 Nov., 1858. 
He removed to St Albans in boyhood, was ad- 
mitted to the bar in 1810, and established a prac- 



tice. He was state's attorney for Franklin coun- 
ty in 1826-*32, a member of congress in 183d- "41, 
resumed practice at the latter date, became chan- 
cellor of Vermont, and was subsequently interested 
in railroad enterprises. — His son, John Gregory, 

fovernor of Vermont, b. in St Alban's, Vt, 23 
uly, 1818, was graduated at the University of Ver- 
mont in 1838, and at the law department of Yale 
in 1841. He began practice with his father, whom 
he succeeded as chancellor in 1858. became active 
in railroad interests in Vermont, was a member of 
the state senate in 1858-*9, and of the house of rep- 
resentatives in 1861-*2, becoming speaker in the 
latter year. He was governor of Vermont in 
1863- ? 5, and actively supported the National cause 
during the civil war. He became president of the 
Northern Pacific railroad in 1866, and subsequent- 
ly was president of the Central Vermont railroad. 
The University of Vermont gave him the degree of 
LL. D. in 1871. 

SMITH, John A urns tine, physician, b. in 
Westmoreland county, Va., 29 Aug., 1782 ; d. in 
New York city, 9 Feb., 1865. He was graduated at 
William and Mary in 1800, studied medicine, and 
settled as a physician in New York city in 1809, 
becoming lecturer on anatomy at the College of 
physicians and surgeons, and editor of the ** Medi- 
lcal and Physiological Journal." He was presi- 
dent of William and Mary college from 1814 till 
1826, when he resigned, resumed practice in New 
York city, and was president of the College of phy- 
sicians and surgeons in 1831 -'43. He published 
numerous addresses, lectures, and essays, includ- 
ing an "Introductory Discourse before the New 
Medical College, Crosby Street, New York City" 
(New York, 1837) ; " Functions of the Nervous 
System " (1840) ; " Mutations of the Earth " (1846) ; 
" Monograph upon the Moral Sense " (1847) ; and 
** Moral and Physical Science " (1858). 

SMITH, John Eugene, soldier, b. in the can- 
ton of Berne, Switzerland, 3 Aug., 1816. His father 
was an officer under Napoleon, and after the em- 
peror's downfall emigrated to Philadelphia, where 
the son received an academic education and be- 
came a jeweler. He entered the National army 
in 1861 as colonel of the 45th Illinois infantry, en- 
gaged in the capture of Fort Henry and Fort Don- 
elson, and in the battle of Shiloh and siege of Cor- 
inth, became brigadier - general of volunteers, 29 
Nov., 1862, commanded the 8th division of the 
16th army corps in December, 1862, was engaged 
in the Vicksburg campaign, leading the 3d divis- 
ion of the 17th corps in June, 1863, and was trans- 
ferred to the 15th corps in September, taking part 
in the capture of Mission Ridge, and in the At- 
lanta and Carolina campaigns in 1864-'5. In De- 
cember, 1870, he was assigned to the 14th U. S. in- 
fantry. He was mustered out of the volunteer ser- 
vice in April, 1866, and became colonel of the 27th 
U. S. infantry in July of that year. He received 
the brevet of major-general of volunteers on 12 
Jan., 1865, for faithful services and gallantry in 
action, and the brevets of brigadier- and major- 
general, U. S. army, on 2 March, 1867, for his 
conduct at the siege of Vicksburg and in action 
at Savannah in December, 1864. In May, 1881, 
he was retired. 

SMITH, John Hyatt, clergyman, b. in Sara- 
toga, N. Y., 10 April, 1824; d. in Brooklyn, N. Y., 
7 Dec., 1886. His father, a Presbyterian clergy- 
man, gave him a thorough education, and he then 
engaged in business in Detroit, Mich. Deciding 
to study for the ministry, he removed to Albany. 
N. Y., and while preparing for that profession 
worked in a bank. He was licensed to preach in 



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1848, was pastor of Baptist churches in Pough- 
keepsie, N. Y M Cleveland, Ohio, Buffalo, N. Y., 
Philadelphia, Pa., and Brooklyn, N. Y. During 
his occupation of the last charge his advocacy of 
open communion caused the exclusion of Mr. Smith 
and his congregation from the Long Island Bap- 
tist association. He was elected to congress in 
1880, as an Independent, receiving 22,085 votes, 
against 20,626 votes for Simeon B. Chittenden, 
Republican. For a time he did double duty in his 
church and in congress, but resigned his pulpit in 
September, 1881, and on the expiration of his con- 
gressional term became pastor of the East Con- 
gregational church, Brooklyn, N. Y. His publi- 
cations include "Gilead" (New York, 1863), and 
" The Open Door n (1870). 

SMITH, John Lawrence, chemist, b. near 
Charleston, S. C, 17 Dec, 1818 ; d. in Louisville, 
Ky., 12 Oct, 1888. He entered the University of 
Virginia in 1886, and devoted two years to .the 

study of chemis- 
try, natural phi- 
losophy, and civ- 
il engineering, 
after which for 
a year he was as- 
sistant engineer 
in the construc- 
tion of a rail- 
road line be- 
tween Charles- 
ton and Cincin- 
nati. Abandon- 
ing civil engi- 
neering, he stud- 
ied medicine, 
and was gradu- 
ated at the Medi- 
cal college of the 
state of South 
Carolina in 1840. After studying in Paris, he de- 
termined in 1641 to devote himself to chemistry, 
and thereafter he spent his summers in Giessen 
with Baron Justus von Liebig and his winters in 
Paris with Th&nhile J. Pelouze. He returned to 
Charleston in 1844, began the practice of medicine, 
delivered a course of lectures on toxicology si the 
Medical college, and in 1846 established the " Medi- 
cal and Surgical Journal of South Carolina.'' Mean- 
while he had published in the "American Journal 
of Science " several papers, including one " On the 
Means of detecting Arsenic in the Animal Body 
and of counteracting its Effects " (1841), in which 
certain of the conclusions of Orflla were shown to 
be erroneous, and one on " The Composition and 
Products of Distillation of Spermaceti " (1842), 
which was the most elaborate investigation on or- 
ganic chemistry published by an American up to 
that time. Dr. Smith's fondness for chemistry led 
to his appointment by the state of South Carolina 
to assay the bullion that came into commerce from 
the gold-fields of Georgia and the Carolinas. About 
this time his attention was directed to the marl- 
beds in the vicinity of Charleston, and his investi- 
gations of the value of these deposits for agricul- 
tural purposes were among the earliest scientific 
contributions on this subject. He also investigated 
the meteorological conditions, soils, and modes of 
culture that affect the growth of cotton, and made 
a report on these subjects. In 1846 he was invited 
by tne sultan of Turkey, on the recommendation 
of James Buchanan, to teach Turkish agricultu- 
rists the proper method of cotton-culture in Asia 
Minor. On reaching the East, he found the pro- 
posed scheme to be impracticable, and was then 




appointed by the Turkish government to explore 
its mineral resources. For four years he devoted 
his energies to this work, and the Turkish govern- 
ment still derives part of its income from his dis- 
coveries. Besides the chrome-ore and coal that he 
made known, his discovery of the emery-deposits of 
Asia Minor was of great value, for tne island of 
Naxos was at that time the only source of supply, 
and, in consequence of the opening of new deposits, 
the use of the substance was extended. The sub- 
sequent discovery and application of emery in this 
country is due to his publications on the subject 
In 1850 he severed his relations with the Turkish 
authorities, spent some time in Paris, and projected 
there the inverted microscope, which he completed 
after his return to the United States in October. 
Dr. Smith then made New Orleans his home, and 
was elected to a chair in the scientific department 
of the university of that city, but in 1852 he suc- 
ceeded Robert E. Rogers in the professorship of 
chemistry in the University of Virginia. While 
filling this chair, with his assistant, George J. Brush, 
he undertook the " Re-examination of American 
Minerals," which at the time of its completion was 
the most important contribution to mineral chem- 
istry by any American chemist He resigned this 
appointment in 1854, and settled in Louisville, Ky., 
where he married Sarah Julia Guthrie, daughter of 
James Guthrie, secretary of the treasury in 1858-7. 
Dr. Smith filled the chair of chemistry in the medi- 
cal department of the University of Louisville till 
1866, and was superintendent of the gas-works in 
that city, of which he also acted- as president for 
several years. He established a laboratory for the 
production of chemical reagents and of the rarer 
pharmaceutical preparations, in which he associ- 
ated himself witn Dr. Edward R. Squibb. From 
the time of his settlement in Louisville he devoted 
attention to meteorites, and his collection, begun 
by the purchase of that of Dr. Gerald Troost, be- 
came the finest in the United States. It is inferior 
only to those of London and Paris, and is now 
owned by Harvard. His interest in this subject 
led to the study of similar minerals with the sepa- 
ration of their constituents, and while investigating 
smarskite, a mineral rich in the rare earths, ne an- 
nounced his discovery of what he considered a new 
element, to which he gave the name of mosandrum. 
Dr. Smith was exceeding ingenious in devising 
new apparatus and standard methods of analysis. 
He was a chevalier of the Legion of honor, ana re- 
ceived the order of Nichan Iftabar and that of the 
Mediidieh from the Turkish government, and that 
of St Stanislas from Russia. In 1874 he was 
president of the American association for the ad- 
vancement of science, and he was president of the 
American chemical society in 1877. In addition 
to membership in many foreign and American sci- 
entific bodies, he was one of the original members 
of the National academy of sciences, and in 1879 
was elected corresponding member of the Academy 
of sciences of the institute of France, to succeed Sfr 
Charles Lyell. The Baptist orphan home of Louis- 
ville was founded and largely endowed by him. In 
1867 he was one of the commissioners to the World's 
fair in Paris, furnishing for the government re- 
ports an able contribution on " The Progress and 
Condition of Several Departments of Industrial 
Chemistry," and he represented the United States 
at Vienna in 1873. where his report on *• Chemicals 
and Chemical Industries" supplements his excel- 
lent work at the earlier exhibition. At the Cen- 
tennial exhibition in Philadelphia in 1876 he was 
one of the judges in the department relating to 
chemical arts, and contributed a valuable paper on 



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" Petroleum " to the official reports. His published 
papers were about 150 in number. The more im- 
portant of them were collected and published by 
him under the title of '* Mineralogy and Chemistry, 
Original Researches" (Ijouisvilie, 1878; enlarged, 
with biographical sketches, 1884). Mrs. Smith trans- 
ferred to the National academy of sciences $8,000, 
the sum that was paid by Harvard university for 
Dr. Smith's collection of meteorites, the interest of 
which is to be expended in a Lawrence Smith medal 
valued at $200 and presented not oftener than once 
in two vears to any person that shall make satisfac- 
tory original investigations of meteoric bodies. The 
first presentation of this medal was on 18 April, 
1888, to Prof. Hubert A. Newton {q. v.). 

SMITH, John Speed, congressman, b. in Jes- 
samine county, Ky., 81 July, 1792 ; d. in Madison 
county, Ky., 6 June, 1854. He received a public- 
school education, became a skilled Indian tighter, 
served under Gen. William H. Harrison at the bat- 
tle of Tippecanoe, and was his aide in the battle of 
the Thames, 5 Oct., 1818. He was frequently in 
the legislature, its speaker in 1827, and a member 
of congress in 1821 -'3, having been elected as a 
Democrat During the administration of John 
Ouincy Adams he was secretary of the delegation 
that was sent by the United States to the South 
American congress which met at Tacubaya. In 
1828-'82 he was U. a district attorney for Ken- 
tucky. In 1839 he was appointed, with James T. 
Morehead, a commissioner to Ohio to obtain the 
passage of a law for protecting slave property in 
Kentucky. For several years previous to his death 
he was state superintendent of public works, and 
in 1846-'8 he was a member of the Kentucky sen- 
ate. — His son, Green Clay, soldier, b. in Rich- 
mond, Ky., 2 July, 1882, was named for his grand- 
father, Gen. Green Clay. After serving a year in 
the Mexican war as lieutenant of Kentucky caval- 
ry, he entered Transylvania university, where he 
was graduated in 1850, and at Lexington law- 
school in 1853, and practised in partnership with 
his father. In 1858 he removed to Covington. 
In 1853-*? he served as school commissioner. In 
1860 he was a member of the Kentucky legislature, 
where he earnestly upheld the National govern- 
ment, and in 1861 he entered the army as a private. 
He became colonel of the 4th Kentucky cavalry in 
February, 1862, served under Gen. Ebenezer Du- 
mont, and was wounded at Lebanon, Tenn. He 
was made brigadier-general of volunteers, 11 June, 
1862, but, having been chosen a member of con- 
gress, resigned his commission on 1 Dec, 1868, 
after taking part in numerous engagements. He 
served till 1866, when he resigned on being ap- 
pointed by President Johnson governor of Mon- 
tana, where he remained till 1869. He was a dele- 
fate to the Baltimore Republican convention in 
1864, and on 18 March, 1865, was given the brevet 
of major-general of volunteers. On his retirement 
from the governorship of Montana he entered the 
Christian ministry, was ordained in 1869, and be- 
came in the same year pastor of the Baptist church 
in Frankfort, Ky. Much of his later ministry has 
been employed in evangelistic service. Gen. Smith 
has also taken an active part in furthering the 
temperance reform, and in 1876 was the candidate 
of the Prohibition party for the presidency of the 
United States, receiving a popular vote of 9,522. 

SMITH, John Talbot, clergyman and author, b. 
in Saratoga, N. Y., 22 Sept., 1855. He was edu- 
cated at the Christian Brothers' schools, Albany, 
and at St Michael's college, Toronto, Canada, was 
ordained a priest in 1881. and appointed curate of 
Watertown, N. Y. He was made pastor of Rouse's 



Point in 1883, and subsequently appointed pro- 
moter flsculis of the diocese of Ogdensburg. He 
is a regular contributor to the ** Catholic World ** 
and other magazines and journals, and makes a 
specialty of questions connected with labor. He 
has written * 4 Woman of Culture," a novel (New 
York, 1882): "History of Ogdensburg Diocese" 
(1885); "Solitary Island," a novel (1888); and 
" Prairie Boy," a story for boys (1888). 

SMITH, Jonathan Bayard, member of the 
Continental congress, b. in Philadelphia, Psw, 21 
Feb., 1742; d. there, 16 June, 1812. His father, 
Samuel, a native of Portsmouth, N. H., settled in 
Philadelphia, where he became a well-known mer- 
chant. The son was graduated at Princeton in 
1760, and engaged in mercantile pursuits. He was 
among the earliest of those who espoused the cause 
of independence, and he was active in the Revo- 
lutionary struggle. In 1775 he was chosen secre- 
tary of the committee of safety, and in February, 
1777, he was elected by the assembly a delegate 
to the Continental congress. He was a second 
time chosen to this post, serving in the congresses 
of 1777-'8. From 4 April, 1777, till 13 Nov., 1778, 
he was prothonotary of the court of common pleas. 
On 1 Dec, 1777, he presided at the public meeting, 
in Philadelphia, of " Real Whigs," by whom it was 
resolved " That it be recommended to the council 
of safety that in this great emergency . . . every 
person between the age of sixteen and fifty years 
oe ordered out under arms." During this year he 
was commissioned lieutenant-colonel of a battalion 
of " Associators " under Col. John Bayard, who was 
Col. Smith's brother-in-law, and the latter subse- 
quently commanded a battalion. In 1778 he was 
appointed a justice of the court of common pleas, 
quarter sessions, and orphans' court, which post he 
held many years. He was appointed in 1781 one 
of the auditors of the accounts of Pennsylvania 
troops in the service of the United States. In 1792, 
and subsequently, he was chosen an alderman of 
the city, which was an office of great dignity in his 
day, and in 1794 he was elected auditor-general 
of Pennsylvania. He became in 1779 one of the 
founders and a member of the first board of trus- 
tees of the University of the state of Pennsylvania, 
and when in 1791 this institution united with the 
College of Philadelphia, under the name of the 
University of Pennsylvania, he was chosen a trus- 
tee, which place he held until his death, and was 
also from 1779 till 1808 a trustee of Princeton. He 
was a vice-president of the Sons of Washington, 
and grand-master of Masons in Philadelphia, and 
for forty years was a member of the American 
philosophical society.— His son, Samuel Harri- 
son, editor, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., in 1772 ; d. in 
Washington, D. C, 1 Nov., 1845, was graduated at 
the University of Pennsylvania in 1787, edited the 
" New World " in 1796-1800, and on the removal 
of the seat of government to Washington, D. C, 
on 31 Oct. of the latter year, founded the " Nation- 
al Intelligencer," which he edited till 1818. He 
was commissioner of revenue from 1813 till the 
office was abolished. He published " Remarks on 
Education " (Philadelphia, 1798) ; " Trial of Samuel 
Chase, Impeached before the II. S. Senate," with 
Thomas Lloyd (2 vols., Washington, 1805) ; and an 
"Oration" (1813).— His wife, Margaret Bayard, 
b. in Philadelphia, Pa., in 1778 ; d. in Washing- 
ton, D. C, in 1844, was the daughter of CoL John 
Bayard, of Philadelphia. She was educated at the 
Moravian seminary, Bethlehem, Pa., married Mr. 
Smith in 1800, and removed with him to Washing- 
ton, D. C, where she was for many years a popular 
leader of society, her house being the resort of 



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several of the early presidents and of Henry Clay. 
She engaged in many religious and charitable en- 
terprises. Mrs. Smith wrote with facility, and pub- 
lished several tales and biographical sketches, in- 
cluding "A Winter in Washington " (2 vols., Wash- 
ington, 1827) and "What is Gentility!" (1830). 

SMITH, Joseph, naval officer, b. in Boston, 
Mass., 30 March, 1790; d. in Washington, D. C, 17 
Jan., 1877. He entered the navy as a midshipman, 
16 July, 1809, and was commissioned a lieutenant, 
24 July, 1813. He was the 1st lieutenant of the brig 
"Eagle" in the victory on Lake Cham plain, 11 
Sept., 1814, and was severely wounded in the bat- 
tle, but continued 
at his post. With 
other officers, he 
received the thanks 
of congress and a 
silver medal for his 
services. In the 
frigate "Constella- 
tion," in the Medi- 
terranean in 1815- 
'17, he co-operated 
in the capture of 
Algcrine vessels, 
and he sailed again 
to the Mediterra- 
nean in 1819, re- 
turning in 1822. 
He was commis- 
sioned commander 
3 March, 1827, and 
captain, 9 Feb., 
1837. During two years, until December, 1845, he 
commanded the Mediterranean squadron, with the 
frigate •• Cumberland " as flag-ship. Upon his re- 
turn home he was appointed chief of the bureau of 
yards and docks, which post he filled until the 
spring of 1869. He was tnen president of the ex- 
amining board for the promotion of officers until 
September, 1871. He nad been retired, 21 Dec., 

1861, and promoted to rear-admiral, 10 July, 1862. 
He resided at Washington after his service with 
the examining board until his death, at which time 
he was the senior officer in the navy on the retired 
list. He was highly esteemed by Com. Isaac Hull, 
whose flag-ship "Ohio" he commanded in 1839. 
His son was killed on board the " Congress " when 
she was attacked by the "Merrimac," 8 March, 

1862. When the admiral heard that the ship had 
surrendered, he exclaimed : " Then Joe is dead." 

SMITH, Joseph, clergyman, b. in Westmore- 
land county, Pa., 15 July, 1796; d. in Greensburg, 
Pa., 4 Dec., 1868. He wasgraduated at Jefferson col- 
lege jn 1815, studied at Princeton theological semi- 
nary, was licensed to preach in 1819, and became 
a missionary in Culpeper, Madison, and Orange 
counties, Va. He was principal of an academy in 
Staunton, Va., for several years, removed to Fred- 
erick city, Md., about 1832, and was pastor of the 
Presbyterian church there and principal of an 
academy. He was pastor of a church in Clairs- 
ville, Ohio, in 1840, and became president of 
Franklin college, New Athens, Ohio, in 1844, but 
resigned on account of his conservative views re- 

firding slavery, resumed his former charge in 
rederick city, Md., and was president of the new- 
ly organized college there. He became general 
agent of the synods of the Presbyterian church for 
the territory embracing western Pennsylvania, 
northwestern Virginia, and eastern Ohio. He sub- 
sequently held charges in Round Hill and Greens- 
burg, Pa. He received the degree of D. D. from 
Jefferson college. His publications include " Old 



Redstone, or Historical Sketches of Western Pres- 
byterianism " (Philadelphia, 1854), and " History of 
Jefferson College, Pa." (1857). 

SMITH, Joseph, Mormon prophet, b. in Sha- 
ron, Vt., 23 Dec, 1805 ; d. in Carthage, 111., 27 June, 
1844. His parents were poor, and when he was ten 
years of age they moved to Palmyra, N. Y., and 
four years later to Manchester, a few miles distant. 
In the spring of 1820, in the midst of great relig- 
ious excitement, four of his father's family having 
ioined the Presbyterian church, Joseph claimed to 
lave gone into the woods to pray, when he had a 
vision in some respects similar to St. Paul's, but was 
told by his religious advisers that " it is all of the 
devil,"' and he was ridiculed by the public. On the 
evening of 21 Sept, 1823, after going to bed, he 
claimed to have had another vision. According to 
his story, an angel named Moroni visited him and 
told him of a book written upon golden plates, in 
which was a history of the former inhabitants of 
this country and " the fulness of the everlasting 
gospel," ana indicated to him where the book was 
deposited in the earth. He subsequently went to 
the spot that he had seen in his vision, found the 
plates of gold, but an unseen power prevented him 
from removing them. Moroni, with whom Smith 
claimed to have had many interviews, told him 
that he had not kept the Lord's command, that he 
valued the golden plates more than the records 
upon them, and not till his love for gold had 
abated and he was willing to give his time to the 
Lord and translate the inscriptions upon the plates 
would they ever be delivered to him. It is claimed 
that this was done by the angel, 22 Sept., 1827. 
Smith told of his visions from time- to time, and, 
to escape the jeers and ridicule of the people of 
Manchester, he went to reside with his wife's family 
in Susquehanna county, Pa., where, according to his 
own account, he began to copy the characters on the 
plates and by the aid of " Urim and Thummim," 
a pair of magic spectacles, translated them from 
behind a curtain, dictating the " Book of Mormon " 
to Martin Harris and later to Oliver Cowdery, who 
joined him in April, 1829. These two frequently 
went into the woods to pray for divine instruction, 
and on 15 May, 1829, they claimed that they were 
addressed by the materialized spirit of John the 
Baptist, who conferred upon them the priesthood 
of Aaron and commanded that they baptize each 
other by immersion for the remission of sins. 
Both claimed after they were baptized to have re- 
ceived the gift of the Holy Ghost, and from that 
time had the spirit of prophecy. The " Book of 
Mormon " was printed in Palmyra, N. Y., by Eg- 
bert B. Grandin in 1830. The Mormon church was 
organized, 6 April, 1830, by six " saints," at the 
house of Peter Whitmer, in Fayette, N. Y., and 
Oliver Cowderv preached the first sermon on the 
following Sunday, at the house of Mr. Whitmer, 
when several were baptized. The first confer- 
ence of the church was held in June, 1830, at 
which thirty members were present, and there- 
after the " prophet " claimed supernatural powers. 
Numerous miracles were performed by him, of 
which the casting the devil out of Newell Knight, 
of Coles vi He, N. Y., was the first that was done 
in the church. The membership increased rap- 
idly, and Kirtland, Ohio, was declared to be the 
Promised land of the Mormons. In February, 
mitb and the leaders of the church settled in that 
place, and almost at once missionaries were sent to 
make converts. Early in June, Missouri was an- 
nounced by Smith to be the chosen land, and in 
July he located the new city of Zion. Soon after- 
ward he returned to Kirtland, and during a visit 



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to Hiram, Ohio, with Sidney Rigdon, he was tarred 
and feathered. (See Rigdon, Sidney, for the 
subsequent events of this period.) Meanwhile 
the building of the first "temple in Kirtland 
was decided upon, and each Mormon was com- 
pelled to give one seventh of his time in labor 
for its completion in addition to the tithes that 
were paid into the treasury. It was 80 feet long, 
59 feet wide, and 60 feet high, and was dedicated 
on 27 March, 1886. At a conference of the elders, 
held 8 May, 1834, the name of "The Church of 
Jesus Christ of Latter- Day Saints " was adopted, 
and on 14 Feb., 1885, a quorum of the twelve apos- 
tles was organized. During 1887-*8 dissensions 
arose in the church, owing to the financial difficul- 
ties of the time, and many of the members left it. 
Smith was charged with having recommended two 
of his followers to take the life of Qrandison Newell, 
an opponent of Mormonism, but, although he was 
brought before the courts, he was discharged, owing 
to the lack of evidence. The failure of the bank, 
charges of fraud, and other difficulties occurred, 
and on 18 Jan., 1888, he made his escape to Illinois, 
ultimately reaching Par West, Mo. Toward the 
close of the year the conflict between the Mormons 
and Missourians, who had previously insisted that 
the former should leave their territory, assumed 
the proportions of civil war. The Mormons armed 
themselves and, assembling in large bodies, fortified 
their towns and defied the officers of the law. The 
militia of the state was called out by the governor. 
Smith and many of his associates were lodged 
in jail, having been indicted for " murder, treason, 
burglary, arson, and larceny," but on 16 April, 
1889, during their removal to Boone county, made 
their escape to Illinois, whither their families had 
fled. After this the leaders of the church were fre- 
quently arrested on various charges, the ** prophet " 
being in custody nearly fifty times. Most of the 
refugees met in Hancock county, 111., and on the 
site of the town of Commerce the city of the saints. 
Nauvoo, was founded and a charter obtained, signed 
by the governor, 16 Dec., 1840. The municipal 
election was held on 1 Feb., 1841, Smith was elect- 
ed mayor, and two days previously he was chosen 
sole trustee of the Mormon church, with unlimited 
powers. The charter of the city granted the right 
to form a military organization,' called the Nauvoo 
legion, which at one time contained about 1,500 
men. and on 4 Feb., 1841, Smith was elected lieu- 
tenant-general. The erection of a new temple 
was begun, missionaries were sent to England, 
through whom large accessions were made to the 
church, and in 1842 Smith was at the height of his 
prosperity. Not only was his fame known from 
one end of the land to the other, but his favor was 
sought eagerly by the leaders of the two great po- 
litical parties, who flattered and praised him tnat 
they might win his support. Jealousies soon arose 
among the leaders, some of whom were driven 
from the church, and by his revelation of 12 July, 
1848, authorizing him to take spiritual wives, he 
antagonized certain of his followers, among whom 
were Dr. Robert D. Foster and William Law, 
whose wives he had solicited to enter into the 
married state with him. In 1844, with other apos- 
tate Mormons, Foster and Law decided upon the 
establishment of a newspaper in Nauvoo, for the 
purpose of making war upon the leaders of Mor- 
monism. This was the •• Nauvoo Expositor," the 
first and only number of which contained what 
purported to be affidavits from sixteen women 
who insisted that Smith and Sidney Rigdon were 
guilty of moral impurity and weie in favor of 
the "spiritual- wife* system, which they openly 



denounced. These accusations greatly incensed 
the *• prophet," and the city council declared the 
paper a nuisance, and ordered that it should be 
abated. Under cover of this ordinance the follow- 
ers of Smith attacked the building, destroyed the 
presses, and made a bonfire of the paper and fur- 
niture. Foster and Law fled to Carthage, and a war- 
rant was issued for the arrest of Joseph Smith, the 
mayor of Nauvoo, and seventeen of nis adherents. 
He refused to acknowledge the validity of the war- 
rant, and the constable who served it was marched 
out of Nauvoo by the city marshal. The militia 
was called out, ana the Mormons gave up their pub- 
lic arms. Joseph and Hyrum Smith were arrested 
on a charge of treason and taken to Carthage jaiL 
The governor visited the Smiths in jail, made 
a promise of protection to them, and had a guard 
placed over the building. On the evening of 27 
June, 1844, a band of more than 100 men, with 
blackened faces, rushed into the jail and fired 
upon the brothers, killing Hyrum first, while 
Joseph was pierced with four bullets and fell dead. 
See " Mormonism and the Mormons," by Daniel P. 
Kidder (New York, 1842) ; " The Mormons : or Lat- 
ter-Day Saints, with Memoirs of Joseph Smith " 
(London, 1851); and the M Early Days of Mormon- 
ism," by J. H. Kennedy (New York, 1888).— His 
son, Joseph, b. in Kirtland, Ohio, 6 Nov., 1882, 
after the death of his father in 1844 remained 
in Nauvoo with his mother, who would not ac- 
knowledge the authority of Brigham Young. For 
vears she kept a hotel', in which her son assisted 
her. He also was clerk in a store, worked on a 
farm, was sub-contractor on a railroad, and studied 
law. After standing aloof from the Mormon 
church till he was about twenty-four years of age, 
he resolved to put himself at the head of a M reor- 
ganized " branch of it, which he did in 1860. In 
1866 he left Nauvoo and took up his abode as edi- 
tor and manager of u The Saints Herald " at Piano, 
111. He then went abroad and preached frequently 
for about fifteen years, and then removed to La- 
moni, Iowa, where he now (1888) resides, as the 
acknowledged head of the reorganized church of 
Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, a strong oppo- 
nent to the doctrine and practices of the polyga- 
mists of Utah. 

SMITH, Joseph Lee, jurist, b. in New Britain, 
Conn., 28 May, 1776; d. in St Augustine, Fla.. 27 
May, 1846. His father, Elnathan, was an officer 
in the old French war, and a major in the commis- 
sary department in the Revolution. Joseph was 
educated at Yale, studied law in Hartford, and 
practised in his native county until the second war 
with Great Britain, when he was appointed major 
in the 25th infantry, participating in the invasion 
of Canada. In the battle of Stony Creek, 6 June, 
1818, in which Gen. William H. Winder was taken 
prisoner, he saved his regiment by a judicious 
movement He was promoted lieutenant-colonel 
and brevetted colonel, U. 8. army, for that action, 
and became colonel of the 3d U. S. infantry in 
1818. He resigned from the army in that year, 
removed to Florida in 1821, and was U. S. judge 
of the superior court in 1828-*87. Of the 1,000 
cases that he decided previous to 1886, not one was 
reversed. Judge Smith was remarkable for his 
great physical strength and imposing appearance. 
He married Frances Marvin, daughter of Ephraim 
Kirby.— His son, Ephraim Kirov, soldier, b. in 
Litchfield, Conn., in 1807; d. near the city of 
Mexico, 11 Sept, 1847, was graduated at the U. a 
military academy in 1826, served on frontier duty 
in 1828-*9, and was dismissed from the army in 
October, 1830, for inflicting corporal punishment 



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on mutinous soldiers, but was reinstated in 1882. 
He became 1st lieutenant in 1883, captain in 1838, 
and during the war with Mexico was engaged in 
numerous battles, including Molino del Rev, where 
he was mortally wounded in leading the light in- 
fantry battalion under his command in an assault 
on one of the enemy's batteries. — Another son, 
Edmund Klrby, soldier, b. in St Augustine, Fla., 
16 May, 1824, was graduated at the U. S. mili- 
tary academy in 1845, and appointed brevet 2d 
lieutenant of infantry. In the war with Mexico 
he was twice brevetted, for gallantry at Cerro 
Gordo and Contreras. He was assistant professor 
of mathematics at West Point in 1849-'52, be- 
came captain in the 2d cavalry in 1855, served 
on the frontier, and 
was wounded, 13 
May, 1859, in an 
engagement with 
Comanche Indians 
near old Fort At- 
chison,Tex.Inl861 
he was thanked 
by the Texas legis- 
lature for his ser- 
vices against the 
Indians. He was 
promoted major in 
January, 1861, but 
resigned on 6 April, 
on the secession of 
Florida, and was 
appointed lieuten- 
f//" / . j ant-colonel in the 

' my. He became 

brigadier-general, 17 June, 1861, major-general, 
11 Oct, 1861, lieutenant-general, 9 Oct, 1862, and 

Smeral, 19 Feb., 1864. At the battle of Bull 
un, 21 July, 1861, he was severely wounded in 
the beginning of the engagement In 1862 he was 
placed in command of the Department of East 
Tennessee, Kentucky, North Georgia, and Western 
North Carolina. He led the advance of Gen. Brax- 
ton Bragg's army in the Kentucky campaign, and 
defeated the National forces under Gen. William 
Nelson at Richmond, Ky., 30 Aug., 1862. In 
February, 1863, he was assigned to the command 
of the Trans-Mississippi department including 
Texas, Louisiana, Arkansas, and Indian territory, 
and was ordered to organize a government, which 
he did. He made his communications with Rich- 
mond by running the blockade at Galveston. Tex., 
and Wilmington, N. C, sent large quantities of 
cotton to Confederate agents abroad, and, introduc- 
ing machinery from Europe, established factories 
and furnaces, opened mines, made powder and cast- 
ings, and had made the district self-supporting when 
the war closed, at which time his forces were the 
last to surrender. In 1864 he opposed and defeated 
Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks in nis Red river cam- 
paign. Gen. Smith was president of the Atlantic 
and Pacific telegraph company in 1866-'8, and 
chancellor of the University of Nashville in 1870-'5, 
and has been professor of mathematics in the Uni- 
versity of the South, Sewanee, Tenn., since 1875. 
— Ephraim Kirby's son, Joseph Lee Klrby, sol- 
dier, b. in New York city in 1836 ; d. at Corinth, 
Miss., 12 Oct, 1862, was graduated at the U. S. 
military academy in 1857, served as assistant top- 
ographical engineer in the office of the Missis- 
sippi delta survey in Washington, D. C, in 1857-*8, 
on the Utah expedition, the survey of the northern 
i in 1859- t 61, and then became 1st lieutenant 
vol. v. — 87 



of topographical engineers. During the civil war 
he served on Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks's staff in 
July and August, 1861, received the brevet of cap- 
tain, U. S. army, in the latter month '* for gallant 
and meritorious service in the Shenandoah valley, 
Va.," became colonel of the 43d Ohio volunteers in 
September, and was in command of a brigade of 
the Army of the Mississippi in the capture of New 
Madrid, Mo., in March, 1862. He was brevetted 
major, U. S. army, for the capture of Island No. 
10, 7 April, 1862, served on the expedition to Fort 
Pillow, fought at the siege of Corinth in May of 
that year, and was brevetted lieutenant-colonel in 
the \3. S. army for repelling a Confederate sortie 
from that city. He was in command of a regiment 
in operations in northern Mississippi in September 
and October, was engaged at the battle of Iuka, 
and mortally wounded at Corinth, 4 Oct, while 
charging " front forward " to repel a desperate 
attack on Battery Robinett For this service he 
was brevetted colonel in the regular army, his com- 
mission dating 4 Oct, 1862. 

SMITH, Joseph Mather, physician, b. in New 
Rochelle, Westchester co., N. Y., 14 March, 1789; 
d. in New York city, 22 April. 1866. His father, 
Dr. Matson Smith, was a well-known physician in 
Westchester county, N. Y., and his mother was a 
descendant of the Mather family of Massachusetts. 
Joseph was educated in the academy of his native 
town, attended medical lectures at Columbia in 
1809-'10, was licensed to practise in 1811, and in 
1815 was graduated at the New York college of 
physicians and surgeons. He then settled in prac- 
tice in that city, and about that time was a founder 
of the Medico-phvsiological society, and edited the 
first volume of its transactions, to which he con- 
tributed a paper entitled the " Efficacy of Emetics 
in Spasmodic Diseases" (1817), which won him 
reputation. He was physician to the New York 
state prison in 1820-'4, became in 1821 a fellow of 
the New York college of physicians and surgeons, 
in which he was appointed professor of the theory 
and practice of physic in 1826, held office for more 
than thirty years, and in 1855 was transferred to 
the chair of materia medica, which he held until 
his death. He became an editor of the New York 
" Medical and Physiological Journal " in 1828, a 
visiting physician to the New York hospital in 1829, 
president of the Academy of medicine in 1854, 
vice-president of the National Quarantine and sani- 
tary convention in 1859, ana president of the 
Citizens* association of New York on the organiza- 
tion of the council of hygiene in 1664. During the 
cholera epidemic of 1849 he was one of the medical 
council of the sanitary committee of New York 
city, and performed arduous and excessive labors 
throughout the pestilence. He contributed largely 
to professional literature, His publications in- 
clude " Elements of the Etiology and Philosophy of 
Epidemics," of which an eminent English authority 
said : " It is fifty years in advance of the medical 
literature of the day on that subject " (New York, 
1824); "Discussion on Cholera Morbus" (1831); 
"Public Duties of Medical Men" (1846); "Influ- 
ence of Diseases on Intellectual and Moral Powers " 
(1848); " Report on Public Hygiene " (1850) ; " Illus- 
trations of Medical Phenomena in Military Life " 
(1850); "Puerperal Fever" (1857) ;" Therapeu- 
tics of Albuminuria " (1862) ; and several addresses 
that were subsequently published, and include that 
on the " Epidemic Cholera of Asia and Europe " 
(1831), and an admirable " Report on the Medical 
Topography and Epidemics of the State of New 
York/* delivered before the American medical asso- 
ciation. In the meteorological portions of this 



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work he introduced several new and appropriate 
scientific terms, which have since been adopted by 
scientific writers, and he illustrated the climate of 
the state in an original and ingenious manner by 
maps, plates, and tables (1860). 

SMITH, Joseph Bo we, soldier, b. in Stillwater, 
N. Y., 8 Sept, 1802; d. in Monroe, Mich., 3 Sept., 
1868. He was graduated at the U. S. military 
academy in 1823, became 1st lieutenant in 1832 
and captain in 1838, and served in the Florida war 
in 188?-'42. During the Mexican war he was bre- 
vetted major for gallantry at Cerro Gordo, and 
lieutenant-colonel for Contreras and Churubusco, 
receiving in the latter engagement a wound that 
ever afterward disabled his left arm. He became 
major of the 7th infantry in 1851, and in 1861 was 
retired on account of his wounds, but in the follow- 
ing year was appointed mustering and disbursing 
officer for Michigan, with headquarters on the 
lakes. He became chief mustering officer of 
Michigan in 1862, military commissary of musters 
in 1868, and in 1865 was bre vetted brigadier-general, 
U. S. army, for " long and honorable service." 

SMITH, Joshua Toulmln, British author, b. 
in Birmingham, England, 29 May, 1816; d. in 
Lansing, Sussex, England, 28 April, 1869. He was 
educated in the public schools of his native city, 
and became an eminent publicist, constitutional 
lawyer, and scholar, being especially learned in the 
Scandinavian languages and literature. He resided 
in this country in 1837- '42, and while here pub- 
lished his •• Discovery of America by the Northmen 
in the 10th Century * (Boston, 1889). This work 
is accompanied by maps and plates, and has ever 
since been regarded as the standard authority on 
that subject The most eminent American his- 
torians have quoted it, and it was the ground of his 
election as a corresponding member of the Society 
of northern antiquaries, Copenhagen, Denmark. 
On his return to Europe he devoted himself to con- 
stitutional and old Saxon law, was admitted to the 
bar in 1849, for eight years edited the " Parliament- 
ary Remembrancer," and gave much time and 
study to antiquarian researches, physical science, 
geology, and mineralogy. His publications in- 
clude •* Popular View of the Progress of Philoso- 
phy among the Ancients " (London, 1836) ; " Paral- 
lels between the Constitution and the Constitutional 
History of England and Hungary " (1849) ; - 4 The 
Parish, its Obligations and Powers " (1854) ; " The 
Laws of Nuisances and Sewerage Works" (1855); 
"The Right Holding of the Coroner's Court" 
(1859) ; and " History of the English Guilds " (1870). 

SMITH, Joslah, clergyman, b. in Charleston, 
S. C in 1704 ; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., in October, 
1781. His grandfather, Thomas, was a landgrave 
and governor of the province of South Carolina. 
Josian was graduated at Harvard in 1725, being the 
first native of South Carolina to receive a college 
degree. He was ordained in 1726, returned to 
Charleston, and was successively pastor of Presby- 
terian churches in Bermuda, Camnoy, and Charles- 
ton. S. C. He maintained a learned disputation 
with Hugh Fisher in 1730 on the subject of the 
right of private judgment, and in 1740 espoused 
the cause of George Whitefleld, whom he invited to 
occupy his pulpit He was an earnest friend of 
American independence, and on the surrender of 
Charleston became a prisoner of war, was taken to 
Philadelphia, and died there while in confinement 
He published numerous discourses, and a volume 
of sermons (Charleston, 1752). 

SMITH, Joslah Torrejr, clergyman, b. in Will- 
iamsport, Mass., 4 Aug., 1815. He was graduated 
at Williams in 1842, ordained in 1845, and has been 



pastor successively of Baptist churches in Lanes- 
borough, Sandisfield, and Hinsdale, Mass., Bristol, 
Conn., Amherst, Mass., Woodstock, Conn., and 
Warwick. R. L Brown gave him the degree of 
M. A. in 1879, and the University of Iowa that of 
D. D. in 1880. His publications include many maga- 
zine articles, miscellaneous contributions to the re- 
ligious press, and " Examination of ' Sprinkling as 
the Only Mode of Baptism, 1 etc. by Absalom Peters, 
D.D." (Boston, 1849); and "The Scriptural and 
Historical Arguments for Infant Baptism Exam- 
ined M (Philadelphia, 1850). 

SMITH, Judson, educator, b. in Middlefield, 
Hampshire co., Mass, 28 June, 1837. He was 
graduated at Amherst in 1859, and at Oberlin theo- 
logical seminary in 1863, was tutor in Latin and 
Greek in Oberlin in 1862-'4, instructor in mathe- 
matics and metaphysics in Williston academy, 
Easthampton, Mass., for the subsequent two years, 
professor of Latin at Oberlin in 1866-'70, occupied 
the chair of ecclesiastical history and positive insti- 
tutions in Oberlin theological seminary in 1870-'84, 
lecturer on modern history in Oberlin in 1875-*84, 
and lecturer on history in t^ke Erie female semi- 
nary in 1879-'84. In 1866 he was ordained to the 
ministry of the Congregational church. He edited 
the " Bibliotheca Sacra " in 1882-'4, and has since 
been one of its associate editors, was president of the 
Oberlin board of education in 1871 -'84, and since 
that date has been foreign secretary of the Ameri- 
can board of commissioners for foreign missions. 
Amherst gave him the degree of D. D. in 1877. His 
publications include, besides many magazine arti- 
cles, a series of " Lectures in Church History and 
the History of Doctrine from the Beginning of 
the Christian Era till 1684" (Oberlin, 1881). He is 
also the author of " Lectures on Modern History " 
(printed privately, 1881). 

SMITH, Julia Erallna, reformer, b. in Glas- 
tonbury, Conn., 27 May, 1792; d. in Hartford, 
Conn., 6 March, 1886. Her father was a preacher 
and physician, an early Abolitionist, and both 
parents were Sandemamans. She became known 
throughout the country as one of the five " Glas- 
tonbury sisters," who resisted the payment of taxes 
because they were denied suffrage, and submitted 
to the sale of their property by the town authori- 
ties rather than obey the law. With her sister, 
Abigail H. (1796-1878), she was an early and active 
member of the Woman's suffrage party and an in- 
teresting and conspicuous figure at their conven- 
tions. In 1876 they addressed a petition to the 
legislature of Connecticut in which they set forth 
their grievances. Julia kept a weather-record from 
1832 till 1880. In 1879 she married Amos G. 
Parker, a lawyer of New Hampshire, aged eighty- 
six years. The Glastonbury sisters were well versed 
in modern and ancient languages, and for many 
years were engaged on a translation of the Holy 
Scriptures literally from the original tongues, 
which was published (Hartford, 1876). 

SMITH, Junius, pioneer of ocean steam navi- 
gation, b. in Plymouth, Mass., 2 Oct, 1780; d. in 
Astoria, N. Y., 28 Jan., 1858. His father, Gen. 
David Smith, was an officer of militia. Junius was 
graduated at Tale in 1802, studied at the Litch- 
field law-school, and in 1803 delivered the annual 
oration before the Society of the Cincinnati of Con- 
necticut He practised at the New Haven bar till 
1805. when he was appointed to prosecute a claim 
against the British government for the capture of 
an American merchant ship. He pleaded the cause 
in the admiralty court in London, succeeded in ob- 
taining large damages, and on his return to this 
country extensively engaged in commerce, and con- 



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ducted a prosperous business for many years. He 
began the project of navigating the Atlantic ocean 
with steamships in 1832, published a prospectus of 
the enterprise in 1885, in 1886 established the 
British and American steam navigation company, 
and in the spring of 1888 proved the feasibility of 
the scheme bv the crossing of the steamer " Sirius." 
Capt Moses Rogers had crossed in the u Savannah/' 
using both sails and steam, in 1819. Mr. Smith's 
anticipation of the pecuniary advantages of the 
project were not realized, and he abandoned it, en- 
gaging in the introduction of the tea-plant into 
South Carolina. He purchased an extensive planta- 
tion near Greenville, and whs endeavoring to prose- 
cute the industry at the time of his death. Tale 
gave him the degree of LL. D. in 1840. 

SMITH, Justin Aimer in, clergyman, b. in 
Ticonderoga, N. Y., 29 Dec., 1819. He was gradu- 
ated at Union college in 1848, and during 1844-'5 
was principal of Union academy, East Bennington, 
Vt Having been ordained to the ministry, he was 
pastor of a Baptist church at North Bennington, 
Vt, from 1845 till 1849, and at Rochester, N. Y., 
from 1849 till 1853. In the last-named year he be- 
came editor of " The Christian Times," now " The 
Standard," in Chicago, I1L, and he has continued 
in that relation ever since. "The Standard" is 
the chief Baptist journal of the northwest, and its 
prosperity is largely due to the ability and tact 
that nave marked its editorial management From 
1861 to 1866 he united with his journalistic labors 
the pastoral care of the Indiana avenue Baptist 
church, Chicago. Shurtleff college, 111., pave him 
the degree of D. D. in 1858. Dr. Smith is a mem- 
ber of the board of trustees of the University of 
Chicago, and of that of Morgan park theological 
seminary, rfis publications include " The Martyr 
of Vilvorde," a sketch of William Tyndale, for chil- 
dren (New York, 1856); "Sinclair Thompson, the 
Shetland Apostle" (Chicago, 1867); "The Spirit 
in the Word" (1868) ; " Memoir of Nathaniel Col- 
ver" (Boston, 1871); "Uncle John upon his 
Travels," a book for children (1871) ; " Patmos, or 
the Kingdom and the Patience " (1874) ; " Memoir 
of John Bates " (Toronto, 1877) ; " Commentary on 
the Revelation" (Philadelphia, 1884); and " Mod- 
ern Church History" (New Haven, 1887). 

SMITH, Lucius Edwin, educator, b. in Will- 
iamstown, Mass.. 29 Jan., 1822. He was graduated 
at Williams college in 1843, studied law in Will- 
iamstown. and was admitted to the bar in 1845. 
He served during 1847-'8 as associate editor of the 
Hartford "Courant," and in 1849 as associate 
editor, with Henry Wilson, of the " Boston Repub- 
lican." From 1849 till 1854 he was assistant cor- 
responding secretary of the American Baptist 
missionary union, Boston. The next three years 
he spent in Newton theological seminary, where he 
was graduated in 1857, and became in 1858 pastor 
of the Baptist church in Groton, Mass., whence he 
was called in 1865 to the professorship of rhetoric, 
homiletics, and pastoral theology in Bucknell uni- 
versity, at Lewisburg, Pa. From 1868 till 1875 he 
was literary editor of the New York " Examiner." 
In 1877 he became editor of the "Watchman," 
Boston, of which journal since 1881 he has re- 
mained associate editor. While he was professor 
at Bucknell university he edited the " Baptist Quar- 
terly." He received from Williams the degree of 
D. D. in 1869. Besides contributing numerous 
articles to periodicals, Prof. Smith has edited 
"Heroes ana Martyrs of the Modern Missionary 
Enterprise " (Hartford, Conn., 1852). 

SMITH, Luella Dowd, author, b. in Sheffield, 
Berkshire co., Mass., 16 June, 1847. She was gradu- 



ated at the State normal school in Westneld, Mass.* 
in 1866. and at Temple Grove seminary, Saratoga* 
N. Y., in 1868. Since the latter date she has been 
a principal of public schools in Massachusetts, 
Connecticut, and New York. She married J. Had- 
ley Smith in 1875. Mrs. Smith has written numer- 
ous newspaper articles and published "Wayside 
Leaves " under the pen-name of " J. Luella Dowd " 
(Boston, 1879), and " Wind-Flowers " (1887). 

SMITH, Martin Lather, soldier, b. in New 
York city in 1819; d. in Rome, Ga., 29 July, 1866. 
He was graduated at the U. S. military academy 
in 1842, served in the Mexican war as lieutenant 
of topographical engineers, became 1st lieutenant 
in 1853 ana captain in 1856, and resigned 1 April, 
1861. He then entered the Confederate service, 
became a brigadier-general, commanded a brigade 
in defence of New Orleans, was at the head of the 
engineer corps of the army, and planned and con- 
structed the defences of Vicksburg, where he was 
taken prisoner. He subsequently attained the rank 
of major-general. After the war he became chief 
engineer of the Selma, Rome, and Dayton railroad. 

SMITH, Mary Louise Riley, author, b. in 
Brighton, Monroe co., N. Y., 27 May, 1842. Her 
maiden name was Riley. She was educated at 
Brockport (N. Y.) collegiate institute, and in 1869 
married Albert Smith, of Springfield, I1L, with 
whom she afterward removed to New York city. 
She has published " A Gift of Gentians, and other 
Verses " (New York, 1882), and " The Inn of Rest " 
(1888). Some of her short poems, notably " Tired 
Mothers," have been widely popular, and several 
of them, including " His Name ' f and "Sometime," 
have been published separately as booklets, and 
had a large circulation. 

SMITH, Mary Prudence Wells, author, b. in 
Attica, N. Y., 80 July, 1840. She was graduated 
at the Greenville, Mass., high-school in 1857, and 
at Hartford female seminary in 1859, taught in 
Greenville in 1859-'61, and in 1864-'72 was a clerk 
in Franklin savings institution, being the first 
woman employed in a bank in Massachusetts. She 
was secretary of the Greenville freed men's aid so- 
ciety in 1865-*6, and school commissioner in 1674. 
She married Judge Fayette Smith, of Cincinnati, in 
the latter year, and since 1881 has been president 
of the Cincinnati branch of the Woman's auxil- 
iary conference of the Unitarian church. She has 
published many magazine articles under the pen- 
name of " P. Thome," and "Jolly Good Times, or 
Child Life on a Farm" (Boston, 1875); "Jolly 
Good Times at School" (1877); "The Browns* 
(1884) ; and " Miss Ellis's Mission " (1886). 

SMITH, Melancton, Continental congressman, 
b. in Jamaica, L. I., in 1724; d. in New York city, 
29 July, 1 798. He was educated at home, settled 
in business in Poughkeepsie, N. Y., in 1744, be- 
came sheriff of Dutchess county in 1777, and, says 
Chancellor Kent, was early noted " for his love of 
reading, tenacious memory, powerful intellect, and 
for the metaphysical and logical discussions of 
which he was a master." He was a member of the 
first Provincial congress that met in New York 
city, 23 May, 1775, and a commissioner in 1777 for 
detecting and defeating all conspiracies formed in 
the state, served in the Continental congress in 
1785-'8, and in the latter year represented Dutchess 
county in the convention' that met at Poughkeepsie 
to consider the ratification of the Federal constitu- 
tion of 1787. In the deliberations of that body he 
exhibited talents of a high order, and ably sup- 
ported Gov. George Clinton and the State-rights 
party. He removed to New York city about 1785 
and largely engaged in mercantile pursuits, at the 



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tame time taking a conspicuous part as an anti- 
Federalist leader. He was in the legislature in 
1791, in which year a commission — consisting of 
Gov. Clinton, State Secretary Lewis L. Scott, At- 
torney-General Aaron Burr, State Treasurer Ge- 
rard Bancker, and Auditor Peter Y. Curtenius — sold 
5,S00,000 acres of land belonging to New York 
state, at the sum of eighteen cents per acre, to 
Alexander McComb, James Caldwell, John and 
Nicholas Roosevelt, and others. When the trans- 
action became public, resolutions of censure were 
moved in the legislature ; but Jabez D. Hammond, 
the historian of New York, says : " After a long 
and acrimonious discussion of the resolutions of 
censure, they were finally rejected, and Melancton 
Smith, as pure a man as ever lived, introduced a 
resolution approving of the conduct of the com- 
missioners, which was adopted in the assembly by 
a vote of thirty-five to twenty." He canvassed: the 
state for the re-election of Gov. Clinton in 1792, 
and was subsequently circuit judge. He died of 
yellow fever, his being the first fatal case in the 
epidemic of 1798.— His son, Melancton, soldier, b. 
in New York city in 1780; d. in Plattsbuig, N. Y., 
88 Aug., 1818, received a military education, and, 
at the beginning of the second war with Great 
Britain, joined the U. S. array, became major of 
the 29th infantry, 20 Feb., 1813, and colonel of 
that regiment the next month, which office he held 
until the end of the war, serving throughout the 
frontier campaign of that year, and commanding 
the principal fort at the battle of Plattsburg in 
September, 1814. — The second Melancton's son, 
Melancton, naval officer, b. in New York city, 24 
May, 1810, entered the navy as a midshipman, 1 
Nov., 1826, attended the naval school in New York 
in 1881, and became a passed midshipman, 28 April, 
1882. He was commissioned lieutenant, 8 March, 
1887, served in the 
steamer ** Poin- 
sett" until 1840, 
and in 1889, on 
this cruise, he 
commanded a fort 
during engage- 
ments with the 
Seminoles in Flor- 
ida. He made a 
full cruise in the 
frigate " Constitu- 
tion " on the Med- 
iterranean station 
in 1848-*51, and, 
afterbeingon wait- 
ing orders for sev- 
Jfrs . m j- >C V^ eralyears,wascom- 
^2tU^h.U^ JS>x*ZZ missioned com- 
mander, 14 Sept, 
1856, after which he was light-house inspector. On 
9 July, 1861, while in command 6f the " Massachu- 
setts off Ship island, he had an engagement with a 
Confederate fort and three Confederate steamers, 
and on 81 Dec., 1861. the fort at Biloxi, La., sur- 
rendered, cutting off all regular communication be- 
tween North Carolina and Mobile, and getting pos- 
session of the sound. When in command of the 
''Mississippi'* he passed Forts Jackson and St. 
Philip with Farragut, and destroyed the Confeder- 
ate ram " Manassas," for which he was highly com- 
mended by the admiral. He participated in the at- 
tack on Port Hudson. In an attempt to run the 
batteries the " Mississippi " grounded, and he set 
his ship on fire to prevent her falling into the hands 
of the enemy. This course was approved by the 
navy department. He was promoted to captain, 16 



July, 1862 (under orders to return north), but waa 
assigned to the temporary command of the " Mon- 
ongahela," on which vessel the admiral hoisted his 
flag on his nassage from New Orleans to Port Hud- 
son. In 1864 he had command of the monitor 
M Onondaga," and appointed divisional officer on 
James river, and subsequently he had charge of the 
squadron in Albemarle sound, N. C, and recaptured 
the steamer " Bombshell." He participated in both 
attacks on Fort Fisher in the steam frigate ** Wa- 
bash." He was commissioned commodore, 25 July, 
1866, and served as chief of the bureau of equip- 
ment and recruiting in the navy department until 
1870. He was commissioned rear-admiral, 1 July, 
1870, had charge of the New York navy-yard in 
1870-*2, and was retired, 24 May, 1871. After he 
was retired, he was appointed governor of the 
Naval asylum at Philadelphia. 

SMITH, Meriwether, statesman, b. at the 
family seat, Bathurst, Essex co., Va., in 172)0; d. 
25 Jan., 1790. He was a signer of the articles of 
the Westmoreland (county) association in opposition 
to the stamp-act, 27 Feb., 1776, and also of the 
resolutions of the Williamsburg association, a mem- 
ber of the house of burgesses from Essex county in 
1770, and of the Virginia conventions of 1775 and 
1776, in which he was active. He was a member 
of the Continental congress in 1778-'82, and of the 
Virginia convention of 1788, which ratified the 
constitution of the United States. The belief is 
held by his descendants that he was the author of 
the Virginia bill of rights. He was a member of 
the select committee to which the draft of George 
Mason was submitted, and appears to have sub- 
mitted a draft for the state constitution. He was 
twice married ; first, about 1760, to Alice, daughter 
of Philip Lee, and secondly, 29 Sept., 1769, to 
Elizabeth, daughter of Col. William Daingerfield. 
Of his issue by the first marriage was Gboeoi 
William, lawyer and governor or Virginia, who 
perished, with fifty-nine others, in the burning of 
the Richmond theatre, 26 Dec, 1811. 

SMITH, Morgan Lewis, soldier, b. in Oswego 
county, N. Y., 8 March, 1822 ; d. in Jersev City, 
N. J., 29 Dec., 1874. He settled in New Albany, 
Ind., about 1848, and enlisted as a private in the 
U. S. army in 1846, rising to the rank of orderly 
sergeant, out resigned, and at the beginning of the 
civil war was engaged in the steamboat business. 
He then re-entered the service, having raised the 
8th Missouri infantry, a regiment whose mem- 
bers were bound by sn oath never to surrender. 
He was chosen its colonel in July, 1861, took part 
in the advance of Gen. Ulysses S. Grant's army to 
Fort Henry, commanded the 5th brigade of the 3d 
division of the Army of the Tennessee at Fort 
Donelson, and successfully stormed a strong posi- 
tion of the enemy. He lea the 1st brigade of the 
same army at Shiloh, was engaged at Corinth and 
Russell House, accompanied Den. William T. Sher- 
man to Moscow, Tenn., and was subsequently in 
charge of an expedition to Holly Springs, Miss., 
and Memphis, Tenn. He was appointed brigadier* 
general of volunteers in July, 1862, and made ex- 
peditions and reconnoissances into Mississippi till 
November of that year, when he wasplaced in 
command of the 2d division of Gen. William T. 
Sherman's army, and was severely wounded at 
Vicksburg. 28 Dec, 1862. He assumed his com- 
mand on his recovery in October, 1868, and was 
engaged at Missionary Ridge in the movements fox 
the relief of Knoxville and in the Atlanta cam- 
paign. He was then placed in charge of Vicksburg, 
and, by his stern adherence to military law, brought 
that city into peace and order. lie was subse- 



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quently U. S. consul at Honolulu, declined the 
governorship of Colorado territory, and be- 
came a counsel in Washington, D. C, for the col- 
lection of claims. At the time of his death he was 
connected with a building association in Washing- 
ton, D. C. Gen. William T. Sherman said of him : 
44 He was one of the bravest men in action I ever 
knew."— His brother, Giles Alexander, soldier, 
b. in Jefferson county, N. T., 29 Sept, 1829 ; d. in 
Bloomington, 111., 8 Nov., 1876, engaged in the 
dry-goods business in Cincinnati, and subsequently 
in Bloomington, I1L, and at the beginning of the 
civil war was the proprietor of a hotel in the last- 
named town. He became captain in the 8th Mis- 
souri volunteers in 1861, was engaged at Fort 
Henry, Fort Donelson, Shiloh, and Corinth, and be- 
came lieutenant-colonel and oolouel in 1862. He led 
his regiment at the first attack on Vicksburg, was 
wounded at Arkansas Post, and in the capture of 
Vicksburg rescued Admiral David Porter and his 
iron-clads when they were surrounded and hemmed 
in by the enemy. In August-, 1863, he was pro- 
moted brigadier-general of volunteers " for gallant 
and meritorious conduct in the field." He com- 
manded his brigade in the 15th army corps in the 
siege of Chattanooga and the battle of Missionary 
Ridge, in which he was severely wounded. He led 
a brigade in the 15th corps in the Atlanta cam- 
paign, was transferred to the command of the 2d 
division of the 17th army corps, fought at Atlanta, 
and, in Sherman's march to the sea, engaged in all 
the important movements, especially in the opera- 
tions in and about Columbia, S. C. After the sur- 
render of Gen. Robert E. Lee he was transferred 
to the 25th army corps, became major-general of 
volunteers in 1865, and continued in the service till 
1866, when he resigned, declining the commission 
of colonel of cavalry in the regular army, and set- 
tled in Bloomington, ILL He was a defeated can- 
didate for congress in 1868, was second assistant 
postmaster-general in 1869-'72, but resigned on 
account of railing health. He was a founder of the 
Society of the Army of Tennessee. 

SMITH, Nathan, physician, b. in Rehoboth, 
Mass., 18 Sept, 1762; d. in New Haven, Conn,, 26 
July, 1828. He enlisted in the Vermont militia 
during the last eighteen months of the Revolu- 
tionary war, and, having accompanied his father 
to an unsettled part of Vermont, subsequently led 
the life of a pioneer and hunter, having no educa- 
tion and no advantages. He decided to become a 
physician when he was twenty-four years of age. 
studied under Dr. Josiah Goodhue, and practised 
for several years in Cornish, N. H., when he en- 
tered the medical department of Harvard and 
received the degree of M. B. in 1790, being the 
only graduate of that year and the third of the 
department. At that time the practice of medicine 
was at a low ebb in the state, and physicians were 
poorly educated and unskilful. To procure bet- 
ter advantages for them, he established the medical 
department of Dartmouth in 1798. was appointed 
its professor of medicine, and for many years 
taught all, or nearly all, the branches of the pro- 
fession unaided. He held the chair of anatomy 
and surgery till 1810, and that of the theory and 

Sractice of medicine till 1818. He was given the 
egree of A. M. by Dartmouth in 1798, and that 
of M. D. by that college in 1801 and by Harvard 
in 1811. He went to Great Britain about 1808. 
attended lectures in Edinburgh for one year, and 
on his return resumed his duties. He was elected 
professor of the theory and practice of physics 
and surgery in the medical department of Yale in 
1818, ana neld the chair from that date until his 



death, also delivering courses of lectures on medi- 
cine and surgery at the University of Vermont in 
1822-'5, and at Bowdoin on the theory and practice 
of medicine in 1820-'5. His practice extended over 
four states, and while he was conservative in his 
methods, he was more than ordinarily successful as 
an operator. It has been asserted that he was the 
first in this country to perform the operation of 
extirpating an ovarian tumor, and that of staphylor- 
raphy. He devised and introduced a mode of am- 
putating the thigh which, although resembling 
methods that had previously been employed, is 
sufficiently original to bear his name, and he de- 
veloped important scientific principles in relation 
to the pathology of necrosis, on which he founded 
a new and successful mode of practice. He invent- 
ed an apparatus for the treatment of fractures, 
and a mode of reducing dislocations of the hip. 
He published " Practical Essays on Typhus Fever " 

Sew York, 1824), and "Medical and Surgical 
emoirs," edited, with addenda, by his son, Na- 
than Ryno Smith (Baltimore, Md., 1881).— His son, 
Nathan Ryno, surgeon, b. in Concord, N. H., 21 
May, 1797; d. in Baltimore, Md.,'8 July, 1877, was 
graduated at Yale in 1817, and studied medicine un- 
der his father there, receiving his degree in 1820. 
In 1824 he began the practice of surgery in Burling- 
ton, Vt., and in 1825 ne was appointed professor of 
surgery and anatomy in the University of Ver- 
mont In 1827 he was called to the chair of sur- 
gery in the medical department of the University 
of Maryland, but he resigned in 1828 and became 
professor of the practice of medicine in Transyl- 
vania university, Lexington, Ky. In 1840 he re- 
sumed his chair in the University of Maryland, 
which he held until 1870. He invented an instru- 
ment for the easy and safe performance of the 
operation of lithotomy, and also Smith's anterior 
splint for treatment of fractures of the thigh. In 
addition to articles in the " American Journal of 
Medicine," Dr. Smith published "Physiological 
Essay on Digestion " (New York, 1825) ; " Address 
to Medical Graduates of the University of Mary- 
land " (Baltimore. 1828) ; " Diseases of the Internal 
Ear," from the French of Jean Antoine Saissy, 
with a supplement (1829) ; " Surgical Anatomy of 
the Arteries" (1832-'5); "Treatment of Fractures 
of the Lower Extremities by the Use of the An- 
terior Suspensory Apparatus " (1867) ; and a small 
volume entitled " Legends of the South," under 
the pen-name "Viator." — Nathan Ryno's son, 
Alan Penneman, physician, b. in Baltimore, Md., 
3 Feb., 1840, received his instruction in Balti- 
more under private tuition, and was graduated in 
1861 at the school of medicine of the university of 
Maryland. In 1868 he was elected adjunct pro- 
fessor of surgery in that university, and in 1875 
professor of surgery. He is connected with nearly 
all the hospitals of Baltimore as consulting physi- 
cian or surgeon, and has performed the operation 
of lithotomy more than 100 times, successfully in 
every instance. He is one of the original trustees 
of Johns Hopkins university, and is a member of 
many foreign and American medical societies. 

SMITH, Nathaniel, jurist, b. in Woodbury, 
Conn., 6 Jan., 1762; d. there, 9 March, 1822. He 
studied law under Judge Tapping Reeve at Litch- 
field, Conn. From 1789 till 1795 ne was a member 
of the legislature, in whose deliberations he took an 
energetic part in abolishing slavery, founding the 
public-school system, and settling the public lands 
belonging to Connecticut From 1795 till 1799 he 
was a member of congress, and assisted in ratify- 
ing the Jay treaty with Great Britain, which closed 
I the century. Mr. Smith declined a re-election to 



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congress in 1790, and, after six years in the state 
senate, was raised to the supreme bench of Connec- 
ticut, where, from 1806 till 1819, he formulated 
decisions, many of which are still quoted. He 
was one of the leaders of the famous Hartford 
convention in 1814, to which his own great char- 
acter helped to give weight, and the pure patriot- 
ism of whose purpose he strenuously defended in 
company with William Prescott, Stephen Long- 
fellow, Chauncey Goodrich, James Hiilhouse, and 
Roger Minot Sherman. "Judge Smith/' says 
Goodrich (Peter Parley), in his "Recollections of a 
Lifetime,*' " was regarded by Connecticut as one 
of the intellectual giants of his time." Gideon H. 
Hollister, in his "History of Connecticut," de- 
scribes him as "one whom the God of nations 
chartered to be great by the divine prerogative of 
genius."— His brother Nathan, senator, b. in Wood- 
bury, Conn., 8 Jan., 1769 ; d. in Washington, D. C, 
6 Dec, 1885, also studied law with Judge Reeve, 
of Litchfield, and, moving to New Haven, became 
one of the most distinguished advocates in New 
England. He was a 
member of the leg- 
islature for many 
years, and took an 
active part in dis- 
solving the connec- 
tion between church 
and state in Con- 
necticut and in 
moulding the new 
state constitution 
that was adopted in 
1818. As an ear- 
nest member and 
councillor of the 
Episcopal church, 
he advocated suc- 
ms^ / /*> t j. cessfully her claims 

JraM-*~<6*'fc i&.'s&'s 

other religious bod- 
ies, and was one of the founders and incorporators 
of Washington (now Trinity) college. He was for 
several years U. S. district attorney, and in 1825 
the opponent of Oliver Wolcott for the governor- 
ship, out was defeated. In May, 1882, he was 
elected senator to succeed Samuel A. Foote. He 
at once took an active part in the debates of the 
senate, and at his death, which took place sudden- 
ly, was even more conspicuous for his private vir- 
tues than for his public services. It was said that 
at his funeral in the senate chamber every promi- 
nent public man of the day, including President 
Jackson and his cabinet, was present — Truman, 
senator, a nephew of Nathaniel and Nathan Smith, 
b. in Woodbury, Conn., 27 Nov., 1791 ; d. in Stam- 
ford, Conn., 8 May, 1884. was graduated at Yale in 
1815, studied law, and was a member of the legis- 
lature in 1831-'4, of congress in 1889-'49, and if. S. 
senator from Connecticut in 1849-'54, when he 
suddenly resigned from weariness of public life. 
He was 'remarkable for his wide, though silent, in- 
fluence in national politics, having taken a de- 
cisive part in the nomination of Gen. Zachary 
Taylor for president in 1848. He conducted that 
presidential campaign as chairman of the Whig 
national committee, and was offered a post in 
President Taylor's cabinet, which he declined. He 
was, in conjunction with Daniel Webster, the 
foremost opponent of the " spoils system" in con- 
gress. He strenuously combated the views of 
Stephen A. Douglas in the passage of the Kansas- 
Nebraska bilL After resigning from the senate, 



Mr. Smith practised law in New York until he was 
appointed by President Lincoln in 1862 judge of 
the court of arbitration, and afterward of the 
court of claims. He was also legal adviser to the 
government in many questions arising out of the 
civil war. He wrote' one book, " An Examination 
of the Question of Anesthesia" (Boston, 1850), 
published as " An Inquiry into the Origin of Mod- 
ern Anaesthesia" (Hartford, 1867), and published 
many separate speeches. Mr. Smith was a man of 
giant frame, ana lived to be nearly ninety-three 
years old. — Perry, senator, of the same ancestry, 
b. in Woodbury, Conn., 12 May, 1788 ; d. in New 
Milford, Conn., 8 June, 1852, studied law, and 
made his residence in New Milford, where he lived 
during the remainder of his days. Becoming well 
known in his profession, he was chosen a member 
of the legislature in 1822-'4, and again in 1835-*6, 
and in the mean time was judge of the probate 
court In 1887 he was elected U. S. senator from 
Connecticut, serving till 1848. He resigned the 
practice of his profession on going to Washington, 
and never resumed it He published a "Speech 
on Bank Depositaries'* (1888).— Of Nathan's grand- 
sons, the Rev. Cornelius Bishop Smith, D. D., has 
been rector of St James church, New York city, 
since 1869, and his younger brother, the Rev. 
Alexander Mackay-Smith (a. vX was first arch- 
deacon of the diocese of New York. 

SMITH, Oliver, philanthropist, b. in Hatfield, 
Mass., in January, 1786; d. there, 22 Dec, 1845. 
He engaged in farming at an early age, and ac- 
quired large wealth by stock-raising. He was a 
magistrate for forty years, twice a representative 
to the legislature, and in 1820 a member of the 
State constitutional convention. He amassed a 
large fortune, which he bequeathed to establish 
the "Smith Charities," a unique system of be- 
nevolence, now holding $1,000,000, the interest of 
which is expended in marriage-portions to poor 
and worthy young couples.— His niece, Sopnla, 
founder of Smith college, b. in Hatfield, Mass., 27 
Aug., 1796; d. there, 12 June, 1870, received few 



rly 



early advantages, and led a life of retirement in 
her native village until, at the age of sixty-five, 
she inherited a large fortune from her brother 
Austin. She then determined to found a college 
for the higher education of women, and passed the 
remainder of her life in perfecting plans for its 
organization. By the terms of her will the insti- 
tution was established at Northampton, Mass., and 
endowed with $887,468. It was opened in the 
autumn of 1875, and its charter was the first that 
was ever issued by the state of Massachusetts to 
an institution for the education of women. Miss 
Smith also bequeathed $75,000 to the town of 
Hatfield for the endowment of a school prepara- 
tory to Smith college. 

SMITH, Oliver Hampton, senator, b. on 
Smith's island, near Trenton, N. J., 28 Oct, 1794 ; 
d. in Indianapolis, Ind., 19 March, 1859. He received 
scanty early education, emigrated to Indiana in 
1817, and was licensed to practise law in 1820. He 
was a member of the legislature in 1822, prosecut- 
ing attorney for the 8d judicial district of Indiana 
in 1824, and served in congress in 1827-*9, having 
been chosen as a Jackson Democrat. He then re- 
sumed the practice of his profession, in which he 
took high rank, was chosen U. S. senator as a 
Whig in 1886, served one term, and was chairman 
of the committee on public lands. He was de- 
feated in the next senatorial canvass, settled in 
Indianapolis, largely engaged in railroad enter- 
prises, and was the chief constructor of the Indi- 
anapolis and Bellefontaine road. He published 



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"Recollections of a Congressional Life " (Cincin- 
nati, 1884), and " Early Indiana Trials, Sketches, 
and Reminiscences " (1857). 

SMITH, Pereifor Frazer, soldier, b. in Phila- 
delphia, Pa., in November, 1798 ; d. in Port Leav- 
enworth, Kan., 17 May, 1858. His grandfather, 
Col. Robert Smith, was an officer in the Revolu- 
tion, and his maternal grandfather, Persifer Frazer, 
was a lieutenant-colonel in the same army. Persifer 
was graduated at Princeton in 1815, studied law 
under Charles Chauncey, and settled in New Orleans, 
La. At the beginning of the Florida war, being ad- 
jutant-general of the state, he volunteered under 
Gen. Edmund P. Gaines as colonel of Louisiana vol- 
unteers and served in the campaigns of 1886 and 
1888. He was appointed colonel of a rifle regi- 
ment in May, 1846, commanded a brigade of in- 
fantry from September of that year till the close 
of the war with Mexico, and received the brevet 
of brigadier-general, U. S. army, for his service 
at Monterey, and major-general in the same for 
Churubusco and Contreras, 20 Aug., 1847. The 
official report of the latter battle records ** that he 
closely directed the whole attack in front with 
his habitual coolness and ability.'* He also fought 
at Chapultepec and at the Belen gate, and in the 
latter battle is described by Gen. Winfield Scott 
as "cool, unembarrassed, and ready:" He was 
commissioner of armistice with Mexico in October, 
1847, afterward commanded the 2d division of the 
U. S. army, became military and civil governor of 
Vera Cruz in May, 1848, and subsequently had 
charge of the departments of California and Texas. 
He was brevetted major-general, U. S. army, in 
1849, appointed to the full rank of brigadier-gen- 
eral, 80 Dec, 1856, and ordered to Kansas. Just 
before his death he was placed in command of the 
Utah expedition. — His cousin, Pereifor Frazer, 
lawyer, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., in 1808 ; d. in West 
Chester, Pa., 17 May, 1882, was graduated at the 
University of Pennsylvania in 1828, studied law, 
was admitted to the bar in 1829, became clerk of 
the orphan's court of Chester county, Pa., in 1885, 
prosecuting attorney for Delaware county in 1889, 
served in the Pennsylvania legislature in 1862-'4, 
and became state reporter in 1865. He published 
'* Forms of Procedure " (Philadelphia, 1862), and 
44 Reports of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania " 
(32 vols., 1865-'82). 

SMITH, Peter, merchant, b. in Greenbush, 
Rockland co., N. Y., 15 Nov., 1768; d. in Schenec- 
tady, N. Y., 18 April, 1887. His ancestors came 
from Holland. At the age of sixteen he became a 
clerk in an importing-house in New York city, and 
afterward he was a partner of John Jacob Astor in 
the fur business. They bought the furs of Indians 
in the northern part of the state, and Smith, who 
spoke the Indian language, established a trading- 
post on what is known as the Bleecker property at 
Utica. When the partnership was dissolved, and 
Mr. Astor bought real estate in New York city. 
Mr. Smith purchased large tracts in Oneida, Che- 
nango, Madison, and other counties. In some 
cases these included whole townships, and the 
total amount was nearly a million acres. His 
first wife, whom he married in 1792, was Elizabeth, 
daughter of Col. James Livingston. His manu- 
script journals, still in existence, contain interest- 
ing descriptions of his journeys amon£ the In- 
dians. In his later years he was deeply interested 
in religion, and spent considerable sums for the 
distribution of tracts. — His son, Gerrit, philan- 
thropist, b. in Utica, N. Y., 6 March, 1797; d. in 
New York city, 28 Dec, 1874, was graduated at 
Hamilton college in 1818, and devoted himself to 



/ ^e^wJ^3v^^A- 



the care of his father's estate, a large part of which 
was given to him when he attained nis majority. 
At the age of fifty-six he studied law, and was ad- 
mitted to the bar. 
He was elected to 
congress as an in- 
dependent candi- 
date in 1852, 
but resigned after 
serving through 
one session. Dur- 
ing his boyhood 
slavery still exist- 
ed in the state of 
New York, and 
his father was a 
slave-holder. One 
of the earliest 
forms of the phi- 
lanthropy that 
marked his long 
life appeared in 
his opposition to 
the institution of 
slavery, and his 

friendship for the oppressed race. He acted for 
ten years with the American colonization society, 
contributing largely to its funds, until he be- 
came convinced that it was merely a scheme of 
the slave-holders for getting the free colored peo- 
ple out of the country. Thenceforth he gave his 
support to the Anti-slavery society, not only writ- 
ing for the cause and contributing money, but 
taking part in conventions, and personally assist- 
ing fugitives. He was temperate in all the dis- 
cussion, holding that the north was a partner in 
the guilt, and in the event of emancipation with- 
out war should bear a portion of the expense : but 
the attempt to force slavery upon Kansas con- 
vinced him that the day for peaceful emancipation 
was past, and he then advocated whatever measure 
of force might be necessary. He gave large sums 
of money to send free-soil settlers to Kansas, and 
was a personal friend of John Brown, to whom he 
had given a farm in Essex county, N. Y., that he 
might instruct a colony of colored people, to whom 
Mr. Smith had given farms in the same neighbor- 
hood. He was supposed to be implicated in the 
Harper's Ferry affair, but it was shown that he had 
only given pecuniary aid to Brown as he had to 
scores of other men, and so far as he knew Brown's 
plans had tried to dissuade him from them. Mr. 
Smith was deeply interested in the cause of tem- 
perance, and organized an anti-dramshop party in 
February, 1842. In the village of Peterboro, Madi- 
son co., where he had his home, he built a good 
hotel, and gave it rent-free to a tenant who agreed 
that no liquor should be sold there. This is be- 
lieved to have been the first temperance hotel ever 
established. But it was not pecuniarily successful. 
He had been nominated for president by an indus- 
trial congress at Philadelphia in 1848, and by the 
land-reformers in 1856, but declined. In 1840, and 
again in 1858, he was nominated for governor of 
New York. The last nomination, on a platform of 
abolition and prohibition, he accepted, and can- 
vassed the state. In the election he received 5,446 
votes. Among the other reforms in which he was 
interested were those relating to the property- 
rights of married women and female suffrage and 
abstention from tobacco. In religion he was origi- 
nally a Presbyterian, but became very liberal in his 
views, and built a non-sectarian church in Peter- 
boro, in which he often occupied the pulpit himself. 
He could not conceive of religion as anything apart 



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from the affairs of daily life, and in one of his pub- 
lished letters he wrote : " No man's religion is bet- 
ter than his politics; his religion is pure whose 
politics are pure; whilst his religion is rascally 
whose politics are rascally." He disbelieved in the 
right of men to monopolise land, and gave away 
thousands of acres of that which he had inherited, 
some of it to colleges and charitable institutions, 
and some in the form of small farms to men who 
would settle upon them. He also gave away by 
far the greater part of his income, for charitable 
purposes, to institutions and individuals. In the 
financial crisis of 1887 he borrowed of John Jacob 
Astor a quarter of a million dollars, on his verbal 
agreement to give Mr. Astor mortgages to that 
amount on real estate. The mortgagee were exe- 
cuted as soon as Mr. Smith reached his home, but 
through the carelessness of a clerk were not de- 
livered, and Mr. Astor waited six months before 
inquiring for them. Mr. Smith had for many 
years anticipated that the system of slavery would 
be brought to an end only through violence, and 
when the civil war began he hastened to the sup- 
port of the government with his money and his 
influence. At a war-meeting in April, 1861, he 
made a speech in which he said: "The end of 
American slavery is at hand. The first gun fired 
at Fort Sumter announced the fact that the last 
fugitive slave had been returned .... The armed 
men who go south should go more in sorrow than 
in anger. The sad necessity should be their only 
excuse for going. They must still love the south ; 
we must all still love her. As her chiefs shall, one 
after another, fall into our hands, let us be re- 
strained from dealing revengefully, and moved to 
deal tenderly with them, by our remembrance of 
the large share which the north has had in blind- 
ing them." In accordance with this sentiment, two 
years after the war, he united with Horace Greeley 
and Cornelius Vanderbilt in signing the bail-bond 
of Jefferson Davis. At the outset he offered to 
equip a regiment of colored men, if the govern- 
ment would accept them. Mr. Smith left an estate 
of about $1,000,000, having given away eight times 
that amount during his life. He wrote a great 
deal for print, most of which appeared in the form 
of pamphlets and broadsides, printed on his own 
press in Peterboro. His publications in book-form 
were " Speeches in Congress" (1855); •• Sermons 
and Speeches" (1861) ; "The Religion of Reason " 
(1864); "Speeches and Letters* (1805); "The 
Theologies" (2d ed., 1866); "Nature the Base of 
a Free Theology" (1867); and "Correspondence 
with Albert Barnes " (1868). His authorized biog- 
raphy has been written by Octavius B. Frothing- 
ham (New York, 1878). 

SMITH, Preston, soldier, b. in Giles county, 
Tenn., 25 Dec., 1828; d. in Georgia, 20 Sept, 1868. 
He received his early education at a country school, 
and at Jackson college, Columbia, Tenn. He stud- 
ied law in Columbia, and after practising there for 
several years removed to Waynesboro', Tenn., and 
subsequently to Memphis. He became colonel of 
the 154th Tennessee regiment of militia, which was 
afterward mustered into the service of the Confed- 
eracy, and he was promoted to brigadier-general, 
27 Oct, 1862. He was severely wounded at the bat- 
tle of Shiloh, and commanded his brigade under 
Gen. E. Kirby Smith at Richmond, Ky. He was 
killed, with nearly all his staff, by a sudden volley 
during a night attack at Chickamauga, Ga. 

SMITH, Richard, journalist, b. in the south of 
Ireland, 80 Jan., 1828. His father, a farmer of 
Scottish ancestry, died when Richard was seven- 
teen years old, and the widow and her son emigrated 



to this country and settled in 1841 in Cincinnati, 
Ohio. Richard apprenticed himself to a carpenter 
and builder until he could secure a better opening; 
On reaching his majority, he pained employment 
on the " Price Current,** of which he soon became 
proprietor, and greatly improved it, making it 
virtually a new publication. He accepted also the 
agency of the newly organised Associated press, 
and was the first man in Ohio to transmit a presi- 
dential message over the wires. About 1854 he 
purchased an interest in the Cincinnati " Gazette," 
the oldest daily in the city, which was then in a 
languishing condition from lack of proper manage- 
ment Selling the "Price Current," he concen- 
trated all his energy on the " Gazette," which be- 
came prosperous under his direction, especially 
during the civil war. But in 1880 its interests 
and those of the Cincinnati " Commercial " indi- 
cated the financial and political wisdom of their 
union, and accordingly the first of the following 
year they were consolidated under the name of 
the " Commercial Gazette." Richard Smith is the 
vice-president of the new company. He exercises 
much influence, journalistic and political, through- 
out Ohio. Though he is often jocularly referred 
to as "Deacon," he is only a lay member of the 
Presbyterian church. 

SMITH, Richard Somen, educator, b, in 
Philadelphia, Pa., 80 Oct., 1818; <L in Annapolis, 
MdL, 28 Jan., 1877. He was graduated at the 
U. S. military academy in 1884, but resigned from 
the army in 1886, was assistant engineer of the 
Philadelphia and Columbia railroad company in 
1886-7, of the Chesapeake and Ohio canal in 
1889-'40, and projected several other important 
railroads. He was reappointed in the U. S. army 
in the latter year with the rank of 2d lieutenant, 
was assistant and afterward full professor of draw- 
ing at the (J. S. military academy in 1846-'52, and 
was then transferred to the 4th artillery, becom- 
ing quartermaster and treasurer, but in 1856 he 
again resigned. He was professor of mathematics, 
engineering, and drawing in Brooklyn collegiate 
and polytechnic institute in 1855-*9, director of 
Cooper institute, New York city, for two years, 
was reappointed in the army as major of the 12th 
U. S. infantry in 1861, and served as mustering 
and disbursing officer in Maryland and Wisconsin 
in 1861-*2. He then took part in the Rappahan- 
nock campaign with the Army of the Potomac, 
participating in the battle of Chanoellorsville, Va*, 
2-4 May, I808. He resigned in the same month to 
become president of Girard college. Pa., which 
post he held till 1868. For the next two years he 
was professor of engineering in the Polytechnic 
college of Pennsylvania, and from 1870 till his 
death he was at the head of the department of 
drawing at the U. S. naval academy. Columbia 
save him the degree of A. M. in 1857. He pub- 
lished a "Manual of Topographical Drawing" 
(Philadelphia, 1854), and a work on " Linear Per- 
spective Drawing" (1857). 

SMITH, Robert clergyman, b. in Londonderry, 
Ireland, in 1728 ; d. in Rockville, Pa., 15 Apru, 
1798. His father emigrated to this country when 
the son was seven years of age, settling in Chester 
county. Pa. Robert received a classical education 
from Rev. Samuel Blair at Fogg's Manor school, 
Chester county, Pa., was licensed to preach in 
1740, and from 1751 till his death was pastor of 
the Presbyterian church in Pequea, Ps~, a part of 
the time supplying the church at Leaoock. Shortly 
after his settlement in Pequea he founded a clas- 
sical and theological seminary, which enjoyed a 
high reputation, and was one of the most popu- 



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lar schools in Pennsylvania and Maryland. He 
received the degree of D. P. from Princeton in 
1760, was an overseer of that college from 1772 
till his death, and in 1791 was second moderator 
of the general assembly of the Presbyterian church 
in the United States. In 1749 he married Eliza- 
beth, sister of Rev. Samuel Blair. — Their son, 
Samuel Stanhope, clergyman, b. in Pequea, Pa., 
16 March, 1750; d. in Princeton, N. J M 21 Aug., 
1819, was graduat- 
ed at Princeton in 
1769, became an as- 
sistant in his fa- 
ther's school, was 
tutor at Princeton 
in 1770-'3, while 
studying theology 
there, and in 1774 
was ordained to 
the ministry of 
the Presbyterian 
church. He labored 
as a missionary in 
western Virginia 
for the next year, 
became first presi- 
dent of Hampden 
Sidney college in 
1 775, and held oflftce 
^ >? ^ till 1779, when he 

r~> *^; O^-c-^r^^ ''_' accepted the chair 
v^^WW?»>u^G- of moral phi , oso _ 

phv at Princeton. 
At that date the college was in a deplorable condi- 
tion from the ravages of the Revolution ; the stu- 
dents were dispersed and the buildings were burned. 
Dr. Smith made great exertions and many pecu- 
niary sacrifices to restore it to prosperity. He ac- 
cepted in 1783 the additional chair of theology, 
and in 1786 the office of vice-president of the col- 
lege. He was a member of the committee to draw 
up a system of government for the Presbyterian 
church in 1786, and in 1795 succeeded Dr. John 
Witherspoon (one of whose daughters he had mar- 
ried) as jp resident of the college, holding office till 
1812. Yale gave him the degree of D.D. in 1783, 
and Harvard that of LL. D. in 1810. As a preach- 
er Dr. Smith was popular and eloquent. He 
Bublished ** Essay on the Causes of the Variety of 
Omplexion and Figure of the Human Species" 
(Philadelphia, 1787); "Sermons" (Newark, 1799); 
44 Lectures on the Evidences of Christian Religion " 
(Philadelphia, 1809); "Lectures on Moral and 
Political Philosophy" (2 vols., Trenton, N. ^., 
1812) ; and u Comprehensive Views of Natural and 
Revealed Religion " (New Brunswick, N. J., 1815). 
After his death appeared six of his sermons with a 
brief memoir (2 vols., Philadelphia, 1821).— Another 
son of Robert, John Blair, clergyman, b. in 
Pequea, Pa., 12 June, 1756; d. in Philadelphia, 
Pa., 22 Aug., 1799. was graduated at Princeton in 
1773, studied theology under his brother, Samuel 
S.. at Hampden Sidney, Va., and in 1779 succeeded 
him as president of that college. He soon U*caine 
celebrated for his pulpit onitory. Dr. Addison 
Alexander says of him : •• In person he was about 
the middle size, his hair was uncommonly black, 
divided at the top and fell on each side of f:is face. 
His large blue eye, of open expression, was so 
piercing that it was common to say, • Dr. Smith 
looked you through/ " He was called to the 3d 
Presbyterian church of Philadelphia in 1791, and 
thence to the presidency of Union college upon its 
foundation in 1795, but in 1799 returned to his 
former charge in Philadelphia, where he died of 



the epidemic that was then raging. He pub- 
lished "The Enlargement of Christ's Kingdom," a 
sermon (Albany, N. Y., 1797). — John Blair s grand- 
son, Charles Ferguson, soldier, b. in Philadel- 
phia, Pa., 24 April, 1807 ; d. in Savannah, Tenn., 
25 April, 1862, was the son of Dr. Samuel Blair 
Smith, assistant surgeon, U. S. army. His maternal 
grandfather, Ebenezer Ferguson, of Pennsylvania, 
was a colonel in the Continental army. "He was 
graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1825, 
became 2d lieutenant in the 2a artillery, and was 
promoted 1st lieutenant, 80 May, 1832, and captain, 
7 July, 1838, in the same regiment He served at 
the military academy from 1829 till 1842, as assist- 
ant instructor of infantry tactics in 1829-'31, ad- 
jutant in 1831-8, and as commandant of cadets 
and instructor of infantry tactics till 1 Sept., 1842. 
He was with the army of Gen. Zachary Taylor in 
the military occupation of Texas in 1845-*6, and 
was placed in command of four companies of artil- 
lery, acting as infantry, which throughout the war 
that followed was famous as " Smith's light bat- 
talion." When in March, 1846, Gen. Taylor crossed 
Colorado river, the passage of which, it was be- 
lieved, would be disputed by the Mexicans, this 
battalion formed the advance. He was present at 
the battles of Palo Alto and Resaca de la Pal ma, 
and for " gallant and distinguished conduct" in 
these two affairs he received the brevet of major. 
At the battle of Monterey, Maj. Smith was in com- 
mand of the storming party on Federation hill, 
which, in the words of Gen. Worth, was "most 
gallantly carried." For his conduct in the several 
conflicts at Monterey he received the brevet of 
lieutenant-colonel. He was present at Vera Cruz, 
Cerro Gordo, San Antonio, and Churubusco, and 
in these operations he commanded and directed his 
light battalion with characteristic gallantry and 
ability. For his 
conduct in the 
battles of Con- 
treras and Chu- 
rubusco he re- 
ceived the bre- 
vet of colonel, 
20 Aug., 1847. 
He was present 
at the storming 
of Chapultepec 
and the assault 
and capture of 
the city of Mexi- 
co, and was 
again honorably 
mentioned in 
despatches. In 
1849-'51 he was 
a member of a 

board of officers ^ 4* /^ • jlS 

to devise a com- C . tT^Cfyr^sZk* 

plete system of ^ 

instruction for 

siege, garrison, sea-coast, and mountain artillery, 
which was adopted, 10 May, 1851. for the service 
of the United States. lie was promoted major of 
the 1st artillery. 25 Nov., l&54,and in 1855, on the 
organization of the new 10th regiment of infant- 
ry, he was made its first lieutenant-colonel. He 
commanded the Red river expedition in 1856, en- 
gaged in the Utah expedition in 1857-'61, and for 
a time was in command of tho Department of 
Utah. At the beginning of the disturbances that 
preceded the civil war he was placed in charge 
of the city and department of Washington, D.C. 
On 1 Aug., 1861, ho was appointed brigadier-gen- 



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eral of volunteers, and ordered to Kentucky. The 
next month he became colonel of the 3d U. S. in- 
fantry, and' was placed in command of the National 
forces then at Paducah. He acquired reputation 
as an adroit tactician and skilful commander in 
the operations about Fort Henry and Fort Donel- 
son. In the severe fight for the'possessiou of Fort 
Donelson he commanded the division that held the 
left of the National investing lines, and, leading 
it in person, he stormed and captured all the high 
ground on the Confederate right that commanded 
the fort. He was then ordered to conduct the new 
movement up Tennessee river, arrived at Savan- 
nah, about 18 March, with a large fleet, took com- 
mand of that city, and prepared the advance upon 
Shiloh. On 22 March, 1882, he was promoted 
major-general of volunteers, but the exposure to 
which he had been already subjected aggravated a 
chronic disease, which ended his life soon after his 
arrival in Savannah. Gen. William T. Sherman 
says of him in his " Memoirs " : " He was adjutant 
of the military academy during the early part of 
my career there, and afterward commandant of ca- 
dets. He was a very handsome and soldierly man, 
of great experience, and at the battle of Donelson 
had acted with so much personal bravery that to 
him many attributed the success of the assault" 

SMITH, Robert. P. E. bishop, b. in the county 
of Norfolk, England, 25 June, 1732 ; d. in Charles- 
ton, a C, 28 Oct, 1801. He entered Ooreville and 
Cains college, Cambridge, was graduated in 1758, 
and was elected a fellow of the university. He 
was ordained deacon, 7 March, 1756, by the bishop 
of Ely, and priest, 21 Dec., 1756, by the same bish- 
op. He came to this country in 1757, was assistant 
minister of St Philip's church. Charleston, for two 
years, and became rector in 1759. Though he ad- 
hered to the crown early in the Revolution, he be- 
came an ardent patriot, and at one time joined the 
ranks of the Continental army as a private. On 
the capture of Charleston by the British in 1780, 
Mr. Smith was banished to Philadelphia. For a 
brief period he had charge of St. Paul's parish. 

8ueen Anne county, MdT, but he returned to 
harleston in 1788 and opened an academy, which 
was chartered in 1786 as South Carolina college. 
Of this institution he was president until 1798. 
He received the degree of D. D. from the University 
of Pennsylvania in 1789. He was unanimously 
elected in 1795 to be the first bishop of the Prot- 
estant Episcopal church in South Carolina, and 
was consecrated in Christ church, Philadelphia, 
14 Sept, 1795. Bishop Smith, though an excellent 
scholar and very acceptable preacher, made no 
contributions in print to church literature or 
otherwise. He was one of the earliest members of 
the Societv of the Cincinnati. 

SMITlf , Roswell, publisher, b. in Lebanon, 
Conn., 80 March, 1829. He was educated at Brown, 
iu 1850 married Miss Ellsworth, granddaughter of 
Chief-Justice Oliver Ellsworth, studied law, and 
for nearly twenty years practised in Lafayette, 
lnd. Mr. Smith came in 1870 to New York city, 
where, in connection with Dr. Josiah Q\ Holland 
and Charles Scribner, he established "Scribner's 
Monthly" (now the "Century Magazine"). In 
1878 he began the publication of •• St Nicholas," 
a magazine for children. The first organization 
was under the firm-name of Scribner and Co., 
which subsequently became the Century company, 
with Mr. Smith as president Under his direction 
these magazines have enjoyed great popularity and 
an extensive circulation on both sides of the Atlan- 
tic. The Century company is engaged in the pub- 
lication of miscellaneous books, and an elaborate 



' Dictionary of the English Lanj 



under the 



" Dictionary or the English LAnguage, under toe 
editorship of Prof. William D. Whitney. It will 
comprise Ave octavo volumes and about 6,000 pages. 

SMITH, Russell, artist, b. in Glasgow, Soot- 
land, 26 April, 1812. He was originally named 
William T. Russell Smith, but for many years 
has used only the name Russell In 1819 be came 
to the United States with his parents, and later 
he studied painting with James R. Lambdin. He 
began to devote nimself to scene-painting, and 
went in 1884 to Philadelphia, where ne worked at 
the Walnut and the old Chestnut street theatres 
for six years. After his marriage he abandoned 
scene- for landscape-painting, meeting with great 
success. He became noted also as a scientific 
draughtsman, being employed in that capacity by 
Sir Charles Lyell and others, and also in the geo- 
logical surveys of Pennsylvania and Virginia. In 
1850 he went abroad, ana after his return to Phila- 
delphia he painted many landscapes until 1856. 
At that time the Academy of music was building, 
and Smith was employed to paint its scenery. The 
handsome landscape arop-curtain that he produced 
brought him many commissions for similar work. 
One of his latest productions of this kind is the 
curtain for the Grand opera-house, Philadelphia. 
Among Mr. Smith's numerous landscapes are 
"Chocorua Peak" and "Cave at Chelton Hillss w 
which was at the Philadelphia exhibition of 1878. 
He is a member of the Pennsylvania historical so- 
ciety and the Pennsylvania academy of the fine 
arts, where he has contributed regularly to the ex- 
hibitions for the past fifty years. — His wife, Mjlbt 
P., and his daughter, Mary, were artists of some 
ability.— His son, Xanthns, b. in Philadelphia, 
26 Feb., 1839, is known as a marine- and landscape- 
painter. He served during the civil war under 
Admiral Samuel F. DuPont, and has painted many 
of the naval engagements of the war. 

SMITH, Samuel, historian, b. in Burlington, 
N. J., in 1720 ; d. there in 1776. He was educated 
at home, early took part in local politics, was a 
member of the council and the assembly, and in 
1768 was commissioned, with his brother John 
and Charles Read, to take charge of the seals dur- 
ing the absence of Gov. William Franklin in Ens- 
land, and affix his name to official documents. He 
was subsequently treasurer of West Jersey. Mr. 
Smith's valuable manuscripts were used by Robert 
Proud in his •• History of Pennsylvania " (rhiladel- 

Jhia, 1797-U), and he published a «• History of New 
ersey from its Settlement to 1721 " (1755).— His 
brother, John, provincial councillor, b. in Burling- 
ton, N. J., 20 March, 1722; d. there, 26 March, 
1771, engaged in the West Indian trade in Phila- 
delphia, and was so successful in business that he 
occupied one of the finest houses in the city, and 
entertained the most eminent persons of the time. 
He was a Quaker in religion, but did much to 
ameliorate the severities of the sect by founding 
one of the first social clubs that was ever formed 
for young men of that denomination. He organ- 
ized the Philadelphia Contributionship, which was 
one of the first fire insurance companies in this 
country, and was a founder of the Philadelphia 
hospital. He served in the Pennsylvania assembly 
in 1750-'l, was active in the Friends' councils, and 
occupied many offices of trust. In 1748 he mar- 
ried Hannah, daughter of Chief -Justice James Lo- 
gan. He returned to Burlington, N. J., about this 
time, was a subscriber in 1757 to the New Jersey 
association for helping the Indians, the next year 
was chosen a member of the governor's council, 
and, with his brother Samuel and Charles Read, 
was a keeper of the seals in 1768. In 1761 he was 



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a commissioner to try pirates. Many anecdotes 
are told of him. On one occasion, his health being 
impaired, he was disturbed in his morning slumbers 
by a bellman going about the streets shouting that 
€k>v. William Franklin's park and a hundred deer 
were to be sold that day. Mr. Smith put his head 
out of the window and said to the bellman : " Put 
up your bell and go home ; I will buy the property 
at the owner's price." He then closed the win- 
dow and resumed his interrupted sleep.— Another 
brother, Richard, member of the Continental con- 
gress, b. in Burlington, N. J., 22 March, 1786; d. 
near Natchez, Miss., in 1808, was carefully edu- 
cated, and devoted much time to literary pursuits. 
Part of his correspondence with Dr. Tobias Smol- 
lett at the beginning of the Revolution was pub- 
lished in the " Atlantic Monthly." He was chosen 
to the Continental congress in 1774, and served 
till 1770, when he resigned on account of the fail- 
ure of his health, and a probable reluctance to 
take further part against Great Britain. He died 
while on a journey through the southern states. 
--John's grandson, John Jay, librarian, b. in Bur- 
lington county, N. J., 16 June, 1798 ; d. in Philadel- 
phia, Pa., 28 Sept., 1881, was educated at home, and 
from 1829 till 1851 was librarian of the Philadel- 
phia and Loganian libraries. He edited the '• Sat- 
urday Bulletin" in 1830-'2, the " Daily Express " 
in 18182, 4t Littell's Museum " for one vear, Walsh's 
"National Gazette," and Andrew J. Downing's 
" Horticulturist " in 1855-'60. He superintended 
more than 100 volumes that do not bear his name, 
edited Walter Scott's " Life of Napoleon " (1827) ; 
" Celebrated Trials " (1835); " Animal Magnetism : 
Report of Dr. Franklin with Additions * (1837); 
•• Guide to Workers in Metals and Stones," with 
Thomas U. Walter (1846) ; " Designs for Monuments 
and Mural Tablets" (New York, 1846); "Letters 
of Dr. Richard Hill " (1854) ; and M North American 
Sylva" (3 vols., Philadelphia, 1857); and was the 
author of " Notes for a History of the Library Com- 
pany of Philadelphia "(1881) ; " A Summer's Jaunt 
Across the Water " (1842) ; and, with John F. Wat- 
son, " Historical and Literary Curiosities " (1846). 
— John Jay's son, Lloyd Pearsall, librarian, b. in 
Philadelphia. 6 Feb., 1822 ; d. in German town, Pa., 
2 July, 1886, was graduated at Haverford college, 
Pa., in 1836,became hereditary assistant and treas- 
urer in the Philadelphia and Loganian library, and 
in 1851 succeeded his father as librarian. He ed- 
ited u Lippincott's Magazine " in 1868-70. compiled 
vol. iii. of the catalogue of books belonging to the 
Library company of Philadelphia, including the 
index to the first three volumes, and, besides 
numerous magazine articles and pamphlets, was 
the author of " Report to the Contributors of the 
Pennsylvania Relief Association for East Tennes- 
see of a Commission of the Executive Committee 
sent to examine that Region " (Philadelphia, 1864) ; 
" Remarks on the Existing Materials for forming a 
Just Estimate of Napoleon I." (New York, 1865); 
M Remarks on the Apology for Imperial Usurpation 
contained in Napoleon's 'Life of Cesar'" (1865); 
M Address delivered at Haverford College before the 
Alumni" (Philadelphia. 1869); "Symbolism and 
Science " (1885) ; and was the bibliographer of the 
order of the Cincinnati — Samuel's grandson, Sam- 
uel Joseph, poet, b. in Moorestown, N. J., in 
1771 ; d. near Burlington, N. J., 14 Nov., 1885, 
was liberally educated, and, having inherited large 
wealth, lived on his estate, dividing his time be- 
tween his farm, literature, and public benefactions. 
Two of bis lyrics are in " Lyra Sacra Americana," 
and his " Miscellanies," with a memoir, were pub- 
lished (Philadelphia, 1886). 



SMITH, Samuel, soldier, b. in Lancaster, Pa., 27 
July, 1752 ; d. in Baltimore, Md., 22 April, 1889. His 
father, John, a native of Strabane, Ireland, removed 
about 1759 to Baltimore, where he was for many 
years a well-known merchant In 1768 he was one 
of the commissioners to raise money by lottery to 
erect a market-house in Baltimore, and in 1766 
was one of the commissioners to lay off an addi- 
tion to the town. On 14 Nov., 1769, he was chair- 
man of a meeting of the merchants to prohibit 
the importation of European goods, and on 31 
May, 1774, was appointed a member of the Balti- 
more committee of correspondence. In 1774 he 
was also appointed one of the justices of the peace, 
and in November became one of a committee of 
observation whose powers extended to the general 
police and local government of Baltimore town 
and county, and to the raising of forty companies 
of " minute-men." The Continental congress hav- 
ing recommended measures for procuring arms and 
ammunition from abroad, he was appointed on the 
committee for that purpose from Baltimore. On 
5 Aug., 1776, he was elected a delegate to the con- 
vention that was called to frame the first state 
constitution. In 1781 he was elected to the state 
senate, and in 1786 was re-elected. Samuel, son 
of John, spent five years in his father's count- 
ing-room in acquiring a commercial education, 
and sailed for Havre, France, in 1772, as super- 
cargo of one of his father's vessels. He travelled 
extensively in Europe, and returned home after 
the battle of Lexington. He offered his services 
to Maryland and was appointed in 1776 captain of 
the 6th company of Col. William Small wood's regi- 
ment of the Maryland line. In April, 1776, Capt. 
James Barron intercepted on the Chesapeake bay 
a treasonable correspondence between Gov. Robert 
Eden (q. v.) and Lord George Germaine, and Gen. 
Charles Lee, who commanded the department, or- 
dered Capt. Smith to proceed to Annapolis, seize 
the person and papers of Gov. Eden, and detain 
him until the will of congress was known. Upon 
his arrival at Annapolis the council of safety for- 
bade the arrest, claiming that it was an undue as- 
sumption of authority. His regiment did eminent 
service at the battle of Long Island, where it lost 
one third of its men. He took a creditable part in 
the battles of Harlem and White Plains, where he 
was slightly wounded, and in the harassing retreat 
through New Jersey. He was promoted to the 
rank of major, 10 Dec., 1776, ana in 1777' to that 
of lieutenant-colonel of the 4th Maryland regi- 
ment, under Col. James Carvill Hall. He served 
with credit at the attack on Staten island and at 
the Brandywine, and, upon the ascent of the Brit- 
ish fleet up the Delaware, was detached by Wash- 
ington to the command of Fort Mifflin. In this 
naked and exposed work he maintained himself 
under a continued cannonade from 26 Sept. till 11 
Nov., when he was so severely wounded as to make 
it necessary to remove him to the Jersey shore. 
For this gallant defence congress voted him 
thanks and a sword. When he was not entirely 
recovered from the effects of his wound, he yet 
took part in the hardships of Valley Forge. He 
took an active part in the battle of Monmouth. 
Being reduced, after a service of three years and a 
half, from affluence to poverty, he was compelled 
to resign his commission, but continued to do duty 
as colonel of the Baltimore militia until the end 
of the war. In July, 1779, he was challenged to 
fight a duel with pistols by Col. Eleazer Oswald, 
one of the editors of the Maryland "Journal," 
published at Baltimore. The trouble grew out of 
the publication in the " Journal " of Gen. Charles 



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Lee's queries, " political and military," which re- 
flected on Gen. Washington, and (or which the 
editors were mobbed. By the advice of friends. 
Col. Smith declined the challenge. In 1783 he was 
appointed one of the port- wardens of Baltimore, 
and from 1790 to 1792 was a member of the 
house of delegates. In consequence of the threat- 
ened war with France and England in 1704, he was 
appointed brigadier-general of the militia of Bal- 
timore, with the rank of major-general, and com- 
manded the quota of Maryland troops engaged in 
suppressing the whiskey insurrection in Pennsyl- 
vania. In 1793 he was elected a representative in 
congress, holding the place until 1803. and again 
from 1816 till 1822. He was a member of the 
U. S. senate from 1803 to 1815, and from 1822 to 
1833. Under President Jefferson he served with- 
out compensation a short time in 1801, as secretary 
of the navy, though declining the appointment. 
He was a brigadier-general of militia, and served 
as major-general of the state troops in the defence 
of Baltimore in the war of 1812. He was one of 
the originators of the Bank of Maryland in 1790, 
and one of the incorporators of the Library com- 
pany of Baltimore in 1797, and of the Reisters- 
town turnpike company. He was among the pro- 
jectors of the Washington monument and the Bat- 
tle monument at Baltimore. In August, 1835, when 
he was in his eighty-third year, a committee of his 
fellow-citizens having called on him to put down a 
mob that had possession of the city, ne at once 
consented to make the attempt, was successful, and 
elected mayor of the city, serving until 1838. — His 
son, John Spear, b. in Baltimore, Md., about 1790 ; 
d. there, 17 Nov., 1866, acted as volunteer aide- 
de-camp to his father in the defence of Baltimore 
in 181 2-' 14. While a young man he prepared, 
under government auspices, some volumes of valu- 
able research on the commercial relations of the 
United States. He was appointed secretary of the 
U. S. legation at London, and in 1811 was left in 
charge as charge* d'affaires by William Pinkney. 
He was a member of the Internal improvement 
convention of Maryland in 1825, and upon the 
formation of the Maryland historical society in 
1844 was made its first president, which post he 
held until his death. He was at one time judge 
of the orphans' court, and in 1833 was a presiden- 
tial elector. — Robert, statesman, brother of Gen. 
Samuel, b. in Lancaster, Pa., in November, 1757 ; d. 
in Baltimore, 26 Nov., 1842, was graduated at Prince- 
ton in 1781, and was present at the battle of Bran- 
dy wine as a volunteer. He then studied law and 
practised in Baltimore. In 1789 he was one of the 
presidential electors, and he was the last survivor 
of that electoral college. In 1793 he was state 
senator, from 1796 till 1800 served as a member of 
the house of delegates, and from 1798 till 1801 sat 
in the first branch of the city council oi Baltimore. 
He was secretary of the navy from 26 Jan., 1802, 
till 1805, U.S. attorney-general from March till De- 
cember, 1805, and secretary of state from 6 March, 
1809, till 25 Nov., 1811. On 23 Jan., 1806. he was 
appointed chancellor of Maryland, and chief judge 
of the district of Baltimore, but he declined. He 
resigned the office of secretary of state, 1 April, 
181 1, and was offered the embassy to Russia, which 
he declined. He was president of an auxiliary of 
the American Bible society in 1813, president of 
the Maryland agricultural society in 1818, and in 
1813 succeeded Archbishop John Carroll as provost 
of the University of Maryland. He was the author 
of an " Address to the People of the United 
States " (1811).— His son, Samuel W.,b. near Bal- 
timore, 14 Aug., 1800, was educated at Princeton. 



He served in the city council of Baltimore, was 
president of the Baltimore club and the Maryland 
club, a director in the Baltimore and Ohio rail- 
road, and a trustee of the Peabody institute and of 
Washington university. 

SMITH, Samuel Emerson, jurist, b. in Hollis, 
N. H., 12 March, 1788 ; d. in Wiscassett, Me., 4 
March, 1860. His father, Manasseh, was a chap- 
lain in the Revolution, and subsequently a lawyer 
in Wiscassett Samuel was graduated at Harvard 
in 1808, studied law, was admitted to the Boston 
bar, settled in Wiscassett in 1812, and was in the 
legislature in 1819-*20. He was chief justice of 
the court of common pleas of Maine in 1821, a 
justice of the state court of common pleas in 
1822-*30, governor in 1831-4, again a judge of com- 
mon pleas in 1835-7, and a commissioner to revise 
the statutes of Maine in the latter year. 

SMITH, Samuel Francis, clergyman, b. in 
Boston, Mass., 21 Oct, 1808. He attended the 
Boston Latin-school in 1820-'5, and was graduated 
at Harvard in 1820 and at Andover theological 
seminary in 1832. He was ordained to the ministry 
of the Baptist church at Waterviile, Me., in 1834, 
occupied pastorates at Waterviile in 1834-'42, and 
Newton. Mass., in 1842-*54, and was professor of 
modern languages in Waterviile college (now Colby 
university) while residing in that city. He was 
editor of "The Christian Review" in Boston in 
1842-'8, and editor of the various publications of 
the Baptist missionary union in 1854- '69. In 
1875-'6 and 1880-*2 he visited the chief missionary 
stations in Europe and Asia. He received the de- 
gree of 0. D. from Waterviile college in 1854. Dr. 
Smith has done a large amount of literary work, 
mainly in the line of hymnology, his most noted 
composition being the national nymn, " My Coun- 
try, Tis of Thee, which was written while he was 
a theological student and first sung at a children's 
celebration in the Park street church, Boston, 4 
July, 1832. The missionary hymn, " The Morning 
Light is Breaking,** was written at the same place 
and time. He translated from the German moat 
of the pieces in the "Juvenile Lyre" (Boston, 
1832), and from the ** Conversations - Lexicon " 
nearly enough articles to fill an entire volume of 
the '* Encyclopaedia Americana ** (1828-'321 His 
collections of original hymns and poetry ana poeti- 
cal translations have been published under the ti- 
tles of " Lyric Gems *' (Boston, 1843) : " The Psalm- 
ist" a noted Baptist hymn-book (1843) ; and tt Rock 
of Ages " (1866 ; new ed., 1877). He has also pub- 
lished a "Life of Rev. Joseph Grafton** (1848); 
"Missionary Sketches "(1879; 2d ed., 1883): - His- 
tory of Newton, Mass.** (1880); "Rambles in Mis- 
sion-Fields " (1884) ; and contributions to numer- 
ous periodicals. His classmate, Oliver Wendell 
Holmes, in his reunion poem entitled " The Boys,* 9 
thus refers to him : 

u And there's a nice youngster of excellent pith ; 
Fate tried to conceal him by naming him Smith ! 
But he chanted a song for the brave and the 

free- 
Just read on his medal, ' My country, of thee ! * " 
SMITH, Sarah Loaisa Hickman, poet. b. in 
Detroit, Mich., 30 June, 1811 ; d. in New York city, 
12 Feb., 1832. She wrote verses at an early age, 
was liberally educated at her home in Newton, 
Mass., and in 1829 married Samuel Jenks Smith, 
of Providence, R. I. They removed to Cincinnati, 
Ohio, in the same year, where she was a contributor 
to the "Gazette. Her verses evince a graceful 
fancy and poetic feeling, and her stamas on 
" Wnite Roses ** are included in many collections. 
She published " Poems** (Providence, R. I„ 1829). 



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SMITH, Seba. journalist, b. in Buckfleld, Me., 
14 Sept, 1792; d. in Patchogue, L. I., 29 July, 
1868. He was graduated at Bowdoin in 1818, and 
subsequently settled in Portland, Me., as a jour- 
nalist, where he edited the " Eastern Argus, the 
" Family Recorder," and the •• Portland Daily 
Courier." During the administration of President 
Jackson he wrote a series of humorous and satiri- 
cal letters under the pen-name of " Major Jack 
Downing," which attained wide celebrity. They 
were subsequently collected and published (Port- 
land, 1888), and passed through several editions. 
He removed to New York city in 1842, where he 
continued his profession of journalism until shortly 
before his death. His other publications include 
"Powhatan," a metrical romance (New York, 
1841) ; " New Elements of Geometry," an ingenious 
but paradoxical attempt to overturn the common 
definitions of geometry (1850) : and " Way Down 
East, or Portraitures of Yankee Life" (1855).— 
His wife, Elizabeth Oakes (Prince), author, b. in 
North Yarmouth, Me., 12 Aug., 1806, was educated 
in her native town, married Mr. Smith early in 
life, and aided him in the editorship of several 
papers. For three years she was in charge of the 
44 Mayflower," an annual published in Boston, 
Mass. She removed with her husband to New 
York city in 1842, and engaged in literary pur- 
suits. She was the first woman in this country 
that ever appeared as a public lecturer. She also 
preached in several churches, and at one time 
was pastor of an independent congregation in 
Canastota, Madison oo., N. Y. Her books include 
M Riches without Wings" (Boston, 1888); "The 
Sinless Child" (New York, 1841); "Stories for 
Children" (Boston, 1847); "Woman and her 
Needs" (1851); "Hints on Dress and Beauty" 
(1852); "Bald Eagle, or the Last of the Rama- 
paughs" (London, 1867); "The Roman Tribute," 
a tragedy (1850); and "Old New York, or Jacob 
Leisler," a tragedy (1858). 

SMITH, Sidney, Canadian statesman, b. in 
Port Hope, Upper Canada, 16 Oct., 1828. His 
grandfather, Elias, adhered to the cause of the 
crown during the American Revolution, and, re- 
moving to Canada, founded what is now the town 
of Port Hope. Sidney was educated at Cobourg 
and Port Hope, studied law, and was admitted to 
the bar in 1844. He began practice at Cobourg, 
in 1858 was elected warden of the united counties 
of Northumberland and Durham, in 1854 was 
elected to the legislative assembly for the west 
riding of Northumberland, and was twice re-elected 
for this constituency. Till 1856 he supported the 
coalition of which Sir Allan MacNab was the head, 
but he then went into opposition. He afterward 
travelled in Germany for his health, and on 2 Feb., 
1858, was appointed postmaster-general with a seat 
in the cabinet, which office he held till the resig- 
nation of the government in 1862, with the excep- 
tion of the period of the ministerial crisis in 1858, 
when he became president of the council and 
minister of agriculture. From 1858 till 1862 
Mr. Smith was a member of the board of rail- 
war commissioners, and in 1858 he introduced 
ana carried through parliament the consolidated 
jurv act for Upper Canada, which is still the law 
with a few unimportant changes. While postmaster- 
general he succeeded in forming arrangements with 
the United States, France, Belgium, and Prussia 
for the conveyance of mail matter across the 
Atlantic in Canadian steamers, and through Cana- 
da on the Grand Trunk railway. In 1860 Mr. 
Smith secured the abolition of Sunday labor in the 
post-offices in Upper Canada. In 1861 he was 



elected to the legislative council, but he resigned 
in 1868, and unsuccessfully contested Victoria for 
the house of assembly. In 1866 he was appoint- 
ed inspector of registry offices for Upper Canada, 
which post he still holds. 

SMITH, Sidney Irving, biologist, b. in Nor- 
way. Me., 18 Feb., 1848. He was graduated at the 
Sheffield scientific school of Yale in 1867, and was 
assistant in zoOlogy from that time till 1876, 
when he was chosen professor of comparative 
anatomy. He had charge of the deep-water 
dredging that was carried on in Lake Superior 
by the U. S. lake survey in 1871, and by the 
U. S. coast survey in the region of St. George's 
banks in 1872. Prof. Smith has also been associ- 
ated in the biological work of the U. S. fish com- 
mission on the New England coast since 1871. He 
is a member of various scientific societies, and in 
1884 was elected to the National academy of 
sciences. His papers have been published in the 
44 Reports of the U. S. Fish Commission," ** Reports 
of Progress of the Geological Survey of Canada," 
and other government reports, ana he has also 
contributed memoirs on his specialties to the trans- 
actions of scientific societies of which he is a mem- 
ber, and to technical journals. 

SMITH, Solomon Franklin, actor, b. in Nor- 
wich, Chenango co., N. Y., 20 April, 1801 ; d. in 
St Louis, Mo., 20 April, 1869. After spending 
three years as a clerk in Albany, N. Y., he was ap- 
prenticed to a printing establishment in Louisville, 
Ky. He joined Alexander Drake's dramatic com- 
pany in 1820, withdrew at the end of the season, 
studied law in Cincinnati, Ohio, and in 1822 be- 
came the editor of the "Independent Press," a 
Jacksonian Democratic organ, and at the same time 
a manager of the Globe theatre. The latter enter- 
prise proved unsuccessful; but he travelled with 
nis company the next year and gained wide repu- 
tation as a low comedian, his principal roles being 
Mawworm in •• The Hypocrite," Sheepface in t4 The 
Village Lawyer," and Billy Lackaday in u Sweet- 
hearts and Wives." He abandoned theatrical man- 
agement and the stage in 1858, settled as a lawyer 
in St. Louis, and was a member of the Missouri 
state convention in 1861. He was an uncondi- 
tional Union man, and bore an active part in form- 
ing a provisional government for the state. He 
published u Theatrical Apprenticeship " (Philadel- 
phia, Pa., 1845); "Theatrical Journey Work" 
(1854); and an " Autobiography " (New York, 
1868).— His son, Marcos, actor, b. in New Orleans, 
La., 7 Jan., 1829 ; d. in Paris, France, 11 Aug., 1874, 
made his dtbut in New Orleans in 1840 as Dig- 
gory in " Family Jars." He then connected him- 
self with Wallack's theatre, New York city, where 
he became widely popular, subsequently playing suc- 
cessful star engagements in the principal cities in 
this country. He visited England in 1869, where 
he was favorably received. When Edwin Booth 
opened his theatre in New York city in February, 
1869, Smith became his manager and was a mem- 
ber of his company for several years. His last 
public appearance was in London, where he was 
connected with St James's theatre. 

SMITH, Stephen, physician, b. in Onondaga 
county, N. Y., 19 Feb.. 1828. He was educated in 
the public schools and at Cortland academy, 
Homer, N. Y., and. after attending lectures at 
Geneva and Buffalo, N. Y., medical college, was 
graduated at the New York college of physicians 
and surgeons in 1850, became a resident physician 
at Bellevue hospital, and afterward settled (n New 
York city. He became an attending surgeon to 
Bellovoe in 1854, was professor of surgery there in 



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1861-5, and was then transferred to the chair of 
anatomy. Since 1874 he has been professor of 
clinical surgery in the medical department of 
the University of New York. He became joint 
editor with Dr. Samuel S. Purple of the "New 
York Medical Journal " in 1858, its sole editor in 
1857, changed it into a weekly and published it 
under the name of the u Medical Times," in 1860, 
and continued in its charge until 1868, when the 
paper was discontinued. He was among the first 
to propose the organization of Bellevue medical 
college, and was a member of its faculty for ten 
years, and it was mainly due to his efforts that the 
Medical journal library was established. He made 
a thorough examination of the sanitary condition 
of New York in 1865, and presented to the legis- 
lature an official report of his investigations, which 
was published (New York, 1865). He was appoint- 
ed by the governor a health commissioner in 1868, 
and reappointed by the mayor in 1870 and in 1872, 
was chiefly instrumental in founding the Ameri- 
can health association in that year, and was its 
president for four terms. He was also active in 
organizing a National board of health, of which he 
was appointed a member by the president in 1879. 
In 1882-*8 he was state commissioner of lunacy, 
during which service he published six voluminous 
reports on the condition of the insane, and of the 
institutions for their cure. Since 1880 he has been 
a member of the State board of charities. He has 
tied the common iliac artery for aneurism, and was 
the second in this country to perform Symes's am- 
putation at the ankle-joint He is a member of 
various medical societies, and has published " Mono- 
graph of Seventy-five Cases of Rupture of the Uri- 
nary Bladder," which was highly commended in 
this country and abroad (1851), ** Hand-Book of 
Surgical Operations " (1868), and u Principles of 
Operative Surgery " (1879). 

SMITH, Theophilas Washington, jurist, b. 
in New York city, 28 Sept., 1784; d. in Chicago, 
111., 6 May, 1846. After serving in the U. a 
navy, he was admitted to the bar in his native 
city, 11 Dec., 1805, having been a law-student in 
the office of Aaron Burr, and a fellow-student with 
Washington Irving. On 2 April, 1806, he was 
commissioned notary public by Gov. Morgan 
Lewis. In 1816 he visited the west in the interest 
of his father-in-law, who had a large estate in 
Ohio, and proceeding as far as Edwarasville, Hi, 
settled there. In 1828 he was elected state sena- 
tor, introduced and supported the original bill for 
the construction of the Illinois and Michigan canal, 
and was appointed one of the commissioners. In 
1825 he was elected judge of the supreme court of 
the state. In 1886 he removed to Chicago, and in 
April, 1841, he was assigned the judgeship in the 
7tn circuit of the state in addition to his duties as 
judge of the supreme court. Failing health com- 
pelled him to resign his office, 26 Dec, 1842. 

SMITH, Thomas, clergyman, b. in Boston, 
Mass., 10 March, 1702; d. in Portland, Me., 25 
May, 1795. He was the son of Thomas Smith, a 
well-known merchant of Boston, and was gradu- 
ated at Harvard in 1720. After leaving college he 
at once entered upon theological studies, and be- 
gan to preach on 19 April, 1722. In June, 1725, 
he came for the first time to Falmouth (now Port- 
land), then the extreme settlement in Maine, and 
S reached for several months to the great satisfac- 
on of the people, who extended to him a call to 
become their pastor, 26 April, 1726. This he did 
not accept until 28 Jan., 1727, and he was publicly 
ordained on 8 March of the same year. His salary 
was '* £70 money the first year besides his board." 



Mr. Smith continued pastor of the 1st church in 
Portland more than sixty-eight years, and officiated 
in part of the services till within two years of his 
death. He kept an historical and personal diary 
from 1720 till 1788, a greater length of time prob- 
ably than that during which any similar record 
has been kept within the limits of the state. It 
was edited by the Rev. Samuel Freeman (Portland, 
1821), and a new edition, with notes and a memoir 
bv William Willis, former president of the Maine 
historical society, was issued in 1849. 

SMITH, Thomas Church Haskell, soldier, b. 
in Acushnet, Mass., 24 March, 1819. He was 
graduated at Harvard in 1841, was admitted to 
the bar of Cincinnati in 1844, engaged in the es- 
tablishment of the Morse telegraph system in the 
west and south, and wss president of the New 
Orleans and Ohio telegraph company. At the be- 
ginning of the civil war he became lieutenant- 
colonel of the 1st Ohio cavalry, served under Gen. 
John Pope in Virginia, and became brigadier-gen- 
eral of volunteers in September, 1862. He was 
placed in command of the district of Wisconsin 
in 1868 to quell the draft riots, became inspector- 
general of the Department of the Missouri in 1864, 
and while commanding that district dealt with the 
disturbances that arose from the return of 1,800 
Confederate soldiers to their homes after the sur- 
render. He carried out Gen. Pope's policy of 
withdrawing government troops from Missouri, 
and restored the state without delay to its own 
civil control. He was mustered out of the vol- 
unteer service in 1866, and in 1878 entered the 
regular army as major and paymaster. In 1888 he 
was retired. 

SMITH, Thomas Kllby. soldier, b. in Boston, 
Mass., 28 Sept., 1820 ; d. in New York city, 14 Dec, 
1887. His father, George, was a captain in the 
East Indian trade for many years, but removed to 
Ohio about 1828, and settled on a farm in Hamil- 
ton county. Thomas was graduated at Cincinnati 
college in 1887, read law with Salmon P. Chase, 
was admitted to the bar in 1845, and practised till 
1858, when he became bureau and special agent in 
the post-office department in Washington, D. C. 
He was U. S. marshal for the southern district of 
Ohio in 1855-'6, and subsequently deputy clerk of 
Hamilton county, Ohio. He became lieutenant- 
colonel in the 54th Ohio infantry in September. 
1861, was promoted its colonel in October, and 
commanded the regiment at Pittsburg Landing, 
the advance on Corinth, and the Vicksburg cam- 
paign. He was assigned to the 2d brigade, 2d divis- 
ion of the 15th array corps, in January, 1868, was 
on a court of inquiry, ana on staff duty with Gen. 
Ulysses S. Grant from May till September, 1868, 
and was commissioned brigadier-general of volun- 
teers in August of that year. He commanded 
brigades in the 17th army corps, and led a division 
of artillery, cavalry, and* infantry in the Red river 
expedition. His special duty being to protect the 

fun-boats when the main body of the army at Se- 
ine cross roads, endeavoring to reach Shreveport, 
fell back, Gen. Smith was left with 2,500 men 
to protect the fleet in its withdrawal down the 
river. He accomplished the task in the face of 
opposing armies on both banks of the stream. 
Subsequently he commanded the 8d division de- 
tachment of the Array of the Tennessee, and then 
had charge of the district of southern Alabama 
and Florida and the district and port of Mobile. 
He was compelled to resign field duty in July, 

1864, on account of the failure of his health, was 
brevetted major-general of volunteers, 5 March, 

1865, and in 1866 became U. S. consul at Panama. 



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He removed to Torresdale, Pa., in 1866, and resided 
there until his death. In the spring of 1887 he be- 
came engaged in the business department of the 
** Star," New York city. He was an active member 
of the Loyal legion, and was at one time junior 
vice-commander of the Pennsylvania coramandery. 

SMITH, Thomas Loch Ian, artist, b. in Glas- 
gow, Scotland, 2 Dec., 1835; d. in New York, 5 
Nov., 1884. He came to the United States at an 
early age, and was for a time the pupil of George 
H. Boughton at Albany, N. Y., where he opened a 
studio in 1859. Three years later he removed to 
New York, and in 1869 was elected an associate of 
the National academy. He devoted himself chiefl v 
to painting winter scenes. His •• Deserted House ' 
ana M Eve of St Agnes " were at the Centennial ex- 
hibition at Philadelphia in 1870. 

SMITH, William, jurist, b. in Newport-Pag- 
nell, Buckinghamshire, England, 8 Oct, 1697 ; d. 
in New York city, 22 Nov., 1769. His father, 
Thomas, a tallow-chandler, came to this country 
on account of his religious opinions in 1715, ac- 
companied by his three sons. William was brought 
up as a Calvinist and a republican, was graduated 
at Yale in 1719, served as tutor there for five years, 
and in 1724 returned to New York city and was 
admitted to the bar. His eloquence and address 
soon brought him into notice, out in 1733 he was 
disbarred on account of his participation as coun- 
sel in a lawsuit against Gov. William Cosby, where 
the principle that was involved was the right of 
the provincial council to provide a salary for one 
of their own number as acting governor during 
the interval between the death of one royal ap- 
pointee and the arrival of another. He was re- 
stored in 1736, and his son, William Smith, the his- 
torian, recites as an instance of his eloquence that 
by his consummate art in telling the story of the 
crucifixion he succeeded in inducing the New York 
assembly to reject all the votes of the Jewish mem- 
bers, and so to establish the disputed election of 
his client He also practised extensively in Con- 
necticut, and in 1748-'4 was counsel for that col- 
ony in their case against the Mohegan Indians. 
He was appointed attorney-general and advocate- 
general by Gov. George Clinton in 1751, succeed- 
ing Richard Bradley, and served one year, but was 
not confirmed by the royal authorities. He became 
a member of the governor's council in 1753, and 
held office till 1767, when he was succeeded by his 
son, William. In that capacity he attended the 
congress of the colonies that was held in Albany, 
N. Y., in June, 1754, and was the member from 
New York of the committee to draft the plan of 
anion, which he earnestly favored. In the same 
month he was a commissioner to fix the boundary- 
lines between New York and Massachusetts. He 
declined the office of chief justice of New York 
in 1760, became the associate justice of the same 
court in- 1768, and held office until his death. The 
M New York Gazette " of the next week described 
him as M a gentleman of great erudition, the most 
eloquent speaker in the province, and a zealous 
and inflexible friend to the cause of religion and 
liberty."— His son, William, historian, b. in New 
York city, 25 June, 1728 ; d. in Quebec Canada, 3 
Nov., 1793, was graduated at Yale in 1745, studied 
law, was admitted to the bar of New York city, and 
soon acquired an extensive practice. He was an 
eloquent speaker, and many of his law opinions 
were collected and recorded by George Chalmers 
in his ** Opinions on Interesting Subjects arising 
from American Independence " (1784). He became 
chief justice of the provinces of New York in 1768, 
succeeded his father as a member of the council 



in 1767, and held office nominally till 1782. Dur- 
ing the Revolution he seems to have been at a loss 
as to which cause he should espouse. Gov. Tryon 
wrote to Lord George Germame, 24 Sept, 1776, 
that " Smith has with- 
drawn to his plantation 
up the North river, 
and has not been heard 
from for five months." 
It is probable he real- 
ly joined the loyalists 
about 1778; previous 
to that year he had 
been confined on pa- 
role at Livingston 
Manor on the Hudson. 
But as he was in pos- 
session of his costly 
furniture, his servants 
and his family, and 
none of his property 
had been confiscated, it 
is probable that the 
Americans did not con- 
sider him wholly inimical to them. When he final- 
ly attached himself to the British cause the Whigs 
wrote scurrilous verses on his apostasy, and called 
him the weather-cock. The royalists welcomed 
him with honors, although his motives were strong- 
ly suspected. He went to England in 1783 with 
the British troops, became chief justice of Canada 
in 1786, and held office until his death. He was 
an upright and just judge, and, among the minor 
changes that he instituted in the courts, established 
the office of constable, whose duties before his ad- 
ministration had devolved upon the soldiers. He 
was intimate with many eminent English statesmen. 
He published, with William Livingston, " Revised 
Laws of New York, 1690-1762" (New York, 1762), 
and " History of the Province of New York from 
its Discovery in 1732," of which Chancellor James 
Kent says :" It is as dry as ordinary annals," and 
which John Neal calls " a dull, heavy, and circum- 
stantial affair " (London, 1793 ; republished, with 
additions by William Smith, the third, 1814).— The 
second William's son, William, historian, b. in 
New York, 7 Feb.. 1769; d. in Quebec, Canada, 
17 Dec, 1847, accompanied his father to England 
in 1783, and returned with him to Canada in 
1786, meanwhile attending a grammar-school near 
Kensington, England. He became successively 
clerk of the provincial parliament, master in chan- 
cery, and in 1814 secretary of state for the colonies 
and a member of the executive council. He pub- 
lished a " History of Canada from its Discovery " 
(2 vols., Quebec, 1815). — Another son of the first 
William, Joshua Hett, lawyer, b. in New York 
city in 1736 ; d. there in 1818, was educated for the 
bar, and practised with success. During the Revo- 
lution he was a Tory in politics, and in Benedict 
Arnold's treason in 1780 figured as his tool or ac- 
complice. When Andre* went up the Hudson river 
to meet Arnold, the two conspirators passed the 
night of 22 Sept at Smith's house. When the plot 
was complete Andre" was ready to return, but, for 
some reason that Smith never explained, the latter 
refused to carry him on board the " Vulture," but 
accompanied him by land to a place of supposed 
safety, exchanging coats before they parted, for 
the better protection of Andre. Smith was subse- 
quently tried by a military court for his connection 
with the affair, and was acquitted, but taken into 
custody by the civil authorities and committed to 
jail. After several months' imprisonment he es- 
caped in woman's dress and raaae his way to New 



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York, where he was protected by the loyal popula- 
tion. He went to England at the close of the war, 
but subsequently returned to the United States. 
He published "An Authentic Narrative of the 
Causes that led to the Death of Major Andrl," of 
which Jared Sparks says : " The volume is not wor- 
thy of the least credit except when the statements 
are corroborated by other authorities" (London, 
1808; New York, 1809). 

SMITH, William, clergyman, b, near Aber- 
deen, Scotland, in 1727; d. in Philadelphia. Pa., 14 
May, 1808. He entered the college in his native 
city, and was graduated in 1747. After spending 
several years In teaching he embarked for this 

country, and in 
1752 was invited 
to take charge 
of the seminary 
in Philadelphia, 
which subse- 
quently became 
tne University 
of Pennsylvania. 
He went to Eng- 
land in 1753, re- 
ceived orders in 
| the Church of 
England, and on 
his return the 
next year en- 
tered upon his ed- 
ucational work. 
„ /S~\ * . m§ He revisited 

%f^*TmjJfT England in 1759, 

fi ^i) mwn revived the de- 

gree of D. D. 
from the University of Oxford, and was honored 
subsequently with tne same degree from Aberdeen 
college, and from Trinity college, Dublin. In addi- 
tion to his work as an instructor, Dr. Smith engaged 
actively in missionary duty as one of the Propaga- 
tion society's workers in Pennsylvania from 1766 
till the opening of the Revolution. He favored the 
American view of the differences with England, 
and delivered a sermon in June, 1775, by request 
of the officers of Col. Cadwallader's battalion, which 
produced a sensation both here and in the mother 
country. Subsequently he lost popularity in this 
respect, and was looked on as giving doubtful sup- 
port to patriotic meuures, the charge of disloyalty 
being partially owing to his marriage to Rebecca, 
daughter of <*ov. William Moore. Tne charter of 
the College of Philadelphia was taken away by the 
legislature of Pennsylvania in 1779, whereupon Dr. 
Smith removed to Ohestertown, Md„ and oecarae 
rector of Chester parish. He established a clas- 
sical seminary, which was chartered as a collegeby 
the general assembly of Maryland in June, 1782. 
It was named Washington college, and Dr. Smith 
became its president In May, 1788, a convention 
of the clergy of Maryland was held for organisa- 
tion of the American Protestant Episcopal church 
in that state, and Dr. Smith was chosen president 
At a convention in June of the same year he was 
elected bishop of Maryland, but, as the election 
was not approved by many, and the general con- 
vention of 1786 refused to recommend him for 
consecration, he was not elevated to the episcopate. 
He was several times clerical delegate to the general 
convention, and was uniformly onoeen president of 
that body. He was appointed in 1785 on the com- 
mittee to propose alterations in the liturgy, which 
resulted in what is known in ecclesiastical litera- 
ture as the " Proposed Book.** In the preparation 
of this he had the chief part, and the book was pub- 



lished in 1786, but the alterations were never i 
tioned by any action of the church. In 1789 the 
charter was restored by the legislature to the col- 
lege in Philadelphia, and Dr. Smith, on being in- 
vited to return, resumed his office as provost He 
spent the latter years of his life at his residence at 
Falls of Schuylkill, near Philadelphia, and en- 
gaged largely in secular pursuits, especially land 
speculations. He was much given to scientific re- 
search, was a man of more than ordinary ability 
and broad culture, and was regarded as an eloquent 
and effective preacher. Besides separate sermons 
and various addresses and orations, he published a 
collection of ** Discourses on Public Occasions'* 
(London, 1759; 2d ed., enlarged, 1768); - Brief 
Account of the Province of Pennsylvania w (Loo- 
don, 2d ed., 1755; New York, 1865); a series of 
eight essays, entitled " The Hermit," in the "Amer- 
ican Magazine," at Philadelphia (1757-'8); an ac- 
count of " Bouquet's Expedition against the West- 
em Indians " (1765 : new ed., with preface by Fran- 
cis Parkman, Cincinnati, 1885) ; and an edition of 
the poems of Nathaniel Evans, with a memoir 
(1772). Shortly before his death he made a collec- 
tion of his printed sermons, addresses, etc~, for 
publication. Bishop White furnished a preface, 
and added other sermons from manuscripts of Dr. 
Smith's, which were published in two vols. (Phila- 
delphia, 1808). See u Life and Correspondence of 
Rev. William Smith," by his great-grandson, Horace 
Wemyss Smith (2 vols., 1879). Dr. Smith's vignette 
is from the portrait painted in 1800 by Gilbert 
Stuart His daughter, Mrs. Blodget, was also 

Stated by the same artist—His son, William 
oore, lawyer, b. in Philadelphia, Pa*, 1 June, 
1759 ; d. at Palls of Schuylkill, Pa., 12 March, 1821, 
was graduated at the College of Philadelphia in 
1775. studied law, and attained to a high rank in his 
profession. He was appointed an agent for the 
settlement of claims that were provided for in the 
6th article of John Jay's treaty, and visited England 
in 1808 to close his commission, after which he re- 
turned to Pennsylvania and devoted the remainder 
of his life to scholarly pursuits. His publications in- 
clude several political pamphlets and essays, and a 
volume of poems (Philadelphia, Pa., 1784; London, 
1786).— William Moore's son, William Rodolpk, 
politician, b. in La Trappe, Montgomery co., rV, 
31 Aug., 1787; d. in Ouincy, 111., 22 Aug., 1868, 
was carefully educated by his grandfather, Rev. 
William Smith, until 1808, when he accompanied 
his father as private secretary to England, studied 
law in the Middle Temple, and on his return was 
admitted to the bar of Philadelphia in 180& He 
removed to Huntingdon county. Pa., the following 
year, became deputy attorney-general for Cambria 
county in 1811, and during tne second war with 
Great Britain, having previously been major-gen- 
eral of state . militia, was appointed colonel of 
the 42d Pennsylvania reserves. He commanded 
this regiment in support of the movement on 
Canada uuder Gen. Winfield Scott, and partici- 
pated in the battle of Lundy's Lane. He subse- 
quently served many terms in both branches of the 
legislature, and in 1887 was appointed, with Gov. 
Henry Dodge, U. S. commissioner to treat with the 
Chippewa Indians for the purchase of their pineries, 
a large part of the territory that is now embraced 
in the state of Minnesota. After successfully nego- 
tiating that enterprise he settled at Mineral Point 
Wis., where he passed the remainder of his life. 
He was adjutant-general of the territory of Wis- 
consin in i889-'52, and district attorney of Iowa 
county for many years, presided over the first 
Democratic convention in Wisconsin in 1840, and 



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was clerk of the territorial council in 1848. He 
was a member of the Constitutional convention of 
that year, took an active part in its proceedings, 
and was chairman of the committee on militia. 
Mr. Smith was chief clerk of the state senate in 
1849-'50, and attorney-general in 185&-U For 
many years he was president of the Wisconsin his- 
torical society. He published " Observations on 
Wisconsin Territory t,F (Philadelphia, 1838) ; •' Dis- 
course before the State Historical Society ** (Madi- 
son, Wis., 1850) ; and " History of Wisconsin," com- 
piled by direction of the legislature (1st and 3d 
vols., 1854; 2d and 4th vols., I860).— Another son 
of William Moore, Richard Penn, author, b. in 
Philadelphia, Pa., 13 March, 1799 ; d. in Falls of 
Schuylkul, Pa., 12 Aug., 1854, evinced a fondness 
for literary pursuits at an early age, and con- 
tributed to the " Union " a series of essays entitled 
** The Plagiary." He studied law under William 
Rawle, the elder, was admitted to the bar in 1821, 
succeeded William Duane as editor and proprietor 
of the '• Aurora " in 1822, and published it for five 
years, during which it was one of the chief journals 
of the country. He resumed practice in 1827, but 
subsequently devoted much time to literary pur- 
suits, and was the author of several poems and 
many plays, fifteen of which were produced on the 
Philadelphia stage, and in London, England, in 
most instances with decided success. Of these the 
best known are the tragedy of "Caius Marius," 
written for Edwin Forrest and acted by him in 
1831, and the farces and comedies " Quite Correct," 
u The Disowned," " The Deformed," " A Wife at a 
Venture," " The Sentinels," M William Penn," " The 
Water- Witch," " Is She a Brigand t " " My Uncle's 
Wedding," "The Daughter/* "The Actress of 
Padua," and a five-act drama entitled the " Vene- 
tians." He possessed brilliant social qualities and 
a trenchant wit Besides his plays he wrote 
••The Forsaken," a novel (2 vols., Philadelphia, 
1831) ; " Life of David Crockett " (1836) ; " Life of 
Martin Van Buren" (1836); and many tales. A 
selection of his miscellanies, with his 'memoir by 
Morton McMichael, was collected and published by 
his son, Horace Wemyss Smith (1856), and his 
M Complete Works, embodied in his Life and Cor- 
respondence " was also published by the latter au- 
thor (4 vols., 1888).— His son, Horace Wemyss, 
author, b. in Philadelphia county, Pa., 15 Aug., 1825, 
was educated in the Philadelphia high-school, and 
studied dentistry, but never practised, being early 
inclined to literary pursuits. He entered the Na- 
tional army in 18&1, but soon returned to journal- 
ism, in which he had previously engaged, and has 
since devoted himself to literature. He collected 
the ** Miscellanies " of his father that are referred 
to above, and is the author of " Nuts for Future 
Historians to Crack " (Philadelphia, 1856) ; " York- 
town Orderly-Book " (1865) ; •• Life of Rev. William 
Smith " (2 vols., 1880W and " History of the German- 
town Academy" (1882). — Another son of Richard 
Penn, Richard Penn, soldier, b. in Philadelphia, 
Pa., 9 May, 1887; d. in West Brighton, Staten 
island, N. Y„ 27 Nov., 1887, was educated at West 
Chester college, Pa. Immediately after leaving col- 
lege he settled in Kansas, and successfully engaged 
in business there, but returned to Philadelphia in 
1860, became lieutenant in the 71st Pennsylvania 
volunteers, and rose to the rank of colonel. He 
was engaged in the battles of Yorktown, Fair Oaks, 
White Oak Swamp, and Malvern Hill, covered 
the retreat at second Bull Run, was wounded at 
Antietam, and at Gettysburg did good service by 
bringing guns into use against Gen. George B. 
Picketta charge. He was mustered out of service 



in 1864, and engaged in business in New York 
city. On 3 July, 1887, he delivered an address at 
Gettysburg on the unveiling of the monument 
erected in honor of Lieut Alonzo U. Cushing and 
the 4th U. S. artillery by the 71st Pennsylvania 
volunteers.— Another son of William, Charles, 
lawyer, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 4 March, 1705 ; d. 
there, 18 March, 1836, was graduated at Washington 
college, Md., in 1783, studied law with his brother, 
William Moore Smith, and was admitted to the 
Philadelphia bar in 1 786. He practised in Sunbury, 
Pa., for several years, was a delegate to the State 
constitutional convention in 1702, settled in Lan- 
caster, Pa., and attained eminence as a land lawyer. 
He became president judge in 1819 of the judicial 
district composed of the counties of Cumberland, 
Franklin, and Adams, and in 1820 of the newly 
formed district court of Lancaster city and county. 
His later life was spent in Philadelphia. lie was 
a member of the American philosophical socie- 
ty, and in 1819 received the degree of LL. 1). 
from the University of Pennsylvania. He was at>- 
pointed by the legislature in 1810 to revise the 
laws of the state, and to frame a compilation of 
them, which he published with a " Treatise on tlie 
Land Laws Of Pennsylvania" (5 vo^ Philadelphia, 
1810-*12).— William's half-brother, Thomas, mem- 
ber of the Continental congress, b. near Aberdeen, 
Scotland, in 1745 ; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 16 June, 
1809, emigrated to this country at an early age, 
became deputy surveyor of an extensive frontier 
district of Pennsylvania, and, establishing himself 
in Bedford county, became prothonotary clerk, 
clerk of the sessions, and recorder. He early joined 
the patriot cause, was a colonel of militia during 
the Revolution, and a member of the State consti- 
tutional convention in 1776, served several terms in 
the legislature, and was in congress in 1780-*2. 
He became judge of the courts of the counties of 
Cumberland, Huntingdon, Bedford, and Franklin, 
in 1791, and from 1794 until his death was a judge 
of the supreme court of Pennsylvania. He was a 
devoted adherent of the Federal party.— Thomas's 
son, George Washington, author, b. in Philadel- 
phia, Pa., 4 Aug., 18(X); d. there, 22 April, 1876, 
was graduated at Princeton in 1818, studied law 
under Horace Binney. and was admitted to the bar 
of Philadelphia in 1828, but did not practise, and 
spent several years in Europe and Asia exploring 
the antiquities of those countries. He was a founder 
of the Pennsylvania historical society, for many 
years one of its councillors, and at his death senior 
vice-president Mr. Smith possessed a large estate, 
of which he gave liberally to benevolent objects. 
He was a member of the vestry of Christ church, 
Philadelphia, for more than thirty years, and an- 
nually deposited $5,000 in its offertory for the 
benefit of the Episcopal hospital. He was a mem- 
ber of the American philosophical society in 
1840-'76. He published •• Facts and Arguments in 
Favor of adopting Railroads in Preference to 
Canals" (Philadelphia, 1824); "Defence of the 
Pennsylvania System in Favor of Solitary Confine- 
ment of Prisoners " (1829) ; and several pamphlets 
on similar subjects, and edited Nicholas Wood's 
treatise on " Railroads " (1882).— William's nephew, 
William, clergyman, b. in Aberdeen, Scotland, in 
1754; d. in New York city, 6 April, 1821, was edu- 
cated at one of the Scotch universities (probably 
Aberdeen). He studied for the ministry, and was 
admitted to orders in the Church of England about 
1780. He came to the United States in 1785, was 



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SMITH 



SMITH 



the rectorship of Trinity church, Newport, in 1790. 
This post he held for seven years. He aided in 
organizing the Episcopal church in Rhode Island, 
and delivered the sermon at its first convention in 
November, 1790. He next was rector of St Paul's 
church, Norwalk, Conn., in 1797-1800, then re- 
moved to New York city, opened a grammar-school, 
and acquired high reputation as a teacher. In 1802 
he accepted the pnncipalship of the Episcopal 
academy, Cheshire, Conn., and gave instruction to 
candidates for orders in connection with his other 
duties. In 1806 he returned to New York city, 
where he resumed teaching the classics, mostly to 
private scholars. He performed clerical duty to 
some extent, but was never again settled in any 
parish. Dr. Smith was a man of superior ability 
and excellent scholarship and culture, possessing 
ready command of language, but he lacked good 
judgment and skill in managing youth and guiding 
affairs. His ability was clearly displayed in the 
preparation of the '* Office of Induction of Ministers 
into Parishes." He was requested by the convoca- 
tion in Connecticut to prepare such an office, which 
was approved and set forth with slight changes by 
the general convention of 1804. It was issued 
again, with some alterations, in 1806 ; the title was 
changed to " An Office of Institution of Ministers 
into Parishes or Churches," and its use was made 
permissible. Dr. Smith was the author of M The 
Reasonableness of setting forth the Praises of God, 
according to the Use of tne Primitive Church^with 
Historical Views of Metre Psalmody " (New York, 
1814) ; " Essays on the Christian Ministry " (a con- 
troversial work in defence of episcopacy) ; " Chants 
for Public Worship " ; and several occasional ser- 
mons and articles in magazines. 

SMITH, William, member of the Continental 
congress, b. in Baltimore, Md., in 1780; d. there, 
27 March, 1814. He supported the patriot cause, 
was a delegate to the Continental congress in 
1777-*8, served in the 1st congress in 1789-*91, 
having been chosen as a Federalist, was appointed 
by Gen. Washington auditor of the treasury in July 
of the latter year, served three months, and was a 
presidential elector in 1792, casting his vote for 
George Washington. 

SMITH, William, statesman, b. in North Caro- 
lina in 1762 ; d. in Huntsville, Ala., 10 June, 1840. 
Nothing is known of his ancestry. He emigrated to 
South Carolina when he was very young and poor, 
but obtained means to procure an education, and 
in 1780 was graduated at Mount Zion college, 
Winnsborough, S. C. He was admitted to the bar 
of Charleston, S. C, in 1784, served in the legisla- 
ture for several years and in the state senate in 
1806-*8, at the latter date, while president of the 
senate, becoming circuit judge. He was chosen to 
congress as a Democrat in 1796, served one term, 
returned to the bench, and occupied it till 1816, 
when he was elected to the U. S. senate to fill the 
vacancy caused bv the resignation of John Taylor, 
serving in 1817-*23. He was a Unionist candidate for 
re-election in 1822, but was defeated by Robert Y. 
Hayne. He was then chosen to the state house of 
representatives, and in 1825 led the party that re- 
versed John C. Calhoun's previous policy in South 
Carolina. In December, 1826, he was returned to 
the U. S. senate to fill the unexpired term of John 
Gaillard. He was defeated in the next canvass, but 
during his senatorial service was twice president 
pro tempore, and declined the appointment of judge 
of the supreme court of the United States. In 
1829 he received the seven electoral votes of 
Georgia for the vice-presidency. In 1881 he signed 
the appeal to the Union party of South Carolina, 



served a third term in the state senate, but, differing 
in politics from John C. Calhoun, removed to Ala- 
bama, that he might not reside where the letter's 
policy prevailed. He served several sessions in 
the legislature of that state, and declined in 1836 
the appointment of justice of the U. S. supreme 
court, which was offered him by President Jack- 
son. Having bought large tracts of land in Louisi- 
ana and Alabama during his first term in the 
U. S. senate, he accumulated a large fortune, built 
a costly residence in Huntsville, and died a mill- 
ionaire. He was an able though tyrannical judge, 
an implacable opponent, and an ardent friend. He 
was a state-rights advocate of the strictest sort, but 
opposed nullification as a new doctrine, a protec- 
tive tariff, and a national system of improvements. 
SMITH, William, governor of Virginia, b. in 
King George county, Va., 6 Sept, 1796 ; d\ in War- 
renton. Va,, 18 May, 1887. He was educated at 
classical schools in Virginia and Connecticut, be- 
gan to practise law in Culpeper county, Va^ in 
1818, and engaged in politics. After serving the 
Democratic party in a dozen canvasses as a politi- 
cal speaker, ne was chosen state senator in 1690, 
served five years, and in 1840 was elected to con- 
gress, but was defeated in the next canvass, his 
district having become strongly Whig. He then 
removed to Fauquier county, where in December, 
1845, he was one day addressed as Governor Smith. 
He then heard for the first time that, without con- 
sulting him, the Virginia legislature had chosen 
him governor for the term beginning 1 Jan., 1846. 
He removed to California in 1850, was president 
of the first Democratic convention that was held 
in that state, returned to Virginia the same year, 
and in 1853-*61 was a member of congress, during 
which service he was chairman of the committee 
on the laws of public printing. In June, 1861, he 
became colonel of tne 49th Virginia infantry, 
and he was chosen soon afterward to the Con- 
federate congress, but he resigned in 1862 for 
active duty in the field. He was promoted briga- 
dier-general the same year, and severely wounded 
at Antietam. He was re-elected governor in 1863, 
served till the close of the war, and subsequently 
sat for one term in the state house of delegates. 
Although he was never a student of statesmanship, 
he was a marvellously adroit politician, and few 
members of the Democratic party were furnished 
with so large a number of ingenious pleas. As a sol- 
dier he was noted, on the contrary, for valor rather 
than tactical skilL Throughout his long career 
he was a familiar figure in many legislative bodies, 
and his eccentricities of habit and his humor en- 
deared him to his constituents. In early manhood 
he established a line of post-ooaches through Vir- 
ginia, the Carolines, and Georgia, on which he con- 
tracted to carry the U. S. mail. His soubriquet 
of u Extra Billy," which clung to him throughout 
his life, grew out of his demands for extra compen- 
sation for that service. — His cousin, William 
Waugh, educator, b. in Warren ton, Fauquier co, 
Va., 12 March, 1845, was educated at the Univer- 
sity of Virginia and at Randolph Macon college, 
entered the Confederate service at seventeen years 
of age, fought through the war in the ranks, twice 
refusing commissions, and was wounded at the bat- 
tles of Fair Oaks and Gettysburg. He was princi- 
pal of Bethel academy in 1871-fy when he became 
professor of languages in Randolph Macon, held 
office till 1886, and since that time has been presi- 
dent of that college. He has published M Outlines 
of Psychology" (New York, 1688), and "Chart of 
Comparative Syntax of Latin, Greek, French, Ger- 
man, and English " (1885). 



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SMITH, William, naval officer, b. in Wash- 
ington, K7., 9 Jan., 1808; d. in St Louis, Mo., 1 
May, 1878. He entered the U. S. navy as a mid- 
shipman in 1828, was attached to the " Sea-Gull," 
ana served in Com. David Porter's squadron 
against the West Indian pirates. He became lieu- 
tenant in 1881, co-operated in the " Vandalia " with 
the army in several expeditions against the Semi- 
nole Indians in Florida in 1885-7, and during the 
Mexican war assisted at the capture of Tuspan and 
Tobasco. He became commander in 1854, was in 
charge of the " Levant," of the East Indian squad- 
ron, and participated in the capture of the barrier 
forts at Canton, China, in 1856. During the civil 
war he was in the frigate *• Congress when she 
was sunk by the " Memmac," became commodore. 
16 July, 1863, commanded the " Wachusett " and 

Kn-boats co-operating with Gen. George B. McClel- 
i's army in that year, and was subsequently in 
command of the Pensacola naval station till 9 Jan., 
1865, when he was retired. 

SMITH, William Andrew, clergyman, b. in 
Fredericksburg, Va., 29 Nov., 1802 ; d. in Rich- 
mond, Va., 1 March, 1870. He was admitted to 
the Virginia conference of the Methodist Episco- 
pal church in 1825, became agent of Randolph Ma- 
con college in 1888, and was subsequently pastor 
of Methodist churches in Petersburg, Richmond, 
Norfolk, and Lynchburg, Va. He was a member 
of every Methodist general conference from 1882 
till 1844, of the Louisville, Ky., convention, at 
which the Methodist Episcopal church, south, was 
organized in the latter year, and of every general 
conference of that body till his death. In 1846-'66 
he was president of Randolph Macon college, 
and during his occupation of that office he also 
filled the chair of moral science there, and lectured 
in Virginia and North Carolina. He was trans- 
ferred to the St Louis conference in 1866, and was 
appointed by the general conference one of the 
commissioners on the part of the southern church 
to settle the property question with the Methodist 
Episcopal church. In 1869 he became president 
of Central university. Mo. He edited the " Chris- 
tian Advocate" at Richmond, Va., for several 
years, and published " Lectures on the Philosophy 
of Slavery, a defence of that institution as it ex- 
isted in the southern states (Richmond, Va., 1860). 
SMITH, William E., statesman, b. in Scotland 
in 1824. He came to this country when a boy, 

nt his youth in New York and Michigan, and 
ly settled at Fox Lake, Wis^ where he engaged 
in business. He was elected a member of the Legis- 
lature in 1851 and re-elected in 1871, when he was 
made speaker of the house, Besides holding many 
other offices, he has been twice elected governor of 
Wisconsin, in 1877 and 1879, on the latter occasion 
receiving the largest majority that was ever given 
to a governor in that state. He is earnestly en- 
gaged in all philanthropic and Christian enter- 
prises, especially those connected with the Baptist 
denomination, with which he is identified. 

SMITH, William Ernest, assistant secretary 
of the treasury, b. in Rockton, III., 8 June. 1852 ; 
d. in Plattsburg, N. Y., 80 March, 188a He was 
graduated at Lafayette in 1872 with the degree of 
mining engineer, admitted to the bar of Platts- 
burg, N. YT, in 1875, and was its mayor in 1877-8. 
He was in the legislature in 1884, and became a 
leader of the supporters of Samuel J. Tilden. Dur- 
ing this service ne inserted in the supply bill what 
is Known as the "Freedom of worship clause," by 
which an appropriation of $1,500 is paid to Roman 
Catholic priests for their services to prisoners in 
the three parishes where the New York state pris- 



ons are situated. He was chairman of the New 
York state central Democratic committee in 1884, 
and in 1885 was appointed by President Cleveland 
assistant secretary of the treasury, which post he 
held till 1886, when he resigned to become gen- 
eral solicitor to the St Paul, Minneapolis, and 
Manitoba railroad. His death was the result of 
overwork in that office. 

SMITH, William Farrar, soldier, b. in St Al- 
bans, Vt, 17 Feb., 1824. He was graduated at the 
U. S. military academy in 1845, appointed to the 
corps of topographical engineers, and, after a year's 
service on lake survey duty, was assistant professor 
of mathematics 
at West Point 
inl846-'& He 
was then en- 
gaged in sur- 
veys in Texas 
for the Mexican 
boundary com- 
mission, and in 
Floridatilll855, 
when he return- 
ed to his for- , 
mer duty at the 
military acade- 
my. In 1858 he 
became 1st lieu- 
tenant of topo- 

neers. He was JqS¥J6-7 & '^V 

placed on light- ^7 Cny>*^£A 
house construc- 
tion service in 1856, became captain of topographi- 
cal engineers. 1 July, 1859, and was engineer secre- 
tary of the light-house board from that year till 
April, 1861. After serving on mustering duty in 
New York for one month, he was on the staff of 
Gen. Benjamin F. Butler in June and July, 1861, 
at Fort Monroe, Va., became colonel of the 8d Ver- 
mont volunteers in the latter month, and was en- 
gaged in the defences of Washington, D. C. He 
became brigadier-general of volunteers on 18 Aug., 
participated in the Virginia peninsula campaign, 
and was brevetted lieutenant-colonel, U. S. army, 
forgallant and meritorious service at the battle 
of White Oak Swamp, 80 June, 1862. He became 
major-general of volunteers, 4 July, 1862, and led 
his division at South Mountain and Antietam, 
receiving the brevet of colonel, U. S. army, 17 
Sept, 1862, for the latter battle. He was assigned 
to the command of the 6th corps, and engaged 
at the battle of Fredericksburg, Va., in Decem- 
ber, was transferred to the 9th corps in Febru- 
ary, 1868, and became major in the corps of en- 
gineers on 8 March. The next day his appoint- 
ment of major-general of volunteers, not having 
been confirmed by the senate, expired by constitu- 
tional limitation, and he resumed his rank of brig- 
adier-general in the volunteer service. He was m 
command of a division of the Department of the 
Susquehanna in June and July, 1868, became chief 
engineer of the Department of the Cumberland in 
October, and of the military division of the Missis- 
sippi in November, 1868. He was engaged in op- 
erations about Chattanooga, Tenn., participating 
in the battle of Missionary Ridge. He rendered 
important services in carrying out the Brown's 
ferry movement, which made it possible not only 
to maintain the Army of the Cumberland at Chat- 
tanooga, but to bring Sherman and Hooker to 
its assistance. In his report to the joint commit- 
tee of congress on the conduct of the warQen. 
George H. Thomas said: "To Brig.-Gen. W. F. 



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Smith should be accorded great praise for the in- 
genuity which conceived, and the ability which 
executed, the movement at Brown's ferry. When 
the bridge was thrown at Brown's ferry, on the 
morning of the 27th Oct., 1863, the surprise was as 
great to the army within Chattanooga as it was to 
the army besieging it from without'* The house 
committee on military affairs, in April, 1865, unani- 
mously agreed to a report that "as a subordinate, 
Gen. William F. Smith had saved the Army of 
the Cumberland from capture, and afterward di- 
rected it to victory." He was confirmed as major- 
general of volunteers in March, 1864, and in May 
assigned to the 18th corps, which he commanded 
at Cold Harbor and at Petersburg till July, when 
he was placed on special duty. On 13 March, 
1865, he received the brevets of brigadier-general, 
U. S. army, for "gallant and meritorious services 
at the battle of Chattanooga, Tenn.," and that of 
major-general for services in the field during the 
civil war. He resigned his volunteer commission 
in 1865, and that in the U. S. army in 1867. He 
became president of the International telegraph 
company in 1865, police commissioner of New 
York city in 1875, and subsequently president of 
the board. Since 1881 he has been a civil engineer. 
He was known in the army as " Baldy " Smith. 

SMITH, William Henry, journalist, b. in Co- 
lumbia county, N. Y., 1 Dec., 1833. In 1836 his 
parents emigrated to Ohio, where he had the best 
educational advantages that the state then afforded. 
He was tutor in a western college, and then assist- 
ant editor of a weekly paper in Cincinnati, of which, 
at the age of twenty-two, he became editor, doing 
also editorial work on the ** Literary Review. 
At the opening of the civil war he was on the edi- 
torial staff of the Cincinnati " Gazette," and dur- 
ing the war he took an active part in raising troops 
and forwarding sanitary supplies, and in political 
work for strengthening the government. He was 
largely instrumental in bringing Gov. John Brough 
to the front as the candidate of the united Republi- 
cans and War Democrats ; and at Brough's elec- 
tion, in 1863, he became the latter's private secretary. 
The next year he was elected secretary of state of 
Ohio, and he was re-elected in 1866. He ret ired from 
public office to establish the " Evening Chronicle " 
at Cincinnati, but, his health giving way, he was 
forced to withdraw from all active work. In 1870 
he took chargo of the affairs of the Western asso- 
ciated press, with headquarters at Chicago. In 
1877 he was appointed by President Hayes collect- 
or of the port at that city, and was instrumental 
in bringing about important reforms in customs 
methods in harmony with the civil-service policy 
of the administration. In January, 1883, he effect- 
ed the union of the New York associated press with 
the Western associated press, and became general 
manager of the consolidated association. Mr. 
Smith is a student of historical subjects. He is 
author of " The St. Clair Papers " (2 vols., Cincin- 
nati, 1882), a biography of Charles Hammond, and 
many contributions to American periodicals. He 
has partly completed (1888) a " Political History of 
the United States." By his investigations in the 
British museum he has brought lo light many un- 
published letters of Washington to Col. Henry 
Bouquet, and has shown that those that were pub- 
lished by Jarcd Sparks were not given correctly. 

SMITH, William Loitghton, diplomatist, b. 
in Charleston, S. C, in 1758; d. there in 1812. He 
was educated in England, and in Geneva, Switzer- 
land, studied law in tho Middle Temple, and re- 
turned to Charleston in 1783, after an absence of 
thirteen years. He was twice chosen to the legis- 



lature, and was one of the governor's council In 
1788 he was elected to the first congress, and his 
was the first contested election case before that 
body, his opponent being Dr. David Ramsay, the 
historian. Mr. Smith was sustained with' only 
one negative vote. He was an able and frequent 
debater, advocating, among other measures, a com- 
mercial treaty with England instead of France, 
When Jay's treaty was before the senate, he was 
burnt in effigy in Charleston, in the outburst of 
public feeling against it He became charge" d'af- 
faires to Portugal in 1797. In 1800 he was trans- 
ferred to the Spanish mission, which he held till 
1801. He supported the administrations of Wash- 
ington and Adams, but was a vehement opponent 
of Jefferson, against whose pretensions to the 
presidency he published a pamphlet His other 
works include " Speeches in the House of Repre- 
sentatives of the United States H (London, 1794); 
" Address to his Constituents " (1794) ; " Fourth- 
of-July Oration" (1796); "Comparative View of 
the Constitution of the States" (Philadelphia, 
1796); and several essays, published under the sig- 
nature of " Phocion " as " American Arguments for 
British Rights " (London, 1806). 

SMITH, William Nathan Harrell, jurist, b. 
in Murfreesborough, N. C, 24 Sept, 1812; d. in 
Raleigh, N. C, 14 Nov., 1889. He was graduated 
at Yale in 1834, studied at the law department 
there, was admitted to practice in his native state 
in 1840, and took high rank at the bar. He served 
in the legislature in 1840, and in the state senate 
in 1848, in which year he was chosen solicitor for 
the 1st judicial circuit and held office for two 
terms of eight years. He was defeated as a Whig 
candidate for congress in 1856, returned to the leg- 
islature, was chosen to congress in 1858. and served 
one term. He declared himself for secession at the 
beginning of the civil war, was a member of the 
Confederate congress in 1861-5, and of the North 
Carolina legislature in the latter year. During the 
administration of President Johnson he aided in the 
reconstruction of the state according to the policy 
that he suggested. He practised his profession in 
Norfolk, Va., in WTO-^, returned to North Caro- 
lina in the latter year, and settled in Raleigh. He 
was appointed chief justice of the state supreme 
court, succeeding Richmond W. Pearson in 1878, 
and continued to serve by re-election after that date. 

SMITH, William Russell, congressman, b. in 
Tuscaloosa, Ala., 8 Aug., 1818. He was educated 
at the University of Alabama, but was not gradu- 
ated, and began the practice of law in Greensbor- 
ough, Ala. He served in the Creek war in 1896 as 
a captain of volunteer infantry, removed to Tusca- 
loosa in 1838, founded the " Monitor " in that city, 
and was mayor in 1839. He was a circuit judge 
and major-general of state militia in 1850-'l, and 
in the former year was chosen to congress as a 
Whig, serving by re-election till 1857. During his 
last term in that office he delivered a notable 
speech in denunciation of Louis Kossuth. He was 
a member of the Alabama convention in 1861, op- 
posed secession, but after the opening of hostilities 
sat in the Confederate congress till 1865. He was 
president of the University of Alabama for several 
years after the war, but resigned to devote himself 
to his profession and to literary pursuits. He has 
published "The Alabama Justice" (New York, 
1841) ; " The Uses of Solitude," a poem (Albany, 
N. Y., 1860) ; " As it Is," a novel (Tuscaloosa, 1860) ; 

Condensed Alabama Reports " (1862) ; and several 



poems and legal pamphlets, 
SMITH. William Soot 

Tarlton, Ohio, 22 July, 183 



civil engineer, b. in 
, He was graduated 



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at Ohio university in 1849, and at the U. & mili- 
tary academy in 1858. He resigned in 1854 and 
became assistant to Lieut.-Col. James D. Graham, 
of the U. S. topographical engineers, then in charge 
of the government improvements in the great lakes. 
In 1855 he settled in Buffalo, N. Y., ana was prin- 
cipal of a high-school. In 1857 he made the first 
surveys for the international bridge across Niag- 
ara river, and was employed by the city of Buf- 
falo as an expert to examine the bridge plans that 
were submitted. He was then elected engineer 
and secretary of the Trenton locomotive-works, 
N. J., which was at that time the chief iron-bridge 
manufacturing company in this country, and he 
continued so until 1861. While serving in this 
capacity he was sent to Cuba by the company, and 
he also constructed an iron bridge across Savan- 
nah river, where he introduced improvements in 
sinking cylinders pneumatically. The beginning 
of the civil war stopped this work, and he was ap- 
pointed lieutenant-colonel of Ohio volunteers and 
assigned to duty as assistant adjutant-general at 
Gamp Denison. On 26 June, 1861, he was com- 
missioned colonel of the 18th Ohio regiment and 
participated in the West Virginia campaigns, 
after which he joined the Army of the Ohio, and 
was present at Shiloh and Perryville. He was 
promoted brigadier-general of volunteers on 15 
April, 1862, and commanded successively the 2d 
and 4th divisions of the Army of the Ohio until 
late in 1862, after which he joined the army un- 
der Gen. Grant and took part in the Vicksburg 
campaign as commander of the 1st division of the 
16th corps. Subsequently he was made chief of 
cavalry or the Department of the Tennessee, and as 
such was attached to the staffs of Gen. Grant and 
Gen. William T. Sherman until, owing to impaired 
health, he resigned in September, 1864. Return- 
ing to his profession t he ouilt the Waugoshanee 
light-house at the western entrance of the Straits 
oi Mackinaw, where in 1867 he sank the first pneu- 
matic caisson. He aided in opening the harbor of 
Green Bay, Wis., and has been largely engaged in 
building bridges. He built the first great all- 
steel bridge in the world, across Missouri river at 
Glasgow, Mo., and was concerned in the construc- 
tion of the Omaha and the Leavenworth bridges, 
as well as many others, including that over Mis- 
souri river at Plattsmouth, Neb. Gen. Smith has 
served on numerous engineering commissions, both 
for the government and for private corporations. 
He is a member of the American society of civil 
engineers, and was president of the Civil engineers' 
cluD of the northwest in 1880. His writings have 
been confined to reports and professional papers. 

SMITH, William Stephens, soldier, b. in New 
York city in 1755 ; d. in Lebanon. N. Y., 10 June, 
1816. He was graduated at Princeton in 1774, 
studied law, but entered the Revolutionary army as 
aide to Gen. John Sullivan, was lieutenant-colonel 
of the 18th Massachusetts regiment from Novem- 
ber, 1778, till March, 1779, and received several 
wounds while holding this command. He subse- 
quently served for a snort time on Baron Steuben's 
staff, and was aide-de-camp to Gen. Washington 
from 1781 till the close of the war. He married 
the only daughter of John Adams, and in 1785 ac- 
companied him on his mission to England as sec- 
retary of legation. He was appointed by Gen. 
Washington marshal of the district of New York 
in 1789, and afterward surveyor of the port of 
New York, for three years was a member of the as- 
sembly, and sat in congress in 1818-'15. He be- 
came secretary of the New York state society of 
the Cincinnati in 1790, and its president in 1795. 



SMITH, Worthington. educator, b. in Hadley. 
Mass., in 1795 ; d. in St. Albans, Vt., 18 Feb., 1856. 
He was graduated at Williams in 1816, studied 
at Andover theological seminary, and was licensed 
to preach in 1819. He was pastor of a Congrega- 
tional church in St Albans, Vt, from 1823 till 
1849, and from 1849 until his death president of 
the University of Vermont, which gave him the 
degree of D. D. in 1845. He published " Sermon 
on Popular Instruction" (St. Albans, Vt, 1846), 
and " Inaugural Discourse " (1849). His " Select 
Sermons " were edited, with a memoir, by the Rev. 
Joseph Torrey (Andover, 1861). 

SMITH, Zachariah Frederick, author, b. in 
Henry county, Ky., 7 Jan., 1827. He was partially 
educated at Bacon college, Ky., engaged in farm- 
ing, and during the civil war was president of 
Henry college, Newcastle, Ky. He served four 
years as superintendent of public instruction for 
Kentucky, was the originator and for four years 
president of the Cumberland and Ohio railroad 
company, became interested in the construction of 
railroads in Texas, and was four years manager for 
a department of the publishing-house of D. Apple- 
ton and Co., of New York. He was a founder, and 
for twelve years president, of the Kentucky Chris- 
tian education society. He has published a " His- 
tory of Kentucky" (Louisville, Ky., 1886). 

SMITH IRISARRI, Antonio, South Ameri- 
can artist, b. in Santiago, Chili, in 1882 ; d. there, 
24 May, 1877. He was educated in the National 
institute, and in 1849 entered the academy of paint- 
ing in the University of Chili. He served as a 
conscript in 1858-'7, but returned afterward to 
his art, and in 1858 was employed as a carica- 
turist on the " Correo Literario." In 1859 he went 
to Europe and studied in Florence under Charles 
Maro6. On his return to Chili in 1866 he opened 
a studio, devoted himself to landscape-painting, 
and soon acquired fame as an artist, obtaining the 
grand premium in the national exposition of 1872. 
Bis principal pictures are «* The Valley of Santi- 
ago/ "A Moonlight Night," "A Waterfall," 
14 Wood Scenery in the Mountains," "A Sunset 
in the Andes," "Surrounding of a Mountain- 
Lake," and " Mist on the Sea-Shore." 

SMITHSON, James, philanthropist, b. in Eng- 
land about 1754; d. in Genoa, Italy, 27 June, 1829. 
He was a natural 
son , of Sir Hugh 
Smithson, the first 
Duke of Northum- 
berland, and Mrs. 
Elizabeth Made, 
heiress of the Hun- 
gerfords, of Stud- 
lev, and niece to 
Charles, Duke of 
Somerset Forsome 
time he bore the 
name James Lewis 
(or Louis) Macie, 
but after 1791 he 
changed it to James 
Smithson. He was 
graduated at Ox- 
ford in 1786, and 

had the reputation jg**^, e^Ui^^. 
of excelling all oth- r~ 
er resident mem- 
bers of the university in the knowledge of chem- 
istry. In 1787, as "a gentleman well versed in 
various branches of natural philosophy and par- 
ticularly in chvmistry and mineralogy," he was 
recommended for election to the Royal society, 



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of which body in later yean he was a vice-presi- 
dent His first paper, presented to the society in 
1791, was M An Account of some Chemical Experi- 
ments on Tabasheer," and was followed from that 
time until 1817 with eight other memoirs treating 
for the most part of chemical analyses of various 
substances, principally minerals. lie lived chiefly 
abroad, engaged in extensive tours in various parts 
of Europe, making minute observations wherever 
he went on the climate, physical features, and 
geological structure of the locality visited, the 
characteristics of its minerals, the methods em- 
ployed in mining or smelting ores, and in all kinds 
of manufactures. Desirous of bringing to the 
practical test of actual experiment everything that 
came to his notice, he fitted up and carried with 
him a portable laboratory. He collected also a 
cabinet of minerals, composed of thousands of 
minute specimens, including all the rarest gems, 
so that immediate comparison could be made of a 
novel or undetermined specimen with an accu- 
rately arranged and labelled collection. Among 
the minerals that he examined was a carbonate of 
line that he discovered among some ores from 
Somersetshire and Derbyshire, England, that was 
named Smithsonite in his'honor by the $reat French 
mineralogist, Beudant From 1819 till his death 
his scientific memoirs were contributed to Thom- 
son's ** Annals of Philosophy." Besides his con- 
nection with the Royal society, he was long a mem- 
ber of the French institute. He died in Genoa, 
where he had been residing temporarily, and a 
monument was erected to his memory in the Prot- 
estant cemetery. His illegitimate birth seems 
to have induced a strong desire for posthumous 
fame, although his scientific reputation was of the 
best, and at one time he writes : " The best blood 
of England flows in my veins; on my father's 
side I am a Northumberland, on my mother's I am 
related to kings : but it avails me not. My name 
shall live in the memory of man when the titles of 



the Northumberlands and the Percys are extinct 
and forgotten." In order to carry out his ambi- 
tion he bequeathed his property, about 4*120,000, 
to his nephew, Henry James Hungerford, for his 
life, and after his decease, to his surviving chil- 
dren, but in the event of his dying without a 
child or children, then the whole of the property 
was "left to the United States for the purpose of 
founding an institution at Washington to be 
called the Smithsonian institution for the increase 
and diffusion of knowledge atnonp men." By the 
death of his nephew in 1835 without heirs, the 
property devolved upon the United States, and on 
1 Sept, 1838, after a suit in chancery, there was 
paid into the U. S. treasury $508,818.46. The dis- 
position of the bequest was for several years before 



congress, but in August, 1846, the Smithsonian in* 
stitution was founded, and an act of congress was 
passed directing the formation of a library, a mu- 
seum (for which it granted the collections belong- 
ing to the United States), and a gallery of art, 
while it left to the regents the power of adopting 
such other parts of an organization as they may 
deem best suited to promote the objects of the be- 
quest. Joseph Henry was chosen its executive 
officer, and under his wise management the insti- 
tution has developed until it has grown to be one 
of the most important scientific centres of the 
world. A portion of the institution, of which the 
corner-stone was laid 1 May, 1847, is seen in the 
accompanying illustration. On 24 Jaiu, 1865, a 
part of it was destroyed by fire. See " The Scien- 
tific Writings of James Smithson" (Washington, 
1879); " The Smithsonian Institution: Documents 
relative to its Origin and History," by William J. 
Rhees (1879); and u Smithson and his Bequest," 
by William J. Rhees (1880). 

SMOCK, John Coaover, geologist, b. in Holm- 
del, N. J., 21 Sept, 1842. He was graduated at 
Rutgers in 1862, and was tutor in chemistry at 
that institution in 1865-7. In 1867 he became pro- 
fessor-elect of mining and metallurgy, and he held 
full possession of the chair in 187i-'85. Mean- 
while he studied at the Berg-Akademie and at the 
university of Berlin in 1869-70, and he was assistant 
on the geological survey of New Jersey in 1864-*85, 
except during 1 869-' 70. Prof. Smock was ap- 
pointed assistant-in-charge of the New York state 
museum in 1885, which place he now (1888) holds. 
The degree of Ph.D. was conferred on him by 
Lafayette in 1882. He was a manager of the 
American institute of mining engineers in 1875-7. 
Prof. Smock is the author of numerous papers that 
have been contributed to the transactions of so- 
cieties of which he is a member, and was associated 
with Prof. George H. Cook in the preparation of 
the annual reports of the geological survey of 
New Jersey for the years 1871-'84, and also in the 
separate volumes on the " Geology of New Jersey " 
(Newark, 1868) and the " Report on Clay 0600918" 
(1878). He has recently issued, from the New York 
state museum of natural history, Bulletin No. 3, 
" On Building-Stones in New York " (Albany, 1888). 

SMYBERT, or SMI BERT, John, artik, b. in 
Edinburgh, Scotland, about 1684; d. in Boston, 
Mass., in 1751. He had some elementary instruc- 
tion in Edinburgh, and subsequently studied in 
Sir James Thorn hill's academy in London. Then 
followed a three years' sojourn in Italy, where he 
was commissioned by the grand-duke of Tuscany 
to paint the portraits of some Siberian Tartars. 
After his return to London, Bishop Berkeley en- 
gaged him as professor of the fine arts in his 
proiected college in Bermuda, and he accompanied 
Berkeley to this country, arriving at Newport in 
1729. The Bermuda project proving a failure, 
Smybert went to Boston, where he established 
himself as a portrait-painter, and married in 1790. 
Gulian C. Verplanek said of him : ** Smybert was 
not an artist of the first rank, for the arts were 
then at a very low ebb in England, hut the best 
portraits which we have of the eminent magis- 
trates and divines of New England and New York 
who lived between 1725 and 1751 are from his 
pencil." His most important work is the painting 
of Bishop Berkeley and his family, executed in 
1731, and presented to Yale college in 1806. Other 
portraits from his hand, including those of Jona- 
' than Edwards. Judge Edmund Quincy, Gov. John 
Endicott, and Peter Faneuil, are in the possession 
of the Boston museum of fine arts, the Massachu- 



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historical society, the New England historic- 
genealogical society, and Bowdoin college, and in 
various private collections. The Berkeley group 
is said to hare been sketched at sea daring the 
voyage from England, although the child in the 
arms of its mother must have oeen added later, as 
it was born in America. This was the first paint- 
ing of more than a single figure that was executed 
in this country. Horace Walpoie, in his ** Anec- 
dotes of Painting " (Strawberry Hill, 1763-71), ceils 
Smybert u a silent and modest man, who abhorred 
the ftnesae of some of his profession, and was en- 
chanted with apian that he thought promised him 
tranquillity and an honest subsistence in a health- 
ful elysian climate.** Walpoie and George Yertue 
spelled the name Sraibert His works are said to 
have had much influence on Copley, Trumbull, and 
Allston. The last has spoken of the instruction he 

S lined from a copy after Vandyke, by Smybert. — 
is son, NaUaalel, b. in Boston, 90 Jan., 1784 ; d. 
there, 8 Nov., 1756, showed great' talent for portrait- 
ure. Judge Cranch, of Quincy, Mass., wrote of him : 
** Had his life been spared, he would probably have 
been in his day what Copley and West hare since 
been — the honor of America in imitative art" His 
portrait of John Love 11 is owned bv Harvard. 

SMYTH, Alexander, lawyer, b. on the island 
of Rathlin, Ireland, in 1765; d. in Washington, 
t>. C, 26 April, 1880. He came to this oountry in 
1775, settlea in Botetourt county, Va., and, after 
receiving an academic education, studied law, was 
admitted to the bar in 1789, and began to practise 
in Abingdon, but removed to Wythe county in 
1799. For many years he was a member of the 
Virginia house of representatives, and he was ap- 
pointed bv President Jefferson, on 8 July, 1808, 
colonel of a U. S. rifle regiment, which he com- 
manded in the southwest until 1811, when he was 
ordered to Washington to preps re a system of 
discipline for the army. On 6 July, 1812, he was 
appointed inspector - general, and ordered to the 
Canadian frontier, where he failed in an invasion 
of Canada, was removed from the army, and re- 
sumed his profession. He was made a member of 
the Virginia board of public works, served in the 
house of representatives, and was elected to con- 
gress as a Democrat, serving from 1 Dec, 1817, till 
8 March, 1825, and again from 8 Dec, 1827, till 
17 April, 1880. Gen. Smyth was the author of 
44 Regulations for the Infantry" (Philadelphia, 
1812) and " An Explanation of the Apocalypse, or 
Revelation of St John " (Washington, 1825). 

SMYTH, Andrew Woods, physician, b. near 
Londonderry, Ireland. 15 Feb., 1838. He settled 
in New Orleans in 1849, was graduated at the 
medical department of the University of Louisi- 
ana in 1858, and was house-surgeon of the Charity 
hospital in New Orleans from 1858 till 1878. Here 
he performed, on 15 May, 1864, the first and only 
recorded operation of tying successfully the arteria 
innominata for subclavian aneurism. All previous 
attempts had failed, and his success was attributed 
to ligating, where secondary hemorrhage had oc- 
curred, the vertebral artery, which prevented re- 
gurgitant hemorrhage Dr. Valentine Mott, who 
was the first to perforin this operation in Now York, 
in 1818, and who never doubted its ultimate suc- 
cess, said that Dr. Smyth's operation had afforded 
him more consolation than all others of a similar 
nature He also made the first successful reduc- 
tion of a dislocation of the femur of over nine 
months' duration, in 18M, and performed the o|>- 
e ration of extirpation of the kidney in 1879, then 
almost unknown to the profession (nephrotomy), 
and in 1885 that of nephorrhaphy, attaching a 



floating kidney to the wound to retain the organ 
in place instead of extirpation. From 1862 till 
1877 he was a member or the board of health of 
Louisiana, and in 1881-5 was superintendent of 
the U. S. mint in New Orleans, and now (1888) prac- 
tises his profession in that city. Dr. Smyth has 
published a brochure on the M Collateral Circulation 
in Aneurism n (New Orleans, 1876; 2d ed., 1877), 
and a paper on "The Structure and Function of 
the Kidney," giving original views on the anatom- 
ical and physiological construction and action of 
the Malpighian bodies, contending that a commu- 
nication oetween the interior of the capsule of these 
bodies and the uriniferous tubules could not exist, 
and that excretion in the organ is carried on by 
systolic pressure and diastolic relaxation, which are 
correlative, and effected by constriction of the 
efferent artery of the glomeruli 

SMYTH, Clement, R. C. bishop b. in Finlea, 
County Clare, Ireland, 24 Jan., 1810: d. in Dubuque, 
Iowa, 27 Sept, 1865. He received his early educa- 
tion in his native village and in a college in Lim- 
erick, and afterward was graduated at Dublin 
university. He then entered a convent of the Pres- 
entation order in Youghal, and subsequently be- 
came aTrappist in the monastery of Mount Melferay, 
Waterford. He established a college in connection 
with the monastery, which is still one of the chief 
educational institutions in Ireland. Having com- 
pleted his ecclesiastical studies, he was ordained a 
priest in 1844. He was sent by his brethren at the 
head of a body of Trappists to solicit alms in the 
United States during the Irish famine, and also to 
select a suitable place for a Trappist monastery. 
He landed in New York in the spring of 1849, and 
travelled extensively through the country, finally 
reaching Dubuque. Here he was offered by Bishop 
Loras a grant of land in Dubuque county, Iowa, 
which he increased by purchase to more than 1,600 
acres. By good management and the manual labor 
of himself and his companions, he brought this 
farm into a state of great productiveness, and then 
founded on it the monastery of New Melleray, of 
which he was elected prior. He built a church 
for the congregation that he had organized in the 
neighborhood, and established a free school, which 
was largely attended by children of every denomi- 
nation. Having increased the number of his 
monks to forty-seven, and placed the different in 



stitutions he had founded on a basis of great pros- 
perity, he set out for St. Paul in 1856. In the fol- 
lowing year he was appointed coadjutor to Bishop 



Loras, of Dubuque, and he was consecrated on 3 
May, with the title of Bishop of Thanasis in par- 
tibus. He succeeded to the bishopric in Febru- 
ary, 1858. He at once essayed to finish the catho- 
dral, which had been begun some time before, and 
soon had it ready for service. He visited every 
nart of the diocese, and made successful effort* to 
furnish priests and churches for the congregations 
that were springing up in every part of Iowa. 
During his episcopate the number of churches in- 
creased from 50 to 84, with 8 chapels and 20 sta- 
tions, the number of priests from 37 to 08, and that 
of Roman Catholics from 45,000 to over 90.000. 
The Sisters of Charity largely increased the num- 
ber of their institutions, ana the Society of St. 
Vincent de Paul was established in every parish. 

SMYTH, John Ferdinand D.. British soldier, 
lived in the eighteenth century. lie came to Vir- 
ginia, and, after travelling in the west and south, 
settled in Maryland, where he cultivated a farm 
for several years. During a visit to the sons of 
Col. Andrew Lewis in Virginia he joined the troops 
that were ordered out by Gov, Dunmore, and ac- 



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oompanied Maj. Thomas Lewis to the Kanawha, 
participating in the action against the Indians in 
which Maj. Lewis was killed. On his return he 
found Maryland agitated by the beginning of the 
Rerolution. He supported the British government 
so earnestly that nls house was surrounded by 
armed troops, which threatened his capture. Es- 
caping twice, he fled to Virginia, hiding in the 
Dismal Swamp, passed the guards at Suffolk, and 
enlisted in the Queen's royal regiment in Norfolk. 
The officers were seized by a company of riflemen 
at Hagerstown and taken to Frederick. Md. Smyth 
escaped, and travelled across the Alleghanies, but 
was recaptured and imprisoned in Philadelphia, 
and afterward in Baltimore. Escaping again, he 
gained with difficulty a British ship off Cape May, 
N. J., and visited New York and New England. 
Subsequently he published " A Tour in the United 
States of America" (2 vols., London and Dublin, 
1784; in French, Paris, 1791). John Randolph 
of Roanoke said : M This book, although replete with 
falsehood and calumny, contains the truest picture 
of the state of society and manners in Virginia 
(such as it was half a century ago) extant" 

SMYTH, Thomas, clergyman, b. in Belfast, 
Ireland. 14 July, 1806; d. m Charleston, S. C, 20 
Aug., 1878. He was educated in Belfast and Lon- 
don, and in 1880 came with his parents to New 
York. He entered Princeton theological seminary 
in the same year, was ordained in 1881, and from 
1882 until his death was pastor of the 2d Presby- 
terian church of Charleston, S. C. Princeton gave 
him the degree of D. D. in 1848. He collected a 
valuable theological library of about 12,000 vol- 
umes, and was the author of a large number of 
books, among which are u Lectures on the Prelati- 
cal Doctrine of Apostolic Succession" (Boston, 
1840); M Ecclesiastical Catechism of the Presby- 
terian Church " (1841) ; " Presbytery and not Prel- 
acy the Scriptural and Primitive Polity" (1848; 
Glasgow, 1844) ; " History, eta, of the Westminster 
Assembly" (New York, 1844); M Calvin and his 
Enemies" (Philadelphia, 1844); "Prelatical Rite 
of Confirmation Examined" (New York, 1845); 
" The Name, Nature, and Functions of Ruling Eld- 
ers" (1845); "Union to Christ and His Church" 
(Edinburgh, 1846); "The Unity of the Human 
Kaoes proved to be the Doctrine of Scripture, 
Reason, and Science" (New York, 1850; Edin- 
burgh, 1851); "Nature and Claims of Young 
Men's Christian Associations " (Philadelphia, 1857) ; 
"Faith the Principle of Missions" (1857); "Why 
Do I Lire" (1857); " Well in the Valley" (1857); 
and " Obedience, the Life of Missions " (I860). 

SMYTH, Thomas A., soldier, b. in Ireland; 
d. in Petersburg, Va., 9 April, 1865. In his youth 
he emigrated to this country, settling in Wilming- 
ton, DeL, where he engaged in coach-making. At 
the beginning of the civil war he raised a com- 
pany in Wilmington and joined a three months' 
regiment in Philadelphia, serving in the Shenan- 
doah valley. On his return he was made major of 
a Delaware regiment, rose to the ranks of lieuten- 
ant-colonel and colonel, and commanded a brigade, 
winning a high reputation for bravery and skill. 
For gallant conduct at Cold Harbor, va., he was 
appointed brigadier-general, U. S. volunteers, on 1 
OgL, 1864. He was mortally wounded by a sharp- 
shooter near Farmville, Va^ on 6 April, 1865. 

SMYTH, William, educator, b. in Pittston, 
Kennebeo co., Me., in 1797 ; d. in Brunswick, Me., 
8 April, 1868. During the last year of the Revo- 
lutionary war he served as quartermaster-sergeant, 
and he afterward taught a school at Wiscasset He 
was graduated at Bowdoin in 1822, studied theol- 



ogy at Andover, and in 1825 was made adjunct 
professor of mathematics at Bowdoin, being ap- 
pointed in 1828 to the full chair, which he held 
until his death. In 1845 he became adjunct pro- 
fessor of natural philosophy. He was the author 
of numerous valuable text-books, which had an ex- 
tensive sale. These include " Elements of Algebra " 
(Brunswick, Me., 1888); "Elementary Algebra for 
Schools" (1850); "Treatise on Algebra* (1852): 
"Trigonometry, Surveying, and Navigation" 
(1855) ; " Elements of Analytical Geometry* (1855) ; 
"Elements of the Differential and Integral Cal- 
culus" (1856; 2d ed., 1859); and "Lectures on 
Modern History," edited by Jared Sparks (Boston, 
1849).— His son, Egbert Coflln, clergyman, b. in 
Brunswick, Me^ 24 Aug., 1829, was graduated at 
Bowdoin in 1848 and at Bangor theological semi- 
nary in 1858. He was professor of rhetoric at 
Bowdoin in 1854-'6, and of natural and revealed 
religion from 1856 tHl 1868, since which time he 
has been professor of ecclesiastical history at An- 
dover theological seminary. Since 1878 he has been 
also president of the faculty. Bowdoin gave him 
the degree of D. D. in 1866, and Harvard the same 
in 18& He has edited the "Andover Review" 
since its foundation in 1884, and, in addition to 
pamphlet sermons and a lecture on the " Value of 
the Study of Church History in Ministerial Edu- 
cation " (1874), has published, with Prof. William L. 
Ropes, a translation of Gerhard Uhlhorn's " Conflict 
of Christianity and Heathenism "(New York, 1879)l 
—Another son, Samuel Phillips Newman, cler- 
gyman, b. in Brunswick, Me., 25 June, 1848, was 
graduated at Bowdoin in 1868, and began to study 
tneology at Bangor. He then taught In the naval 
academy at Newport, R. L, entered the military 
service as 1st lieutenant of a Maine regiment, be- 
came acting quartermaster, and commanded his 
company in the advance on the Weldon railroad, 
Va. At the close of the war he resumed his theo- 
logical studies, and after graduation at Andover 
in 1867 was pastor of a mission chapel in Provi- 
dence, R. I. He was pastor of the 1st Congrega- 
tional church in Bangor, Me^ in 1870-'5, and of 
the 1st Presbyterian church in Quincy, I1L, in 
1876-*82. Since 1882 he has had charge of the 1st 
Congregational church in New Haven, Conn. The 
University of the city of New York gave him the 
degree of D. D. in 1881, and elected him professor 
of Intellectual and moral philosophy, which chair 
he declined. He is the author of "The Religious 
Feeling, a Study for Faith" (New York, 1877); 
"Old Faiths in New Light" (1879); "The Ortho- 
dox Theology of To-Day* (1881); and a volume of 
sermons entitled " The Reality of Faith " (1884). 

SMYTHE, Sir James Carmichael, bart, Brit- 
ish soldier, b. in Scotland about 1775; d. in British 
Guiana. 4 March, 188a His father, James Oar- 
michael Smythe. M. D., was physician extraordi- 
nary to George III. The son entered the British 
army, served in Canada in 1812-'15, and became a 
major-general in 1825. He was made a baronet in 
1821, and was governor of British Guiana from 
June, 1888, till his death. He prepared for the 
private use of the Duke of Wellington "A Precis 
of the Wars in Canada from 1755 till the Treaty of 
Ghent in 1814" (London, 1826). 

SNEAD, Thomas Lowndes, soldier, b. in Hen- 
rico county, Va.. 10 Jan., 1828. He was graduated 
at Richmond college in 1846 and at the University 
of Virginia in 184$ was admitted to the bar, and 
removed in 1850 to St Louis, where he was editor 
and proprietor of the " Bulletin " in 1860-'l. He 
was aide-de-camp of Gov. Claiborne F. Jackson, 
and adjutant-general of the Missouri state guard 



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in 1861, and as such was in the battles of Boone- 
ville, Carthage, Wilson's Creek, and Lexington. 
He was commissioned from Missouri to negotiate 
a military convention with the Confederate states 
in October, 1861, became assistant adjutant-general 
in the Confederate army, served with Price in Ar- 
kansas, Missouri, and Mississippi, and was elected 
to the Confederate congress by Missouri soldiers 
in May, 1864. He removed to New York in 1866, 
was managing editor of the "Daily News" in 
1865-*6, and was admitted to the bar of New York 
in 1866. He has published the first volume of a 
projected history of the war in the trans-Missis- 
sippi department, entitled "The Fight for Mis- 
souri ** (New York, 1886). 

8NEED, John Louis Taylor, jurist, b. in Ra- 
leigh, N. C, 12 May, 1820. He was educated at 
Oxford male academy, N. C, removed to Tennes- 
see, became a member of the legislature in 1845, 
and was captain of a Tennessee company in the 
Mexican war in 1846-7. He was attorney-general 
of the Memphis judicial district in 1851, attorney- 
general of the state of Tennessee in 1854-*9, and in 
1861 was commissioned brigadier-general of the 
provisional army of the state of Tennessee. He 
was judge of the state supreme court in 1870-'8, 
and of the court of arbitration in 1879, presidential 
elector on the Hancock ticket in 1880, and judge 
of the state court of referees in 1883-*4. In 1888 
he was chosen president of the Memphis school of 
law. He is the author of " Reports of the Supreme 
Court of Tennessee, 1854-*9" (Nashville). 

SNELL, Thomas, clergyman, b. in Cumming- 
ton, Mass., 21 Nov., 1774: d. in North Brookfielcl, 
Mass., 4 May, 1862. After graduation at Dart- 
mouth in 1795 he taught in Haverhill for a year, 
was licensed to preach by the Tolland association 
on 8 Oct., 1795, and was ordained pastor of the 2d 
Congregational church. North Brookfleld, Mass., 
on 27 June, 1798, holding this charge until his 
death. Amherst gave him the degree of D. D. in 

1828. Twenty-four of his discourses were pub- 
lished, among which were " Sermons on the Com- 
pletion of the 40th Year of his Ministry,** with a 
brief history of the town (Brookfleld, 1888); "Ser- 
mon on the Completion of the 50th Year of his 
Ordination** (1848); "Discourse, containing an 
Historical Sketch of North Brookfleld** (1850); 
and " Historical Sketch of the 1st Congregational 
Church, North Brookfleld ** (1852). 

SNELLING, Josiah, soldier, b. in Boston, 
Mass., in 1782 ; d. in Washington, D. C, 20 Aug., 

1829. He joined a rifle company at the first call 
for troops for the war with Tecumseh, was ap- 
pointed lieutenant in the 4th infantry in 1808, be- 
came a captain in June, 1809, served with credit 
at Tippecanoe, 7 Nov., 1811, and was brevctted 
major for services at Brownstown, 9 Aug., 1812. 
ne became assistant inspector-general on 25 April, 

1813, lieutenant-colonel of the 4th rifles on 21 Feb., 

1814, inspector-general with the rank of colonel, 
12 April, 1814, lieutenant-colonel of the 6th infant- 
ry in 1815. and colonel of the 5th infantry on 1 
June, 1819. He participated in the battles of 
Lundy's Lane, Chippewa, and Fort Erie, and on 
his march to Detroit was captured by a force of 
British and Indians that was superior to his own. 
He escaped, with the loss of three or four men, to 
Fort Shelby, Detroit, where he became betrothed 
to Abigail, daughter of Col. Thomas Hunt. On 
the night that had been appointed for his mar- 
riage he was sent by Gen. William Hull with an 
inadequate detachment to check the landing of the 
British at Spring Well. On leaving the fort-, he 
said to Gen. Hull : " If I drive the Redcoats back, 



y^ze^u^ua/ 



may I return and be married!** Gen. Hull gave 
his consent, and the wedding took place on the 
same evening. At the surrender of Detroit he re- 
fused to raise the 
white flag. He was 
taken as a pris- 
oner to Montreal, 
and while being 
marched through 
the streets was or- 
dered by a British 
officer to take oft* 
his hat to Nelson's 
monument This 
he refused to do in 
spite of the efforts 
of the soldiers to 
remove it, and final- 
ly Gen. Isaac Brock 
ordered them to 
"respect the scru- 
plesof abraveman." 
He was appointed 
colonel of the 5th 
infantry on 1 June, 
1819, was ordered to Council Bluffs, Mo., and 
thence to the confluence of the Mississippi and the 
Minnesota rivers. The location of the fort was re- 
moved to the present site of Fort Snelling, which 
he completed in 1824, after succeeding to the com- 
mand. He gave it the name of Fort St Anthony, 
which was changed by Gen. Winfleld Scott in honor 
of its builder and commander. Maj. Snelling al- 
ways carried the sword of Charles Carroll of Carroll- 
ton, which had been presented to him. He was a 
witness against Gen. William Hull at the latter's 
trial, and wrote " Remarks on Gen. William Hull's 
Memoirs of the Campaign of the Northwestern 
Army, 1812** (Detroit, 1825).— His son, William 
Joseph, journalist b. in Boston, Mass., 26 Dec., 
1804 ; d. in Chelsea, Mass., 24 Dec, 1848, was edu- 
cated at the U. S. military academy, became a fur- 
trapper in Missouri, and subsequently was em- 
ployed at the Galena lead-mines. About 1828 he 
became connected with several journals, and for a 
few years before his death he was editor of the Bos- 
ton " Herald.** He contributed to periodicals, and 
published " The Polar Regions of the Western Con- 
tinent Explored " (Boston, 1831), and " Truth, a 
New- Year's Gift for Scribblers: a Satirical Poem ** 
(1882). He wrote for William Apes, the Pequod 
Indian preacher, a small book on " Indian Nullifi- 
cation (1885).— Another son, Henry Hunt edi- 
tor, b. in Plattsburg, N. Y„ 8 Nov.. 1817, was taken 
by his father to Council Bluffs, Mo., in infancy, 
and in early life suffered many hardships. He was 
educated at a military academy in Georgetown, 
D. C, and in Detroit after which he entered busi- 
ness, and for a time was librarian of the New York 
lyceum. Owing to impaired health, he removed to 
the country, and settling in. Cornwall, N. Y., in 
1871, published and edited until 1887 the "Reflec- 
tor of Cornwall,** which he relinquished owing to 
blindness. He devoted much time to photography, 
and edited "The Photographic Art Journal 1 * in 
New York in 1851 -'8, and from 1854 till 1860 the 
" Photographic and Fine Art Journal.** He is the 
author of " History and Practice of Photography ** 
(New York, 1849), and has also published a '• Dic- 
tionary of the Photographic Art % ' (1858). 

8NETHEN, Nicholas, clergyman, b. in Fresh 
Pond (now Glen Cove), Long Island, N. Y., 15 
Nov., 1769; d. in Princeton, Ind., 80 May, 1845. 
His youth was spent on the farm of his father, 
Barak, who had served in the British army at the 



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SNIDER 



SNOWDBN 



capture of Montreal in 1700. The eon entered the 
itinerant ministry of the Methodist Episcopal 
church in 1794, travelled and preached for four 
Tears in New England and the south, and actively 
favored the limitation of the episcopal prerogative. 
His plan for a delegated general conference was 
adopted in 1808. He also advocated a preachers' 
anti-slavery tract society, and was active against the 
future admission of any slave-holder into the 
church. Afterward he travelled as private secre- 
tary to Bishop Francis Asbury, who called Mr. 
Snethen his " silver trumpet" In 1804-'6 he was 
stationed in New York, whence he removed to his 
farm in Frederick county, Md. By his marriage 
he became the holder of slaves, whom he emanci- 
pated as soon as the law would permit. From 
1800 till 1814 he was again an itinerant While 
he was in Georgetown, D. C, he was elected chap- 
lain to the U. S. house of representatives. He was 
the first to introduce camp-meetings into New 
York and Maryland, and was a leader of a large 
meeting on Wye river, Md., in 1800. In 1821 he 
began to write in favor of lay representation. The 
refusal of this right by the general conference in 
1828, and the expulsion from the church of many 
of its advocates, led to the formation of the Meth- 
odist Protestant church, in which he bore an active 
part, and in connection with which he travelled 
and preached after his removal to Indiana in 1829, 
till shortly before his death. He died on his way 
to beoome president of the Snethen school for 
young clergymen in Iowa City. Mr. Snethen be- 
came an editor with the Bev. Asa Shinn of the 
M Methodist Protestant " in 1884. contributed to 
periodicals, and published " Lectures on Preach- 
ing the Gospel " (1822) : " Essays on Lay Represen- 
tation" (1880); and "Lectures on Biblical Sub- 
jects" (1886}. His son, Worthington, edited a 
volume of his sermons (1846). 

SNIDER, Denton Jaques, author, b. in Mt 
Gilead, Ohio, 9 Jan., 1841. After graduation at 
Oberlin in 1862, he engaged in teaching, and is now 
(1888) a lecturer on general literature. He is the 
author of M A System of Shakespeare's Dramas " 
(St Louis, 1877); "Delphic Days " (1880); - AWalk 
in Hellas " (Boston, 1882) ; " Agamemnon's Daugh- 
ter" (1885); "Epigrammatic Voyage" (18%); 
M Commentary on Goethe's * Faust'" (1886); and 
" Commentary on Shakespeare's Tragedies " (1887). 

SNODGRASS, William Davis, clergyman, b. 
in West Hanover, Pa., 80 June, 1796; d. in Goshen, 
N. Y., 28 May, 1886. He was the son of the Rev. 
Benjamin Snodgrass, who from 1784 until his 
death in 1846 was pastor of the Presbyterian 
church in West Hanover. After graduation at 
Washington college. Pa., in 1815, and at Prinoe- 
ton theological seminary in 1818, he held Presby- 
terian pastorates in the south till 1828, when he 
was called to New York city. From 1884 till 1844 
he was pastor of a Presbyterian church in Troy, 
N. Y., after which he established the Fifteenth 
street church in New York city, serving as its 
pastor in 1846-'9. From 1849 until his death he 
was pastor in Goshen, N. Y. In 1880 he became 
a director of Princeton theological seminary, and 
he was president of its board of trustees in 1868. 
Columbia gave him the degree of D. D. in 1880. 
He published a discourse on the death of Rev. 
John M. Mason (New York, 1880) ; " Perfectionism, 
Lectures on Apostolic Succession " (1844) ; and sev- 
eral other discourses. 

SNOW, Caleb Hopkins, physician, b. in Bos- 
ton, Mass., 1 April, 1796; d. there, 6 July, 1885. 
He was the son of Prince Snow, who for several 
years was deputy-sheriff of Suffolk county. After 



graduation at Brown in 1818 he was librarian 
there in 1814-'18, received his medical degree from 
that university in 1821, and acquired a large prac- 
tice in his native city. He was the author of a 
" History of Boston, with Some Account of its 
Environs" (Boston, 1825), and a "Geography of 
Boston and Adjacent Towns" (1890V. 

SNOW, Marshall Solomon, educator, b. in 
Hyannis, Mass., 17 Aug., 1842. He was graduated 
at Harvard in 1865, in 1865-*6 was sub-master of 
high-schools in Worcester, Mass., in 1866-'7 prin- 
cipal of a high-school in Nashville, Tenn., in 
1867-'8 professor of mathematics in the University 
of Nashville, in 1868-*70 professor of Latin and 
principal of Montgomery Bell academy in that 
university, in 1870-4 professor of belles-lettres in 
Washington university, St Louis, Mo M and since 
1874 has occupied the chair of history in that in- 
stitution. He was appointed registrar in 1871, 
dean of the faculty in 1877, and since January, 
1887, has been acting chancellor of the universitv. 
Besides articles upon nistorical subjects, he has pub- 
lished an excellent monograph upon the " City Gov- 
ernment of St Louis " in the 5th series of M Johns 
Hopkins University Studies " (Baltimore, 1887). 

SNOW, William Dunham, lawyer, b. in Web- 
ster, Worcester oo., Mass., 2 Feb., 1882. He set- 
tled in Rochester, N. Y., where he published M The 
Tribune" in 1852-'4. Afterward he removed to 
Arkansas, was a member of the Constitutional con- 
vention in 1868 that made Arkansas a free state, 
and was elected U. S. senator in 1864 under the 
proclamation of President Johnson, but was not 
admitted to a seat He was largely instrumental 
in raising a brigade of Arkansas troops for the 
U. 8. army in 1865, and declined the commission 
of brigadier-general Since his graduation at 
Columbia law-school in 1876 he has practised in 
New York city and in the Federal courts. He 
has invented a successful carburettor, a gas-regu- 
lator, a thermostatic apparatus for the mainte- 
nance of equal heat for furnaces and steam appara- 
tus, and a system for fac-simile telegraphy. Mr. 
Snow is the author of several anti-slavery poems, 
and has contributed to magazines. 

SNOW, William Parker, English explorer, b. 
in Poole, England, 29 Nov., 1817. In 1861 Capt 
Snow endeavored to enlist interest in behalf of an 
expedition to search for the companions of Sir 
John Franklin. He has published " Voyage of the 
• Prince Albert ' in Search of Sir John Franklin, a 
Narrative of E very-Day Life in the Arctic Seas" 
(London, 1851); "A Two- Years' Cruise off Terra 
del Fuego, the Falkland Islands, and the Seaboard 
of Patagonia" (2 vols., 1857); "Catalogue of the 
Arctic Collection in the British Museum " (1858) ; 
"The Patagonian Missionary Society" (1858): 
"British Columbia Emigration." etc (1858); and 
"Southern Generals" (New York, 1866). 

SNOWDEN, James Boss, numismatist b. in 
Chester, Delaware oo., Pa., in 1810 ; d. in Hulme- 
ville, Bucks co., Pa., 21 March, 1878. His great- 
grandfather, Nathanael Fits Randolph, served in 
the Revolutionary war, being known as "Fight- 
ing Nat" and was presented with a sword by the 
legislature of New Jersey. He also started the first 
subscription paper for Princeton college, and gave 
the ground upon which Nassau hall, the first edi- 
fice of that college, was built This received its 
name in honor of William III., of the "illustrious 
house of Nassau." It has been twice burned down. 
His father. Rev. Nathanael Randolph Snowden, 
was curator of Dickinson college from 1794 till 
1827, where the son was educated. Subsequently 
he studied law, and, settling in Franklin, Fa*, was 



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SOJOURNER TRUTH 



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T< 



made deputy attorney-general, elected to the legis- 
lature, and served as speaker in 1842-*4. He was 
state treasurer from 1845 till 1847, treasurer of the 
U. S. mint from 1847 till 1850, and its director 
from 1858 till 1861. In addition to numerous ad- 
dresses and pamphlets on numismatics and cur- 
rency, seven annual mint reports, and contribu- 
tions to journals, he published " Descriptions of 
Coin in the U. a Mint" (Philadelphia, 1860); 
** Description of the Medals of Washington, of 
National and Miscellaneous Medals, and of other 
Objects of Interest in the Museum of the Mint, 
with Biographical Notices of the Directors from 
1792 to 1851 " (1861) ; " The Mint at Philadelphia w 
1861); "The Coins of the Bible, and its Money 
terms " (1864) ; and - The Cornplanter Memorial * 
(Harrisburg, 1867) ; and contributed articles on the 
coin of the United States to the National almanac 
of 1878, and articles on numismatics to Bouvier's 
"Law Dictionary" (12th ed., Philadelphia, 1868). 
—His nephew, Archibald London, b. in Cum- 
berland county, Pa., 11 Aug., 1887, after graduation 
at Jefferson college in 1856 was made register of 
the U. S. mint on 7 May, 1857, became chief coiner 
on 1 Oct, 1866, and in 1877-*9 was postmaster of 
Philadelphia. In 1879-*85 he was superintendent 
of the mint, and in 1878 he declined the office of 
general director of all the mints in the United 
States. He has made improvements and inventions 
relating to coining-machinery, and has written ar- 
ticles on subjects relating to coinage, the great seal 
of the United States, and other subjects. Mr. 
Snowden was commissioned lieutenant-colonel of 
Pennsylvania volunteers in 1861, and was subse- 
quently elected captain of the 1st city troop of 
Philadelphia, which is the oldest military organi- 
zation in the United States. It was the body- 
guard of Gen. Washington during the Revolution, 
and bore a conspicuous part in the battles of Tren- 
ton, Princeton, and the Brandywine. He has been 
identified with railroads, insurance companies, and 
other business interests. 

SNYDER, Christopher, called " the first martyr 
of the Revolution," b. about 1755; d. in Boston, 
Mass., 28 Feb., 1770. During the excitement in 
1770 on the subject of non-importation a few 
merchants continued to sell articles that had been 
proscribed, and one, Theonhilus Lillie, incurred 
such displeasure that, in order to mark his shop as 
one to be shunned, a mob, consisting chiefly of 
half-grown boys, erected near his door a wooden 
head on a tall pole, upon which were written the 
names of the other importers, and a hand pointing 
to Lillie's shop was also attached. One of his 
friends, Ebenezer Richardson, attempted to remove 
this figure, but was pelted and driven into Lillie's 
house by the mob. Greatly exasperated, he ap- 
peared with a musket and fired a random shot 
into the crowd, which mortally wounded a young 
lad, Christopher Snyder, the son of a poor widow. 
Snyder died on that evening,, and his murder pro- 
duced a sensation throughout the country. His 
funeral, on the 26th, was the occasion of a solemn 
pageant. A procession of 500 children walked be- 
fore the bier, and the coffin was taken to Liberty 
tree, where an assemblage of nearly 1,500 persons 
had gathered. The bells of the city and of neigh- 
boring towns were tolled. The newspapers were 
filled with accounts of the story and of the funeral, 
and Christopher Snyder was called the first mar- 
tyr in the cause of American liberty. The mob 
seised Richardson and an associate named Wilmot 
and took them to Faneuil hall, where they were 
examined and committed for trial Richardson 
was declared guilty of murder, but Lieut-Gov. 



Thomas Hutchinson refused to sign his death- 
warrant, and after two years' imprisonment he 
was pardoned by the king. 

SNYDER, Simon, governor of Pennsylvania, 
b. in Lancaster. Pa., 5 Nov., 1759 ; d. near Selins- 
grove, Pa., Nov., 1819. His father, Anthony, 
a mechanic, emigrated to Pennsylvania in 1758. 
After his death in 1774 the son apprenticed him- 
self to a tanner in York, Pa., and employed his 
leisure in study. In 1784 he removed to Selins- 
grove, opened a' store, became the owner of a milL, 
and was justice of the peace for twelve years. He 
was a member of the convention that framed the 
constitution of 1790, and in 1797 was elected a 
member of the house of representatives, of which 
he was chosen speaker in 1802, serving in this ca- 
pacity for six successive terms. 'With him origi- 
nated the " hundred-dollar act," which embodied 
the arbitration principle and provided for the 
trial of causes where trie amount in question was 
less than one hundred dollars. In 1808 he was 
made governor of Pennsylvania and served three 
terms. Upon his retirement in 1817 be was elected 
to the state senate, and died while a member of 
that bod v. Snyder county, Ps*. was named for him. 

SOISSONH, Charles de Bourbon, Count de. 
viceroy of New France, b. in France in 1565 ; d. 
there, 1 Nov., 1612. The death of Henry IV. 
weakened Champlain's chances of successfully 
colonizing New France, and, by the advice of De 
Monts, he sought a protector in the person of the 
Count de Soissons, who accepted the proposal to 
become the M father of New France,** obtained from 
the queen regent the authority necessary to pre- 
serve and advance all that had been already done, 
and appointed Champlain his lieutenant with un-» 
restricted power. In his commission to Champ- 
lain he styles himself "lieutenant-general of New 
France,** but he died soon after issuing it 

SOJOURNER TRUTH, lecturer, b. in Ulster 
county, N. Y„ about 1775; d. in Battle Creek. 
Mich., 26 Nov., 1888. Her parents were owned 
by Col Charles Ardinburgh, of Ulster county, and 
she was sold at the age of ten to John J. Dumont 
Though she was emancipated by the act of New 
York which set at liberty in 1817 all slaves over 
the ace of forty, she does not appear to have ob- 
tained her freedom until 1827, when she escaped 
and went to New York city. Subsequently she 
lived in Northampton, Mass., and in 1851 began to 
lecture in western New York, accompanied by 
George Thompson, of England, and other Aboli- 
tionists, making her headquarters in Rochester, 
N. Y. Subsequently she travelled in various parts 
of the United States, lecturing on politics, tem- 
perance, and women's rights, and for the welfare 
of her race. She could neither read nor write, but, 
being nearly six feet in height and possessing a 
deep and powerful voice, she proved an effective 
lecturer. She carried with her a book that she 
called " The Book of Life,** containing the auto- 
graphs of many distinguished persons that were 
identified with the anti-slavery movement Her 
name was Isabella, but she called herself "So- 
journer,** claiming to have heard this name whis- 
C>red to her from the Lord. She added the appel- 
tion of M Truth** to signify that she should 
preach nothingbut truth to all men. She spent 
much time in Washington, D. C, during the civil 
war, and passed her last years in Battle Creek, 
Mich-, where a small monument was erected near 
her grave, by subscription. See "Narrative of 
Sojourner Truth, drawn from her « Book of Life.' 
with Memorial Chapter,*' by Mrs. Francis W. Ti- 
tus (Battle Creek, 1884). 



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604 



SOLANA 



SOLIS Y R1VADENKYRA 



SOLANA. Alonso de (so-lah'-nah), Spanish mis- 
sionary, b. in Solans, Toledo, about 1580; d. in 
Merida, Yucatan, in 1000. He studied in Sala- 
manca, and was graduated in law, but resolved to 
enter the church, and united with the Franciscans 
in Toledo. Afterward he retired to the convent of 
Salceda, but in 1500 he came with Diego Landa 
(0. v.) to Yucatan, where he soon became active in 
the conversion of the Maya Indians. He was 
much loved by the natives, and several tiroes re- 
fused dignities that were offered him to remain 
with his flock. He wrote " Diccionario Maya y 
Espafiol," " Sermones en Lengua Maya,'* and * 4 No- 
ticaas sagradas y profanas de las Antiguedades y 
Conversion de los lndios de Yucatan," the manu- 
scripts of which were in the Franciscan convent of 
Merida, but have been lost 

SOLANO, Juan, Peruvian R. C. bishop, b. in 
Spain about 1504 ; d. in Rome, Italy, in 1580. He 
became a member of the Dominican order and en- 
tered the convent of Salamanca. He was nomi- 
nated for the bishopric of Cuzco, Peru, by Charles 
Y. in 1548, and consecrated in February, 1544, but 
found it impossible to enter Cuzco after his arrival, 
as Gonialo Pizarro, who had just revolted, held 
that city. Solano joined the royal army, and was 
present at the defeat of Huannas, 20 Oct, 1547, 
where he escaped only by the swiftness of his 
horse. After this defeat Solano joined Pedro de 
la Gasca (q, v.\ accompanied him in his march 
against Pizarro, and was present at the battle of 
Sacsahuana, 9 April, 1548, in which the insurgents 
were defeated. He was now enabled to exercise 
pastoral functions in Cuzco, and showed much zeal 
in defending the rights of the Indians, as well as 
in converting them to Christianity. As the num- 
ber of sick and poor among them had largely 
increased in consequence of the civil war, he in- 
sisted on the conquerors' expending part of their 
spoils in relieving the prevailing distress. With 
the money that he thus obtained he built a hos- 

8ital in 1552, the first of the kind in Peru. He 
aen endeavored to recall to habits of order the old 
Spanish veterans, whose excesses and turbulence 
interfered with his plans for the benefit of the In- 
dians. Not succeeding in his efforts, he deter- 
mined on a voyage to Spain to implore the aid of 
the sovereign in reducing these adventurers to 
obedience. He also wished to obtain a division of 
his diocese, which he considered too large for the 
care of a single bishop. After arriving in Spain he 
laid the reasons for nis journey before the court 
and the council of the indies, but met with no 
success. He then went to Rome with the object 
of interesting Pope Pius IV. in the matter. There 
too he failed, ana, resigning his bishopric in 1561, 
he retired into the Dominican convent of St 
Mary, where he spent the remainder of his life. 

SOLAR, Mercedes Marin de, Chilian poet, b. 
in Santiago, Chili, in 1804; d. there, 21 Dec, 1866. 
She was a daughter of Jose Gaspar Marin and 
Luisa Recabarren, and showed from her youth a 
decided talent for poetry. Her literary reputation 
was first established by a poem on the death of 
Gen. Portales. which was published in 1887 in M El 
Arauceno." Soon her poems were widely known, 
and she and Salvador Sanfuentes (a. v.) mar be 
called the first Chilian poets after the establish- 
ment of independence. She contributed several 
poems to the papers, of which the best are M Ple- 
garia" and "Al pie* de la Cruz," and published 
M Canto Fuaebre a la muerte del General Portales " 
(Santiago, 1887); a biography of her father (1845) ; 
and M Canto a la Patria" (1857). A collection of 
her poems was published in a volume (Santiago, 



1874). See her" Life," by M. L. Amunategui (1867% 
—Her children, Amxlu db Claeo and Ekuqub in- 
herited her poetic talent The latter, b. in Santiago 
in 1844, studied in the Jesuit college, and in 1870 
was elected to congress for the departments of 
Rancagua and Curico. He has published poems in 
- El Independiente," •* Estrella de Chile," " Revista 
de Santiago " ; " Poesias Liricas " (Santiago, 1867), 
and ** Leyendas y Tradiciones " (1868). 

SOLCHAGA, Mignel (sole-tchah'-gah), Mexican 
clergyman, b. in Queretaro in 1674 ; c[ in Durango 
in 1718. He entered the Society of Jesus in 1680, 
and, after finishing his studies, was sent as profes- 
sor of theology to the College of Durango. When 
Gen. Gregorio Mendiolawas sent in 1715 to subdue 
the Indians of the Nayarit mountains, between 
New Biscay and New Galicia, Bishop Tapix ap- 
pointed Solcbaga spiritual director of the expedi- 
tion, and as such the latter brought it about that 
the cacique Tonatiuh, of Nayarit, went in 1718 to 
Mexico to make a treaty with the viceroy. But on 
account of sickness Solchaga returned in the same 
year to Durango, where death overtook him before 
he could publish his description of the expedition. 
It was afterward printed in Spain under the title 
** Carta Relaci6n de la entrails de la Expedidon 
Espafiola en el Nayarit " (Barcelona, 1754). 

80LEY, James Russell, author, b. in Roxbury, 
Mass., 1 Oct., 1850. He was graduated at Harvard 
in 1870, became assistant professor of English in 
the U. S. naval academy in 1871, and in 1878 was 
placed at the head of the department of Tft»g|wh 
studies, history, and law, where he remained nine 
years. In 1876 he was commissioned a professor 
m the U. S. navy, and in 1878 he was on special 
duty at the Paris exposition. He also examined the 
systems of education in European naval colleges, 
and on his return made an extensive report In 
1882 be was transferred to Washington, where he 
collected and arranged the navy department li- 
brary, and since 1868 he has superintended the 
publication of the naval records of the civil war. 
He has been lecturer on international law at the 
Naval war college at Newport since 1885, and has 
also delivered courses before the Lowell institute, 
Boston, on u American Naval History " (1885) and 
14 European Neutrality during the Civil War 9 
(1888). Prof. Soley has published M History of the 
Naval Academy " (Washington, 1876); M Foreign 
Systems of Naval Education," the report men- 
tioned above (1880) ; M The Blockade and the Cruis- 
ers "(New York, 1888); "The Rescue of Greely," 
with Com. Winfleld S. Schley (1885) ; and "The 
Boys of 1812 " (Boston, 1887). He has edited the 
** Autobiography of Commodore Morris" (Annapo- 
lis, 1880), and contributed to the " Battles and Lead- 
ers of the Civil War " and to Justin Winsor's M Nar- 
rative and Critical History of America." 

SOLIS T RITADEKEYRA, Antonio de, 
Spanish author, b. in Alcala de Henares. 18 July, 
1810 ;d\ in Madrid, 19 April, 1686. He studied the 
humanities in Alcala and jurisprudence at Sala- 
manca, and at the age of seventeen wrote a comedy 
in verse, which was soon followed by others. In 
1640 he became private secretary of Duarte de 
Toledo, Count de Oropesa, president of the council 
of Castile, and in 1654 he was appointed one of 
the secretaries of King Philip IV. and chief clerk 
of the secretary of state, which office he held till 
1666, when be) became historiographer of the Indies. 
In the following year he entered the Society of 
Jesus, but retained his office and devoted all his 
time to the composition of his great historical 
work. He published the comedies M Amor y Obli- 
gaoion" (Madrid, 1627); "Un bobo hace cwnto" 



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SOLORZANO T PEREIRA 



SOMBRVILLB 



60S 



0680); "Amor al uso"(1682); M La Gitanillade 
Madrid n (1684); and "Euridioe y Orfeo " (1642). 
Some Authorities consider him to be the author of 
u Oil Bias de Santillana," and look upon Le Sage 
as only its translator. He also wrote "Poesias 
sagradas y profanes" (1674), but his chief fame 
depends on his •* Historia de la Conquista, poblacion 
y progreso de la America Septentrional ^(Madrid, 
1684 ; many subsequent editions), which was trans- 
lated into French (Paris, 1691), into Italian (Flor- 
ence, 1699), and into English (London, 1724). 

SOLOtiZANO T PEREIRA, Juan dejso-lor- 
thah'-no), Spanish author, b. in Madrid, 80 Not., 
1676 ; d. there in 1654. He studied in the Uni- 
versity of Salamanca, and was afterward professor 
of Roman and common law in the same university. 
In 1609 he was appointed by Philip III. judge of 
the audiencia of Luna, where he organized: the tri- 
bunals, introduced improvements in the adminis- 
tration, and promoted the working of the*mercurv- 
mines of Huancavelica. In 1627 he returned io 
Spain, and was successively member of the treasury 
board, of the council of the Indies, and of the su- 
preme council of Castile. He wrote several valu- 
able juridical works, of which the principal one is 
M De lndiarum jure disputatione " (Madrid, 1658). 

SOMERBY, Horatio Qate&jrenealogist, b. in 
Newburvport. Mass., 24 Dec, 1806; d. in London, 
England, 14 Nov., 1872. His ancestor, Anthony, 
came from England to Newbury, Mass., in 1689. 
He received a public-school education in his na- 
tive town, studied art in Boston, and had a studio 
in Troy, N. Y., for several years, but in 1882 
returned to Boston, where he was a fancy painter 
and iapanner. After 1845 he resided chiefly in 
London as a professional genealogist, and was the 
first American to devote himself exclusively to 
such work. He became very skilful, and many 
families in this country availed themselves of his 
services in tracing their English ancestry. Mr. 
Somerby was on confidential terms with George 
Peabody, and became secretary to the board of 
trustees of the Peabody fund. He was a member 
of the New England historic-genealogical society, to 
whose publications he contributed valuable papers, 
and a large quantity of his unpublished material is 
in possession of the Massachusetts historical society, 
with which he had been connected since 1869. He 
was the originator of systematic research for the 
purpose of connecting New England families with 
their ancestors in Great Britain. — His brother. 
Frederic Thomas, author, b. in Newburyport, 4 
Jan., 1814; d. in Worcester, Mass., 18 Jan., 1871, 
was educated in his native place, and became an 
ornamental painter. He was for many years a 
correspondent of the Boston " Post and the 
"Spirit of the Times/* and published, under the 
name of " Cymon," " Hits ana Dashes, or a Medley 
of Sketches and Scraps touching People and 
Things" (Boston, 1852). 

80MERS, Richard, naval officer, b. on Somen 
point. Great Egg harbor, N. J., in 1778 ; d. near 
Tripoli, Africa, 4 Sept, 1804. His grandfather 
emigrated from England about 1780 and settled 
at Somen point, and his father was colonel of 
militia, judge of the county court, and an active 
Whig in the Revolution. The son entered the 
navy as midshipman, 80 April, 1798, after some 
experience at sea in small coasting vessels. He 
sailed from Philadelphia in the frigate " United 
States" in July, 1798. to Cape Cod and along the 
•coast to the West Indies in search of French cruis- 
en during that brief war with France. He was 
commissioned lieutenant, 21 May, 1799, sailed in 
the "United States" with the embassy to France 



on 8 Nov., 1799, and in 1801 again went to France 
as 1st lieutenant of the sloop "Boston,** witn 
Chancellor Livingston on board as passenger. He 
was appointed to command the schooner '* Nau- 
tilus," fitted out to form a part of Preble's squadron 
in the war with Tripoli, and he was the first to 
arrive at Gibraltar. He participated in the block- 
ade and operations at Tripoli in 1808-'4. In the 
first attack he commanded a division of gun-boats, 
and at one time fought five Tripolitan vessels at 
close quarters. On 7 Aug., 1804, be led the 1st 
division of three gun-boats in the second attack, 
and successfully fought superior forces for three 
hours. He was promoted commander, 16 Feb., 
1804, and was conspicuous for his ability in the 
attacks on 28 Aug. and 8 Sept., 1804. As the sea- 
son for operations drew to a close he proposed to 
destroy the Tripolitan fleet by fitting the •* In- 
trepid*" as a bomb-vessel to explode in their midst 
ana cause a panic. About 15,000 pounds of powder 
and 200 loaded shells were stowed in the "In- 
trepid" and arranged with a slow-match to ex- 
plode after the crew should have escaped. Lieut 
Henry Wadsworth, Midshipman Israel, and ten 
men voluntarily accompanied Somen in the night 
of 4 Sept, 1804, toward the inner harbor, con- 
voyed by the brig "Siren." The enemy sighted 
the " Intrepid " and opened fire upon her as she 
approached, and when 500 yards from her destina- 
tion she suddenly blew up, and all on board per- 
ished. No damage was done to the enemy. The 
cause of the premature explosion was never ascer- 
tained, and none of the bodies of the unfortunate 
crew were found. The report was heard for miles, 
but it had no effect except subsequently to convince 
the foe that Americans were ready to undertake 
the most perilous measures to accomplish their ob- 
ject Other events had prepared tnem to dread 
the American navy, and, since this was the last 
hostile operation, it doubtless was potent in the 
negotiations by which the Tripolitans acceded to 
the terms demanded by the Americans. Congress 
passed a resolution of condolence with the friends 
of those who perished, and several ships of the 
navy have been named after Somen. 

SOHfBYILLE, Alexander, Canadian journal- 
ist, b. in Springfield, Haddingtonshire, Scotland, 
15 March, 1811 ; d. in Toronto, Canada, 17 June, 
1885. He was educated in the parish school, en- 
tered the army, and served for several yean in the 
Soots greys. He was with his regiment at Bir- 
mingham, England, in 1882, at the time of the 
first reform-bill agitation, and for some act of sup- 
posed insubordination was sentenced to receive 200 
lashes on the bare back, half of which were in- 
flicted. The whole matter, which has been do- 
scribed by him in his " Diligent Life " (Montreal, 
I860), was made the subject of dismission in par- 
liament at the time, and resulted in mitigating 
the injustice and severity of military discipline. 
During 1885-*7 Mr. Soroerville served in a High- 
land regiment in Spain, and soon afterward he left 
the service. From 1888 till 1858 he wrote for sev- 
eral of the chief British newspapers, under the 
Sen-name of " Whistler at the Plough," his graphic 
escriptive sketches attracting attention. In 1858 
he came to Canada, and from that time till his 
death was engaged in journalism. He edited the 
"Canadian Illustrated News," and among other 
works wrote "Autobiography of a Workman" 
(London, 1848); "History of the Fiscal System" 
(Liverpool, 1880); "The Whistler at the Plough" 
(Manchester, 1852) ; " The Conservative Science of 
Nations" (Montreal, 1800); and "A Narrative oi 
the Fenian Invasion of 1866" (Toronto, 180T> 



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006 



SOMERVILLE 



SONTAG 



80MERYILLE, William Clarke, author, b. in 
St Mary's county, Met, 25 March, 1790; d. in 
Auxerre, France, 5 Jan., 1836. In early life he 
took part in the struggle of the South American 
states for independence, attaining the rank of 
major, and receiving a grant of three square leagues 
of land from the Venezuelan government for his ser- 
vices. He travelled in Europe in 1817-18, and on 
his return to this country took an active part in 
politics as a Whig and a personal friend of John 
Ouincy Adams. He purchased Stratford House, 
tne former seat of Gen. Henry Lee (see Lie, 
Richard), and lived with great elegance. Mr. 
Somerville was appointed minister to Sweden by 
John Quincy Adams, and sailed on the ship that 
carried Lafayette to Europe after his visit to this 
country, but he died shortly afterward, and, in ac- 
cordance with his own wishes, was buried at La 
Orange, Lafayette's residence. He provided in his 
will for the ultimate emancipation of all his slaves. 
Mr. Somerville possessed varied accomplishments, 
and was striking in personal appearance. At the 
time of his death he was engaged to be married to 
Cora, daughter of Edward Livingston. He was 
the author of " Letters from Paris on the Causes 
and Consequences of the French Revolution" 
(Baltimore, 1822); "Extract* of a Letter on the 
Mode of choosing the President" (1825); and sev- 
eral poetical pieces. 

SOHMERS, Charles George, clergyman, b. in 
London, England, 4 March, 1798 ; d. in New York 
city, 19 Dec, 186a His father was a Norwegian, 
ana the early part of the son's life was spent in 
Denmark, where, after attending school, he entered 
a mercantile bouse at Elsinore. He came to this 
country in 1808, and in 1811 entered the employ 
of John Jacob Astor, for whom he went to Canada 
on a difficult mission during the war of 1812, but 
he abandoned business soon afterward for the Bap- 
tist ministry. After a six years' pastorate in Troy, 
N. Y., he was called to the charge of the South 
Baptist church in New York city, where he re- 
mained till his retirement in 1856. He was an ac- 
tive worker in connection with the tract and Bible 
societies, and a founder of the American Baptist 
home mission society. In 1852 he received the de- 
gree of D. D. from Madison university. Dr. Som- 
mers published numerous controversial articles in 
defence of Baptist doctrines, edited a volume of 
44 Psalms and Hymns" (Philadelphia, 1885) and 
"The Baptist Library" (S vols., Prattsvilie, N. Y., 
1848), ana was the author of a •* Memoir of John 
Stanford, D. D., with Selections from his Corre- 
spondence" (New York, 1835). 

SONNINI DE M ANONCOURT, Charles Nico- 
las Sigisbert, French traveller, b. in Luneville, 
France, 1 Feb., 1751 ; d. in Paris, France, 9 May, 
1812. Although, from deference to his fathers 
wishes, he studied law, his fondness for natural 
history and hispassion for travel led him to enter 
the navy in 1772, shortly after he had been called 
to the bar at Nancy. He went to Cayenne in 1778, 
and soon acquired reputation for his daring jour- 
neys into the interior. The government employed 
him several times in expeditions that were of the 
greatest advantage to the colony. In 1774 he 
traversed Guiana in its entire breadth as far as 
Peru. In another expedition he discovered, after 
wandering through immense marshes, a water 
route through which he reached the Oabrielle 
mountain. He made a valuable collection of rare 
birds, wnich he presented to the Paris cabinet of 
natural history. An attack of fever obliged him 
to return to France, and he selected Montbard as 
his residence, near the home of Buffon, by whose 



direction he described twenty-six species of Ameri- 
can birds, comprising those "belonging to the gal- 
linaceous order, and the water-fowl. He after- 
ward served in the French navy, travelled exten- 
sively in Asia and Africa, ana wrote numerous 
books of travel and agriculture and natural his- 
tory, among others "Histoire naturelle des rep- 
tiles" (4 vols., Paris, l&tt-W), and " Histoire na- 
turelle des poissons et des c^taces " (14 vols., 1804). 
See "Eloge historique de Sonnini," by Arsene 
Thiebaud de Berneaud (1812). 

SONNTAG, George, soldier, b. in Philadelphia, 
Pa., in 1786; d. in Odessa, Russia. 28 March, 1841. 
His father, William Louis Sonntag, a French 
officer, came to this country during the Revolu- 
tion, and at its close established a mercantile house 
in Philadelphia. The son went to Russia in 1815. 
entered the military service, and with the allied 
army entered Paris. He became a general in the 
Russian army and an admiral in the navy. 

SONNTAG, William Lonis, painter, b. near 
Pittsburg, Pa., 2 March, 1822. His youth was passed 
in Cincinnati, and there he began to practise art 
as a profession in 1848. Six years later he settled 
permanently in New York. During 1853-*4, 1855-"?, 
and 1861 he was abroad, spending most of the time 
in Italy. He has devoted himself to the delinea- 
tion of American landscape, strongly idealized. 
His principal works are ** View on Licking River, 
Ky. (184o); four pictures on the "Progress of 
Civilization," illustrating William Cullen Bryant s 
poem (1848) ; u Spirit of Solitude " (1851) ; " Evan- 

Stline"(1852); "A Dream of Italy" (1860); "A 
orning in the Alleghanies" (1865); ** Sunset in 
the Wilderness " ; M Spirit of the Alleghanies " ; 
and " Fog rising off Mount Adams " (about 1885). 
He was elected an associate of the National acade- 
my in 1860, and an academician the following year, 
and is also a member of the Water-color society 
and the Artists' fund society. 

SONTAG, Henrietta, German singer, b. in Cob- 
lentz, 18 May, 1805 ; d. in Vera Cruz, Mexico, 18 
June, 1854. Her parents belonged to the theatrical 

Srofession, and carefully cultivated her vocal and 
ramatic powers, which were naturally great. Be- 
fore she was six years old she sang on the stage in 
children's parts at Darmstadt, Berlin, and Prague. 
She studiea for four years at the conservatory of 
Prague, where, in her fifteenth year, with marked 
success, she took the leading part in Boieldieu's 
M Jean de Paris." She then went to Vienna, and 
before she was nineteen she was prima donna of the 
Berlin stage. Shortly afterward she left for Paris, 
where she competed successfully with Malibran, 
Pasta, and Catalani. In 1828 she made her dSmi 
in London, but at the close of the season she mar- 
ried Count Rossi, a Piedmontese nobleman, and 
after a triumphant operatic eareer in the great 
capitals of Europe retired to private life. She still 
retained her great love of art for its own sake, and 
continued to study while mingling in the highest 
circles of society. In 1848 her husband became 
involved in political troubles, and lost his fortune. 
For his sake and for that of their children she 
resolved to resort again to her art, and accepted an 
engagement at London for the season of 18H9. In 
1858, encouraged by the successful" career of Jenny 
Lind, she decided to visit the United States, ana 
in the autumn of that year arrived in New York. 
Her tour through the chief cities of the Union was 
brilliant remunerative, and exceeded her expecta- 
tions. In 1854 she accepted an engagement from 
the manager of the principal theatre of Mexico, at 
Vera Cruz ; but she was suddenly stricken down by 
cholera while preparing for her first appearance. 



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SONTHONAX 



SOTHERAN 



607 



SONTHONAX, Le$er Fellcltt, French com- 
missioner, b. in Oyonnax, Ain, 17 March, 1768 ; d. 
there, 28 July, 1813. He practised law at Bourg, 
and going to Paris at the beginning of the French 
revolution, to become a member of the noted club, 
"Lea amis des noirs," lectured and issued pam- 
phlets in advocacy of the enfranchisement or the 
slaves in the French dominions. The negroes 
having rebelled in Santo Domingo, Sonthonax, 
Etienne Polverel, and Jean Ailhaud were appoint- 
ed high commissioners to the Leeward islands. 
They sailed from La Rochelle in July, 1791, with 
an army of 6,000 men, and landed at Cape Fran- 
cais on 19 Sept. Ailhaud soon returned to France, 
and Sonthonax and Polverel, after a brilliant cam- 
paign, divided the colony into two governments. 
Gen. Galbaud arrived from France in June, 1793, 
to assume the command of the French forces, but 
was opposed by Sonthonax and removed from 
office. Galbaud then attacked Cape Francais, and, 
securing possession of the arsenal, compelled Son- 
thonax to take refuge in the interior. But the 
latter made his junction with Polverel; and, return- 
ing, issued his famous decree of 29 Aug., 1798, 
which enfranchised the slaves forever. Through 
the help of the negroes Galbaud was finally de- 
feated, and sailed for the United States. Sontho- 
nax's opposition to the whites continued meanwhile, 
and they asked succor from the authorities at 
Jamaica. An English expedition landed at Mole 
Saint Nicholas, and soon occupied the principal 
parts of the colony ; Sonthonax retired to Jacmel, 
and sailed in 1794 for France, where he had been 
indicted for his conduct. But he easily justified 
himself before the convention, and was again ap- 
pointed in 1796 high commissioner to Santo Do- 
mingo. After removing Gen. Rochambeau he was 
compelled to appoint Toussaint L'Ouverture com- 
mander-in-chief, and finally left the island in July, 
1797, having been elected a deputy to the assembly 
of the five hundred by the colony. He was exiled 
after the coup d'etat of 1799, and again in 1808 for 
having criticised the appointment of Gen. Rocham- 
beau as commander-in-chief in Santo Domingo. 
Napoleon forbade him to remain in Paris after 
1810, and he retired to his estate at Oyonnax. 

&OPHOCLES,Evangellnu8Apo8tolide8,schol 
ar, b. in Tsangaranda, near Mount Pel ion, Thessalv, 
Greece, 8 March, 1807 ; d. in Cambridge, Mass., 17 
Deo., 1888. He resided in Egypt during the Greek 
revolution, studied in the convent of the Greek 
church on Mount Sinai, and in 1829 came to this 
country under the patronage of the American 
board of commissioners for foreign missions. After 
studying in Monson, Mass., he entered Amherst, 
but aid not complete his course. He then taught 
in schools in Amherst, Hartford, and New Haven, 
and in 1840-'5 and 1847-'9 was tutor in Harvard. 
In the last year he became assistant professor, and 
in 1860 he was given the chair of ancient, modern, 
and Byzantine Greek, which he retained till his 
death. He received the degree of A. M. from Tale 
in 1887 and from Harvard in 1847, and that of 
LL. D. from Western Reserve in 1862 and from 
Harvard in 1868. He made two voyages to his 
native country, returning each time with valuable 
books. Prof. Sophocles published " Greek Gram- 
mar for the Use of Learners (Hartford, Conn., 
1888; 3d ed., entitled - Greek Grammar for the 
Use of Schools and Colleges," 1847) ; " First Les- 
sons in Greek" (1889); "Greek Exercises" (1841); 
"Romaic Grammar" (1842; 2d ed., Boston, 1857; 
London, 1866); "Greek Lessons for Beginners" 
(Hartford, 1848); "Catalogue of Greek Verbs" 
(1844); "History of the Greek Alphabet, with 



Remarks on Greek Orthography and) Pronuncia- 
tion" (Cambridge, 1848); " Glossary of Later and 
Byzantine Greek " (Boston. 1860, fording vol. vii M 
new series, of " Memoirs of the American Acad- 
emy ") ; and " Greek Lexicon of the [Roman and 
Byzantine Periods," his chief work (Boston, 1870). 
80RIN, Edward, clergyman, b. near Paris, 
France, 6 Feb., 1814. He was graduated at the 
University of Paris, afterward studied for the 
priesthood, and was ordained, 9 June, 1888. At 
the end of a year he felt a desire to become a mis- 
sionary among the Indians of America, and, with 
the view of pre- 
paring himself 
for this work, he 
entered the new- 
ly founded order 
of the Holy 
Cross. He was 
shortly after- 
ward appointed 
bishop of Ben- 

SJ^but declined, 
e sailed from 
Havre, 5 Aug., 
1841, reached 
New York on 
14 Sept., and at 
once set out for 
Indiana, where 
he began his la- 
bors among the /* >0, 
Indians. He was CljJtjyny^ C TC 
forced to aban- 
don this field by 

the superior of his order, who directed him to es- 
tablish schools wherever an opportunity offered. 
He arrived at the present site of Notre Dame on 
24 Nov., 1842, with only five dollars to begin the 
work of erecting a school. The waste was cov- 
ered with snow, and the only building for miles 
around was a dilapidated log-hut He began with 
energy, and spent five days in repairing the log- 
cabin and in fitting it up so that one half served 
as a chapel and the other as a dwelling for him- 
self and six brothers. He then began to build a 
college, which was chartered as a university in 
1844 by the legislature of Indiana. From that day 
the University of Notre Dame progressed under 
his guidance until it is to-day the largest and 
most important Roman Catholic educational es- 
tablishment in the United States. In 1867 he 
was appointed provincial superior of the bouses 
of the order of the Holy Cross in the United 
States, and in 1868 he was elected superior-general 
for life. He crossed the Atlantic forty-three times, 
and it has been computed that his journeys and 
voyages together would more than equal eight 
times the circumference of the earth. Besides the 
University of Notre Dame, he established flourish- 
ing colleges and schools in every part of the United 
States and Canada. He is likewise the founder and 
superior-general of the Sisters of the Holy Cross 
in the United States, of whom there are more 
than eight hundred, chiefly engaged in conducting 
academies and schools. 

SOTHERAN, Charlea, bibliographer, b.in Stake 
Newington, Surrey, England, 8 July, 1847. He was 
educated at private schools, and in 1862 was an- 

Srenticed to a bookseller at Rugby by bis uncle, 
[enry Sotheran, the London publisher. After mak- 
ing a reputation as a bibliographer and antiquary, 
he came to this country in 1874, and became editor 
and proprietor of the New York " Echo " in 1878, 
and literary editor of the* 4 Star "in 1879. He has 



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608 



SOTHERN 



SOTO 



lectured on philological, historical, and popular sub- 
jects, and has compiled bibliographical catalogues 
of many well-known libraries, including those of 
Rush C. Hawkins, Charles O'Conor, and William 
Beach Lawrence. His works include " Genealogi- 
cal Memoranda relating to the Family of Sotheran 
and to the Sept of MacManus " (printed privately, 
London, 1871-4); M Manchester Diocesan Church 
Calendar" (Manchester, 1878-'4) ; " Alessandro di 
Cagliostro, Impostor or Martyr " (New York, 1876) ; 
and M Percy Bysshe Shelley as a Philosopher and 
Reformer'* (1876). He edited vols. vi. and vii. of 
the " American Bibliopolist " (New York, 1874-'5). 
SOTHERN, Edward Askew, actor, b. in Liver- 
pool, England, 1 April, 1830 ; d. in London, 20 Jan., 
1881. He was intended by his parents for the min- 
istry, but became an actor, making his first appear- 
anoe as an amateur in Jersey ; ana, coming to the 
United States soon afterward, he made his dSbui in 
this country at the 
Boston national 
theatre in Septem- 
ber, 1852, as Dr. 
Pangloss in " The 
Heir at Law." At 
this time he was 
known as Doug- 
las Stewart, and 
he did not assume 
his own name till 
1858. His early 
career was marked 
by seeming inca- 
pacity, and he 
played only minor 
parts till on 18 
Oct, 1858, he was 
cast for the char- 
acter of Lord Dun- 
dreary in Tom 
Taylor's comedy M Our American Cousin," at Laura 
Keene's theatre, New York, where he had been 
playing for some time. The part consisted of 
only a few lines, and Sothern assumed it under 
protest, but made such a hit in it that it was en- 
larged, and became the great attraction of the 
play, which ran for one hundred and forty con- 
secutive nights. It is said that the laughable skip 
which was one of the most amusing of Sothern s 
absurdities of manner in this part was at first acci- 
dental, and was caused by the actor's stumbling 
over some M properties " as he made his first en- 
trance on the stage. This slap, with a peculiar lisp 
and drawl, never failed to win the applause of his 
audiences. Dundreary's part became virtually a 
series of monologues, which were interspersed in 
various parts of the original play. On 11 Nov., 
1861, he appeared in the part at the Havmarket 
theatre, London, where the play ran four hundred 
and ninetv-six consecutive nights. He afterward 
acted in it continually till his death, always with 
success, except in Paris in 1867, where he was not 
well received. Besides playing this part, the details 
of which he constantly changed, Sothern was suc- 
cessful as David Garnck in Robertson's comedy of 
that name, and in many pieces that were written 
for him by English playwrights. Though he was 
very popular in England, where he remained till 
1871, he preferred the American stage. He also 
played in nis native country in 1874-*6. His last 
appearance in the United States was in New York 
on 27 Dec., 1879. Sothern's acting was marked by 
perfect refinement, even in the most farcical touches 
of his " Dundreary." He wrote well, though slowly, 
and but little. The part of Dundreary was almost 



entirely his own, and he composed the best part of 
the love scenes in Robertson's comedy of " Home." 
He was also part author of " Trade," a comedy, 
which has not yet been acted. The illustration 
represents him in the character of Dundreary. 

SOTO, Bernardo, president of Costa Rica, b. 
in San Jose, Costa Rica, in 1853. From his youth 
he served in the army, and had attained the rank 
of colonel, when President Tomas Ouardia died in 
1882. The new president, Prospero Fernandez, 
called him to his cabinet as secretary of the treas- 
ury, and he also had temporary charge of the port- 
folio of war. In February, 1884, Soto's proposi- 
tion for the adoption of radical measures of econo- 
my caused a cabinet crisis, and the secretaries of 
war and the interior, Miguel and Victor Guardia, 
resigned. The president, with the sanction of the 
assembly, resolved to reduce the cabinet to two 
secretaries, and Soto was charged with the port- 
folios of the interior, commerce, and agriculture, 
being at the same time elected first vice-president* 
and promoted brigadier. When Gen. Rufino Bar- 
rios issued his decree of 28 Feb., 1885, declaring 
the forcible union of the five Central American re- 
publics, Nicaragua and Costa Rica protested, and 
the latter declared war upon Guatemala on 10 
March. On the next day President Fernandez 
died suddenly, and Soto, who was preparing the 
army to inarch against Barrios, was called to the 
executive. Leaving the second vice-president in 
charge, he marched with his contingent to Nicara- 
gua, and, together with the army of that country, 
invaded Honduras, the ally of Barrios. There he 
heard of the death of Barrios at Chalchuapa and 
the collapse of the scheme of unification, and re- 
turned with his little army to Costa Rica. On the 
expiration of Fernandez s term, 10 Aug., 1886, 
Soto was re-elected as constitutional president for 
the term of four years. During his administration 
great improvements have been introduced, the 
finances nave been put on a sound basis, and Costa 
Rica, which had always opposed Central American 
union, as it was formerly advanced to favor an 
ambitious leader, has taken the initiative. Dele- 
gates of the five republics assembled in Guatemala 
and concluded, 15 Aug., 1887, a treaty of mutual 
union with a proviso for the possible establishment 
of a confederation in 1890. Soto concluded also, 
in July, 1887, a treaty with Nicaragua, in a per- 
sonal interview with the president in Granada, for 
the submission of the dispute regarding the bound- 
ary and the interoceanic canal to the arbitration of 
President Cleveland. He also made an arrange- 
ment with an English company for the adminis- 
tration of the different sections of a railroad and 
the completion of the same from ocean to ocean. 

SOTO, Marco Aurelio, president of Honduras, 
b. in Tegucigalpa, 18 Nov., 1846. He studied in 
the University of Guatemala, where he received 
the degree of LL. D. in 1866, and began the prac- 
tice of law. President Barrios soon called him to 
his cabinet as secretary of foreign affairs, and pub- 
lic instruction and worship, which place he neld 
till February, 1876. At that time hostilities be- 
tween Guatemala and Honduras began, President 
Ponciano Leiva, of the latter republic, was deposed, 
and, by agreement of the contending parties, Soto 
was sent as commissioner to his native country, 
and in August was appointed provisional presi- 
dent In May, 1877, he was elected constitutional 
president, and, assisted by his general secretary, 
Dr. Ramon Rosa, he created resources, fostered the 
mining industry, encouraged the exportation of 
cattle, built telegraphic lines, and pushed for- 
ward the construction of the interoceanic railway. 



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SOTOMAYOR 



SOUBLETTB 



600 



In 1881 he was re-elected for a second term, but in 
1883, when President Barrios brought forward 
again the scheme of a Central American confed- 
eracy, with a view of becoming its leader, Soto, 
out of personal jealousy, opposed the idea strenu- 
ously, and retired in May to San Francisco, whence 
be attacked Barrios in several pamphlets. A tri- 
umvirate had meanwhile taken charge of the ex- 
ecutive, and after Soto's formal resignation, 15 
Oct., 1888, Gen. Bogran, Barrioe's intimate friend 
and follower, was elected president Soto came 
later to New York, where he schemed against Bo- 
pan, and in February, 1886, an alleged filibuster- 
ing expedition for Honduras was captured in the 
steamer " City of Mexico w bythe U. S. sloop " Ga- 
lena " and brought to Key West Soto then left 
New York for Costa Rica, and thence despatched in 
August of the same year an expedition of seventy- 
seven men, under the leadership of the officers that 
had been captured in the •* City of Mexico," to stir 
up a revolutionary movement But in Honduras 
none seemed inclined to join the enterprise, the expe- 
dition was defeated and captured near Comayagua, 
and the four leaders were shot in that city on 18 
Oct, 1886. Soto then left Costa Rica, and re- 
turned to the United States. 

SOTOMAYOR, Cristobal de (so-to-mah-yohr'X 
Spanish officer, b. in Spain in the last quarter of 
the 15th century ; d. in Guanine, Porto Rico, 25 July, 
1511. He arrived in Santo Domingo with the ex- 
pedition of Diego Columbus in August, 1509, and 
the same year went to Porto Rico with the expedi- 
tion of Juan Ceron, who had been appointed gov- 
ernor. In 1510, when Ponce de Leon obtained 
from King Ferdinand the appointment of gov- 
ernor of Porto Rico, Sotoroayor entered his service 
and became his lieutenant, assisting in the founda- 
tion of Caparra and the conquest of the island. 
Toward the end of 1510 he discovered on the 
southwest of the island a great bay, on the coast 
of which he founded the city of Guanica, from 
which that bay afterward took its name. One year 
afterward he founded on the north coast another 
town, which was called after his name, Sotomayor. 
In 1511, when the cacique Agueynaba, aided by 
the Caribs, revolted, the city was surprised during 
the night of 25 July and set on fire, and Soto- 
mayor, after a brave resistance, met his death with 
the greater part of the garrison. 

SOTOMAYOR, Pedro de, Central American 
linguist, b. in Guatemala in 1554; d. there in 1681. 
He was the son of the Spanish post-commander of 
his native city, but in 1581 entered the order of St 
Francis, and soon became professor of theology 
and learned in the language of the natives. He 
was elected in 1612 provincial of his order. He 
wrote M Arte, Vocabulario, y Sermones Guatemal- 
tecos ,v and "Historia de loe Varones ilustres del 
Orden de San Francisco, del Reino de Guatemala," 
which are preserved in manuscript in the Francis- 
can convent of Guatemala. 

80UBIN, Pierre, surnamed Li Maxshllais 
fsoo-bang), French buccaneer, b. in Marseilles about 
1625 ; d. at sea near Cuba in 1676. He served on 
a Dutch merchant vessel, and, being captured in 
Cuban waters by a Spanish man-of-war, was com- 
pelled to enlist among the crew, but in 1652 be 
deserted, joined the buccaneers in Tortugas, and 
soon rose to be a leader. After 1665, in asso- 
ciation with other chiefs, he participated in the 
pillaging of Puerto Cabello, San Antonio de Gib- 
raltar, and of the Isthmus of Darien. Afterward, 
Joining Sir Henry Morgan, he was placed at the 
Lead of a division and led the assault on Puerto 
del Principe, but, as Morgan kept the larger share 
tcc v.— 89 



of the booty, Soubin left him in disgust In 1671 
he participated in the expedition to Panama, 
served in the first division, and led the assault on 
the fortress of San Lorenzo, on Chagres river. 
Joining Moyse Van Vin in 1672. he ravaged the 
coast of Cuba, besieged the city of Maracaibo, 
which paid them a ransom, pillaged the pearl-fish- 
eries near Rio Hacha, ana continued the war 
against the Spaniards till his death. 

SOUBLETTE, Carlos, Venezuelan soldier, b. 
in Caracas in 1790; d. there, 11 Feb., 1870. He* 
received an excellent education, and, on the proc- 
lamation of independence in 1810, entered the pa- 
triot service. In 1811 he became secretary to Gen. 
Francisco Miranda, and, after the capitulation of 
the latter in 1812, retired to his property in the 
interior. Afterward he joined Bolivar in the 
western provinces, and entered Caracas with him, 
7 Aug., 1818, but after the defeat of La Puerto on 
15 June, 1814, he fled to Barcelona and Margarita. 
When that island fell into the hands of Morillo, 
Soublette went to Cartagena, where he partici- 
pated in the memorable defence of that fortress 
against Morillo. He then went to Hayti and 
joined Bolivar's expedition in 1816, being second 
in command of a division during the campaign of 
1816. When Marino pronounced against Bolivar, 
Soublette joined the latter, and as his chief of staff 
occupied Angostura, 17 July, 1817, and was a 
member of the congress that met in that city. 
Soon after the occupation of Bogota, Soublette 
was sent with part of the army to Apure, and on 
Uie way defeated the enemy in Las Cruces. After 
the occupation of Caracas, 14 May. 1821, he was 
sent to Barcelona, where he organized the Army 
of the East, which assisted in the victory of Care- 
bobo on 24 June. When Bolivar left for Bogota 
on 1 Aug., he appointed Soublette vice-president, 
in which place he showed great talent as an ad- 
ministrator. In 1825 he was appointed intendant 
of the department of Magdalene, and in 1826 Co- 
lombian secretary of war under the vice-presidency 
of Santander. In 1829 he was sent by Bolivar to 
Venezuela to try to prevent the separation of the 
Colombian republic, out when he saw the impossi- 
bility of maintaining the union he accepted an 
election to the constituent assembly of Venezuela, 
and as president of that body was one of the chief 
promoters of a liberal constitution. Gen. Paes 
called him to his cabinet as secretary of war, and 
in 1884 he was sent by President Vargas as minis- 
ter to England, France, and Spain. He was about 
to conclude with the last-named power a treaty for 
the recognition of the independence of Venezuela 
when, in 1886, he was recalled by his election as 
provisional president, on the resignation of Dr. 
Vargas. From 1889 till 1842 he was again secre- 
tary of war under Gen. Paez, and in the latter year 
he was elected constitutional president In 1847 
he retired to his estate, but after the forcible dis- 
solution of congress in 1848, he protested against 
Monagas's unconstitutional proceedings, and was 
obliged to emigrate to New Granada, where he 
lived till 1858. By a special act of congress he re- 
ceived his pay as general of Colombia. He took 
no part in the political commotions of his country,, 
and after the fall of Monagas in 1858 he was re- 
called and ordered to pot down the revolution in 
the western provinces, but when his conciliatory" 
measures were not approved he resigned, retiring; 
to his farm. Under the short administration of 
Paes in 1862 he was again a member of the cabi- 
net, and several times was elected to congress. He 
was more than a party-leader, and is regarded aa 
among the most honorable statesmen of Venezuela. 



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610 



SOUDER 



SOULft 



SOUDER, Casper (sow'-der), journalist, b. in 
Philadelphia, Pa., 8 Nov., 1819; d. there, 21 Oct, 
1868. He supplemented a common-school educa- 
tion by private study, and in 1850-*64 was connect- 
ed with the Philadelphia "Dispatch," devoting 
himself specially to local antiquities. In 1858 he 
also became associated with the " Evening Bulle- 
tin," of which he was afterward an editor and part 
proprietor till his death. Mr. Souder was an active 
supporter of the administration during the civil 
war. His "Historv of Chestnut Street," which 
was published serially, has been praised for trust- 
worthiness and originality of treatment. 

80ULABIE, Louis Ferdinand (soo-lah-bee), 
explorer, b. in Pierre-fltte-Lestatas, Beam, in 1587 ; 
d. in Bahia in 1656. He became a Jesuit, was 
sent to labor among the Indians of Brazil, and 
was attached for years to the Amazon missions. 
His travels in the country, which extended to Napo 
river, gave him opportunities to make hydrograpn- 
ical observations, and he prepared a valuable chart 
of the basin of the Amazon, with which he became 
thoroughly familiar. In 1687 he became assistant 
of Father Cristobal Acufia and accompanied Texei- 
ra's expedition, which sailed down the Amazon from 
Peru to its mouth. The maps and geographical ob- 
servations in Acufia's narrative, " Descuorimiento 
del Rio de las Araazonas " (Madrid, 1641), are Soula- 
bie's work. Soulabie was afterward professor of 
theology in the college of the Jesuits at Bahia. He 
left in manuscript "Historia del descubrimiento v 
de la conquista ae la America meridional," which 
was afterward published (Rome, 1752). 

80ULE, Caroline Augusta (soo-lay'), author, 
b. in Albany, N. Y., 3 Sept., 1824. Her father's 
name was Nathaniel White. She was graduated 
at Albany female academy in 1841, and on 28 
Aug., 1843, married Rev. Henry B. Soule\ a Uni- 
versalist clergyman, who died in 1851, leaving her 
with Ave children to support. Since that time she 
has devoted herself to teaching and to literature. 
She was corresponding editor of the " Ladies' Re- 
pository" in Boston from 1855 till 1863, and for 
eleven years edited and published '* The Guiding 
Star," a Sunday-school fortnightly, in New York. 
Afterward she was ordained as a minister of the 
Universalist church, and in 1879 became its first 
foreign missionary. She is now (1888) pastor of a 
congregation in Glasgow, Scotland. In a recent 
letter Mrs. Soule* says: ** I have written everything 
from a sermon to a song, and done everything 
from making sorghum molasses in a log-cabin on 
a prairie to preaching three times a Sunday in the 
city of London." Besides numerous contributions 
to current literature, she has published " Memoir 
of Rev. H. B. Soute" (New York, 1852); "Home 
Life " <Boston,1855) ; " The Pet of the Settlement " 
(1850); and "Wine or Water" (1861); aud edited 
for two years " The Rosebud," an annual, to which 
she contributed many articles (1854-'5). 

80ULE, George, educator, b. in Barrington, 
Yates co M N. Y., 14 May, 1834. After the death 
of his father in 1888 he was taken to Illinois by 
his mother. He was graduated at Sycamore acad- 
emy, 111, in 1852, and during the next three years 
studied medicine, law, and the commercial sciences 
in St Louis, Ma In 1856 he founded the Soule* 
commercial and literary college in New Orleans, 
La., of which he is still (1888) president He was 
an officer in the Confederate army from 1862 to 
the close of the war, attaining the rank of lieu- 
tenant-colonel. He was captured at Shiloh, and 
afterward was ohief of the labor bureau of Gen. 
Kirby Smiths army. Col. Soule* is engaged in lec- 
turing and writing on educational and social top- 



ics, and has held many offices in benevolent and 
civic societies. He has published " Practical 
Mathematics" (New Orleans, 1872); a series of 
" Philosophic Arithmetics " on a new system (1884) ; 
and " Science and Practice of Accounts " (1887). 

SOULE, Joshua, M. E. bishop, b. in Bristol, 
Me., 1 Aug., 1781 ; d. in Nashville, Tenn., 6 March. 
1867. His father was a man of great local influ- 
ence, went by the name of " Captain Soule," and 
was one of the select-men of Bristol. When Joshua 
was sixteen he united with the Methodist church, 
and about a year later introduced himself to a 
Methodist presiding elder and asked that he might 
travel with him. Consent being given, he began 
his career as •• bov preacher," but. though young, 
he was tall, dignified, and able, and acquired note 
as an opponent of Calvinism, Unitarianism, and 
Universausm. He studied hard and made great 
progress. When he was but twenty-three he was 
placed in charge of the state of Maine as presiding 
elder. He was on the committee to draft the 
constitution of the delegated general conference, 
which, since 1818. has been the fundamental law 
of the church. He was a delegate to the general 
conference of 1812, and also to that of 1816. At 
the latter he was elected book-agent and editor of 
the " Methodist Magazine." He did not like these 
posts, and had made up his mind not to accept a 
re-election ; but in 1820, before that question was 
raised, he was elected a bishop. A great debate 
had occurred on whether presiding elders should 
be elected or, as before, appointed by the bishops. 
Mr. Soule was opposed to their election, but the 
majority of the conference voted in favor of it. 
Having full confidence in his sincerity, they elected 
him bishop, but he declined rather than administer 
what he believed to be an unconstitutional law, re- 
entered the pastorate, and was stationed first in 
New York and then in Baltimore. In 1824 the 
general conference reversed its action and re- 
elected him bishop. These circumstances have no 
parallel in the history of the denomination, and 
are indisputable proofs of his $reat ability and 
influence. Up to 1842 he continued in the du- 
ties of the office, and then visited Great Britain 
as a delegate from the general conference of the 
United States to the British Wesleyan conference. 
In 1844 the general conference was held in New 
York. Bishop James O. Andrew had become com- 
plicated with slavery, and the conference passed a 
resolution asking him to desist from the exercise 
of his functions until this encumbrance should be 
removed. It was Bishop Soule's opinion that the 
conference had no right to pass such a resolution. 
Bishop Andrew declined the proposition, and the 
result was a division of the church. Bishop Soule 
adhered to the southern members, and when the 
Methodist Episcopal church, south, was established 
he went with it, and became its senior bishop. In 
1848 he visited the general conference of the Meth- 
odist Episcopal church at Pittsburg, but was not 
recognized as a bishop or a delegate, though he was 
courteously received as a visitor. At the age of sev- 
enty-two he retired from public life. Bishop Souk 
was a great man intellectually, of remarkable per- 
sonal appearance, dignified and even ostentatious 
in bearing, of a strong and imperious wilL Had he 
been thoroughly educated, ana in early life brought 
into close relations with educated men, his infirmi- 
ties, if not eradicated, would have been concealed. 
As it was, few men in church or state have exerted 
greater influence over their contemporaries. 

SOULE, Pierre, statesman, b. in Castillon, in 
the French Pyrenees, in September, 1802; d. in 
New Orleans, 26 March, 1870. His father held the 



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SOUL* 



SOUL* 



611 




inherited post of a magistrate when the French 
revolution .began. He then entered the army of 
the new republic, and rose to high rank, but 
finally returned to the bench. Pierre, his youngest 
son, was sent to the Jesuits' college at Toulouse, 
to be prepared for 
ecclesiastical orders; 
but the rigid disci- 

Sline was repugnant 
> him, and he re- 
turned home in 1816. 
The following year he 
was sent to the city 
of Bordeaux to com- 
plete his education; 
but he took part in a 

Slot against Louis 
: VIII., was detected, 
and fled on foot to 
the mountains of the 
ancient Bearn coun- 
try, where, disguised 
as a shepherd, ne re- 
mained a year. The 
governmentpardoned 
him, and he returned to Bordeaux, where he taught 
in an academy, and he then removed to Paris, 
where he earned support as a tutor while complet- 
ing his education, and then studied law. In 1824 
Soull's pen found access to the Paris Liberal jour- 
nals, and introduced him to the intimacy of the 
Liberal leaders. In 1825 he was an editor of ** Le 
Nain jaune," a paper noted for its extreme liberal 
ideas and the bitterness of its attacks upon the 
ministers of Charles X. One of the severest of 
these articles was traced to Soule*, and he was ar- 
rested and tried before the cour correctionnelle. 
Soull's lawyer sought rather to soften the severity 
of the impending sentence than to defend his 
client's course, whereupon SouJi, indignant at this 
surrender of his honest convictions, rose in court 
and defended them boldly, frankly, and eloquently. 
His sentence was only the more severe — close con- 
finement in the prison of St. Pelagie and a fine of 
10.000 francs. The only escape from this was self- 
exile. Soule left Paris, with the passport of his 
friend, the poet Barthllemy, who closely resembled 
him. He had an offer from the president of Chili 
to become his private secretary, and he intended 
to sail from England with the Chilian charge* 
d'affaires, but when he had crossed the channel the 
ship on which he was to embark had departed. 
Soule* now was reduced to such a strait tnat he 
returned to Prance, prepared to face the dungeon. 
At Havre, just as he Landed, he was met by a 
friend, afterward a French admiral, who persuaded 
him to embark for Hayti, where he arrived in 
September, 1826. He was kindly received by 
President Boyer, to whom he bore letters of intro- 
duction, but, finding no opening, sailed in October 
for Baltimore, and thence went to New Orleans 
toward the close of the year. He found a knowl- 
edge of English indispensable, and went to Ten- 
nessee to study it, becoming for a while a guest of 
Gen. Andrew Jackson. Afterward he went to 
Bardstown, Ky., where, falling sick and being 
without funds, he obtained employment as a 
gardener, and while engaged in that capacity 
learned English and studied the elements of 
American law. On his return to New Orleans, 
Soule* studied Louisiana law in the office of Moreau 
Lislet, speedily passed his examination in English, 
and then became Lislet's partner. He rose rapidly 
in his profession, and for many years he was asso- 
ciated in the conduct of most of the celebrated 



civil and criminal cases in the Louisiana courts ; 
but he was more distinguished for originality, 
power, and brilliancy as an advocate than for pro- 
fundity as a jurist. He entered politics, in the 
first presidential campaign after he began his le- 
gal career, as a public speaker on the Democratic 
side. Under the new constitution of 1845 Mr. 
Soule" was elected to the state senate. In 1847 
Gov. Isaac Johnson appointed him to the U. 8. 
senate to fill a vacancy, and in 1840 he was elected 
to that body by the legislature for the full terra. 
In all public measures affecting the south he 
espoused the extreme southern view. He took an 
active part in the long debates upon Henry Clay's 
compromise bill of 1850, and lea his party in op- 
position to that measure. He frequently chal- 
lenged Clay and Webster in debate, and advocated 
secession without delay, foreseeing, as he claimed, 
that from compromise to compromise the sov- 
ereignty of the states would speedily surrender to 
the supremacy of a central government In March, 
1858, President Pierce offered Soule" the mission to 
Spain, with the special object in view of the ac- 
quisition of Cuba. This news preceded him to 
Madrid, and he was received there very coldly. 
At a ball in Madrid a remark by the Duke of 
Alva was accidentally heard by Mr. Soull's son, 
Nelvil, who considered it offensive to his fam- 
ily, and, though the duke denied any such in- 
tention, a duel with swords was the result Mr. 
Soull then challenged the French ambassador, the 
Marquis de Turcot as responsible for what had 
taken place under his roof, and crippled him 
for life. On 28 Aug., 1854, a revolutionary out- 
burst took place in the streets of Madrid. It has 
been charged that Mr. Soule* favored this with all 
his power; but there is no evidence to show it, 
though he doubtless sympathized, as was natural, 
with the Spanish Liberal party. In 1854, Mr. Soule 
was one of the ministers that framed the cele- 
brated "Ostend manifesto" (see Pibrcb, Feank- 
un), and it was understood that he was the mov- 
ing spirit in its preparation. At some previous 
period 4 he had violently attacked Napoleon III., 
and when on his way to Ostend he was stopped by 
the authorities at the southern frontier of France; 
but as soon as the officials at Paris were in- 
formed of this they sent him authority to pursue 
his journey. At tne same time French spies fol- 
lowed him to Ostend. Mr. Soule* was naturally 
deeply disappointed by his government's policy of 
non-action upon the manifesto. He resigned in 
June, 1855, and returned to New Orleans, where 
he resumed the practice of law without aban- 
doning politics. In 1856, and again in 1860, he 
warmly advocated the nomination of Stephen A. 
Douglas for the presidency. After the election 
of Abraham Lincoln, Mr. Soule 1 , to the surprise of 
his friends, opposed secession, and favored "co- 
operation" of the southern states to secure what 
they considered their rights. With this view, 
when Gov. Thomas 0. Moore celled a state conven- 
tion in January, 1861, Mr. Soule was a candidate 
for delegate, but was not elected. During the can- 
vass he depicted in the darkest colors the calami- 
ties secession would bring, and predicted the de- 
feat of the south, but declared that he would 
abide by the decision of his state. On the passage 
of the ordinances of secession he tendered nis ser- 
vices to the Confederate government, but being in 
failing health, he soon returned to New Orleans, and 
remained there until the city fell into the hands of 
the National forces in April, 1862. Shortly after- 
ward he was arrested ana taken to Fort Lafayette, 
New York harbor, where he was imprisoned for 



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SOUP* 



several months. Finally he was released and went 
to Nassau, whence, in the autumn of 1868, he ran 
the blockade at Charleston and tendered his ser- 
vices to Gen. Beauregard. After serving on his 
staff for some time as an honorary member, Mr. 
Soule* went to Richmond in 1868, and was com- 
missioned a brigadier-general to raise a foreign le- 
gion ; but the plan was not carried out. Mr. Soule" 
then went to Havana. In the summer of 1864 
he became connected with Dr. William M. Gwin 
in the latter's scheme for settling SononLin Mex- 
ico, with immigrants from California. This was 
a project patronised by Napoleon III. ; the Con- 
federate government had no connection with it 
It failed through disagreement between Maximil- 
ian and Dr. Gwin. Wnen, at the close of the war, 
Mr. Soule" returned to New Orleans, though his 
health was broken and his fortune was gone, he 
resumed the practice of his profession, but in 1868 
he had to give up all work. Soull's remarkable 
powers of eloquence were acknowledged by Henry 
Clay and Daniel Webster. The effect of his glow- 
ing periods was deepened by a strong, clear, and 
mellow voice and by a massive and imposing form, 
a noble head, with long, glossy, black looks, flash- 
ing black eyes, and an olive-tinted face, which was 
oast in the mould of the great Napoleon's and was 
full of expression. 

SOULE, Richard (sole), lexicographer, b. in 
Duxbury, Mass., 8 June, 1812; d. in St Louis, 
Ma, 25 Dec, 1877. He was descended in the sixth 
generation from George Soule, who was one of the 
signers of the compact on the " Mayflower." Rich- 
ard was graduated at Harvard in 1882 and was a 
civil engineer till 1888. From 1840 till 1858 he 
engaged in sugar-refining, and after 1855 he de- 
voted himself to literary pursuits. Most of his 
life was spent in Boston. He was a member of the 
school committee of that city in 1848 and 1849, 
and of the legislature in the latter year. From 
1855 till 1859 Mr. Soule had supervision of the 
corps of editors that assisted Dr. Joseph B. Worces- 
ter in the preparation of his quarto dictionary. He 
published ** Memorial of the Sprague Family," a 
poem, with genealogical and biographical notes 
(Boston, 1841); "Manual of English Pronuncia- 
tion and Spelling, with a Preliminary Exposition 
of English Orthoepy and Orthography," with Will- 
iam A. Wheeler (1861); "Dictionary of English 
Synonymes" (1871); and "Pronouncing Hand- 
Book* with Loomis J. Campbell (1878). 

SOULOUQUE. Faustln Elle (soo-look), Hay- 
tian emperor under the name of Faustw I., b. 
in Petit Goave in 1785; d. there 6 Aug., 1867. 
He was a negro slave of the Mandingo race, but 
was freed by the decree of Felicite* Sonthonax, is- 
sued 29 Aug., 1798, and took part in the civil war 
that raged in the island, and in 1806 in the negro 
insurrection against the French. He became in 
1810 a lieutenant in the horse-guards of President 
Alexandre Potion, and was promoted captain by 
President Jean Boyer, but in 1848 joined the party 
of Rivie're-Herard, who made him a colonel. He 
was promoted brigadier-general by President Guer- 
rier and lieutenant-general by President Jean 
Riche\ and, after the death of tne latter in Febru- 
ary, 1847. while rival aspirants were disputing and 
plotting for the succession, the leaders of the senate 



urging 

write, and he was unexpectedly elected on 1 March, 
1847 ; but instead of proving a tool in the hands 
of the senators, he showed a strong will, and, al- 
though by his antecedents belonging to the mulat- 



to party, he began to attach the blacks to his in- 
terest The mulattoes retaliated by conspiring ; but 
Soulouque began to decimate his enemies by con- 
fiscation, proscriptions, and executions. The black 
soldiers began a general massacre in Port an 
Prince, which ceased only after the French con- 
sul, Charles Beyband, threatened to order the land- 
ing of marines from the men-of-war in the harbor. 
Ambitions to unite the two parts of the island, 
Soulouque invaded the Dominican territory in 
March, 1849, with 4,000 men, but was defeated in 
a decisive battle by Pedro Santana near Ocoa on 
21 April and compelled to retreat Despite the 
failure of the campaign, he caused himself to be 
proclaimed emperor on 26 Aug.. 1849, under the 
name of Faustln I., apparently by the will of the 
people and the unanimous action of parliament 
He surrounded himself with a numerous court, 
created dukes and other nobles, founded military 
and civil orders, and issued a constitution, reserv- 
ing to himself the right to rule at any juncture as 
he pleased. On 18 April, 1852, with his wife Ade- 
line, a woman of questionable character, whom he 
had married in December, 1849, against the advice 
of his lieutenants, he was crowned with great 
pomp by the vicar of Port an Prince, in imitation 
of the ceremonial at the coronation of Napoleon L 
Toward the close of 1855 he invaded the Domini- 
can territory again at the head of an army of 8,600 
men, but was again defeated by Santana, and 
barely escaped being captured. His treasure and 
crown fell into the hands of the enemy. In the 
following year a new campaign was again unsuc- 
cessful, and two years later there was a commer- 
cial crisis in the island. Insurrections began in 
several counties, but they were put down. In De- 
cember, 1858, Gen. Fabre Geffrard put himself at 
the head of the movement and, after some en- 
counters with the imperial troops, entered Port an 
Prince, 15 Jan., 1859, Soulouque's soldiers refusing 
to fight He took refuge at tne French consulate, 
and, protected in his flight by Geffrard, sailed with 
his family on board the British ship " Melbourne " 
for Jamaica, arriving in Kingston on 22 Jan. with 
great riches, consisting of jewelry, diamonds, and 
money, although his property in Hayti was confis- 
cated. After the accession of Salnave in March, 
1867, he was permitted to return to Hayti, and 
died soonafterward. 

SOUPE, Marie Joseph (soo-pay), French phy- 
sician, b. in Asnidres in 1788 ; d. in Paris in 1794. 
He studied principally contagious diseases, and 
presented to the Academy of sciences a memoir in 
which he asserted that he had discovered the real 
cause of the plague known as the black cholera, 
which raged in Europe and Asia in the 14th cen- 
tury. He was surgeon in the Hotel Dieu at Paris 
when news was received that cholera had broken 
out in Callao, and at the invitation of the academy 
Soupe* went to Peru to study its effects in 1781 
He arrived in Callao when the disease was at its 
height and the city was nearly deserted by physi- 
cians, and, offering his services to the authorities, 
was appointed a member of the sanitary council 
He divided the city into relief wards, ana, by pull- 
ing down old wooden houses and Indian huts in 
or near the city, contributed to ward off a greater 
calamity from Callao. Before returning to France 
he visited Lima and other large cities, went on 
botanical expeditions in the Andes, and, passing 
to Chili, collected an herbarium of about 500 me- 
dicinal plants (1784-*6). His report to the acade- 
my was criticised, as he claimed that cholera was 
a poisonous blood disease, and suggested as its 
remedy a treatment by spirits, which he said he 



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SOUTHAMPTON 



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had used with great efficacy in Callao. Modern 
science has in part adopted Soupe*'s theory, which 
was in his time strongly opposed. Although he 
was very popular in Paris, his title of physician to 
the king caused his arrest and subsequently his 
death during the reign of terror. His works in- 
clude " Origine et marche de la peste noire " (Paris, 
1779) ; " Le cholera a Callao, son origine, sa marche, 
ses progres" (1787); "Coup d'ail sur les plantes 
m&fioinales du Perou et du Chili" (1787); and 
u Monographic du sang et de ses affections " (1791). 

SOUTHAMPTON, Henry Wriothesley, Earl 
of, English statesman, b. 6 Oct, 1578; d. in Hol- 
land, 10 Nov., 1824. In 1696 he served in the ex- 
pedition of the Earl of Essex to Cadiz, and in 1599 
ne was general of horse under Essex in Ireland. 
After seeing further service in Holland, he took 
part in the insurrection that his former chief 
Leaded in London, and was sentenced to death, 
but pardoned by the queen. He took part in the 
colonization of this country under Sir Walter Ral- 
egh, sending out the expedition in the " Concord," 
under Bartholomew Oosnold in 1602, at his own ex- 
pense, and also interested many others in schemes 
for developing the New World, including his 
brother-in-law, Lord Arundel, and the latter*s 
son-in-law, Cecil Calvert, afterward Lord Balti- 
more. In 1605, with Lord Arundel he despatched 
an expedition to New England. Though his name 
does not appear in the first charter of the London 
company of Virginia, he is credited with the chief 
part in obtaining it, and in the second charter his 
name stands next to those of the high officers of 
state. When his friend, Sir Edwin Sandys, who 
had converted him to Protestantism, retired from 
the treasurership of the company (its ohief office), 
Southampton was unanimously chosen in his stead, 
and he continued the liberal policy of Sandys, re- 
taining office till the company's charter was taken 
away. Southampton was a firm supporter of re- 
ligious liberty, and was imprisoned by the king's 
order for some time in 1621 on a charge of corre- 
sponding with the Independents. After the Vir- 
ginia company had been suppressed, he commanded 
a regiment in the Netherlands in the struggle for 
Dutch independence. In their winter-quarters at 
Bozendaal ne and his son were seized with fever. 
The latter died, and the earl followed him after 
recovering sufficiently to reach Bergen-op-Zoom on 
his way home. Shakespeare dedicated to him his 
44 Venus and Adonis" in 1598, and the "Rape of 
Lucrece" in 1594, and he is the only man from 
whom the poet acknowledges receiving a benefit 

SOUTHARD, Henry (suth'-ard), congressman, 
b. on Long Island, N. Y., in October, 1749 ; d. in 
Baskingridge, N. J., 2 June, 1842. The family 
name, was formerly South worth. His father, Abra- 
ham, removed to Baskingridse in 1757. The son. 
was brought up on a farm ana earned money as a 
day-laborer to purchase land for himself. He was 
an active patriot during the Revolution, served in 
the state house of representatives for nine years, 
and sat in congress in 1801-'ll and 181fr-*21, hav- 
ing been chosen as a Democrat Mr. Southard was 
a man of superior talents and possessed a remarka- 
ble memory. Until he had passed ninety years he 
neither wore glasses nor used a staff. — His son, 
Samoel Lewis, senator, b. in Baskingridge, N. J., 
9 June, 1787 ; d. in Fredericksburg, Va., 26 June, 
1842, was graduated at Princeton m 1804, taught 
in his native state, and then went to Virginia as 
tutor in the family of John Taliaferro. After 
studying law and being admitted to the bar in that 
state, he returned to New Jersey and settled at 
Hemington. He was appointed law-reporter by 



,<rti**%A£ <XrxA^C<K<t4£ 



the legislature in 1814, became associate justice of 
the state supreme court in 1815, was a presidential 
elector in 1820, and was chosen to the U. S. senate 
as a Whig in place of James J. Wilson, who had 
resigned, serving from 16 Feb., 1821, till 8 March, 
1828. In 1821 he 
met his father on 
a joint committee, 
and they voted to- 
gether on the Mis- 
souri compromise. 
In September, 1828, 
he became secre- 
tary of the navy, 
and he served till 
8 March, 1829, act- 
ing also as secre- 
tary of the treasury 
from 7 March till 
1 July, 1825, and 
taking charge of 
the portfolio of war 
for a time. When 
he was dining with 
Chief-Justice Kirk- 
patrick, of New Jer- 
sey, soon after his 

appointment to the navy, the judge, aware of his 
ignorance of nautical affairs, said: "Now, Mr. 
Southard, can you honestly assert that you know 
the bow from the stern of a frigate f" On his 
retirement from the secretaryship of the navy in 
1829 he became attorney-general of New Jersey, 
and in 1882 he was elected governor of the state. 
He was chosen U. S. senator again in 1888, and 
served till his resignation on 8 May, 1842. In 
1841, on the death of President Harrison and the 
consequent accession of John Tyler, he became 
president of the senate. He was made a trustee 
of Princeton in 1822, and in 1888 the University 
of Pennsylvania gave him the degree of LL. D. 
Mr. Southard published " Reports of the Supreme 
Court of New Jersey, 1816-*20" (2 vols.. Trenton, 
1819-*20), and numerous addresses, including a 
M Centennial Address" (1882), and "Discourse on 
William Wirt" (Washington, 1884).— Samuel Lew- 
is's son, Samuel Lewis, clergyman (1819-'59), was 
graduated at Princeton in 1886, and took orders 
in the Protestant Episcopal church. He published 
M The Mystery of Godliness," a series of sermons 
(New York, 1848), and single discourses. 

SOUTHGAT& Horatio, P. E. bishop, b. in 
Portland, Me., 5 July, 1812. He was graduated at 
Bowdoin in 1882, and then went to the Andover 
theological seminary, intending to enter the minis- 
try. Two years later he applied for orders in the 
Episcopal church, and was confirmed in October, 
1884. He was ordained deacon in Trinity church, 
Boston, Mass., 12 July, 1885, by Bishop Oriswold, 
and soon afterward was appointed by the foreign 
committee of the board of missions to make an in- 
vestigation of the state of Mohammedanism in 
Turkey and Persia. He sailed from New York in 
April, 1886, and was occupied for five years in this 
field of research. On his returning to the United 
States he was ordained priest in St Paul's chapel, 
New York city, 8 Oct, 1889, by Bishop Benjamin 
T. Onderdonk. He was appointed missionary to 
Constantinople in 1840, and served for four years 
in that capacity, during which time he made a 
tour through Mesopotamia. The Episcopal church 
having resolved henceforth to send bishops into 
the foreign missionary field, Dr. Southgate was 
consecrated bishop for the dominions and depend- 
encies of the sultan of Turkey, in St Peter's church, 



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SOUTHWICK 



SOUTHWORTH 



e 



Philadelphia, Pa., 26 Oct., 1844. ' In the following 
year he returned to Constantinople, and was occu- 
pied in the duties of his office until 1849. He then 
came back to the United States and offered* his 
resignation, which was accepted by the house of 
bishops in October, 1850. He received the degree 
of S. T. D. from Columbia in 1845, and the same 
from Trinity in 1846. He was elected bishop of 
California in 1850 and of Hayti in 1870, but de- 
clined. In 1851 he went to Portland, Me., and or- 
ganized St. Luke'sparish, now the cathedral church 
of the diocese. Tne following year he accepted 
the rectorship of the Church or the Advent. Bos- 
ton, which he held until the close of 1858. In the 
autumn of 1859 he became rector of Zion church, 
New York city, and discharged the duties of that 
post for thirteen Tears, resigning in September, 
1872. Since that date he has lived in retirement 
in Ravenswood, N. T. Bishop Southgate's chief 
publications are " Narrative of a Tour through 
Armenia, Kurdistan, Persia, and Mesopotamia" 
(2 vols.. New York, 1840); "Narrative of a Visit 
to the Syrian (Jacobite) Church of Mesopotamia " 
(1844); "A Treatise on the Antiquity, Doctrine, 
Ministry, and Worship of the Anglican Church," 
in Greek (Constantinople, 1849); "Practical Di- 
rections for the Observance of Lent " (New York, 
1850); " The War in the East "(1855); "Parochial 
Sermons " (1859) ; and " The Cross above the Cres- 
cent, a Romance of Constantinople " (Philadelphia, 
1877). He has also contributed freely to church 
and other literature in magazines and reviews. 
SOUTHWICK, Solomon, journalist, b. in New- 
>rt, R. I., 25 Dec, 1778 ; d. in Albany, N. Y., 18 
ov. t 1889. His father was editor of the Newport 
" Mercury," and an active patriot After engaging 
in several humble employments the son entered a 
printing-office in New York city, and in 1792 re- 
moved to Albany, where he was employed by his 
brother-in-law, John Barber, the owner of the Al- 
bany " Register." He soon became Barber's partner, 
and on the fetter's death in 1808 succeeded to his 
interest in the paper and became its sole editor. 
Under his management it attained great influence 
in the Democratic party. Mr. Southwick held 
many local offices at this time, including those of 
sheriff of the county and postmaster of Albany, 
and in 1812 he became a regent of the state 
university. But he quarrelled with his party, his 
journal lost support, and in 1817 it was discon- 
tinued. In 1819 he established M The Ploughboy," 
the first agricultural paper in the state, conducting 
it for a time under the pen-name of " Henry Home- 
spun," and then in his own name. About this 
period he also conducted the " Christian Visitant," 
a religious periodical 'Subsequently he edited the 
M National Democrat," in opposition to the views of 
a majority of his party, ana presented himself as a 
candidate for governor. He was afterward nomi- 
nated by the anti-Masons for the same office, and 
conducted for several years the "National Observer," 
which he had established in the interest of that 
party. Shortly after this he retired from political 
life, and between 1881 and 1887 delivered courses 
of lectures on M The Bible," " Temperance," and 
M Self-Education," which were very popular. For 
the last two years of his life he was connected with 
the " Family Newspaper," which was published by 
his son Alfred. Just Wore his death, which came 
suddenly, he had projected a literary and scientific 
institute,- under nie personal supervision, to aid 
young men in pursuing a course of self ^education. 
Mr. Southwick. published many addresses and 
pamphlets, including ** The Pleasures of Poverty," 
a poem (Albany, 1828); "A Solemn Warning 



against 
A * 



Free-Masonry" (1827); "A Layman's 
for the Appointment of Clerical Chap- 
ins " ; *' Letters to Thomas Herttell," under the 
pen-name of " Sherlock " (1884) ; and " Five Les- 
sons for Young Men " (1837). 

SOUTHWORTH, Constant, colonist, b, in Ley- 
den, Holland, in 1614 ; d. in Duzbury, Mass^ about 
1685. His father, Edward, a merchant and business 
agent for the Leyden Pilgrims, died in 1021, and 
his mother, a woman of great worth and ability, 
came over in the third vessel to Plymouth colony 
in 1628 to become the second wife of Gov. William 
Bradford, whom she had formerly known. Hie 
son was educated by his step-father, and in 1888 
was one of the early settlers of Duxbury, which 
he represented in the legislature, becoming also 
commissioner for the united colonies, governor of 
the Kennebecplantation, and assistant governor of 
Plymouth. He was the supposed author of the 
supplement to " New England's Memorial," by his 
cousin, Nathaniel Morton (Cambridge, 1009). He 
bequeathed to one of his daughters two beds and 
furniture, M provided she do not marry William 
Fobbes ; but if she do, then to have five shillings." 
The daughter preferred the latter alternative. 

SOUTHWORTH, Emma Dorothy Eliza No- 
vitte, author, b. in Washington, D. C, 20 Deo, 
1819. She was educated by her step-father, Joshua 
L. Henshaw, at whose school she was graduated in 
1885. and in 1840 she married Frederick H. South- 
worth, of Utica, N. Y. She taught in a public 
school in Wash- 
ington in 1844-*9, 
and while so occu- 
pied began to write 
stories, the first 
of which, "The 
Irish Refugee," ap- 
peared in "The 
Baltimore Satur- 
day Visitor." Sub- 
sequently she wrote 
for the "National 
Era," and became 
one of its regular 
contributors. In 
its columns ap- 
peared her first 
novel, " Retribu- 
tion." It original- 
ly was intended to 
be a short story, 
but grew into a 
long novel, and was afterward issued in book-form 
(New York, 1849). With unusual rapidity she wrote 
her succeeding stories, issuing sometimes three in 
a year, and tney have attained great popularity. 
Her works display strong dramatic power and con- 
tain many excellent descriptive passages of south- 



ern life and scenery, to which tney are chiefly de- 
voted. In 1858 she settled in a villa on the Poto- 
mac heights, near Washington, where she lived 
until 1876, when she removed to Yonkers, N. Y. 
Mrs. Southworth claims to have invented for her 
own use the manilla box envelope that was after- 
ward patented by others. Her published novels 
are now (1888) about fifty-six in number. A uni- 
form edition, beginning with ** Retribution " and 
ending with "The Fatal Secret" was issued in 
Philadelphia in 1872. It includes forty-two sto- 
ries. Since 1874 her stories comprise " Unknown " 
(1874); "Gloria" (1877); "The Trail of the Ser- 
pent* (1879); "Nearest and Dearest 1 ' (1881); 
& The Mothers Secret" (1888); and "An Exile's 
Bride" (1887);- and others were issued serially in 




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SOUTHWORTH 



SOUZA 



615 



the "New York Ledger." Many df Mrs. South- 
worth's works have been translated into French, 
German, and Spanish, and have been republished 
in London, Paris, Leipsic, Madrid, and Montreal. 

SOUTHWORTH, Nathaniel, artist, b. in Scitu- 
ate, Mass., in 1806; d. in Dorchester, Mass., 25 
April, 1858. He took high rank in Boston, where 
he established himself as a miniature-painter, his 
portraits beiii£ characterized by accurate drawing 
and very delicate execution. In 1848 he visited 
Europe, and after his return practised his profes- 
sion in New York and Philadelphia. 

SOUTH AN, Cornelias, South American ex- 
plorer, b. near Berbice, Dutch Guiana, in 1686 ; d. 
in Harlem, Holland, in 1751. He studied at Lev- 
den, and returned to Guiana after the death of his 
father to assume the management of his estate. 
The general peace of 1713 afforded him facilities 
to follow his natural tastes, and he explored the 
three Guianas, crossed to Brazil, and was making 
botanical researches on the banks of the Oyapoc 
river when an uprising of the negroes compelled 
him to flee, abandoning his papers, which were 
lost. He was captured in the basin of the Ouanari 
by his pursuers, and, although he was rescued 
from the stake by a party of friendly Indians, he 
never afterward completely recovered from the 
injuries that he had suffered. In 1728 he vis- 
ited Batavia and the Sunda archipelago, doubled 
Cape Horn, visited Buenos Ayres and Montevideo, 
Saint Eustatius, and several of the West Indies, 
and made a valuable collection of medicinal plants. 
From 1732 till 1739 he was deputy governor of 
Surinam. Failing health decided him to reside 
in Europe, and he settled in Harlem, devoting his 
last years to the culture of tulips and endeavoring 
to naturalize in his fine garden tropical and medici- 
nal plants from Guiana. His works include " Be- 
schryving van Cayenne en Surinam, gelegen op 
het vaste landt van Guyana in Amerilub" (The 
Hague, 1722); "Beschryvin^ eener Reis in Zuid- 
Amerika, bevattende verschillende beschouvingen 
on trent medicinale plan ten in Brazilie en Guya- 
na" (Amsterdam, 1729); "Reis naar Cayenne en 
in het binnenland van Guyana en Brazilie " (1732) ; 
*• Beschryving van Batavia en van de Eilanden van 
het Sonda archipel " (1735) ; and " Geschiedenis 
der planten van Guyana, in orde gebracht volgens 
de sexueele methode" (Harlem, 1746). 

SOUVESTRE, Henrr Vlctornlen, Chevalier 
de, French naval officer, b. near Rochefort in 1729 ; 
d. at sea, 12 April, 1782. He entered the navy as a 
midshipman in 1744. and fought at Louisbourg and 
in the campaign in Canada in 1756-'9. After the 
conclusion of peace he was attached to the station 
of North America, and made a cruise in 1771 to 
Halifax and Newfoundland to determine the longi- 
tude of several points. When France declared war 
against England in 1778 he commanded a frigate 
and was ordered to the West Indies, where he cap- 
tured several English privateers. Joining after- 
ward VaudreuiTs division, he was employed to con- 
vey troops to Martinique and Santo Domingo, and 
participated under De Guichen in the engagements 
of 17 April and 15 and 19 May, 1780. When Count 
de Grasse left for Chesapeake bay, 5 July, 1781. 
Souvestre assumed command of the few frigates 
that were left at the disposal of the Marquis de 
Bouille, and successfully opposed the English forces 
in the West Indies, repelled their landing in Mar- 
tinique and Dominica, and conveyed the French 
troops that captured St. Eustatius, Saba, and 
St Martin in 1781. Joining Vaudreuil's division 
early in 1782, he assisted at the battle off Dominica, 
12 April, 1782, and through his suggestion Vau- 



dreuiL, when he saw the perilous position of De 
Grasse, assumed command of the whole fleet 
While carrying Vaudreuil's orders to the other 
divisions Souvestre was killed. 

SOUZA, Hartim Alfonso de, Portuguese gover- 
nor, b. in Coimbra near the end of the 15th century; 
d. in Goa, India, about 1550. The coast of South 
America, of which Cabral had taken possession for 
the crown of Portugal in 1500, had been visited 
only occasionally by Portuguese vessels, but when 
King John III. heard that many French vessels 
came to the coast of Brazil he resolved to colonize 
the country. In December, 1580, he despatched 
from Lisbon a fleet of five sail and four hundred 
men, the command of which was given to Souza, a 
young officer, with the title of governor of New 
Lusitania, and extraordinary powers to distribute 
land and exercise civil and criminal jurisdiction. 
Capturing three French vessels loaded with Brazil- 
wood, he touched the American coast at Cape St 
Augustine, whence he despatched Diogo Leite with 
two ships to explore the coast northward to Amazon 
river, while he continued to the south, entering 
Bahia and Rio de Janeiro, where he remained for 
some time to construct two brigantines and take 
fresh water. Continuing his voyage to the south, 
he anchored, on 12 Aug., 1531, at the island of Ab- 
rigo, where from some Spanish settlers he obtained 
reports of rich mines. He landed near Cananea, 
and sent into the interior an expedition of eighty 
men, who perished at the hands of the Indians. 
On 26 Sept ne continued to the south, but his flag- 
ship was wrecked in the mouth of the river Chuy, 
ana he despatched his brother to explore the river 
Plate. On 22 Jan., 1582, he founded the first Por- 
tuguese colony in Brazil on an island to which he 
gave the name of Sao Vicente. The Indians of the 
locality showed signs of hostility, but Souza re- 
ceived the unexpected assistance of Joao Ramalho, 
who had been shipwrecked long ago on the coast 
and had received aid and protection from the sav- 
ages. He arrived with the chief Tybirica at Sab 
Vicente, and made a treaty between the hostile 
Indians and Souza, who thenceforward always re- 
ceived assistance and support from the savages. 
Besides this colony. Souza, by the advice of Kar 
malho, also founded that of Piratininga on the 
bank of the river of that name. He sent his brother 
with a report of his discoveries to Portugal, and 
established in the neighborhood of the colony the 
first sugar-mill in the country, having brought cane- 
plants from the island of Madeira. In 1588 he was 
recalled to his native country to consult about the 
partition of the newly erected hereditary captain- 
cies, but although he was given the richest one, 
that of Sab Vicente, he did not return, but in 1584 
sailed for India, where he acquired great mili- 
tary fame and died. — His brother, Pero Lopes, b. 
in Coimbra about 1500; d. on the coast of Mada- 
gascar in 1589, had served in the navy against the 
Mediterranean corsairs, when, in 1580, he was ap- 
pointed by his brother commander of one of the 
vessels of the expedition to Brazil. He took a 
principal part in the capture of the French snips, 
and the command of the largest prize was awarded 
to him. After saving Martini Alfonso from the 
shipwreck at Chuy, he was sent with his two vessels 
to explore the river Plate, with orders to rally at 
the island of Palmas. He sailed on 23 Nov., en- 
tered the estuary of the Plate, and beyond the con- 
fluence of the Uruguay explored the Parana for a 
considerable distance above 80° S., returning on 27 
Dec., 1531. Having joined his brother at Palmas, 
he participated in the foundation of Sab Vicente, 
and in May, 1532, was sent with despatches to Por- 



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tugal, being also commissioned to give a detailed 
report to King John. On the division of the land 
into captaincies on 28 Sept., 1532, he was awarded 
two tracts of twenty-five leagues, and sailed in 1533 
with a party of colonists to occupy the northern 
division between Parahiba and Pernambuco, but, 
meeting with opposition from a neighboring tribe, 
the Petiguares, ne went to Europe to collect more 
abundant means for colonization. He was offered 
the command of a fleet to the Blast Indies, and, hop- 
ing to obtain funds from his brother, he accepted, 
but perished on his return voyage by shipwreck on 
the coast of Madagascar. The manuscript of his 
report to King John III. lay in the royal archives 
till it was published by Adolpho de Varnhagen 
under the title " Diario de navigacao da Armada, 
que foi a terra do Brazil em 1530 " (Lisbon, 1829). 

SOUZA, Thom6 de, first governor-general of 
Brazil, b. in Souza, Beira. early in the 16th century ; 
d. in Lisbon about 1560. In the hereditary cap- 
taincies that had been established in Brazil abuses 
soon became general, so that King John III., on 7 
Jan., 1549, oruered the organization of a general 
government, abolishing the extraordinary privileges 
that he had granted to the captains. For the exe- 
cution of this difficult and important work the 
royal choice fell upon Thome de Souza, a natural son 
of one of the first families, a prudent and enlight- 
ened officer and statesman, who had achieved re- 
nown in the wars of Africa and India. He sailed 
from Lisbon on 2 Feb., 1549, with a squadron of 
six vessels, having on board six hundred volunteers, 
four hundred pardoned convicts, several families as 
colonists, some artillery officers, engineers, mechan- 
ics, and six Jesuits under the lead of Father Manoel 
de Nobrega. On 29 March he entered the harbor 
of Todos os Santos. The aged Diogo Alvares Cara- 
muru (see Paraquassu) hastened to welcome the 
governor-general, and his allies, the Tupinambas, 
offered their services. There Souza founded a city, 
naming it Sao Salvador, which was afterward 
changed to Bahia a todos os Santos. The as- 
sistance that he received from the Tupinambas 
hastened the progress of building, and soon the 
cathedral, the governor's palace, a Jesuit college, 
and one hundred houses had been completed. He 
organized the administration by appointing a chief 
justice and other authorities. T^ne colony flourished 
under Souza's prudent administration, and numer- 
ous emigrants arrived, founding new villages. In 
1551 a bishopric was established in Bahia, with 
jurisdiction over the whole Portuguese colony. 
Souza, weakened by the fatigues of his responsible 
office, solicited relief, and on 13 July, 1553, his 
successor, Duarte da Costa, arrived, to whom he 
delivered the government and sailed for Portugal. 

SOWARDS, Joseph, scout, b. in eastern Ken- 
tucky about 1840 ; d. there about 1863. He was 
of Scotch-Irish descent, and at the beginning of 
the civil war occupied, with his aged father, a 
small farm in the upper part of Johnson county, 
Ky. He was a decided Unionist. The threats of his 
neighbors caused him to take refuge in the woods. 
While he was thus in hiding a party demanded of 
his father his place of concealment, and, on the lat- 
ter's refusal to disclose it, Judge Cecil, one of the 
number, shot the old man dead before his own 
doorway. Sowards now enlisted in the 8th Ken- 
tucky regiment in the National army, and in De- 
sember, 1861, was selected by Gen. James A. Gar- 
field as a scout. Sowards rendered important 
sen-ices, among others going, at imminent risk, 
into Marshall's camp on the eve of the battle of 
Middle Creek and reporting to Garfield an ambus- 
cade into which he would doubtless have fallen 



but for this timely information. On Marshall's 
retreat from that battle. Judge Cecil was captured, 
and Sowards upbraided him with the death of his 
aged father. A taunting reply caused Sowards to 
lose his self-control, and he shot Cecil as Cecil had 
shot his father. A court-martial sentenced Sow- 
ards to death ; but Garfield was careful to enjoin 
upon his colonel to select as his guard only such 
men as were especially friendly to the prisoner, 
who naturally was allowed to escape. After this 
he performed the most important services, hang- 
ing about Garfield's camp and giving constant in- 
formation as to the movements of the enemy. No 
one knew how he lived or where he could be found, 
but he was sure to appear whenever he was wanted. 
Through him Garfield was enabled to drive the 
last organized body of Gen. Humphrey Mar- 
shall's men from Kentucky. They had strongly 
intrenched themselves at round Gap, and were 
fast receiving re-enforcements from Virginia, when 
Sowards penetrated their camp, learned their 
strength and position, and then returned to Gar- 
field's lines with the suggestion that he should fall 
upon and destroy them. The result was the Pound 
Gap expedition, which Sowards guided over a hun- 
dred miles of rough road and through a blinding 
snow-storm. He was so thoroughly disguised that 
Garfield, though he knew Sowards was with the 
troop, did not recognize him until he disclosed 
himself on the eve of the battle. This is the last 
that is certainly known of Sowards, but he is re- 
ported to have been killed in the following year 
by a band of Confederate guerillas. 

SOWER, Christopher, printer, b. in Laasphe, 
near Marburg, Germany, in 1693; d. in German- 
town, Pa., 25 Sept, 1758. He wrote his name 
Christophe Saur on his German publications. He 
was a graduate of a German university, and stud- 
ied medicine at Halle. He came to Philadelphia 
in 1724 and settled in Lancaster county as a 
farmer, but removed in 1731 to Germantown, 



where, in the same year, he built a large dwell- 
ing (see engraving) for his residence. In order to 
supply the needs of his countrymen who were lib- 
erally educated, especially in theology, he first sup- 
plied them with Bibles and religious works from 
Germany. In 1738, having obtained a printing- 
press and materials, he issued an almanac, in Ger- 
man, of twenty-four pages, which was continued 
by his descendants till 1798. In 1739 he brought 
out the first number of " Der Hoch-Deutsch Pen- 
sylvanische Geschichts-Schreiber," a religious and 
secular journal, a small folio, nine by thirteen 
inches, which attained a circulation of nearly ten 
thousand, and had great influence among his 
countrymen. It was the first of its kind that was 
published in a foreign language in Pennsylvania. 
This was followed by a number of larger works 
and in 1743 by a quarto edition of the Bible in 
German, Luther's translation, which was limited 



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SOWER 



SPAIGHT 



617 



to 1,200 copies of 1,284 pages. It was three years 
in press, the largest work as yet issued in the colo- 
nies, and was the first Bible printed in this coun- 
try, with the exception of Eliot's Indian Bible. 
Thereafter his publications were very numerous, 
both in English and German. In the same year 
he began printing he established the first type- 
foundry in this country, and a manufactory for 
printer s ink. He afterward made his own paper, 
bound his own books, and was the inventor of 
many things of practical use in his business. He 
is supposed to have invented cast-iron stoves, 
which ne at least introduced into general use. In 
addition to farming and printing, ne practised his 
profession, and manufactured tall eight-day clocks. 
He was also active in all public measures, and fre- 
quently represented his countrymen in their inter- 
course witn the government. Upon his death, his 
business and his estate were inherited by his son, 
Christopher, b. in Laasphe, Germany, 26 Sept, 
1721: d. in Methatchen, Pa., 4 Aug., 1784. He 
was liberally educated, and when he was twenty- 
six years old became a minister, and was associated 
with the Rev. Sanders Mack in Germantown, in 
the oldest Dunker church in this country. Five 
years later he was chosen overseer, or bishop, and 
continued the duties of his office in connection 
with his secular business until his death. Upon 
taking charge of the business, he so inereasea it 
that for many years it was the largest book-manu- 
factory in the country. In 1768 he published a 
second edition of the great quarto Bible, in 1776 
a third, all in German. These editions were issued 

Erevious to the publication of an English Bible 
l the American colonies. A part of the unbound 
sheets of the edition of 1776 was seized by the 
British during their occupation of Germantown 
and used for littering horses. Copies of all the 
editions are in the Lenox library, New York city, 
the Library company of Philadelphia, and the 
Historical society of Pennsylvania. He did his 
own type-founding wood-engraving, paper- and 
ink-making, and binding, carrying on also a large 
business in his father's medical preparations, which 
he sent to various parts of the country. He was 
one of the founders of the Germantown academy, 
to which he largely contributed. He also was an 
opponent of slavery, and his advocacy of the doc- 
trines of universal peace caused him to be misun- 
derstood, so that during the Revolution, though 
he did not espouse the British cause, he was ar- 
rested and imprisoned. On a second arrest for not 
conforming to an edict, of which he seems to have 
been ignorant, he was' taken from his bed, mal- 
treated in various ways, and led before the provost 
as a spy. His large property was confiscated, but. 
instead of having recourse to the law, he said : " 1 
made them to understand that I should permit 
everything to happen to me that the Lord should 
ordain." The remainder of his old age was spent, 
except when visiting churches within his jurisdic- 
tion, at Methatchen, where, assisted by a faithful 
daughter, he supported himself at binding and 
selling remnants of his publications. He died in 

Koverty. No one in his denomination has been 
eld in higher veneration, and his benevolence to 
the poor families of the soldiers earned him the 
title of the " bread father." He was an eloquent 
speaker, and his reputation as a writer extended 
throughout the colonies.— His son, Christopher, 
b. in Germantown, Pa., 27 Jan., 1754; d. in Balti- 
more, M<1, 8 July, 1790, was engaged in business 
in Philadelphia during the war, and afterward led 
an unsettled life. — The second Christopher's great- 
grandson, Charles Gilbert, b. in Norristown, Pa., 



21 Nov., 1821, removed the establishment to Phila- 
delphia in 1844, where he continued publishing, 
first in his own name, then successively as Sower 
and Barnes, Sower, Barnes' and Potts, and Sower, 
Potts and Co. In 1888, one hundred and fifty years 
after it was founded by Christopher Sower, the house 
was incorporated as the Christopher Sower com- 
pany by a charter granted by the state. Charles 
Q. Sower remains as president of the company. 

SPAETH, Adolph (spate), theologian, b. in 
Esslingen, Wurtemberv, Germany, 29 Oct, 1889. 
He received his classical and theological education 
in the University of Tubingen, where he was 
graduated in 1861. He was ordained to the min- 
istry of the Lutheran church in October, 1861, 
came to the United States in 1868, and has been 
pastor of St. John's German Lutheran congrega- 
tion in Philadelphia since 1867. He became pro- 
fessor in the Lutheran theological seminary, Phila- 
delphia, in 1878, president of the general council 
of the Evangelical Lutheran church in North 
America in 1880, and was a delegate of the general 
council to the general conference of Lutheran 
ministers at Hamburg, Germany, in 1887. Al- 
though a German by birth and education, he has 
become thoroughly identified with American in- 
terests, both ecclesiastical and political He has 
acquired the English language and speaks it with 
ease. The University of Pennsylvania gave him 
the degree of D. D. in 1875. Dr. Spaeth is a fre- 
quent contributor to the periodicals of his church 
in this country and in Europe. He has been edi- 
tor of the " Jugend-Freund, a German monthly, 
since 1877. Among his published works are " Die 
Evangelien des Kirchenjahrs " (Philadelphia, 
1870); "Brosamen von des Herrn Tische" (1871); 
** Sonntagschulbuch des General-Concils," edited 
(1876) ; " Kirchenbuch des General-Concils," edited 
(1877); "Amerikanische Beleuchtung" (1882); 
" Luther im Lied seiner Zeitgenossen * (Reading. 
Pa*, 1888); "The Luther Jubilee in Philadelphia** 
(Philadelphia, 1884) ; " The General Council," in 
English and German (1885); "Phoebe, the Dea- 
coness,'' in English and German (1885); "Faith and 
Life as represented by Martin Luther" (1887); 
"Liederlust"(Allentown, Pa,, 1887); and a large 
number of sermons and addresses. He has for 
several years been engaged in the preparation of 
a complete " Life. Correspondence, and Works " of 
Charles P. Krauth, the Lutheran theologian. 

SPAIGHT, Richard Dobbs. governor of North 
Carolina, b. in New Berne, N. C., 25 March, 1758; 
d. there, 6 Sept, 1802. His father, Richard, was a 
member of the kind's council in 1757, and secre- 
tary of North Carolina under the crown in 1762. 
His mother was the sister of Arthur Dobbs, gov- 
ernor of the colony in 1758-'65. The son lost his 
parents at eight years of age and received his 
education abroad, being graduated at the Univer- 
sity of Glasgow. He returned home in 1778, and 
at twenty years of age became aide-de-camp to 
Gen. Richard Caswell, and was present at the bat- 
tle of Camden. His kinsman, Capt William 
Speight, of the 65th regiment, had already been 
engaged at the battle of Bunker Hill on the Brit- 
ish side. In 1781 he was elected to the North 
Carolina legislature, and again in 1782 and 1788. 
In the last year he became a member of congress 
and was placed on the committee to devise a plan 
for the temporary government of the western ter- 
ritory. He was a delegate to the convention to 
frame the constitution of the United States in 
1787, and was active in the proceedings. In the 



afterward a Jeffersonian Republican, he 



9, tnougn 
earnestly 



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SPALDING 



SPALDING 



advocated the adoption of the U. S. constitution, 
but in vain. He had been in correspondence with 
Gen. Washington on the subject, and the follow- 
ing: interesting paragraph occurs in an unpublished 
letter to Gov. Spaignt, dated Mt Vernon, May 25, 
1788 : " I am sorry to find by your letter that the 
state of North Carolina is so much opposed to the 
proposed government If a better could be agreed 
on, it might be well to reject this; but without 
such a prospect (and I confess none appears to me), 
policy 1 think must recommend the one that is 
submitted." On the invitation of Gov. Spaight 
Washington visited North Carolina, and, in conse- 
quence of their united counsels. North Carolina 
ratified the constitution, 21 Nov., 1789. Owing 
to feeble health Gov. Spaight retired during four 
years from public life. In 1792 he was elected to 
the legislature, and he was immediately chosen 
governor by that body, beinp the first native of 
the state that was chief magistrate. In 1793 and 
1797 he was a presidential elector. He was a 
member of congress again from 1798 till 1801, and 
in the latter year sat in the North Carolina senate. 
He died of a wound that he had received in a duel 
with John Stanly, his successor in congress. — His 
eldest son, Richard Dobta, governor of North 
Carolina, b. in New Berne, N. C., in 1796 ; d. there 
in November, 1850, was graduated at the Univer- 
sity of North Carolina in 1815, and was a member 
of the legislature in 1819, and of the state senate 
in 1820-*2. He sat in congress in 182S-'5, was 
again state senator in 1825-'84, and governor of 
the state in 1835-7. being the last governor that 
was elected by the legislature. Gov. Spaight was 
a member of the Constitutional convention of 1887, 
which transferred the election to the popular vote. 

SPALDING, Henry Harmon, missionary, b. 
in Bath, N. Y., in 1804; d. in Lapwai, Idaho, 8 
Aug., 1874. He was graduated at Western Re- 
serve college in 1888, and entered the class of 1837 
in Lane theological seminary, but left, without 
graduation, upon his appointment in 1836 by the 
American board as missionary to the Nez Perces 
Indians of Idaho. He remained at Lapwai till 
1847, when he fled with his family to the Willa- 
mette valley upon the murder of bis associate, 
and all those that were attached to his post at 
Walla-Walla, by the Indians. After this he la- 
bored fourteen years among the savages, using his 
translations of the Scriptures, and acting also in 
1850-'5 as commissioner of common schools for 
Oregon. He returned to Lapwai in 1862, combining 
with his mission work that of superintendent of 
oducation for the Nez Peroes Indians till 1871. 
His labors thereafter were under the auspices of 
the Presbyterian board of missions, and were in 
northwestern Idaho and northeastern Washington 
territories. Several thousands of Indians were 
civilized through his efforts, and more than 1,000 
became professedly Christians. Mr. Spalding 
translated parts of the Bible into the Nez Perce 
language, which he had reduced to writing. 

SPALDING, James Reed, journalist, b. in 
Montpelier, Vt, 15 Nov., 1821 ; d. in Dover, N. H., 
10 Oct, 1872. His father was for nearly half 
of a century a well-known physician in Vermont 
The son was graduated at the University of Ver- 
mont in 1840, and was a private tutor in Georgia, 
at the same time studying law. On his return to 
Montpelier he was admitted to the bar, but his lit- 
erary tastes led him to give up his profession, and 
he spent several years in travel through Europe 
and into Asia as a student of manners, morals, and 
politics. He was a witness of the events of the 
French revolution of 1848. His letters to the 



New York u Courier and Enquirer " during his so- 
journ abroad won great admiration by their philo- 
sophical grasp of events and persons and brilliancy 
of style. On his return to the United States in 
the spring of 1850 he became attached to the 
"Courier and Enquirer'* as its leading writer. 
His reputation led in 1859 to the establishment 
of the New York " World," and his headship of it 
The design of the enterprise was altogether new — 
that of a model journal conducted throughout on 
Christian principles, independent of particular 
sects or political parties. The financial crisis 
that attended the progress of the civil war so af- 
fected the paper that it passed under a new man- 
agement and editorship. In 1862 Mr. Spalding 
took a post in the editorial corps of the New York 
" Times," and many of its patriotic editorials were 
from his pen. He was stricken with paralysis 
when in the full visor of his powers, and died after 
years of sickness. Richard Grant White, who was 
associated with him both in the " Courier and En- 
quirer " and the " World," wrote of Mr. Spalding: 
" With a theme congenial and an occasion to arouse 
him, his vigor and elegance have never been ex- 
celled bv a writer upon the city press." His pub- 
lished addresses are " Spiritual Philosophy and Ma- 
terial Politics" (1854), and "The True Idea of 
Female Education" (1855).— His brother, George 
Barley, clergyman, b. in Montpelier, Vt, 11 Aug., 
1885, was graduated at the University of Vermont 
in 1856, studied law at Tallahassee, Fla», spent two 
years at Union theological seminary. New York 
citv, and was graduated at Andover seminary in 
1861. He was ordained at Vergennes, Vt, the 
same year, and after holding Congregational pas- 
torates in Hartford, Conn., and Dover and Man- 
chester, N. H., took charge in 1885 of the 1st 
Presbyterian church in Syracuse, N. Y., which 
place he now holds. Dr. Spalding has done much 
editorial work on the New York M World," the 
" Times," the *' Watchman," Boston, and the " New 
Hampshire Journal," which was established by 
him in 1881. He was a member of the Constitu- 
tional convention of New Hampshire in 1877, and 
of the legislature of the same year. He received 
the degree of D. D. from Dartmouth in 1878. Dr. 
Spalding has travelled extensively in the Old 
World. His published sermons ana addresses in- 
clude ** Sermon Commemorative of Gen. Samuel 
P. Strong" (1854); "Scriptural Policy," a political 
tract (1868); "In Memonam, John Parker Hale" 
(1873); and "The Idea and Necessity of Normal- 
School Training " (1878). 

SPALDING, John Franklin, P. E. bishop, b. 
in Belgrade, Me., 25 Aug., 1828. He was gradu- 
ated at Bowdoin in 1853, and at the Episcopal 
general theological seminary. New York city, in 
1857, and was ordained deacon in Portland, M&, 8 
July, 1857, by Bishop Burgess, and priest, in Gar- 
diner, Me., 14 July, 1858, by the same bishop. He 
did missionary duty in Old Town, Me., for two 
years, was rector of St George's church, Lee, 
Mass.. in 1859-'60 assistant minister in Grace 
church, Providence, R. I., in 1860-1, officiated 
for a short time in St John's church, Providence, 
and in April, 1862, became rector of St Paul's 
church, Erie, Pa. This post he held for nearly 
twelve years. Having been elected missionary 
bishop of Colorado, with jurisdiction in the terri- 
tory of Wyoming, he was consecrated in St Paul's 
church, Erie, 81 Dec., 1878. Trinity save him the 
degree of D. D. in 1874. Bishop Spalding is author 
of "A Devotional Manual," several tracts, and 
numerous occasional sermons and addresses. His 
latest publication is entitled " The Church and ito 



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Apostolic Ministry," a course of lectures delivered 
in St. Mark's church, Denver, in January, 1887 
(Milwaukee, Wis.. 1887). 

SPALDING, Lyman, physician, b. in Cornish, 
N. H., 5 June, 1775 ; d. in Portsmouth, N. H., 80 
Oct.. 1821. He was graduated at Harvard medical 
school, with the degree of M. B., in 1797. In 1798, 
while still a student, he assisted Prof. Nathan 
Smith in establishing the medical school at Dart- 
mouth, collected and prepared chemical apparatus, 
delivered the first course of lectures at the opening 
of the institution, and published " A New Nomen- 
clature of Chemistry, proposed by Messrs. De Mo- 
vau, Lavoisier, Berthollet and Fourcroy, with Ad- 
ditions and Improvements" (1799). His medical 
studies were afterward continued at Cambridge 
and Philadelphia, and he entered upon thepractice 
of medicine at Portsmouth, N. H., in 1799. He 
was given the degree of M. D. by Dartmouth in 
1804 and Harvard in 1811. He devoted much at- 
tention to the study of the human structure, was a 
skilful anatomist, and his preparations, particular- 
ly of the lymphatics, were nignly praised. In 1812 
tne College of physicians and surgeons of the west- 
ern district of the state of New York, at Fairfield, 
Herkimer co., was incorporated, Dr. Spalding 
being elected president and professor of anatomy, 
and he made annual visits to this school. In 1813 
he removed to New York city and, a few years 
later, resigned his position at the college. With 
Dr. Spalding originated the plan for the formation 
of the "Pharmacopoeia of the United States," by the 
authority of all the medical societies and medical 
schools in the Union. In January, 1817, he sub- 
mitted the project to the New York county medi- 
cal society. In February, 1818, it was adopted by 
the Medical society of tne state of New York and 
ordered to be carried into execution by their com- 
mittee. Dr. Spalding being one of the number. The 
first edition of the work was published in 1820, and 
a new one is issued ever)' ten years. Dr. Spalding 
was a contributor to medical and philosophical jour- 
nals, and, besides several lectures and addresses, 
Eublished " Reflections on Fever, and particu- 
trly on the Inflammatory Character of Fever" 
(1817); "Reflections on Yellow-Fever Periods" 
(1819); and "A History of the Introduction and 
Use of Scutellaria Lateriflora as a Remedy for pre- 
venting and curing Hydrophobia" (1819). Dr. 
Spalding was active in introducing into the United 
States the practice of vaccination as a preventive 
of the small-pox. He was a trustee of the only 
free schools that New York then possessed, and 
aided in the establishment of the first Sunday- 
schools in that oity. 

SPALDING, Martin John, archbishop, b. near 
Lebanon, Marion co., Ky.. 23 May, 1810; d. in 
Baltimore, Md., 7 Feb., 1872. In 1821 he was sent 
to St. Mary's seminary in Marion county, where 
he was graduated in 1826. He then studied theol- 
ogy in St. Joseph's seminary, Bardstown, for four 
years, and then in the Urban college of the propa- 

fanda, Rome, where he won his doctor's diploma 
y defending for seven hours in Latin 256 theologi- 
cal propositions against some of the ablest theo- 
logians in the city. He was ordained priest on 13 
Aug., 1834, and on his return to Kentucky was 
charged with the pastorship of the cathedral at 
Bardstown and with the professorship of philoso- 
phy in the diocesan seminary. He was instru- 
mental in founding the " Catholic Advocate," and 
his articles in this journal attracted wide attention 
among Roman Catholics in the United States. In 
1838 he was appointed president of St. Joseph's 
college. After holding this post two years he was 



transferred to the pastorship of St Peter's church 
in Lexington. Upon the removal of the see from 
Bardstown to Louisville in 1841 he returned to the 
former city, where his presence was thought neces- 
sary to reconcile 

the Roman Cath- ' 

olic inhabitants 
to the change. In 
1844 he was re- 
called to Louis- 
ville and appoint- 
ed vicar-general. 
The age of Bish- 
op Flaget and the 
illness of his co- 
adjutor to a great 
extent threw the 
administration of 
the diocese into 
the hands of Dr. 
Spalding, yet he 
was frequently 
engaged in giving 

lectures in Louis- x- ^ ** *s ss • 
ville and other •*** 435i * •**» -ty^coU^ 
cities, and at the 

same time prepared some of his works for the press. 
In February, 1848, he was appointed coadjutor bish- 
op of Louisville, and he was consecrated bishop of 
Lengone in partibus on 10 Sept. following. He 
provided for the establishment of parochial schools, 
built an orphan asylum for boys at St Thomas 
and one for boys and girls of German parentage in 
Louisville, and laid the foundation of a cathedral. 
He recalled the Jesuits into bis diocese, and the 
Trappist abbey at Qethsemane was established un- 
der his auspices. After taking steps to have his 
diocese divided and the see of Covington created, 
he visited Europe in 1853-'54 to obtain assistants. 
He then set about establishing the St Vincent de 
Paul society, which soon had conferences in the 
principal towns. In 1857 he founded the American 
college in Louvain, which up to 1884 has sent 301 
priests to the missions of the United States. At 
the beginning of the Know-Nothing movement he 
became involved in a controversy with George D. 
Prentice, and during the riots in Louisville in 1855 
he showed great prudence, his influence probably 
preventing the disturbances from assuming larger 
proportions. Bishop Spalding did much to secure 
hospital accommodations for the sick of the Na- 
tional troops that were encamped around Louis- 
ville in the first year of the civil war. On the 
death of Archbishop Kenrick in June, 1864, Bishop 
Spalding was transferred to the see of Baltimore 
and installed as archbishop on 81 July. He founded 
the House of the Good Shepherd in Baltimore, and 
began a boys' protectory, which he placed in charge 
of the Xaverian Brothers. In 1865 he was appointed 
administrator of the diocese of Charleston, the 
bishop of which was unable to return, and made 
successful appeals to the Roman Catholics of the 
north in aid of their southern brethren. He also 
secured important contributions for the American 
college at Rome. In 1866 he presided over the 
second plenary council of Baltimore, the largest 
assembly of the kind since the general council of 
Trent. The work that this body performed was 
entirely planned by Archbishop Spalding. In 1867 
he was present in Rome at the 18th centenary of 
the martyrdom of St. Peter and St. Paul, and 
again in 1 869-' 70 as a member of the oecumenical 
council. of the Vatican. He was at first opposed 
to the definition of the dogma of the pope's infalli- 
bility on the ground that it was inopportune, but 



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SPALDING 



gradually became oonrinoed of its necessity. Dur- 
ing the deliberations of the council his scholarship 
ana theological ability produced a marked impres- 
sion. After his return to Baltimore in 187v he 
made a visitation of his diocese, delivered lectures 
for the benefit of local charities, built fine jparochial 
schools near his cathedral, and began the Church of 
8tPius. Archbishop Spalding acquired great repu- 
tation as a lecturer and pulpit orator. He con- 
tributed largely to the Roman Catholic literature 
of the country, and takes high rank as a reviewer. 
He was for some time one of the editors of the 
" United States Catholic Magazine." His prin- 
cipal works are " D'Aubipfs History of the Ref- 
ormation Reviewed" (Baltimore, 1844, London, 
1846; Dublin, 1846); M Sketches of the Early 
Catholic Missions In Kentucky 1787-1826-7* 
(Louisville, 1846) ; ** Lectures on the General Evi- 
dences of Christianity " (1847 ; 4th ed., Baltimore, 
1866) ; u Life, Times, and Character of the Rt Rev. 
B. J. Flaget" (Louisville, 1852); " Miscellanea: 
comprising Reviews, Lectures, ana Essays on His- 
torical, Theological, and Miscellaneous Subjects" 
(1885); and " History of the Protestant Reformation 
in Germany and Switzerland, and in England, Ire- 
land. Scotland, the Netherlands, France, and North- 
ern Europe" (2 vols^ I860). He also edited, with 
an introduction and notes, Abbe* Darras's " General 
History of the Catholic Church" (4 vols., New 
York, 1866). The life of Archbishop Spalding has 
been written by his nephew, John Lancaster Spal- 
ding, bishop of Peoria (New York, 1872).— His 
brother, Benedict Joseph, clergyman, b. in Ma- 
rion county, Ky.. 15 April, 1812; d. in Louis- 
ville, Ky., 4 Aug., 1868, studied at St Mary's 
college, and entered the diocesan seminary in 
Bardstown, Ky. In 1882 he went to the College of 
the propaganda, where he was {graduated five years 
later, and then entered the priesthood of the Ro- 
man Catholic church. On his return to the United 
States in 1887 he taught for a time in the theo- 
logical seminary of St. Thomas, and was afterward 
made agent of »t Joseph's college. In 1840, with 
the Rev. John Hutchins, he established a seminary 
for boys in Breckinridge county, which they car- 
ried on for two years. Mr.' Spalding returned to 
Bardstown in 1842 to accept the vice-presidency 
of St. Joseph's college, and continued in that place 
until 1844, when he was made pastor of the church 
of St. Joseph, in Bardstown. In 1847 he was called 
to the charge of the cathedral church in Louisville, 
and was appointed vicar-general of the diocese. 
These offloes he held until his death, with two ex- 
ceptions, when during the vacancy of the see he 
was invested by his superiors with the administra- 
tion of the bishopric. He received no salary be- 
yond his food and clothing, but save largely of his 
own private fortune to those that were in need. 
Father Spalding was greatly beloved by both Ro- 
man Catholics and Protestants for his blameless 
life, his liberality, and his self-sacrificing disposition. 
—His nephew, John Lancaster, ft. C. bishop, b. 
in Lebanon, Ky., 2 June, 1840, was educated in the 
United States and in Europe, ordained in 1868, 
and attached to the cathedral of Louisville as 
assistant In 1869 he organised a congregation of 
colored people and built for their use the Church 
of St Augustine, of which he was appointed pastor. 
He was soon afterward made chancellor of the 
diocese and secretary to the bishop. He left 
Louisville in 1878 and came to New York, where 
he did missionary work in the parish of St 
Michael's, becoming noted as an eloquent preacher 
and lecturer. When the diocese of Peoria was 
created in 1877 his appointment was recommended 



to the pope, and he was accordingly oou s eciate d 
bishop of the new see on 1 May by Cardinal Mo- 
Closkey in the cathedral of New York. His admin- 
istration has been marked by energy, and he has 
had signal success in developing the resources of 
his diocese. In 1877 it contained 75 churches, 51 
priests, and about 45,000 Roman Catholics. In 
1887 there were 168 churches, 118 priests, 12 cleri- 
cal students, 82 religious institutions, 9 academies, 
41 parochial schools, an orphan asylum, and 5 hos- 

Sitals. Bishop Spalding has given much attention 
> the question of emigration, and his efforts have 
attracted numerous emigrants to the west He 
has also labored successfully to establish a Roman 
Catholic university in the United States, and his 
plans for oarrving out this enterprise were adopted 
by the council of Baltimore in 1884. He is a con- 
tributor to Roman Catholic periodicals and reviews 
and the author of a ** Life of Archbishop Spalding " 
(New York, 1872) ; " Essays and Reviews^ (1876) ; 
- Religious Mission of the Irish People" (1880); 
and M Lectures and Discourses " (1882).— Their kins- 
woman, Catherine, first superior of the Sisters 
of Charity of Nazareth, b. in Charles county, 
Md., 28 Dec., 1798; d. in Louisville, Ky., 20 
March, 1858, was left an orphan at the age of 
four, and was brought up by an aunt in Ken- 
tucky. In 1818 she became a member of a new 
society of Sisters of Charity, which had been insti- 
tuted the year before by Bishop David. She was 
made superior, and, under the patronage of the 
bishop, opened the convent of Nasareth. In 1814 
she established a boarding- and day- school near 
the convent which increased rapidly in numbers 
and reputation. In 1816 the order was regularly 
organized, and Mother Spalding and two of her 
associates were allowed to take the ordinary vows. 
In 1819 she sent a colony of sisters to Bardstown, 
who established the Bethlehem day-school, and in 
1820 St. Vincent convent was founded in Union 
county. She opened St Catherine's school in Scott 
county in 1828. It was afterward removed to 
Lexington, where it still exists, and is regarded as 
one of the community's most flourishing establish- 
ments. The Academy of the Presentation was 
opened in Louisville in 1881, of which Mother 
Spalding took personal charge. She also began 
the founding of St. Vincent's orphan asylum, in 
which afterward provision was made for 200 or- 
phan girls, and opened an infirmary. The rest of 
ner life was spent principally in caring for the 
wants of orphan children, or in visiting the poor 
and sick of the city. The illness of which she died 
was contracted while she was hastening through 
the snow to aid a poor family that lived at some 
distance from the asylum. Mother Spalding be- 
longed to a family that is distinguished in the an- 
nals of the Roman Catholic church in the United 
States. She was nearly related to Archbishop 
Spalding and Archbishop^ Elder. 
' SPALDING, Rufus Paine, jurist b. in West 
Tisbury, Martha's Vineyard, Mass., 8 May, 1798 ; d. 
in Cleveland, Ohio, 29 Aug., 1886. He was gradu- 
ated at Yale in 1817, and subsequently studied law 
under Zephania Swift, chief justice of Connecticut, 
whose daughter, Lucretia, he married in 1822. In 
1819 he was admitted to practice in Little Rook, 
Ark., but in 1821 he went to Warren, Ohio. Six- 
teen years later he moved to Ravenna, Ohio, and he 
was sent to the legislature in 1839-'40 as a Demo- 
crat serving as speaker in 1841-*2. In 1849 he 
was elected judge of the supreme court of Ohio 
for seven years, but when, three years later, the 
new state constitution was adopted, he declined a 
re-election and began practice in Cleveland. In 



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621 



1852 he entered political life as a Free-soiler, and 
he was one of the organizers of the Republican 
party. He was a member of congress in 1863-*0, 
where he served on important committees, but he 
subsequently declined all political honors. Judge 
Spalding exercised an important influence in re- 
storing the Masonic order to its former footing 
after the disappearance of William Morgan. 

SPALDING, Simon, soldier, b. in Plainfleld, 
Conn.. 16 Jan.. 1742 ; d. 24 Jan., 1814. He re- 
moved to Wyoming, Pa., in 1772, and was a soldier 
in the Revolutionary army, becoming a lieutenant, 
26 Aug., 1776, and being promoted to captain, 24 
June, 1778. He was present at the action of Bound 
Brook, N. J., 13 April, f777, and the escape of the 
Americans with slight loss was largely due to his 
personal efforts. He served until the close of the 
war, and he was in the Sullivan campaign, during 
which he and his company won honor for heroic 
service. On 30 May, 1783, he removed to Shese- 
quin, Bradford co., Pa., the upper part of the 
Wyoming settlement, where he rose through the 
various grades to general of militia. He was a 
large man, of fine and imposing appearance. 

SPANGENBERG. Augustus Gottlieb, Mora- 
vian bishop, b. in Klettenberg. Prussia, 15 July, 
1704; d. in Berthelsdorf, near Herrnhut, Saxony, 
18 Sept, 1792. He was graduated at Jena, and 
then became an assistant professor in the university 
there. Subsequently he was appointed to a pro- 
fessor's chair at Halle, but his association with Zin- 
zendorf and the Moravians gave such offence that 
be was dismissed from the university, and joined 
their church. In 1735 he put himself at the head 
of a body of Moravian immigrants, and established 
a colony at Savannah. Ga. Thither came Bishop 
David Nitschmann, who ordained Spangenberg a 
presbyter of the church, and sent him to Pennsyl- 
vania, where he labored among the German sects. 
Such work was interrupted by a visit that the bishop 
commissioned him to undertake to the mission in St 
Thomas. After his return he resumed his labors in 
Pennsylvania, went to Savannah in order to cheer 
his brethren, who were in distress on account of the 
war impending between England and Spain, and 
finally sailed for Europe in 1730. Having been ap- 
pointed to preside over the Moravian churches in 
this country, he was consecrated to the episcopacy, 
15 June, 1744, at Hermhaag. He arrived at Beth- 
lehem, Pa., in the autumn of the same year, and, 
with the exception of a brief period from 1749 till 
1751, which he spent in Europe, ruled the church 
until 1761 with singular ability. The settlers at 
Bethlehem, Nazareth, and other Moravian stations 
were poor and had heavy financial engagements to 
meet, but Spangenberg provided for them with 
such care, and managed the affairs of the entire 
colony so successfully, that his brethren gave him 
the honorary name of " Joseph." This name he ac- 
cepted, and used it in signing his letters, and 
occasionally even official documents. In the year 
after his arrival at Bethlehem he undertook a visit 
to Onondaga, the capital of the Six Nations, with 
whom he concluded a treaty that had in view the 
establishment of a mission among them. On this 
journey, which proved to be very arduous and full 
of dangers, ho was adopted into the Iroquois con- 
federacy, receiving the name of T^irhitontie, or a 
Row of Trees. In 1752, accompanied by five asso- 
ciates, he made his way into the wilds of North 
Carolina, where he superintended the survey of a 
large tract of land that the church had bought of 
Lord Granville. It was a hazardous and difficult 
undertaking. In the following year he visited 
Europe ana reported to Count Zinzendorf on the 



progress of the American work, returning in 1754. 
During the French and Indian wan, and especially 
after the massacre of the missionaries on the 
Mahony, near what is now Mauch Chunk, Pa., 24 
Nov., 1755, he displayed no little courage. Beth- 
lehem became the frontier town in the direction of 
the Indian country, was surrounded with a stockade, 
and carefully guarded against attacks from the 
savages. Spangenberg was in stated correspond- 
ence with the governor of Pennsylvania, who 
acknowledged the great benefit the bishop was con- 
ferring upon the wnole colony by thus holding his 
town. After the conclusion of the war he resumed 
those visits to the Indian country in which he had 
always taken a particular delight, and baptized 
several converts. In 1760 Zinzendorf died and 
Spangenberg was called to Europe in order to as- 
sist in the government of the Unitas Fratrum 
according to the new constitution. He took his 
seat in the chief executive board, of which body he 
was the president for twenty-three years. He 
lived to be eighty-eight years of age, and his epis- 
copate continued for forty-eight years. Span- 
genberg was a learned theologian and a man of 
great power, and yet as a Christian humble as a 
little child. His presence was commanding ; his 
countenance showed the nobility of his character 
and the love of an overflowing heart Among his 
numerous works the most important are "Idea 
Fidei Fratrum " (Barby, 1782 ; translated into Eng- 
lish by La Trobe under the title " Exposition of 
Christian Doctrine,** London, 1784); "Darlegung 
richtiger Antworten "(Leipsic, 1751), and " Schluss- 
Schrift " (1752) : two polemical works in defence of 
Zinzendorf; and "Leben des Grafen von Zinzen- 
dorf" (8 vols., Barby, 1772-'4; abridged English 
translation, London, 1838). There are two biogra- 

§hies of Spangenberg, Jeremiah Risler's " Leben 
pangenbergs ' ? (Barby, 1794), and Carl F. Ledder- 
hose's " Leben A. G. Spangenbergs, Bischofs der 
BrQdergemeinde " (Heidelberg, 1846 : French trans- 
lation, Toulouse, 1850; English, London, 1855). 

SPARHAWK, Frances Campbell, author, b. 
in Amesbury, Mass., about 1858. Her education 
was received in private schools. The poet Whittier 
was an early and intimate friend of her father. Dr. 
Thomas Sparhawk. She has published a large 
number of serial stories in •• The Christian Union " 
and *' The Bay State Monthly." Her most impor- 
tant contribution to serial fiction is entitled " Eliza- 
beth," a romance of colonial days, and describes 
New England and the siege of Louisburg. This 
appeared in •• The Bay State Monthly." She is also 
the author of " A Lazy Man's Work " (New York, 
1881); "Little Polly Blatchley" (Boston, 1887); 
and " Miss West's Class in Geography " (1887). 

SPARKMAN, James Tnislow, reformer, b. 
in Brooklyn, N. Y., 27 Sep., 1842. He was edu- 
cated at Brooklyn polytechnic institute and at 
Tarrytown institute, after which he followed a 
special course of commercial training. In 1861 he 
entered into business with his father, James D. 
Sparkman, who was a large imj>orting merchant, 
with whom he continued until after the civil war. 
Mr. Sparkman has been active in politics, although 
not holding office, and his opinion and counsel are 
valued by the leaders of the Democratic party. 
In recent years he has advocated various meas- 
ures of reform, notably the labor-day bill, the 
half-holiday bill, the small-parks bill, and the tene- 
ment-house reform bill, and has been uniformly 
successful in procuring the passage of measures of 
reformatory legislation. He secured the commuta- 
tion of the sentence of the Theiss boycotters, who 
were imprisoned for a long period at a time when 



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public feeling was bitter against them. Mr. Spark- 
man has contributed to various periodicals. 

SPARKS, Jared, historian, b. in Willington, 
Conn., 10 May, 1789; d. in Cambridge, Mass., 14 
March, 1866. He obtained in 1809 a scholarship 
in Phillips Exeter academy, through the influence 
of Rev. Abiel Abbott, and, after remaining two 
years, entered Har- 
vard, where he was 
also given a scholar- 
ship, which he sup- 
plemented by teach- 
ing during a part of 
the year. While em- 
ployed in a private 
school at Havre de 
Grace, Md., in 1813, 
he served in the 
militia against the 
British, who cap- 
tured and burned 
the town. After his 
graduation in 1815 
he taught a classi- 
cal school at Lan- 
caster, Mass., but he 
returned to the uni- 
versity in 1817 to 
study divinity, and 
for the two years that he was there he was tutor in 
mathematics and natural philosophy in the college 
and acting editor of the " North American Review." 
In May, 1819, after the completion of his theologi- 
cal studies, he was ordained pastor of a new Unita- 
rian church in Baltimore, Md. He took part in the 
doctrinal controversy with orthodox theologians. 
In 1821 he was chosen chaplain of the National 
house of representatives. He edited in 1821-3 a 
monthly periodical called the " Unitarian Miscel- 
lany and Christian Monitor," in which he printed 
letters addressed to Rev. Samuel Miller on the 
" Comparative Moral Tendency of Trinitarian and 
Unitarian Doctrines" that were afterward expand- 
ed and republished in a volume (Boston, 1823). He 
resigned his pastorate in Baltimore in 1823 on ac- 
count of impaired health, and, after a journey in the 
western states, returned to Boston and purchased 
the " North American Review," which he conducted 
from January, 1824, till April, 1831. He undertook 
in 1825 the task of collecting and editing the writ- 
ings of George Washington, and, after examining 
the papers in the public archives of the thirteen 
states of the Continental federation, he secured 
possession, through an arrangement with Bushrod 
Washington and Chief-Justice John Marshall, of 
the papers of Gen. Washington that werepreserved 
at Mount Vernon. In 1828 he went to Europe for 
the purpose of transcribing documents in the gov- 
ernment archives at London and at Paris. Several 
years later he made a second journey to Europe, 
and, in his renewed researches among the French 
archives, discovered the map with the red line 
marked upon it, concerning which, and the use 
made of it in settling the question of the north- 
eastern boundary in 1842, there was much debate, 
both in this country and in England. Mr. Sparks 
was the originator and first editor of the "Ameri- 
can Almanac and Repository of Useful Knowl- 
edge" (Boston, 1880-61). He was professor of 
ancient and modem history at Harvard from 1839 
till 1849, and president of the college from Febru- 
ary, 1849, till February, 1853, when he resigned on 
account of failing health. He devoted his last 
years to a work on the " History of the American 
Revolution," which he left unfinished. He re- 



ceived the degree of LL. D. from Harvard in 1848, 
and was a member of many learned societies. The 
first volume that Dr. Sparks published was " Let- 
ters on the Ministry, Ritual, and Doctrines of the 
Protestant Episcopal Church," in reply to a sermon 
of Rev. William E. Wyatt directed against Unitari- 
an doctrines (Baltimore, 1820). His sermon before 
the house of representatives on the death of Will- 
iam Pinkney was printed (Washington, 1822). He 
began in Baltimore, and continued in Boston, the 
publication of a •• Collection of Essays and Tracts 
in Theology from Various Authors," with bio- 
graphical and critical notices (6 vols., 1823-'6). In 
1827 he published, in the form of two letters to 
Judge Joseph Story, an account ot the Washington 
papers at Mount Vernon, with a plan for their pub- 
lication. His first biographical work was a "Life 
of John Ledyard" (Cambridge, 1828), which was 
translated into German (Leipsic, 1829). While en- 
gaged in collecting the public and private writings 
of President Washington, Sparks, by authority of 
congress, gathered and edited "The Diplomatic 
Correspondence of the American Revolution, being 
the Letters of Benjamin Franklin, Silas Deane, John 
Adams, John Jay, Arthur Lee, William Lee, Ralph 
Izard, Francis Dana, William Carmichael, Henry 
Laurens, John Laurens, and others, concerning the 
Foreign Relations of the United States during the 
Whole Revolution; together with the Letters in 
Reply from the Secret Committee of Congress and 
the Secretary of Foreign Affairs ; also the Entire 
Correspondence of the French Ministers Gerard 
and Luzerne with Congress" (12 vols., Boston, 
182ft-'30). He also wrote at this time " The Life 
of Gouverneur Morris " (8 vols., 1832). After nine 
years of preparatory labor he began the publication 
of l§ The Writings of George Washington, being his 
Correspondence, Addresses, Messages, and other 
Papers, Official and Private, selected and published 
from the Original Manuscripts, with a Life of the 
Author, Notes, and Illustrations " (12 vols., 1834-*8). 
The first volume, containing the *• Life of Wash- 
ington," appeared in 1837, and was reissued sepa- 
rately (Boston, 1839). An abridgment by the au- 
thor was also published (2 vols., Boston, 1843). 
Those parts of tne correspondence that were of in- 
terest to the French public, with the biography in 
full, were translated and published under the title 
of " Vie, correspondance, et ecrits de Washington," 
with an introductory discourse by Francois P. G. 
Guizot on the influence and character of Washing- 
ton in the American Revolution (6 vols, and atlas, 
Paris, lg39-'40). The first volume of the corre- 
spondence was reprinted in London, but found no 
sale. An English publisher issued the " Personal 
Memoirs and Diaries of George Washington," with 
the name of Jared Sparks on the title-pace, though 
without his authorization (2 vols., London, 1839). 
Friedrich von Raumer made a German translation 
of the biography, with extracts from the writings 
(Leipsic 1839). Historians and critics generally 
accorded praise to Sparks for the thoroughness and 
accuracy of his work ; yet his manner of refining 
the language of the letters and diaries and sup- 
pressing objectionable words and passages drew 
upon him the unfriendly criticism of Lord Mahon, 
who charged the editor not only with omissions, 
but with substituting and interpolating passages, 
afterward withdrawing the latter part of the 
charge. Mr. Sparks, in a " Reply to Lord Mahon 
and Others " (1852), defended his mode of editing. 
The letters of Washington to Joseph Reed that 
were referred to in the controversy were reprinted 
in their original form (Philadelphia, 1852), eliciting 
from Sparks " Remarks on a Reprint of Washing- 



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ton's Letters" (1858). Sparks was the editor of 
" The Library of American Biography " (10 vols., 
Boston, 1834-'8), containing twenty-six lives, to 
which a second series of thirty-four lives was added 
(15 vols., 1844-'7). This work passed through 
many editions. Of the lives he wrote those of 
Ethan Allen, Benedict Arnold, Father Marquette, 
La Salle, Count Pulaski, John Ribault, Charles Lee, 
and John Ledyard, the latter being reprinted from 
his previously published work. He edited also the 
•• Works of Benjamin Franklin, with Notes and a 
Life of the Author " (10 vols., 188&-'40). The first 
volume, containing Franklin's "Autobiography," 
with notes and a continuation by Mr. Sparks, was 
issued separately (1844). Besides "Remarks on 
American History " (Boston, 1887), additions to 
William Smyth's " Lectures on Modern History " 
(Boston, 1841). and other minor works, his only 
other publication was "Correspondence of the 
American Revolution, being Letters of Eminent 
Men to George Washington from the Time of his 
taking Command of the Army to the End of his 
Presidency " (4 vols., 1853). He left manuscript 
journals containing reminiscences of Thomas Jef- 
ferson, James Maaison, and other eminent men, 
and recorded conversations with many of them. 
His manuscript collection of original materials for 
American diplomatic history was given to Harvard 
college. See a "Memoir of Jared Sparks," by 
Brantz Mayer (Baltimore, 1867), and one by George 
B. Ellis (Cambridge, 1869). 

SPARKS, William Henry, author, b. on St. 
Simon's island, Ga., 16 Jan., 1800 ; d. in Marietta, 
Ga., 18 Jan., 1882. He was taken in infancy to his 
father's plantation in Greene county, and in his 
eighteenth year was sent to complete his education 
in Litchfield, Conn., where he subsequently stud- 
ied law. On his return to Georgia lie practised 
his profession and was a member of the legislature. 
In 1830 he removed to Natchez, Miss., engaged 
largely in sugar-planting, and about 1850 entered 
into a law partnership with Judah P. Benjamin in 
New Orleans, which was dissolved ten years later. 
He declined many public offices, once only accept- 
ing the nomination for U. S. senator from Louisi- 
ana, but withdrawing in favor of his friend, Alex- 
ander Barrow. He contributed largely to south- 
ern publications, and among other verses wrote 
"Somebody's Darling," "The Dying Year," and 
"The Old Church -Bell." He published "The 
Memories of Fifty Years "(Philadelphia, 1870; 4th 
ed., 1882), and left ready for the press a second 
volume; also " Father Anselmo's Ward." "Chi- 
lecah," " The Woman with the Iron-Gray Hair," 
and other manuscripts. 

SPARROW, William, clergyman, b. in Charles- 
town, Mass., 12 March, 1801 ; d. in Alexandria, Va., 
17 Jan., 1874. He was taken by his father to Ire- 
land in 1805, where he remained until 1817. His 
education was obtained partly in that country, and 
was completed in his native land. He entered Co- 
lumbia in 1819, and remained for three years, but 
was not graduated with his class. In 1822 he re- 
joined his father's family in Ohio. He engaged in 
teaching, first in Worthington, Ohio, then in Cin- 
cinnati, in Miami university as professor of an- 
cient languages, and in 1825 as professor in the. 
same department in Kenyon college, Ohio. He was 
ordainea deacon in Columbus, Ohio, 7 June, 1826, 
by Bishop Philander Chase, and priest, 11 June, 
1826, in Worthington, Ohio, by the same bishop. 
From this date onward he was occupied in paro- 
chial work in different parishes in Ohio, in editing 
a church paper, and in the duties of theological 
professor in Kenyon college. In 1840 he re- 



moved to Virginia and became professor in the 
Episcopal theological seminary at Alexandria, 
which post he held during the remainder of his 
life. He received the degree of D. D. from Ken- 
yon college in 1838. Dr. Sparrow was evangelical 
after the pattern of Charles Simeon, Bishops Meade 
and Mcllvaine, and Dr. Stephen H. Tyng. He 
was an able and successful teacher and was a ser- 
monizer of rare excellence. He published numer- 
ous addresses, sermons on special occasions, trac- 
tates on important topics, ana the like. Two years 
after his death a volume was published containing 
his " Life and Correspondence " (Philadelphia, 
1876), together with " Fragments," selected from 
his manuscripts. 

SPAULDING, Edward, inventor, b. in Milford, 
N. H., 3 Sept., 1824. He was educated at the pub- 
lic school of his native town, and has since followed 
the trade of a blacksmith and machinist Mr. 
Spaulding? has invented a graduated elliptic spring 
for carrying heavy loads that is applicable to horse- 
cars or to freight - cars for whicn he received in 
1880 a medal of excellence at the American insti- 
tute fair in New York city. He has also patented 
a wrought-iron shackle which is used in conjunc- 
tion with his spring, and a magnetic and electric 
ear telephone for enabling the deaf to hear more 
readily. Among his other inventions is a process 
for keeping cider sweet in any climate without 
bottling or preserving in a cool place. He has taken 
out about ten patents in the United States and 
eleven in various foreign countries. 

SPAULDING, Elbridge Gerry, banker, b. in 
Summer Hill, Cayuga co., N. Y., 24 Feb., 1809. 
He is a lineal descendant in the seventh generation 
of Edward Spanieling, who came from England 
and settled in Massachusetts soon after the arrival 
of the Puritans in the " Mayflower." His father, 
Edward, was a pioneer from New England to central 
New York. The son studied law in Batavia and 
Attica, N. Y., was admitted to practice in Genesee 
county, and soon afterward removed to Buffalo, 
N. Y. He was associated in practice with Heman 
B. Potter, George R. Babcock, and John Ganson. 
After accumulating a fortune in the practice of the 
law he gave his attention to banking, in which he 
has been equally successful. He was instrumental 
in causing the removal of the Farmers' and me- 
chanics' bank of Batavia to Buffalo, and soon there- 
after became its president. Upon the passage of 
the Federal banking-law the bank was reorgan- 
ized under its provisions with the name of the 
Farmers' and mechanics' national bank, and Mr. 
Spaulding as president and principal owner. He 
has been largely identified with public affairs. 
He was mayor in 1847 and assemblyman in 1848, 
was a representative in congress in 1849- '51, hav- 
ing been chosen as a Whig, was state treasurer in 
1858, and again elected to congress as a Republi- 
can in 1858, serving till 1863. During his last 
term in congress Mr. Spaulding achieved a wide 
reputation. He was a member of the ways and 
means committee, and chairman of the sub-com- 
mittee that was intrusted with the duty of pre- 
paring legislative measures. The result was the 
presentation and passage of the Greenback or Le- 
gal-Tender act, and the National currency bank 
bill. Both of these were drawn by Mr. Spaulding. 
They were offered and urged as war measures, and 
are claimed to be the best financial system that was 
ever conceived or adopted by any government. Mr. 
Spaulding is entitled to the credit of formulating 
these measures and securing their adoption. By 
reason of his connection with this important legis- 
lation he has been called the " Father of Green- 



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backs." Mr. Spaulding prepared a " History of the 
Legal-Tender Paper Money used during the Great 
Rebellion " (Buffalo, 1869), which is regarded as 
standard authority on the subject He was chosen 
to deliver the address before the Banking associa- 
tion at the Centennial exposition, in which he gave 
a review of •* One Hundred Years of Progress in 
the Business of Banking/' 

SPAULDING, LeTl, missionary, b. in Jaffrey, 
N. H., 22 Aug., 1791 ; d. in Ceylon, 18 June, 1878. 
He was graduated at Dartmouth in 1815, finished 
his theological course at Andover seminary three 
years later, and soon afterward was ordained at 
Salem, Mass. In 1820 he arrived as a missionary 
of the American board at Jaffna, Ceylon, where he 
labored fifty-four years, making but one visit to 
the United states during that period. In addition to 
his missionary labors, he superintended the Oodoo- 
ville boarding-school for girls and prepared tracts, 
hymns, and school-books in the Tamil language, 
many of the best lyrics in the vernacular hymn- 
book being from his pen. Among his principal 
works are a translation of " Pilgrim's Progress, a 
" Scripture History," a Tamil dictionary (Madras, 
1844), an enlarged edition of an English and Tamil 
dictionary, "Notes on the Bible," and a revision 
of the Scriptures in Tamil He was one of the 
most accurate Tamil scholars in southern India, 
using the language with great facility and power. 
Ten days before his death " Father Spaulding," as 
he was called, celebrated the fifty-fourth anniver- 
sary of his embarkation at Boston for Ceylon, at 
which time he was the oldest missionary of the 
American board. 

SPAULDING, Nathan Weston, inventor, b. in 
the town of North Anson, Me., 24 Sept., 1829. At 
the age of thirteen he began to learn the trade of a 
carpenter and builder under the tuition of his 
father, who was both a school-teacher and a prac- 
tical mechanic. Afterward learning the trade of 
a millwright from an uncle and spending a year in 
a saw-factory, he had become at twenty the chief 
mechanic of his neighborhood. Going to California 
in 1851, he went at once to the mines, but did not 
succeed, and was employed as superintendent of 
the construction of one of the first quartz-mills in 
the state. Its success led to the erection of a sec- 
ond on the same stream — Mokelumne river. In 
1859 he opened a saw-manufactory in Sacramento, 
where he began to develop an inventive talent in 
the line of his business and devised the adjustable 
saw-tooth that has made him widely known. The 
demand for these teeth became so great that Mr. 
Spaulding, finding it difficult to supply them in 
sufficient quantities, was compelled to contrive 
other devices, and finally brought out the chisel- 
bit saw-tooth. He has also completed and pub- 
lished a scale for the measurement of logs, which 
has been adopted as the legal standard in Califor- 
nia and other states, as also in several territories. 
It is known as the Spaulding log-scale. In 1861 
he removed his factory to San Francisco, and he 
has since taken part in the industrial development 
of California. In 1881 he was appointed by Presi- 
dent Garfield to be assistant U. S. treasurer at San 
Francisco, which office he held until 20 Aug., 1885. 
During that period he received and disbursed, or 
safely kept and transferred to his successor, more 
than $8^0,000,000 without loss. He has twice 
served as mayor of Oakland, where he resides, and 
has been selected by Leland Stanford as a trustee 
of the Leland Stanford, Jr., university. 

SPAULDING, Solomon, clergyman, b. in Ash- 
ford, Conn., in 1761 ; d. in Amity, Washington co., 
Pa., 20 Oct, 1816. After serving in his youth in 



the Revolutionary army, and beginning to study 
law. he was graduated at Dartmouth in 1785, stud- 
ied for the ministry, and preached in New Eng- 
land. In 1795 he settled in Cherry Valley, N. Y., 
where he entered into business with his brother, 
and four years later in Richfield, N. Y. In 1809 he 
removed to New Salem (now Conneaut), Ohio, and 
established an iron-foundry with Henry Lake. This 
enterprise proving unprofitable, on account of the 
war with Great Britain, he went to Pittsburg, and 
afterward to Amity, Pa., where he died, while 
residing at Conneaut, he wrote a romance entitled 
" The Manuscript Found," purporting to be an ac- 
count of the original people of this continent, their 
customs, and conflicts between the different tribes. 
It pretended to be taken from a manuscript that 
had been discovered in an ancient mound. Mr. 
Spaulding read his manuscript to some of his 
friends in 1811-12, and tried to get it published, 
but without success. In 1880 Mormon elders 
preached in northeastern Ohio, and their account 
of how the golden plates, from which the ** Book of 
Mormon " was made, had been found, brought to 
mind the story written by Spaulding twenty years 
before. A suspicion was raised that the " Book of 
Mormon " might have been an outgrowth from the 
latter. This suspicion ripened into a general be- 
lief, and in time oecarae the accepted theory of the 
origin of the " Book of Mormon." It is alleged that 
Joseph Smith and Sidney Rigdon compiled the 
44 Book of Mormon " from Spaulding's manuscript 
storv, Rigdon having stolen it, or a copy of it, from 
a printing-office in which he worked in Pittsburg. 
In 1884 Dr. P. Hurl but, who had been expelled 
from the Mormon church, obtained from the widow 
of Solomon Spaulding, Mrs. Matilda Davison, of 
Monson, Mass., what was supposed to be the origi- 
nal copy of the Spaulding story, and the same year 
Eber D. Howe, editor of the Painesville "Telegraph," 
compiled a book entitled " Mormonism Unveiled,** 
which was a severe criticism on the '• Book of Mor- 
mon " and its believers. This book was reproduced 
in 1840. Upon the title-page and in the last chap- 
ter is suggested the "probability that the historical 
gsrt of the * Golden Bible * was written by Solomon 
paulding." From the time Mr. Hurl but obtained 
the manuscript story in 1884 up to 1884 its where- 
abouts was unknown to the world. In 1884 Presi- 
dent James H. Faircbild, of Oberlin college, visited 
his old anti-slavery friend, Lewis L. Rice, of Hono- 
lulu, Hawaiian islands. Mr. Rice in 1889-'40 suc- 
ceeded Mr. Howe in the office of the Painesville 
** Telegraph," and the books and manuscripts came 
into his possession. President Fairchild asked Mr. 
Rice if he had among bis old papers anything relat- 
ing to the early anti-slavery movement which he 
would contribute to the Oberlin library. When ex- 
amining for these he came upon " an old worn and 
faded manuscript of about 175 pages of small 
quarto,** which proved to be the long-lost manu- 
script of Solomon Spaulding. Comparisons were 
made with the " Book of Mormon,'* and President 
Fairchild says: "The manuscript has no resem- 
blance to the * Book of Mormon * except in some 
very general features. There is not a name or an 
incident common to the two.*' A verbatim copy of 
the manuscript has been issued by the Mormons at 
Larooni, Iowa (1885). See " Who wrote the * Book 
of Mormon,*** by Robert Patterson (Pittsburg, 
1882); "New Light on Mormonism,** by Ellen K. 
Dickinson (New York, 1885) ; and " Early Days of 
Mormonism,** by J. H. Kennedy (New York, 1888). 
SPEAR. Charles, philanthropist, b. in Boston, 
Mass., 1 May, 1801 ; d. in Washington, D. C„ 18 
April, 1863. He became a Universalist minister. 



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SPEAR 



SPEED 



and was settled over societies in Brewster and 
Rockport, Mass., but afterward removed to Boston, 
where he devoted many years to prison-reform, 
urging upon legislatures the adoption of measures 
for the benefit and reformation of convicts. He 
also visited prisons and took discharged convicts 
to his own home, sometimes six at a time, keeping 
them till they found employment During his 
last efforts in behalf of the prisoners of war in 
Washington he contracted a disease which resulted 
in his death. His second wife, Catharine Swan 
Brown, is now (1888) writing his life. He pub- 
lished " Names and Titles of Christ" (Boston, 
1842); "Essays on the Punishment of Death" 
(1844); "Plea for Discharged Convicts" (1844); 
and " Voices from Prison, a selection of poems 
(1849). He edited " The Prisoner's Friend " (Bos- 
ton, 1848-'54), a monthly periodical, and was con- 
nected with several religious newspapers. — His 
brother, John M., also devoted himself to the 
cause of prison - reform near Boston, and wrote 
"Labors for the Prisoner "(Boston, 1848); "Mes- 
sages from the Superior State" (1852); "Twelve 
Discourses on Government" (1853); and "The 
Educator "(vol. i., 1857). 

SPEAR, Ellis, commissioner of patents, b. in 
Warren, Knox co.. Me., 15 Oct, 1884. He was 
graduated at Bowdoin in 1858, entered the Na- 
tional army in August, 1862. as a captain of Maine 
volunteers, was promoted through the intermedi- 
ate grades to colonel, and from October, 1868, till 
February, 1865, commanded a regiment in the 
Army of the Potomac He was brevetted for his 
services at Peebles Farm, where he was in com- 
mand of a brigade while holding the rank of major, 
subsequently received the brevet of colonel for gal- 
lantry in action, and on 9 April, 1865, that of 
brigadier-geneml. He served for a short time as 
inspector of division, and at the close of the war 
was in command of a brigade. He was mustered 
out in July, 1865. In November of that year he 
became an assistant examiner of railway and civil 
engineering in the U. S. patent-office. He was ap- 
pointed examiner in 1868, examiner-in-chief in the 
same bureau in 1872, and assistant commissioner 
of patents in 1874. In 1876 he resigned and en- 
gaged in private business till January, 1877, when 
he was appointed commissioner of patents. He 
held this office till November, 1878, when he again 
resigned. He has since been in practice as an at- 
torney and solicitor in patent cases. 

SPEAR, Samuel P., soldier, b. in Boston, Mass., 
in 1815 ; d. in New York city, 5 May, 1875. He 
enlisted in the U. S. army in 1838, and served in 
the 2d dragoons in the Seminole war and through 
the Mexican campaign, in which he was wounded 
at Cerro Gordo. Subsequently he served on the 
plains against hostile Indians and in the Utah 
expedition, and was long sergeant-major of his 
regiment. In the beginning of the civil war he 
entered the volunteer army as lieutenant-colonel of 
the 11th Pennsylvania cavalry, his commission 
dating from 25 Sept., 1861. The regiment was 
raised as an independent body for scouting service, 
under authority of the secretary of war, but in 
November, 1861, was incorporated in the Pennsyl- 
vania state organization. Spear became its colonel 
on 25 Aug., 1862. He commanded several expedi- 
tions during the war, was brevetted brigadier-gen- 
eral on 13 March, 1865, received severe wounds at 
Five Forks, and resigned on 9 May, 1865. 

SPEAR, Samuel Thayer, clergyman, b. in 
Ballston Spa, N. Y., 4 March, 1812. He was gradu- 
ated at the College of physicians and surgeons, 
New York, in 1833, then studied for the ministry 
vol. v. — 40 



in Troy, N. Y., and was ordained in 1885. In the 
following year he was installed over the 2d Pres- 
byterian church of Lansingburg, N. Y., from 
which he was called in 1848 to the South Presby- 
terian church of Brooklyn, N. Y., holding that 
pastorate till 1871. since which time be has been 
connected editorially with the " Independent" He 
has published " Family Power" (New York, 1846); 
"Religion and State *» (1876); "Constitutionality 
of the Legal-Tender Acts" (revised ed., 1877); 
" The Law of the Federal Judiciary " (1888) ; " The 
Law of Extradition " (revised ed., 1884) ; and " The 
Bible Heaven" (1886). He also published in 
pamphlet-form eighteen sermons on the rebellion, 
delivered during the civil war, and ten essays con- 
tributed to periodicals. He has received the de- 
gree of D. D. from Union college in 1851. 

SPEECE, Conrad, clergyman, b. in New Lon- 
don, Va., 7 Nov., 1776; d. in Staunton, Va., 15 
Feb., 1886. He labored on his father's farm till he 
was sixteen years old, then attended a grammar- 
school near his home, and finished his education 
at Liberty Hall (afterward Washington college). 
He studied divinity, and while a tutor in Hamp- 
den Sidney college in 1799 became a Baptist 
preacher, but he was licensed in 1801 by the presby- 
tery of Hanover. He was appointed to mission- 
ary work, with occasional pastoral charges, in east- 
ern Virginia and Maryland and in the valley west 
of the Blue Ridge till 1818, when he became pastor 
of Augusta church, near Staunton, Va. Here Dr. 
Speece spent the remaining twenty-two years of 
his life. He was among the eminent preachers of 
the day, and of great influence in his denomina- 
tion. He was also noted for his benefactions, and 
especially for his strenuous efforts to promote the 
temperance-reform. He received the degree of 
D. D. from Princeton in 1820. He published " The 
Mountaineer," a volume of essays written in 
1818-'16 after the manner of "The Spectator," 
single sermons (1810-*32) ; and hymns, the most 
important of which is " The Cross of Christ," in 
the general assembly's collection. 

SPEED, James, lawyer, b. in Jefferson county, 
Ky., 11 March, 1812 ; d. there, 25 June, 1887. He 
was graduated at St. Joseph's college, Bardstown, 
Ky., in 1828, studied law at Transylvania, and 
began practice at Louisville. His ancestors were 
identified with that 
state from pioneer 
days, and were active 
participants in the 
best political life of 
the young common- 
wealth. Inheriting a 
repugnance to every 
form of oppression 
and injustice, he was 
naturally opposed to 
slavery, and nis well- 
known opinions on 
that subject prevent- 
ed his taking any 

prominent part in pol- * ^ 

itics until the opening (jOLAsv&A ^kjuuff\ 
of the civil war. He (' * \ 

was then nearly fifty 

years old, but he had established his reputation as 
a jurist and was recognized even by those wholly 
opposed to him on the issues of the time as able, 
consistent, and upright. He also held at this time 
a chair in the law department of the University of 
Louisville. A powerful element in Kentucky 
strove to commit the state to the disunion cause, 
and against that element he exercised all his tal- 



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SPEER 



SPBLMAN 



ents and influence. To him as much as to any one 
man is ascribed the refusal of Kentucky to join the 
Confederacy. He became in early manhood a 
friend of Abraham Lincoln, and their subsequent 
relations continued to be intimate. When the 
war came, he promptly yielded to the president's 
urgent request that he should assist in organizing 
the National troops in his native state, and he de- 
voted himself to the cause of loyalty until 1864, 
when he was made attorney-general of the United 
States. He was a member of the legislature in 
1847, and in 1849 was Emancipation candidate for 
the State constitutional convention, but was de- 
feated by James Guthrie, Pro-slavery. He was a 
Unionist state senator in 1861-*8, mustering officer 
of U. S. volunteers in 1861 for the first call for 
75.000 men, and U. S. attorney-general from 1864 
till 1866, when he resigned from opposition to 
Andrew Johnson's administration. He was also a 
delegate to the Republican conventions of 1872 
and 1876. His last appearance in public was in 
delivering an address on Lincoln before the Loyal 
league of Cincinnati, 4 May, 1887. In 1875 he 
returned to his law professorship. — His brother, 
Joshua Fry, merchant, b. in Jefferson county, 
Ky., 14 Nov., 1814 ; d. in Louisville, Ky.. 29 May, 
1882, was educated at the local schools and at St 
Joseph's college, Bardstown. After leaving col- 
lege ne spent some time as a clerk in a wholesale 
mercantile house in Louisville. He next went to 
Springfield, 111., where he kept a country store for 
seven years, and formed a close and lasting friend- 
ship with Abraham Lincoln, then a young man. 
He took a warm interest in public affairs, and for 
a time assisted in editing a newspaper, and had 
intimate association with men of widely different 
politics and opinions. He returned to Kentucky 
in 18*8 and engaged in farming in Jefferson county. 
In 1843 he was elected to the legislature, but was 
never again willing, though often solicited, to hold 
office. In 1851 he removed to Louisville, gaining 
a handsome fortune in the real-estate business. In 
1861 he embraced with ardor the National cause, 
and was intrusted with many delicate and impor- 
tant missions by President Lincoln, whom he fre- 
quently visited in Washington.— His nephew, John 
Gilmer, b. in 1852, was educated as a civil engi- 
neer, and held the office of assistant city engineer 
of Louisville. In 1876 he became connected with 
the transportation bureau of the United States at 
the World's fair held in Philadelphia, and later he 
went to New York city, where he joined the staff 
of the " World." and was successively its managing 
editor and publisher. Mr. Speed was commis- 
sioner-general of the Louisville American exhibi- 
tion, and in 1885 became its secretary. He has 
contributed to periodicals. 

SPEER, William, missionary, b. in New Alex- 
andria, Pa., 24 April, 1822. He was graduated at 
Kenyon college, Ohio, in 1840, studied medicine 
under his father, a surgeon of Pittsburg, Pa., and 
divinity at the Presbyterian theological seminary, 
Alleghany City. He was licensed to preach in 1846, 
and in the same year was sent with two colleagues 
by the Presbyterian board of foreign missions to es- 
tablish their first mission in Canton, China. He de- 
voted himself specially to hospital work and tract 
distribution. In 1850, having lost his wife and 
child, and with failing health, he returned home. 
In 1852 he was sent on a mission to the Chinese in 
California, as the first preacher in their own tongue. 
He soon established a Chinese school, opened a 
dispensary, lectured on the Chinese in various 
towns, and largely from the funds thus obtained 
built a brick mission-house. He organized the first 



Chinese Christian church in the New World. Ho 
founded, and maintained for two years, M The Ori- 
ental," a religious and secular paper in Chinese and 
English devoted to the interests of the emigrants. 
He greatly influenced religious bodies and thinking 
people toward throwing open to the Chinese the 
benefits of Christian civilization. His efforts led to 
the repeal of the legislative act of l854-'5, designed 
to exclude the Chinese from the mines. After de- 
voting five years to this mission he was again 
obliged to go in quest of health. In 1865 he was 
called to Philadelphia, to be corresponding secre- 
tary of the Presbyterian board of education, which 
he aided in reorganizing, a measure that resulted 
from the reunion of the two branches of the church* 
which took place in 1869. In connection with his 
duties on tne board of education he prepared a 
series of publications, some of which are of per- 
manent value. Relinquishing his educational la- 
bors in 1876, Dr. Speer travelled in Japan and 
China, and has since served the cause of missions 
on both continents. The degree of D. D. was 
conferred upon him in 1866. His works include 
44 China and the United States " (Hartford, ConiL, 
1870); "The Great Revival of 1800" (Philadel- 
phia, 1872); "God's Rule for Christian Giving" 
(1875) ; and sermons, pamphlets, and reviews. 

SPEIGHT, Jesse, senator, b. in Greene county, 
N. C, 22 Sept, 1795 ; d. in Columbus, Miss., 1 May, 
1847. He received a public-school education, was 
a member of the lower house of the legislature in 
1822, and in 1823-'? of the senate, presiding over 
both bodies. In 1829- t 87 he sat in congress, hav- 
ing been chosen as a Democrat, also serving in 
1885 as a member of the convention to revise the 
constitution of North Carolina. Having moved 
to Plymouth, Lowndes co., Miss., he represented 
that county in the legislature in 1839, serving aa 
speaker, and in the senate in 1844, of which he was 
made president In the latter year he was elected 
U. S. senator, serving until his death. 

SPEIR, Samuel Fleet surgeon, b. in Brook- 
lyn, N. Y., 9 April, 188a He was educated at the 
Brooklyn polytechnic institute and at the medical 
department of the University of the city of New 
York, where he was graduated in 1860, with three 
prizes. He also received the prize essay gold 
medal from the American medical association in 
1864. After spending two years in study abroad, 
chiefly in Paris, he settled in his native city, where 
he still (1888) practises his profession. Dr. Speir 
has been connected with various hospitals and dis- 
pensaries, and during the civil war served under 
the U. S. sanitary commission. He has contrib- 
uted to professional literature and is the inventor 
of a new method of arresting surgical hemorrhage 
by artery-constriction, for which he received a 
prize from the State medical society in 1871, and 
of a new method for the differential diagnosis of 
morbid growths, based on the examination of 
minute specimens, 

SPELMAN, Henry, colonist, b. in England 
about 1600 ; d. in Virginia in 1622. He was a son 
of Sir Henry Spelman, the antiquary, and came to 
Virginia in 1609. About 1614 he was one of a 
party under Capt Ratcliff, a councillor for James- 
town, who had gone in some small vessels in search 
of food for the colony. Deceived by the treachery 
of Powhatan, Ratcliff and his party were slain, 
two only escaping. Henry, who was saved by Po- 
cahontas, lived several years among the Indians, 
when he was rescued from Jopassus, the brother of 
Powhatan, by anotherparty that had sailed up the 
Potomac for corn. Having acquired the Indian 
language during his captivity, he was of great use 



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to his countrymen as interpreter till he was killed 
by the savages in 1622. He left in manuscript a 
M Relation of Virginia." It was first owned by 
Dawson Turner, and bought by Lilly, the book- 
seller, in whose hands it remained ten years. Hen ry 
Stevens then bought it for James F. Hunnewell, of 
Charlestown, Mass., who had a small edition print- 
ed privately (London, 1872). 

SPENCE, John, physician, b. in Scotland in 
1766; d. in Dumfries, Va., 18 May, 1829. He was 
educated in the University of Edinburgh, but, 
owing to impaired health, was not graduated. In 
1788 he came to this country, settling in Dumfries, 
Va,, as a private tutor, and, having regained his 
health, entered upon the practice of medicine in 
1791. He was active in introducing vaccination 
into the United States, and acquired distinction in 
his profession. The University of Pennsylvania 
gave him the degree of M. D. in 1828. His corre- 
spondence with Dr. Benjamin Rush in 1806 was 
published in the "Medical Museum of Philadel- 
phia." He also contributed to the " Medical Re- 
pository " and the " American Journal of the Medi- 
cal Sciences," and left several manuscripts on 
medical subjects. 

SPENCE, John Selby, senator, b. near Snow 
Hill, Worcester co., Md., 29 Feb., 1788 ; d. near 
Berlin, Worcester co., Md., 24 Oct, 1840. His an- 
cestors came to Snow Hill from Scotland about 
1680. He was educated at district schools in Wor- 
cester and Somerset counties, received his medical 
degree from the University of Pennsylvania about 
1809, and practised his profession in Maryland un- 
til his death. After serving in the legislature he 
was elected to congress as a Democrat, serving 
from 1 Deo, 1828, till 8 March, 1825, and again 
from 5 Dec, 1881, till 2 March, 1888. He was elect- 
ed U. S. senator to succeed Robert H. Goldsbor- 
ough, serving from 11 Jan., 1887, till his death, 
which occurred at the country-seat of his family 
near Berlin. — His brother Aba served in the legis- 
lature, and was chief justice of the 4th judicial cir- 
cuit of Maryland, comprising the lower counties ; 
and another brother, Irving, was the author of 
" Earlj History of the Presbyterian Church " (Phila- 
delphia, 1888).— His nephew Thomas Adam, law- 
yer, b. in Accomac county, Va., 20 Feb., 1810 ; d. in 
Washington, D. C, 10 Nov., 1877, was graduated 
at Vale in 1829, studied law, was admitted to the 
bar, and practised in Snow Hill, Md. He was 
elected a representative to congress as a Whig and 
served from 4 Dec., 1848, till 8 March, 1845. In 
1872-7 he was assistant attorney-general for the 
U. S. post-office department 

SPENCE, Robert Traill, naval officer, b. in 
Portsmouth, N. H., about 1785 ; d. near Baltimore, 
Md., 26 Sept, 1827. He became a midshipman in 
the U. S. navy in 1800, and was serving under De- 
catur on the captured Tripolitan gun-boat, " No. 
8," when, on 7 Aug., 1804, she was blown up by a 
hot shot that was sent through her magazine. Af- 
ter the explosion, with her stern blown to pieces 
and under water, Spence kept on loading the lon£ 
26- pounder gun forward, nred it, and, with bis 
crew of eleven survivors, gave three cheers, and, 
sitting astride his piece and waving his cap, went 
down into the water, but was rescued. His father, 
Kieth Spence, purser of the U. S. frigate M Phila- 
delphia" when she grounded and was captured, 
as a prisoner in Tripoli was witness of his son's 
valor. Robert was made a lieutenant in 1807 and 
master-commandant in 1818. He was highly com- 
mended by Com. Rogers for his promptness and 
ingenuity m laying obstructions in the way of the 
British fleet off Baltimore, 80 Sept., 1814, and was 



made a post-captain in 1815 at the age of twenty- 
seven. In 1822, on the ** Cyane," as the senior Ameri- 
can naval officer in the West Indies, he issued a 
protest against Francisco Morales, who had threat- 
ened death to Americans in the Spanish Main — an 
act as much applauded at home as it was effective 
at the time and place of danger. In Africa he 
built the first fort at Mesurado, m Liberia. He was 
ordered to command the West India fleet in 1826, 
but died before sailing.— Capt Spence's sons, Cab- 
roll and Charles Lowell Stewart, were after- 
ward in the diplomatic service of the United 
States, the former being minister to, Turkey under 
President Pierce, and the other secretary of lega- 
tion, and afterward envoy to Persia. His sister 
became the mother of James Russell Lowell. 

SPENCER, Asa, soldier, b. in Salisbury, Conn., 
in September, 1747 ; d. in Fort Covington. N. Y., 
in 1828. The first ancestor of the Spencer family, 
William, came from England to Cambridge, Mass., 
in 1681, and again in 1688 with his brothers, 
Thomas and Jared. William and Thomas were 
among the first settlers of Hartford, Conn., the 
former being a landed proprietor, a select-man of 
the town, and a deputy of the general court of 
Connecticut in 1689. He prepared the first revisal 
of the laws of that colony, and died in Hartford in 
1640. His descendant in the fifth generation, Asa, 
served throughout the war of the Revolution, and 
was under Gen. Anthony Wayne at the storming 
of Stony Point He early espoused the principles 
of Democracy under Thomas Jefferson. — His son, 
James Bradley, soldier, b. in Salisbury, Conn., 
26 April, 1781 ; d. in Fort Covington, N. Y., 26 
March, 1848, was an early settler of Franklin 
county, N. Y., raised a company for the war of 
1812, and served as captain in the 29th U. S. in- 
fantry at Plattsburg. Subsequently he was county 
judge and surrogate, and held other local offices 
in Fort Covington, served in the legislature in 
1881-*2, and was elected to congress as a Demo- 
crat, serving from 4 Sept, 1887, till 8 March, 1839. 
—Another son, Abner Peek, settled with his fa- 
ther and brother at Fort Covington, was captain 
in the 29th U. S. infantry in 1812, and, remaining 
in the army, was appointed military governor of 
Arkansas.— James Bradley's son, James Clark, 
iurist, b. in Fort Covington, Franklin co., N. Y., 
29 May, 1826, studied law, was admitted to the bar 
in 1848, and practised in his native town and in 
Ogdensburg until 1865, serving as U. S. district 
attorney for four years. He then removed to New 
York and entered into partnership with Charles 
A. Rapallo. From 1869 till 1872 he was a judge 
of the superior court of New York, afterward prac- 
tising law until 1888, when he was appointed an 
aqueduct commissioner. — William's descendant in 
the fifth generation, Ambrose, jurist b. in Salis- 
bury, Coun. r 18 Dec., 1765; d. in Lyons, N. Y.,,18 
March, 1848, was educated at Yale and Harvard, 
where he was graduated in 1788. He studied law 
under John Canfield, of Sharon, Conn., and settled 
in Hudson, N. Y., where he was appointed city 
clerk in 1786. He was elected to the assembly in 
1798 and in 1795 to the state senate, serving until 
1798, when he was re-elected for four years. He 
was the author of a bill, which became a law, to 
abolish capital punishment in all cases except 
those of treason and murder, substituting impris- 
onment and hard labor. He also secured the erec- 
tion of a state prison near New York city. In 1796 
he was appointed assistant attorney-general of Co- 
lumbia and Rensselaer counties, and in 1802-'4 he 
was attorney-general of the state. In 1804 he be- 
came a justice of the supreme court, of which he 



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SPENCER 



was chief justice from 1819 till 1823. In 1808 he 
was chosen by the legislature, with Peter J. Munro, 
to prepare and report such reforms in the chancery 
system of the state as they should deem expedient 
Judge Spencer possessed energy, resolution, and 
high legal attainments, and was a master of equity 
jurisprudence. He served as a presidential elector 
in 1809. He was the warm friend of De Witt Clin- 
ton, but separated from him on the question of the 
war of 1812, and in that year was active in the 
struggle to prevent the charter of the six-million 
bank. He was a member of the State constitu- 
tional convention of 1821. After he resumed the 
practice of law in Albany he held various local 
offices, and was mayor of that city in 1824-'6. He 
was then elected to congress, serving from 7 Dec., 

1829, till 8 March, 1831, and during his term unit- 
ed with William Wirt and other philanthropists in 
endeavoring to arrest the injustice of the govern- 
ment toward the Cherokees. In 1839 he removed 
to Lyons, N. Y., where he engaged in agriculture. 
He was president of the Whig national convention 
in Baltimore in 1844. The University of Pennsyl- 
vania gave him the degree of LL. D. in 1819 and 
Harvard the same in 1821. His last public act was 
to address a letter to his fellow-citizens in opposi- 
tion to a proposed amendment to the constitution 
providing for an elective judiciary with brief terms 
of office. His decisions are contained in the " New 
York Supreme Court Reports, 1799-1808," edited 
by William Johnson (3 vols., New York, 1808-'12), 
and " New York Chancery Reports " (1814-'28). See 
" Memorial " of Ambrose Spencer (Albany, 1849). 
—His son, John Canfleld, lawyer, b. in Hudson, 
N. Y., 8 Jan., 1788; d. in Albany, N. Y., 18 May, 
1855, was graduated at Union college in 1806, and 
in 1807 became private secretary to Gov. Daniel 

D. Tompkins. He 
was admitted to the 
bar at Canandaigua 
in 1809, became mas- 
ter in chancery in 
1811, judge-ad vocate- 
general in the army 
on the northern fron- 
tier in 1818, postmas- 
ter of Canandaigua in 

1814, and assistant 
attorney -general for 
western New York in 

1815. In that year 
he was also made dis- 
trict attorney. He 

3/> was then elected to 

.& .yOW^vc-C/r congress as a Demo- 
\ crat, serving from 1 

* Dec., 1817, till 3 

March, 1819, and during his term was one of a 
committee to examine the affairs of the U. S. 
bank, and drew up its report. Fifteen years after- 
ward, when Gen. Andrew Jackson was using this 
report against the bank, Mr. Spencer was found 
among its friends. In 1820-'l he was a member 
of the state house of representatives, serving in 
the first year as speaker, and in 1824-'8 he was a 
member of the state senate, being a leader of the 
Clinton faction. In 1827 he was appointed by 
Gov. De Witt Clinton one of the board to revise 
the statutes of New York, and took an impor- 
tant part in that task. Joining the anti-Masonic 
party, he was appointed special attorney-general to 

Srosecute those that were connected with the ab- 
uction of William Morgan, but resigned in May, 

1830, having involved liimself in a controversy 
with Gov. Enos T. Throop. In 1832 he was again 



elected to the legislature, and in 1889-'40 he was 
secretary of state and superintendent of common 
schools. He was appointed U. S. secretary of war 
on 12 Oct, 1841, and on 3 March, 1848, was trans- 
ferred to the treasury department, but, opposing 
the annexation of Texas, resigned on 2 May, 1844, 
and resumed the practice of law. He served on 
many state commissions and aided in the organiza- 
tion of the State asylum for idiots. In 1840 he 
was made a regent of Union college, which gave 
him the degree of LL. D. in 1849. He published 
an edition of Henry Reeve's translation of De 
Tooqueville's " Democracy in America," contribut- 
ing a preface and notes (2 vols., New York, 1838), 
and also, with John Duer and Benjamin F. Butler, 
a ** Revision of the Statutes of New York " (3 voUl, 
Albany, 1848). See " Review of John C. Spencer's 
Legal and Political Career," by Lucien B. Proctor 
(New York, 1886).— Another son of Ambrose, Will- 
iam Ambrose, naval officer, b. in New York in 
1793; d. in New York city, 3 March, 1854, was ap- 
pointed midshipman in the U. S. navy, 15 Nov., 
1809, became lieutenant on 9 Dec, 1814, com- 
mander on 3 March, 1818, and captain, 22 Jan-, 
1841, and resigned on 9 Dec, 1843. He was act- 
ing lieutenant m Com. Thomas Macdonough's vic- 
tory on Lake Champlain, 11 Sept., 1814.— Another 
son of Ambrose, Theodore, clergyman, b. in Hud- 
son, N. Y., 24 April, 1800; d. in Utica, N.'Y., 14 
June, 1870. He entered the U. S. military academy, 
but left it to study law; and, beginning to practise 
in Auburn, N. Y., became district attorney for Ca- 
yuga county. Afterward he studied theology, was 
pastor of the 2d Congregational church in Rome, 
and preached also in Utica. Retiring from active 
work, owing to impaired health, he was made sec- 
retary of the American home missionary society 
for central and northern New York. He was the 
author of '* Conversion, its Theory and Process 
Practically Delineated" (New York, 1854), and 
other theological works. — Thomas's descendant in 
the sixth generation, Ichabod Smith, clergyman, 
b. in Rupert, Vt., 28 Feb., 1796; d. in Brooklyn, 
N. V., 28 Nov., 1854, was graduated at Union in 
1822 and was principal of the grammar-school in 
Schenectady, N. Y., until 1825, and of an academy 
in Canandaigua, N. Y., until 1828. After studying 
theology be was licensed by the presbytery of Ge- 
neva in 1826, and on 11 Sept, 1828, was appointed 
colleague pastor, with the Rev. Solomon Williams, 
of the Congregational church in Northampton, 
Mass., remaining until 1882. He then became pas- 
tor of the 2d Presbyterian church of Brooklyn, 
N. Y., which charge he held until his death. From 
1836 till 1840 he was professor extraordinary of 
biblical history in Union theological seminary, 
New York, of which institution he was a founder. 
In 1830 he was offered the presidency of the Uni- 
versity of Alabama and in 1832 that of Hamilton. 
The latter college gave him the degree of D. D. in 
1841. His best-known publication is his M Pastor's 
Sketches," which passed through many editions, 
and was republished in England and France (2 
series. New York, 1850-*3). After his death ap- 
peared •* Sermons," with a memoir by the Rev. 
James M. Sherwood (2 vols., 1855); " Sacramental 
Discourses " (1861) ; and " Evidences of Divine 
Revelation" (1865). — Jared's descendant in the 
fourth generation, Joseph, soldier, b. in East H ad- 
dam, Conn., in 1714; d. there, 18 Jan., 1789, joined 
the northern army in 1758, and was major in the 
2d Connecticut regiment under Col. Nathaniel 
Whiting. He served as lieutenant-colonel in the 
two following campaigns, rose to the rank of colonel, 
and was one of the eight brigadier-generals ap- 



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SPENCER 



pointed by congress at the instance of Gen. Wash- 
ington on 22 June, 1775. Taking offence when 
Gen. Israel Putnam, a younger officer, was appoint- 
ed over him, he was about to retire from the army, 
but, deciding to remain, served near Boston until 
its evacuation, and then marched with his division 
to the defence of New York. On 9 Aug., 1776, he 
was appointed major-general, and opposed the 
evacuation of New York. Gen. Spencer was 
ordered in 1778 to take command at Rhode Island, 
which was surrounded by Admiral Sir Peter Par- 
ker. The British army having taken possession of 
Newport, Gen. Spencer assembled a large force at 
Providence, but the enterprise proved a failure, 
and, after remaining in the vicinity for several 
weeks, the militia was dismissed. Gen. Spencer 
was censured for the failure of this expedition, but 
a court of inquiry attributed the result to forces be- 
yond his control. He resigned on 14 June, 1778, 
in consequence of an order of congress to inquire 
into the reasons for his failure, and afterward ap- 
peared but little in public life. — His brother. 
El ill a, clergyman, b. in East Haddam, Conn., 12 
Feb., 1721 ; d. in Trenton, N. J., 27 Dec, 1784, was 
graduated at Yale in 1746, and, with a view to be- 
coming a missionary to the Indians of the Six Na- 
tions, studied their dialect and prepared himself 
for this office under the Rev. John Brainerd and 
Jonathan Edwards, accompanying the latter to the 
Indian conference in Albany in 1748. He was or- 
dained on 14 Sept., 1748, and, after laboring in 
western New York, was appointed pastor of the 
Presbyterian church in Elizabeth, N. J., in 1750, 
holding this charge until 1756, when he was called 
to the Presbyterian church of Jamaica, L. I. 
About 1758 he was appointed by Gov. James De 
Lancey chaplain of the New York troops that 
were forming for service in the French war, after 
which he labored in the contiguous congregations 
of Shrewsbury, Middletown Point, Shark River, 
and Ambov, N. J. In 1764 he was sent by the 
synod of New York and Philadelphia with the 
Rev. Alexander McWhorter on a mission to organ- 
ize the irregular congregations of North Carolina, 
which district they again visited in 1775 at the re- 
quest of the Provincial congress of that colony. As 
he bad contributed to the cause of independence, 
the Tories were embittered toward him, and on 
one occasion burned books and papers of his that 
had fallen into their possession. From 1760 until 
his death he was pastor of the Presbyterian church 
in Trenton, N. J. He was frequently called 
"Readymoney Spencer," from his facility in ex- 
tempore address. From 1752 until his death he 
was a guardian of Princeton college. The Univer- 
sity of Pennsylvania gave him the degree of D. D. 
in 1782. In 1759 he wrote a letter to the Rev. 
Ezra Stiles, afterward president of Yale, on " The 
State of the Dissenting Interest in the Middle 
Colonies of America," which was published and 
attracted attention. 

SPENCER, Aubrey George, colonial Anglican 
bishop, b. in London, England, 12 Feb., 1785 ; d. in 
Torquay, England, 24 Feb., 1872. He was the 
eldest son of William Robert, who was well known 
in England as a wit and poet of society, and his 
brother, George Trevor, was bishop of Madras in 
1837-49, and chancellor of St Paul's cathedral, 
London, in I860. After receiving his education 
at Oxford he held several curacies in England, 
and was appointed archdeacon of Bermuda in 1812, 
bishop of Newfoundland in 1839, and bishop of 
Jamaica, W. I., in 1843. He published a volume of 
"Sermons on Various Subjects" (London, 1827), 
and numerous fugitive poems. 



SPENCER, Cornelia Phillips, author, b. in 
Harlem, N. Y., 20 March, 1825. She is the daugh- 
ter of the Rev. James Phillips (q. t\), who was pro- 
fessor of mathematics in the University of North 
Carolina at Chapel Hill. She was educated there, 
and married James M. Spencer, of Alabama, who 
died in 1861. Mrs. Spencer has contributed to cur- 
rent literature, and is the author of " The Last 
Ninety Days of the War " (New York, 1867). She is 
now (1888) writing a ** History of North Carolina." 

SPENCER, Francis Ellas, jurist, b. in Ticon- 
deroga, Essex co., N. Y., 25 Sept, 1834. When he 
was twelve years of age his parents removed to 
Plainfield, 111. Hearing exciting accounts of the 
wealth that was to be acquired in California, be re- 
moved to that state in 1852 and located at San 
Jose, where he has since resided. Soon after his 
arrival he began the study of the law, was admitted 
to the bar in 1858, and soon secured an extensive 
practice. In 1861 he was elected district attorney 
of Santa Clara county, which office he filled until 
March, 1866. Desiring to make a specialty of land 
practice, he studied the Spanish language and made 
himself thoroughly familiar with the legislation of 
Spain and Mexico regarding real property. In 1871 
he was elected to the lower branch of the legisla- 
ture as a Republican, and was made chairman of the 
judiciary committee. In that capacity he was of 
great assistance to his colleagues in shaping the 
code legislation of the session. At its close he re- 
tired from polit ical life. In 1879 he was elevated to 
the bench of the superior court of Santa Clara 
county, where he still (1888) remains. For a num- 
ber of years he was a member of the board of fund 
commissioners of the city of San Jose\ and was 
mainly instrumental in settling its title to the large 
body of its Puebla lands. He has recently been 
appointed a trustee of the Leland Stanford, Jr., 
university, California. 

SPENCER, Frederick R., artist, b. in Lennox, 
Madison co., N. Y., 7 Jan., 1806 ; d. in Wampoville, 
N. Y., 8 April, 1875. He had some instruction at 
the American academy, New York, and about 1830 
settled in that city, in 1837 he was elected an as- 
sociate ci the National academy, and in 1846 he 
became an academician. His portraits were gen- 
erally successful, and he had many well-known 
sitters, among them Robert E. Launitz, Thomas 
Thompson, and Zadock Pratt. The National acad- 
emy owns his portrait of Edwin White. 

SPENCER, George Eliphaz, senator, b. in 
Jefferson county, N. Y., 1 Nov., 1836. He was edu- 
cated in Montreal, Canada, and after studying law 
was admitted to the Iowa bar in 1856. Two years 
later he was secretary of the Iowa senate, and in 
October, 1862, he entered the National army as 
assistant adjutant-general, with the rank of cap- 
tain. In the autumn of 1863 he recruited the 1st 
Alabama cavalry, of which he became colonel, and 
during Gen. William T. Sherman's march to the sea 
he commanded a brigade of cavalry under Gen. 
Judson Kilpatrick in the Army of the Tennessee, 
He received the brevet of brigadier-general of vol- 
unteers on 13 March, 1865, and resigned from the 
army on 4 July of that year. In May, 1867, he was 
appointed register in bankruptcy for the 4th dis- 
trict of Alabama, and he was also chosen U. S. 
senator from that state as a Republican, serving 
with re-election from 25 July, 1868, till 3 March, 
1879. After he had left the senate he was active 
in the prosecution that led to the exposure of the 
star-route frauds, and in furthering the legislation 
that reduced letter postage to two cents. In 1881 
he was appointed commissioner of the Union Pacific 
railroad, and he has since engaged in ranching and 



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SPENCER 



mining business in Nevada.— His first wife, Bella 
Zilfa, b. in London, England, 1 March, 1840 ; d. in 
Tuscaloosa, Ala., 1 Aug., 1867, came to this country 
in infancy, and married Gen. Spencer in 1862. She 
published "Ora, the Lost Wife" (Philadelphia, 
1864) ; " Tried and True, a Story of the Rebellion " 
(Springfield, 1866); and "Surface and Depth" 
( 867).— His second wife, William Lorlnp, b. in 
IX Augustine, Fla., is a niece of Gen. William W. 
L oring, and daughter of Albert A. Nunez. She is 
c k lled ** Major," perhaps because of her masculine 
name. She married uen. Spencer in 1877. She 
1 as published " Salt-Lake Fruit " (Boston, 1888) ; 
" Story of Mary " (New York, 1884 ; republished as 
"Dennis Day, Carpet- Bagger," 1887); "A Plucky 
One " (1887) ; and " Calamity Jane " (1887). 

SPENCER, Jesse Ames, clergyman, b. in Hyde 
Park, Dutchess co., N. Y., 17 June, 1816. His 
father and family removed in 1826 to New York, 
where he entered a printing-office in 1830, and in 
two and a half years mastered the compositor's art. 
For several years he was assistant to his father, 
who was a city surveyor. He was graduated at 
Columbia in 1837, and at the Episcopal general 
theological seminary in 1840. While a student he 
was actively engaged in Sunday-school work in 
what was then a new part of the city. He was or- 
dained deacon, 28 June, 1840, by Bishop Benjamin 
T. Onderdonk, and priest, 28 July, 1841 by the 
same bishop. He was elected rector of the church 
in Goshen in 1840. After two years* labor in his 
parish his health failed, and he spent a winter in 
Nice, on the Mediterranean. On returning he was 
occupied in educational and various literary pur- 
suits. A return of illness led to his going abroad 
again, and in 1848-*9 he travelled in Europe, Egypt, 
and the Holy Land. He was chosen to be secre- 
tary and editor of the General Protestant Episcopal 
Sunday-school union and Church book society in 
1851, and served in that capacity until 1857. He 
accepted the rectorship of St. Paul's church, Flat- 
bush, N. Y., in 1868, which post he held for two 
years. He was elected professor of the Greek lan- 
guage and literature in the College of the city of 
New York in 1869, and discharged the duties of this 
department for ten years of active service, with two 
years as emeritus professor. In 1883 he was ap- 
pointed custodian of the Standard Bible, and has de- 
voted his time to authorship, editing, and teaching. 
He received the degree of S. T. D. from Columbia 
in 1852, and from Trinity in 1872. Dr. Spencer has 
published " The Christian instructed in the Ways 
of the Gospel and the Church" (New York, 1844); 
" History of the Reformation in England" (1846); 
" The East : Sketches of Travel in Egypt and the 
Holy Land " (1850) ; " History of the United States 
from the Earliest Period to the Death of President 
Lincoln" (4 vols., 1856-'69); "Greek Praxis" 
(1870) ; " The Young Ruler who had Great Posses- 
sions, and other Discourses " (1871) ; " A Course of 
English Reading" (1878); "Sketch of the History 
of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United 
States " (1878) ; and " Five Last Things, Studies 
in Eschatology" (1887). He edited "The New 
Testament in Greek, with Critical and Exegetical 
Notes on the Gospels and Acts of the Apostles" 
(New York, 1847); "Cesar's Commentaries, with 
Copious Notes and Lexicon " (1848) ; the " Arnold 
Series of Greek and Latin Books" (1846-'56); 
"Richard Chenevix Trench's Poems" (1856): 
" Xenophon's Anabasis," from the manuscripts of 
Alpheus Crosby (1875); and "Origen's Works," 
vol. iv. in " Ante-Nicene Library " (Buffalo, 1885). 

SPENCER, Joseph William, geologist, b. in 
Dundas, Canada, 26 March, 1850. He was gradu- 



ated at McGill university, Montreal, in 1874, with 
first honors in geology and mineralogy, and then 
studied at the University of Gottinren, where, in 
1877, he received the degree of Ph. D. On his re- 
turn in 1877 he became science master in the Col- 
legiate institute of Hamilton, Ontario, and in 1880 
professor of geology and allied subjects in King's 
college, Nova Scotia, and vice-president of the 
same. In 1882 he was elected professor of geology 
in the University of Missouri, which chair he now 
(1888) holds. Tlie museum building of this uni- 
versity, which is the largest west of Washington, 
D. C, was designed by him and erected under his 
supervision, and he also obtained the large zoologi- 
cal collection and procured the private cabinets 
of Prof. Joseph G. Norwood and Prof. George C. 
Swallow for the geological department Dr. Spen- 
cer's work has been mainly in questions relating 
to surface and glacial phenomena both in America 
and Europe, and he was one of the pioneers in this 
country in the department of lacustrine geology. 
Dr. Spencer is a fellow of the Geological society of 
London, and of the American association for the 
advancement of science, and a member of other 
scientific societies in the United States and Canada. 
His scientific papers exceed thirty in number. 

SPENCER, Pitman Carting, surgeon, b. in 
Charlotte county, Va., in 1790; d. in Petersburg, 
Va., in February, 1861. He was graduated at the 
medical department of the University of Pennsyl- 
vania in 1818, and settling in Nottoway county, 
Va., practised there for fifteen years, after which 
he went to Europe to pursue his studies. On his 
return he settled in Petersburg and devoted himself 
to surgery. He was a successful lithotomist, and 
claimed to be the first to practise this branch of 
surgery in this country. 

SPENCER, Piatt Rogers, originator of the 
Spencenan system of penmanship, b. in East Fish- 
kill, Dutchess co., N. Y., 7 Nov., 1800; d. in Gen- 
eva, Ashtabula co., Ohio, 16 May, 1864. His father, 
Caleb, a farmer and soldier of the Revolution, died 
in 1806, and in 1810 the family removed to Jeffer- 
son, Ashtabula co., Ohio, then a wilderness. The 
son was passionately fond of writing. Paper being 
difficult to get, he wrote on birch-bark, sand, ice, 
snow, the fly-leaves of his mother's Bible, and bv 
permission of a cobbler, upon the leather in his 
shop. In 1815 he taught his first writing-class. 
From 1816 till 1821 he was a clerk and book-keep- 
er, and from 1821 till 1824 he studied law, Latin, 
English literature, and penmanship, taught in a 
common school, and wrote up merchants' books. 
In 1824 he contemplated entering college with a 
view to preparing for the ministry, /but, being a vic- 
tim of inherited alcoholism aggravated by the preva- 
lent drinking customs, be fell and his plans were 
changed. He then taught in New York and Ohio, 
In 1832 he became a total abstainer, and was, as be 
believed, the first public advocate in this country 
of that principle, for which he labored during the 
remainder of his life. Soon after his reformation 
he was elected to public office, and was county 
treasurer twelve years. He was instrumental in 
collecting the early history of Ashtabula county, 
and was deeply interested in American history. He 
early engaged actively in the anti-slavery move- 
ment and was an advocate of universal liberty. 
Through his work and influence as a teacher, by 
his system of penmanship, through his pupils, and 
by his public addresses and encouragement, he was 
instrumental in founding the business colleges of 
the United States and in promoting their growth 
and development In the winter of 1864 Mr. 
Spencer delivered before the business college in 



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Brooklyn, N. Y., his last lecture, and gave his last 
course of lessons in the business college in New 
York city. His first publications on penmanship 
were issued in 1848 under the name of " Spencer 
and Rice's System of Business and Ladies Pen- 
manship," later published under the title of ** Spen- 
cerian or Semi-Angular Penmanship." His other 
publications on penmanship appeared from 1855 
till 1863. The "New Spencenan Compendium," 
issued in parts, was completed in 1886. 

SPENCER, Sara Andrews, reformer, b. in 
Savona, Steuben co., N. Y., 21 Oct, 1837. Her 
maiden name was Andrews. After graduation at 
the normal school of St. Louis, Mo., in 1856, she 
taught until she married Henry C. Spencer, a son 
of Piatt R. Spencer, in 1864 and removed to Wash- 
ington, D. C. On 14 April, 1871, Mrs. Spencer and 
seventy-two other women of Washington attempted 
to register and vote, but were refused. She then 
brought suit in the supreme court of the District, 
and Judge David K. Cartter's decision that " women 
are citizens but have not the right to vote without 
local legislation " was reaffirmed by the U. S. su- 
preme court in 1874. In 1871-'2 Mrs. Spencer de- 
feated the pending bill to license the " social evil " 
in Washington. In 1873 she secured a bill from 
the District of Columbia legislature for the reform 
of outcast girls, and she was also the author of a 
bill in congress for a girls* reform-school (1876). 
Prom 1874 till 1881 she was secretary of the Na- 
tional woman suffrage association, which she repre- 
sented at the Republican presidential convention 
in Cincinnati in 1876, ana delivered an address. 
She also engrossed and signed the woman's decla- 
ration of rights, presented at the Centennial cele- 
bration in Philadelphia. In 1871 -'6 she was presi- 
dent of the District of Columbia woman franchise 
association, and is general secretary of the Charity 
organization society of the District of Columbia. 
She has published " Problems on the Woman Ques- 
tion " (Washington, 1871), and " Thirty Lessons in 
the English Language" (1873). 

SPENCER, Thomas, physician, b. in Great 
Barrington, Mass., in 1793 ; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 
30 May, 1857. From 1835 till 1850 he was pro- 
fessor of the theory and practice of medicine in 
Geneva (now Hobart) college, N. Y., and subse- 
quently he held chairs in medical colleges in Chicago 
and Philadelphia. Dr. Spencer served as surgeon 
in the army during the war with Mexico. He was 
president of the New York medical association, and 
was the author of " Practical Observations on Epi- 
demic Diarrhoea known as Cholera " (Utica, 1832) ; 
"Introductory Lecture at Medical Institute of 
Geneva College " (1842) : " Lectures on Vital Chem- 
istry, or Animal Heat " (Geneva, 1844-'5) ; and a 
papier on " The Atomic Theory of Life and Vital 
Heat" (1853). See "Memoir of Dr. Spencer," by 
Sylvester D. Willard, M. D. (Albany, 1858). 

SPICER, William Francis, naval officer, b. in 
New York city, 7 Feb., 1820; d. in the Boston 
navy-vard, 29 Nov., 1878. He entered the navy as 
a midshipman, 21 June, 1839, attended the naval 
school at Philadelphia in 1843-'5, and became a 
passed midshipman, 2 July, 1845. He cruised in 
the steamer " Vixen " during the latter part of the 
Mexican war in 1846-'8, participating in the cap- 
ture of Tuspan, and was promoted to master, 28 
June, 1853, and, lieutenant, 25 Feb., 1854. His first 
service during the civil war was in the steam frigate 
** Niagara" in 1861. He was commissioned lieu- 
tenant-commander, 16 July. 1862, and commander, 
2 Jan., 1863, served in the North Atlantic blockad- 
ing squadron in command of the steamer " Cam- 
bridge," and took part in the attacks on Fort Fisher 



in 1863-*5. He was commissioned captain, 22 April, 
1870, and commanded the monitor "Dictator" 
in 1874-'5 during the threatened war with Spain 
on account of the " Virginius " affair, after wnich 
he was at the rendezvous at Boston in 1875-'6. 
He was made commodore, 25 April, 1877, and was 
commandant of the Boston navy-yard until his 
death. He was well known as a poet and musician, 
and was the author of several popular ballads, 
among which are " Absent Friends and vou, Mary," 
"The Gale," " Manhattan's Dear Isle, "Ah, who 
can tell 1 " " The Commodore's Return," " Death at 
Sea," "Coming Home," "All Hands, up Anchor," 
"The Old Relief," " Off Scilly's Isles," " Adeline," 
"Maurice," "The Norfolk Girls," "The Date of 
'39," and "The Last Voyage." 

SPIEKER, George Frederick, theologian, b. 
in Elk Ridge Landing, Howard co., Md., 17 Nov., 
1844. He was graduated at Baltimore city college 
in 1863, and studied in Gettysburg theological 
seminary and in the Lutheran seminarv in Phila- 
delphia, where he was graduated in 1867. In the 
same year he was ordained to the ministry by 
the ministerium of Pennsylvania. He received 
the degree of D. D. in 1887'from Roanoke college, 
Salem, Va. In 1864 he was called to the professor- 
ship of German in the Philadelphia theological 
seminary, which post he occupied: till 1866. Im- 
mediately after his graduation there he was called 
to the professorship of German in the Keystone 
state normal school, Kutztown, where he remained 
in 1867-'8. On his removal thither he became pas- 
tor of Lutheran congregations in and near Kutz- 
town, which he served till 1883. Since October, 
1883, he has been the pastor of St. Michael's Lu- 
theran congregation, AUentown, Pa. He has been 
professor of Hebrew in Muhlenberg college, Allen- 
town, since 1887, president of its board of trustees 
since 1886, and examiner in doctrinal theology of 
the ministerium of Pennsylvania since 1882. He 
is an occasional contributor to periodicals, and was 
associate editor of the "Lutheran Church Review," 
Philadelphia, in 1883-'5. He has published " Hut- 
ter's Compend of Lutheran Theology," translated, 
with Dr. Henry E. Jacobs (Philadelphia, 1868), 
and " Wildenhahn's Martin Luther, translated 
from the German (1883). 

SPIELBERGEN, Geor* van (speel'-bare-ffen), 
Dutch navigator, b. in Muyden in 1557; a. in 
Amsterdam in 1621. He had acquired reputa- 
tion as a pilot, and commanded in 1601 an expe- 
dition to explore the coast of Africa and the In- 
dies, and in 1614 he was given charge of a fleet 
of seven vessels, with orders to reach the Indies 
by the Strait of Magellan. Sailing from Texel, 8 
Aug., 1614, he ravaged the coast of Brazil, and, af- 
ter several engagements with the Portuguese, he 
wintered upon the Patagonian coast On 7 March, 
1615, he sighted the Cape of the Virgins, but was 
driven back bv winds and currents, and entered 
the Strait of Magellan, 1 April, and the Pacific on 
6 May, after the loss of a vessel After touching 
at Chiloe, he landed on the island of Santa Maria, 
where he destroyed the Spanish establishments. 
He attacked Valparaiso, put to flight a Spanish 
fleet of six vessels near Callao on 17 July, and en- 
tered that port on 21 July, but went to the island 
of San Lorenzo for repairs. After trying to burn 
the city of Paita in December, he sailed for the 
Asiatic eoust. He visited the Ladrone archipel- 
ago, and, after being defeated in the Philippine 
islands by Admiral Konquillo, he arrived in Ba- 
tavia, where he seized the vessel of Schouten and 
Lemaire (q. v.). returning safely to Texel in Au- 
gust, 1618. The journal of the voyage of Spielber- 



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SPINOLA 



gen by Jabob Cornel issen Maiz, secretary of the 
admiral, was published under the title "Specu- 
lum orientalis, occidentalisque Indue navigationis, 
auarum una Georgii a Spielbergen, altera Jacobi 
Lemaire, auspiciis direct* est, annis 1614 usque 
1618" (Leyden, 1619; French translation, Am- 
sterdam. 1621 ; German translation, Frankfort, 
1625). It is reprinted in Samuel Purchas's •• Pil- 
grims," and epitomized in James Burney's "Dis- 
coveries in the South Sea" (London, 1808-*17). 

SPIES, August Vincent Theodore, anarchist, 
b. in Landeck, Germany, 10 Dec., 1865 ; d. in Chi- 
cago, 111., 11 Nov., 1887. In 1871 he came to the 
United States and learned the upholsterer's trade in 
Chicago. In 1876 he became interested in the labor 
movement, and the next year joined the Socialists. 
He became in 1880 publisher of the "Arbeiter- 
Zeitung," and in 1884 its editor and business mana- 
ger. He was a ready writer and speaker, of good 
moral character, and had great influence with 
those of socialistic tendencies. He first became 
well known by his conrtection with the labor 
troubles in Chicago in the spring of 1886. His 
paper advocated anarchy, ana his speeches, when 
referring to the government and the customs of 
his adopted country, were bitter, denunciatory, 
and defiant. On 3 May labor strikes and mob 
? iolence had closed most of the machine-shops and 
manufactories in Chicago. A crowd, estimated to 
contain 12.000 men, carrying the national flag re- 
versed, assembled to wreak vengeance upon those 
that continued to work. An attack was made 
upon the latter. They were defended by the po- 
lice, who shot five rioters, arrested eleven, and dis- 
Sersed the mob, which an hour before was ad- 
ressed by Spies from the top of a freight-car. 
Spies went to his office, indited a M Revenge Cir- 
cular," which was printed and circulated, sum- 
moning the workmen to arms to destroy the 
police. Another one, calling a meeting for the 
next day at Haymarket square, urged workmen to 
come armed ana in full force. In the evening a 
large crowd assembled, and were addressed by 
Spies and others, when 180 policemen advanced 
and the crowd was ordered to disperse, whereupon a 
bomb was thrown into the midst of the police and 
exploded. Sixty-two policemen were wounded, 
one was killed on the spot, some others died of 
their wounds, and many were maimed for life. 
Great excitement prevailed in the city, and many 
arrests were made of those that were supposed to 
be instigators of the Haymarket massacre. All 
were discharged but seven — Spies ; George Engel, 
a native of Hesse, Germany (b. 15 April, 1836) ; 
Oscar Neebe, a tinner (b. 2 July, 1850, and educated 
in Germany); Adolph Fischer, a printer, and 
native of Bremen, Germany (b. in 1861); Louis 
Lingg, a carpenter (b. 9 Sept., 1864, at Carlsruhe, 
Germany); Michael Schwab, a journalist (b. in 
Bavaria, Aug., 1858) ; and Samuel Fielden (b. in 
Throckmorton, England, 25 Feb., 1847). These 
were indicted by the grand jury, and arraigned in 
court for murder on 21 June. Albert R. Farsons, 
a native of Montgomery. Ala. (b. 24 June, 1848), 
who had been indicted but had escaped arrest, 
k ve himself up to be tried with his associates, 
le trial continued till 20 Aug. All were found 
ilty and all sentenced to death except Oscar 
Neebe, who was sent to the state-prison. They 
remained in Cook county jail till November, 1887. 
Louis Lingg committed suicide by exploding a 
dynamite bomb in his mouth on the 9th. The 
death-sentence of Schwab and Fielden was com- 
muted to imprisonment for life on the 10th,' and 
the remaining four were hanged on 11 Nov., 1887. 



e 



SPINNER, Francis Ellas, financier, b. in 
German Flats (now Mohawk), N. Y, 21 Jan, 1802. 
His father, John Peter (b. in Werbach. Baden, 18 
Jan., 1768; d. in German Flats, 27 May, 1848), 
officiated for twelve years as a Roman Catholic 
priest, then embraced Protestantism, married, emi- 
grated to the United States in 1801, and was pas- 
tor of Reformed churches at Herkimer and German 
Flats until his death, preaching at first in German 
alone, and afterward alternately in German and 
English. The son was educated carefully by his 
father, who required him to learn a trade, and ap- 
prenticed him at first to a confectioner in Albany, 
and afterward to a saddler in Amsterdam, N. Y. 
He engaged in trade at Herkimer in 1824, and 
became deputy sheriff of the county in 1829. He 
was active in the militia organization, and by 1834 
had . reached the grade of major-general. In 1835-*7 
he was sheriff, and in 1838-'9 commissioner for 
building the state lunatic asylum at Utica. When 
he was removed from this post, on political grounds 
alone, he became cashier of a bank at Mohawk, of 
which he was afterward president for many years. 
He held various local offices, was auditor ana dep- 
uty naval officer in the naval office at New York 
in 1845-'9, and in 1854 was elected to congress 
as an anti-slavery Democrat. He served on the 
committee on privileges and elections, on a special 
committee to investigate the assault made by 
Preston Brooks on Charles Sumner, and on a con- 
ference committee of both houses on the army 
appropriation bill, which the senate had rejected 
on account of a clause that forbade the use of the 
military againt Kansas settlers. Gen. Spinner was 
an active Republican from the formation of the 
party. He was twice re-elected to congress, serv- 
ing altogether from 3 Dec, 1855, till 8 March* 
1861. During his last term he was the chairman 
of the committee on accounts. When the Lin- 
coln administration was organized, Sec. Salmon 
P. Chase selected him for the post of treasurer, 
which he filled, under successive presidents, from 
16 March, 1861, till 30 June, 1875. When, during 
the war, many of the clerks joined the army, Gen. 
Spinner suggested to Sec. Chase the advisability 
or employing women in the government offices, ana 
carried into effect this innovation, though not 
without much opposition. He signed the different 
series of paper money in a singular handwriting, 
which he cultivated in order to nrevent counter- 
feiting. When he resigned his omce the money in 
the treasury was counted, and when the result 
showed a very small discrepancy, many days were 
spent in recounting and examining the books of 
accounts, until finally the mistake was discovered. 
On retiring from office he went to the south for 
the benefit of his health, and for some years he has 
lived in camp at Pablo Beach, Florida. 

SPINOLA, Francis B., soldier, b. in Stony 
Brook, Long Island, N. Y., 19 March, 1821. He 
was educated at Quaker Hill academy, Dutchess 
co., N. Y., and engaged in business in New York 
city, where he was elected alderman and supervisor. 
He subsequently served as a member of the assem- 
bly and as a state senator, and in 1860 was a dele- 
gate to the Democratic National convention at 
Charleston, S. C. In 1862 he raised the Empire 
brigade of New York state volunteers, and on 1 
Oct. he was commissioned as brigadier -general. 
He served in the National army tilfthe close of the 
war, resigning on 8 June, 1865. He was subse- 
quently connected with banking and insurance 
companies in New York city, returned to the state 
senate, and in 1886 was elected to congress for the 
term that will end on 8 March, 1889. 



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SPIRE 



SPOPPOBD 



SPIRE, or SPEIER, George Ton. governor 
of Venezuela, b. in Spire, Germany, about 1496 ; 
d. in Coro, Venezuela, in 1540. He entered as a 
boy the banking-house of the famous Welsers, of 
Augsburg, and worked his way up as their confi- 
dential agent, accompanying in the latter capa- 
city the fleet that was armed by the Welsers in 
1528, and sent under Ambrosius von Alflnger to 
conquer Venezuela. Returning to Europe after 
Alflnger's death, Spire obtained from Charles V. 
the appointment of governor of Venezuela, despite 
the claims of Nicholas Federmann, who had been 
Alflnger's lieutenant. He armed a new expedition 
in Spain and the Canary islands, and on 22 Feb., 
1584, landed at Coro. Against Welser's advice, 
Spire had appointed Federmann his lieutenant. 
In the following year, accompanied by 450 regular 
troops and 1,500 friendly Indians, they set out on 
a journey of exploration to the interior. After 
marching together for about 200 miles, they di- 
vided into two parties, agreeing to meet afterward. 
Spire experienced great hardships from hostile In- 
dians, and the soldiers, unaccustomed to march 
under a burning sun, mutinied several times. 
When at last they reached the appointed place of 
meeting without finding any trace of Federmann, 
the soldiers were discouraged, but Spire animated 
them with the hope of discovering the riches of the 
" El Dorado," of which the survivors of Alflnger's 
expedition had brought the first reports. They 
continued the march to the south, but, when the 
rainy season set in, the overflow of the rivers im- 
peded progress, and the consequent fevers deci- 
mated their ranks. Spire persevered for a long 
time in his search for tne El Dorado, until at last 
his progress was arrested by a mighty river, prob- 
ably the Orinoco, or its confluent, the Apure, and 
early in 1589 he returned to Core with only eighty 
ragged and sickly men out of the host he had led 
forth more than four years before. He set out 
immediately for Europe to lay his complaint 
against Federmann before the Welsers, but heard 
in Santo Domingo of the former's return to Spain, 
and was persuaded by the audiencia to return to his 
government, where he died soon afterward. Spire's 
narrative to Charles V., which, he sent from Santo 
Domingo, is said to have been published, but no 
copy of it is known to exist. It is hoped that the 
manuscript may be among the papers in the ar- 
chives at Simancas, of which the Spanish govern- 
ment has recently undertaken the publication. 

SPITZKA, Edward Charles, physician, b. in 
New York city, 10 Nov., 1852. He was educated 
at the College of the city of New York, and 
graduated at the medical department of the Uni- 
versity of New York in 1878, after which he 
studied at the medical schools in Leipsic and 
Vienna, serving in the latter as assistant in the 
laboratory of embryology and histology. On his 
return he settled in practice in New York, making 
a specialty of the treatment of internal diseases, 
particularly of the nervous system. In 1880-'8 
he was professor of medical jurisprudence and the 
anatomy and physiology of the nervous system in 
the New York post-graduate medical school. He 
has been consulting physician of the Northeastern 
dispensary since 1884. t)r. Spitzka has made origi- 
nal investigations in the anatomy of the nervous 
system, anal has discovered the interoptic lobes of 
saurians, the absence of pyramid tracts in the oe- 
tacea, and numerous facts in the anatomy of the 
human brain. He has been frequently consulted 
as a medical expert in cases where insanity or in- 
jury to the brain or spinal cord was a subject of 
litigation. Conspicuous among these was his atti- 



tude in the trial of President Garfield's assassin, 
where both prosecution and defence endeavored to 
retain his services, but, failing, secured his attend- 
ance through an attachment He then testified 
to the prisoner's insanity, and was the only ex- 
pert that did so. Dr. spitzka is a member of 
various societies, has been secretary of the Society 
of medical jurisprudence and medicine since 1880, 
and was vice-president of the section in neurology 
at the Ninth international medical congress in 
1887. In 1877 his essay on the somatic etiology 
of insanity gained the W. and S. Tuke prize, which 
is given in international competition by the Brit- 
ish medico-physiological association, and in 1878, 
by his paper on the action of strychnine, he won 
the William A. Hammond prize, which is awarded 
by the American neurological association. He is 
the author of numerous contributions to medical 
journals, and was one of the editors of the "Amer- 
ican Journal of Neurology " in 1881-4. The sec- 
tions on diseases of the spinal cord and on inflam- 
mation, anaemia, and hyperemia of the brain in 
William Pepper's "System of Medicine" (Phila- 
delphia, 1887) were written by him, and he has 
published " Treatise on Insanity " (New York, 1888). 
SPOFFORD, Harriet Preseott, author, b. in 
Calais, Me., 8 April, 1885. She is the daughter of 
Joseph N. Preseott and elder sister of Mary W. Pres- 
eott She was taken in youth by her parents to 
Newburvport, Mass., which has ever since been her 
home, though she 
has spent many of 
her winters in Bos- 
ton and Washing- 
ton. She attend- 
ed the Putnam 
free school in her 
adopted city, and 
later the Pinkerton 
academy at Der- 
ry, N. H., where 
she was graduated 
at seventeen years 
of age. At New- 
buryport her prize 
essay on Hamlet 
drew the attention 

of Thomas Went- ., /O ~^ ^ 

worth Higginson, JC+*u*<r O^^dfett^t 
who soon became / / 

herfriend,andgave ' * 

her counsel and encouragement Her father was 
attacked with slow paralysis about 1850, which ren- 
dered him incapable or exertion during the re- 
mainder of his life. This misfortune preyed upon 
the mind of her mother, and rendered her a con- 
firmed invalid. As Harriet was the eldest child, 
she felt the need of making her talents available, 
and began courageously to work, contributing to 
the story-papers of Boston, earning small pay with 
a great deal of labor. She once wrote fifteen hours 
a Say, and continued her toil for years. These early 
stones have never been acknowledged or collected. 
In the " Atlantic Monthly," in 1859, appeared a 
sparkling story of Parisian life, bearing the title 
u In a Cellar." James Russell Lowell, then editor 
of the magazine, admired it but refrained from 
publishing it, under the belief that it must be 
a translation from the French, until he was as- 
sured that it was written by Harriet Preseott 
The story made her reputation, and she became 
from that day a welcome contributor, both of 
prose and poetry, to the chief periodicals of the 
country. Her fiction has very little in common 
with what is regarded as representative of the 

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SPOPPORD 



SPOONEB 



New England mind. It is ideal, intense in feel- 
ing, and luxuriant in expression. In her descrip- 
tions and fancies she revels in sensuous delights 
and every variety of splendor. In 1865 she mar- 
ried Richard S. Spofford, a lawyer of Boston, cousin 
of Henry M. Spofford, mentioned below. Their 
home is now on Deer island, in Merrimack river, 
in the suburbs of Newburyport Mrs. Spofford's 
books are "Sir Rohan's Ghost" (Boston, 1850); 
"The Amber Gods, and other Stories" (Boston, 
1868); "Azarian" (1864); "New England Le- 
gends " (1871) ; - The Thief in the Night " (1872) ; 
M Art Decoration applied to Furniture" (New 
York, 1881); " Marquis of Caracas" (Boston, 
1882); "Poems" (1882); "Hester Stanley at St 
Mark's" (1883); "The Servant-Girl Question" 
(1884) ; and " Ballads about Authors " (1888). 

SPOFFORD, Henry Martyn, jurist, b. in 
GHmanton, N. H., 8 Sept, 1821; d. in Red Sul- 
phur Springs, W. Va., 20 Aug., 1880. He was 
graduated at Amherst, at the head of his class, in 
1840, was tutor there in 1842-'4, and after remov- 
ing to Louisiana, where he taught and at the same 
time studied law, was admitted to the bar of that 
state at Monroe in 1846, and practised in Shreve- 
port He rose rapidly in nis profession, was 
elected a district judge in 1852, and from 1854 till 
his resignation in 1858 sat on the supreme bench 
of the state. He then practised in New Orleans, 
where, after the civil war, he was in partnership 
with John A. Campbell. After 1870 he spent much 
of his time in Pulaski, Tenn., engaged in adminis- 
tering the estate of his father-in-law. In 1877 he 
was elected U. S. senator from Louisiana by the 
"Nicholls" legislature, but the senate admitted 
William P. Kellogg, who had been chosen by the 
rival, or " Packard " legislature. Judge Spofford 
was seeking to recover health at Red Sulphur 
Springs at tne time of his death. Amherst gave 
him the degree of LL. D. in 1877. His judicial 
decisions are contained in vols, ii.-xiii of the 
Louisiana reports. He was co-author of "The 
Louisiana Magistrate and Parish Official Guide" 
(1847).— His brother, Ainsworth Rand, librarian, 
b. in Gilmanton, N. H., 12 Sept, 1825, received a 
classical education by private tuition, but when he 
was about to enter college his health failed, and he 
emigrated to Cincinnati, Ohio, where he established 
himself as a bookseller and publisher. In 1859 he 
became associate editor of the Cincinnati " Daily 
Commercial," and in 1861 he was appointed first 
assistant librarian in the library of congress at 
Washington. Three years later he was made libra- 
rian-in-chief. During his administration the Na- 
tional library has grown from 70,000 to about 600,- 
000 volumes. The change in the law of copyright 
that was effected in 1870 has made the position of 
the librarian an onerous and important one, as all 
American copyrights are issued from his office, and 
all copyright publications are required to be de- 
posited in the Congressional library. As a libra- 
rian, Mr. Spofford is widely known for his compre- 
hensive knowledge of books and their contents. He 
is a member of many historical and philosophical 
societies, and received the degree of LL. D. from 
Amherst in 1884 He has written largely for the 
periodical press on historical, economic, and literary 
topics, and has published, besides catalogues of the 
library of congress, "The American Almanac and 
Treasury of Facts, Statistical, Financial, and Po- 
litical " (annually since 1878) ; and has edited with 
others a " Library of Choice Literature " (10 vols., 
Philadelphia, 1881-'8); "Library of Wit and Hu- 
mor" (5 vols., 1884); and "A Practical Manual of 
Parliamentary Rules " (1884). 



SPOONEB, Alden Jeremian, historian, b. in 
Sai Harbor, Long Island, N. Y., 2 Feb^ 1810; d. 
in Hempstead, Long Island, 2 Aug., 1881. His fa- 
ther, Alden, was the founder of the " Long Island 
City Star," which the son and bis brother carried 
on for many years afterward. ' He studied law and 
practised in Brooklyn, but devoted himself largely 
to local history, and wrote many articles on that 
subject for periodicals. He was the originator in 
1868 of the Long Island historical society, and 
gave more than 1,000 books and pamphlets as a 
nucleus for its library. Mr. Spooner edited, with 
notes and memoirs of the authors, Gabriel Furman's 
" Notes, Geographical and Historical, relating to 
the Town of Brooklyn " (Brooklyn, 1865), and Silas 
Wood's "Sketch of the First Settlement of the 
Several Towns on Long Island" (1865). 

SPOONEB, Benjamin F„ soldier, b. in Mans- 
field, Ohio, 27 Oct., 1828; d. in Lawrenceburg, 
Ind., 8 April, 1881. At the beginning of the 
Mexican war he enlisted in the 3d Indiana regi- 
ment And was chosen 2d lieutenant After serving 
in Gen. Zachary Taylor's campaign he returned 
home, studied law, and practised in Lawrenceburg, 
holding the office of prosecuting attorney of Dear- 
born county for several years. At the beginning 
of the civil war he became lieutenant-colonel of the 
7th Indiana regiment with which he fought at 
Philippi and Laurel Hill, and he afterward held 
the same commission in the 51st Indiana, with 
which he was present at Shiloh and the siege of 
Corinth. He then resigned and returned home, 
but was soon made colonel of the 83d Indiana, and 
took part in the engagements around Vicksburg, 
the battle of Mission Ridge, and the Atlanta cam- 
paign, receiving a wound at Kenesaw mountain 
that necessitated the amputation of his left arm. 
He then served on a military commission till his 
resignation in April, 1865, and on 18 March of 
that year was brevetted brigadier-general and 
major-general of volunteers. He was U. S. mar- 
shal of the district of Indiana till 1879, when fail- 
ing health compelled him to resign. 

SPOONEB, John Colt, senator, b. in Law- 
renceburg, Ind., 6 Jan., 1848. His father, Judge 
Philip L. Spooner, was an authority on the law of 
real estate. The family removed to Madison, Wia>, 
in June, 1859, and the son was graduated at the state 
universityin 1864, when be enlisted as a private in 
the 40th Wisconsin infantry. He subsequently re- 
turned and served as assistant state librarian, bat 
entered the army again as captain in the 50th 
Wisconsin regiment After he was mustered oat 
in July, 1866, with the brevet of major, he studied 
law with his father, was admitted to the bar in 
1867, became Gov. Lucius Fairchild's private sec- 
retary, and was then assistant in the attorney-gen- 
eral's office till 1870, when he removed to Hudson, 
Wis., and began the general practice of his profes- 
sion. He was elected a member of the legislature 
in 1872, and was active in his support of the state 
university, on whose board of regents he served in 
1882-'5. In 1885 he took his seat in the United 
States senate, having been chosen as a Republican 
for the term that ww end in March, 1891. 

SPOONEB, Lysander, lawyer, b. in Athol, 
Mass., 19 Jan., 1808; d. in Boston, Mass., 14 May, 
1887. He studied law in Worcester, Mass., but on 
completing his course of reading found that admis- 
sion to the bar was permitted only to those who 
had studied for three years, except in the case 
of college graduates. Tnis obnoxious condition at 
once engaged his attention and he succeeded in 
having it removed from the statute-books. In 
1844 the letter postage from Boston to New Yoric 



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635 



was twelve and a half cents and to Washington 
twenty-five cents. Mr. Spooner, believing that 
the U. S. government had no constitutional right 
to a monopoly of the mails, established an inde- 
pendent service from Boston to New York, carry- 
ing letters at the uniform rate of five cents. His 
business grew rapidly, but the government soon 
overwhelmed him witn prosecutions, so that he was 
compelled to retire from the undertaking, but not 
until he had shown the possibility of supporting 
the post-office department by a lower rate of post- 
age. His efforts resulted in an act of congress that 
reduced the rates, followed in 1851 and subsequent 
years by still further reductions. Mr. Spooner was 
an active Abolitionist, and contributed largely to 
the literature of the subject, notably by his " Uncon- 
stitutionality of Slavery " (1845), the tenets of which 
were supported by Gerrit Smith, Elizur Wright, 
and others of the Liberty party, but were opposed 
by the Garrisbnians. He defended Thomas Drew, 
who in 1870 declined to take his oath as a witness 
before a legislative committee oh the ground that 
in the matter it was investigating it had no au- 
thority to compel him to testify. The case was 
adversely decided on the ground of precedent, but 
the principles of Mr. Spooner's argument were after- 
ward sustained by the U. S. supreme court. His 
writings include " A Deistic Reply to the Alleged 
Supernatural Evidences of Christianity " and " The 
Deistic Immortality, and an Essay on Man's Ac- 
countability for his Belief" (1836); "Credit, Cur- 
rency, and Banking" (1848); "Poverty, Causes 
and Cure" (1846); "A Defence for Fugitive 
Slaves" (1856); "A New System of Paper Cur- 
rency " (1861) ; "Our Financiers" (1877); "The 
Law of Prices " (1877) ; " Gold and Silver as Stand- 
ards of Value" (1878); arid "Letter to Grover 
Cleveland on his False Inaugural Address "(1886). 

SPOONER, Shearjashub, author, b. in Bran- 
don, V t., in 1809 ; d. in Plainfleld, N. J., in March, 
1859. He was graduated at Middlebury in 1880, 
and at the College of physicians and surgeons, 
New York city, in 1885, ana became a dentist in 
New York, attaining eminence in his profession. 
In 1858 he retired from business. Dr. Spooner 
was the author of " Guide to Sound Teeth * (New 
York, 1836) ; "Art of Manufacturing Mineral Teeth " 
(1837) ; a " Treatise on Surgical and Mechanical 
Dentistry " (1838) ; " Anecdotes of Painters, En- 
gravers, Sculptors, and Architects, and Curiosi- 
ties of Art " (8 vols, 1858) ; and " Biographical 
and Critical Dictionary of Painters, Engravers, 
Sculptors, and Architects " (1858 ; new ed., 2 vols., 
1865). He purchased, restored, and reissued the 
plates of John BoydelPs "Shakespeare Gallery," 
and bought those of the " Musee Francaise," but, 
as the government refused to remit the heavy im- 
port duty, they were returned to France. 

SPOTSWOOD, Alexander, governor of Vir- 
ginia, b. in Tangier, Africa, in 1676; d. in An- 
napolis, McL, 7 June, 1740. He was bred to arms 
from an early age, served under the Duke of Marl- 
borough, was dangerously wounded at Blenheim, 
and became deputy quartermaster-general. He was 
then appointed governor of Virginia and arrived 
there in June, 1710, bringing with him as a peace 
offering the writ of habeas corpus, which hitherto 
had been withheld from the province. The satis- 
faction with which this was received by the people 
and the evident necessity of such a protection 
turned his attention to the condition of their laws, 
and he introduced reforms in the constitution, in 
the general administration of justice, and in the 
character of the revenue laws and the collection of 
taxes, receiving the co-operation of the assembly 




and the approval of the people, while the burgess- 
es voted £2,000 to build him a " palace." In the 
second year of his administration the house of bur- 
gesses refused to provide the means that he asked 
for repelling the invasion of the French from 
Canada, ana he therefore request ed the home 
government for as- 
sistance. Virginia 
also refused to con- 
cur with his propo- 
sals for the dis- 
charge of the pub- 
lic debt, but, not- 
withstanding these 
differences, his pop- 
ularity was undi- 
minished for years. 
He exerted himself 
in behalf of Will- 
iam and Mary col- 
lege, assisted in 
raising a large fund 
for its support and 
in restoring the 
building that had 
been burned sever- 
al years before his 
arrival, established a school for the education of In- 
dian children, insisted on rigid economy in the offi- 
ces under his control, and supported every measure 
that was conducive to the general prosperity. He 
was the first to explore the Appalachian mountains. 
His expedition, which lasted* from 17 Aug. till 20 
Sept, 1716, consisted of a company of his friends, 
well mounted and armed, and also rangers, Indian 
guides, and servants, leading horses laden with 
provisions. No savage dared attack so well-ap- 
pointed a party, and there was no lack of merry- 
making, as they hunted by day or cooked the spoils 
by their camp-fires and drank of " white and red 
wine, usquebaugh, brandy shrub, two kinds of 
rum, champagne, canary, cherry punch, and cider," 
which were among their stores. The most ele- 
vated summits they named Mount George, for the 
king, and Mount Spotswood or Mount Alexander, 
in honor of the governor. He also took measures 
to mark the valley of Virginia for the English 
king, and John Fontaine, who was one of the party, 
says in his journal : " The governor had graving 
irons, but could not grave anything, the stones were 
so hard. The governor buried a bottle with a 
paper enclosed, on which he writ that he took pos- 
session of the place, and in the name of and for 
King George the First of England." They re- 
turned to Williamsburg, preceded by trumpeters, 
and, to commemorate the event, Gov. Spotswood 
instituted the order of Tramontane to encourage 
future expeditions. He gave to each of his com- 
panions a small golden horseshoe, to be worn as a 
badge, and the members of the expedition were 
known afterward as the " Knights of the golden 
horseshoe." As early as 1710 he sought to extend 
the line of the Virginia settlements to interrupt 
the chain of communication between Canada and 
the Gulf of Mexico, and favored the incorporation 
of a Virginia Indian company, which, from the 
emoluments of a monopoly of the traffic, should 
sustain forts in the western country ; but this act 
was repealed. He secured a treaty with the Six 
Nations in 1722, who bound themselves to aban- 
don the region east of the Blue Ridge and south 
of the Potomac, prevented the tributary Indians 
from joining the Tuscaroras in their forays in 
Carolina, ana sought to renew an alliance with 
this tribe, which ne succeeded in dividing. He 



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SPRAGUE 



was the author of an act to improve the staple of 
tobacco and make tobacco-notes the medium of 
ordinary circulation. Although the welfare of 
Virginia was his constant aim, he was often im- 
perious and contemptuous. On one occasion he 
remarked to the house of burgesses that the people 
had made a mistake in choosing " a set of repre- 
sentatives whom heaven has not generally endowed 
with the ordinary qualifications requisite to legis- 
lators," and in placing at the head of standing 
committees men who could neither " spell English 
nor write common sense." The roost bitter con- 
flict in which he was involved was that of church 
patronage. Like his predecessors, the governor 
claimed that the presentation to church livings 
was a privilege or his office/which admitted no 
interference of the vestries. With the aid of this 
controversy, his enemies prevailed against him, and 
he was removed from his post in 1722. He lived 
eighteen years longer in Virginia, and from 1780 
till 1789 was deputy postmaster-general of the 
colonies. In this capacity he arranged the transfer 
of mails with much energy, bringing Philadelphia 
and Williamsburg within eight or ten davs of each 
other, and through his influence Benjamin Frank- 
lin was appointed postmaster of Pennsylvania. 
On his domain of 40,000 acres he found beds of 
iron-ore, and, establishing a furnace, thus gave to 
Virginia a new industry. He was also interested 
in promoting vine-culture. At his houses on the 
Rapidan and at Torktown he maintained the 
courtly state of the time and of his rank. In 1740 
he was made a major-general to command an ex- 
pedition to the West Indies, and died while attend- 
ing to the embarkation at Annapolis. He be- 
queathed his books, maps, and mathematical in- 
struments to William and Mary college. Gov. 
Spotswood's official account of his conflict with 
the burgesses is printed in the " Virginia Historical 
Register," and ne is best described in William 
Byrd's " Progress to the Mines," included in " The 
Westover Manuscripts, containing the History of 
the Dividing-Line betwixt Virginia and North Caro- 
lina," written from 1728 to 1736 and published by 
Edmund and Julian C. Ruffln (Petersburg, 1841). 
The vignette is from a portrait now in the Virginia 
state library. His letters were used by George 
Bancroft, and then were lost sight of until 1878, 
having been taken to England by George W. 
Featherstonehaugh. They were bought from the 
tatter's widow by the Virginia historical society 
in 1882, and published as " The Official Letters of 
Alexander Spotswood, Lieutenant-Governor of 
Virginia in IyIO-1722," in the collections of the 
Virginia historical society, with an introduction 
and notes by Robert A. Brock (2 vols., Richmond, 
1882-*5). His speeches to the assembly in 1714-' 18 
are preserved in William Maxwells "Virginia 
Historical Register" (vol. iv.).— His son, Robert, 
was killed by the Indians in 1757.— His grandson, 
Alexander, soldier, b. in Virginia; d. in Not- 
tingham, Va., 20 Dec., 1818, served in the Revo- 
lutionary army, and was appointed major of the 2d 
Virginia regiment He married Eliza, the daugh- 
ter of Gen. William Augustine Washington and 
the niece of Gen. George Washington.— -The sec- 
ond Alexander's brother, John, served also in the 
army, and was wounded severely at Germantown. 
SPOTTS, James Hanna, naval officer, b. in 
Fort Johnson, Wilmington harbor, N. C, 11 March, 
1822 ; d. at Port Stanley, Falkland islands, 9 March, 
1882. His father was an officer in the U. S. army, 
and commanded the artillery under Gen. Andrew 
Jackson at the battle of New Orleans. In acknowl- 
edgment of his bravery, Gen. Jackson presented 



Maj. Spotts with a sword The son entered the 
navy as a midshipman, 2 Aug., 1887, and made a 
cruise around the world in the sloop "John 
Adams " in 1887-40, in which he participated in 
two battles on the island of Sumatra with the na- 
tives, who had committed piratical acts against 
American merchant ships. He attended the naval 
school at Philadelphia in 1842-'3. During the 
Mexican war he served in the " Lexington " on the 
Pacific coast in 1846-'9 I participated in the en- 
gagements that resulted in the conquest of Cali- 
fornia, on the blockade of the Mexican Pacific 
ports, and at the capture of Guaymas, San Bias, 
and La Paz. He was promoted to master, 8 April, 
1851, and to lieutenant, 25 Nov., 1851. Though a 
native of the south, he promptly announced his 
devotion to the Union, taking command of the 
schooner *' Wanderer " in June, 1861, and acted as 
captain of the port of Key West. In July, 1862, 
he took charge of the steamer " Magnolia on the 
Eastern Gulf blockade. He was promoted to com- 
mander, 5 Aug., 1862, and had the steamer " South 
Carolina" on the South Atlantic blockade in 
1863-'4. He was transferred to the steamer " Paw- 
tucket," in which he participated in both attacks 
on Fort Fisher. In June, 1865, he was detached 
and ordered to the Mare island navy-yard, where 
he served until October, 1867. His duties had 
taken him to California so often that he made his 
home in San Fran- 
cisco, and was one 
of the first naval 
officers to identify 
himself with the 
interests and de- 
velopment of Cali- 
fornia. He was 
Sromoted to cap- 
lin, 6 Aug., 1866, 
commanded the 
steamers "Sara- 
nac " and " Pensa- 
cola" in the Pa- 
cific squadron in 
ttTO-^and served 
as light-bouse in- 
spector on the Pa- 
cific coast in 1872- 
♦4, being commis- jCr^y^^^^T" 
sioned commo- ^ °v w *^ 

dore, 25 Sept, 

1878. He served as president of the board of in- 
spection on the Pacific coast until 1880. He was 
promoted to rear-admiral, 28 May, 1881, and took 
command of the U. S." naval force on the South 
Atlantic station in July. He was on a cruise to 
visit the ports of that station when he was stricken 
with apoplexy while receiving the farewell visit 
of the British colonial governor at Port Stanley. 
After his death the authorities gave a lot in the 
cemetery for his burial, and every honor was paid 
to the American admiral. 

SPRAGUE, Alfred White, author, b. in Hono- 
lulu, Sandwich islands, 17 June, 1821. His father, 
Daniel Chamberlain, was the first missionary to the 
Sandwich islands in 1819, and built the first frame 
house there, and his mother was the first white 
woman to land on those islands. The son was 
graduated at Amherst in 1847, and in 1849 changed 
his name to Sprague by an act of the legislature 
of Massachusetts. In l854-'5 he was professor of 
natural philosophy and chemistry in Washington 
university, St. Louis, and from 1859 till 1863 he 
was experimental lecturer on these subjects in pri- 
vate schools in Boston. In 1863 he applied the 




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687 




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JUL5 ^>Yvw«cQf>JL» 



automatic regulation of heat to the manufacture 
of nitrous-oxide gas for surgical purposes. Mr. 
Sprague is the author of lectures entitled " Chemi- 
cal Experiments " (Boston, 1853) ; and " Elements 
of Natural Philosophy " (I860). 

SPRAOUE, Charles, poet, b. in Boston, Mass., 
36 Oct, 1791 ; d. there, 22 Jan., 1875. His father, 
Samuel, a native of Hingham, Mass., was one of 
the party that 
threw the tea in- 
to Boston har- 
bor. The son was 
educated at the 
Franklin School of 
Boston, and at the 
age of ten lost the 
use of his left eve 
by an accident In 
1804 he entered 
mercantile life, 
and in 1816 was 
taken into part- 
nership by his em- 
ployers. In 1820 
be became teller 
in the State bank, 
and on the estab- 
lishment of the 
Globe bank in 
1824 he was employed as cashier, serving there 
until 1865, when he retired from business. Mr. 
Sprague first attracted attention as a poet when 
he won a prize for the best prologue at the open- 
ing of the Park theatre in New York. He achieved 
similar success at the opening of other theatres in 
Philadelphia, Salem, and Portsmouth. In 1823 he 
obtained the prize for the best ode to be recited at 
the exhibition in the Boston theatre of a pageant 
in honor of Shakespeare, and in 1830 he pro- 
nounced an ode at the centennial celebration of the 
settlement of Boston. In 1829 he delivered before 
the Phi Beta Kappa society of Harvard a poem on 
44 Curiosity," which was considered his best pro- 
duction. Among his shorter poems are the •• Ode 
to Shakespeare " and ** Winged Worshippers.** Ed- 
win P. Whipple says: "His prologues are the best 
which have been written since the time of Pope. 
His * Shakespeare Ode * has hardly been exceeded 
by anything in the same manner since Gray's 
"Progress of Poesy.' But the true power and 
originality of the man are manifested in his do- 
mestic pieces. * The Brothers,* * I see Thee Still,* 
and * The Family Meeting * are the finest consecra- 
tions of natural affection in our literature." There 
have been several collections of Mr. Sprague's 
writings (New York, 1841); his "Prose and Poeti- 
cal Writings, revised by the Author** (Boston, 
1850); and other editions (1855 and 1876).— His 
son, Charles James, poet, b. in Boston. Mass., 16 
Jan., 1828, was educated in private schools, and 
became cashier of the Globe bank in 1864, serving 
until 1882. For many years he was curator of 
botany in the Boston society of natural history, 
and he is known among cryptogam ists for his col- 
lection of lichens. He has published several lists 
of New England fungi. Mr. Sprague has contrib- 
uted poems to journals and magazines, and has 
written articles for scientific papers. During the 
past thirty years he has translated numerous 
poems for part-songs. 

SPRAOUE, Charles Ezra, author, b. in Nas- 
sau, Rensselaer co., N. Y., 9 Oct. 1842. He was 
fraduated at Union college in 1860, and since 1878 
as been secretary of the Union Dime savings in- 
stitution of New York city. During the civil war 



he served in the army, was severely wounded at 
Gettysburg, and was given the breyet of captain in 
1865. He is the inventor of the " Sprague check- 
book,*' has devised numerous account-books and 
forms, and also a savings-bank system for testing 
the accuracy of accounts, and has written many 
articles on the subject, on which he has also lec- 
tured at Columbia college. Mr. Sprague is the 
first prominent advocate in this country of the in- 
ternational language that is called VolapQk. Since 
1887 he has edited the " Volaspodel," issued as part 
of "The Office,*' and he is the author of " Logical 
Symbolism ** (printed privately. New York, 1882), 
"The Hand-Book of VolapOk *' (1888), and "The- 
Story of the Flag," a poem read before the survi- 
vors of the 44th New York regiment (Albany, 1886). 

SPRAGUE, John Tltcomb, soldier, b. in New- 
buryport, Mass.. 3 July, 1810 ; d. in New York city, 
6 Sept, 1878. In 1884 he became 2d lieutenant in 
the marine corps, and served in the Florida war, 
being twice promoted for meritorious conduct, and 
brevetted captain on 15 March, 1842. He was 
given that full rank in 1846, and brevetted major 
on 80 May, 1848. He was made major of the 1st 
infantry, 14 May, 1861, and, when stationed with 
his regiment in Texas, was taken prisoner by Gen. 
David E. Twiggs, but was released on parole, and 
became mustering and disbursing officer at Albany, 
N. Y., and adjutant-general of the state, with the 
rank of brigadier-general, holding this post until 
1865. He was appointed lieutenant-colonel of the 
11th infantry in March, 1868, and colonel of the 
7th infantry on 12 June, 1865, and in that year 
served in Florida and was made military governor, 
but retired from the army on 15 July, 1870. He 
was the author of "Origin, Progress, and Con- 
clusion of the Florida War" (New York, 1848). 

SPRAGUE, John Wilson, soldier, b. in White 
Creek, Washington co., N. Y., 4 April, 1817. He 
was educated in common 'schools, and entered 
Rensselaer polytechnic institute, Troy, N. Y., in 
1880, but was not graduated. He then became a 
merchant, and in 1851 -'2 was treasurer of Erie 
county, Ohio. He was made a captain in the 7th 
Ohio volunteers at the beginning of the civil war, 
became colonel of the 63d Ohio in 1868, and was 
appointed brigadier-general of volunteers on 80 
July, 1864, receiving the brevet of major-general, 
U. S. volunteers, on 18 March, 1865. He also de- 
clined a lieutenant-colonelcy in the U. S. Army. 
After the war he was general manager of the Wi- 
nona and St Peter railroad, Minn., but removed to 
Washington territory in 1870, having been made 
general agent and superintendent of the Northern 
Pacific railroad, which offices he resigned in 1882. 
Since then he has engaged in various enterprises, 
and was for five years president of the National 
bank in Tacoma, Washington territory. 

SPRAGUE, Peleg, Jurist, b. in Duxbury, Mass., 
27 April, 1793 ; d. in Boston, Mass., 18 Oct. 1880. 
After graduation at Harvard in 1812, he studied 
in the Litchfield law-school, was admitted to the 
bar in 1815, and practised in Augusta, Me,, and 
afterward in Hallowell. He was a member of the 
Maine legislature in 1820-'l, elected to congress as 
a Whig, serving from 5 Dec, 1825, till 8 March, 
1829, and then chosen U. S. senator from Maine, 
serving from 7 Dec.. 1829, till 1 Jan., 1885. when 
he resigned and practised law in Boston. He was 
a presidential elector on the Harrison and Tyler 
ticket in 1840. and from 1841 till 1865 was U. a 
judge for the district of Massachusetts. He was 
the last surviving member of the U. S. senate of 
1830-'2, in which Daniel Webster. Henry Clay, 
John C. Calhoun, Thomas H. Benton, and Robert 



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638 



SPRAGUE 



SPRANGER 



Y. Hayne served. As a judge and lawyer he was 
much esteemed, and he was regarded as a fine de- 
bater. Harvard gave him the degree of LL. D. in 
1847. He published "Speeches and Addresses" 
(Boston, 1858), and his "Decisions in Admiralty 
and Maritime Cases in the District Court of the 
United States for the District of Massachusetts, 
1841-1861," were edited by Francis E. Parker 
(Philadelphia, 1861). In this work "Two Charges 
to the Grand Jury," 1851 and 1861, are included. 

SPRAGUE, William, governor of Rhode Isl- 
and, b. in Cranston, R. I., 8 Nov., 1799 ; d. in 
Providence, R I., 19 Oct., 1856. He received a 
good education at an early age, became a member 
of the assembly, and in 1832 was chosen speaker 
of the house. He was then elected to congress as 
a Democrat, served from 7 Dec., 1835, till 3 March, 
1837, and, declining a re-election, became governor 
of Rhode Island in 1838-'9. He was elected to 
the U. S. senate in place of Nathan F. Dixon, 
serving from 18 Feb., 1842, till 17 Jan., 1844. when 
he resigned, and was subsequently a member of 
the Rhode Island legislature. In 1848 he was an 
elector on the Taylor and Fillmore ticket. He 
was largely engaged in the manufacture of cotton, 
and was president of the Hartford, Providence, and 
Fishkill railroad, and of two banks.— His nephew, 
William, governor of Rhode Island, b. in Cran- 
ston, R. I., 12 Sept., 1830, received his education in 
common schools, served in his father's factory, and 
engaged in making calico-prints. Subsequently 
he became a manufacturer oi linen, woollen goods, 
and iron, a builder 
of locomotives,and 
an owner of rail- 
roads and steam- 
ships. In 1860-'3 
he was governor 
of Rhode Island. 
He had served as 
colonel in the state 
militia, offered a 
regiment and a 
battery of light- 
horse artillery for 
service in the civil 
war, and with this 
regiment partici- 
. pated in the bat- 

CvilUa^^x &f+v*a£AjL tie of Bull Run, 
/ n where his horse 

was shot under 
him. He received a commission as brigadier- 
general of volunteers, which he declined. He also 
served in other actions during the peninsular 
campaign, including Williamsburg and the siege 
of Yorktown. He was chosen to the U. S. senate 
as a Republican, was a member of the committee 
on manufactures, and chairman of that on public 
lands, his term extending from 4 March, 1863, 
till 3 March, 1875, when he resumed the direction 
of his manufacturing establishments. He oper- 
ated the first rotary machine for making horse- 
shoes, perfected a mowing-machine, and also various 
processes in calico-printing, especially that of di- 
rect printing on a large scale with the extract of 
madaer without a chemical bath. Gov. Sprague 
claims to have discovered what he calls the " prin- 
ciple of the orbit as inherent in social forces." He 
asserts that money is endowed with two tendencies, 
the distributive and the aggregative, and that when 
the latter predominates, as before the civil war. 
decadence results ; but that when the former is in 
the ascendancv, as was until recently the case, there 
is progress, tie received the degree of A. M. from 



Brown in 1861, of which university he has been a 
trustee since 1866. 

SPRAGUE, William Bnel, clergyman, b. in 
Andover. Conn., 16 Oct., 1795; d. in Flushing, 
L. I., 7 May, 1876. He was the son of Benjamin 
Sprague, a farmer. After graduation at Yale in 
1815 he was a private tutor, studied two years at 
Princeton theological seminary, and in 1819 was 
ordained pastor of the 1st Congregational church 
in West Springfield, Mass., as a colleague of Rev. 
Joseph Lathrop, D. D., remaining there until 1829, 
when he was installed as pastor of the 2d Presby- 
terian church in Albany, N. Y. He held this 
charge till 1869, when he resigned and removed to 
Flushing. In 1828 and 1836 he visited Europe. 
He received the degrees of A. M. from Yale in 
1819 ; S. T. D. from Columbia in 1828, and Har- 
vard in 1848 ; and LL. D. from Princeton in 1869. 
Dr. Sprague made extensive collections of religious 
pamphlets and autographs, and presented the 
former to the state library at Albany, to which he 
also gave a manuscript volume of the ** Letters of 
Gen. Sir Jeffrey Amherst." Dr. Sprague also pre- 
sented to the library of Harvard the papers of 
Gen. Thomas Gage. His autographs, numbering 
nearly 100,000, probably the largest private collec- 
tion in the world, are now in the possession of his 
son. He was the author of more than 100 pub- 
lished sermons, memoirs, addresses, and essays, 
and wrote many introductions to books. His 
principal work is " Annals of the American Pul- 
pit" (9 vols., New York, 1857-'69). His other 
books are " Letters to a Daughter " (1822) ; "Let- 
ters from Europe" (1828); "Letters to Young 
People" (1880); "Lectures on Revivals" (1832); 
"Hints designed to regulate the Intercourse of 
Christians " (1834) ; " Lectures illustrating the Con- 
trast between True Christianity and various other 
Systems" (1837); "Life of Rev. Edward Dorr 
Griffin " (1888) ; " Letters to Young Men, founded 
on the Life of Joseph " (2d ed., 1845) ; " Aids to 
Early Religion" (1847); "Words to a Young 
Man's Conscience" (1848); •• Women of the Bible * 
(1850); "Visits to European Celebrities" (1855); 
the life of Timothy Dwight in Sparks's " Ameri- 
can Biography " (1845) ; and " Memoirs " of Rev. 
John and William A. McDowell " (1864). 

SPRANGER, Daniel Guerin, Hebrew colonist, 
b. in Holland about 1610 ; d. in Cayenne, South 
America, in 1664. He accompanied' Maurice de 
Nassau in the conquest of Brazil, as he had a con- 
tract for furnishing supplies to the invading army. 
During sixteen years he lived in Brazil occupied in 
colonization schemes, and opened an extensive 
trade between that country and Amsterdam. When 
the Portuguese army recovered possession of Brazil 
in 1654 all Hebrews living in the country were 
expelled, and Spranger sought refuge in the island 
of Cayenne, which had been abandoned by its 
former possessors, the French company of the 
twelve lords. Although he was opposed at first 
by the G alibi Indians, he gained their favor with 
presents and made a treaty with their principal 
chief, who granted to him the absolute possession 
of the island. Being joined by several parties of 
Hebrews from Brazil, he undertook to colonize the 
island, and succeeded. This is the more remark- 
able as it is the only instance in which a Hebrew 
colony has exclusively devoted itself to agriculture, 
Spranger introduced the culture of the sugar-cane 
and indigo-plant, which so prospered that, accord- 
ing to Jacques Dutertre in nis " Histoire generate 
des Antilles," "under Spranger's administration, 
the island of Cayenne was reputed an El Dorado." 
The population of the island at that time was 



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SPREAD 



SPRING 



about 600— all Hebrews. In 1659 the Dutch com- 
pany, organized in Amsterdam for the colonization 
of Guiana, sent a party of 250 Jewish emigrants, 
and 150 more from Leghorn followed in the next 
year. The colony was destroyed in 1664 by Le 
Fevre de la Barre, who retook Cayenne, and again 
expelled all Hebrews, Spranger being killed while 
he was defending his dominion. 

SPREAD, Henry Fenton, artist, b. in Kinsale, 
Ireland, 21 Oct., 1844. He began the study of art 
at the South Kensington schools, and later studied 
water-color painting with William Riviere and 
Henry Warren. In 1863 he went to Brussels and 
became the pupil of Ernest Slingineyer. The fol- 
lowing year he went to Australia, settling in Mel- 
bourne, and painted numerous portraits. In 1870 
he came to the United States, spent a short time 
in New York, and then removed to Chicago, where 
he now (1888) resides. He was electee! an acade- 
mician of the Chicago academy of design in 1871, 
and became its professor of drawing and painting. 
This post he held for about twelve years, during 
which time the name of the institution was twice 
changed, first to Academy of fine arts, and then to 
Art institute. He left the institute to make a two 
years* tour in Italy, and on his return founded 
Spread's art academy. He was also instrumental 
in organizing the Chicago society of artists, of 
which he is the president. Among his works are 
" Chicago rising from her Ashes," and •* Sad News." 

SPRECHER, Samuel, clergyman, b. near Ha- 

?srstown, Md., 28 Dec., 1810. He was educated at 
ennsylvania college and theological seminary, 
Gettysburg, Pa., in 1830-'6, licensed by the Lu- 
theran synod, and was pastor of churches of that 
denomination in Harnsburg. Pa, Martinsburg, 
Va., and Chambersburg, Pa., from 1886 till 1849, 
after which he was president of Wittenburg col- 
lege, Springfield, Ohio, until 1874. Since that year 
he has been professor of systematic theology there. 
Washington college, Pa, gave him the degree of 
D. D. in 1850, ana Pennsylvania college that of 
LL. D. in 1874. Dr. Sprecher is the author of 
"The Providential Position of the Evangelical 
Churches of this Country at this Time " (Selins- 
grove, 1864) ; " Groundwork of a System of Evan- 
gelical Lutheran Theology " (Philadelphia, 1879) ; 
and various addresses. 

SPRING, Edward Adolphns, sculptor, b. in 
New York city, 26 Aug., 1837. He studied with 
Henry K. Brown, John Q. A. Ward, and William 
Rimmer, and spent several years in study abroad. 
In 1868 he discovered at Eagleswood, N. J., a fine 
modelling clay, peculiarly suited to terra-cotta 
work, and in 1877 he established at Perth Amboy 
the " Eagleswood Art Pottery." At the National 
academy he exhibited a bust of Giuseppe Mazzini 
in 1873, and several terra-cotta pieces in 1878. He 
has given lectures on clay modelling in various 
cities in the United States, and since 1880 has been 
director of the Chautauqua school of sculpture. 

SPRING, Robert, forger, b. in England in 
1813; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 14 Dec., 1876. He 
gained notoriety by his fabrication of autograph 
letters of Washington, Franklin, and Lord Nelson. 
Of his life prior to the time when he came to the 
United States nothing is known. Settling in Phila- 
delphia about 1858, he began to deal in a small way 
in books relating to America, autographs, and prints, 
frequently obtaining literary rarities. Finding him- 
self unable to supply the demand for genuine auto- 
;raph letters of eminent men of the Revolution, 
ie began to make and sell counterfeits. Being an 
expert penman, he soon acquired great facility in 
imitating the handwriting of Washington, Frank- 



e 



lin, and others. These counterfeits were written 
on paper of the period, with ink prepared so as to 
give the appearance of age to the writing, and 
readily deceived those who were not experts. He 
was frequently arrested by the civil authorities for 
obtaining money under false pretences, but always 
escaped punishment by confessing his guilt and 
expressing contrition for his offence. Most of his 
counterfeit letters of Franklin and Nelson were 
sold in Canada and England. To sell his forgeries 
he resorted to various devices, finally pretending 
in his letters that he was a daughter of Gen. 
Thomas J. Jackson, who was compelled by poverty 
to part with family papers. By these means he 
sola many counterfeit autographs to Confederate 
bond-holders in England. At the time of his death 
he was an inmate of a hospital and in poverty. 
See " The American Antiquarian " for May, 1888. 
SPRING, Samuel, clergyman, b. in North- 
bridge, Mass., 10 March, 1746; d. in Newbury port, 
Mass., 4 March, 1819. After graduation at Prince- 
ton in 1771 he studied theology there and under 
Dr. Joseph Bellamy, Samuel Hopkins, and Stephen 
West in New England, and was licensed to preach 
in 1774. In 1775 he joined the volunteer corps of 
1,100 men under Col. Benedict Arnold as chap- 
lain, marched with them to Canada, participated 
in the attack on Quebec, and carried Aaron Burr 
from the field when he was wounded. At the 
close of 1776 he left the army, and in February, 
1777, he preached to the congregation in New-' 
buryport, of which he became pastor, serving from 
1777 until his death. He possessed great influence 
and weight of character, was a leader of the Hop- 
kinsian party (see Hopkins, Samuel), and was 
active in promoting the union of the two parties 
in the Congregational churches by the establish- 
ment of the Andover theological seminary, of which 
he was a founder. He was also an originator of 
the American board of commissioners for foreign 
missions. Dartmouth gave him the degree of A. M. 
in 1789, and Williams that of S. T. D. in 1806. He 
published several controversial works and about 
twenty-five miscellaneous discourses, including one 
on the death of Washington and one on the duel 
between Aaron Burr and Alexander Hamilton. — 
His son, Gardiner, clergyman, b. in Newburyport, 
Mass., 24 Feb., 1785; d. in New York city, 18 Au$. t 
1873, was graduated at Yale in 1805, taught in 
Bermuda for two years, and on his return studied 
law and was admit- 
ted to the bar in 
1808, but aban- 
doned his profes- 
sion, studied at An- 
dover theological 
seminary, and on 
10 Aug., 1810, was 
ordained pastor of 
the Brick Presbyte- 
rian church in New 
York city, where he 
continued until his 
death, although he 
was offered the 
presidency of Ham- 
ilton and Dart- 
mouth colleges. In 

1856 he removed /^) • f 4 * 

with his congrega- C* 0nVm#i vW/» 
tion to the new t) Q _y 

church on Murray v 

hill. During the last years of his life Dr. Spring 
seldom preached, his pulpit being filled by an as- 
sistant Hamilton gave him the degree of S. T. D. 



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640 



SPRINGER 



SPROULL 



in 1819, and Lafayette that of D. D. in 1858. 
In addition to many pamphlets he published '* Es- 
says on the Distinguishing Traits of Christian 
Character" (New York, 1813); "Fragments from 
the Study of a Pastor" (1838); "Obligations of 
the World to the Bible" (1841); " The Attraction 
of the Cross" (1845); "The Bible not of Man" 
(1847); "Discourses to Seamen" (1847): "The 
Power of the Pulpit " (1848) ; "The Mercy-Seat" 
(1849); " First Things" (2 vols., 1&51); " The Glory 
of Christ " (2 vols., 1852) ; " Memoirs of the Rev. 
Samuel J. Mills " (1854) ; " Contrast between Good 
and Bad Men " (2 vols., 1855) ; "Pulpit Ministra- 
tions ; or Sabbath Readings, a Series oi Discourses " 
(2 vols., 1864) ; and " Personal Reminiscences of the 
Life and Times of Gardiner Spring " (2 vols., 1866). 
He also published several occasional sermons, the 
last of which are contained in the " Brick Church 
Memorial " (New York, 1861). Many of his books 
were translated into French and other languages, 
and republished in Great Britain. A collective 
edition of his earlier works was published (9 vols., 
New York. 1855). 

SPRINGER, Reuben Runyan, philanthropist, 
b. in Frankfort, Ky., 16 Nov., 1800 ; d. in Cincin- 
nati, Ohio, 10 Dec., 1884. The family, originally 
from Sweden, settled in Delaware in the 17th 
century. Reuben's father, Charles, a native of 
West Virginia, moved to Kentucky, was a soldier 
under Gen. Anthony Wayne in the Indian war. 
and afterward postmaster at Frankfort. At thir- 
teen his son became a clerk in the post-office, and 
in three years succeeded his father as postmaster. 
He was next a clerk on a steamboat that ran be- 
tween Cincinnati and New Orleans, soon acquired 
an interest in the boat, and thus laid the founda- 
tion of his fortune. Later he became a partner in 
a large and prosperous grocery house in Cincinnati, 
but retired in 1840 on account of his health, and 
never resumed active business. He went abroad 
repeatedly, buying many fine works of art, most of 
which are now the property of the Cincinnati art 
museum. He gave to the Music hall, the Exposi- 
tion building, the Odeon theatre, and the Art mu- 
seum in that city, in all $420,000; to private chari- 
ties of the Roman Catholic church, of which he 
was a member, more than $100,000, and at least 
$30,000 annually in the way of benevolence, besides 
contributing liberally and regularly to various 
charities and public enterprises. He left about 
$3,000,000 to his nearest of kin, having no children ; 
also annuities to the College of music, the Music 
hall and the Art museum, and nearly $400,000 to 
various Roman Catholic charitable institutions, 
among these, $40,000 to the cathedral schools, 
$50,000 to St. Peter's benevolent society, and $100,- 
000 for the education of priests. 

SPRINGER, William McKendree, lawyer, 
b. in New Lebanon, Sullivan co., Ind., 30 Mav. 
1836. His family removed to Jacksonville, 111., in 
1848, and, after receiving his early education at the 
Illinois college, he was graduated at Indiana uni- 
versity in 1858, studied law. was admitted to the 
bar in 1859, and practised in Springfield, 111., where 
he still resides, lie was secretary of the State con- 
stitutional convention of 1862, served in the legis- 
lature in 1871 -'2, which was engaged in revising 
the laws of the state, and was elected to congress us 
a Democrat, serving since 4 March, 1875. On 15 
Dec, 1875, he introduced in the house his resolu- 
tion declaring the precedent of retiring from the 
presidential office after the second term has become 
a part of our republican system, and that any de- 
parture from this time-honored custom would be 
unwise, unpatriotic, and fraught with peril to our 



free institutions, which was adopted — yeas, 233, 
nays, 18. This large affirmative vote contributed 
materially to the defeat of President Grant for re- 
nomination in 1876 for a third term. In 1875 he 
was appointed chairman of the committee on ex- 
penditures in the state department, and has been a 
member of other important committees, including 
the Potter committee, which investigated the presi- 
dential election of 1876, and of the joint committee 
which reported the electoral commission bill of 
1876-'7, and in 1882-*4 delivered numerous and ex- 
haustive speeches in congress on the establishment 
of the tariff commission and the revision of the 
tariff. He has also introduced several notable bills, 
and his amendment to the bill granting $1,500,000 
to the Centennial commissioners and his successful 
efforts in recovering the amount through the U. S. 
supreme court have won for him a wide reputation. 
During the 50th congress he secured favorable 
action in the committee on territories, of which he 
was chairman, on his bill to provide for the organi- 
zation of the territory of Oklahoma, and on his 
bill to enable the people of Dakota, Montana, 
Washington, and New Mexico to form constitutions 
and state governments. In 1888 he was chair- 
man of the committee of the whole house pend- 
ing the protracted debate on the tariff bill. In May, 
1888, he was renominated as a candidate for the 
51st congress.— His wife, Rebecca Rater, author, 
b. in Indianapolis, Ind., 8 Nov., 1882, is the daugh- 
ter of the Rev. Calvin W. Ruter, a clergyman of 
the Methodist Episcopal church. In 1850 she was 
graduated at the Wesleyan female college, Cin- 
cinnati, and on 15 Dec. 1859, she married Mr. 
Springer. She is the author of numerous fugitive 
poems, and of two novels, *• Beech wood " (Phila- 
delphia, 1873), and "Self" (1881). 

SPROAT, Ebenezer, soldier, b. in Middle- 
borough, Plymouth co., Mass., in 1752; d. in 
Marietta, Ohio, in February, 1805. He entered 
the Provincial army as a captain early in 1775, 
was promoted major and lieutenant-colonel, and 
finally given command of the 2d Massachusetts 
regiment. He was in Gen. John Glover's brigade 
at the battles of Trenton. Princeton, and Mon- 
mouth, and was appointed brigade-inspector by 
Baron Steuben. After the war ne was a surveyor 
at Providence, R. I., where he married a daughter 
of Com. Abraham Whipple. Subsequently he 
went to the west, and in 1786 began a survey of 
the territory now within the borders of the state 
of Ohio. In 1788 he led the party of emigrants 
that settled Marietta, and he was for fourteen 
years sheriff and colonel of militia. He was tall 
and commanding in person, and was known among 
the Indians as *• The Big Buckeye." 

SPROULL, Thomas (sprowl), clergyman, b. 
near Freeport, Armstrong co., Pa., 15 Sept, 1803. 
He was graduated at the Western university of 
Pennsylvania, at Pittsburg, in 1829. studied for 
the ministry, and was pastor of the Reformed 
Presbyterian congregation of Alleghany and Pitts- 
burg from 1834 till 1868. He was a professor in 
1838-'40 in the Reformed Presbyterian western 
theological seminary, and in 1840-*45 in the united 
Eastern and Western seminaries. In 1856 he was 
re-elected, and in 1874 was made professor emeri- 
tus. In 1847 he was moderator of the synod of 
the Reformed Presbyterian church. Ho edited 
"The Reformed Presbyterian" in 1855-'63 and 
•* The Reformed Presbyterian and Covenanter " in 
1863-'74, both in Pittsburg. He received the de- 
gree of D. D. from Westminster college. Pa., in 
1857, and that of LL. D. from the Western univer- 
sity of Pennsylvania in 1886. Besides numerous 



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SPBUANCE 



STADEN 



641 



pamphlet*, he has published "Prelections on 
Theology" (Pittsburg, Pa., 1882). 

SPBUANCE, Presley, senator, b. in Delaware 
in 1785; d. in Smyrna, DeL, 13 Feb., 1868. He 
was for some time a resident of the latter place, 
where be was engaged in business. He was sent 
to the state senate, of which body he was elected 
president, and also represented Delaware in the 
IT. S. senate from 6 Dec., 1847, till 8 March, 1858. 
He belonged to the Whig party in politics. 

SPRY, William, jurist, b. in England; d. in 
Barbadoes, W. I., in September, 1772. He married 
a niece of the Earl of Chatham, and on 25 Sept., 
1764, arrived with his family at Halifax, Nova 
Scotia, having been appointed judge of the vice- 
admiralty court over all America, which had been 
recently constituted by act of parliament In the 
proclamation that announces the openingof the 
court he is styled " The Right Worshipful William 
Spry, Doctor of Laws." The other officers of the 
new court were: vice-admiral, the Earl of Nor- 
thumberland; registrar, the Hon. Spencer Perci- 
val; marshal, Charles Howard, gent. These of- 
ficers probably expected to fulfil their duties by 
deputies. Judge Spry opened his court at Halifax 
on 9 Oct., 1764. Its creation had been opposed in 
the colonies, and the passage of the stamp-act the 
next year, with the accompanying disturbances, 
probably prevented its extension to other provinces. 
Judge Spry was appointed governor of Barbadoes 
in June, 1767, and died in office. 

SQUIER. Ephraim George, author, b. in 
Bethlehem, N. Y., 17 June, 1821 ; d. in Brooklyn, 
N. Y., 17 April, 1888. In early youth he worked 
on a farm, attended and taught school, studied en- 
gineering, and be- 
came interested in 
American antiqui- 
ties. He was associat- 
ed in the publication 
of the "New York 
State Mechanic" at 
Albany, in 1841-'2, 
and engaged in jour- 
nalism in Hartford, 
Conn., and Chilli- 
cothe, Ohio, in 1848- 
*8, during which pe- 
riod he also inves- 
tigated the ancient 
monuments of the 
Mississippi yalley in 
conjunction with Dr. 
Edwin Hamilton 
Davis (q. v.), and pre- 
pared the narrative 
published in vol. i. of the " Smithsonian 
Contributions to Knowledge" (Washington, 1848). 
He also made an examination of the ancient re- 
mains of New York state under the auspices of the 
New York historical society in 1848. He was ap- 
pointed special charge* d'affaires to all the Central 
American states in 1849, and negotiated treaties 
with Nicaragua. Honduras, and San Salvador. In 
1858 he made a second visit to Central America 
to examine a line for a projected interoceanic rail- 
road, and to make further study of the archeology 
of the country. In 1856 he received the medal of 
the French geographical society for his researches. 
In 1863 Mr. Squier was appointed U. S. commis- 
sioner to Peru, where he made an exhaustive inves- 
tigation of Inca remains and took numerous photo- 
graphs of them. In 1868 he was appointed consul- 
general of Honduras at New York, and in 1871 he 
was elected the first president of the Anthropologi- 
vol. v.— 41 




that^ 



cal institute of New York. In 1874 his health be- 
came so seriously impaired as to preclude further 
original research, ana though he subsequently re- 
covered sufficiently to direct the final preparation 
and revision of his work on Peru for publication, 
the affection resulted in his death. He was a mem- 
ber of numerous historical, archaeological, and sci- 
entific societies, and several years chief editor of 
Frank Leslie's publishing-house. Besides many 
official reports, scientific papers, magazine articles, 
and contributions to the " Encyclopaedia Britan- 
nica" and foreign periodicals, his works include 
•• Aboriginal Monuments of the State of New 
York" ("Smithsonian Contributions to Knowl- 
edge,"!^; Buffalo, 1851); "Serpent Symbols" 
(1852) ; " Nicaragua : its People, Scenery, and Monu- 
ments" (New York, 1852); "Notes on Central 
America" (1854); "Waikna, or Adventures on the 
Mosquito Shore" (1855); "The States of Central 
America " (1857 ; revised ed., 1870) ; " Monographs 
of Authors who have written on the Aboriginal 
Languages of Central America " (1860) ; " Tropical 
Fibres and their Economic Extraction" (1861); 
and "Peru: Incidents and Explorations in the 
Land of the Incas" (1877). 

SQUIER, Miles Powell, clergyman, b. in 
Cornwall, Vt, 4 May, 1792; d. in Geneva, N. Y., 
22 June, 1866. He was graduated at Middlebury 
in 1811, and at Andover seminary in 1814, and was 
licensed to preach by a Congregational associa- 
tion. After laboring at Oxford, Mass., and Ver- 
pennes, Vt, and doing missionary work for a year 
jn western New York, he was ordained on 8 May, 
1816, the first pastor of the 1st Presbyterian 
church of Buffalo, N. Y., which relation he main- 
tained until 1824. In 1824-'6 he acted as finan- 
cial agent of the Auburn theological seminary, 
and from 1826 till 1884 he was secretary of the 
Geneva agency of the American home missionary 
society. In 1881 he founded the Geneva lyceum, 
and was occupied in superintending its affairs un- 
til 1841. The next eight years he resided at Ge- 
neva, but supplied the pulpits of various neighbor- 
ing churches. From 1849 till 1868 he was pro- 
fessor of ' intellectual and moral philosophy at 
Beloit, Wis. The remaining three years of his 
life were spent in Geneva. Dr. Squier was an 
earnest student and fearless in the expression of 
opinion, t/ut genial in manner. Besides contribut- 
ing to the periodical press, he published " The 
Problem- Solved, or Sin not of God" (New York, 
1855) i " Reason and the Bible, or the Truth of Re- 
ligion " (1860) ; " Miscellaneous Writings, with an 
Autobiography, edited and supplemented by the 
Rev. James R. Boyd, of Geneva, W. Y." (1867). 

STACY, James, clergyman, b. in Liberty county, 
Ga., 2 June, 1880. He was graduated at Oglethorpe 
university, Ga., in 1849, studied theology at Colum- 
bia, S. C, and in 1858 was ordained by the Georgia 
presbytery. After preaching as a supply until 
1857. he was called to the pastorate of the New- 
nan, Ga., Presbyterian church, where he still re- 
mains. He has been stated clerk of the presbytery 
of Atlanta from its organization in 1867 to the 
present time, and has held the same office in the 
synod of Georgia since 1876. He is president of 
the board of directors of the theological seminary 
at Columbia, S. C. He received the honorary de- 
gree of D. D. from Arkansas college in 1876. Dr. 
Stacy has published a prize essay on the " Holy 
Sabbath" (Richmond, 1877); "Water Baptism * 
(1882); and " Day of Rest" (1885). 

STADEN. Hans (stah'-den), German traveller, 
b. in Hesse-Homburg in 1520 ; d. there about 1565. 
He had received a good education and was in 



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STAGER 



STALLO 



moderate circumstances, when desire for travel led 
him to enlist in 154? on a ship that was bound for 
BraziL He returned, 8 Oct., 1548, and, going to 
Seville, enlisted as a volunteer in an expedition for 
La Plata river, which sailed in March, 1549. On 
reaching the mouth of the river two ships sank in 
a storm, and, after vainly trying to build a bark, 
part of the shipwrecked crew set out overland for 
Asuncion, while the other sailed upon the third 
vessel for the island of Sao Vicente, but were also 
wrecked, and Staden, with a few survivors, passed 
to the continent and established themselves at Sao 
Marco in 1552. A few weeks later Staden, while 
engaged in a hunting expedition, was captured by 
a partv of Tupinamba Indians, who carried him 
to their village, where he was to be devoured at 
the next festivity, but he won the friendship of a 
powerful chief, whom he cured of a disease, and 
his life was spared. The Portuguese tried several 
times to negotiate for Staden s ransom, but the 
Indians declined all overtures. At last he made 
his escape on a French ship, and on 22 Feb., 1555, 
arrived at Honfleur, in Normandy, and thence 
went immediately to his native city, which he 
never left afterward. His interesting narrative 
"Geschichte eines Landes, gelegen in der Neuen 
Welt, America genannt, von Hans Staden aus Hom- 
burg in Hessen " (Marburg, 1557), which contains 
also a summary of the manners of Tupinamba 
Indians and a description of their villages, has 
been translated into French and reprinted in the 
collection of Henry Ternaux-Compans. 

STAGER, Anson, soldier, b. in Ontario county, 
N. Y., 20 April, 1825 ; d. in Chicago, 111., 26 March,' 
1885. At sixteen years of age he entered into the 
service of Henry O'Reilly, a printer, who subse- 
quently became a pioneer in the building and 
operating of telegraphs. He followed O'Reilly in 
his enterprise, and when the latter established a 
line from Philadelphia to Harrisburg he was 
placed in charge of the first office at Lancaster, 
Pa., in 1846. He then went to Cincinnati, Ohio, 
where he made several improvements in the con- 
struction of batteries ana the arrangement of 
wires, and in 1852 he was made general superin- 
tendent of the principal lines in the west at that 
time. After the consolidation of the Western 
union company with these he was still superintend- 
ent, and to his industry and ability the success of 
these lines is much indebted. At the opening of 
the civil war he was asked to take the manage- 
ment of the telegraphs in southern Ohio and along 
the Virginia line, to which he consented and at 
once prepared a cipher by which he could safely 
communicate with those who had the key. In Oc- 
tober he was called to Washington and appointed 
general superintendent of government telegraphs 
in all departments. He remained in service till 
September, 1868, and was brevetted brigadier- 
general of volunteers for valuable services. In 
1869 Gen. Stager returned to Chicago, and, in addi- 
tion to his duties as general superintendent, he was 
the promoter of many enterprises, among which 
was the Western electric manufacturing company, 
one of the largest of its kind in the United States. 
He was also interested in the Babcock manufactur- 
ing company and several others. He secured a 
consolidation of the two telephone companies in 
Chicago, and was president of them and also of the 
Western Edison electric light company, and a di- 
rector in many corporations. 

STAHEL, Julius, soldier, b. in Csongrad, Hun- 
gary, 4 Nov., 1825. After being educated at Buda- 
pest, he entered the Austrian army and had risen 
from the ranks to be 1st lieutenant when the 



Hungarian revolution occurred. Stahel joined the 
revolutionists and served on the staffs of Gen. Ar- 
thur Gorger and Gen. Richard Debaufre Guyon. 
After the success of the Austrian arms he went to 
Germany, thence to England, and finally to New 
York city. There he essayed journalism, and in 
1859 was editor of the ** Deutsche illustrirte Fa- 
milienbl&tter," an illustrated German weekly. He 
became, in May, 1861, lieutenant-colonel of the 
8th New York volunteers, commanded that regi- 
ment in the first battle of Bull Run, and was made 
colonel. He was promoted brigadier-general, 12 
Nov., 1861, given a brigade in Gen. Louis Blen- 
ker's German division, and took part in the battle 
of Cross Keys, Va., 8 June, 1862. He was subse- 
quently in command of a division of Gen. Franz 
Sigel's army corps, the 11th, and on 14 March, 
1863, was commissioned major-general. He re- 
signed from the army, 8 Feb., 1865. In 1866 he 
was made U. S. consul at Yokohama, Japan, but 
after three years' residence there be was compelled 
to return on account of impaired health. He was 
engaged in mining from 1870 till 1877, when he 
was again appointed consul to Japan. There he 
remained until March, 1884, when he was made 
U. S. consul-general at Shanghai, which latter 
office he resigned in 1885. He has since been en- 
gaged in business in New York city. 

STAIGG, Richard Morrell (stag), artist, b. in 
Leeds, England, 7 Sept., 1817; d. in Newport, 
R. I., 11 Oct, 1881. When he was about thirteen 
years of age he was placed in an architect's office, 
and he subsequently received a few weeks' instruc- 
tion in portrait-painting. In 1831 be came to the 
United States with his father, and four years later 
he settled with the family in Newport. In his 
artistic efforts he met with encouragement and ad- 
vice from Washington Allston, ana soon devoted 
himself entirely to miniature-painting. Among 
his portraits are those of Washington Allston, 
Edward Everett, Daniel Webster, William H. 
Prescott, and others. Some of his miniatures were 
exhibited at the Royal academy, and received warm 
praise. He was a regular exhibitor at the Acade- 
my of design, New York, of which he was elected 
an associate in 1856, and an academician in 1861. 
He visited Europe in 1867-'9,and again in 1872-*4. 
The last twenty years of his life were devoted to 
painting life-size portraits in oil, as well as genre 
pieces and landscapes. Among his works in oil are 
portraits of himself, of Russell Sturgis and George 
H. Calvert, and the "Crossing Sweeper": "The 
Sailor's Grave" (1862); and "Cat's Cradle" (1863). 

STALL, Sylvanus, clergyman, b. in Elizaville, 
Columbia co., N. Y., 18 Oct, 1847. He was gradu- 
ated at Pennsylvania college, Gettysburg, in 1872, 
and at the theological seminary there in 1874, 
after studying also in Union theological seminary, 
New York city. He was ordained by the Hartwick 
Lutheran synod in 1874, and has held pastorates 
at Cobbleskill, N. Y., in 1874-7, Martin's Creek, 
Pa., in 1877-80, and Lancaster, Pa., in 1880-7. In 
the last-named year he retired from the active 
duties of the ministry in order to devote his time 
to " Stall's Lutheran Year-Book " (Lancaster, Pa.), 
which he originated in 1884. He has been statis- 
tical secretary of the general synod since 1885. 
He has published a "Pastor's Record" (Albany, 
1876); "Hand-Book to Lutheran Hymns" (Phila- 
delphia, 1879) ; " How to pay Church Debts and how 
to Keep Churches out of Dtebt" (New York, 1880); 
and " Methods of Church Work " (1887). 

STALLO, John Bernhard, diplomatist, b. in 
Sierhausen, Oldenburg, 16 March, 1828. He came 
to this country in 1839, taught in Cincinnati and 



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STANBERY 



STANDISH 



648 



New York city till 1847, studied law, and was a 
judge of the Cincinnati court of common pleas in 
185H-'5. He took part in the Liberal Republican 
movement of 1872, and was appointed minister to 
Italy in 1885. He is the author of " General Prin- 
ciples of the Philosophy of Nature " (Boston, 1848) 
and •' Concepts and Theories of Modern Physics " 
(New York, 1882). 

STANBERY, Henry, attorney-general, b. in 
New York city, 20 Feb., 1803; d. there, 26 June, 1881, 
He was the son of Jonas Stanbery, a physician, who 
removed to Zanesville, Ohio, in 1814. Henry was 
graduated at Washington college, Pa., in 18lS, and 
began the study of law in that year, but could not 
be admitted to the bar until he was of age, in 1824. 
Then, at the invitation of Thomas Ewing, he began 
practice in Lancaster county, Ohio, ana rode the 
circuit with him. Mr. Stanbery remained for 
many years at Lancaster. In 1846 the office of 
attorney-general of Ohio was created by the gen- 
eral assembly, and he was elected to be its first 
occupant He accordingly removed to Columbus, 
where be resided for about five years. At that 
time the U. S. courts were held there, and Judge 
Stanbery established a large and valuable prac- 
tice in them as well as in the supreme court of 
Ohio. In 1850 he was elected a delegate to the 
convention that framed the present state constitu- 
tion. In 1853 he removed to Cincinnati, and in 
1866 he was appointed attorney-general of the 
United States by President Johnson. This office 
he accepted, after consultation with his friends, 
solely from a desire to assist in carrying the gov- 
ernment safely through the perilous period that 
followed the war, and resigned it at the request of 
the executive to become one of his counsel on the 
impeachment trial. His health at the time was so 
delicate that most of his arguments were submitted 
in writing. On the termination of the trial he 
was nominated by the president to the office of 
justice of the U. S. supreme court; but the senate 
refused to confirm him. He then returned to Cin- 
cinnati, where he was president of the Law associa- 
tion of that city, but held no other public office. 
He wrote occasionally on political questions, and 
sometimes made public addresses. As a lawyer, 
although be was learned in technicalities and 
skilled in applying the nice rules of evidence and 
practice, he especially delighted in the discussion 
of general principles. As a practitioner he was 
quick to perceive the slightest weakness in his op- 
ponent's case. He never attempted to browbeat 
or mislead a witness, but knew how to secure full 
and true answers even from those who bad come 
upon the stand with hostile intentions. 

STANDISH, Myles, soldier, b. in Lancashire, 
England, about 1584 ; d. in Duxbury, Mass., 3 Oct, 
1656. It is supposed that he was a scion of the 
Standish family of Duxbury Hall in Lancashire, 
and that his name was erased from the family 
register to deprive him of a share in the estate. 
The name is ancient, and Proissart, describing the 
meeting between Richard II. and Wat Tyler, re- 
lates how the latter was killed by a " squyer of the 
kynges called John Standysshe," who was knighted 
for this act. Later another Sir John Stand ish par- 
ticipated in the battle of Agincourt While still a 
youth, Myles entered the English forces on the 
continent, and after serving in the Netherlands 
he joined in Leyden the colony that sailed in the 
44 Mayflower " from Plymouth, England, on 16 
Sept., 1620. The vessel anchored in the Bay of 
Cape Cod on 21 Nov., 1620, and on 25 Nov. 
sixteen armed men. " every one his Musket, 
Sword, and Corslet, Under the command of Cap- 



?(fy&i$f<Jt& 



taine Myles Standish," were sent ashore for a 
second exploration. They marched in single file 
through what is now Provincetown, where they 
saw several Indians, followed their tracks about 
ten miles, and spent the night in the woods. Three 
subsequent expe- 
ditions were sent _ 
out. On the third, 
after landing in 
the vicinity of 
Eastham, they 
went toward Well- 
fleet, found an 
Indian burying- 

Elace and Indian 
ouses, and en- 
camped before 
nightfall at Nans- 
keket. On the fol- 
lowing day they 
were surprised by 
the Indians, upon 
whom Standish 
fired, but the skir- 
mish was slight 
On 29 Sept., 1621, 
after the founding of Plymouth, a partv of ten 
men, with three savages as guides, under com- 
mand of Standish, who had been appointed mili- 
tary captain in February. 1621, explored Massa- 
chusetts bay. They anchored off what is now 
Thomson's island, which Standish explored and 
named Trevore. This party also explored the 
broad plain known as " Massachusetts fields,'* the 
gathering-place of the tribes, which comprised a 
part of what is now Quincy. In 1622 Thomas 
Weston sent out emigrants to plant a new colony, 
which they did at Wessagussett (now Weymouth). 
They incurred the enmity of the Massachusetts In- 
dians, who formed a plot to destroy them; but, 
fearing that such an act would be avenged by the 
Plymouth colony, they decided to exterminate the 
English. Before this plan was executed, Massasoit 
revealed the plot, and the Plymouth colonists de- 
termined to send an expedition to Wessagussett 
Fearful of exciting the suspicion of the Indians by 
an armed body, Myles Standish selected eight men 
to march to the relief of that colony, which he 
found in a wretched condition. By Massasoit's 
advice, Standish, with a few of his men, enticed the 
chiefs Pecksuot and Wituwamat, with a half- 
brother of the latter, into a room, and, closing the 
door, killed the Indians after a desperate fight. 
This was the first Indian blood that was shed by 
the Pilgrims. A general battle ensued in the open 
field, from which the Indians fled and in which 
no lives were lost. This victory of Standish spread 
terror among the savages, and, as a warning to 
further depredations, the head of Wituwamat was 
exposed to view at Plymouth. When the news of 
Stand ish's exploit reached the pious John Robin- 
son, the pastor at Leyden, he wrote to the gover- 
nor of Plymouth on 19 Dec., 1623, "to consider 
the disposition of their captain, who was of a 
warm temper," and concluded with the remark: 
" O how happy a thing had it been that you had 
converted some before you had killed any ! " In 
the summer of 1625 the colony was in great trouble, 
owing to its unhappy relation with its partners, the 
so-called *• merchant adventurers " in London, and 
Capt Standish was sent to England to seek relief, 
bearing a letter from Gov. William Bradford to the 
council of New England urging their intervention 
in behalf of the colony ; but Bradford says that, on 
account of the plague in London, Standish could 



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accomplish nothing. In 1828 Standish captured 
Thomas Morton, of MerryMount (q. v). In retalia- 
tion for an attack of D'Aulnay (see CharwisA, 
Aulhat ns), who drove away in 1635 a party of 
Plymouth men at Penobscot, Plymouth despatched 
a Tessel and a force under Standisb to compel the 
surrender of the French at that post; but this expe- 
dition failed. In addition to being the military 
leader of every exploit of importance in the col- 
ony, his counsel was often required in civil affairs, 
and for many years he was also treasurer of the 
colony. He was not a member of the Plymouth 
communion, but was a dissenter from the dissent- 
ers. He was resolute, stern, bold, and of incorrupt- 
ible integrity, " an iron-nerved Puritan who could 
hew down forests and live on crumbs." A por- 
trait, painted on an old panel, was found in 1877 
in a picture-shop in School street, Boston, bearing 
the date 1025, and " ^Etatis Sua, 88," on which the 
name of M. Standish was discovered after removing 
the frame. It now hangs in Pilgrim hall, Plym- 
outh, and is reproduced in the accompanying vig- 
nette. His first wife, Rose, died on 29 Jan., 1821, 
and his second courtship has been made the subject 
of a romance bv Henry W. Longfellow, in which 
there are several anachronisms. Although his en- 
voy, John Alden, won his chosen bride, Priscilla 
Mullens, they remained close friends until death, 
and later generations of the Standish and Alden 
families intermarried. A tradition says that his 
second wife, Barbara, was the younger sister of 
,.. _ Rose Standish. In his 

will, dated 7 March, 1655, 
he left his property to 
his wife, Barbara, and to 
his four sons, Alexan- 
der, Myles, Josias, and 
Charles. His goods and 
chattels, worth £850, were 
exhibited in the court 
that was held in Plym- 
outh on 4 May, 1657. 
One of his swords is pre- 
served in the cabinet of 
the Massachusetts histo- 
rical society, and another 
is in Pilgrim hall, Plym- 
outh. Several other rel- 
; ics are in the possession 
, of the Pilgrim society, 
\ which also owns a piece 
\ of ingenious embroidery 
made by his daughter, 
Lora. In 1682 several of 
the M Mayflower" families settled in Duxbury, 
Mass. Standish established himself on " Captain s 
Hill," so named from his military office, and it is 
probable that he was buried there. It is supposed 
that his house stood unchanged until about 1666, 
and that it was then enlarged by his son Alexan- 
der, who it is flhought was a trader and possibly 
town-clerk of Duxbury. The present house was 
built by this son. A granite monument is now 
being erected to his memory on Captain's Hill, 
Duxbury, as seen in the accompanying illustra- 
tion. 'The shaft is one hundred feet in height and 
upon it stands a statue of Standish looking east- 
ward. His right band, holding the charter of the 
colony, is extended toward Plymouth, while his 
left rests upon his sheathed sword. 

STANFORD. Leland, senator, b. in Watervliet, 
Albany co., N. Y., 9 March, 1824. His ancestors 
settled in the valley of the Mohawk, N. T., about 
1720. He was brought up on a farm, and when 
twenty years old began the study of law. He was 



admitted to the bar in 1849, and the same year 
began to practise at Port Washington, Wis. In 
1852, having lost his law library and other property 
by fire, he removed to California and began mining 
for gold at Michigan bluff, Placer co., subsequently 
becoming associated in business with his three 
brothers, who had preceded him to the Pacific 
coast In 1856 he removed to San Francisco and 
engaged in mercantile pursuits on a large scale, 
laying the foundation of a fortune that has recent- 
ly been estimated at more than $50,000,000. In 
1860 Mr. Stanford made his entrance into public 
life as a delegate to the Chicago convention that 
nominated Abraham Lincoln to the presidency. 
He was an earnest advocate of a Pacific railroad, 
and was elected president of the Central Pacific 
company when it was organized in 1861. The 
same year he was elected governor of California, 
and served from December, 1861, till December, 
1868. As president of the Pacific road he super- 
intended its construction over the mountains, build- 
ing 580 miles in 298 days, and on 10 May, 1869, drove 
the last spike at Promontory point, Utah. He also 
became interested in other roads on the Pacific slope, 
and in the development of the agriculture and 
manufactures of California. In 1885 he was elected 
to the U. S. senate for the full term of six years 
from 4 March, 1886. In memory of his only son, 
Mr. Stanford has given the state of California $20,- 
000,000 to be used in founding at Palo Alto a uni- 
versity whose curriculum shall not only include 
the usual collegiate studies, but comprise instruc- 
tion in telegraphy, type-setting, type- writing, jour- 
nalism, book-keeping, farming, civil engineering, 
and other practical branches of education. The 
corner-stone was laid on 14 May, 1887, and it is 
expected that the various structures will be so far 
completed as to afford accommodation for several 
hundred students by January, 1889. Included in 
the trust fund for the maintenance of the univer- 
sity is Mr. Stanford's estate at Vina, Tehama co, 
CaL, which is said to be the largest vineyard in 
the world. It comprises 80,000 acres, 8,500 of 
which are planted with bearing vines. It is divided 
into 500-acre tracts, and most of the labor is per- 
formed by Chinamen. 

STANLEY, Anthony Dnmond, mathemati- 
cian, b. in East Hartford, Conn., 2 April, 1810; 
d. there, 16 March, 1858. He was graduated at 
Yale in 1880, was appointed tutor in 1832, and 
professor of mathematics in the same institution 
In 1886, which office he held until his death. He 
published an M Elementary Treatise of Spherical 
Geometry and Trigonometry " (New Haven, 1848), 
and " Tables of Logarithms of Numbers, and of 
Logarithmic Sines, Tangents, and Secants to 
Seven Places of Decimals, together with Other 
Tables" (1849). He also edited an edition of 
" Day's Algebra," assisted in the revision of ** Web- 
ster's Quarto Dictionary " (1847), and left several 
unfinished works in manuscript 

STANLEY, David Sloan, soldier, b. in Cedar 
Valley, Ohio. 1 June, 1828. He was graduated at 
the U. S. military academy in 1852, and in 1858 
was detailed with Lieut. Amiel W. Whipple to 
survey a railroad route along the 85th parallel. As 
lieutenant of cavalry from 1855 till his promo- 
tion to a captaincy in 1861. he spent the greater 
part of his time in the saddle. Among other In- 
dian engagements he took part in one with the 
Cheyennes on Solomon's Fork, and one with the 
Comanche* near Fort Arbuckle. At the beginning 
of the civil war he refused high rank in the Con- 
federate army. In the early part of the war he 
fought at Independence, Forsyth, Dug Springs, 



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Wilson's Creek, Rolla, and other places, and was 
appointed brigadier-general of volunteers, 28 Sept, 
1861. He led a division at New Madrid, and the 
commanding general reported that he was "espe- 
cially indebted" to Gen. Stanley for his "efficient 
aid and uniform zeal.'* Subsequently he was com- 
plimented for his " untiring activity and skill " in 
the battle of Island No. 10. He took part in most 
of the skirmishes in and around Corinth and in 
the battle of Farmington. In the fight near the 
White House, or Bridge Creek, he repelled the ene- 
my's attack with severe loss, and he was especially 
commended by Gen. William S. Rosecrans at Iuka. 
At Corinth he occupied the line between batteries 
Robinett and Williams, and was thus exposed to 
the severest part of the attack of the enemy, and, 
although other parts of the line gave way, his was 
never broken. Gen. Stanley was appointed major- 
general of volunteers on 29 Nov., 1862. He bore an 
active part in most of the battles of the Atlanta 
campaign, and as commander of the 4th army corps 
he took part in the battle of Jonesboro'. After 
Qen. George H. Thomas was ordered to Nashville, 
Gen. Stanley was directed on 6 Oct to command 
the Army of the Cumberland in his absence. Until 
he was severely wounded at Franklin, he took an 
active part in all the operations and battles in de- 
fence of Nashville. His disposition of the troops 
at Spring Hill enabled him to repel the assault of 
the enemy's cavalry and afterward two assaults of 
the infantry. A few days afterward, at Franklin, 
he fought a desperate hand-to-hand conflict Plac- 
ing himself at the head of a reserve brigade, he re- 
gained the part of the line that the enemy had 
broken. Although severely wounded, ho did not 
leave the field until long after dark. When he re- 
covered he rejoined his command, and, after the 
war closed, took it to Texas. He had received the 
brevets of lieutenant-colonel for Stone River, Tenn., 
colonel for Resaca, Ga., brigadier-general for 
Ruff's Station, Ga., and major-general for Frank- 
lin, Tenn., all in the regular army. He was ap- 
pointed colonel of the 22d infantry, and spent a 
greater part of the time up to 1874 in Dakota. In 
command of the Yellowstone expedition of 1873, 
he successfully conducted his troops through the 
unknown wilderness of Dakota ana Montana, and 
his favorable reports on the country led to the sub- 
sequent emigration thither. In 1874 he went with 
his regiment to the lake stations, and in 1879 moved 
it to Texas, where he completely suppressed Indian 
raids in the western part of the state. He also re- 
stored the confidence of the Mexicans, which had 
been disturbed by the raid that the U. S. troops 
made across the boundary in 1878. He was ordered 
to Santa Fe, N. M., in 1882, and placed in command 
of the district of New Mexico. While he was sta- 
tioned there, and subsequently at Fort Lewis, com- 
plications arose at various times with the Navajos, 
Utes, and Jicarillas, all of which he quieted with- 
out bloodshed. The greater part of his service has 
been on the Indian frontier, and he has had to deal 
with nearly every tribe that occupies the Mississippi 
and Rio Grande valley, thus becoming perfectly 
acquainted with the Indian character. In March*. 
1884, he was appointed a brigadier-general in the 
regular army, and assigned to the Department of 
Texas, where he has been ever since. 

STANLEY, Frederick Arthur. Lord, governor 
of Canada, b. in Ijondon, England. 15 Jan., 1841. 
He is the youngest son of the fourteenth Earl of 
Derby, ami brother of the present earl. After re- 
ceiving his education at Eton, he entered the 
Grenadier guards in 1858, became lieutenant and 
captain in 1862, and retired from the army in 1805. 



Jfifo&yyt ' fajKT 



He represented Preston in parliament, as a Con- 
servative, from July, 1865, till December, 1868, 
when he was elected for North Lancashire. He 
was lord of the admiralty from August till Decem- 
ber, 1868, and financial secretary for war from 
February, 1874, till 
August, 1877, when 
he became financial 
secretary to the treas- 
ury. On 2 April, 
1878, he was appoint- 
ed secretary of state 
for war, which port- 
folio he held till he 
went out of office 
with his party in 
April, 1880. In the 
government of Lord 
Salisbury he was sec- 
retary of state for 
the colonies from 
June, 1885, till Feb- 
ruary, 1886, and in 
the cabinet of Au- 
gust 1886, he was 
appointed president 
of the board of trade, 
and raised to the peerage with the title of I^ord 
Stanley of Preston. In June, 1888, he was ap- 
pointed governor-general of Canada, in succession 
to the Marquis of Lansdowne, who had been ap- 

gointed governor-general of India. In 1864 Lord 
tanley married Lady Constance, eldest daughter 
of the fourth Earl of Clarendon. His elder brother 
being childless, he is heir-presumptive to the earl- 
dom of Derby. 

STANLEY, Henry Morton, explorer, b. near 
Denbigh, Wales, in 1840. His name was originally 
John Rowlands. He was placed in the poor-house 
at St. Asaph when he was three years old, remain- 
ing there and being educated for ten years. In 
1855 he sailed as a cabin-boy to New Orleans, where 
he was adopted by a merchant, whose name he took 
instead of his own. This merchant died without 
leaving a will, and young Stanley enlisted in the 
Confederate army, was taken prisoner, and subse- 
quently volunteered in the U. S. navy, serving as act- 
ing ensign on the iron-clad " Ticonderoga." At the 
close of the war he went as a newspaper corre- 
spondent to Turkey. In 1868 he accompanied the 
British army to Abvssinia as correspondent of the 
New York " Herald." When he was in Spain in 
the service of the same paper he was askea by its 

Eroprietor, in October, 1869. to go and find Dr. David 
livmgstone, the African explorer, of whom nothing 
definite had been heard for more than two years. 
After attending the opening of the Suez canal, 
visiting Constantinople, the Crimea, Palestine, the 
valley of the Euphrates, Persia, and India, Stan- 
ley sailed from Bombay, 12 Oct., 1870, and reached 
Zanzibar, on the eastern coast of Africa, early in 
January, 1871. There he organized his search ex- 
pedition and set out for the interior on 21 March 
with 192 followers. On 10 Nov. he found Dr. Liv- 
ingstone at Ujiii, on Lake Tanganyika, where he 
had just arrived from the southwest. Stanley fur- 
nished Dr. Livingstone with supplies, explored the 
northern part of Lake Tanganyika with him, and 
remained till February, 1872, when Livingstone set 
out on that journey from which he never returned, 
while Stanley made his way back to the coast, sail- 
ing thence on 14 March, 1872, and reaching Eng- 
land late in July. The British association enter- 
tained him at Brighton, where, on 16 Aug.. he gave 
an account of his expedition. On 27 Aug. the 



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queen sent him a gold snuff-box set with diamonds, 
and on 21 Oct. a banquet was given him by the 
Royal geographical society. In 1878 he received 
the patron's gold medal of the Royal geographical 
society. The New York " Herald " and the London 
" Daily Telegraph " again sent Stanley to explore 
the lake region of equatorial Africa. He reached 

Zanzibar in the 
autumn of 1874. 
There learning 
that Livingstone 
had died in cen- 
tral Africa, he de- 
termined to shape 
his course north- 
west and explore 
the region of 
Lake Victoria 
N'yanza. Leav- 
ing at the head 
of 800 men, after 
many hardships 
and severe en- 
counters with the 
natives, he reach- 
ed it in February, 
1875, having lost 

(ftv^. /HA^4-Aj>Z*JtjUM men by death or 
(_ U -~s desertion. He cir- 

cumnavigated the 
lake, sailing about 1,000 miles and minutely ex- 
amining all the inlets, in a boat that he had 
brought with him in pieces, and found it to be a 
single large lake, instead of a series of lagoons, as 
had been supposed by Richard F. Burton and 
Livingstone, so that the opinion of the explorers 
Speke and Grant was confirmed. Thus was Lake 
Victoria N'yanza proved to be the largest body of 
fresh water in the world, having an area of 40,000 
square miles. On 17 April, 1875, continuing his 
explorations, he set out westward toward Lake 
Albert N'yanza, and found that it was not, as had 
been supposed, connected with Lake Tanganyika. 
The hostility of the natives barred his further ad- 
vance, and, forced to return to Ujiji, he resolved to 
reach the coast by descending the great river that 
had been discovered by Livingstone, and named 
the Lualaba, but which Stanley had called the 
Livingstone in honor of its discoverer. The latter 
had thought that it might be identical with the 
Nile ; others supposed it to be part of the Congo, 
and Stanley, by nis descent of it, proved that these 
last were correct. The descent, chiefly by canoes, 
took eight months, was accomplished under very 
great difficulties and privations, and cost him the 
lives of thirty-five men. On his reaching a west- 
coast settlement, a Portuguese man-of-war took 
him to St Paul de Loanaa, whence an English 
vessel conveyed the party to the Cape of Good 
Hope, and thence to Zanzibar, where what re- 
mained of the men who had joined his expedition 
were left at their own homes. Stanley reached 
England in February, 1878. On 28 June, 1878, at 
the Sorbonne. Paris, he was presented with the cross 
of chevalier of the Legion of honor by the president 
of the French geographical society. In 1879-'82 
he was again in Africa, sent out by the Brussels 
African international association with a view to 
develop the great basin of the river Congo. The 
king oi the Belgians devoted £50,000 a year from 
his own private means toward this enterprise. In 
1884 Stanley completed the work, establishing 
trading-stations along the Congo from its mouth 
to Stanley pool, a distance by the river of 1,400 



miles, and founding the free state of the Congo, 
but he declined to be its first governor. On 18 
Jan., 1887, he was presented with the freedom of the 
city of London. At present (August, 1888) he is en- 
gaged on an African expedition to the Soudan, 
sent out for the relief or Emin Pasha. He has 

?ublished " How I Found Livingstone " (New York, 
872) ; " Through the Dark Continent," an account 
of his second expedition (1878; abridged ed., 1885); 
and " The Congo and the Founding of its Free 
State" (1885). 

STANLY, Edward, statesman, b. in New Berne. 
N. C, about 1811; d. in San Francisco, CaL, 12 
July, 1872. He was the son of John Stanly, who 
was several times speaker of the North Carolina 
legislature and twice a member of congress. The 
son was educated at Capt. Alden Partridge's mili- 
tary academy in Middletown, Conn., studied and 
practised law, and was elected to congress as a 
whig in 1886, and re-elected for the two succeed- 
ing terms. Having left congress in 1843, he repre- 
sented Beaufort in the state house of commons 
from 1844 till 1849, serving during his last term 
as speaker. In 1847 he was elected attorney-gen- 
eral of the state. He was re-elected to congress 
in 1848 and returned for the succeeding term, at 
the close of which, in 1858, he removed to Cali- 
fornia, where he practised his profession, and in 
1857 was the unsuccessful Republican candidate 
for governor. After the capture of New Berne on 
14 March, 1862, and the occupation of other points 
in North Carolina by National troops, President 
Lincoln appointed Stanly military governor of his 
native state. The people were embittered by this, 
and, after vainly endeavoring to consolidate and 

S've effect to the Unionist sentiment in North 
trolina, he resigned and returned to California. 
— His brother, Fa bins, naval officer, b. in New 
Berne, N. C, 15 Dec., 1815; d. in Washington, 
D. C, 5 Sept., 1882, entered the navy as a midship- 
man, 20 Dec., 1881, was promoted to lieutenant, 
8 Sept., 1841, and during the Mexican war was 
attached to the Pacific squadron, where he did good 
service, participating in the capture and defence 
of San Francisco and other California ports. He 
assisted at the capture of Guaymas, where he led 
the storming party, and commanded a night ex- 
pedition to a fort twelve miles from that place, 
where with thirty men he passed through the 
enemy's lines, spiked the guns, and returned in 
safety. He was also present at the capture of 
Mazatlan, commanded the outposts, and nad fre- 
quent skirmishes with the enemy, in one of which 
he had a hand-to-hand contest, and received a lance 
wound in the breast. He was highly commended 
for his zeal and ability, and received the thanks of 
two secretaries of the navy for his services in the 
Mexican war. He commanded steamers of the 
Pacific mail company in 1850-'l. During the Para- 
guay expedition he commanded the store-ship 
"Supply, and in 1859-60 he had the steamer 
"Wyandotte" 6n the south side of Cuba. While 
he was at Key West he prevented what he supposed 
to be an attempt by the secessionists to seize Fort 
Taylor in December, 1860 ; but the rumor was con- 
tradicted, and he was relieved from his command 
for his excessive zeal, and sent to command the 
receiving-ship ** Independence " in California. He 
was commissioned commander, 19 May, 1861, and 
was in the steamer " Narragansett " in the Pacific in 
1862-'4. He received the thanks of the state depart- 
ment for his diplomatic services in Mexico during 
this period. He commanded the '* State of Georgia 
on the coast of South Carolina in 1864-'5, co-oper- 
ated in the expedition up the Santee, and nad 



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charge of the expedition of Bull's hay. He was 
commissioned captain, 25 July, 1866, commodore, 
1 July, 1870, and rear-admiral, 12 Feb., 1874. He 
was retired on 4 June, 1874, on his own application. 

STANNARD, George Jerrison, soldier, b. in 
Georgia. Vt, 20 Oct., 1820; d. in Washington, 
D. C, 31 May, 1886. He received an academic 
education, worked on his father's farm, teaching 
in winter, and was a clerk in a foundry from 1845 
till 1860, when he became joint proprietor of the 
business. He was a colonel of militia when the 
civil war began, and was the first man in Vermont 
to offer his services after the president's call for 
volunteers. He was commissioned as lieutenant- 
colonel of the 2d Vermont regiment, which was 
mustered into the service in May, 1861. He was 
at the first battle of Bull Run, and while stationed 
near the Chain bridge in the following autumn fre- 
quently led scouting parties into the enemy's terri- 
tory. In May, 1862, ne was commissioned colonel 
of the 9th Vermont infantry, which was stationed 
at Harper's Ferry when CoL Dixon S. Miles sur- 
rendered that post, and on being paroled went into 
camp at Chicago. On 11 March, 1868, he was com- 
missioned as brigadier-general. His brigade of 
Vermont troops came up at the close of the first 
day's battle at Gettysburg. On the second day he 
held the left slope of Cemetery hill till he was 
ordered farther to the left in the afternoon to 
oppose Geu. James Longstreet's assault after the 
rout of the 3d corps. His brigade closed the gap 
speedily, saving two batteries, retaking another, 
and capturing two Confederate guns. On the third 
day it opposed a solid front to Gen. George E. 
Pickett's division, and, when the Confederate 
column turned slightly to the left, threw the assail- 
ants into confusion bv a flanking fire. Gen. Stan- 
nard was wounded in the action, and could not 
return to the field till May, 1864. At Cold Harbor 
he was struck by a rifle-ball, but brought off the 
remnant of his command. He led the advance 
on Petersburg, aud was assigned to the com- 
mand of a division, but was again wounded and, 
moreover, disabled by sickness. When he re- 
joined the army after a few weeks of absence he 
led the advance upon the defences of Richmond 
north of James river, and captured Fort Harri- 
son, for which he was brevetted major-general on 
28 Oct, 1864, but when the enemy attempted to 
storm the works on the day after their capture a 
bullet shattered his arm, necessitating amputation. 
He returned to his home, and in December, 1864, 
after the raid on St. Albans, was placed in charge of 
the defence of the northern frontier of Vermont. 
He resigned on 27 June, 1866, and was appointed 
collector of customs for the district of Vermont, 
which office he held till 1872. 

STANSBURY, Arthur J., author, b. in New 
York city in 1781 ; d. about 1845. He was graduated 
at Columbia in 1799, and licensed to preach in 
1810. Besides contributing to periodicals, he pub- 
lished several sermons and addresses, and was the 
author of " Elementary Catechism on the Consti- 
tution of the United States" (Boston, 1828) and a 
" Report of the Trial of Judge James H. Peck, or 
an Impeachment by the House of Representatives 
of the United States" (1888). His reports of the 
debates in congress for twenty years are embodied 
in Joseph Gales's and William W. Seaton's " Regis- 
ter of Debates" (14 vols., Washington, 1825-'37). 
He also wrote and illustrated books for children. 

STANSBURY, Howard, explorer, b. in New 
York city, 8 Feb., 1806; d. in Madison, Wis., 17 
April, 1863. Early in life he became a civil engi- 
neer, and in October, 1828, he was placed in charge 



of the survey of proposed canals to unite Lake Erie 
and Lake Michigan with the Wabash river, and was 
also engaged in other surveys of western rivers. 
In 1835 he had charge of numerous public works 
in Indiana, in 1836 he made a survey of James 
river with a view toward improving the harbor of 
Richmond, and in 1837 he surveyed Illinois and 
Kaskaskia rivers, being afterward engaged upon 
the survey for a railroad from Milwaukee to Du- 
buque, and charged with the construction of a road 
from Milwaukee to Mississippi river. He became 
1st lieutenant of U. S. topographical engineers on 
7 July, 1838, captain in 1840, and in 1841 was 
engaged in a survey of the lakes. In 1842-'5 he 
was in charge of the* survey of the harbor of Ports- 
mouth, N. H., a work which for minute accuracy 
of detail is unsurpassed in this country. In 184*7 
he was charged with the construction of an iron 
light-house on Carysfort reef, Florida, which is the 
largest light-house on our coast From 1849 till 
1851 he was engaged in the Great Salt Lake expe- 
dition, his report of which gave him a wide reputa- 
tion. In 1852-3 he was engaged upon the lake 
harbors, and in 1856 he was assigned to the charge 
of the military roads in Minnesota. He was ap- 
pointed major on 28 Sept, 1861, and at the time of 
his death he was mustering and disbursing officer 
at Madison. Maj. Stansbury published " An Expe- 
dition to the Valley of the Great Salt Lake of 
Utah " (Philadelphia, 1852; 2d ed., 1855). 

STANSBURY, Joseph, merchant, b. in Eng- 
land in 1750; d. in New York city in 1809. He 
emigrated to Philadelphia, where he became an 
importing merchant, and was generally respected 
for his integrity. In 1776 it was reported that he 
" sung * God save the King ' in his house, and that 
a number of persons present bore him the chorus," 
and before the close of that year he was imprisoned 
in Burlington, N. J. In 1777 he was appointed by 
Sir William Howe a commissioner for selecting and 
governing the city watch of Philadelphia, and in 
778 he was a manager of that officer s lottery for 
the relief of the poor. In 1780 the Whigs were 
again in possession of Philadelphia, and again im- 

Crisoned him, and the agent of the loyalists' es- 
ites was directed by the council of Philadelphia 
to make an inventory of his possessions. His re- 
quest for permission to live within the British lines 
was granted on the condition that he should pro- 
cure the release and safe return of two prisoners 
then on Long Island, and that he would do noth- 
ing injurious to the Whig cause. He was liberated, 
his property was restored, and with his family he 
resided in New York during the remainder of the 
war, and afterward removed to Nova Scotia, but 
returned to Philadelphia in 1785, intending to re- 
sume his former occupation, but, threatened with 
violence, he removed to New York, where he be- 
came secretary of an insurance company. He wrote 
in support of the crown, and his verses were edit- 
ed by Winthrop Sargent under the title of Stans- 
burv's and Odell s •• Loyal Verses" (Albany, I860). 
—His son, Philip, traveller, b. in New York city 
about 1802; d. about 1870, was the author of "A 
Pedestrian Tour of Two Thousand Three Hundred 
Miles in North America, to the Lakes, the Cana- 
das, and the New England States, performed in 
the Autumn of 1821 " (New York, 1822). This 
work, which is exceedingly rare, is characterized 
by great keenness of observation, and contains one 
of the best descriptions extant of the important 
battle-fields included in the conquest of Canada 
in 1759-'63, its invasion during the war of 1812. 
the wars with the Indians in the New England 
states, the Revolutionary contest in Massachusetts, 



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and the disastrous expedition of Gen. Burgoyne. 
As a comparison between the customs, habits of 
living, modes of thought and educational interests 
of New England and New York of seventy years 
since and to-dav, Stansbury's work is valuable. 

8TANSEL ('styled bv Spanish and Portuguese 
writers STANCtL, E&T ANSEL, and EST AN 
CEL), Valentine, German astronomer, b. in Mora- 
via in 1621 ; d. in Bahia, Brazil, 18 Dec., 1705. He 
became a Jesuit in 1687, and taught rhetoric and 
mathematics in the colleges of Olmutz and Prague. 
He was in Brazil in 1664, and took observations of 
the comets that appeared in that and the following 
year. He was appointed professor of theology in 
the Jesuit college of San Salvador, and continued to 
make astronomical observations, the results of which 
he sent to Europe. There is a full list of his works 
in Backer's " Bibliothcque des ecrivains de laCom- 
pagnie de Jesus " (5th series), in which it is also 
shown that the dates of his death given in the " Bio- 
graphic universelle" and other biographical dic- 
tionaries are incorrect. His principal writings are 
" Orbis Alfonsinus " (Evora, 1658) ; " Legatus ura- 
nicus ex orbe novo in veterem ; hoc est. Observa- 
tiones Americans comet am ra facto conscripts ac 
in Europam miss®" (Prague, 1683) ; " Uranophi- 
lus coelestis peregrin us, sive mentis Uranicae per 
mundum side re urn peregrinantis ecstases " (Ant- 
werp and Ghent, 1085); and " Mercurius Brasilicus, 
sive Cceli et soli brasiliensis oeconomica." 

STANTON, Daniel, Quaker preacher, b. in 
Philadelphia, Pa., in 1708: d. there, 28 June. 1770. 
He began to preach in 1728, travelled in New Eng- 
land and the West Indies, went to Europe in 17*8, 
and visited the southern colonies in 1700, preach- 
ing zealously against slavery as well as worldlincss 
and the vices of society. See " Journal of his Life, 
Travels, and Gospel Labors - (Philadelphia, 1772). 
STANTON, Edwin McMasters, statesman, b. 
in Steubenville, Ohio, 19 Dec, 1814; d. in Wash- 
ington, D. C, 24 Dec., 1869. His father, a phy- 
sician, died while Edwin was a child. After act- 
ing for three years as a clerk in a book-store, 
he entered Ken yon 
college in 1831, but 
left in 1883 to study 
law. He was ad- 
mitted to the bar 
in 1836, and, begin- 
ning practice in 
Cadiz, was in 1837 
elected prosecuting 
attorney. He re- 
turned to Steuben- 
ville in 1839, and 
was supreme court 
reporter in 1842-'5, 
preparing vols, xi., 
xii., and xiii. of the 
Ohio reports. In 
1848 he removed to 
p Pittsburg, Pa., and 

Ca <L^ *V\a . 3td*Kr*> ** ^ 1 on "*° ull . t 
of his large busi- 
ness in the U. S. su- 
premo court, ho established himself in Washing- 
ton. During 1857-'8 he was in California, attend- 
ing to im|>ortant land cases for the government. 
Among the notable suits that he conducted were 
the first Erie railway litigation, the Wheeling 
bridge case, and tho Manney and McCormick 
reaper contest in 1859. When Lewis Cass retired 
from President Buchanan's cabinet, and Jeremiah 
S. Black was made secretary of state, Stanton was 
appointed the lattcr's successor in the office of at- 



torney-general, 20 Dec, 1860. He was originally a 
Democrat of the Jackson school, and, until Van 
B ure if s defeat in the Baltimore convention of 1844, 
took an active part in political affairs in his locality. 
He favored the Wilmot proviso, to exclude slavery 
from the territory acquired by the war with Mexi- 
co, and sympathized with the Free-soil movement 
of 1848, headed by Martin Van Buren. He was 
an anti-slavery man, but his hostility to that in- 
stitution was qualified by his view of the obliga- 
tions imposed by the Federal constitution. He had 
held no public offices before entering President 
Buchanan's cabinet except those of prosecuting 
attorney for one year in Harrison county, Ohio, ana 
reporter of the Ohio supreme court for three years, 
being wholly devoted to his profession. While a 
member of Mr. Buchanan's cabinet, he took a firm 
stand for the Union, and at a cabinet meeting, 
when John B. Floyd, then secretary of war, de- 
manded the withdrawal of the United States troops 
from the forts in Charleston harbor, he indignantly 
declared that the surrender of Fort Sumter would 
be, in his opinion, a crime, equal to that of Arnold, 
and that all who participated in it should be hung 
like Andre*. After the meeting, Floyd sent in his 
resignation. President Lincoln, though since his 
accession to the presidency he had held no com- 
munication with Mr. Stanton, called him to the 
head of the war department on the retirement 
of Simon Cameron, 15 Jan., 1862. As was said 
by an eminent senator of the United States : •* He 
certainly came to the public service with patriotic 
and not with sordid motives, surrendering a most 
brilliant position at the bar, and with it the emolu- 
ment of which, in the absence of accumulated 
wealth, his family was in daily need." Infirmities 
of temper he had, but they were incident to the 
intense strain upon his nerves caused by his de- 
votion to duties that would have soon prostrated 
most men, however robust, as they finally pros- 
trated him. He had no time for elaborate ex- 
planations for refusing trifling or selfish requests, 
and his seeming abruptness of manner was often 
but rapidity in transacting business which had to 
be thus disposed of, or be wholly neglected. As 
he sought no benefit to himself, but made himself 
an object of hatred to the dishonest and the in- 
efficient, solely in the public interest, and as no 
enemy ever accused nim of wrong-doing, the 
charge of impatience and hasty temper will not 
detract from the high estimate placed by common 
consent upon his character as a man, a patriot, and 
a statesman. 

Mr. Stanton's entrance into the cabinet marked 
the beginning of a vigorous military policy. On 
27 Jan., 1862, was issued the first of the president's 
war orders, prescribing a general movement of the 
troops. His impatience at Gen. George B. McClel- 
lan's apparent inaction caused friction between 
the administration and the general-in-chief, which 
ended in the latter's retirement. He selected Gen. 
Ulysses S. Grant for promotion after the victory at 
Fort Donelson, which Gen. Henry W. Hal lock in 
his report had ascribed to the bravery of Gen. 
Charles F. Smith, and in the autumn of 1863 he 
placed Grant in supreme command of the three 
armies operating in the southwest, directed him to 
relieve Gen. William S. Rosecrans before his army 
at Chattanooga could be forced to surrender. Presi- 
dent Lincoln said that ho never took *n important 
step without consulting his secretary of war. It 
has been asserted that, on tho eve of Mr. Lincoln's 
second inauguration, he proposed to allow Gen. 
Grant to make terms of peace with Gen. Lee, and 
that Mr. Stanton dissuaded him from such action. 



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According to a bulletin of Mr. Stanton that was 
issued at the time, the president wrote the despatch 
directing the general of the army to confer with 
the Confederate commander on none save purely 
military questions without previously consulting 
the members of the cabinet At a cabinet council 
that was held in consultation with Oen. Grant, the 
terms on which Oen. William T. Sherman pro- 
posed to accept the surrender of Gen. Joseph E. 
Johnston were disapproved by all who were pres- 
ent To the bulletin announcing the telegram 
that was sent to Gen. Sherman, which directed 
him to guide his actions by the despatch that had 
previously been sent to Gen. Grant, forbidding 
military interference in the political settlement a 
statement of the reasons for disapproving Sher- 
man's arrangement was appended, obviously by the 
direction of Sec. Stanton. These were : (1) that it 
was unauthorized ; (2) that it was an acknowledg- 
ment of the Confederate government ; (8) that it 
re-established rebel state governments ; (4) that it 
would enable rebel state authorities to restore sla- 
very ; (5) that it involved the question of the Con- 
federate states debt ; (6) that it would nut in dis- 
pute the state government of West Virginia; (7) 
that it abolished confiscation, and relieved rebels of 
all penalties ; (8) that it gave terms that had been 
rejected by President Lincoln ; (9) that it formed 
no basis for peace, but relieved rebels from the 
pressure of defeat, and left them free to renew the 
war. Gen. Sherman defended his course on the 
ground that he had before him the public exam- 
ples of Gen. Grant's terms to Gen. Lee's army, and 
Gen. Weitsel's invitation to the Virginia legislature 
to assemble at Richmond. His central motive, in 
giving terms that would be cheerfully accepted, he 
declared to be the peaceful disbandment of all the 
Confederate armies, and the prevention of guerilla 
warfare. He had never seen President Liucoln's 
telegram to Gen. Grant of 8 March, 1865, above 
quoted, nor did he know that Gen. Weitzel's per- 
mission for the Virginia legislature to assemble 
had been rescinded. 

A few days before the president's death Sec 
Stanton tendered his resignation because his task 
was completed, but was persuaded by Mr. Lincoln 
to remain. After the assassination of Lincoln a 
serious controversy arose between the new presi- 
dent Andrew Johnson, and the Republican party, 
and Mr. Stanton took sides against the former 
on the subject of reconstruction. On 5 Aug., 
1867, the president demanded his resignation ; but 
he refused to give up his office before the next 
meeting of congress, following the urgent counsels 
of leading men of the Republican party. He was 
suspended by the president on 12 Aug. On 18 
Jan., 1868, he was restored by the action of the 
senate, and resumed his office. On 21 Feb., 1868, 
the president informed the senate that he had re- 
moved Sea Stanton, and designated a secretary 
ad interim. Mr. Stanton refused to surrender 
the office pending the action of the senate on the 

S resident's message. At a late hour of the same 
ay the senate resolved that the president bad not 
the power to remove the secretary- Mr. Stanton, 
thus sustained by the senate, refused to surrender 
the office. The impeachment of the president fol- 
lowed, and on 26 May, the vote of the senate being 
"guilty/ 86, "not guilty," 19, he was acquitted— 
two thirds not voting for conviction. After Mr. 
Stanton's retirement from office he resumed the 
practice of law. On 20 Deo, 1860, he was appoint- 
ed by President Grant a justice of the supreme 
court, and he was forthwith confirmed by the sen- 
ate. Four days later he expired. 



The value to the country of his services during 
the civil war cannot be overestimated. His energy, 
inflexible integrity, systematized industry, compre- 
hensive view of the situation in its military, politi- 
cal, and international aspects, his power to com- 
mand and supervise the best services of others, and 
his unbending will and invincible courage, made 
him at once the stay of the president the hope of 
the country, and a terror to dishonesty and im- 
becility. The vastness of his labors led to brusque- 
ness in repelling importunities, which made him 
many enemies. But none ever questioned his hon- 
esty, his patriotism, or his capability. A "Memoir" 
of Mr. Stanton is at present in preparation by his 
son, Lewis M. Stanton. 

STANTON, Henry, soldier, b. in Vermont 
about 1796 ; d. in Fort Hamilton, N. V., 1 Aug., 
1856. He was appointed a lieutenant in the light 
artillery, 29 June, 1818, assistant deputy quarter- 
master-general in July, 1818, military secretary to 
Gen. Gebrpe Izard in 1814, deputy quartermaster- 
general, with the rank of major, 18 May, 1820, act- 
ing adjutant-general under Gen. Thomas S. Jesup 
in Florida in 1886-'7, assistant quartermaster-gen- 
eral, with the rank of colonel, 7 July, 1888, and was 
brevetted brigadier -general for meritorious con- 
duct in the Mexican war, 1 Jan., 1847. 

STANTON, Henry Brewster, journalist, b. in 
Griswold, New London co., Conn., 29 June, 1806 ; 
d. in New York city, 14 Jan., 1887. His ancestor, 
Thomas, came to this country from England in 
1686 and was crown interpreter-general of the In- 
dian dialects, and subsequently judge of the New 
London county court His father was a manufac- 
turer of woollens and a trader with the West In- 
dies. After receiving his education the son went 
in 1826 to Rochester, N. T., to write for Thurlow 
Weed's newspaper, "The Monroe Telegraph," which 
was advocating the election of Henry Clay to the 
presidency. He then began to make political 
speeches. He removed to Cincinnati to complete 
his studies in Lane theological seminary, but left 
it to become an advocate of the anti-slavery cause. 
At the anniversary of the American anti-slavery 
society in New York city in 1884 he faced the first 
of the many mobs that he encountered in his tours 
throughout the country. In 1887-'40 he was ac- 
tive in the movement to form the Abolitionists into 
a compact political party, which was resisted by 
William Lloyd Garrison and others, and which re- 
sulted in lasting dissension. In 1840 he married 
Elisabeth Cady, and on 12 May of that year sailed 
with her to London, having been elected to repre- 
sent the American anti-slavery society at a con- 
vention for the promotion of the cause. At its 
close they travelled through Great Britain and 
France, working for the relief of the slaves. On 
his return he studied law with Daniel Cady, was 
admitted to the bar, and practised in Boston, where 
he gained a reputation especially in patent cases, 
but he abandoned his profession to enter political 
life, and removing to Seneca Falls, N. Y., in 1847, 
represented that district in the state senate. He 
was a member of the Free-soil party previous to 
the formation of the Republican party, of which he 
was a founder. Before this he had been a Demo- 
crat For nearly half a century he was actively 
connected with the daily press, his contributions 
consisting chiefly of articles on current political 
topics and elaborate biographies of public men. 
Mr. Stanton contributed to Garrison's " Anti- 
Slavery Standard " and u Liberator," wrote for the 
New York "Tribune," and from 1868 until his 
death was an editor of the New York M Sun." Hen- 
ry Ward Beecher said of him: "I think Stanton 



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has all the elements of old John Adams; able, 
stanch, patriotic full of principle, and always un- 
popular. He lacks that sense of other people's opin- 
ions which keeps a man from running against them." 
Mr. Stanton was the author of " Sketches of Re- 
forms and Reformers in Great Britain and Ireland " 
(New York, 1849), and " Random Recollections" 
(1886).— His wife, Elizabeth Cady, reformer, b. 
in Johnstown, N. Y., 12 Nov., 1815, is the daughter 
of Judpe Daniel Cady, and, after receiving her first 
education at the Johnstown academy, was gradu- 
ated at Mrs. Emma Willard's seminary in Troy, N. 
Y., in 1882. While attending the World's anti-sla- 
very convention in London in 1840 she met Lucretia 
Mott, with whom she was in sympathy, and with 
whom she signed the call for the first Woman's 
rights convention. This was held at her home in 
Seneca Falls, on 19 and 20 July, 1848, on which 
occasion the first formal claim of suffrage for wom- 
en was made. She addressed the New York legis- 
lature on the rights of married women in 1854, and 
in advocacy of divorce for drunkenness in 1800, 
and in 1867 spoke before the legislature and the 
constitutional convention, maintaining that dur- 
ing the revision of the constitution the state was 
resolved into its original elements and that citizens 
of both sexes had a right to vote for members of 
that convention. She canvassed Kansas in 1867 and 
Michigan in 1874. when the question of woman suf- 
frage was submitted to the people of those states, 
and since 1869 she has addressed congressional com- 
mittees and state constitutional conventions upon 
this subject, besides giving numerous lectures. 
She was president from 1855 till 1865 of the na- 
tional committee of her Darty, of the Woman's loy- 
al league in 1868, and of the National woman suf- 
frage association until 1873. In 1868 she was a 
candidate for congress. She has written many 
calls to conventions and addresses, and was an 
editor with Susan B. Anthony and Parker Pills- 
bury of *' The Revolution," which was founded in 
1868, and is joint author of " History of Woman's 
Suffrage" (vols. L and iL. New York, 1880; vol. 
iiL, Rochester, 1886).— Their son, Theodore, jour- 
nalist, b. in Seneca Palls, N. Y., 10 Feb.. 1851, was 
graduated at Cornell in 1876. In 1880 he was the 
Berlin correspondent of the New York ** Tribune," 
and he is now (1888) engaged in journalism in 
Paris. France. He is a contributor to periodicals, 
translated and edited Le Goffs " Life of Thiers " 
(New York, 1879), and is the author of " The Wom- 
an Question in Europe " (1884). 

STANTON, Joseph, soldier, b. in Charlestown, 
R I., 19 July, 1739; d. there after 1807. He 
served as 2d lieutenant in the Rhode Island regi- 
ment that was raised for the expedition against 
Canada in 1759, was a member of the general as- 
sembly of Rhode Island from 1768 till 1774 and of 
the committee of safety in 1776, and a delegate to 
the State convention that adopted the constitution 
of the United States in 1790. He was elected a 
IT. S. senator, as a Democrat, serving from 25 June, 
1790, till 3 March, 1798, was again a member of 
the Rhode Island house of representatives, and was 
afterward chosen to congress, serving from 7 Dec., 
1801, till 8 March, 1807. 

STANTON, Oscar Fitxalan, naval officer, b. in 
Sag Harbor, N. Y., 18 July, 1884. He entered 
the navy as acting midshipman, 29 Dec, 1849, and 
was warranted midshipman from the same date. 
He was graduated at the U. S. naval academy at 
Annapolis in 1855, promoted to master, 16 Sept., 
1855, and commissioned lieutenant, 2 April, 1856, 
serving in the steamer " Memphis," on the Para- 
guay expedition, in 485S-*9, on the coast of Africa 



in 1859-'60, and in the sloop "St Mary's," of the 
Pacific squadron, from pecember, 1860, till April, 
1862. He was commissioned lieutenant-command- 
er, 16 July, 1862, commanded the steamer " Tioga," 
in the special West India squadron, in 18Q2-*Q, and 
the steamer " Panola," on the Western Gulf block- 
ading squadron, in 1863-'4. In 1865 he was on 
ordnance duty at New York, after which he served 
at the naval academy until May, 1867. He was 
promoted to commander, 12 Deo, 1867, and had 
charge of the steamer " Tahoma." of the North At- 
lantic squadron, and the *' Purveyor," on special ser- 
vice, in 1867-'9. He commanded the receiving-ship 
at Portsmouth, N. H., in 1871, the steamer " Mon- 
ocacy," on the Asiatic station, from 1872 until 1874, 
when he was transferred to the " Yantic" He was 
promoted to captain. 11 June, 1879, and in Novem- 
ber, 1881, went on auty at the Naval asylum at 
Philadelphia, where he remained until November, 
1884, when he took command of the steam frigate 
" Tennessee," flag-ship of the North Atlantic sta- 
tion. Since 81 Oct, 1885, he has had command of 
the naval station at New London, Conn. 

STANTON, Richard Henry, jurist, b. in Alex- 
andria, Va., 9 Sept, 1812. He received an aca- 
demic education, studied law, was admitted to the 
bar, and practised in Maysville, Ky. Being elected 
to congress as a Democrat, he served from 3 Dec^ 
1849, till 8 March, 1855, and he was presidential 
elector on the Buchanan ticket in 1856, state at- 
torney for his judicial district in 1858, a delegate 
to the National Democratic convention in 1868, 
and district judge in 1868-74. He has edited the 
" Maysville Monitor ''and the *' Maysville Express," 
and published a " Code of Practice in Civil and 
Criminal Cases in Kentucky " (Cincinnati, 1855) ; 
" Practical Treatises for Justices of the Peace, etc., 
of Kentucky" (1861); and a "Practical Manual 
for Executors, etc, in Kentucky" (1862).— His 
brother, Frederic Perry, lawyer, b. in Alexan- 
dria, Va., 22 Dec,, 1814, obtained through his own 
exertion a good education, and was graduated at 
Columbian college in 1838. He studied law, was 
admitted to the bar of Alexandria in 1834, and re- 
moved to Memphis, Tenn., where he practised his 
profession. He was elected to congress as a Demo- 
crat, serving from 1 Dec., 1845, till 3 March, 1855, 
and in 1853-'5 was chairman of the judiciary com- 
mittee. In 1857 he was appointed secretary of 
Kansas territory, and he was governor of Kansas 
from 1858 till 1861. In 1868-'4 he edited with 
Robert J. Mather the " Continental Monthly," and 
he has published numerous speeches in pamphlet- 
form.— Richard Henry's son, Henry Thompson, 
poet, b. in Alexandria, Va., 30 June, 1834, was edu- 
cated at several colleges in Kentucky and at the 
U. S. military academy, but was not graduated. 
He served as captain and major in the Confederate 
army. For several years he has been connected 
with the (J. S. Indian commissioners in selecting 
lands for Indian reservations. He has invented an 
iron tie for binding cotton-bales, and is the author 
of " The Moneyless Man, and other Poems " (Balti- 
more, 1872). From 1875 till 1886 he edited the 
" Kentucky Yeoman." 

STANTON, Robert Livingston, clergyman, b. 
in Oris wold, Conn., 28 March, 1810. After gradu- 
ation at Lane theological seminary in 1836 he was 
ordained by the presbytery of Mississippi in 1889, 
and held charge of churches in Blue Ridge, Misa, 
from 1839 till 1841, Woodville, Miss., in 1841-'3, 
and in New Orleans, La., from 1848 till 1851, when 
he became president of Oakland college, Misa, 
serving until 1854. From 1855 till 1862 he was pas- 
tor of a Presbyterian church in Chillicothe, Ohio, 



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from 1862 till 1866 he was professor of pastoral 
theology and homiletics in Danville theological 
seminary, and from 1866 till 1871 he was presideut 
of Miami university. In 1871 -'2 he engaged in liter- 
ary work in New York city, and subsequently he 
was an editor of the " Herald and Presbyter in 
Cincinnati. The degree of D. D. was conferred on 
him by Princeton, and by Washington college, 
Va., in 1852. Dr. Stanton is the author of " The 
Church and the Rebellion " (New York, 1864). 

STANTON, Stiles Trumbull, journalist, b. in 
Stonington, Conn., 10 Dec., 1849 ; d. in New York 
city, 2 Feb., 188a He was educated at Gen. 
William H. Russell's collegiate and commercial 
institute, New Haven, Conn. In 1875-'8 he was 
appointed aide on the brigade staff of the National 
guard. During the canvass of 1880 he served as 
secretary of the Republican state central com- 
mittee, and was an alternate delegate to the Re- 
publican national convention at Chicago in that 
year. He was executive secretary of state in Con- 
necticut in 1879-*80, and was a member of the 
house of representatives in 1881-*2, and served in 
the state senate in 1884- '6, being president pro 
tempore in 1885-'6. He was defeated for secretary 
of state on the Republican ticket in 1882, and in 
that year declined the post of secretary of legation 
in Paris. Early in life he devoted himself to 
journalism, and became connected with the Nor- 
wich, Conn., " Bulletin " and the Worcester, Mass., 
" Press," achieving a reputation as a humorist 

STANWIX, John, British soldier, b. in Eng- 
land about 1690 : d. at sea in December, 1765. His 
uncle served with reputation in the wars of Queen 
Anne as a brigadier-general. Entering the army 
in 1706, John became a captain of the grenadiers 
in 1789, major of marines in 1741, and lieutenant- 
colonel in 1745, and was appointed equerry to 
Frederick, Prince of Wales, in 1749. In 1750 he 
was promoted to the government of Carlisle, which 
city ne represented in parliament In 1754 he be- 
came deputy quartermaster-general of the forces, 
and on 1 Jan., 1756, he was made colonel-com- 
mandant of the 1st battalion of the 60th or royal 
American regiment On his arrival in this coun- 
try he was given the command of the southern 
district During 1757 his headquarters were at 
Carlisle, Pa., and he was appointed brigadier-gen- 
eral on 27 Dec of that year. After his relief by 
Gen. John Forbes in 1758, Gen. Stanwix went to 
Albany, whence he was ordered to the Oneida 
carrying-place, to secure that important position 
by the erection of a work which was called Fort 
Stanwix in his honor. A map of this fort, with an 
account of its history, is contained in. the " Docu- 
mentary History of New York " (vol. iv.). and the 
Harvard college library possesses a copy of the 
manuscript journal of Ensign Moses Dorr, which 
includes an account of the building of Fort Stan- 
wix. In 1759 he returned to Pennsylvania, repaired 
the old fort at Pittsburg, and surmounted the works 
with cannon, also securing, by his prudence, the 
good-will of the Indians. On 19 June, 1759, he was 
appointed major-general, but he was relieved by 
Gen. Robert Monckton on 4 May, 1760, and became 
lieutenant-general on 19 Jan., 1761. After his re- 
turn to England he was appointed lieutenant- 
governor of the Isle of Wight, became colonel of 
the 8th foot and was a member of parliament for 
Appleby. He was lost at sea while crossing from 
Dublin to Holyhead in " The Eagle " packet 

STAPLES, John Jacob, manufacturer, b. in 
Prussia; d. in Newtown, Long Island, N. Y., in 
1806. Early in life he came to New York, and was 
identified with the Methodist church, being a trus- 



tee and steward of the John street preaching- 
house in 1774-'8. He was one of the first to intro- 
duce sugar-refining into this country. His first 
refinery was in Rector street, and the second and 
larger one in Liberty street This was the famous 
" sugar-house " in which the British confined 
American prisoners during the Revolution. Mr. 
Staples acquired wealth, but his property was lost 
by nis son, John Jacob, who engaged in specula- 
tion in England. 

STAPLES, Waller Redd, jurist b. in Patrick 
Court-House, Patrick co., Va., 24 Feb., 1826. He 
was graduated at William and Mary in 1846, stud- 
ied law, and was admitted to practice in 1848. He 
served in the legislature in 1853-'4, was presiden- 
tial elector on the Whig tioket in 1855 and 1860, 
and one of four commissioners to the Provisional 
congress that met in Montgomery, Ala., in 1861. 
He served in the Confederate congress for the sub- 
sequent three years, and took an active part in 
its deliberations. In 1870-'82 he was a judge of 
the supreme court of Virginia. He was one of 
the three revisers of the code of laws for the state 
in 1884-'6, elector on the Democratic presidential 
ticket in 1884, and is now (1888) counsel for the 
Richmond and Danville railroad. During his 
term on the bench he acquired a national reputa- 
tion for the learning, soundness, and conservatism 
that characterized nis opinions. He also takes 
high rank as a political speaker. 

STAPLES, William Read, jurist and histo- 
rian, b. in Providence, R. I., 10 Oct, 1798 ; d. there, 
19 Oct, 186U After graduation at Brown in 1817, 
he studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 
1819. He was associate judge of the Rhode Island 
supreme court from 1835 till 1854, and was chief 

i'ustice of that court in 1854-'6. From 1856 until 
lis death he was secretary and treasurer of the 
Rhode Island society for the encouragement of 
domestic industry, contributed biographies to its 
transactions, and: was a founder of the Rhode 
Island historical society, serving as its librarian, 
secretary, and vice-president. Brown gave him the 
degree of LL. D. in 1862. He edited the second 
volume of the Rhode Island historical society's 
collections, and Samuel Gorton's "Simplicities' 
Defence against Seven -Headed Policy" (Provi- 
dence, 1885), and published the " Annals of Provi- 
dence to 1882" (1848); M Documentary History of 
the Destruction of the 'GaspS'" (1845); "Pro- 
ceedings of the First General Assembly for the 
Incorporation of Providence Plantations in 1647 " 
(1847) ; and " Rhode Island Form-Book " (1859). 

STARBUCK, Calvin Washburn, journalist, 
b. in Cincinnati, Ohio, 20 April, 1822 ; d. there, 15 
Nov., 1870. He was educated at the public schools 
of his native city, but, as his parents' means were 
limited, he began very early to support himself. 
He learned the printing trade, and, having saved 
a little money, established, at nineteen, the Cin- 
cinnati " Times," an afternoon newspaper. Being 
the fastest type-setter in Ohio, he prepared a large 
part of the paper for years, and also assisted m 
distributing it to subscribers. It rapidly gained 
success, ana its weekly edition had at one time the 
largest circulation in the west To his exertions 
and generositr are mainly due the Relief union, 
the Home of the friendless, and other charitable in- 
stitutions of Cincinnati, while his private gifts were 
many and constant During the civil warne strove 
by voice and pen to establish the National credit 
when the government needed money. To the 
families of the men in his employment who had 
enlisted he continued their regular pay while they 
were in the service. When in 1864 the governor 



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STARIN 



STARK 



of Ohio tendered the home-guards of the state to 
the country for a hundred days, Starbuck left his 
business and went into the field. 

STARIN, John Henry, steamboat-proprietor, 
b. in Sammonsrille, Fulton co., N. Y., 27 Aug., 
1827. He received a good education, intending to 
study a liberal profession, but began business as a 
druggist in Fultonville, N. Y., in 1845. He was 
postmaster of the place under President Polk's 
administration. Afterward he began to hire canal- 
boats to carry freight in the waters about New 
York city. Succeeaing in this enterprise, he was 
soon able to buy boats, and he next invested in 
steamboats. Having purchased for his summer 
residence a group of islands in Long Island sound, 
nearly opposite New Rochelle, he opened a sum- 
mer resort for excursionists there, and it has be- 
come very popular. He founded the Starin city, 
river, and harbor transportation company, of which 
he is the president. In 1877 he was elected to con- 
gress, ana served one term. 

STARK, Andrew, clergyman, b. in the county 
of Stirling, Scotland, in 1790; d. in Denny-loan- 
head, Scotland. 18 Sept., 1849. He was graduated 
at the University of Glasgow in 1811, studied the- 
ology at the University of Edinburgh, taught in 
London, and was licensed to preach in 1817 by the 
Associate presbytery of Edinburgh. He was pastor 
of the congregation of South Shields in 18l8-'19, 
and in 1820 came to New York, where in 1822 he 
was installed pastor of the Grand street associate 
church. In 1849, owing to impaired health, he 
visited Scotland, where he died. His remains were 
brought to this country. The University of Lon- 
don gave him the degree of LL. D. about 1844. 
He published several sermons, and wrote a " His- 
tory of the Secession " in a series of papers printed 
in the " Religious Monitor/' and afterward in the 
"Associate Presbyterian Magazine," to which he 
was a frequent contributor. 

STARK, Benjamin, U. S. senator, b. in New 
Orleans, Ia, 26 June, 1820. He w«s graduated at 
Union school, New London, Conn., m 1885, entered 
a counting-house in New York, and became a mer- 
chant. In 1845 he removed to Oregon, and en- 
gaged in trade with the Sandwich islands, but 
studied law in 1850, was admitted to the bar of 
Oregon, and began practice in Portland, of which 
city he was a founder. He was a member in 1853 
of the territorial house of representatives, and in 
1860 of the state house of representatives, and was 
appointed a U. S. senator from Oregon as a Demo- 
crat, in place of Edward D. Baker, serving from 

27 Feb., till 1 Dec., 1862. He was a delegate from 
Oregon to the National Democratic convention at 
Chicago in 1864, and from Connecticut to the one 
in New York in 1868. Since 1867 he has been a 
member of the board of education of New London, 
Conn., a director of the New London Northern 
railroad company, and since 1871 a deputy to the 
conventions of the Protestant Episcopal church. 

STARK, John, soldier, b. in Londonderry, N. H., 

28 Aug;, 1728; d. in Manchester, N. H., 8 May, 
1822. His father emigrated from the north of Ire- 
land and settled on the extreme frontier of New 
Hampshire in near neighborhood to the Indians, 
owned extensive tracts of land about Amoskeag 
falls, and was an original proprietor of Dunbarton 
(then called Starkstown). Here the son grew up 
with few advantages of book education, but with 
abundant training in hunting and all athletic em- 
ployments. He made frequent hunting-excursions 
into the forest, and on one of these occasions, in 
1752, was taken prisoner by the savages, and re- 
tained in captivity till he was ransomed by the 




^W^i/ 



colony of Massachusetts. The bold and defiant 
bearing of Stark excited the admiration of his 
savage captors, and after the initiatory ceremony 
of running the gantlet, in which he took the un- 
expected part of 
using his club on 
the Indians, he 
was released from 
the drudgery usu- 
ally imposed on 
captives, and was 
called by them 
"the young chief. ** 
The knowledge he 
thus gained of for- 
est life and of the 
topography of the 
border was of great 
service in subse- 
quent conflicts 
with the Indians. 
In 1755 he was ap- 
pointed a lieuten- 
ant in Maj. Robert 
Rogers's famous 
corps of rangers, and served with it, soon rising 
to the rank of captain, through all the campaigns 
around Lake George and Lake Champlain, where 
traditions still exist of his sagacity and bravery. 
At the close of the war he retired from the 
army and engaged in farming at Derryfleld (now 
Manchester, N. H.), and so continued till tidings 
reached him of the battle of Lexington. Prompt- 
ly he then mounted his horse, and, at the head of 
several hundred of his neighbors, set out to join 
the army at Cambridge. Being there appointed 
colonel, he in one day organized a regiment of 
eight hundred hardy backwoodsmen. On 17 June, 
1775, he was stationed about three miles north 
of Boston, in a position from which he had a full 
view of Bunkers and Breed's hills. Seeing that 
a battle was inevitable, he waited for no orders, 
but set out at once for the ground, which he 
reached just before the conflict Began. He led his 
men into the fight, saying: "Boys, aim at their 
waistbands " — an order that has become historical. 
His ammunition giving out, he was forced to retreat, 
which he did with much deliberation, leading his 
men under a hot fire, but in good order, across 
Charlestown neck to Merlin hill. After the evacu- 
ation of Boston he marched with his regiment to 
New York. He was subsequently ordered to Cana- 
da, and then rejoining Washington, was with him 
at Trenton and Princeton. Having been slighted, 
as he thought, in the promotions, he resigned his 
commission and retired to his farm. When infor- 
mation arrived that Gen. Arthur St. Clair had re- 
treated and Ticonderoga had been taken, New 
Hampshire flew to arms, and called tor Stark to 
command her troops. He consented on condition 
that he should not be subject to any orders but his 
own ; and to this the council of state agreed, be- 
cause the men would not march without him. Set- 
ting out with a small force for Bennington, he 
there learned that Burgoyne had despatched Col. 
Frederick Baum with 500 men to seize the stores 
collected at that place. Sending out expresses to 
call in the militia of the neighborhood. Stark 
marched out to meet him, hearing of which, Baum 
intrenched himself in a strong position about six 
miles from Bennington, and sent to Burgoyne for 
re-enforcements. Before they could arrive. Stark 
attacked him on 16 Aug., 1777. Tradition says 
that he called to his men as he led them to the as- 
sault: " There they are, boys. We beat them to- 



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STARK 



STARKWEATHER 



653 



day, or Molly Stark's a widow!*' — another of his 
sentences that has gone into history. Doubts have 
been cast on its authenticity, for Mrs. Stark's 
name was Elizabeth. The second British force of 
500 men, under Col. Breymann, presently arriving 
on the scene, was likewise totally defeated. Of the 
1,000 British, not more than a hundred escaped, 
all the rest being killed or captured, a result of 
great importance, as it led ultimately to the sur- 
render of Burgoyne at Saratoga. Col. Baum, who 
was mortally wounded, said of the provincials: 
4 * They fought more like hell-hounds than soldiers." 
The American loss was only alxmt seventy. Wash- 
ington spoke of it immediately as 4i the great stroke 
struck by (Jen. Stark near Bennington " ; and Bar- 
oness Riedesel, then in the British camp, wrote: 
•' This unfortunate event paralyzed our operations." 
For this victory Stark was made a brigadier-general, 
4 Oct., 1777, and given the thanks of congress. He 
continued in active service during the remainder of 
the war, displaying everywhere distinguished abil- 
ity and commanding the northern department in 
1778 and 1781. In 1783 he retired to his farm, 
where he lived in ' republican simplicity till his 
death at the age of ninety-three. When he was 
eighty-nine years old congress allowed him a pen- 
sion of sixty dollars per month ; but with his sim- 
ple tastes and habits this was not essential to his 
comfort. He was a good type of the class of men 
who gave success to the American Revolution. 
With the exception of Gen. Thomas Sumter, he was 
the last surviving general of the Revolutionary 
array. He was buried on his 
own grounds on the east bank 
of Merrimack river at Man- 
chester, where a simple granite 
obelisk was placed in 1829 to 
mark his resting-place. The 
citizens of Manchester planted 
memorial trees around it in 
1876. In August, 1887, the 
corner-stone was laid in Ben- 
nington of the monument seen 
in the illustration. It is an 
obelisk of limestone, 301 feet 
high from foundation to apex. 
It is also proposed to erect at 
Manchester a massive eques- 
trian statue in bronze of the 
general. Stark's biography was 
written by Edward Everett in 
Sparks's " American Biogra- 
phy." See also his " Life and 
Official Correspondence," by his 
grandson, Caleb Stark (Con- 
cord, N. H., I860).— His broth- 
er, William, soldier, b. in Londonderry, N. H.. 12 
April, 1724 ; d. on Long Island, N. Y., about 1776, 
acquired a good education, and was among the first 
to whom the proprietors granted lands in London- 
derry. Previous to the erection of a public meet- 
ing-house the town-meetings were held at his home. 
He served in the old French war, and, as a captain 
of rangers on the northern frontier, was at Ticon- 
deroga, and fought under Gen. Jeffrey Amherst 
at Louisburg and Gen. James Wolfe at Quebec 
At the beginning of the Revolution he applied for 
the command of a regiment, but another officer 
was preferred by the New Hampshire assembly, 
and deeming this an insult, he entered the British 
service as colonel. He endeavored to persuade his 
brother John to adopt this course, but without suc- 
cess. He is described as possessing great bravery 
and hardihood, but as wanting in moral firmness. 
His name appears in the banishment and proscrip- 




tion act of New Hampshire, and his estate was con- 
fiscated. He was a proprietor of Piggwaekct (now 
Frycburg, Me.), and a hill there was named for 
him. His death was caused by a fall from his 
horse. — John's son, Calkb, merchant, b. in Dun- 
barton. N. H., 8 Dec., 1759; d. on his estate in Ox- 
ford township, Ohio, 26 Aug., 1838, served at the 
age of fifteen as ensign in his father's regiment at 
Bunker Hill, and remained with the army until 
the close of the war, rising to the rank of brigade- 
major. He then engaged in commerce in JJoston, 
ami removed in 1828 to Ohio. — Caleb's son, Caleb, 
author, b. in Dunbarton, N. II., 21 Nov., 1804 ; d. 
there, 1 Feb., 1864, was graduated at Harvard in 
182;}, studied law in Litchfield, and afterward in 
New York city, and Iwgan to practise in Cincin- 
nati, Ohio, but soon removed to Concord, N. H., and 
subsequently to Dunbarton, N. H., retiring from 
his profession. He was a member of the New Hamp- 
shire legislature, and was the author of * 4 Remi- 
niscences of the French War, containing Rogers's 
Expeditions with the New England Rangers, and 
an Account of the Life and Military Service of John 
Stark" (Concord, 1831); "Memoir and Official 
Correspondence of Gen. John Stark; with Notices 
of other Officers of the Revolution " (1860) : and 
a " History of Dunbarton, N. H., from the Grant 
by Mason's Assigns in 1751 to I860" (I860).— 
John's great-grandson, William, lawyer, b. in 
Manchester, N. H., about 1820; d. in Somerville, 
Mass.. 29 Oct., 1873, was graduated at Williams 
in 1850, studied law, was admitted to the bar of 
New York in 1851, and practised in Nassau. In 
1853 he removed to Manchester, remaining there 
until 1870, when he was placed in the McLean asy- 
lum in Somerville, Mass., as his faculties had be- 
come impaired. Previously he had devoted him- 
self to literary pursuits and to the care of a large 
collection of rare birds and animals. His park in 
Manchester, which was open to the public, was 
widely known. He wrote several poems, and fre- 
quently lectured. 

STARKEY, Thomas Alfred, P. E. bishop, b. 
in Philadelphia, Pa., in 1824. He was educated as 
a civil engineer, and practised that profession in 
1889-'45. Having resolved to enter the ministry, 
he studied theology for two years, and was ordained 
deacon in the Church of the Ascension, Philadel- 
phia, 21 Feb., 1847, by Bishop Alonzo Potter, and 
priest in Trinity church, Pottsville, Pa., 21 May, 
1848, by the same bishop. He served as missionary 
in Schuylkill county, Pa., in 1847-'50, where he 
founded the Church of the Holy Apostles, at St. 
Clair. He was rector of Christ church, Troy, 
N. Y., in 1850-*4, of St. Paul's, Albany, N. Y., in 
1854-'8, of Trinity church, Cleveland, Ohio, in 
1858-'69, and of the Church of the Epiphany, 
Washington, D. C, in 1869-'72. He served in 
1875-*6 in the Mission rooms. New York city, and 
became rector of St. Paul's church, Paterson, 
N. J., in 1877. This post he held for three years. 
He received the degree of D. D. from Hobart col- 
lege, N. Y., in 18o4. He was elected bishop of 
northern New Jersey in 1879, and was consecrated 
8 Jan., 1880. The name of his diocese was changed 
to that of Newark in 1886. 

STARKWEATHER, John Converse, soldier, 
b. in Cooperstown, N. Y., 11 May, 1830. His 
father. George Anson (b. in Connecticut in 1794; 
d. in Cooperstown, N. Y., in 1878), was graduated 
at Union in 1819, held local offices in Otsego, N. Y., 
was colonel of the New York 12th artillery, and 
was elected to congress as a Democrat, serving 
from 6 Dec, 1847, tin 3 March, 1849. After gradu- 
ation at Union in 1850, the son removed to Mil- 



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654 



STARNES 



STAUGHTON 



waukee, Wis., and practised law until 1801. On 
17 May, 1861, he was made colonel of the 1st Wis- 
consin volunteers, took part in the battles of Fall- 
ing Waters, 2 July, 1861, and Edward's Kerry, 29 
July, 1861, and was mustered out on 21 Aug., 1861. 
Reorganizing his regiment for three years, by spe- 
cial order of the war department, he again enlisted, 
and served in Kentucky and northern Alabama. 
He participated in the battle of Perrvville, Ky., 
8 Oct., 1862. He was also engaged at Stone river, 
31 Dec, 1862, and 1-2 Jan., 1863. and remained on 
duty at Murfreesboro, Tenn., until 23 June, 1863. 
He was appointed brigadier-general of U. S. volun- 
teers on 17 July, 1863, commanded brigades and 
divisions in the Army of the Ohio and in the Army 
of the Cumberland, participated in the attack at 
Chickamauga, 19-21 Sept., 1863, where he was 
wounded, in battles around Chattanooga, Tenn., 
23-25 Nov., 1863, and in the assault and capture 
of Mission Ridge, Tenn., 23-25 Nov., 1863. He 
served on the court-martial that tried Gen. Will- 
iam A. Hammond, surgeon-general, U. S. army 
(a. v.), and, after commanding several posts in 
Tennessee and Alabama, he was musterea out of 
the army on 11 May, 1865. After farming for 
several years in Wisconsin, and occupying posts of 
importance and trust, he removed to Washington, 
D. C, where he now (1888) practises law, having 
been admitted to the bar in 1857.— His cousin, 
Henry Howard, lawyer, b. in Preston. New Lon- 
don co.. Conn., 29 April, 1826 ; d. in Washington, 
D. C, 28 Jan., 1876, was educated in public schools, 
studied law, was admitted to the bar, served in the 
Connecticut legislature in 1856, and was a delegate 
to the National Republican conventions that nomi- 
nated Lincoln in 1860 and Grant in 1868. In 1861 
he was appointed by President Lincoln to be post- 
master at Norwich, and he was reappointed by 
President Johnson in 1865, but resigned in 1866. 
He was then chosen to congress as a Republican, 
and served from 4 March, 1867, until his death, 
being thrice reelected. 

STARNES, Henry. Canadian statesman, b. in 
Kingston, Ontario, 13 Oct., 1816. His grandfather, 
a loyalist, settled in Canada at the close of the 
American Revolution. Henry was educated at 
Montreal college, and was for several years a mem- 
ber of the firm of Leslie, Starnes and Co., whole- 
sale merchants in Montreal. He represented Cha- 
teauguay in the Canadian assembly from 1857 till 
1863, when he retired. He became a member of 
the executive council, province of Quebec, in 1878, 
speaker of the legislative council in 1879, was com- 
missioner of railways in 1882~'4, and commissioner 
of public works in the Taillon ministry for a short 
time in 1887. Mr. Starnes has been warden of 
Trinity house, manager of the Ontario bank in 
Montreal, president of the Shedden County rail- 
way, and mayor of Montreal in 1856 and 1866. 

STARR, Alfred Adolphna, lecturer, b. in New 
York city, 25 Jan., 1820. He was educated in pri- 
vate schools in New York and in Mendham, N. J., 
after which he entered mercantile life, which he 
abandoned in 1845, and began to deliver lectures, 
which he illustrated with a crude solar microscope 
made of pasteboard. Afterward he made an oxy- 
hydrogen microscope, and several years later he 
procured a fine apparatus. He has given more 
than 2,500 lectures and exhibitions before schools 
and colleges, and was also connected with Phineas 
T. Barnum. Using a microscope of enormous 
power, he projected living specimens on his screen, 
and, being a skilful manipulator, regulated their 
performances with dexterity, showing water-insects 
and animalcules feeding upon or fighting with 



each other. He was one of the first to procure m. 
patent (1858) to light railroad-cars with gas. 

STARR, Eliza Allan, author, b. in Deerfield, 
Mass., 29 Aug., 1824. She received her education 
in her native town, became a member of the Roman 
Catholic church in 1850, and has since devoted her- 
self principally to the study of Christian art. In 
1856 she removed to Chicago. She has published 
a volume of poems (1867), and " Patron Saints " 
(New York, 1871). 

STARR, Frederick Ratchford, author, b. in 
Halifax, Nova Scotia, 19 June, 1821. He removed 
to this country and became president of an insur- 
ance company in Philadelphia, but retired in 1870 
and established at Litchfield, Conn., Echo farm, 
a dairy and stock-farm that has become widely 
known. Later the Echo farm company was or- 
ganized by him, which controls large creameries 
throughout a great part of Litchfield county. 
Mr. Starr served in the Connecticut legislature in 
1883-'4, and has been interested in temperance and 
other reforms. He has lectured and is the author 
of " Didley Dumps, the Newsboy " (Philadelphia, 
1866) ; u May I Not f or Two Ways of looking 
through a Telescope" (1867); " What Can I Dot a 
Question for Professing Christians" (1867: revised 
ed., 1887) ; " Farm Echoes " (New York, 1881) ; and 
44 From Shore to Shore " (Philadelphia, 1887). 

STARRS, William, clergyman, b. in Dmm- 
quin, County Tyrone, Ireland, in 1807; d. in New 
York city, 6 Feb., 1873. After receiving a good 
classical education, he studied theology at May- 
nooth college, near Dublin, Ireland, came to this 
country in 1828, was received into the diocese of 
New York, completed his theological course at St. 
Mary's seminary, Baltimore, and in 1834 was or- 
dained a priest at St Patrick's cathedral in New 
York, remaining curate there for ten years. In 
1844 he was made pastor of St Mary's church in 
Grand street, New York, serving until 1853, when 
he was appointed rector of St Patrick's cathedral 
and vicar-general of the archdiocese of New York. 
After the death of Archbishop Hughes in 1864, Dr. 
Starrs was administrator of the diocese until the 
succeeding bishop was appointed, to whom he 
acted as theologian in the plenary council in Balti- 
more in 1866, and also filled this office at two 
councils of the province. For twenty years he was 
the spiritual superior of the Sisters of Charity, and 

B-esident of the trustees of St Vincent's hospital, 
e was instrumental in instituting the Sisters of 
Mercy and Sisters of the Good Shepherd. 

STAUGHTON, William, clergyman, b. in Co- 
ventry, Warwickshire, England, 4 Jan., 1770; d. in 
Washington, D. C, 12 Dec, 1829. He was gradu- 
ated at the Baptist theological institution, Bristol, 
in 1792, and the next year came to this country, 
landing at Charleston. After preaching for more 
than a year at Georgetown, S. C, he removed to 
New York city, and thence to New Jersey, residing 
for some time at Borden town, where, in 1797, he 
was ordained, and then at Burlington. At the lat- 
ter place he remained until 1806, when he accented 
a call to the pastorate of the 1st Baptist church of 
Philadelphia. After a successful ministry there of 
six years, he identified himself with a new enter- 
prise, which resulted in the formation of a church 
and the erection of a large house of worship on 
Sansom street His pastorate of this church, ex- 
tending from 1811 till 1822, was one of great suc- 
cess. Besides preaching regularly three times on 
Sunday and once or twice during the week, he was 
the principal of a Baptist theological school. In 
1822 he was called to the presidency of Columbian 
college, D. C, which office he resigned in 1827, and 



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was elected in 1829 president of Georgetown col- 
lege, Ky. He died in Washington, while on his 
way to this new field of service. He was probably 
the most eloquent Baptist minister of his time in 
this country. He received from Princeton the de- 
gree of D. D. in 1801. Besides a volume of poems, 
which he issued when he was seventeen years old, 
his publications consisted of a few occasional ser- 
mons and discourses, among them " Eulogium on 
Dr. Benjamin Rush " (1813). See a " Memoir " by 
Rev. S. W. Lynd (Boston, 1834). 

STAUNTON, William, clergyman, b. in Ches- 
ter, England, 20 April, 1803. At the age of fifteen 
he came to the United States, and received a good 
English and classical training under one of the 
professors in Hobart college, Geneva, N. Y. He 
studied theology under Rev. Dr. (afterward Bishop) 
Whitehouse in Rochester, N. Y.. from 1830 till 1833, 
was ordained deacon in Oneida Castle, N. Y., 9 
June, 1833, by Bishop Benjamin T. Onderdonk, 
and priest in Zion church, Palmyra, N. Y., 7 Sept, 
1834, by the same bishop. During his diaconate 
he served as missionary in Palmyra and Lyons, 
N. Y. He was rector of St James's church, Kox- 
bury, Mass., in 1835-7, and of St Peter's church, 
Morristown, N. J., in 1840-'7, founded St Peter's 
church, Brooklyn, N. Y., and was its first rector in 
1848-*51, and was rector of Trinity church, Pots- 
dam, N. Y., in 1852-'9. Since then, having given 
up active parochial work, he has resided in New 
York city, and been engaged in literary and other 
occupations. He received the degree of D. D. from 
Hobart in 1856. Dr. Staunton has published '* Dic- 
tionary of the Church," which was subsequently 
revised and enlarged under the title of *• Ecclesias- 
tical Dictionary' 7 (New York, 1844-'61); "The 
Catechist's Manual*' (1850) ; "Songs and Prayers 
for the Family Altar" (1860); "Book of Common 
Praise " (1866) ; a prize " Te Deuro " and original 
" Voluntaries for the Organ " ; and " Episodes in 
Clerical and Parish Life ,r (1887). In 1878 he took 
charge of the musical science department in a new 
cyclopedia, and wrote nearly all the articles on 
that subject He has also contributed freely to 
church literature in magazines and reviews. 

STEARNS, Asahel, educator, b. in Lunenburg, 
Mass., 17 June, 1774 ; d. in Cambridge, Mass., 5 
Feb., 1839. His ancestor, Isaac Stearns, came to 
this country from England in 1630, and was among 
the first settlers of Watertown, Mass. Asahel was 
graduated at Harvard in 1797, studied law, was ad- 
mitted to the bar, and began practice at Chelmsford, 
Mass. He was for several years county attorney 
for Middlesex, a member of congress in 1815-*17, 
and professor of law at Harvard in 1817-29. He 
was a member of the American academy of arts 
and sciences, and was one of the commissioners for 
revising the statutes of Massachusetts, which was 
his last labor. He published "Summary of the 
Law and Practice or Real Actions, with an Ap- 
pendix of Practical Forms" (Hallowell, 1824), and, 
with Lemuel Shaw, "General Laws, 1780-1822," 
edited by Theron Metcalf (Boston, 1828). 

STEARNS, Charles, clergyman, b. in Leomin- 
ster, Mass., 19 July, 1753 ; a. in Lincoln, Mass., 
26 July, 1826. He was graduated at Harvard in 
1773, afterward taught school, and studied theol- 
ogy, and in 1780-'l was a tutor at Cambridge. In 
1781 he was ordained pastor of the Unitarian 
church at Lincoln, where he remained till his death. 
He received the degree of D. D. from Harvard in 
1810. He published "The Ladies* Philosophy of 
Love, a Poem in Four Cantos" (1797); - Princi- 
ples of Morality and Religion" (1798); and ser- 
mons and other works. 



STEARNS, Charles Woodward, physician, b. 
in Springfield, Mass.. in 1818 ; d. in Longmeadow, 
Mass., 8 Sept, 1887. He was graduated at Yale in 
1837, and took his medical degree at the Univer- 
sity of Pennsylvania in 1840. After practising for 
some time he entered the army as a surgeon, subse- 
quently travelled and studied in Europe, and at 
tne opening of the civil war re-entered the service 
as surgeon of the 3d New York regiment He was 
on service at Fort McHenry, Baltimore, Suffolk, 
Va., Fortress Monroe, and in the field. Dr. Stearns 
was widely known as an enthusiastic Shakespeare- 
an student and writer. His principal works are 
" Shakespeare's Medical Knowledge (New York, 
1865) : "The Shakespeare Treasury of Wisdom and 
Knowledge " (1869) ; and " Concordance of the Con- 
stitution of the United States" (1872). 

STEARNS, George Luther, merchant b. in 
Medford, Mass., 8 Jan., 1809; d. in New York, 9 
April, 1867. His father, Luther, was a teacher of 
reputation. In early life his son engaged in the 
business of ship-chandlery, and after a prosperous 
career undertook the manufacture of sheet- and 
pipe-lead, doing business in Boston and residing in 
Medford. He identified himself with the anti- 
slavery cause, became a Free-soiler in 1848, aided 
John Brown in Kansas, and supported him till his 
death. Soon after the opening of the civil war Mr. 
Stearns advocated the enlistment of negroes in the 
National army. The 54th and 55th Massachusetts 
regiments, and the 5th cavalry (colored), were 
largely recruited through his instrumentality. He 
was com missioned major through the recommenda- 
tion of Sec Stanton, and was of great service to 
the National cause by enlisting negroes for the 
volunteer service in Pennsylvania, Maryland, and 
Tennessee- He was the founder of the " Common- 
wealth " and " Right of Way " newspapers for the 
dissemination of his ideas. 

STEARNS, John, physician, b. in Wilbraham, 
Mass., 16 May, 1770; d. in New York city, 18 
March, 1848. He was graduated at Yale in 1789, 
and at the College of physicians and surgeons, New 
York, in 1812. He settled at Waterford, N. Y., in 
1793, was in the New York senate in 1809-' 13, in 
1810 removed to Albany, and in 1819 went to New 
York city, where he remained till his death. He 
originated the Saratoga county medical society, 
and in 1807 the Medical society of the state of New 
York, and in 1846 was the first president of the 
New York academy of medicine. He was also a 
founder of the American tract society. He con- 
tributed valuable medical discoveries to the New 
York " Medical Repository," and published nu- 
merous addresses (1818-'47). 

STEARNS, John Glasier, author, b. in Ack- 
worth, Cheshire co., N. H., 22 Nov., 1795 ; d. in 
Clinton, N. Y., 16 Jan., 1874. He was graduated 
in the first class at Hamilton literary and theologi- 
cal institution (now Madison university) in 1822, 
and was ordained a minister pf the Baptist church. 
He was for fifty years a preacher in central New 
York, and published, among other works, "Dia- 
logue on the Means of separating Masonry from 
the Church of Christ " (Utica, 1828) ; " Inquiry into 
the Nature and Tendencv of Freemasonry " (1829); 
" An Antidote for the t)octrine of Universal Sal- 
vation" (1829); "Essays on the Influence of the 
Spirit and the Word in Regeneration"; "The 
Primitive Church" (1858); "The Sovereignty of 
#od and Moral Agency " (1856) ; w Letters on Free- 
masonry " (I860) ; ana several smaller works. 

STEARNS. John Newton, editor, b. in New 
Ipswich, N. H., 24 May, 1829. He was educated at 
tne academy in his native town, and was prepared 



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for college, but impaired health prevented his enter- 
ing. On attaining his majority he came to New 
York city and engaged in literary pursuits. In 
1858 he became editor and proprietor of ** Merry's 
Museum," and was widely known as "Rolicrt 
Merry." He joined the order of the Sons of Tem- 
perance when it was in its infancy, and in 1866 was 
chosen most worthy patriarch, its highest office in 
this country. At his suggestion, in ISO. 1 ), the 
National temperance society and publication-house 
was organized, and he was appointed its corre- 
sponding secretary and publishing agent In 1865 
he also became the editor of the •* National Tem- 
perance Advocate," and he has since held that place 
as well as having charge of the *• Youth's Temper- 
ance Banner." In addition to his editorial work, 
he has issued annually since 1869 "The National 
Temperance Almanac and Teetotaler's Year-Book," 
and ne has published "The Temperance Chorus" 
<New York, 1867); "The Temperance Speaker" 
(1869); "The Centennial Temperance Volume" 
(1876); "The Prohibition Songster" (1885); and 
"One Hundred Years of Temperance" (1885). 

STEARNS, John William, educator, b. in 
Sturbridge, Mass., in 1840. He was graduated at 
Harvard in 1860, was appointed professor of Latin 
in the University of Chicago in 1865, and in 1874 
became director of the National normal school in 
the Argentine Republic. In 1878 he became presi- 
dent of the normal college at Whitewater, Wis. 

STEARNS, Junius Brutus, artist, b. in Arling- 
ton, Vt, 2 July, 1810; d. in Brooklyn, N. Y.. 17 
Sept, 1885. He was a pupil at the Academy of de- 
sign, New York city, where in 1848 he became an 
associate, and an academician the following year. 
In the same year he went to Europe and spent 
some time in London and Paris. On his return he 
became in 1851 recording secretary at the National 
academy, holding that post until 1865. His work 
was mainly in portraiture, but he painted also 
numerous historical subjects. Of these the best 
known are the " Washington Series," five paintings 
representing Washington as a citizen, farmer, sol- 
dier, statesman, and Christian. His " Millennium " 
is in the Academy of design, New York. 

STEARNS, Oakman Sprague, b. in Bath, Me., 
20 Oct, 1817. He was graduated at Waterville 
college (now Color university) in 1840, and at 
Newton theological institution in 1846, and was 
instructor in Hebrew there in 184&-7. He was 
pastor of the Baptist church at Southbridge, Mass., 
in 1847-'54, at Newark, N. J., in 1854-'5, and at 
Newton Centre, Mass., in 1855-*68. Since 1868 he 
has been professor of biblical interpretation of the 
Old Testament in Newton theological institution. 
Colby gave him the degree of D. D. in 1863. He 
has translated Sart onus's "Person and Work of 
Christ " (Boston, 1848), and is the author of " A 
Syllabus of the Messianic Passages in the Old 
Testament" (1884). 

STEARNS, Oiora Pierson, soldier, b. in De 
Kalb, Lawrence co., N. Y., 15 Jan., 1831. He was 
educated at Oberlin college and Michigan univer- 
sity, where he was graduated in the literary de- 
S&rtment in 1858, and in law in 1860. Imme- 
iately after his graduation he began practice in 
Rochester, Minn., and shortly afterward was 
elected prosecuting attorney for Clinton county. 
In August, 1862, he entered the National army as 
1st lieutenant in the 9th Minnesota volunteer in- 
fantry, and in April, 1864, he was commissioned 
colonel of the 39th regiment of U. S. colored in- 
fantry. His regiment suffered severely at the 
mine-explosion before Petersburg on 80 July. He 
accompanied Gen. Benjamin P. Butler on his 



Port Pisher expedition, was with Gen. Alfred IT. 
Tcrrv at the capture of that fort and afterward 
remained with nis command in North Carolina 
until he was mustered out of the service in De- 
cember, 1865. He then returned to Rochester, 
Minn., was soon afterward offered the professor- 
ship of agriculture in Cornell university, which 
he declined, was again elected county attorney, 
and then appointed register in bankruptcy, fn 
1871 he was elected U. S. senator for tne unex- 
pired term of Daniel S. Norton, deceased, and 
served for a short period. In the spring of 1872 
he removed with his family to Duluth, and two 
years later became judge of the 11th judicial dis- 
trict of Minnesota, which office he has held ever 
since. He is in favor of granting the right of suf- 
frage to women.— Ilis wife, Sarah Burger, re- 
former, b. in New York city, 90 Nov., 1836, is the 
daughter of Edward G. Burger. She was educated 
chiefly at the Ann Arbor high-school, and the 
State normal school, Ypsilanti, Mich. In 1858 
and afterward she made formal application to be 
admitted as a student to the Michigan state uni- 
versity, which, though it was refused, had an in- 
fluence in finally deciding the regents in 1869 to 
make their classes open to women. During the 
civil war Mrs. Stearns was well known as a worker 
on the sanitary commission, and lectured on behalf 
of the soldiers' societies in Michigan and else- 
where. She married Col. Steams in 1863, and re- 
moved to Minnesota in 1866. Por many years she 
has been vice-president for Minnesota of the Na- 
tional woman suffrage association. She is presi- 
dent of the Duluth home society, and was instru- 
mental in establishing a temporary home for needy 
women and children in that city. She has been 
active for years as an advocate of woman's rights. 
STEARNS, Samuel, author, b. in Bolton, Mas&, 
in 1747 ; d. in Brattleborough, Vt., 8 Aug., 1819. 
He became a physician and astronomer, practising 
his profession first in Worcester, Mass., then in 
New York, and finally in Brattleborough, Vt For 
his supposed loyalty to King George I1L he suffered 
greatly from tne persistent attacks of the Sons of 
Liberty, and was confined for nearly three years in 
a prison in Worcester, Mass. While he was a resi- 
dent of New York he made the calculations for the 
first nautical almanac in this country, which he 
published, 20 Dec., 1782. He edited the M Philadel- 
phia Magazine " in 1789, and published " Tour to 
London and Paris" (London, 1790); "Mystery of 
Animal Magnetism" (1791); "American Oracle" 

S791); and "The American Herbal, or Materia 
edica" (Walpole, N. H., 1801). He labored 
twenty-eight years on a "Medical Dispensatory," 
and to obtain information for it travelled for 
nine years in Europe and this country, but died 
before its completion. On the list of subscribers 
for this work were the names of George Washing- 
ton and Dr. Benjamin Rush, of Philadelphia. 

STEARNS, Samuel Horatio, clergyman, b, in 
Bedford, Mass., 12 Sept, 1801 ; d. in Paris, France, 

15 July, 1837. His father, Samuel,was for forty years 
pastor of the Congregational church in Bedford, 
Mass. The son was graduated at Harvard in 1823, 
became a minister of the Congregational church, and 
was pastor of the Old South church, Boston, from 

16 April, 1834, till his death. A volume of his dis- 
courses, with a memoir by his brother, William A. 
Stearns, was published (Boston, 1888).-— His brother, 
William Augustas, clergyman, b. in Bedford, 
Mass., 17 March, 1806; d. in Amherst, Mass*, 8 
June, 1876, was graduated at Harvard in 1837, 
studied theology at Andover, and, after teaching 
for a short time at Duxbury, was ordained a ratn- 



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ister of the Congregational church, and installed 
pastor of the church at Cambridgeport, Mass., 
14 Dec., 1881. When the Rev. Edward Hitchcock 
resigned the presidency of Amherst college in 1854 
Mr. Stearns was chosen to succeed him, and he held 



the office till his death. He published " Infant 
Church Membership" (Boston, 1844); "Infant 
Church Member's Guide " (1845) ; " Life and Select 
Discourses of Rev. Samuel H. Stearns" (184<t); 
M Discourses and Addresses " (1855) ; " A Plea for 
the Nation," posthumous (1876) : and sermons and 
discourses. — William Augustus's son, William 
French, merchant, b. in Cambridgeport, Mass., 
9 Not., 1884; d. in Orange, N. J^ 21 May, 1874, 
was engaged in the East India trade, and for 
several years was a resident of Bombay, India, as 
head of the firm of Stearns, Hobart and Co. On 
his return to this country he established a house in 
New York for the same class of trade. He rendered 
great services to the American board of foreign 
missions during the civil war, built a church for 
Amherst college, and, as the personal friend and 
correspondent of Dr. David Livingstone, aided 
largely in fitting out his last expedition.— Another 
brother of Samuel Horatio, Jonathan French, 
clergyman, b. in Bedford, Mass., in September, 
1808, was graduated at Harvard in 1880, studied 
theology at Andover seminary, and was licensed to 

£ reach in 1884 He was minister of the Presby- 
srian church in Newburyport, Mass., in 1885-'49, 
and in December, 1849, became pastor of the 1st 
Presbyterian church in Newark, N. J., which con- 
nection continued about thirty years. In 1886 he 
was a commissioner from the presbytery of London- 
derry to the general assembly in Pittsburg, and he 
was moderator of the general assembly that met in 
Harrisburg in 1868. He published "Sermon on 
the Death of Daniel Webster " (Newark, 1852), and 
44 Historical Discourses relating to the First Presby- 
terian Church in Newark " (1858). — Another broth- 
er, Eben Sperry, educator, b. in Bedford, Mas&, 
in 1821 ; d. in Nashville, Teniu in 1887, was gradu- 
ated at Harvard in 1841, was master of the normal 
school at Framingham, Mass., of the Albany female 
academy, and in 1875 became chancellor of Nash- 
ville university. Amherst gave him the degree of 
D. D. in 1876.— Samuel Horatio's cousin, Edward 
Joslah. author, b. in Bedford, Mass., 24 Feb., 1810, 
was graduated at Harvard in 1888, ordained a 
clergyman of the Episcopal church, and was pro- 
fessor of modern languages in St. John's college, 
Annapolis, Md.. in 1849-*53. At other times he 
was either teaching or rector of a parish. He has 

Sublished u Notes on Uncle Tom's Cabin" (Philad- 
elphia, 1858) ; " Practical Guide to English Pro- 
nunciation" (Boston, 1857); "The Afterpiece to 
the Comedy of Convocation" (Baltimore, 1870); 
M Birth and New Birth, a New Treatment of an Old 
Subject "(1872); "The Faith of Oui Forefathers, 
an Klamination of Archbishop Gibbon's * Faith of 
vol. v.— 42 



Our Fathers ' " (New York. 1879) ; and " The Arch- 
bishop's Champion Brought to Book " (1881). 

STEBBIN8, Emma, artist, b. in New York 
city, 1 Sept, 1815; d. there, 25 Oct, 1882. For 
several years she devoted herself to painting in oil 
and water-colors, working also in crayon and pas- 
tels. She subsequently turned her attention to 
sculpture. In 1857 she went to Rome, where she 
studied under an Italian master, and also with 
Paul Akers. She executed a large fountain repre- 
senting "The Angel of the Waters" (1860-'2) in 
Central park, New York; a statue of Horace 
Mann in Boston (1860); "Joseph," "The Ansel of 
Prayer," and a bust of Charlotte Cushman (1859) ; a 
bust of John W. Stebbins in the Mercantile library, 
New York ; and other works. While in Rome she 
won the friendship of Charlotte Cushman, with 
whom she returned to the United States in 1870. 
She prepared a memoir of Miss Cushman, at her 
request, after the actress's death (Boston, 1878). 

&TECKEL, Louis Joseph Rent, Canadian 
civil engineer, b. in Wintzenheim, Alsace, 6 Sept, 
1844. He was educated at Benfeld, Alsace, and at 
Laval university, Quebec He came to Quebec in 
1857, and in the following year went to the west- 
ern part of the United States, remaining till 1860, 
when he returned to Quebec After studying civil 
engineering in Laval university, he practised his 
profession successfully, and has been chief clerk of 
the engineering branch of the department of pub- 
lic works, Canada, since July, 1880. In addition 
to other important work, he carried on extensive 
hydrographic surveys in 1881-'2 of St Lawrence 
ship-channel between Quebec and Cap a la Roche, 
ana from 1884 till 1887 extensive geodetic levelling 
operations along Richelieu and St. Lawrence rivers, 
from Lake Champlain to tide-water in the Gulf of 
St Lawrence. He invented in 1868 a perfected 
flute, called the " Harmonic flute," and exhibited 
at the Indian and colonial exhibition, in London 
in 1886, a piccolo constructed on his system, and 
geodetic rods as perfected by him. He has pub- 
lished " Treatise on Geometry and Trigonometry " 
(Quebec 1866), and "Essay on the Contracted 
Liquid Vein affecting the Present Theory of the 
Science of Hydraulics " (Ottawa, 1884). 

STEDINGK, Curt Bogislans Louis Chris- 
topher, Count von, Swedish soldier, b. in his fa- 
ther's castle of Pinnau, Pomerania, 26 Oct, 1746; 
d. in Stockholm. He was graduated at the Uni- 
versity of Upsala in 1768, entered the Swedish 
army in his youth, took part in the war against 
Prussia, and, entering the French service in the 
Royal regiment of Sweden, rose to the rank of lieu- 
tenant-colonel. At Versailles, where he remained 
on duty, he lived on intimate terms of friendship 
with Count Axel Fersen. In command of a bri- 
gade of infantry he sailed in D'Estaing's fleet in 

1778. and gained credit in the operations against 
the West Indies, especially in the attack upon 
Granada. In the attack upon Savannah, 9 Oct., 

1779, the rashness and probable failure of which 
he predicted to D'Estaing, he led one of the two 
principal assaults, and, after planting the Ameri- 
can flag on the last intrenchment, was wounded 
and compelled to retreat with the loss of half his 
brigade of 900 men. After his return to France 
the king made him colonel of the regiment of Al- 
sace and knight of the Protestant branch of the 
Order of St Louis, while the king of Sweden, in 
recognition of his services in America, made him 
colonel of dragoons and knight of the Order of the 
Sword. He also received the badge of the Society 
of the Cincinnati He left France in 1787, took 
part in the war between Sweden and Russia, and 



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was rewarded for his services by being appointed 
Swedish ambassador at St. Petersburg in 1790, 
which post he long retained. In 1814 he repaired 
to Pans in command of the Swedish army, and 
was the ambassador of the king of Sweden to sign 
the treaty of peace with France. • 

STEDMAN, Charles, British soldier, b. in Eng- 
land about 1745 ; d. in London, 26 June, 1812. He 
entered the army, served as an officer under Lord 
Percy at Lexington in 1775, and subsequently with 
Lord Howe in Pennsylvania and New Jersey, and 
with Lord Cornwallis in the south. During his 
later years he was a deputy comptroller of the 
stamp-office. He published " The History of the 
Origin, Progress, and Termination of the American 
War" (2 vols., London, 1792; Dublin, 1794). This 
excellent work is especially valuable for its mili- 
tary maps. William Thomas Lowndes ascribes its 
authorship to Dr. William Thompson. 

STEDMAN, Edmund Clarence, poet, b. in 
Hartford, Conn., 8 Oct, 1838. He is the son of 
Edmund B. Stedman, a merchant of Hartford, and 
Elizabeth C. Dodge, a sister of William E. Dodge, 
who, subsequent to 
the death of Mr. 
Stedman in 1885, 
married William B. 
Kinney. Through 
his mother Mr. 
Stedman is further 
related to Will- 
iam EUery Chan- 
ning and to BishoD 
Arthur Cleveland 
Coxe. He was pre- 
pared for college 
oy his great-uncle, 
James Stedman, 
and entered Tale 
j& ,/0 in 1849. Asi 

cC&U¥aJ O . /Udh** tinguished h 

/ in Greek and in 

" English composi- 

tion. His poem of "Westminster Abbey," pub- 
lished in the "Yale Literary Magazine" in 1851, 
received a first prize. In his junior year he was 
suspended for irregularities, and he did not return 
to receive his degree, but in 1871, the college authori- 
ties restored him to his class, and conferred on him 
the degree of A. M. He became editor of the Nor- 
wich "Tribune " in 1852, and in 1854 of the Winsted 
" Herald," but two years later he relinquished this 
post after establishing some reputation for the pure 
literary tone of his journal. He then removed to 
New York city, where for many years he con- 
tributed to "Vanity Pair," "Putnam's Monthly," 
" Harrier's Magazine," and other periodicals. After 
a hard struggle for a competence, he drifted into 
journalism. His poems, "The Diamond Wedding," 
a widely read satire on a society event, " How Old 
John Brown took Harper's Perry," " The Ballad of 
Lager-Bier," and similar lyrics, appeared in the 
" Tribune " during 1859, and their success led him 
to issue his " Poems, Lyric and Idyllic " (New York, 
1860). In 1860 he joined the editorial staff cf the 
" World," and he was its war-correspondent in 
1861-*8, during the early campaigns of the Army 
of the Potomac, from the headquarters of Oen. 
Irvin McDowell and Gen. George B. McClellan, and 
then from Washington. He afterward accepted 
a confidential appointment under Attorney-Gen- 
eral Bates, but in 1864 he returned to New York, 
and relinquished journalism to adopt some pur- 
suit that would afford him more leisure for literary 



an un- 
tie dis- 
himself 



work. Mr. Stedman soon purchased a seat in the 
stock exchange, and became a broker. His poetry 
of this period is included in his "Alice of Mon- 
mouth, an Idyl of the Great War, and other Poems " 
(New York, 1864), which was followed by ** The 
Blameless Prince, and other Poems " (Boston, 1869). 
A collective edition of his " Poetical Works " waa 
published in 1878. With Thomas B. Aldrich he 
edited " Cameos " (Boston, 1874), selected from the 
works of Walter Savage Landor; also, with an in- 
troduction, " Poems of Austin Dobson " (New York, 
1880). About 1875 he began to devote attention 
to critical writing, and contributed to " Scribner's 
Monthly" a series of sketches of the poets and 
poetry of Great Britain from the accession of Queen 
Victoria to the present time, which were rewritten 
and published as " Victorian Poets " (Boston, 1875 ; 
Lonaon, 1876 ; 18th ed., with a supplement, bring- 
ing it down to 1887). In a similar manner he 
prepared " Poets of America," a critical review of 
American poets and poetry (Boston, 18861 At pres- 
ent he is engaged witn Ellen M. Hutchinson 
in editing a " Library of American Literature," to 
be completed in ten volumes, of which three are 
now published (1888). Mr. Stedman has delivered 
several poems on public occasions. Of these the 
more important are " Gettysburg" read at the an- 
nual meeting of the Army of the Potomac in Cleve- 
land in 1871, and the "Dartmouth Ode," deliv- 
ered in 1878 before that college. In 1876 he read 
44 The Monument of Greeley " at the dedication in 
Greenwood cemetery of the printers' monument to 
Horace Greeley^and in 1878 he delivered his poem 
on "The Death of Bryant" before the Century 
club. At the twenty-firth anniversary of the Yale 
class of 1853 he read " Meridian, an Old- Fashioned 
Poem," and in July, 1881, his "Corda Concordia"' 
was read before the Summer school of philosophy. 
He has also been engaged at intervals during many 
years on a complete metrical translation of the 
Greek idyllic poets. His other publications in- 
clude " Rip Van Winkle and His Wonderful Nap n 
(Boston, 1870); "Octavius Brooks Frothingham 
and the New Faith " (New York, 1876); " Favorite 
Poems" (Boston, 1877); "Hawthorne, and other 
Poems" (1877J; "Lyrics and Idylls, with other 
Poems " (London, 1879) , " The Raven, with Com- 
ments on the Poem" (Boston, 1888); and a 
"Household Edition" of his poems (1884).— His 
cousin, Griffin Alexander, soldier, b. in Hart- 
ford, Conn., 6 Jan., 1888 ; d. near Petersburg, Va^ 
6 Aug., 1864, was graduated at Trinity in 1859, 
and began to study law, but in 1861 entered the 
volunteer army as captain in the 5th Connecticut 
regiment He was transferred to the 11th Con- 
necticut as major after seeing service in the Shen- 
andoah valley, and took part in the battle of An- 
tietam, leading half of the regiment in the chares 
on the stone bridge, and receiving a severe wound. 
He commanded the regiment at Fredericksburg, 
Chancellorsville, and Gettysburg, and at the be- 
ginning of the overland campaign of 1864 was 
placed at the head of a brigade. He repeatedly 
won the commendation of his superiors, and was 
mortally wounded in one of the skirmishes that 
followed the mine-explosion at Petersburg. Fort 
Stedman, one of the works near that place, had 
been named for him. He had been strongly recom- 
mended for promotion to brigadier-general, and 
was given that rank by brevet, to date from 5 Aug., 
1864. His grave at Hartford is marked by a monu- 
ment of granite and bronze. 

STEDMAN, John Gabriel, British soldier, b. 
in Scotland ; d. in 1797. He lost his paternal es- 
tate shortly after his birth, and expected to enter 



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the navv, but accepted mi ensign's commission in 
the Scotch brigade in the Dutch service, and was a 
lieutenant when in 1772 a negro insurrection began 
in the colony of Surinam. He volunteered to ac- 
company the expedition that was sent to suppress 
it, and was given the brevet rank of captain. On 
his return m 1777 he was promoted to major, and 
just before resigning from the service, at the begin- 
ning of hostilities with England in 1788, was made 
lieutenant-colonel. He published a valuable " Nar- 
rative of an Expedition against the Revolted Ne- 
groes of Surinam," which contains much valuable 
information about the country and its inhabitants 
(2 vols., London, 1796). 

STEEDMAN, Charles, naval officer, b. in 
Charleston, S. C, 24 SepU, 1811. He entered the 
navy as midshipman, 1 April, 1828. became a 
passed midshipman, 14 Jan., 1884, ana cruised in 
the Mediterranean in the frigates " Constitution" 
and " United States." He was promoted to lieu- 
tenant, 25 Feb., 1841, and during the Mexican war 
served in the sloop "St Mary's" in 1846-7. At 
the bombardment of Vera Cruz he commanded the 
siege-guns in the naval battery on shore, and he 
participated in other operations on the coast and 
in the boat expedition that captured Tampico. He 
was commissioned commander, 14 Sept, 1855, and 
in the Paraguay expedition commanded the brig 
"Dolphin." Notwithstanding the efforts of his 
family and friends in his native state to induce him 
to join the seceded states, he remained loyal and 
rendered valuable service to the Union. He im- 
mediately asked forduty, took command of the rail- 
road ferry steamer •• Maryland," and conveyed Gen. 
Benjamin F. Butler with the 8th Massachusetts 
regiment from Havre de Grace to Annapolis, Md., in 
April, 1861. He then went to the west temporarily 
and assisted Admiral Foote in organizing the naval 
forces that operated on the Mississippi nver in the 
gun-boats, in September, 1861, he commanded the 
steamer " Bienville," in which he led the second 
column of vessels at the capture of Port Royal, 
S. C, and participated in operations on the coast 
of Georgia and Florida. He returned north in the 
spring, and took command of the steamer " Paul 
Jones." in which he assisted in the capture of Fort 
McAllister, on Ogeechee river, in August, 1862, and 
operated on St John's river, Fla., during the fol- 
lowing month. He was promoted to captain, 18 
Sept, 1862, and in the steamer " Powhatan " took 
part in the blockade off Charleston and in several 
engagements there. He then towed the captured 
ram "Atlanta" to Philadelphia, took command of 
the steamer •• Ticonderoga,'' and went to the coast 
of Brazil in pursuit of the Confederate cruiser 
" Florida" until November, 1864. He participated 
in the two attacks on Fort Fisher, remained in 
command of the " Ticonderoga" on a cruise in the 
Mediterranean, and returned in command of the 
steam frigate "Colorado" in September, 1867. 
He was promoted to commodore, 25 July, 1866, 
and was in charge of the Boston navy-vard in 
1889-'72. He was made a rear-admiral, 25 May, 
187L and retired, 24 Sept, 1878. 

STEEDMAN. James Barrett, soldier, b. in 
Northumberland county, Pa., 80 July, 1818 ; d. in 
Toledo, Ohio, 18 Oct, 1888. He went to Ohio in 
1887 as a contractor on the Wabash and Erie canal, 
and in 1848 was chosen to . the legislature of that 
state as a Democrat In 1849 he organized a com- 
pany to cross the plains to California in search of 
gold, but he returned in 1850. and in 1851 became 
a member of the Ohio board of public works. 
During Buchanan's administration he was public 
printer at Washington, and in 1860 he was a dele- 



gate to the National Democratic convention at 
Charleston, advocating the nomination of Stephen 
A. Douglas. At the opening of the civil war he 
became colonel of the 4th Ohio regiment and was 
ordered to western Virginia. After taking part in 
the battle of Philippi he joined Gen. Don Carlos 
Buell in Kentucky, was promoted brigadier-general 
of volunteers, 17 July, 1862, and rendered valuable 
service at Perryville, arriving on the battle-field 
just in time to drive back the enemy, who had 
broken the National line and were pushing a heavy 
column toward the gap. In July, 1868, he was 
placed in command of the 1st division of the re- 
serve corps of the Army of the Cumberland. At the 
battle of Chickamauga he re-enforced Gen. George 
H. Thomas at a critical moment and it has been 
claimed that he thus saved the day, though credit 
for ordering the movement is usually given to 
Gen. Gordon Granger. For his services here he 
was promoted major-general, 24 April, 1864. He 
was afterward active in the Atlanta campaign, 
relieving the garrison at Dalton and defeating 
Gen. Joseph G. Wheeler's cavalry in June, 1864. 
When Sherman marched to the sea he joined Gen. 
Thomas, and did good service at Nashville. He 
resigned on 19 July, 1866, after serving as pro- 
visional governor of Georgia, and was appointed 
U. S. collector of internal revenue at New Orleans 

§r President Johnson, whose close friend he was. 
ere his lack of business ability involved him in 
financial trouble, and he returned to Ohio, where 
in 1879 he was chosen to the state senate, but was 
defeated in a second canvass. In the May before 
his death he became chief of police of Toledo, and 
he was editor and nominal owner of the " Weekly 
Ohio Democrat" On 26 May, 1887, a fine monu- 
ment was dedicated to his memory in Toledo. 

STEEL. William, reformer, b. in Biggar, Scot- 
land, 26 Aug., 1809 ; d. in Portland, Ore.. 5 Jan., 
1881. He came to the United States with his 
parents in 1817 and settled near Winchester, Va., 
but removed soon afterward to Monroe county, Ohio, 
where, from 1880 till the civil war, he was an active 
worker in the " Underground railroad^ of which he 
was one of the earliest organizers. During these 
years large numbers of slaves were assisted to es- 
cape to Canada, and in no single instance was one 
retaken after reaching him. At one time the slave- 
holders of Virginia offered a reward of $5,000 for 
his head, when he promptly addressed the com- 
mittee, offering to bring it to them if the money 
were placed in responsible hands. He acquired a 
fortune as a merchant, but lost it in 1844. From 
1872 till his death he resided with his sons in Ore- 
gon. In the early davs of the anti-slavery move- 
ment Mr. Steel was tne recognized leader of the 
Abolitionists in southeastern Ohio. He was at one 
time a candidate of the Liberty party for congress, 
and in 1844 circulated in eastern Ohio the •'great 
petition," whose signers agreed to vote for Henry 
Clay if he would emancipate his one slave. 

STEELE, Frederick, soldier, b. in Delhi, N. Y., 
14 Jan., 1819; d. in San Mateo, Cal., 12 Jan., 1868. 
He was graduated at the U. S. military academy 
in 1848, and served as 2d lieutenant in the Mexican 
war, receiving the brevets of 1st lieutenant and 
captain for gallant conduct at Contreras and Cha- 

fmltepec respectively. He was promoted to 1st 
ieutenant, 6 June, 1848, and served in California 
till 1858, and then principally in Minnesota, Kan- 
sas, and Nebraska till the civil war, receiving his 
captain's commission on 5 Feb., 1855. He was 
promoted to major on 14 Mav, 1861, and com- 
manded a brigade in Missouri from 11 June, 1861, 
till April, 186% being engaged at Dug Spring and 



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STEELE 



Wilson's Creek, and also in charge of the south- 
eastern district of that state after February. He 
had become colonel of the 8th Iowa regiment on 

28 Sept, 1861, and on 29 Jan., 1862, was commis- 
sioned brigadier-general of volunteers. He led a 
division in the Army of the Southwest from Mar 
till November, 1862, being engaged at Round Hill, 
7 July, and in the occupation of Helena, Ark. On 

29 Nov. he was made major-general of volunteers, 
and, after engapin^ in the Yazoo expedition, he 
commanded a division in the V icksburg campaign, 
taking part in the operations at Young s Point, the 
advance to Grand Gulf, the attack on Jackson, and 
the siege of Vioksburg. For his services in this 
campaign he received the brevet of colonel in the 
regular army. 4 July, 1868, and on 26 Aug. he was 
promoted to lieutenant-colonel. From July, 1868, 
till 6 Jan., 1864, he was at the head of the Army of 
Arkansas, taking part in the capture of Little Rock, 
10 Sept, 1868, and then till 29 Nov. he commanded 
the department of that state. He led a column in 
the Mobile campaign, and at the close of the war 
received the brevet of brigadier-general, U. S. army, 
for services in the capture of Little Rock, and that 
of major-general for services during the war. He 
was then transferred to Texas, and placed in com- 
mand on the Rio Grande, and from 21 Dec, 1865, 
he had charge of the Department of the Columbia. 
From 28 Nov., 1867, till his death he was on leave 
of absence. He had been promoted colonel of the 
20th infantry, 28 July, 1866. 

STEELE; Joel Donnan, educator, b, in Lima, 
N. Y„ 14 May, 1886; d. in Elmira, N. Y., 26 Mav, 
1886. He was graduated at Genesee college in 

1858, and then taught at the Mexico academy, of 
which institution he was appointed principal in 

1859. Soon after the beginning of tne civil war 
he became captain in the 81st New York volun- 
teers, and served in the peninsula campaign, being 
severely wounded at Seven Pines. He was chosen 
principal of the Newark, N. Y., high-school in 1862, 
and in 1866 accepted a similar office in the Elmira 
free academy, which place he retained until 1872. 
Subsequently he devoted his time exclusively to the 
preparation of text-books. The degree of Ph. D. 
was conferred on him by the regents of the Uni- 
versity of the state of New York in 1870, and dur- 
ing the same year he presided over the New York 
state teachers' association. In 1872 he was 
elected a fellow of the Geological society of London, 
and also in 1872 he was chosen by the alumni a 
trustee of Syracuse university, in which Genesee 
college had been merged, and to that university be 
bequeathed $50,000 to found a professorship of 
theistic science. Dr. Steele was the author of a 
popular series of scientific text-books, each intended 
for a course of fourteen weeks, including " Chem- 
istry" (New York, 1867); "Astronomy*' (1868); 
"Natural Philosophy " (1869) ; " Geology " (1870) ; 
"Human Physiology" (1878); " ZoSlogy " (1875) ; 
and " Key to the Practical Questions in Steele's 
Sciences ,f (1871); also " Barnes's Popular History 
of the United States " (1875) ; and with his wife, 
EsTBsa Bakex Steele, a series of brief histories, 
including "The United States " (1872) ; "Prance" 
(1874); "Ancient Peoples" (1888); "Medieval 
and Modern Peoples" (1888) ; " General History " 
(1888) ; " History of Greece " (1888) ; and " History 
of Rome" (1884). 

STEELE, John, soldier, b. in Augusta county. 
Va., about 1755; d. about 1805. He entered the 
Revolutionary army, served as an officer at the bat- 
tle of Point Pleasant, Va., 10 Oct., 1774, and at the 
battle of Germantown was shot through the body. 
He was for many years one of the executive coun- 



cil of his native state, and in John Adams's admin- 
istration served as a commissioner to treat with 
the Cherokee Indians. From 1796 till 1801 he was 
secretary of Mississippi territory. 

STEELE, John, soldier, b. in Lancaster county, 
Pa., 15 Aug., 1758; d. in Philadelphia, 27 Feb., 
1827. He was educated for a Presbyterian clergy- 
man, but on the breaking out of the war of the 
Revolution entered the army, in which he rose to 
the command of a company, 28 March, 1779. He 
was seriously wounded at tne battle of the Brandy- 
wine, and retired from the service, 1 Jan., 1788. 
In 1801 he was elected state senator, but, as he 
held a United States appointment, his seat was 
declared vacant In 1804 he was re-elected, and 
in 1805 became speaker of that body. In 1806 he 
was the Democratic candidate for U. 8. senator, 
but was defeated by Andrew Gregg. He served 
as one of the commissioners to adjust the damages 
sustained by the Wyoming sufferers at the hands 
of the Indians. In 1808 President Jefferson ap- 
pointed him collector of the port of Philadelphia, 
which post he filled during the remainder of his 
life. He also held the rank of brigadier-general 
in the Pennsylvania militia. — His brother, Archi- 
bald (1741-1882), was adjutant at the siege of 
Quebec under Arnold, afterward deputy quarter- 
master-general, and at the time of his death was 
military store-keeper at Philadelphia. — His cousin, 
James, soldier, o. in Lancaster county, Pa., 16 
Jan., 1765; d. at Harrisburg, Pa., 80 Sept, 1845, 
received a classical education, and was a man of 
considerable enterprise. He erected a paper-mil] 
on Ootorara creek, and subsequently two cotton- 
mills. He served in the war of 181£-'14, and for 
meritorious conduct was promoted to the rank of 
brigadier-general of militia. Late in life he re- 
tired from business and removed to Harrisburg, 
where he died. His son, Francis B. Steele, -was 
military store-keeper at the Falls of St Anthony, 
Minn., for a long period. 

STEELE, Join, statesman, b, in Salisbury, N. O, 
1 Nov., 1764; d. there, 14 Aug., 1815. His mother, 
Elizabeth, entertained at her house in Salisbury on 
1 Feb., 1781, Gen. Nathanael Greene, who was then 
discouraged and penniless, and insisted on his 
accepting two small bags of specie, her earnings 
for years. " Never," says Greene's biographer, " did 
relief come at a more needed moment" John was 
educated as a merchant but when he had arrived 
at manhood became a successful planter, and was 
also active in politics. He was elected to the legis- 
lature in 1787 and 1788, and in the latter year, as a 
member of the convention to consider the U. S. 
constitution, made fruitless efforts to secure its 
adoption. He was a member of the first two con- 
gresses, from April, 1790, till 2 March, 1798, hav- 
ing been elected as a Federalist and was again in 
the legislature in 1794-'5. On 1 July, 1796, Gen. 
Washington made him first comptroller of the 
treasury, which office he held through Adams's 
administration, resigning on 15 Dec, 1802, though 
President Jefferson solicited him to remain. He 
was a commissioner to adjust the boundary between 
North and South Carolina in 1806, and was again in 
the legislature in that year and in 1811-18, serving 
as speaker in 1811. He was elected for another 
term on the day of his death. He was active in 
militia matters, and attained the rank of general 

STEELE, William, soldier, b. in Albany, N. T„ 
in 1819; d. in. San Antonio, Tex., 12 Jan., 1885. 
He was graduated at the U. S. military academy in 
1840, assigned to the 2d dragoons, and served in 
the Florida war, the military occupation of Texas, 
and the war with Mexico, being promoted 1st 



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STEENDAM 



STBINEB 



661 



lieutenant, 9 May, 1846, and brevetted captain for 
gallantry at Contreras and Churubusco. He was 
stationed in Texas from 1849 till 1852, being pro- 
moted captain, 10 Not., 1851. and was then in New 
Mexico till 1854. Prom that time till the civil war 
he was chiefly in Kansas, Dakota, and Nebraska, 
taking part in several expeditions against hostile 
Indians. He resigned on 80 May, 18ol, Joined the. 
Confederate army as colonel of the 7th Texas cav- 
alry, and took part in Gen. Henry H. Sibley's ex- 
pedition to New Mexico. On its return he was 
made brigadier-general, 12 Sept.. 1862, and in Jan- 
uary, 18&, was assigned to the command of the 
Department of Western Arkansas and the Indian 
territory. He commanded at Galveston, Tex., in 
December, 1868, and had charge of a cavalry divis- 
ion in Louisiana in 1864, where he opposed the 
Red river expedition of Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks. 
In 1867 he became a commission merchant in San 
Antonio, Tex., and for some time after 1874 he was 
adjutant-general of the state. In this office he did 
good service by procuring and publishing, at great 
pains and expense, lists of escaped convicts and 
other fugitives from justice, which he furnished 
to the sheriffs of the various counties in the state. 

STEENDAM, Jacob, Dutch poet, b. in Holland 
in 1616. It is uncertain when or where he died. 
He came to the colony of New Amsterdam about 
1682, and stayed there till 1662, when he returned 
to Holland. During his residence in the Dutch 
settlement he owned farms at Amersfort and 
Mespath, a house and lot on what is now Pearl 
street, and another on Broadway. He left Holland 
several years after his return, and made a voyage 
to Batavia, where he may possibly have died. The 
little that is known of him is due to the researches 
of Henry C. Murphy, who, when he was U. S. min- 
ister to the Hague, discovered some poems written 
by Steendam on New Amsterdam, and had them 
printed with an English version in the same metre. 
The work is entitled •• Jacob Steendam noch vaster. 
A Memoir of the First Poet in New Netherlands, 
with his Poems descriptive of the Colony** (The 
Hague, 1861). The poems are " Complaint of New 
Amsterdam, in New Netherlands, to her Mother, 
of her Beginning, Growth, and Present Condition,*' 
and "The Praise of New Netherlands: Spurring 
Verses to the Lovers of the Colony and Brotnership 
to be established on the South River of New Nether- 
land. Peter Cornel ison Plockhoy, of Ziereckzee." 

8TEENSTRA, Peter Henry, clergyman, b. 
near Franeker, Friesland, Netherlands, 24 Jan., 
1888. He emigrated to the United States and 
entered Shurtleff college, 111., where he was grad- 
uated in 1858. He then became a minister in the 
Baptist church, but afterward united with the 
Episcopalians, and was appointed rector of Grace 
church, Newton, Mass., in 1864. He became pro- 
fessor of Hebrew and Old and New Testament 
exegesis in the Episcopal theological school of 
Cambridge, Mass., in 1868. He translated and 
edited •* Judges'' and "Ruth** in the American 
edition of Langc's "Commentary'* (New York, 
1872). The decree of D. D. was conferred on him 
by Shurtleff college in 1882. 

8TEIGER, Ernst, Gorman- American bibliog- 
rapher, b. in Gastewitz, Saxony, 4 Oct., 1832. Ho 
was trained as a book-seller, emigrated in 1855 to 
New York city, and in 1868 opened an independent 
business. He became the publisher of important 
works of German- Americans and of language text- 
books, and also a manufacturer and importer of all 
that belongs to the Kindergarten system. Mr. 
Steiger is the author of " Dor Nachdruck in Nord- 
amerika '* (New York, 1860) ; u Das Copyright- Law 



in den Vereinigten Staaten '* (1869) ; and " Periodi- 
cal Literature, a bibliography (1878). 

STEIN, Conrad (stine), German historian, b. in 
Heidelberg in 1701; d. in Breslau in 1762. He 
was for many years professor of history in the 
University of Breslau, and afterward made re- 
searches in the state and private libraries of Europe 
and America upon the ancient history of the latter 
continent. His works include " Abhandlung uber 
die Atlantida der Alten, und ihren Zusammenhang 
mit Amerika** (Breslau, 1750); "Geschichte der 
Entdeckungen durch Scandinavische Seeleute vom 
12ten zum 15 ten Jahrhunderte ** (1754); "Ge- 
schichte der deutschen Ansiedel unpen in Nord- 
Amerika** (1755); " Abhandlung uber die Spa- 
nischen Eroberer Cortes, Pixarro, und Almagro *' 
(1757) ; '• Historische Notizen uber die Eroberung 
von Venezuela durch die Welser " (1758) ; •* Kurze 
Beschreibung von Amerika** (1759); and "Ab- 
handlung uber die Indianer-Rasse oder Rothhaute, 
deren Geschichte und Zusammenhang mit der ger- 
manischen Rasse ** (1760). 

8TEINBEL, Roger Nelson, naval officer, b. in 
Middleton, Md., 27 Dec., 1810. He entered the 
navy as a midshipman, 27 March, 1882, and cruised 
in the schooner •• Porpoise ** when she was wrecked 
near Vera Cruz in 1888. He was on duty in New 
York at the naval school in 1884-*8, and became a 
passed midshipman, 28 June, 1888. He was com- 
missioned lieutenant, 28 Oct., 1848, served in the 
coast survey until 1847, and then was on the Brazil 
station, on special duty in Washington, and in the 
steamer " Mississippi, on the East India station, 
in 1857-9. When the civil war began he went to 
Cincinnati to fit out river gun-boats, and then ren- 
dered good service in the Mississippi river flotilla. 
He commanded the river gun-boat " Lexington " at 
Belmont when Gen. Grant's force was defeated and 
saved by the gun-boats in November, 1861. From 
August, 1861, until May, 1862, he participated in 
several engagements, and contributed greatly to 
the successes and victories at Lucas Bend, 9 Sept., 

1861. Fort Henry, 6 Feb., 1862, Island No. 10 from 
16 March until its capture on 7 April, 1862, and in 
the action with the rams at Fort Pillow in May, 

1862. In this last engagement his vessel, the " Cin- 
cinnati,*' was sunk, and he was seriously wounded. 
He then had special duty at Philadelphia and 
Pittsburg until 1865. He was commissioned cap- 
tain, 25 July, 1866, and commanded the "Canan- 
daigua ** in the Mediterranean in 1866- '7. He next 
served at the rendezvous in Boston, and was com- 
missioned commodore, 18 July, 1870, and appointed 
commander-in-chief of the Pacific squadron in 
1872. He was retired on 27 Dec, 1872, and subse- 
quently promoted to rear-admiral on the retired 
list, 5 June, 1874 

8TEINER, Lewis Henry, physician, b. in Fred- 
erick city, Md., 4 May, 1827. He was educated at 
the Frederick academy and at Marshall college. 
Pa., where he received the degree of A. M. in 1849, 
and was graduated the same year at the medical 
department of the University of Pennsylvania. He 
began to practise in Frederick, but in 1852 removed 
to Baltimore, where for three years he was associ- 
ated with Dr. John R. W. Dunbar in the conduct 
of the Baltimore medical institute, at the end of 
which time he returned to Frederick. Soon after 
he began to practise his attention was especially 
directed to chemistry and the allied sciences, and 
during his residence in Baltimore his time was 
largely occupied in teaching. He Was professor of 
chemistry and natural history in Columbian col- 
lege, Washington, D. C, and also of chemistry and 
pharmacy in the National medical college, Washing- 



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STEINHAUER 



STEINWEHR 



ton, in 1858 ; lecturer on chemistry and physics in 
St. James college, Md., in 1854 ; lecturer on applied 
chemistry in the Maryland institute in 1855, and 
professor of chemistry in the Maryland college of 
pharmacy in 1856. During the civil war he was 
actirely employed as an inspector by the U. S. sani- 
tary commission, and for a period was in charge 
of its operations in the Army of the Potomac as 
chief inspector. In 1871 he was elected by the Re- 
publicans to the state senate for four years. He 
was re-elected for a like term in 1875, and again in 
1879. From 1855 till 1858 he was a contributor 
to, and afterward assistant editor of, u The Ameri- 
can Medical Monthly." In 1884 he was appoint- 
ed librarian of the Enoch Pratt free library in 
Baltimore, which office he now holds. He has pub- 
lished " H. Wills's Outlines of Chemical Analysis," 
translated from the 3d German edition, with Dr. 
Daniel Brud (Cambridge, 1855) ; " Cantate Domino : 
a Collection of Chants, Hymns, etc, for Church 
Service," with Henry Schwing (Boston, 1859) ; " Re- 
port containing a Diary kept during the Rebel 
Occupation of Frederick, Md., etc" (New York, 
1862); and also translations from the German, with 
monographs, reports, lectures, and speeches. 

STEINHAUER, Henry Bird, Canadian clergy- 
man, b. in the Raman Indian settlement, Lake 
Simcoe, Ontario, in 1804; d. at Whiteflsh Lake, 
Northwest territory, Canada, 29 Dec, 1885. He 
was a pure-blooded Chippewa Indian, and received 
his name of Steinhauer from a German family that 
adopted and educated him. He accompanied the 
Rev. John Evans, a Methodist missionary, to the 
northwest in 1840, and settled at Norway House, 
where he remained until 1855, and made himself 
useful to the missionaries as an interpreter. He 
assisted Mr. Evans in inventing and perfecting 
the Cree syllabic characters, in which nearly aQ 
books in the Indian languages are printed in the 
northwest He also translated into Cree the Old 
Testament from the book of Job to the end of the 
lesser prophets, and most of the New Testament. 
He was ordained a minister in 1858, and lived 
at Whiteflsh Lake 

STEINHEFER, Joan (stine'-hay-fer), German 
botanist, b. in Silesia about 1650; d. in Sonora, 
Mexico, in 1716. He studied medicine, entered the 
Society of Jesus as lay-brother, and was sent as a 
physician to Mexico, where he was assigned to the 
missions of Sonora, making a study of the flora 
of that region, which was entirely unexplored. He 
wrote "Florilogio Medicinal Mejicano" (Mexico, 
1712; Amsterdam. 1719; and Madrid, 1782). 

8TEINITZ, William (sty-nits), chess-player, b. 
in Prague, Bohemia, 17 May, 1886. He was edu- 
cated in Prague, and finished his studies at the 
Polytechnic institute in Vienna. He gained the 
first prizes at several European tournaments, nota- 
bly in London in 1872 and in Vienna in 1878. At 
the exhibition in Vienna in 1872 he tied for the 
prize. Since 1862 Mr. Steinitz has won all single- 
handed games against other famous players. In 
October, 1882, he came from London to New York, 
remaining until April, 1888. when he returned to 
England to participate in the London chess-tour- 
nament. In the autumn of 1888 he again came to 
this country, since which time the United States 
has been his permanent residence. From 1885 
until the present time (1888) he has edited the 
"Chess Magazine," published in New York city. 
In 1876 he published in London a pamphlet en- 
titled "The Match between Messrs. Stemitz and 
Blackburn." In his recent contest with Mr. Zu- 
kertort in New York city his best efforts, by con- 
trast with the great memory and science of his 



opponent, displayed remarkable originality and 
fertility of invention. 

8TMNWAY, Henry Engelhard (stine'-way), 
piano-forte manufacturer, b. in Wolfsnagen, Ger- 
many, 15 Feb., 1797; d. in New York city, 7 Fek, 
1871. The original spelling of the name is Stein- 
weg. After receiving a common-school education 
in his native place, he was first apprenticed to a 
cabinet-maker, theh worked in an organ-factory, 
and thereafter studied the art of piano-forte mak- 
ing. His earliest youthful musical constructions 
were zithers and guitars, for his own amusement. 
At the age of fifteen the boy was left an orphan 
and thrown on his own resources. After a time 
Mr. Steinway began to make piano-fortes in a small 
way in his native place, but, bein£ dissatisfied with 
the surroundings, came with his family to New 
York city in 1850. Here for several years father 
and sons were employed as journeymen in noted 
factories, until they resolved to unite their knowl- 
edge and experience and established the firm of 
Steinway ana Sons. In 1862 they »ined the first 
prize in London in competition with the most emi- 
nent makers in Europe ; and this victory was fol- 
lowed in 1867 by a similar success at the Universal 
exposition in Paris. According; to Liszt, Rubin- 
stein, and other high authorities, the Steinways 
have done more to advance the durability, action, 
and tone-quality of their instruments than any 
other makers of Europe or America. — Henry En- 

felhard's son. Albert, b. in Seesen, Germany, 10 
une, 1840; d. in New York city, 14 May, 1877, 
early in the civil war was advanced to the colo- 
nelcy of the 6th regiment of New York volunteers, 
and later became brigadier-general on the staff of 
Gov. John T. Hoffman. 

STEINWEHR, Adolnh Wilhelm August 
Friedrleh, Baron von, soldier, b. in Blankenburg, 
duchy of Brunswick, Germany, 25 Sept.. 1822 ; d. 
in Buffalo, N. Y., 25 Feb., 1877. His father was a 
major in the ducal service, and his grandfather a 
lieutenant-general in the Prussian army. Adolph 
was educated at the military academy in the city 
of Brunswick, and entered the army of the duchy 
as lieutenant in 1841. In 1847 he resigned and 
came to the United States to offer his services to 
the government during the Mexican war. Failing 
to obtain a commission in the regular army, he re- 
turned to Germany after marrying an American 
lady. In 1854 he again visited this country and 
purchased a farm near Wallingford, Conn. At the 
beginning of the civil war he raised a regiment, 
the 29th New York, which he commanded at the 
first battle of Bull Run, forming part of the reserve 
under Col. Dixon a Miles. On 12 Oct, 1861, he 
was commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers 
and placed at the head of the 2d brigade. Gen. 
Louis Blenker's division, which was attached in 
May, 1862, to the Mountain department under Gen. 
John C. Fremont. When Gen. Franz Sigel as- 
sumed command of the corps, after the organiza- 
tion of the Army of Virginia, Gen. Steinwehr was 
given the 2d division, and with it took part in the 
campaign on the Rapidan and Rappahannock in 
the following August He also retained it when 
the command of the corns passed into the hands 
of Gen. Oliver O. Howard, and under that officer 
fought in the battles of Chancellorsville and Get- 
tysburg. He remained with the army until the 
close of the war. His home for several years before 
his death was in Cincinnati, Ohio, where he pre- 
pared an " Eclectic Series " of school geographies 
that was widely circulated, and published " A Topo- 
graphical Map of the United States" and "The 
Centennial Gazetteer" (Philadelphia, 1878). 



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STEPHEN, Adam, soldier, b. in Virginia about 
1780; d. there in November, 1791. He joined the 
expedition to the Ohio with a company in 1754, 
was promoted lieutenant-colonel, and in the ab- 
sence of George Washington commanded the forces 
at Winchester, whence he set out in 1758 with an 
expedition against the Creeks for the relief of the 
colonists of South Carolina. He had charge of the 
frontier defences of Virginia in 1768, performed 
important services in bringing to a termination 
the French and Indian wars, and at the beginning 
of the Revolution was given the command of a 
regiment. He was made a brigadier-general on 4 
Sept, 1776, fought at Trenton, and on 10 Feb., 
1777, was promoted major-general. He led one of 
the attacking columns at the Brandywine. At 
Qermantown his division became involved in a 
combat with the troops of Gen. Anthony Wayne, 
owing to a fog. He was held responsible for the 
blunder, accused of intoxication, and in the winter 
of 1777 dismissed from the service. 

STEPHEN, Sir George, bark, Canadian capi- 
talist, b. in Dufftown, Banffshire, Scotland, 5 Feb., 
1829. After passing some time as clerk in a mer- 
cantile house in London, he came to Canada in 
1850 and entered the warehouse of William Stephen 
and Co., Montreal. 
In a few years he 
obtained a junior 
partnership, and on 
the death of his 
relative, William 
Stephen, in 1862, he 
purchased the lat- 
ter's interest and 
became head of the 
firm. He was elect- 
ed president in 1876 
of the Bank of Mon- 
treal, in 1878 of the 
Manitoba and Min- 
neapolis railway, 
and in 1881 of the 
Canadian Pacific 
railway, but resign- 
ed the latter post on 




7 Aug., 1888. He 
medal i 



was granted the confederation medal in 1885, and 
created a baronet in 1886 for his services in connec- 
tion with the construction of the Canadian Pacific 
railroad. With his cousin. Sir Donald A. Smith, 
he founded in 1885 the Montreal scholarship of 
the Royal college of music, London, England. 

STEPHEN, James, publicist, b. in Poole, Dor- 
setshire, England, in 1759 ; d. in Bath, England, 
10 Oct, 1882. He was educated at Winchester, 
became a barrister, and subsequently was a parlia- 
mentary reporter. He received an appointment in 
the prize court in the island of St. Christopher, W. I., 
returned to England with an ample fortune, and 
obtained a large practice as advocate in prize cases 
before the privy council. He was returned to par- 
liament for Tralee, appointed under-secretary for 
the colonies, and made a roaster in chancery for 
his services in drawing up the system of continen- 
tal blockade against Napoleon. He was connected 
by marriage with William Wilberforce, whose re- 
ligious ana anti-slavery principles he shared. Mr. 
Stephen was the author of a pamphlet, which 
Lord Brougham described as M of great merit,** en- 
titled "War in Disguise, or the Frauds of the 
Neutral Flags'* (London, 1805-'6; New York, 
1806), which elicited a reply from Gouverneur 
Morris, "An Answer to * War in Disguise ' " (London 
and New York, 1806). He also published *' Speech 



of the Hon. John Randolph in H. R., U. S., on Non- 
Importation, with Observations " (1806) ; "Ameri- 
can Arguments on Neutral Rights.'* etc. (1806); 
"Speech in the H. of C. on the Overtures of the 
American Government" (1809); "The History of 
Toussaint L'Ouverture " (1814); and "The Slavery 
of the British West India Colonies Delineated," 
etc. (2 vols., 1824-*80). 

STEPHENS, Alexander Hamilton, states- 
man, b. near Craw fords ville, Ga., 11 Feb., 1812: d. 
in Atlanta, Ga, 4 March, 1888. His grandfather, 
Alexander, founder of the American branch of 
the Stephens family, was an Englishman, and an 
adherent of Prince Charles Edward. He came to 
this country about 1746, settled in the Penn colony, 
was engaged in several conflicts with the Indians 
and in the old French war, serving under Col. 
George Washington. His home **as at the junction 
of the Juniata and Susquehanna rivers. He was a 
captain in the Revolutionary army, and soon after 
the peace removed to Georgia. Alexander became 
an orphan at the age of fifteen. Under the charge 
of his uncle he attracted the attention of Charles 
C. Mills, a man of means, and after five months 
at school he was offered a home in Washington, 
Wilkes co., and a place in the high-school that was 
taught by the Rev. Alexander Hamilton Webster, 
pastor or the Presbyterian church. His middle 
name, Hamilton, was taken from this gentleman. 
He regarded this charity as a loan, and afterward 
repaid the full amount He also accepted the offer 
of the Presbyterian educational society to send him 
to college, with a view to the ministry, with the 
proviso that he was to refund the cost in case of 
his change of mind, and in any event when he 
should be able. He entered Franklin college (now 
the State university) in August, 1828, was gradu- 
ated in 1882 with the first honor, and subsequently 
earned money by teaching to pay his indebtedness. 
At that period of his life he was much given to 
morbid introspection, which was partly the result 
of constitutionally delicate health. On 22 July, 
1884, after two months' study, he was admitted to 
the bar, being congratulated by Senator William 
H. Crawford and Judge Joseph Henry Lumpkin 
on the best examination they bad ever heard. Ho 
lived on six dollars a month, and made $400 the 
first year. Then he began to win reputation, and 
he soon owned his father's old homestead, and 
bought the estate that is now Liberty hall. 

In 1886 he was elected to the lower branch of 
the legislature against bitter opposition because he 
strove against nullification, while believing in 
state sovereignty, and opposed vigilance commit- 
tees and the then common ** slicking clubs," the 
parent of the Ku-Klux Klan. His first speech in 
the legislature secured the passage of the appro- 
priation for what is now the Western and Atlantic 
railway from Atlanta to Chattanooga, the property 
of Georgia His advocacy secured a charter for the 
Macon, Ga., female college, the first in the world 
for the regular graduation of young women in 
classics and the sciences. In 1889 he was a dele- 
gate to the Charleston commercial convention, and 
in 1848 he was nominated for congress under the 
** general-ticket system," there being then no divis- 
ion of the state into congressional districts. He 
was elected by 8,000 majority. His first speech 
was in favor of the power of congress to pass an 
act requiring the states to be divided into congres- 
sional districts. He seemed thus to question his 
own right to sit, as Georgia had not obeyed the 
law. lie won both point and seat It was, in fact, 
the entering- wedge of the assertion of the power of 
the general government to legislate in state do- 



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mastic affairs, under the plea of regulating its own 
organization. On the same principle Mr. Stephens, 
as senator-elect from Georgia, in 1806, was not al- 
lowed to sit, Georgia not having complied with the 
terms of congress. He advocated the annexation 
of Texas by legislative resolution as early as 
1888-*9, and opposed the John Tyler treaty of 

1844, but, with seven other southern Whigs, se- 
cured the passage of the Milton-Brown plan of 

1845. He bitterly opposed President James K. 
Polk on the Mexican war, but adopted all its re- 
sults as a godsend of southern territory. In 1848 
he had a personal encounter with Judge Cone, of 
Greensboro, which illustrated the physical courage 
for which he had been noted from youth — the 
courage that comes, not from principle or duty, but 
from utter indifference to consequences. The diffi- 
culty grew out of a quarrel on the Clayton com- 
promise of 1848. Cone cut Stephens terribly with 

a knife and cried : " Now, you, retract, or I'll 

cut your throat" The bleeding, almost dying Ste- 

{>hens said : ** Never I — cut," and grasped the swift- 
y descending knife-blade in his right hand. That 
hand never again wrote plainly. Few of the wit- 
nesses of the affair, which occurred on the piazza 
of Thompson's hotel, Atlanta, expected' him to're- 
oover. He did, however, in time to make a speech 
in favor of Zacha- 
ry Taylor for the 
presidency, theoar- 
riage being drawn 
to tne stand by the 
people. In 1850 
Mr. Stephens op- 
posed the secession 
movement at the 
80uth,and thought 
the admission of 
California as a free 
state a blessing, as 
repealing the Mis- 
souri restrictions 
and opening all 
the remaining ter- 
j* x—**-" y ritories north and 

*sV & ^~^~4rZL&fi^cs%** gouth to slavery. 
He was one of the 
authors of the u Georgia platform" of 1850. Its 
first resolve was " that we hold the American Union 
secondary in importance only to the rights and 
principles it was designed to perpetuate. On the 
nominations of Franklin Pierce and Gen. Win- 
field Scott, at Baltimore, the lines of Whig and 
Democrat were drawn for the last time. Pierce ap- 
proved the settlement of 1850; Scott did not Ste- 
phens, with Charles G. Faulkner, Walker Brooke, 
Alexander White, James Abercrombie, Robert 
Toombs, James Johnson, Christopher H. Williams, 
and Meredith P. Gentry, killed the Whig party for- 
ever by their famous card of 8 July, 1852, giving 
their reasons for refusing to support Gen. Scott 
Stephens wrote it Daniel Webster was nominated 
without a party, but died, and Toombs and Ste- 
phens voted for him after he was dead. In 1854 
Mr. Stephens defended the principles of the Kan- 
sas-Nebraska act, as embodying the principle of 
1850, " the people of the territories left free to form 
and regulate their own domestic institutions (in- 
cluding slavery), subject only to the constitution 
of the United States." In 1859 he retired from 
congress, and in a farewell speech in Augusta, Ga.. 
intimated that the only way to get more slaves and 
settle the territories with slave-holding voters was 
to reopen the African slave-trade. 
Mr; Stephens seemed a bundle of contradictions, 



but he always acted upon reasons and principles. 
While a state-rights man, he supported Harrison in 
1840. In 1844, though in favor of the acquisition 
of Texas, he supported Clay, who said it would re- 
open the slave issue and make war, as it did. In 
1845 he voted with the Democratic party in ad- 
mitting Texas. In 1846 and 1847 he stood with 
Calhoun and the Whig party upon the Mexican 
war. His house resolutions in February, 1847, be- 
came the basis of the Whig reorganization, and 
Gen. Zachary Taylor was elected president on the 
same policy in 1848. In 1850 he differed with Fill- 
more on policy, as he had with Polk, and approved 
the compromise of Clay. In 1854 he was with Ste- 
phen A. Douglas, and in 1856 aided to elect James 
Buchanan, his extreme foe. In 1859 he resigned 
his seat in congress, saying: "I saw there was 
bound to be a smash-up x>n tne road, and resolved 
to jump off at the first station." In 1860 he sup- 
ported Stephen A. Douglas for the presidency 
against John C. Breckinridge, the professed expo- 
nent of state rights, holding that the territorial 
views of Mr. Douglas were his life-long principles. 
In 1860 he made a great Union speech, and in 1861 
became the vice-president of the Confederacy of se- 
ceded states — both times on principle. By 1862 he 
was as much at issue with Jefferson Davis as he 
had been with Mr. Lincoln in 1860, and on the 
same matter— state rights— and he continued to 
differ to the end. Mr. Stephens, Gov. Joseph E. 
Brown, and Gen. Robert Toombs, one Union man 
and two of the bitterest of the original secessionists 
of 1860, formed the head of the Georgia peace par- 
ty of 1864, and all the three supported by speeches 
and letters the Linton-Stephens peace, and habeas 
corpus resolutions passed by the Georgia legis- 
lature in that year. In February, 1865, lie was at 
the head of the peace commission on the part of 
the Confederate government in the Hampton Roads 
conference. After the downfall of the Confederacy 
he was arrested and confined for five months in 
Fort Warren, Boston harbor, as a prisoner of state, 
but in October, 1865, he was released on his own 
parole. On 22 Feb., 1866, he made a strong recon- 
struction speech and plea for the new freedmen. 
He had been chosen to the senate by the legisla- 
ture, but congress ignored the restoration of Geor- 
gia to the Union under the presidential proclama- 
tion of Andrew Johnson, ana he did not take his 
seat On 16 April, 1866, he was called to testify 
before the congressional reconstruction committee. 
He both testified and spoke on his life-long theme. 
In 1867 he published the first volume of his 
" War between the States." In December, 1868, he 
was elected professor of political science and his- 
tory in the University of Georgia, but declined 
from failing health. He was kept in the house by 
rheumatism nearly four years. In 1870 he com- 
pleted the second volume of "The War between 
the States," but in a more partisan and less hope- 
ful tone than the first volume. Later in the year 
he conceived the idea of a " School History of the 
United States," which he carried out (1870-*1). 
He taught a law class in 1871 as a means of sup- 
port, and edited and became in part proprietor of 
the Atlanta •' Sun," which was published chiefly to 
defeat Horace Greeley for the presidency. The 
enterprise proved financially unsuccessful, and ex- 
hausted all the profits of his books. By 5 Sept, 
Charles O'Conor had declined the •• straight-out " 
nomination in Louisville, and with that died Mr. 
Stephens's last hope. He was defeated in his can- 
vass for a seat in the U. S. senate in November, 
1871, but in 1874 was elected to congress. He op- 
posed the civil rights bill in a speech on 5 Jao* 



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665 



1874, and the repeal of the increase of salary act 
He was re-elected in 1878, and continuously served 
until his resignation in 1882. In the contest be- 
fore the electoral commission, on the Hayes-Tilden 
issue, he advocated going behind the returns and 
setting aside those of Florida and Louisiana, but 
opposed all resort to force for seating Mr. Tilden. 
In January, 1878, he reviewed the question in the 
" International Review." On the announcement 
that Mr. Hayes was elected he advised acquiescence. 
His speech on the uncovering of the painting, 
" The Signing of the Emancipation Proclamation?' 
12 Feb., brought praise from all quarters. An 
old admirer proposed to send his crutches to con- 
gress after he should cease to be able to go. In 
1881-*2 he undertook to write a " History of the 
United States," which he completed and published 
just before his death (New York, 1888). It had 
neither the vigor nor the value of his M War be- 
tween the States," and was a failure, carrying with 
it his last bonds, in which he had invested part of 
the proceeds of his really great life-work. He had 
received a bad sprain in May, 1882, on the capitol 
steps, and at the close of the session left Washing- 
ton forever. In 1882 he was elected governor of 
Georgia, by 80,000 majority, over Gen. Lucius J. 
Gartrell, a Confederate officer and lawyer. He 
worked hard and was an excellent governor. He 
made his last public speech at the Georgia aesgui- 
centennial celebration in Savannah, 12 Feb., 1888. 
—His brother, Linton, jurist, b. in Crawfordsville, 
G*., 1 July, 1828; d. in Sparta, Ga., 14 July, 1872, 
was left an orphan at the age of three years, but his 
education was cared for by friends, and he was 
graduated at the University of Georgia in 1848. He 
then studied law at the University of Virginia and 
at Harvard, was admitted to the bar in his native 
state, and, taking an active part in politics, repre- 
sented the counties of Taliaferro and Hancock in 
the legislature for several years. In 1868 he was 
appointed to a vacancy in the supreme court of 
Georgia, and his decisions, contained in three vol- 
umes of the ** Georgia Reports," are characterised 
by their precision, perspicuity, and power of logic 
Judge Stephens was a delegate to the Georgia se- 
cession convention in 1861, and opposed that meas- 
ure, but subsequently proposed a preamble and 
resolution declaring that the lack of unanimity in 
the convention was in regard to the proposed remedy 
and its application before a resort to other means 
of redress, and not as to alleged grievances. This 
was adopted, and he signed the ordinance. Dur- 
ing the civil war he was a member of the Georgia 
legislature, where he introduced the peace reso- 
lutions of 1864, and vigorously denounced the sus- 
pension of the privilege of the writ of habeas cor- 
pus by the Confederate congress. He also served 
in the army, and attained the rank of colonel. He 
continued his activity in politics during the re- 
construction period, and prior to the presidential 
canvass of 1872 publicly spoke in favor of the se- 
lection of a purely Democratic ticket instead of 
adopting the candidacy of Horace Greeley. 

STEPHENS, Ann Sophia, author, b. in Derby, 
Conn., in 1818; d. in Newport, R. L, 20 Aug., 
1886. Her maiden name was Winterbotham. Sine 
married Edward Stephens in 1881, and shortly af- 
terward settled in Portland, Me. She founded the 
M Portland Magasine " in 1885, and continued to 
edit it till 1887. In 1886 she issued a collection of 
writings by natives or residents of Portland, which 
she entitled " The Portland Sketch-Book." Mean- 
while her writings were beginning to be known, 
and when her husband received an appointment in 
the New York custom-house in 1887 she made that 



city her residence. She edited M The Ladies' Com- 
panion " for four years, wrote for M Graham's Maga- 
zine" and M Peterson's Magazine," and was for 
some time associate editor of these periodicals. 
She founded "The Ladies' World" in 1848 and 
" The Illustrated New Monthly " in 1846, and was 
during her life 
a frequent con- 
tributor to va- 
rious other ne- 
riodicals. She 
also wrote sev- 
eral poems, one 
of which, "The 
Polish Boy," has 
long been a fa- 
vorite for recita- 
tion in schools. 
Her principal 
short stories 
were "Mary Der- 
went," for which 

she obtained a , 

prize of $400, 
"MalviaGray," 
"The Patch- 
work Quilt," 
and "A Story of Western Life." In 1860 she 
made a tour through Europe and the East. On 
her return she published her first long novel, 
"Fashion and Famine" (New York, 1864), which 
is the best known, if not the best, of her stories. 
In France three different translations of it were 
published. Although Mrs. Stephens belonged to 
the intense school of novelists, her attention to 
minute details and her clearness of vision enabled 
her to be very realistic in the transcription of 
natural scenes, and she never hesitated to visit 
hospitals, public institutions, and even dangerous 
resorts, in search of striking types of character. 
Her principal works besides those mentioned in- 
clude " Zana, or the Heiress of Clare Hall " (Lon- 
don, 1854; republished as "The Heiress of Green- 
hurst," New York, 1867); "The Old Homestead" 
(1856 ; 2 vols., Philadelphia, 1860); "Sybil Chase" 
(1862) ; and " Ahmo's Plot " (1868). Mrs. Stephens 
also wrote a " Pictorial History of the War for the 
Union." A uniform edition of her writings was 
issued (Philadelphia, 1869 ; new ed., 28 vols., 1886). 
STEPHENS, Daniel, clergyman, b, on his 
father's farm, licking Creek, Bedford oo., Pa., in 
April, 1778; d. in Bolivar, Tenn., 21 Nov., 1850. 
He was graduated at Jefferson college. Cannons- 



burg, Pa*, in 1806, at the end of a two-years' course, 
with the highest honors, served as tutor in college 
for a short time, and then opened a school In 



Easton, Md. Although of a Baptist family, he re- 
solved to apply for orders in the Protestant Epis- 
copal churcn. After due preparation he was or- 
dained deacon in Upper Marlborough, St Mary's 
co., Md., in February, 1800, by Bishop Claggett, 
and priest at the diocesan convention in Baltimore 
in 1810 bv the same bishop. His earliest service 
was in Chestertown; thence he went to Centre- 
ville, Queen Anne oo., where he labored for four 
years. Deeming a change necessary for health, he 
moved to Havre de Grace, Harford co. In 1820 he 
received the degree of D. D. from the University of 
Pennsylvania. He was then called to the church 
in Staunton, Vs*, where he remained until 1828. 
Soon afterward he became rector of St Peter's 
church, Columbia, TeniL, and from 1888 till 1848 
he was rector of St James's church, Bolivar, Tenn. 
He was very active and serviceable in organizing 
the church in Tennessee and electing Its first 



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STEPHENSON 



bishop. Dr. Stephens, though an excellent scholar 
and teacher, published only a few occasional ser- 
mons.— His son, Abednego, clergyman, b. in Cen- 
treville. Md., 24 July, 1812 ; d. in Nashville, Tenn., 
27 Feb., 1841, was ordained deacon in October, 
1887, by Bishop Otev,and priest soon afterward by 
the same bishop. His record is thus summed up 
by his bishop : " At the age of seventeen he was 
the acting principal of a large academy, at twenty- 
two professor of languages in a university, at 
twenty-seven the president of a college, and when, 
in his twenty-ninth year, his brilliant career was ar- 
rested by the hand of death, he stood in the front 
rank of scholars and orators.'* His published ad- 
dress (1888), delivered before the alumni of the 
university, on u The Duty of the State to Endow 
Institutions for the Promotion of High Letters," 
is marked by felicity of style and great research. 

STEPHENS, Harriet Marlon, author, b. in 
1828 ; d. in East Hampden, Me., in 185a She ap- 
peared on the stage under the name of "Mrs. 
Rosalie Somers," but abandoned it in 1851 for lit- 
erature. She wrote "Home Scenes and Home 
Sounds" (Boston, 1858) and a novel, "Hagar, the 
Martvr" (1854). and also edited magazines, in 
which many of her productions appeared. 

STEPHENS, Henry Louis, book-illustrator, b. 
in Philadelphia, 11 Feb., 1824 ; d. in Bayonne, N. J. 
18 Dec, 1882. About 1859 he went to New York 
under an engagement with Frank Leslie, and after 
a year or so transferred his services to Harper 
Brothers. Mr. Stephens was a prolific artist, and 
accomplished a great amount of work for book and 
magazine illustration. He was well known as a 
caricaturist, excelling especially in the humorous 
delineation of animals, and arew cartoons and 
sketches for "Vanity Fair" (1859-'68). "Mrs. 
Grundy" (1888), " Punchinello " (1870), and other 

EiriodXcals. He gave some attention also to paint- 
g in water-colors, but rarely exhibited his works. 
STEPHENS, John Lloyd, traveller, b. in 
Shrewsbury, Monmouth oo., N. J., 28 Nov., 1805 ; 
d. in New York city, 10 Oct, 1852. He was gradu- 
ated at Columbia in 1822, and, after studying law 
at Litchfield, Conn., and New York, was called to 
the bar. He practised his profession during eight 
years in the latter city, at the same time figuring 
occasionally as a public speaker at meetings of the 
Democratic party, of which he was a warm sup- 
porter. His health becoming impaired, he under- 
took a journey to Europe for recuperation in 1884, 
and extended his travels to some parts of Asia and 
Africa along the Mediterranean. He wrote a se- 
ries of letters describing his journey, which ap- 
peared in Hoffman's "American Monthly Maga- 
zine." When he returned to New York in 1886 he 
found that these letters had been the most popular 
feature in the periodical This fact induced him 
to give a more detailed account of his travels, and 
he published " Incidents of Travel in Egypt, Arabia 
Petnea, and the Holy Land" (2 vols., New York, 
1887). This was followed by " Incidents of Travel 
in Greece, Turkey, Russia, and Poland" (1888). 
These works achieved success in England as well as 
in the United States, and repeated editions of them 
appeared in London. In 1888 he was sent by 
Resident Van Buren to negotiate a treaty witn 
the government of Central America ; but the con- 
federation was falling to pieces when he arrived 
there and he did not succeed in the object of his 
mission. He resolved, however, to explore the 
country to which he had been accredited. Accom- 
panied by an English artist, Frederick Cather- 
wood, he made himself familiar with the most im- 
portant cities of Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, 



San Salvador, and Guatemala, and was the first to 

S've an accurate account of the antiquities of Cen- 
sl America. He published after nis return to 
New York " Incidents of Travel in Central Ameri- 
ca, Chiapas, and Yucatan " (2 voia, 1841). It con- 
tained graphic accounts of the social ana political 
condition of Central America, but its chief title to 
the celebrity that it at once attained was its reve- 
lation of a new and rich field for archaeological re- 
search. The illustrations, taken on the spot by Mr. 
Catherwood, added to the interest of the work. 
He returned to Central America, making Yucatan 
the principal scene of his next investigations, 
which were carried on in a more thorough manner. 
The fruits of his labors appeared in his " Incidents 
of Travel in Yucatan/* with 120 engravings from 
drawings by Frederick Catherwood (2 vols., 1848). 
He was elected delegate to the New York constitu- 
tional convention in 1846, and he also took an ac- 
tive part in organizing the first line of ocean steam- 
ships between New York and Bremen. He went 
to the latter city on board the "Washington " as 
an officer in the company and paid a visit to Baron 
Humboldt In 1848 he became a member of the 
company that was formed for building a railroad 
across the Isthmus of Panama, and the rest of his 
life was devoted to the prosecution of this enter- 

Srise. He was successively vice-president and presi- 
ent of the company and negotiated with the gov- 
ernment of New Granada, and the constant and 
personal supervision that he gave to the work 
planted the seeds of the disease of which he died. 
A monument to him has been erected on the high- 
est point overlooking the railroad. 

STEPHENS, William, president of the col- 
ony of Georgia, b. in the Isle of Wight, England, 
28 Jan., 1671 ; d. in Georgia in August, 1758. He 
was educated at Winchester school and King's col- 
lege, Cambridge, and studied law, but, abandoning 
it for public affairs, was a member of parliament 
and held several important offices. About 1780 he 
went to South Carolina for the purpose of survey- 
ing a barony of land. He was weft pleased with 
his reception in the colony, became intimate with 
Gen. James Oglethorpe, and, on the recommenda- 
tion of the latter, was appointed secretary to the 
trustees in Georgia in 1887. His duty in this office 
consisted in supervising the affairs of the colony. 
He was made president of the county of Savannah 
in 1741, and of the entire colony in 1748. He held 
this post up to 1750, when he gave such evidence 
of mental and physical decline that he was re- 
quested to resign. He wrote " A Journal of the 
Proceedings in Georgia, beginning October 20, 
1787 " (8 vols., London, 1742). This work includes 
" State of the Province," which brings the narra- 
tive down to 28 Oct, 1741. The latter was also 
published separately (London, 1742). The work, 
which is exceedingly rare, especially the third vol- 
ume, is believed to be of great importance in con- 
nection with the early history of Georgia.— His 
son, Thomas, was the author of "The Castle- 
Builder, or the History of William Stephens, of 
the Isle of Wight " (2d ed., London, 1759). 

STEPHENSON, Mathew, statesman, b. in 
Buckingham county, Va., about 1776; d. after 
1884 He removed to Washington county, Tenn., 
and engaged in farming. The constitution of Ten- 
nessee, adopted in 1707, gave the right of suffrage 
to all free men. Under it free colored men voted 
until 1884, when a convention was called and a new 
constitution adopted, which deprived them of the 
right. In that convention the party in favor of 
restricting the suffrage was boldly opposed by 
twenty members; thirty-eight voted for the re- 



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atriction. Mathew Stephenson led the liberal 
element All thoee that voted with him were 
natives of slave states, while every native of a free 
state voted against every proposition looking to- 
ward the freedom of the slave. The friends of lib- 
erty sought to have fixed by the constitution a 
period beyond which slavery should not exist in 
the state, placing the period in 1866. The points 
that they made were defended by the Liberals with 
great power and earnestness, and the journal of 
the convention shows an advanced sentiment 
among these men, of whom Mr. Stephenson was 
the admitted leader. 

STERETT, Andrew, naval officer, b. in Bal- 
timore, Md., about 1760; d. in Lima, Peru, 9 Jan., 
1807. He entered the navy as a lieutenant, 25 March, 
1798, was the executive officer of the frigate " Con- 
stellation " under Truxtun, participated in the cap- 
ture of the French frigate " L'Insurgente," off the 
island of Nevis, W. L, 9 Feb., 1799, and also took part 
in the action with the " Le Vengeance " in February, 
1800. He commanded the schooner ** Enterprise," 
in which he captured the French ship ** L' Amour 
de la Patrie" in December, 1800, in the West In- 
dies. He took the "Enterprise" to the Mediter- 
ranean when war was declared against Tripoli, and 
in August, 1801, fell in with a Tripoli tan cruiser 
off Malta. A desperate engagement lasted for two 
hours, when the Jbhe Tripolitan hauled down her 
colors. The Americans left the guns and gave 
three cheers for victory, whereupon the Tripolitan 
hoisted her colors ana renewed: the action. She 
was compelled to strike again, and then ordered 
under the quarter of the " Enterprise," but as soon 
as she got into that position she renewed the fight 
for a third time. Sterett's superior skill in hand- 
ling his vessel enabled him to rake the corsair fore 
and aft, fifty of her crew were killed, and finally 
her captain threw his colors overboard and begged 
for Quarter. Sterett then ordered her to be com- 
pletely dismantled and her guns and ammunition 
to be thrown overboard. A jury-mast was rigged 
with a tattered sail, and she was sent into Tripoli. 
The " Enterprise " did not lose a single man. The 
Tripolitans were humiliated by this defeat by an 
inferior force. The commander was mounted on a 
jackass and paraded through the streets as an ob- 
ject of scorn. He received five hundred bastinadoes 
for his defeat Sterett received a complimentary 
vote of thanks from congress, and the president 
was authorized to present him with a sword, on 
account of this heroic action, 8 Feb., 1802. In the 
peace-establishment act he was retained as third on 
the list of lieutenants in 1801. After bis return 
from the " Enterprise " he was promoted to master- 
commandant, and ordered to a brig that was then 
building at Baltimore. He had been senior to Ste- 
phen Decatur, and, on being informed of the decision 
to promote Decatur above him, he declined further 
service in the navy, and resigned his commission, 
29 June, 1805. He appears afterward to have 
entered the merchant marine. — His first cousin, 
Isaac Sears, naval officer.b. in Baltimore, Md., 
28 Oct, 1801 ; d. in 1868. He entered the United 
States navy as a midshipman, 24 March, 1819, 
was commissioned lieutenant, 17 May, 1828, and 
was variously employed on shore duty and also on 
leave till 1885, when he made a two-years' cruise in 
the sloop " John Adams " on the Mediterranean 
station. He served in the coast survey in 1889-'41. 
In January, 1842, he sailed as executive of the 
frigate M United States " to the Pacific station, and 
upon arrival at Callao took command of the " Re- 
lief until April, 1844 During the Mexican war 
he rendered valuable services in command of the 



schooner " Reefer," of the Mosquito division of the 
U. S. naval forces in the Gulf of Mexico. He par- 
ticipated in the expedition against Frontera and 
Tabasco, 17-27 Oct, 1846, where he captured the 
Mexican schooner " Tabasco." On 14 Nov., 1846, 
he took part in the attack and capture of Tampico, 
where five Mexican vessels, forts, and supplies were 
captured. He was present during the Dombard- 
ment of Vera Cruz, 10-25 March, 1847, assisted in 
covering the landing of Scott's army, and engaged 
the Mexican forts and batteries. After the war 
he resumed duties at the naval rendezvous in Bal- 
timore, and was promoted to commander, 5 Feb., 
1850. He was governor of the Naval asylum at 
Philadelphia in 1852-'8 and in 1854-'5 command- 
ed the sloop '* Decatur," protecting New England 
fisheries. He was placed on the reserved list, 28 
Sept, 1855, and promoted to captain, 2 March, 
1857. When the civil war began he resigned his 
commission, 28 April, 1861, and entered the navv 
of the seceded states ; but the only record of his 
services is as a member of the court to investigate 
the causes that compelled Com. Josiah Tatnau to 
destroy the ** Merrimac" 

STERLING, Richard, educator, b. in County 
Down, Ireland, in 1812; d. in Mocksville, N. C, 8 
Oct, 1888. He was brought to the United States 
at the age of twelve by his parents, who settled in 
Newburg, N. T. He was graduated at Princeton in 
1885, taught in Fredericksburg and Richmond, Va., 
till 1848, was professor of natural philosophy and 
chemistry at Hampden Sidney college for the next 
three years, and then had charge of the Edgworth 
female seminary, Greensborough, N. C. till 1864. 
While there he prepared a series of school-readers 
and spelling-books that came into general use 
throughout the southern and southwestern states. 
In 1870 he became principal of the female seminary 
at Paris, Tenn. In 18TO he opened a boarding- 
school in Evansville, Ind.. and in 1875 removed to 
Mocksville, N. C, where ne kept a similar school 
till 1880, when he was elected superintendent of 
the public schools of the county. 

STERNBERG, George Miller, surgeon, b. in 
Hartwick seminary, Otsego co., N. Y., 8 June, 
1888. He was graduated at the College of physi- 
cians and surgeons. New York, in 1860, and ap- 
S tinted assistant surgeon in the U. 8. army on 28 
ay, 1861. His first duty was with Gen. George 
Sykes's command in the Army of the Potomac, 
and, after four months' hospital duty in Rhode 
Island, he joined Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks's expe- 
dition to New Orleans, and then served in the 
office of the medical director of the Department of 
the Gulf until January, 1864. Subsequently he 
was on hospital duty in Cleveland and Columbus, 
Ohio, till April, 1866, and since he has been sta- 
tioned at various government posts, being pro- 
moted on 1 Dec, 1875, surgeon with the rank of 
major. Dr. Sternberg has recently been on duty 
in Baltimore, where he has been engaged in experi- 
mental researches in bacteriology at Johns Hop- 
kins university as a fellow by courtesy in that in- 
stitution. In 1879 he was sent to Havana as a 
member of the yellow-fever commission by the 
National board of health, and in 1885 he was a dele- 
gate to the International sanitary conference in 
Home, Italy. Dr. Sternberg is an honorary mem- 
ber of the Royal academies of medicine of Rome, 
Rio Janeiro, and Havana, and a fellow of the Royal 
microscopical society of London, and, besides mem- 
bership in other medical and scientific societies at 
home and abroad, was in 1887 president of the 
American public health association. The Lomb 
prize of $500 was awarded to him by the last i 



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ciation in 1885 for his essay on "Disinfectants," 
and he has invented automatic heat-rejrulating ap- 
paratus. Besides contributions to scientific -jour- 
nals on his specialties, he has published ** Pnoto- 
Miorographs, and how to make them " (Boston, 
1888); "Bacteria" (New York, 1884); and "Ma- 
laria and Malarial Diseases " (1884). 

STEBNE, Simon, lawyer, b. in Philadelphia, 
Pa^ 28 June, 1889. He was graduated in the law 
department of the University of Pennsylvania in 
I860, and established himself in practice in New 
York city. In 1883 he was elected lecturer on po- 
litical economy in Cooper union. He was on the 
staff of the "Commercial Advertiser M in 1868-'4, 
was a founder of the American free-trade league in 
1864. and in 1866 published the "Social Science 
Review." Taking an active part in the movement 
for the purification of municipal politics, he was 
chosen secretary of the committee of seventy in 
1870, and drafted the charter that was advocated 
by that committee. In 1876 he was appointed by 
Gov. Samuel J. Tilden on a commission to devise a 
plan for the government of cities, in 1879 acted as 
counsel for the New York board of trade and trans- 
portation and chamber of commerce in the investi- 
gation of abuses in railroad management, which 
resulted in the appointment of a board of railroad 
commissioners for the state of New York. He was 
also a leader in the movement that resulted in the 
creation of the inter-state commerce commission, 
drafting the inter-state commerce bill in conjunc- 
tion with the committee of the United States sen- 
ate. In 1886 he was appointed by President Cleve- 
land a commissioner to examine and report on the 
relations between the railroads and the govern- 
ments of western Europe. An essay that he read 
before the American bar association on " Slip-shod 
Legislation " led to the appointment in 1888 of a 
committee of the legislature to consider reforms in 
the drafting of laws. He has been a frequent 
writer on economical and political subjects, con- 
tributed articles on " Cities,* " Legislation," " Mo- 
nopolies," " Railways," and M Representation "to 
John J. Lalor's " Cyclopedia of Political Science 
and United States History " (1881-*8), and is the au- 
thor of " Representative Government and Personal 
Representation" (Philadelphia, 1870) and "Consti- 
tutional History and Political Development in the 
United States ^(New York, 1882; 4th ed., 1888). 

STETEFELDT, Carl August, mining engineer, 
b. in Holshausen, near Gotha, Germany, 28 Sept., 
1888. He was educated at the gymnasium in 
Gotha, the University of Gottingen, and at the 
mining-school in Claustbal, where he was gradu- 
ated In 1861. Soon afterward he came to this 
country, and since that time he has been engaged 
in the practice of his profession as a mining en- 
gineer and metallurgist At present (1888) he de- 
votes himself principally to consultation, and has 
his office in New York. He is widely known 
through the mining districts by his invention of 
the Stotefeldt furnace, which is extensively used in 
the west for the roasting of silver ores preparatory 
to the extraction of the metal bv either amalga- 
mation or lixiviation. Mr. Stetefeldt has been a 
member c*f the American institute of mining en- 
gineers since 1881, and was its vice-president in 
1886-'?. Besides technical papers he has written 
" The Lixiviation of Silver Ores with Hyposulphite 
Solutions" (New York, 1888). 

STETSON, Charles Augustus, hotel-proprie- 
tor, b. in Newburyport Mass., 1 April, 1810; d. in 
Reading, Pa. t 29 March, 188a His father was pro- 
prietor of a hotel in Newburyport The son adopted 
the same calling, and after taking charge of the 



Tremont house, Boston, in 1880, and Barnum's 
hotel, Baltimore, in 1888, became proprietor of the 
Astor house, New York, in 1887, and kept it till 
1876, for the first twenty years of this period in 
partnership with Robert B. Coleman. In 1851 he 
was ouartermaster-general of New York, and he was 
usually known by his military title. Gen. Stetson 
acquired a wide reputation as a hotel-keeper in the 
days when the Astor house was almost the only 
large hotel in New York, and became intimate with 
many eminent men. including Daniel Webster, 
Henry Clay, Rufus Choate. and William H. Seward. 
The Astor house was the scene of all the great 
public dinners of those times, and the regular rest- 
ing-place of congressmen from the eastern states 
in going to and returning from Washington. Dur- 
ing the civil war Gen. Stetson showed many acts of 
kindness to soldiers on their way through New 
York, and he was publicly thanked by Gov. John 
A. Andrew, of M as s a chusetts. 

STEUART, Richard Sprigg, physician, b. in 
Baltimore, Md., 1 Nov., 1797; d. there, 18 July, 
1876. He was educated at St Mary's college, Bal- 
timore, and studied medicine at the University of 
Maryland, receiving his degree in 1822. Beginning 

S notice in Baltimore, he was elected in 1828 pres- 
ent of the Maryland hospital for the insane, 
which he reorganized, and of which he was presi- 
dent till his death. He was an active coadjutor of 
Dorothea L. Dix in her efforts to improve the con- 
dition and treatment of the insane, occupied a good 
position among the alienists of the country, and 
lectured to the public on the subject of insanity. 
Mainly through his efforts the Spring Grove in- 
sane asylum was built for the state of Maryland at 
a cost of $850,000, the result of public ana private 
contributions. — His son, James Aloyslus, phy- 
sician, b. in Baltimore, Md., 8 April, 1828, was 
graduated at St Mary's college in 1847 and at the 
school of medicine of the University of Maryland 
in 1860. He established himself m practice in 
Baltimore, and became physician to the city general 
dispensary, and assistant physician to the Maryland 
hospital for the insane. Since 1875 he has been 
health commissioner, registrar of vital statistics, 
and president of the city board of health. Under 
bis management the health department has been 
reorganised, and the annual death-rate has been re- 
duced from 26 to 19 per thousand. He checked an 
incipient outbreak of yellow fever in 1886, and has 
sided in suppressing two epidemics of small-pox. 

STEUBEN, Frederick William Angnstna 
Henry Ferdinand von, known in this country 
as Baron Stbubkn, German soldier, b. in Magde- 
burg, Prussia, 15 Nov., 1780: d. in Steubenvule, 
N. Y., 28 Nov., 1794. His father, a captain in the 
army, took him when a mere child into the Crimea, 
whither he was ordered. The boy was only ten 
years old when the father returned tc Prussia. He 
was educated in the Jesuit colleges at Neisse and 
Breslau, and distinguished himself as a mathema- 
tician. At fourteen he served with his father in 
the war of 1744, and was present at the siege of 
Prague. At the age of seventeen he entered as 
cadet in an infantry regiment and in two years 
was promoted to ensign, and four years afterward 
to lieutenant. He served in the seven years' war 
and was wounded in v the battle of Prague. In 1764 
he was made adjutant-general in the free corps of 
Gen. John von May, but after the death of the 
latter he re-entered the regular army in 1761, and 
was taken prisoner by the Russians at the capitu- 
lation of Cblberg. In 1762 he was made aide to 
Frederick the Great and took part in the celebrated 
siege of Sohweidnits, which closed the military 



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operations of the seven years' war. Resigning his 
post in the army, he was presented with the can- 
onry of the cathedral of Haselberg on a salary of 
1,200 florins, and afterward was made grand mar- 
shal to the Prince of Hohenzollern, with an addi- 
tional salary of 1,200 florins. Although he received 
brilliant offers from the king of Sardinia and em- 
peror of Austria to 
enter their service, 
he declined, and, 
with a salary that 
enabled him to 
live in elegant 
ease, he felt no de- 
sire to re-enter 
military life. But 
in 1777, while on 
his way to Eng- 
land to visit some 
English noblemen, 
he spent some time 
at Paris. Meeting 
here Count St Ger- 
main, the French 
minister of war, 
who, knowing that 
the great weakness 
of the American colonists lay in their ignorance of 
military tactics and want of discipline, endeavored 
to persuade him to come to this country and instruct 
the soldiers. But the baron declined to give up his 
honors and his ample income and risk everything 
on our desperate fortunes. The French minister, 
however, brought about an interview with Benjamin 
Franklin and Silas Deane. The manner with which 
the former received him offended him, and this, 
with other reasons, caused him to abandon the pro- 
ject altogether. Recalled by Germain, he at length 
yielded to the tatter's solicitations and promises, and 
resolved to cast his fortunes with the struggling 
colonies. Embarking in a French gun-boat under 
the name of Frank, he set sail from Marseilles, 11 
Deo, 1777, and after a stormy passage of fifty-five 
days, during which the forecastle took fire three 
times while there were 1,700 pounds of powder 
aboard, and a mutiny was suppressed, he arrived'at 
Portsmouth, N. H. The entire population went 
out to receive him. He at once wrote to con- 
gress, offering his services to the colonies, saying 
that the motive that brought him here was to 
** serve a nation engaged in the noble work of de- 
fending its rights and liberties," and adding that, 
although he had " given up an honorable title and 
lucrative rank," he asked *' neither riches nor hon- 
ors." To Washington he expressed the same sen- 
timents, and said he wished to serve simply as a 
volunteer. He immediately began his journey 
inland for the south. A Tory landlord, in the 
course of the journey, declared that he had neither 
bed nor provisions for the party. Steuben levelled 
his pistol at the man's head and demanded both. 
They were quickly furnished, and in the morning 
the baron liberally rewarded his host in continen- 
tal money. Presenting himself to congress, he 
proposed to enter the army as a volunteer, and, if 
his " services were not satisfactory or the colonies 
failed to establish their independence, he was to 
receive nothing." If, on the other hand, they 
were successful and he remained in the army, he 
expected u to be refunded the income he had given 
up, and remunerated for his services." This gen- 
erous offer was accepted, and he departed for Val- 
ley Forge, where the American army lav encamped. 
When the aide-de-camp of Frederick the Great 
reached the wintry encampment and saw the half- 



starved soldiers creep out of their hats, poorly 
armed and only half clad, he was astounded ana 
said " no European army could be kept together a 
week in such a state." A less noble and less reso- 
lute nature would have abandoned his enterprise 
at the outset He began at once, and from that 
day our whole military system assumed new shape. 
The awkwardness of the men, at times, would throw 
him into terrible rage, but his kindness, care, and 
liberality toward the suffering soldier made him 
beloved by all In May, 1778, congress, acting un- 
der the advice of Washington, made him inspector- 
general of the army with the rank of major-general, 
and he at once entered on his duties and appointed 
sub-inspectors throughout the army. A thorough 
system of discipline and economy was established* 
until the whole army became a single machine in 
his hands. It is impossible to give in detail the 
great work he accomplished. It was unseen by the 
country in general, for it was unattended with out- 
ward display, but it can be safely said that no 
major-general in the field did half so much toward 
our success as this great organizer and disciplina- 
rian. The result of this discipline was seen In the 
next campaign, in the battle of Monmouth, when 
be rallied the retreating and disordered troop of 
Gen. Charles Lee like veterans. He commanded 
here the left wing, and Alexander Hamilton, who 
saw the steady action of the troops under Baron 
Steuben, said he " had never known till that day 
the value of discipline." 

In the trial of Lee that followed, the testimony 
of Steuben offended the former, and he made some 
disparaging remarks in regard to it Steuben in- 
stantly challenged him, but Lee apologized, and 
nothing came of the matter. Steuben now wished 
to take command in the field as major-general, but 
the American officers manifested so much opposi- 
tion to it, on account of being outranked, that he 
withdrew his request and devoted himself to his 
old monotonous work, much of which seemed to 
him more befitting a drill-sergeant than a major- 
general In the autumn of 1780 he published a 
manual for the army, furnished with diagrams to 
explain his rules. It was entitled M Regulations 
for the Order and Discipline of the Troops of the 
United States." Each chapter was written first in 
poor German, then translated into poor French, 
then put into good French, and lastly into good 
English, in which last condition it was entirely un- 
intelligible to Steuben. It nevertheless served its 
purpose, became the law and guide of the army. 
*nd, even after the war, was adopted by several of 
the states. In this year he was selected as one of 
the court-martial to try Maj. John Andre\ After 
the defeat of Gen. Horatio Gates at Camden he 
was sent to Virginia to aid Gen. Nathanael Greene, 
then operating in North Carolina. Although he 
now had his desire— a separate command— it was 
of little consequence to him, as his chief duty was 
to forward troops to Greene as fast aa he could 
raise them. The result was, when Arnold invaded 
Virginia he had only 150 men under him. and he 
was compelled to see the traitor ravage the coun- 
try before his eyes ; but he did everything in his 
power to harass him. Soon afterward Cornwal- 
lis was besieged in Yorktown, and Steuben took 
his place as major-general in the line. He was in 
the trenches when the proposition to surrender was 
received. Lafayette came to relieve him ; but this 
he refused, declaring that European etiquette re- 
quired that the officer that received the first over- 
tures of surrender must, out of respect to his com- 
mand, keep his post till the terms of capitulation 
were agreed upon or hostilities resumed. 



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After the close of the war he was sent to Canada 
to demand the surrender of the posts on the fron- 
tier, but, not succeeding, he returned to headquar- 
ters. He now retired to private life and resided 
in New York city, where ne remained for several 
years. Congress refused to fulfil its contract with 
him to pay him for his services, but he was given 
grants of land in Virginia, Pennsylvania, and New 



Jersey. The latter he declined to accept when he 
found it consisted of the confiscated estates of an 
old Tory who would be left destitute, and, in the 
kindness of his heart, interceded for him. He was 
given also a whole township near Utica, N. V., and, 
after seven years' delay, congress at length allowed 
him a pension of $2,400. He now retired to this 
land, and, clearing off sixty acres, built a log-house, 
seen in the illustration, and settled down for life, 
though he returned every winter to New York city. 
On 22 Nov., 1795, as he was making preparations 
for this annual visit, he was struck with paralysis, 
and three days afterward he died. As he had re- 
quested, he was buried near his house, with his 
military cloak around him and the star of honor 
that he always wore on his breast. Only about 
thirty farmers attended his funeral. Col. North, 
his favorite aide, to whom he left all his property, 
erected a simple monument over his grave, to which 
many visitors annually resort. Numerous anecdotes 
are told of him, illustrating the tenderness and 
generosity of his nature. These traits were espe- 
cially exhibited at the breaking up of the army at 
Newburg. His life has been written by Francis 
Bowen, in Sparks's "American Biography/' and 
by Friedrich Kapp (New York, 1860). 

STEVENS, Aaron Fletcher, congressman, b. 
in Deny, N. H., Aug., 1819 ; d. in Nashua, N. H., 
10 May. 1887. He was educated at Pinkerton 
academy, Deny, removed to Peterborough, after- 
ward studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1845, 
and gained a high reputation as a lawyer. He 
was a member of the legislature in 1849. a dele- 
gate to the Whig national convention in 1852, and 
a representative in the legislature again in 1854. 
He identified himself with the Republican party 
when it was first organized, and was again sent to 
the legislature in 1856 and the following years. 
He was one of the first to enlist in the civil war, 
and was made major of the 1st New Hampshire 
volunteers, subsequently appointed colonel of the 
18th regiment, and brevetted brigadier-general on 
8 Dec., 1864, for gallantry at Fort Harrison, where 
be was wounded. On his return home he was 
elected to congress and re-elected for the follow- 
ing term, serving from 4 March, 1867, till 3 March, 
1871. From 1876 till 1884 he was a member of the 
legislature, and took part in its debates. 

STEVENS, Abel, author, b. in Philadelphia, 
Pa., 19 Jan., 1815. He was educated at Wesleyan 
university, and in 1834 became pastor of a Method- 



ist Episcopal church in Boston, Mass. He trav- 
elled in Europe in 1837, and on his return took 
charge of a church in Providence, R. I. He went 
to Boston in 1840, and edited " Zion's Herald " till 
1852. In 1853-'4 he was the editor of the •• Na- 
tional Magazine" in New York city. In 1856, 
on his return from a second European journey, 
he was elected editor of the •• Christian Advocate 
and Journal " in New York. He received in that 
year the degree of LL. D. from Indiana univer- 
sity. In 1860-'2 he was pastor of a church in New 
York city, and in 1862-5 of the one at Mamar- 
oneck, N. Y. From 1865 till 1874 he was one of 
the editors of the " Methodist." Subsequently he 
travelled extensively in the United States and 
Europe, and finally settled in Geneva, Switzer- 
land, as pastor of the Union church there, and a 
correspondent of American newspapers. While 
editing church papers, he became interested in the 
history of Methodism, which he reduced to a con- 
nected narrative in a series of works that were the 
first of their kind and remain the standard au- 
thority on the subject His publications include 
" An Essay on Church Polity *' (New York, 1847) ; 
" Memorials of the Introduction of Methodism 
into the Eastern States " (2 vols., Boston, 1847-52) ; 
"Preaching required by the Times" (New York, 
1855); "The Great Reform," a prize essay (1856); 
" History of the Religious Movement of the Eight- 
eenth Century, called Methodism " (3 vols-. 
1858-*61); "Life and Times of Nathan Bangs" 
(1863) ; " History of the Methodist Episcopal 
Church in the United States of America "(4 vols^ 
1864r-'7; German translation, Cincinnati, 1867); 
" The Centenary of American Methodism " (1865) ; 
"The Women of Methodism: its Three Found- 
resses, Susanna Wesley, the Countess of Hunting- 
don, and Barbara Heck " (1866) ; " A Compendious 
History of American Methodism" (1867); "Ma- 
dame de Stael : a Study of her Life and Times " (2 
vols., 1881); "Character Sketches" (1882); and 
" Christian Work " (1882). 

STEVENS, Charles Ellis, clergyman, b. in 
Boston, Mass., 5 July, 1853. He studied at the 
University of Pennsylvania and Yale, was gradu- 
ated in 1875 at Berkeley divinity-school, Middle- 
town, Conn., spent one year in study in Europe, 
and was ordained priest in the Protestant Episco- 
pal church in 1877. He became rector of acnurch 
in Brooklyn, N. Y., and in 1878 secretary of an 
auxiliary of the board of missions of his denomi- 
nation. For several years he was associate editor 
of the " Living Church." The degree of Ph. D. was 
given to him oy Wooster university. He became 
an examining chaplain of the diocese of Long 
Island in 188o, and in 1887 was made archdeacon 
of Brooklyn. He is a member of the Royal geo- 
graphical society of London and of the Society of 
antiquaries of Edinburgh, among other learned so- 
cieties, and in 1888 received the degree of LL. D. 
from Wooster university, and that of D. C. L. from 
King's college. Nova Scotia. Dr. Stevens has 
published occasional pamphlets and frequent arti- 
cles in the press, and nas in preparation (1888) the 
"History and Development of the Constitutional 
Law of England and the United States." 

STEYENS, Ebenezer, soldier, b. in Boston, 
Mass., 22 Aug., 1751 ; d. in Rockaway, L. I., 2 
Sept., 1823. He was a member of the artillery 
company of Boston, and participated in the de- 
struction of the tea in Boston harbor in December, 
1773. Soon afterward he removed to Rhode 
Island, where he raised two companies of artillery 
and one of artificers, was commissioned as lieu- 
tenant, 8 May, 1775, and took part in the expe- 



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dition against Quebec He joined Henry Knox's 
regiment of artillery, was made a captain on 11 
Jan., 1776, and on 9 Nov. received the brevet of 
major. He commanded the artillery at Ticonde- 
roga and Stillwater, and on 80 April, 1778, was 
made lieutenant-colonel of John Lamb's regiment 
He served under Lafayette in Virginia, and for a 
part of the time commanded the artillery at the 
siege of Yorktown. After the Revolution be be- 
came an eminent merchant of New York city. He 
was major-general of the state militia, ana, with 
Morgan Lewis, mustered for active service against 
the British the militiaof the city in September, 1814. 
—His son, Alexander Hodgdon, sunreon, b. in 
New York city, 4 Sept, 1789; d. there, 80 March, 
1869, was graduated at Yale in 1807, studied in 
the office ol Dr. Edward Miller, attended medical 
lectures in the College of physicians and surgeons 
and at the University of Pennsylvania, ana was 
graduated M. D. by the latter institution in 1811. 
His thesis on " The Proximate Causes of Inflam- 
mation " was praised by medical men. He took 
passage for France with the object of oursuing 
surgical studies, but, on being captured by an 
English cruiser and taken into Plymouth, he went 
to London and received the instructions of Dr. 
John Abernethy and Sir Astley Cooper for a year, 
and then studied for a year longer under Alexis 
Boyer and Baron Larrey in Paris. On his return 
to the United States he was appointed a surgeon 
in the army. Establishing himself in New York 
city, he was elected professor of surgery in the 
New York medical institution in 1814. When ap- 
pointed surgeon to the New York hospital in 1818, 
he introduced the European system of surgical 
demonstrations and instruction at the bedside. 
In 1825 he became professor of the principles 
and practice of surgery in the College of physi- 
cians and surgeons. He took the chair of clini- 
cal surgery in 1837, but in the following year re- 
signed nis active duties in this institution and in 
the college, and thenceforth acted mainly as a con- 
sulting surgeon, both in public and private prac- 
tice. He was appointed consulting surgeon to 
the New York hospital, and emeritus professor in 
the College of physicians and surgeons, of which 
he was made president in 1841. He was president 
of the American medical association in 1848. In 
1849 he received from the New York state univer- 
sity the degree of LL. D. He retired from the 
presidency of the college faculty in 1855. Besides 
nis contributions to medical periodicals, he pub- 
lished M Inflammation of the Eye " (Philadelphia, 
1811) ; M Cases of Fungus Hsmatodes of the Eye ** 
(New York, 1818); with John Watts, Jr., and 
Valentine Mott, ** Medical and Surgical Register, 
consisting chiefly of Cases in the New York Hos- 
pital " (1818); an edition of Astley Cooper's 
"First Lines of Surgery" (1822); "Clinical 
Lecture in Injuries " (1887) ; " Lectures on Lithot- 
omy " (1838) ; u Address to Graduates " (1847) ; and 
" Plea of Humanity in Behalf of Medical Educa- 
tion," an address before the New York state medi- 
cal association (Albany, 1849). — Another son, 
John Austin, banker, b. in New York city, 22 
Jan., 1795; d. there, 19 Oct, 1874, was graduated 
at Yale in 1818, entered mercantile life, and be- 
came a partner in his father's business in 1818. 
He was for many years secretary of the New York 
chamber of commerce, and one of the organixers 
and the first president of the Merchants* exchange. 
From its first establishment in 1889 till 1866 he 
was president of the Bank of commerce. He was 
a Whig in politics, but an earnest advocate of low 
tariffs. He was chairman of the committee of 



bankers of New York, Boston, and Philadelphia 
which first met in August, 1861, and decided to 
take $50,000,000 of the government 7-80 loan. 
They subsequently advanced $100,000,000 more, 
and the terms of the transactions were arranged 
chiefly by Mr. Stevens, as the head of the treasury 
note committee. His advice was frequently 
sought by the officers of the treasury department 
during the civil war. He was many years gov- 
ernor of the New York hospital, and toox an inter- 
est in other benevolent institutions. — John Austin's 
son, John Austin, author, b. in New York city, 
21 Jan., 1827, was graduated at Harvard in 1846, 
became a merchant in New York, and in 1862 
was chosen secretary of the New York chamber of 
commerce, holding the office for six years. He 
has been librarian of the New York historical 
society, and has devoted himself to the investiga- 
tion of topics of American history. He founded, 
and for many years edited, the *' Magazine of 
American History." His publications include 
" The Valley of the Rio Grande : its Topography 
and Resources" (New York, 1864); "Memorial of 
the Chamber of Commerce on Ocean Steam Navi- 

?ition " (1864) ; " Colonial Records of the New 
ork Chamber of Commerce" (1867), containing 
illustrations and biographical and historical 
sketches ; " The Progress of New York in a Cen- 
tury" (1876); "The Expedition of Lafayette 
against Arnold," published by the Maryland his- 
torical society (Baltimore. 1878) ; and " Albert Gal- 
latin " in the " American Statesmen " series (Boston, 
1888). He contributed the historical chapters to 
the " History of Newport County " (Boston, 1888). 
STEVENS, Edward, soldier, b. in Culpeper 
county, Va», in 1745; d. there, 17 Aug., 1820, 
He commanded a battalion of militia at the battle 
of Great Bridge, 9 Dec, 1775, and in 1776 was ap- 

Jointed colonel of the 10th Virginia regiment, 
oining Washington's army in New Jersey in 1777, 
he checked the attack of Gen. William Howe's 
forces at the battle of the Brandywine, and, by 
holding the road till nightfall, prevented a serious 
disaster. He served with credit at Germantown, 
and was made a brigadier-general. On 14 Aug., 
1780, he joined the army of Gen. Horatio Gates 
with 700 Virginia militia, and urged him to en- 
gage Lord Rawdon's force near Camden, believing 
that it was too late to retreat, or mistrusting the 
report of the approach of Lord Cornwallis. His 
brigade began tne attack, but, being unfamiliar 
with the use of the bayonet, they gave way 
when the enemy charged. At Guilford Court- 
House they resisted the British attack with steadi- 
ness, although Anally forced back. Gen. Stevens, 
who was severely wounded, received the praise of 
Gen. Nathanael Greene for his conduct in this 
action. He also served with credit at the siege of 
Yorktown. From the adoption of the state consti- 
tution till 1790 he sat in the Virginia senate. 

STEVENS, George Barker, educator, b. in 
Spencer, Tioga oo, N. Y„ 18 July, 1854. He was 
educated at Cornell and Rochester, and was gradu- 
ated at the latter university in 1877. After spend- 
ing a vear at Rochester theological seminary, he 
entered the divinity-school at Yale, where he was 
graduated in 1880. He was pastor of a Congrega- 
tional church, in Buffalo, N. Y., in 1880-\i andin 
December, 1882, assumed the charge of a Presby- 
terian church at Watertown, N. Y. In 1888, after 
examination on a two years' course in philosophy, 
he received the degree of Ph. D. from Syracuse 
university. In 1885~'6 he studied theology in the 
universities of Berlin and Leipsic, and in 1886 
received the degree of D. D. from Jena. On hit 



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return to the United States he was appointed 
professor of New Testament criticism ana inter- 
pretation at Yale. He has contributed theological 
and philosophical articles to religious magazines, 
and edited the " Homilies of Chrysostom on the 
Acta and Romans" for Dr. Philip Schaff's edition 
of M Post-Nicene Church Fathers." 

STEVENS, Isaac Ingalls, soldier, b. in An- 
dover, Mass., 38 March, 1818; d. near Chantilly, 
Fairfax co., Va., 1 Sept. 1862. He was graduated 
at the U. S. military academy in 1889. ranking first 
in his class, and was commissioned as 2d lieutenant 

of engineers. He 
was promoted 1st 
lieutenant on 1 
July, 1840, and 
served as adju- 
tant of the corps 
of engineers dur- 
ing the war with 
Mexico, being en- 
gaged at the siege 
of Vera Cruz 
and at Cerro Gor- 
do, at Contreras 
and Churubusco, 
where he gained 
the brevet of cap- 
tain, at Chapulte- 
pec of major, at 

ing of the city of 
Mexico, where he was severely wounded. He su- 
perintended fortifications on the New England 
coast in 1841-7 and in 1848-'9, and had charge of 
the coast-survey office in Washington, D. C, from 14 
Sept., 1849, till 17 March, 1858, when he resigned, 
having been appointed governor of Washington 
territory. He was at the same time placed in 
charge of the exploration of the northern route 
for a Pacific railroad. In 1853. at the head of a 
large exploring party, he surveyed a route between 
St Paul, Minn., and Puget sound, and established 
the navigability of the upper Missouri and Colum- 
bia rivers for steamers. He was superintendent of 
Indian affaire by virtue of his office of governor, 
and in 1854-'5 be made treaties with the Indian 
tribes of the territory by which they relinquished 
their titles to more than 100.000 square miles of 
land. He also crossed the Rocky mountains to 
conclude a treaty, in October, 1855, of friendship 
with the Blackfeet Indians, at the same time inter- 
vening successfully to make peace between them 
and the hunting tribes of Washington and Oregon. 
While he was absent on this expedition the disaf- 
fected Indians of Washington territory rose against 
the whites. He returned before January, 1856, 
called out 1,000 volunteers, and conducted a cam- 
paign against the revolted Indians that was so vig- 
orous and successful that before the close of 1856 
they were subdued and their chiefs slain. White 
sympathizers with the Indians were taken from 
their homes and confined in the towns, and, when 
Chief-Justice Edward Lander issued a writ of habeas 
corpus for their release. Gov. Stevens declared two 
counties under martial law, and on 7 May, 1856, 
caused Judge Lander to be arrested in his court- 
room, and held him a prisoner till the close of 
the war. He resigned in August, 1857, and was 
elected a delegate to congress for two successive 
terms, serving from 7 Dec., 1857, till 8 March, 
1861. In congress he vindicated his course in the 
Indian war, and saw his treaties confirmed, and 
the scrip that he had issued to pay the volun- 



teers assumed by the government In the presi- 
dential canvass of 1860 he acted as chairman of 
the executive committee of the Breckinridge wing 
of the Democratic party. But when the leaders 
of his party afterward declared for secession, he 
publicly denounced them, and urged President 
Buchanan to remove John B. Floyd and Jacob 
Thompson from his cabinet At the intelligence 
of the firing on Fort Sumter he hastened from 
the Pacific coast to Washington, and was appointed 
colonel of the 79th regiment of New York volun- 
teers, known as the Highlanders. The regiment 
had lost heavily at Bull Run, and expected to be 
sent home to recruit Disappointment at being 
kept in the field and commanded by regular army 
officers caused eight companies to mutiny. The 
courage and wisdom with which he restored dis- 
cipline won the respect of the men, who, by their 
own desire, were transferred to his brigade when he 
was commissioned as brigadier-general on 28 Sept, 

1861. and took part in tne Port Royal expedition. 
He attacked the Confederate batteries on the Coo- 
saw in January, 1862, and captured them with the 
co-operation of the gun-boats. In June he was en- 
gaged in actions on Stono river, and commanded 
the main column in an unsuccessful assault on the 
enemy's position near Secession ville. After the re- 
treat of Gen. George B. McClellan from his position 
before Richmond, Gen. Stevens was ordered to 
Virginia. He commanded a division at Newport 
News, and was made a major-general on 4 July, 

1862, serving under Gen. John Pope in the cam- 
paign in northern Virginia. He was engaged in 
skirmishes on the Rappahannock, distinguished 
himself at Manassas, and while leading his division 
at the battle of Chantilly was killed with the colors 
of the 79th regiment in his hand. He published 
44 Campaigns of the Rio Grande and Mexico, with 
Notices of the Recent Work of Major Ripley" 
CNew York, 1851), and '•Report of Explorations 
for a Route for the Pacific Railroad near the 47th 
and 49th Parallels of North Latitude, from St 
Paul, Minn., to Puget Sound," which was printed 
by order of congress (2 vols., Washington, 1855-'60). 
; STEVENS, James Gray, Canadian jurist b. in 
Edinburgh, Scotland, 25 Feb., 1822. His father, 
Andrew Stevens, was a writer to the " Signet," and 
his mother, Grace Buchanan, daughter of Sir Colin 
Campbell, of Auchinbreck, was an author. He was 
educated at Edinburgh university, came to New 
Brunswick in 1840, studied law, was admitted to 
the bar in 1847, and practised his profession at St 
Stephen's, N. B. He was a member of the New 
Brunswick assembly in 1861-5, was created a 
queen's counsel in February, 1867, the same year 
was appointed judge of four county courts, and in 
1875 was a delegate from New Brunswick to the 
convention in Montreal, which resulted in the 
union of the various Presbyterian bodies in Canada. 
He has been president of St Croix agricultural so- 
ciety thirty years. He is the author of " An Analyt- 
ical Digest of the Decisions of the Supreme Courts 
of New Brunswick from 1825 to 1878, inclusive w 
(St John, 1878) ; a further digest of the same re- 
ports from 1878 to 1887 (Toronto, 1887); u Index 
to the Statutes, Rules, Orders, Regulations, Trea- 
tises, and Proclamations of the Dominion of Cana- 
da " (St Stephen's, 1876) ; and " Indictable Offences 
and Summary Convictions " (Toronto, 1880). 

STEVENS, John, member of the Continental 
congress, b. in New York city about 1706; d. in 
May, 1792. He was the son of John, who came 
from England in 1699 at about the age of seven- 
teen, studied and practised law, and became a largo 
land-owner. The son settled in New Jersey, and 



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was one of the joint commissioners for defining 
the boundary-line between New York and that 
colony in November, 1774. Resigning as a royal- 
ist councillor in June, 1776, he was, from 27 Aug., 
1776, till 1782, vice-president of the council of New 
Jersey, presiding over the joint meetings of the 
two branches of the legislature. He was elected to 
the Federal congress in November, 1788, and on 
18 Dec^ 1787, he presided over the State conven- 
tion that ratified the United States constitution.— 
His son, John, engineer, b. in New York city in 
1748 or 1749 ; d. at Hoboken, N. J., 6 March, 1838, 
was graduated at King's (now Columbia) college 
in 1768, and was admitted to the bar, but practised 
little. During the Revolutionary war he held sev- 
eral offices, among which was that of treasurer of 
New Jersey in 1776-'9, and at its close be married 
and resided in winter on Broadway, New York, 
and in summer on the island of Hoboken, which he 
then owned. His life was devoted to experiments 
at his own cost for the common good. In 1790 he 
petitioned congress for protection to American in- 
ventors, and his petition was referred to a commit- 
tee, which reported a bill that became the law of 
10 April, 1790, the foundation of the American 
patent law. He had begun experiments in the 
application of steam in 1788, and now continued 
them, having as his associates Nicholas I. Roose- 
velt and the elder Brunei, who afterward built the 
Thames tunnel. Toward the close of the century 
he was engaged with his brother-in-law, Robert R. 
Livingston, and Roosevelt, in building a steamboat 
to navigate Hudson river, the legislature of the 
state of New York 
having previously of- 
fered a monopoly of 
exclusive privilege to 
the owners of a boat 
that, complying with 
given conditions, 
should attain a speed 
of three miles an 
hour; but their boat 
failed to achieve the 
required speed, and 
their joint proceed- 
ings were interrupt- 
ed by the appoint- 
ment of Livingston 
as minister to France 
in 1801. In Paris, 
Livingston met Rob- 
ert Fulton, and after- 
ward was associated 
with him in establishing steam navigation. Ste- 
vens persevered, and in 1804 built a vessel pro- 
pelled by twin screws that navigated the Hud- 
son. The boiler was tubular ana the screw was 
identically the short four - threaded screw that 
is now used. That it was a helix, his letter of 
1804 to Dr. Robert Hare, of Philadelphia, shows. 
This was the first application of steam to the 
screw-propeller. The engine and boiler of this 
steamboat are preserved in the Stevens institute 
at Hoboken, N. J. Mr. Stevens always upheld 
the efficiency of the screw and its great advan- 
tages for ocean navigation. Shortly after his death 
his sons placed the engine and boiler referred to 
in a boat, which was tried before a committee of 
the American institute of New York, and attained 
a speed of about nine miles an hour. 

It is remarkable that after 1804 no serious at- 
tempt was made for the practical introduction 
of the screw until 1887, when it was brought into 
use simultaneously in England and the United 




&n>f 



States. Still more remarkable is the fact that its 
introduction into use in England was by the Archi- 
median screw of a single thread, and in America 
by a multi-threaded screw on the outer surface of a 
cylinder ; that the first was completely modified in 
the course of five or six years into the short four- 
threaded screw that was used hy .Stevens in 1804* 
and that in about ten. years the multi-threaded 
screw was also replaced bv the screw of 1804. In 

1807, assisted by nis son Robert, he built the pad- 
dle-wheel steamboat " Phoenix " that plied for six 
years on the Delaware. Prof. James Renwick, 
who from his own observation has left the best 
description extant of Fulton's boat, the " Cler- 
mont," as she ran in the autumn of 1807, says that 
" the Stevenses were but a few days later in moving 
a boat with the required velocity, and that " being 
shut out of the waters of New York by the mo- 
nopoly of Livingston and Fulton, Stevens con- 
ceived the bold design of conveying his boat to 
the Delaware bv sea, and this boat, which was so 
near reaping the honor of first success, was the 
first to navigate the ocean by the power of steam." 
Fulton had the advantage of a steam-engine that 
was made by James Watt, while his predecessors 
were provided only with inferior apparatus, the 
work of common blacksmiths and millwrights. 
The piston-rod of the "Phoenix" was guided by 
slides instead of the parallel motion of Watt, ana 
the cylinder rested on the condenser. Stevens also 
surrounded the water-wheel by a guard -beam. 
Among the patents that were taken out by Ste- 
vens was one in 1791 for generating steam ; two 
in the same year described as improvements in 
bellows and on Thomas Savarv's engine, both de- 
signed for pumping; the multi-tubular boiler in 

1808, which was patented in England in 1806 in 
the name of his eldest son, John C. ; one in 1816 
for using slides ; an improvement in rack railroads 
in 1824 ; and one in 1824 to render shallow rivers 
more navigable. In 1812 he made the first experi- 
ments with artillery against iron armor. He then 
proposed a circular vessel, to be rotated by steam 
to train the guns for the defence of New York 
harbor. On 11 Oct, 1811, he established the first 
steam-ferry in the world with the " Juliana," which 

?lied between New York city and Hoboken. In 
818 he invented and built a ferry-boat made of 
two separate boats, with a paddle-wheel between 
them which was turned by six horses. On account 
of the simplicity of its construction and its econo- 
my, this description of horse-boat continued long 
in use both on the East river and on the Hudson. 
In February, 1812, shortly before the war with 
England and five years before the beginning of 
the Erie canal, Stevens addressed a memoir to 
the commission appointed to devise WRter-oom- 
munication between the seaboard and the lakes, 
urging instead of a canal the immediate construc- 
tion of a railroad. This memoir, with the ad- 
verse report of the commissioners, among whom 
were De Witt Clinton, Qouverneur Morris, and 
Chancellor Livingston, was published at the time, 
and again, with a preface, by Charles King, presi- 
dent of Columbia, in 1852, and by the * Railroad 
Gazette" in 1882. The correctness of his views 
and arguments contrast strongly with the answer 
of the commissioners on the impracticability of a 
railroad. At the date of the memoir, although 
short railroads for carrying coal had been in use In 
England for upward of 200 years, there was not a 
locomotive or passenger-car in use in the world. 
Stevens's proposal was to build a passenger and 
freight railroad for general traffic from Albany to 
Lake Erie having a double track, made with wood- 



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en stringers capped with wrought-plate rails rest- 
ing on piles and operated by locomotives. He enu- 
merates comprehensively the advantages of a gen- 
eral railroad system, naming many details that 
were afterward found necessary, putting the prob- 
able future speed at from twenty to thirty miles 
an hour, or possibly at from forty to fifty. He 
gives a definite plan and detailed estimates of the 
construction ana cost His plan is identical with 
that of the successful South Carolina railroad built 
in 1830-'32, the first long railroad in the United 
States, which has been described as "a continuous 
and prolonged bridge." The accuracy of his esti- 
mates was proved by the cost of this road. Ste- 
vens in 1814 applied to the state of New Jersey for 
a railroad charter from New York to Philadelphia. 
He received the charter in February, 1815, and lo- 
cated the road, but proceeded no further. In 1823, 
with Horace Binney and Stephen Girard, of Phila- 
delphia, he obtained from the state of Pennsylvania 
a charter for a railroad from Philadelphia to Lancas- 
ter, on the site of the present Pennsylvania railroad. 
These two were the first railroad charters that 
were granted in this country. On 28 Oct., 1824, 
he obtained a patent for the construction of rail- 
roads. In 1826, at the age of seventy-eight, to 
show the operation of the locomotive on the rail- 
road, be built at Hoboken a circular railway hav- 
ing a gauge of five feet and a diameter of 220 feet, 
and placed on it a locomotive with a multi-tubular 
boiler which carried about half a dozen people at 
a rate of over twelve miles an hour. This was 
the first locomotive that ever ran on a railroad in 
America. Col. Stevens was an excellent classical 
scholar, and not only a close student of natural 
philosophy, but fond of metaphysical specula- 
tions, leaving several philosophical treatises, which 
have never been published. He was through 
life an enthusiastic botanist and amateur gar- 
dener, importing and cultivating many new plants. 



i 



The accompanying engraving represents Castle 
Point, Mr. Stevens s residence in Hoboken, N. J., 
which in 1885 was replaced by the present more 
spacious mansion. — The second John's son, John 
Cox, b. 24 Sept., 1785; d. in Hoboken, N. J., 18 
June, 1857, was graduated at Columbia in 1808, 
and married Maria C. Livingston on 27 Dec, 1809. 
In the early part of his life he resided on his 
estate at Annandale, on the Livingston manor, 
and later in New York city. He was from his 
youth a devoted yachtsman. He organized the 
New York yacht club, was its first commodore, 
and commanded the "America" in the mem- 
orable race in England in 1851.— Another son, 
Robert Livingston, b. 18 Oct., 1787; d. in Ho- 
boken, N. J., 20 April, 1856, having a strong en- 
gineering bias, began to assist his father when 
only seventeen years old. He took the " Phoenix " 
to Philadelphia by sea in June, 1808. At the death 
of Fulton the speed of steamboats on the Hudson 



was under seven miles an hour, and at about that 
date Robert L. Stevens built the •• Philadelphia," 
which had a speed of eight miles. He built many 
steamboats, increasing the speed of each successive 
one up to 1832, when the "North America" at- 
tained fifteen miles. From 1815 until 1840 he 
stood at the head of his profession in the United 
States as a constructor of sleara vessels and their 
machinery, making innumerable improvements, 
which were generally adopted. In 1821 he origi- 
nated the present form of ferry-boat and ferry-slips, 
making his boats with guards encircling them 
throughout, and constructing the ferry-slips with 
spring piling and spring fenders. In adopting the 
overhead working-beam of Watt to navigation, he 
made important improvements, inventing and ap- 
plying, in 1818. the cam-board cut-off, substituting 
in 1821 the gallows-frame that is now used for the 
column that supported the working-beam, and 
making that beam of wrought-iron strap with a 
cast-iron centre, instead of purely of cast-iron. 
This he improved in 1820 into the shape that is 
now universally used. He lengthened the propor- 
tionate stroke of the piston, and invented tne split 
water-wheel in 1826. In 1831 he invented the bal- 
ance-valve, which was a modification of the Cornish 
double-beat valve, and is now always used on the 
beam engine. He placed the boilers on the wheel- 
guards and over the water, improved the details in 
every part, and finally left the American working- 
beam (or walking-beam) engine in its present form. 
At the same time be strengthened tne boiler, be- 
ginning with a pressure of two pounds to the 
square inch, and increasing the strength of the 
boilers, so that fifty pounds could be safely car- 
ried. He made the first marine tubular boiler in 
1881, and was among the first to use anthracite 
coal. In the hulls of his vessels he gradually in- 
creased the amount of iron fastening until it was 
finally more than quadrupled, increasing the 
strength of vessels while diminishing their weight 
He reduced the vibration of the hull by the masts 
and rods that are now used, and added greatly 
to their strength by his overhead truss-frame. 

On the opening of the Liverpool and Man- 
chester railway in 1830, he went to England, 
where he had made, from a model he brought over, 
the rails for the road he was building, with his 
brother, Edwin A., in New Jersey. This rail is 
the well-known T-pattem, used in this country and 
in a large part of Europe, which is fastened by 
spikes without the intervention of chairs, which 
are required by the form of rail that is still used 
in England. He also then ordered from the Ste- 
phensons the locomotive called the " John Bull," 
the prototype of those that are made in this coun- 
try, which is now preserved at the Smithsonian 
institution in Washington. Toward the close of 
the last war with England Robert was engaged in 
making a bomb that could be fired from a cannon 
instead of from a mortar, and that could thus be 
applied to naval warfare. In connection therewith 
he made many experiments on the Hoboken marsh- 
es, for which he obtained from the government the 
loan of heavy ordnance, and finally he succeeded 
in producing a successful percussion-shell. Presi- 
dent Madison then appointed a board to test this 
shell in the harbor of New York, both against solid 
targets of wooden beams and against an actual 
section of a ship of the line, built for the purpose. 
Each was demolished by a single shell. The gov- 
ernment then adopted tne shell, purchasing a large 
Suantity, together with the secret of its construe- 
on. In 1814 Edwin, under the direction of his 
father, had experimented with shot against inclined 



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iron-plating, and in 1841, when, on account of the 
U. S. boundary disputes with England, public atten- 
tion was directed to naval defences, he made a se- 
ries of experiments, which he and his brothers laid 
before the government. President Tyler appoint- 
ed a commission of officers of the army and navy 
to superintend, at Sandy Hook, the experiments of 
the brothers on the application of iron to war-ves- 
sels as a protection against shot, who, after many 
trials against iron targets, reported that iron four 
and a half inches thick resisted effectually the 
force of a sixty-four pound shot fired at thirty 
yards with battering charges. Thereupon an act 
was passed, 14 April, 1842, authorizing the secre- 
tary of the navy to contract with Robert L. Ste- 
vens for an iron-clad steam vessel. Stevens im- 
mediately began to excavate a dry dock for his 
vessel, which he had finished within a year, and 
also had his vessel planned, and began its con- 
struction ; but the contract was changed in the 
latter part of 1848, when Com. Robert F. Stockton 
constructed a wrought-iron cannon having a bore 
of ten inches and throwing a round shot that 
pierced a four-and-a-half-inch target. At each 
successive important increase of the power of the 
gun, either at home or abroad, the increased thick- 
ness of armor necessary for defence required in- 
creased tonnage in the vessel that Stevens had con- 
tracted to build, causing interminable interruption 
and consequent delay. This vessel, which was 
known as the Stevens battery, lay in its basin at 
Hoboken for many years, and was never launched. 
It was the first iron-clad ever projected, preceding 
by more than ten Years the small iron-clad vessels 
used by the French at Kinburn in 1854. — Another 
son, James Alexander, b. in New York city, 29 
Jan., 1790; d. in Hoboken, N. J., 7 Oct., 1873, was 
graduated at Columbia in 1808, and admitted to 
the bar in New York city in 1811. In connection 
with Thomas Gibbons, he established the Union 
steamboat line between New York and Philadel- 
phia, which led to the suit of Ogden vs. Gibbons, 
memorable for the decision that placed all the 
navigable waters of the United States under the 
jurisdiction of the general government. — Another 
son, Edwin Augustus, b. in Hoboken, N. J.. 28 
July, 1795 ; d. in Paris, France, 8 Aug., 1868. after 
assisting his brother Robert, in 1826 took charge 
of the Union line, which was shortly after merged 
into the Camden and Am boy railroad, the charter 
for which the two brothers obtained from the state 
of New Jersey in 1830. . They prosecuted the work 
so vigorouslythat the road was opened for traffic 
on 9 Oct, 1882, the elder brother being president 
and the younger treasurer and manager. In the 
next twenty years the railroad system of the United 
States, differing materially from that of England, 
was formed, and in aiding this development the 
brothers were conspicuous, inventing and intro- 
ducing many appliances on the road, locomotives, 
and cars. The germ of many improvements after- 
ward perfected on other roads can be traced back 
to the Camden and Amboy. Of this the vestibule- 
car is a modern instance. The brothers, while en- 
gaged in railroad affairs, still retained their great 
interests in navigation, and made many improve- 
ments in it In 1827 the elder brother applied 
forced draught to the ** North America,'* and its 
use immediately became general, while in 1842 the 
younger patented the air-tight fire-room for this 
forced draught, and applied it on many vessels. 
This double invention of the two brothers is now 
used in all the great navies of the world. Both 
brothers spent a great part of their lives in de- 
vising ana effecting improvements in the means 



of attack and defence in naval warfare. Robert 
had bequeathed the Stevens battery to his brother, 
and Edwin, at the beginning of the civil war. pre- 
sented to the government a plan for completing 
the vessel, together with a small vessel, called the 
" Naugatuck. to demonstrate the practicability of 
his plans. This small vessel was accepted by the 
government, and was one of the fleet that attacked 
the "Merrimac." She was a twin screw- vessel, 
capable of being immersed three feet below her 
load-line, so as to be nearly invisible, of being 



raised again in eight minutes by pumping out the 
immersing weight of water, and of turning end for 
end on her centre in one minute and a quarter. 
The government refused to appropriate the money 
on the plans that were proposed by Mr. Stevens, 
and at his death he left the vessel to the state of 
New Jersey, together with $1,000,000 for its com- 
pletion. He founded the Stevens institute (see 
illustration), bequeathing to it and to the high- 
school a large plot of ground in Hoboken, and 
$150,000 for the building and $500,000 for endow- 
ment—His widow, Martha Bayard, has devoted 
$200,000 to religious and charitable institutions, 
among which may be mentioned the erection of the 
Church of the Holy Innocents at Hoboken. 

STEVENS, John, clergyman, b. in Townsend, 
Mass., 6 June, 1798 : d. in Granville, Ohio, 30 April, 
1877. He was graduated at Middlebury college. 
Vt, in 1821, ana studied at Andover theological 
seminary. In 1825 he became classical tutor in 
Middlebury college, where he remained for three 
years. Removing to Ohio, he served for seven 
years as editor of the " Baptist Weekly Journal.** 
in 1888 he was made professor of moral and intel- 
lectual philosophy in Granville college (now Deni- 
son university), performing at the same time the 
main duties of president From 1848 till 1850 he 
was employed as district secretary of the American 
Baptist missionary union. In the last-named year 
he resumed a professorship in Granville college, 
and continued in this relation until 1875, when he 
resigned the chair and was made emeritus profess- 
or. He received in 1878 the degree of D. V. from 
the University of Rochester. 

STEVENS, Paul, Canadian author, b. in Bel- 
gium in 1880; d. in Coteau du Lac, Canada, in 
1882. He emigrated to Canada, became editor of 
" La patrie " in Montreal, and was afterward profess- 
or of literature in the College of Chambly. He re- 
turned to Montreal in 1860, and was for some time 
editor of " L* Artiste. n He then became a tutor in 
the De Beauieu family at Coteau du Lac, where he 
remained till his death. He published "Fables" 
(Montreal, 1857). This work gained him the title 
of the " Lafontaine of Canada," and he is the only 
Canadian that has distinguished himself in this 
species of composition. He also wrote "Contes 
populaires " (Ottawa, 1867). 

STEVENS, PhlnehM, soldier, b. in Sudbury, 
Mass., 20 Feb., 1707 ; d. in Chignecto, Nova Scotia, 



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6 Feb*, 1769. He wis a demandant of Thomas 
Stevens, of London, England, a supporter and 
friend of the Massachusetts colony, whose father, 
Thomas SteTens, of Devonshire, was one of the as- 
signees of Sir Walter Ralegh's patent of Virginia. 
He removed with his parents to Rutland, Mass., 
about 1711, and when sixteen years old was carried 
as a captive to St Francis by Indians, among 
whom he learned the savage mode of warfare. 
During King George's war he was commandant of 
Fort No. 4, which was erected at the farthest* set- 
tlement on Connecticut river, now Charlestown, 
N. H. When it was attacked in May, 1746, he 
routed the Indians in a bold sally, and on 19 June 
he d e fe at ed them in the open field. The fort was 
blockaded during the summer by French and In- 
dians, who attempted to carry it by assault in Au- 
gust In March, 1747, Capt Stevens, who had 
evacuated the fort in the winter, resumed posses- 
sion with thirty men, and in April they sustained 
an attack of 400 Frenchmen and savages. He held 
the fort till the close of the war. In 1749 he was 
sent to Canada by Gov. William Shirley to nego- 
tiate an exchange of prisoners. He went again in 
17S2 to treat for an exchange of prisoners, and 
with two ponies redeemed John Stark from cap- 
tivity among the Indians. After the renewal of 
hostilities he took part in CoL Robert Monckton's 
expedition against the French settlements in Nova 
Scotia, and died on the march to Beau Sejour. 
The journal of his trip to Canada in 1749 is printed 
in the M New Hampshire Historical Collections."— 
His son, Simon, soldier, b. in Rutland, Mass., 8 
Sept, 1787; d. in Charlestown, N. H., was lieu- 
tenant of Capt John Stark's company in the ex- 
pedition against Ticonderoga in 1758, was taken 
prisoner, and in May, 1759, escaped from Quebec, 
sailed down St Lawrence river in a captured 
schooner, and reached a British post after many 
adventures, which are recounted in his unpublished 

Journal. During the Revolution he served as a 
oyal volunteer in the British army. — Another son, 
Ebos, loyalistb. in Rutland, Mass., 18 Oct, 1789 ; 
d. in Barnet Vt, in 1806, was carried off by the 
St Francis Indians from Charlestown when ten 
years old, and held in captivity three months. He 
was a volunteer in the royal army on Long Island, 
and was engaged in foraging in privateers along 
the coast during the Revolution. In 1782 he 
joined the emigrant refugees who went to Nova 
Scotia. After several years he returned to Charles- 
town, N. H. He subsequently settled at Barnet, Vt 
He kept a journal of the events in which he par- 
ticipated from 1777 till 1788.— Enos's son, Henry, 
antiquary, b. in Barnet, Vt, 18 Deo., 1791 ; d. there, 
80 July, 1867, was educated at Peacham academy, 
Vt, and early began to collect manuscripts, tracts, 
newspapers, and printed volumes relating to Ameri- 
can history, especially that of Vermont He was 
the founder and first president of the Vermont 
historical society. The most valuable part of his 
collection was placed for safe-keeping in the state- 
house at Montpelier, where in 1857 it was burned. 
He was a member of the legislature for two terms. 
— Henry's son, Enos, inventor, b. in Barnet, Vt, 
88 Jan- 1816; d. there, 81 Jan.. 1877, was gradu- 
ated at Middlebury college in 1888, and taught for 
the next seven years in Paradise, Pa. He assisted 
Dr. Samuel G. Howe in investigating the condi- 
tion of the idiots of Massachusetts in 1847-*8, 
and then returned to Barnet and engaged in agri- 
culture and dairy-farming. He invented a sys- 
tem of musical notation, apparatus for automati- 
cally recording atmospheric changes, an instru- 
ment for phrenological measurements, a legislative 



teller that was put in use by congress in 1858, and 
other intricate machines, originated an astronomi- 
cal theory of weather indications, and published 
pamphlets on astronomy, music, and phrenology, 
and many papers on agricultural topics. — Another 
son, Henry, bibliographer, b. in Barnet, Vt, 24 
Aug., 1819 ; d. in South Hampstead, England, 88 
Feb., 1886. His early education was received at 
the school of his native village. In 1886 he attend- 
ed Lyndon academy, and he was afterward for a 
time at Middlebury college. He engaged in teach- 
ing at intervals, and also held a clerkship in the 
treasury department at Washington. In 1841 he 
entered Yale, where he was graduated in 1848. and 
then studied law a short time at Cambridge. Mean- 
while he became much interested in his father's 
work, and devoted his attention to early colonial 
history and the historical relations between the 
states and England. Through his acquaintance 
with collectors of historical and genealogical books 
and manuscripts, and with an increasing knowledge 
of their wants, under their encouragement and sup- 
port, he visited London in search of Americana in 
1845. and remained there forty years until his 
death. Having good recommendations, he speedily 
made the acquaintance of the principal booksellers, 
and, to use his own expression, u drifted " one day 
into the British museum and presented to Sir An- 
thony Panixsi his letter of introduction from Jared 
Sparks. His coming was most opportune, for the 
authorities had just discovered that the museum 
was deficient in modern American books. The 
assistance of Mr. Stevens was immediately secured 
in supplying the deficiency, and from that time 
until his death he was their trusted agent for pro- 
curing North and South American books of all 
kinds, including state and national laws, journals 
and documents. As a result the library of the 
British museum contains a larger collection of 
American books than any single American library. 
At the same time he was supplying many Ameri- 
can public and private libraries with the rarest of 
Americana. Many books supplied by him at mod- 
erate prices are now worth fifty times the amount 
that was paid him for them. He soon became an 
experienced bibliographer, giving special atten- 
tion to the early editions of the English Bible, 
and to early voyages and travels, especially those 
relating to America. In these two directions he 
became one of the highest authorities. John Car- 
ter Brown was one of his early correspondents, and 
he may be said to have formed the Lenox library, 
as he was James Lenox's agent to collect the rarest 
book treasures. He was an indefatigable bibli- 
ographer and a generous correspondent He was 
constantly putting forth bibliographical brochures, 
and his catalogues are highly prised for their mi- 
nute accuracy and valuable notes, as well as for pe- 
culiar excellence of typography. He never forgot 
the state in which ne was born, but frequently 
signed himself Henry Stevens of Vermont, or wrote 
after his name the initials G. M. B., "Green Moun- 
tain Boy." He was a genial friend, full of quaint 
savings and good-humor. In 1858 he was made a 
fellow of the Society of antiquaries. In 1877 he 
was a member of the committee for promoting the 
Caxton exhibition, and catalogued the exhibit of 
Bibles. The same year he became a member of 
the Librarian's association and took an active part 
in all its meetings. He formed a large collection 
of documents relating to Benjamin Franklin, which 
was purchased by the U. S. government He wrote 
extensively on bibliographical subjects, and left 
several unpublished essays, among which were in- 
vestigations respecting Columbus and a supple- 



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ment to Louis Pagan's " Life of Pannizzi," con- 
taining anecdotes relating to the British museum. 
Among his publications are " Catalogue of My Eng- 
lish Library " (London, 1858); " Catalogue of a Li- 
brary of Works relating to America " ( 1854) ; " Cata- 
logue Raisonne of English Bibles " (1854) ; " Ameri- 
can Bibliographer*' (Chiswick, 1854) ; " Catalogue 
of American Books in the Library of the British 
Museum" (London, 1857); "Analytical Index to 
Colonial Documents of New Jersey in the State 
Paper Offices of England" (New York, 1858); 
" Catalogue of American Maps in the British Mu- 
seum" (London, 1859); "Catalogue of Canadian 
Books in the British Museum "(1859); "Catalogue 
of Mexican and other Spanish-American and West 
Indian Books in the British Museum" (1859); 
" Bibliotheca Americana " (1861) ; " Historical Nug- 
gets" (1862); "The Humboldt Library" (1863); 
" Historical and Geographical Notes on the Earli- 
est Discoveries in America" (New Haven, 1869); 
" Bibliotheca historica" (Boston, 1870) ; " Schedule 
of 2,000 American Historical Nuggets " (London, 
1870) ; " Sebastian Cabot— John Cabot = " (Bos- 
ton and London, 1870); "Bibliotheca geographic* 
et historica " (part i„ London, 1872) ; " American 
Books with Tails to'Em" (1878); "Bibles in the 
Caxton Exhibition" (1878); "Historv of the Ox- 
ford Caxton Memorial Bible" (1878); "Photo- 
Bibliography" (1878); "Historical Collections" 
(2 vols., 1881-6) ; " Who Spoils our New English 
Books f" (1885); and "Recollections of James 
Lenox " (1886). He also edited important works 
relating to American history, the latest being " The 
Dawn of British Trade to the East Indies" (Lon- 
don, 1886).— Another son, Benjamin Franklin, 
biblioerapher, b. in Barnet, Vt M 19 Feb., 1838, en- 
tered Miadlebury college, but on account of feeble 
health did not finish his course. He went to Lon- 
don to join his brother Henry in 1860, engaged in 
the bookselling business with him, married a daugh- 
ter of the printer Whittingham, and after the 
death of his father-in-law had charge of the Chis- 
wick press. He is U. S. despatch agent in London, 
is a purchasing apent there for American libraries, 
and sends English publications to the United 
States. Mr. Stevens has edited and published 
" The Campaign in Virginia in 1781," containing 
documents relating to the controversy between Sir 
Henry Clinton ana Lord Cornwall is (2 vols., Lon- 
don, 1888), and is engaged in compiling a cata- 
logue of manuscripts in the possession of Euroj>can 
governments relating to American history, and 
especially to the colonial period. 

STEVENS, Thaddens, statesman, b. in Dan- 
ville, Caledonia co., Vt, 4 April, 1792; d. in Wash- 
ington, D. C, 11 Aug., 1868. He was the child of 
poor parents, and was sickly and lame, but ambi- 
tious, and his mother toiled to secure for him an 
education. He entered Vermont university in 
1810, and after it was closed in 1812 on account of 
the war he went to Dartmouth, and was graduated 
in 1814. He began the study of law in Peacham, 
Vt, continued it while teaching an academy in 
York, Pa., was admitted to the bar at Bel Air, 
Md., established himself in 1816 at Gettysburg, 
Pa., and soon gained a high reputation, and was 
employed in many important suits. }le devoted 
himself exclusively to his profession till the con- 
test between the strict constructionists, who nomi- 
nated Andrew Jackson for the presidency in 1#28, 
and the national Republicans, who afterward be- 
came the Whigs, drew him into politics as an ar- 
dent supporter of John Quincy Adams. He was 
elected to the legislature in 1838 and the two suc- 
ceeding years. By a brilliant speech in 1835, he 




<&£*» -*4€*C**u <STZv 



defeated a bill to abolish the recently established 
common-school system of Pennsylvania. In 1886 
he was a member of the State constitutional con- 
vention, and took an active part in its debates, 
but his anti-slavery principles would not permit 
him to sign the re- 
port recommend- 
ing an instrument 
that restricted the 
franchise to white 
citizens. He was a 
member of the leg- 
islature again in 
1887, and in 1888, 
when the election 
dispute between 
the Democratic 
and anti-Masonic 
parties led to the 
organization of 
rival legislatures, 
he was the most 
prominent mem- 
ber of the Whig 
and anti-Masonic 
house. In 1888 he 

was appointed a canal commissioner. He was re- 
turned to the legislature in 1841. He gave a farm 
to Mrs. Lydia Jane Pierson, who had written poet- 
ry in defence of the common schools, and thus 
aided him in saving them. Having incurred losses 
in the iron business, he removed in 1842 to Lan- 
caster, Pa., and for several years devoted himself 
to legal practice, occupying the foremost position 
at the bar. In 1848 and 1850 he was elected to 
congress as a Whig, and ardently opposed the 
Clay compromise measures of 1850, including the 
fugitive - slave law. On retiring from congress, 
March, 1858, he confined himself to his profession 
till 1858, when he was returned to congress as a 
Republican. From that time till his death he was 
one of the Republican leaders in that body, the 
chief advocate of emancipation, and the repre- 
sentative of the radical section of his party. I lis 
great oratorical powers and force of character 
earned for him the title, applied to William Pitt, 
of the "great commoner. He urged on Presi- 
dent Lincoln the justice and expediency of the 
emancipation proclamation, took the lead in all 
measures for arming and for enfranchising the 
negro, and initiated and pressed the fourteenth 
amendment to the Federal constitution. During 
the war he introduced and carried acts of confisca- 
tion, and after its close he advocated rigorous meas- 
ures in reorganizing the southern states on the 
basis of universal freedom. He was chairman of 
the committee of ways and means for three sessions. 
Subsequently, as chairman of the house committee 
on reconstruction, he reported the bill which divided 
the southern states into five military districts, and 
placed them under the rule of army officers until 
they should adopt constitutions that conceded suf- 
frage and equal rights to the blacks. In a speech 
that he made in congress on 24 Feb., 1868, he pro- 
posed the impeachment of President Johnson. lie 
was appointed one of the committee of seven to 
prepare articles of impeachment, and was chairman 
of the lioard of managers that was appointed on 
the part of the house to conduct tho trial. He was 
exceedingly positive in his convictions, and attacked 
his adversaries with bitter denunciations and sar- 
castic taunts, yet he was genial and witty among 
his friends, and was noted for his uniform, thougfi 
at times impulsive, acts of charity. While ske)>- 
tical in his religious opinions, he resented slighting 



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remarks regarding the Christian faith as an insult 
to the memory of his devout mother, whom he 
venerated. The degree of LL. D. was conferred 
on him by the University of Vermont in 1867. 
He chose to be buried in a private cemetery, ex- 
plaining in the epitaph that he prepared for his 
tomb that the public cemeteries were limited by 
their charter-rules to the white race, and that he 
preferred to illustrate in his death the principle 
that he had advocated through his life 01 " equal- 
ity of man before his Creator." The tomb is in 
a large lot in Lancaster, which he left as a burial- 
place for those who cannot afford to pay for their 
graves. He left a part of his estate to found an 
orphan asylum in Lancaster, to be open to both 
white and colored children.— His nephew, Thad- 
deus Morrel, physician, b. in Indianapolis, lnd., 
39 Aug., 1830; d. there, 8 Nov., 1885, studied 
medicine at the Indiana central medical college 
and at Jefferson college, Philadelphia, obtained 
his degree of M. D. in 1858, and first settled at 
Fairland, lnd., but removed to Indianapolis. Hav- 
ing made a special study of medical chemistry, he 
was strongly attached to the idea of state medi- 
cine, and labored unceasingly until a public board 
of health was established in Indiana, of which he 
was the first secretary. He was professor of medi- 
cal jurisprudence and toxicology in the Indiana 
medical college and in the College of physicians 
and surgeons at Indianapolis, edited for some time 
the " Indiana Journal of Medicine,*' and was after- 
ward assistant editor of the " Lancet and Observer," 
published in Cincinnati, Ohio. His publications 
include brochures on " Expert Testimony," " State 
Boards of Health," and " Automatic Filtration.* 1 

STEVENS, Thomas, bicyclist, b. in Great Berk- 
hamstead, Herts, England, 24 Dec, 1855. He was 
educated at the village school of bis native place, 
and completed his course in 1809. Subsequently 
he came to the United States, and became an en- 
thusiastic bicyclist. He conceived the idea of mak- 
ing a tour around the world on his wheel, and, 
starting from San Francisco on 22 April, 1884, 
made his way across the continent of America, thence 
to England, and through Europe to Constantinople, 
where he crossed to Asia, His progress through 
several countries in Asia was prohibited by their 
governments, and at times his advance was .very 
difficult, owing to the hostility of the natives, but 
ultimately persevering, he reached Japan, whence 
he went by steamer to San Francisco, landing on 
24 Dec, 1886. His experiences were given in a 
series of letters to a magazine which he has since 
collected in book-form as " Around the World on 
a Bicycle** (2 vols., New York, 1887-'8). 

STEVENS, Thomas Holdup, naval officer, b. 
in Charleston, S. C, 22 Feb., 1795; d. in Washing- 
ton, D. C, 22 Jan., 1841. He lost his parents, 
whose name was Holdup, in early life, and was 
adopted by a citizen of Charleston, who procured 
for nim a midshipman's warrant in 1809. In the 
beginning of the war of 1812 he volunteered for 
service on the lakes, was assigned to duty under 
Capt Samuel Angus on the Niagara frontier, and 
took part in a night attack on toe enemy's works 
opposite Black Rock, preparatory to the contem- 
plated descent of Gen. Alexander Smy the on the 
Canada shore. He was one of the leaders of a 
detachment that captured the enemy's artillery, 
and of a scaling-party that dislodged the British 
grenadiers by burning their barracks, and, although 
wounded in the right hand by a canister shot, re- 
mained after the naval force had retreated, and, 
with two other midshipmen and five seamen, crossed 
Niagara river at great risk in a leaky canoe. For 



his bravery in this action he was made a lieu- 
tenant, 24 July, 1818, while he was with Com. 
Oliver H. Perry at Erie. Pa., assisting in the build- 
ing and equipment of the lake squadron. In the 
battle of Lake Erie he commanded the sloop 
44 Trippe,** and fought against the rear of the ene- 
my's line, passing ahead of the "Tigress*' and 
•* Porcupine,** pouring grape and canister into the 
44 Queen Charlotte" until she struck her colors, 
and, with Stephen Champlin, chasing and bringing 
back two of tne enemy's vessels when they tried to 
escape. For these achievements he was voted a sil- 
ver medal by congress, and presented with a sword 
bv the citizens of Charleston. He was ordered in 
1814 to the frigate "Java," which Com. Perry 
was fitting out for a cruise in the Mediterranean. 
In 1815, by legislative enactment, he changed his 
name to Stevens, which was that of his early 
benefactor. In 1819-*20 he was attached to the 
frigate *' Constellation.** He performed valuable 
service in the cruise of Com. David Porter for 
the suppression of piracy in the West Indies, 
commanding successively tne •* Asp," the •* Jackal,** 
and the schooner " Shark,** of the Mosquito fleet, 
being promoted master-commandant on 3 March, 
1825. His last command afloat was the M Onta- 
rio ** sloop, which was attached to Com. James Bid- 
die's Mediterranean squadron in 1880-*2. He was 
made a captain, at that time the highest rank in 
the service, on 27 Jan., 1886, and commanded the 
navy-yard and station at Washington until his 
sudden death.— His son, Thomas Holdup, naval 
officer, b. in Middletown, Conn., 27 May, 1819, was 
appointed a midshipman on 14 Dec., 1836, served as 
aide to President Tyler in 1842, received his com- 
mission as lieutenant on 10 May, 1849, and in 
1852-*5 commanded the schooner ** Ewing" in sur- 
veys of the California and Oregon coasts. When 
the civil war be- 
gan he applied for 
duty at the front, 
was ordered to 
command the 44 0t- 
tawa," one of the 
ninety -day gun- 
boats then build- 
ing, raised a crew 
of volunteers at 
Erie, Pa., and 
joined -the South 
Atlantic block- 
ading squadron of 
Admiral Samuel 
F. Du Pont 
While command- 
ing a division 
of gun-boats, he 
drove the fleet of 
Com. Josiah Tat- 
nall under the 
protection of the 
forts at Port Royal, 4 Nov., 1861. In the battle 
of Port Royal he engaged Fort Walker at short 
range. On 1 Jan., 1862, he had an engagement 
with Com. Tatnall's Mosquito fleet in Savannah 
river. His command was the leading vessel in a 
combined attack of the navy and land forces on 
Fort Clinch, 8 March, 1862, and in the capture of 
the town of St. Mary's, Ga., and commanded the 
first expedition up St. John's river, occupying May- 
port. Jacksonville, Magnolia, and Palatkaand Fort 
Steele and Fort Finnegan, and capturing the yacht 
44 America." He left the South Atlantic block- 
ading sauadron early in May, 1862, to take com- 
mand of the steamer * 4 Maratanza," was present 




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at the battle of West Point, and commanded the 
first expedition to Cumberland and White House 
to open James river, taking part in the demon- 
stration against Petersburg and the battle of Mal- 
vern HilL On 4 July, 1862, he captured the Confed- 
erate gun-boat " Teazer." He was promoted com- 
mander on 16 July, and ordered to the iron-clad 
u Monitor," with which he covered the flank of the 
army on James river and its rear during the with- 
drawal from, the peninsula. In September, while 
attached to Com. Charles Wilkes's firing squadron, 
he captured five prizes, and chased the privateer 
* Florida " on the Bahama banks. On 7 Oct., 1862, 
off St. George, Bermuda, he stopped the steamer 
44 Gladiator, which had the appearance of a block- 
ade-runner, while she was under the convoy of the 
British sloop-of-war " Desperate," and both com- 
manders cleared their decks for action. Early in 
August, 1863, he assumed command of the iron- 
claa " Patapsco," and in the engagements with the 
forts in Charleston harbor he performed gallant 
services. After a severe engagement with the bat- 
teries on Sullivan's island, he led a boat attack 
against Fort Sumter. Afterward he commanded 
the "Oneida," of the Western Gulf blockading 
squadron, but was temporarily transferred to the 
iron-clad " Winnebago for the operations before 
Mobile in July, 1864, in which he was conspicuous 
for the handling of his vessel and his personal dar- 
ing. He commanded the " Oneida " off the coast 
of Texas in 1865, was commissioned captain on 26 
July, 1866, commodore on 20 Nov., 1872, and rear- 
admiral on 27 Oct, 1879, and, after commanding 
the Pacific fleet and acting as president of the 
board of visitors at the U. S. naval academy, he was 
retired on 27 May, 1881.— His son, Thomas Holdup, 
is a lieutenant in the U. S. navy. 

STEVENS, Walter Hosted, soldier, b. in Penn 
Yan, N. Y., 24 Aug., 1827 ; d. in Vera Cruz, Mexi- 
co, 12 Nov., 1867. He was graduated at the U. S. 
military academy in 1848, and commissioned as 
lieutenant of engineers. He was engaged in con- 
structing and repairing fortifications at New Or- 
leans, La., built two forts on the coast of Texas, 
removed the great Colorado river raft by order of 
congress, and built the Ship shoal light-house in 
185o-'6, and superintended the erection of the cus- 
tom-house at New Orleans after Maj. Pierre T. G. 
Beauregard was called away, and also built the 
custom-house at Galveston, Tex. In May, 1861, 
having resigned his commission and entered the 
Confederate service, he accompanied Gen. Beaure- 
gard to Virginia as his chief engineer. He was 
made a brigadier-general, and was the chief engi- 
neer of the Army of Northern Virginia until the 
autumn of 1862, when he was placed in charge of 
the fortifications of Richmond. He completed 
these defences and again became chief engineer of 
Lee's army, and continued as such to the close of 
the war. He then sought and obtained employ- 
ment as an engineer on the Mexican railway be- 
tween Vera Cruz and the city of Mexico, and at 
the time of his death was its superintendent and 
constructing engineer. An English company was 
building this road, and during the revolution in 
which Maximilian was dethroned Gen. Stevens re- 
mained in sole charge of it, and he skilfully pre- 
served the broperty through that difficult period. 

STEVENS, Walter Le Conte, physicist, b. in 
Gordon county, Ga., 17 June, 1847. He is the 
nephew of John and Joseph Le Conte. After his 
graduation at the University of South Carolina in 
1868 he spent the year 1876-'7 at the University 
of Virginia, and meanwhile had held the professor- 
ship of chemistry at Oglethorpe college, Atlanta, 



Ga., in 1871-*2, and taught physics at Chatham 
academy, Savannah, Ga., in 1878-'6. Prof. Stevens 
then settled in New York, and, after teaching sev- 
eral years, was called in 1882 to the chair of mathe- 
matics and physics in Packer collegiate institute 
in Brooklyn. In connection with his class-work he 
has invented various improved forms of physical 
apparatus, of which his organ-pipe sonometer and 
reversible stereoscope are the best known, descrip- 
tions of which have been published in the " Ameri- 
can Journal of Science." He is a member of sci- 
entific societies and secretary of the Brooklyn 
academy of science and art The honorary degree 
of Ph. D. was conferred on him by the University 
of Georgia in 1882, in recognition of his writings 
on " Physiological Optics," which were published 
simultaneously in the " American Journal of Sci- 
ence " and the London " Philosophical Magazine " 
in 1881-'2. Prof. Stevens has written for the 
" North American Review," the " Popular Science 
Monthly," and other journals, prepared the parts 
relating to the physics of the earth's crust, the 
ocean, and the atmosphere in " Appletons' Physical 
Geography " (New York, 1887), ana rewrote J. Dor- 
man Steeles's " Popular Physics " (1888). 

STEVENS, William Bacon, P. E. bishop, b. 
in Bath, Me., 18 July, 1815 ; d. in Philadelphia, 
Pa., 11 June, 1887. He received his early educa- 
tion at Phillips Andover academy „ but, his health 
failing, he went 
abroad and spent 
two years in trav- 
el.* At the end 
of that time he 
returned and pur- 
sued the study of 
medicine at Dart- 
mouth, receiving 
his degree from 
this college in 
1887, and also one 
from the Medical 
college of South 
Carolina. He went 
to Savannah, Ga., 
upon graduating, 
wnere he prac- 
tised his profes- ^ ^^^ 

sion for five years. ^fa^Scy stf" 

In 1841 he re- S^ fMz&tr*, QZe<*&K4 
ceived the ap- 
pointment of state historian of Georgia, and pub- 
lished several volumes, among which were "The 
Historical Collections" (Savannah, 1841-'2). About 
this time his attention was directed toward the 
ministry of the Protestant Episcopal church, and, 
relinquishing the profession of medicine, he began 
a course of study in preparation for orders. He 
was ordained deacon m Christ church, Savannah, 
Ga., by Bishop Elliott, 28 Feb., 1848, and organ- 
ized and took charge of Emmanuel church, Athens, 
Ga., of which he became rector on his advance- 
ment to the priesthood, 7 Jan., 1844. In this year 
also he was elected professor of belles-lettres, ora- 
tory, and moral philosophy in the University of 
Georgia. In 1847 he was sent as a deputy to the 
general convention from his diocese. In 1848 he 
accepted the rectorship of St. Andrew's church, 
Philadelphia, Pa., and received the degree of D. D. 
from the University of Pennsylvania. The con- 
vention of the diocese having elected him assist- 
ant bishop, be was consecrated in St Andrew's 
church, 2 Jan., 1862, and Union college conferred 
upon him the degree of LL. D. Upon the death of 
Bishop Alonzo Potter in 1866, he became bishop of 



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STEVENSON 



STEVENSON 



Pennsylvania, The diocese of Pennsylvania was 
divided in 1865, the western counties being erected 
into a new diocese, which took the name of Pitts- 
bare. Again in 1871 another division was made 
by the setting off of the diocese of central 'Penn- 
sylvania. In the mean time Bishop Stevens had 
been appointed to the charge of the American 
Episcopal churches on the continent of Europe, 
and made one or more visits of supervision during 
the six years of his oversight At the Pan- Angli- 
can council in 1878 he was chosen to preach the 
closing sermon, which he did in St Paul's church, 
London. He was in feeble health for many years 
during the latter part of his life, and at last, in 
1886, Bishop Whittaker was elected bis assistant, 
and took upon himself most of the duties of the 
episcopate. His works include " Discourses before 



u Parables of the New Testament Unfolded" 
(1855); "The Bow in the Cloud " (1855) ; "Home 
Service w (1856) ; " The Lord's Day * (1857) ; " His- 
tory of St Andrew's Church, Philadelphia h (1858) ; 
* Sabbaths of Our Lord " (1872) ; " Sermons " (New 
York, 1879) ; and many essays, charges, and tracts. 
STEVENSON, Alexander Allan, Canadian 

Srinter, b. in Riocarton, Ayrshire, Scotland, in 
anuary, 1829. He came with his family to Can- 
ada in 1846, and learned the printing trade in 
Montreal. In 1858 he aided in establishing the 
44 Sun " newspaper, and subsequently embarked in 
a general printing business, which he conducted till 
1879. In 1855 he assisted in organizing the Mon- 
treal field-battery, in 1856 he became its com- 
mander, and he participated with this corps in 
1858 in the military celebration in connection with 
the laying of the first Atlantic cable, his command 
thus being the only British military organisation to 
carry the union Jack through the streets of New 
York since the evacuation. In 1874 he received 
the Conservative nomination to the Dominion par- 
liament for Montreal, west, but was defeated, 
though his opponent was afterward unseated on 
the charge of bribery by agents. He has since 
been nominated twice, but refused to serve. He 
has taken an active part in municipal matters in 
Montreal, and is president of the council of arts 
and manufactures of the province of Quebec 

STEVENSON, Andrew, statesman, b. in Cul- 
peper county, Va., in 1784; d. at Blenheim, his 
estate, in Albemarle county, Va., 25 Jan., 1857. He 
studied law, won a high plaoe in his profession, 
and in 1804 was chosen to the state house of dele- 
gates, of which, after serving several terms, he 
became speaker. He was elected to congress as a 
Democrat, serving from 1 Dec., 1828, till 2 June, 
1884, when he resigned. From 1827 till 1884 he 
was speaker of the house. From 1886 till 1841 
Mr. Stevenson was minister to England. On his 
return he became rector of the University of Vir- 
ginia, and he devoted the rest of his life to the 
duties of that office and to agricultural pursuits. — 
His son, John White, senator, b. in Richmond, 
Va., 4 May, 1812 ; d. in Covington, Ky„ 10 Aug., 
1886, was educated at Hampden Sidney and the 
University of Virginia, where he was graduated in 
1882, and in 1841 settled in Covington, Ky., where 
he practised law with success, and served in the 
Kentucky legislature in 1845-7. He was a leadt-r 
of the State constitutional convention of 1849, was 
chosen a delegate to the Democratic national con- 
ventions of 1848, 1852, and 1856, and from 1857 
till 1861 sat in the lower house of congress. He 
was a delegate to the Philadelphia Union conven- 



tion of 1866. and in 1867 he was chosen lieutenant- 

S)vernor of the state. The governor, John L. 
elm, died five davs after his inauguration, and 
Mr. Stevenson actea as governor till 1868, and then 
was elected to the office by the largest majority 
that was ever given to a candidate in the state, 
serving till 1871. In the last year he took his- seat 
in the u. S. senate, where he served till 1877. On 
the expiration of his term he became professor of 
commercial law and contracts in the law-school at 
Cincinnati, Ohio. In 1880 he was chairman of the 
Democratic national convention that nominated 
Gen. Winfield S. Hancock for the presidency. In 
1884 he was president of the American bar associ- 
ation. • He was a commissioner to prepare a M Code 
of Practice in Civil and Criminal Cases for Ken- 
tucky "(1854). 

STEVENSON, James, ethnologist b. in Mays- 
ville, Ky^ 24 Dec, 1840 ; d. in New York city, 25 
July, 1888. Before he was sixteen years old he 
was engaged in geologic work for the government 
surveys of the northwest under Ferdinand V. Hay- 
den. He spent several winters among the Black- 
foot and Sioux Indians, studying their languages, 
customs, and traditions, and made an exploration 
of the Yellowstone oountry. When the civil war 
began he joined the National army, and served till 
the close of hostilities. He then resumed his ex- 
plorations in the northwest in connection with the 
engineer corps, and afterward with the U. S. geo- 
logical survey, of which he became the executive 
officer. He followed Columbia and Snake rivers 
to their sources, made the ascent of Great Teton 
mountain, discovered a new pass across the Rocky 
mountains, assisted Prof. Hayden in the survey of 
Yellowstone park, and was instrumental in having 
it made a government reservation. He was con- 
tinued as executive officer of the survey, under 
Maj. John W. Powell, and detailed for research in 
connection with the bureau of ethnology of the 
Smithsonian institution, exploring the cuff houses 
of Arizona and New Mexico, and investigating the 
history and religious myths of the Navajos and 
the Zufii, Moqui, and other Pueblo Indians. 

STEVENSON, John D., soldier, b. in Staun- 
ton, Va., 8 June, 1821. He spent two years in the 
College of South Carolina, was graduated in law 
at Staunton in 1841. and in 1842 began practice in 
Franklin county, Mo. He organized a volunteer 
oompanv in 1846, and served m Gen. Stephen W. 
Kearny f B invasion of New Mexico. After his re- 
turn he removed to St Louis, was frequently a 
member of the legislature, president for one term 
of the state senate, and in 1861 was an earnest sup- 
porter of the Union. In that year he raised the 
7th Missouri regiment, and during the siege of 
Corinth commanded the district of Savannah. He 
then led a brigade in Tennessee, was made briga- 
dier-general of volunteers, 29 Nov., 1862, served in 
the Vicksburg campaign, and made a charge at 
Champion Hill that broke the enemy's left flank. 
He led a successful expedition to drive the Con- 
federates from northern Louisiana, commanded 
the district of Corinth, and then occupied and 
fortified Decatur, Ala. On 8 Aur., 1864, being left 
without a command, he resigned ; but he was re- 
commissioned and given the district of Harper's 
Ferry. During the reconstruction period he was 
in charge of northern Georgia. At the close of 
the war he was made brevet major-general of vol- 
unteers, and in 1867, for his services at Champion 
Hill, brevetted brigadier-general in the regular 
army, in which he had been commissioned a colo- 
nel on 28 July, 1866. He left the army in 1871, 
and has since practised law in St Louis. 



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STEWART 



681 



STEVENSON, Sarah Hackett, physician, b. in 
Buffalo Grove, III, 2 Feb., 184a She was gradu- 
ated at the State university, Bloomington, III, in 
1868, and ten yean later was studying at the South 
Kensington scientific schools, London. On her 
return to the United States she entered the Woman's 
medical college, Chicago, where she was graduated 
in 1875. Sinoe that time she has held several pro- 
fessorships in the same college and man? posts of 
honor in other medical associations ana Institu- 
tions. In 1876 she was a delegate from the Illinois 
state medical society to the American medical as- 
sociation at Philadelphia, and was the first woman 
physician to be elected a member of that body, 
she was one of the promoters of the Home for 
incurables and Training school for nurses in Chi- 
cago, and outside of her large practice has found 
time to publish works on " Biology " (2 vols.. New 
York, 1875) and M Physiology" (Chicago, 1880). 

STEVENSON, Thomas Greely, soldier, b. in 
Boston, Mass., 8 Feb., 1886; d. near Spottsylvania, 
Va., 10 May, 1864. He early entered the militia, 
and at the opening of the civil war was major Of 
the 4th infantry battalion. He had a high reputa- 
tion as a drill-master, and trained a large number 
of young men that afterward entered the National 
army. After doing a month's garrison duty at 
Fort Independence, ne recruited the 24th Massa- 
chusetts regiment in the autumn of 1861, and com- 
manded it in the capture of Roanoke island and 
New Berne in 1862. After holding the outpost 
defences of the latter place for several months, he 
conducted several expeditions within the enemy's 
lines, and on 6 Sept successfully defended Wash- 
ington, N. C, against a superior force. He led a 
brigade against Goldsbon/ and Kinston later in 
theyear, and in the expedition against Charleston 
in February, 1868, having been made brigadier-gen- 
eral of volunteers on 27 Dec., 1862. He aided in 
the reduction of Morris island, and led the reserves 
in the assault on Fort Wagner. After a visit to 
the north to recruit his health, he was placed at 
the head of the 1st division of the 9th corps. He 
was killed at the head of his troops in the battle of 
Spottsylvania. A memoir of Gen. Stevenson was 
printed privately after his death (Cambridge). 

STEWARD, Theophtlus Gould, clergyman, b. 
in Gouldtown, N. J., 17 April, 1848. His parents 
were of African descent He was licensed to preach 
at twenty years of age, and at twenty-one entered 
the ministry of the African Methodist Episcopal 
church, and was stationed in Camden, N. J. He 
went to the south in 1865, and preached and taught 
in South Carolina and Georgia. He wrote the 
platform upon which the Republican party of 
Georgia was first organized, and returning to the 
north in 1871, by appointment of his church, re- 
opened the missions in the island of Hayti. On 
his return he took a full coarse in theology at the 
Protestant Episcopal divinity-school in Pniladel- 

Shia, and also studied in the School of elocution 
tore. He has written an M Essay on Death, Hades, 
and the Resurrection " ; " The End of the World " ; 
and " Genesis Re-read " (Philadelphia, 1885). 

8TEWARDSON. Thomas, physician, b. in 
Philadelphia, Pa., l6 July, 1807; d. there, 80 June, 
1878. He was graduated at the medical depart- 
ment of the University of Pennsylvania in 1880, 
and continued his studies in Paris. On his return 
he was associated with various hospitals in Phila- 
delphia, and was an active member of the board of 
health for many years. About 1845 he removed to 
Savannah, Ga., where he made a specialty of the 
treatment of yellow fever. In 1860 he introduced 
into this country the new silk-worm. Bourbyx 



eynthia, which he fed on leaves of the ailantus- 
tree. He was the author of a" Life of Dr. Ger- 
hard" (Philadelphia, 1864); translated Louis's 
" Researches on Emphysema of the Lungs " (Phila- 
delphia, 1888); and edited, with additions, Elltot- 
son v s " Principles of Medicine " (Philadelphia, 1844). 
STEWART, Alexander, British soldier, b. in 
England about 1740 ; d. in December, 1794. He 
was appointed captain in the 87th foot in 1761, and 
reached the grade of colonel in 1780. During the 
Revolutionary war he served in the south. In May, 
1781, he commanded the British forces in South 
Carolina, and was defeated at Eutaw Springs on 
8 Sept by Gen. Nathanael Greene, being subse- 

?aently compelled to retreat to Charleston. In 
790 he was made a major-general. 
STEWART, Alexander, Canadian jurist, b. 
in Halifax, Nova Scotia, 80 Jan., 1794; d. there, 1 
Jan., 1868. He was the son of a Scottish Presby- 
terian minister, was educated at the Halifax gram- 
mar-school, and became a clerk in the ordnance 
department He afterward entered a house that 
was engaged in the West India trade, and soon be- 
came a member of the firm, but studied law and 
was admitted to the bar in 1822. He became a 
member of the Nova Scotia assembly in 1826, the 
legislative council in 1887, and in 1840 of the execu- 
tive council. In 1846 he became master of the rolls 
and judge of the vice-admiralty court, and in 1856 
he was made a companion of the Bath. 

STEWART, Alexander Peter, soldier, b. in 
Rogersville, Hawkins co., Tenn., 2 Oct, 1821. He 
was graduated at the U. S. military academy in 
1842, became 2d lieutenant in the 8d artillery, and 
was acting assistant professor of mathematics at 
the academy from 1848 till 81 May, 1845, when 
he resigned. He was then professor of mathe- 
matics and natural and experimental philosophy 
in Cumberland university, Tenn., in 1845-*9, and 
in Nashville university in 1854-'5, and became 
city surveyor of Nashville in 1855. He was ap- 
pointed by Gov. Isham G. Harris major of tne 
corps of artillery in the provisional army of Ten- 
nessee, 17 May, 1861, and became brigadier-general 
in the Confederate army, 8 Nov., 1861, major-gen- 
eral, 2 June, 1868, and lieutenant-general, 28 June, 
1864. He was engaged in the battles of Belmont, 
Shiloh v Perryville,Murfree8boro',and the campaign 
about Hoover's Gap, Tullahoma, Chattanooga, and 
through the Dalton- Atlanta campaign under Gen. 
Joseph E. Johnston. He was with Gen. John B. 
Hood in his movements in the rear of Gen. Sher- 
man's army, and destroyed the railroads and cap- 
tured the garrison at Big Shanty and Acworth. 
He was at Franklin and Nashville under Hood, 
and at Cole's Farm, in North Carolina, under John- 
ston. In 1868 he became professor of mathematics 
and natural philosophy in the University of Mis- 
sissippjLand chancellor of the university. 

STEWART, Alexander Tumey, merchant, b. 
in Lisburn, near Belfast, Ireland, 12 Oct, 1808 ; d. 
in New York, 10 April, 1876. He was the descend- 
ant of a Scotch emigrant to the north of Ireland 
and the only son of a farmer, who died when he was 
a school-boy. He studied with a view to entering 
the ministry, but, with his guardian's consent, aban- 
doned this purpose and came to New York in the 
summer of 1828, without any definite plans for the 
future. He was for a period employed as a teach- 
er in a select school in Koosevelt street near Pearl, 
then one of the fashionable localities of the city. 
Returning to Ireland, he received the moderate for- 
tune his father had left him, bought a stock of 
Belfast laces and linens, and on reaching New York 
opened a store at No. 288 Broadway, 2 Sept., 1825, 



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STEWART 



STEWART 



for which he paid a rent of $850 per annum, giving 
as a reference Jacob Clinch, whose daughter, Cor- 
nelia, he soon afterward married. The amount of 
the capital invested was about $8,000. The young 
merchant had a sleeping-room in the rear of his shop, 
and under these humble conditions was formed 
the germ of the most extensive and lucrative dry- 
goods business in the world. In 1836 he removed 

to a larger store 
at 262 Broadway, 
and soon after- 
ward he again re- 
moved to 257 
Broadway. He 
displayed: a ge- 
nius for business, 
met with remark- 
able success from 
the first, and in 
1848 had accu- 
mulated so much 
capital that he 
was enabled to 
build the large 
marble store on 
Broadwav be- 
^-— -y^ S . tween Chambers 

•^ was devoted to 

the wholesale branch of his business. In 1862 he 
erected on the block bounded by Ninth and Tenth 
streets, Broadwav and Fourth avenue, the five- 
story iron building used for his retail business. 
This was said to be the largest retail store in the 
world at that time. Its cost was nearly $2,750,- 
000. About 2,000 persons were employed in the 
building, the current expenses of the establish- 
ment were more than $1,000,000 a year, and the 
aggregate of sales in the two stores for the three 
years preceding his death amounted to about $208,- 
000,060. Besides these two vast establishments, Mr. 
Stewart had branch bouses in different parts of 
the world, and was the owner of numerous mills 
and manufactories. During the war his annual 
income averaged nearly $2,000,000, and in 1869 
he estimated it at above $1,000,000. In 1867 Mr. 
Stewart was chairman of the honorary commis- 
sion sent by the United States government to the 
Paris Exposition. In March, 18o9, President Grant 
appointed him secretary of the treasury ; but his 
confirmation was prevented by an old law which 
excludes from that office all who are interested 
in the importation of merchandise. The presi- 
dent sent to the senate a message recommending 
that the law be repealed in order that Mr. Stewart 
might become eligible to the office, and Mr. Stew- 
art offered to transfer his enormous business to 
trustees and to devote the entire profits accruing 
during his term of office to charitable purposes; 
but the law was not repealed, as it was believed 
that Mr. Stewart's proposed plan would not effectu- 
ally remove his disabilities. His acts of charity 
were numerous. During the famine in Ireland in 
1846 he sent a ship-load of provisions to that coun- 
try and gave a free passage to as many emigrants 
as the vessel could carry on its return voyage to 
this country, stipulating only that they should be 
able to read and write and of good moral character. 
After the Franco-German war he sent to France a 
vessel laden with flour, and in 1871 he gave $50,000 
for the relief of the sufferers by the Chicago fire. 
When Prince Bismarck sent him his photograph 
requesting that of Mr. Stewart in return, he for- 
warded instead a draft for 50,000 francs for the 



benefit of the sufferers by the floods in Silesia, as 
he would not permit his portraits of any descrip- 
tion to be made. He was also one of the largest 
contributors to the sum of $100,000 presented by 
the merchants of New York to Gen. Ulysses a. 
Grant as an acknowledgment of his great services 
during the civil war. At the time of his death 
Mr. Stewart was completing, at the cost of $1,000,- 
000, the iron structure on Fourth avenue between 
Thirty-second and Thirty-third streets, New York, 
intended as a home for working-girls. He was also 
building at Hempstead Plains, L. I., the town of 
Garden City, the object of which was to afford to 
bis employes and others airy and comfortable 
houses at a moderate cost Mr. Stewart's wealth 
was estimated at about $40,000,000. His real es- 
tate was assessed at $5,450,000, which did not in- 
clude property valued at more than $500,000 on 
which the taxes were paid by the tenants. He 
bad no blood relatives, and by bis will the bulk of 
his estate was given to his wife. He bequeathed 
$1,000,000 to an executor of the will appointed to 
close his partnership business and affairs. Many 
bequests were made to his employes and to other 
persons. He left a letter, dated 29 March, 1878, 
addressed to Mrs. Stewart, expressing his intention 
to make provision for various public charities, by 
which he would have been held in everlasting re- 
membrance, and desiring her to carry out hisplans 
in case he should fail to complete them. Unfor- 
tunately, bis noble schemes of benevolence were 
M turned awry, and lost the name of action," and a 
large portion of his wealth passed to a person not 
of nis name or lineage, verifying the words, " He 
heapeth up riches ana cannot tell who shall gather 
them." After Mr. Stewart's death his mercantile 
interests were transferred by his widow to other 
persons, who continued the business under the firm- 
name of A. T. Stewart and Co., which was soon 
changed to E. J. Denning and Co. v Mr. Stewart's 
residence, on the corner of Fifth avenue and Thir- 
ty-fourth street, a marble mansion, seen in the 
accompanying illustration, is perhaps the finest 
private house in the New World. His art-gallery, 
among the largest and most valuable in the coun- 
try, was sold 
at auction in 
New York in 
1887. Two of 
his most im- 
portant paint- 
ings were pre- 
sented to 
the Metropol- 
itan museum 
of art. There 
was no satis- 
factory por- 
trait of Mr. 
Stewart, and 
that from 
which the ac- 
companying vignette is taken was painted after 
death by Thomas Le Clear. He was slight and 
graceful, of medium height, with fair hair and 
complexion, and light-blue eyes. He possessed re- 
fined tastes, a love of literature and art, and was 
fond of entertaining, which he did in a delight- 
ful manner. At his weekly dinners might be met 
men of distinction in all the various walks of life 
— from the emperor of Brazil and a Rothschild, 
to the penniless poet and painter. What was said 
of Stewart in the dedication of a volume pub- 
lished in 1874 was but the simple truth — that 
he was "the first of American merchants and 



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STEWART 



STEWART 



688 



Shilanthropists," — His widow. Cornelia Clinch, 
ied in New York city, 25 Oct, 1886. She erect- 
ed at Garden 
City, L.I., the 
Cathedral of 
the Incarna- 
tion as a me- 
morial of her 
husband and 
as his mauso- 
leum, where 
she now rests 
by his side. It 
is represent- 
ed in the 
vignette, and 
was formal- 
ly transferred 
by Mrs. Stew- 
i art, together 
with various 
buildingscon- 
nected with 
it, and also 
an endowment of about $15,000 per annum, to the 
diocese of Long Island, N. Y., 2 June, 1885. 

STEWART, Alvan, reformer, b. in South Gran- 
ville, Washington co., N. Y., 1 Sept, 1790; d. in 
New York city, 1 May, 1849. His parents removed 
when he was Ave months old to Crown Point, 
N. Y., and in 1795, losing their possessions through 
a defective title, to Westford, Chittenden co., Vt, 
where the lad was brought ud on a farm. In 1808 
he began to teach and to study anatomy and medi- 
cine. In 1809 he entered Burlington college, Vt, 
supporting himself by teaching in the winters, and, 
visiting Canada in 1811, he received a commission 
under Gov. Sir George Prevost as professor in the 
Royal school in the seigniory of St. Armand, but 
he returned to college In June, 1812. After the 
declaration of war he went again to Canada, and 
was held as a prisoner. On nis return he taught 
and studied law in Cherry Valley. N. Y., and then 
in Paris, Ky., making his home in the former place, 
where he practised his profession and won reputa- 
tion. He was a persistent advocate of protective 
duties, of internal improvements, and of education. 
He removed to Utica in 1882, and, though he con- 
tinued to try causes as counsel, the remainder of his 
life was given mainly to the temperance and anti- 
slavery causes. A volume of his speeches was pub- 
lished in 1860. Among the most conspicuous of 
these was an argument in 1887, before the New 
York state anti-slavery convention, to prove that 
congress might constitutionally abolish slavery ; 
on the " Right of Petition " at Pennsylvania hall, 
Philadelphia, and on the "Great Issues between 
Right and Wrong " at the same place in 1888 ; be- 
fore the joint committee of the legislature of Ver- 
mont ; and before the supreme court of New Jersey 
on a habeas corpus to determine the unconstitu- 
tionality of slavery under the new state constitu- 
tion of 1844, which last occupied eleven hours in 
delivery. His first published speech against slavery 
was in 1835, under threats of a mob. He then drew 
a call for a state anti-slavery convention for 21 Oct, 
1885, at Utica. As the clock struck the hour he 
called the convention to order and addressed it and 
the programme of business was completed ere the 
threatened mob arrived, as it soon did and dispersed 
the convention by violence. That night the doors 
and windows of nis house were barred with large 
timbers, and fifty loaded muskets were provided, 
with determined men to handle them, but the 
preparations kept off the menaced invasion. " He 



was the first," says William Goodell, the historian 
of abolitionism, " to insist earnestly, in our consul- 
tations, in committee and elsewhere, on the neces- 
sity of forming a distinct political party to promote 
the abolition of slavery. 1 ' He gradually Drought 
the leaders into it was its candidate for governor, 
and this new party grew, year by year, till at last 
it held the balance of power between the Whigs 
and Democrats, when, uniting with the former, It 
constituted the Republican party. The character- 
istics of Mr. Stewart's eloquence and conversation 
were a strange and abounding humor, a memory 
that held large resources at command, readiness in 
emergency, a rich philosophy, strong powers of 
reasoning, and an exuberant imagination. A col- 
lection of his speeches, with a memoir, is in prepa- 
ration by his son-in-law, Luther R. Marsh. 

STEWART, Archibald, member of the Conti- 
nental congress. He resided in Sussex county, 
N. J., prior to the Revolution, and was active in 
the movements that hastened it In July, 1774, he 
was appointed one of the committee to nominate 
deputies to the Continental congress, which was to 
meet in Philadelphia the following September, and 
in 1775 he was chosen a representative from Sussex 
county in that congress to fill a vacancy. 

STEWART, Austin, author, b. in Prince Will- 
iam county, Va., about 1793 ; d after 1860. He 
was born in slavery, and when a lad was taken to 
Bath, N. Y. He afterward fled to Canandaigua, 
and in 1817 he engaged successfully in business in 
Rochester. In 1826 he delivered an oration at the 
celebration of the New York emancipation act, 
and in 1880 he was elected vice-president of the 
National convention of negroes at Philadelphia. 
The following year he removed to a small colony 
that had been established in Canada West named 
the township Wilberforce, and was chosen its presi- 
dent He used his own funds to carry on the af- 
fairs of the colony, but, finding that no more land 
would be sold to the colonists by the Cansda com- 
pany, returned to Rochester in 1887. He after- 
ward opened a school in Canandaigua, and after 
two years became an agent for the " Anti-Slavery 
Standard." He published " Twenty-two Years a 
Slave and Forty Years a Freeman " (2d ecL, Roch- 
ester, N. Y., 1859). 

STEWART, Charles, soldier, b. in County 
Donegal, Ireland, in 1729: d. in Flemington, N. J M 
24 July, 1800. His grandfather, of the same name, 
was a Scottish officer of dragoons, who, for services 
in the battle of the Boyne, was given an estate in 
Ireland. The younger Charles came to this coun- 
try in 1750 and became a deputy surveyor-general 
of the province of Pennsylvania. In 17y4 he was a 
member of the first convention in New Jersey that 
issued a declaration of rights against the aggres- 
sions of the crown, and in 1775 a delegate to its first 
Provincial congress. By his adopted state he was 
made colonel of its first regiment of minute-men, 
then of the 2d regiment of the line, and in 1777 
was appointed by congress commissary-general of 
issues in the Continental army, serving as such on 
Washington's staff till the close of the war. In 
1784-*5 ne was a representative from New Jersey 
in congress.— His grandson, Charles Samuel, 
clergyman, b. in Flemington, N. J., 16 Oct., 1795 ; 
d. in Cooperstown, N. Y., 15 Dec., 1870, was gradu- 
ated at Princeton in 1815, when, after studying 
law, he took a theological course. He was or- 
dained and sent as missionary to the Sandwich 
islands in 1828, but, owiug to the failing health of 
his wife, returned in 1825, and afterward lectured 
through the northern states in advocacy of foreign 
missions. In 1828 he was appointed chaplain In 



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STEWART 



the U. S. navy, and during his visits to all parts of 
the world he collected material for his works. He 
was subsequently stationed for many years at 
New York, where, in 1886-7, he edited the " Naval 
Magazine." In 1862 he was retired, and at his 
death he was the senior chaplain in the navy. The 
degree of D. D. was siren him in 1868 by the Uni- 
versity of New TorK. His works include M Resi- 
dence at the Sandwich Islands, 1828-*25," which is 
an authority on the early history of that mission 
(New York, 1828) ; " Visit to the South Seas in the 
U. S. Ship ' Vincennes,* with Scenes in Brazil Peru, 
etc" (2 vols., 1881 ; improved ed., by Rev. William 
Ellis, 2 vols., 1889) ; " Sketches of Society in Great 
Britain and Ireland in 1882 ** (2 vols., Philadelphia, 
1884) ; and " Brazil and La Plata in 1850-'58 : the 
Personal Record of a Cruise** (New York, 1856).— 
Charles Samuel's son, Charles Seaforth, soldier, 
b. at sea, 11 April, 1828, was graduated in 1846 at 
the U. S. military academy, where he was assistant 
professor of engineering in 1849-*54. He was 
made 1st lieutenant in the corps of engineers in 
1858, serving as assistant engineer in 18©4-*7, and 
as superintending engineer in the construction of 
fortifications in Boston harbor till 1861, having 
been promoted captain in I860. He served during 
the civil war in the corps of engineers, was made 
major in 1868, and was chief engineer of the Mid- 
dle military division in 1864-*5. He was made 
lieutenant-colonel in 1867, colonel in 1882, and was 
retired in 1886. 

STEWART, Charles, naval officer, b. in Phila- 
delphia, Pa., 28 July, 1778; d. in Bordentown, 
N. J., 6 Nov., 1869. His parents were Irish ; his 
father died in 1780, and his mother was left with 
scant means to provide for four children. He 
entered the merchant marine as cabin-boy in 1791, 

and quickly 
rose to the 
command of 
an Indiaman. 
Entering the 
navy as lieuten- 
ant, 9 March, 
1798, he served 
in the frig- 
ate "United 
States*' in 
the West In- 
dies, operating 
against French 
privateers. On 
16 July, 1800, 
he was appoint- 
ed to command 
the schooner 
_ _ "Experiment** 

y£jS si/C* «*^ in the West 

^S>. £r&+xs^*~<^ Indies, where 

he captured the 
French schooner "Deux Amis." He was also 
chased by two French vessels, which he skilfully 
avoided, and by following them he fought and 
captured one, tne schooner " Diana,** -before the 
otner vessel' could assist in the engagement On 
16 Nov., 1800, he took the privateer "Louisa 
Bridger,** and the next month he rescued sixty 
women and children that had been wrecked while 
flying from a revolution in Santo Domingo. The 
Spanish governor of the island wrote a letter of 
thanks to the president for Stewart's services. He 
was retained on the list of lieutenants in the naval 
reorganization of 1801. In 1802 he served as execu- 
tive of the "Constellation,** blockading Tripoli, 
but returned in 1808 and was placed in command 



of the brig " Siren,*' in Preble's squadron, off Trip- 
oli, where he convoyed Decatur in the M Intrepia " 
to destroy the •* Philadelphia,** and participated in 
all the attacks on Tripoli, being included in the 
vote of thanks by congress on 8 March, 1805. to 
Preble's officers. While blockading Tripoli he 
captured the Greek ship M Catapoliana " and the 
British brig " Scourge * for violating the block- 
ade. As mas- 
ter-comman- 
dant he took 
charge of the 
"Essex** and 
went with 
the fleet to 
Tunis, where 
he convinced 
his comman- 
der-in-chief 
that it was . 
illegal to 
make war ex- 
cept by dec- 
laration of congress. He returned home in 1806, 
commanding the "Constellation," and was pro- 
moted to captain, 22 April, 1806. He superintend- 
ed the construction of gun-boats at New York in 
1806-7, was engaged in the merchant marine in 
1808-'12. but returned to the service in 1812, and 
with Bainbridge dissuaded the cabinet from the pro- 
posed policy of not sending the navy to sea against 
the British. He was assigned to command the** Ar- 
gus *' and ** Hornet ** in a special expedition to the 
West Indies on 28 June, 1812, but the order was 
cancelled, and he was appointed to command the 
** Constellation.*' In going to Norfolk he met a 
British fleet, which he skilfully avoided, and then 
participated in the defence of the town. In the 
summer of 1818 he took command of the ** Consti- 
tution,** destroyed the " Pictou,** an armed merchant 
ship, and the brigs •• Catherine ** and "Phoenix," 
chased several British ships-of-war and the frigate 
"La Pique,** and narrowly escaped two British 
frigates near Boston. With new sails he left Bos- 
ton in December, 1814, captured the brig ** Lord 
Nelson ** off Bermuda, 24 Dec.. 1814, and the ship 
•' Susan** off Lisbon, and on 28 Feb., 1815, took 
two British ships-of-war, the ** Cyane '* and ** Le- 
vant,** after a spirited engagement of fifty minutes. 
While he was at anchor at St Jago, Cape de Verde, 
a British fleet approached, from which he adroitly 
escaped with the ** Constitution " and ** Cyane," the 
M Levant" being recaptured by the fleet in the 
neutral harbor which she had just left He received 
from congress a vote of thanks, a sword, and a gold 
medal, from the Pennsylvania legislature a vote of 
thanks and a sword, and the freedom of the city of 
New York. Like the famous frigate, represented 
in the illustration, Stewart received the soubriquet 
of " Old Ironsides.** He commanded the Mediterra- 
nean squadron, in the ** Franklin.** in 1816-*20, and 
the Pacific squadron in 182<X-*4, where he caused a 
paper blockade to be annulled, and vindicated the 
rights of American commerce. He was commis- 
sioner of the navy in 1880-*2, commanded the 
Philadelphia navy-yard in 188S-*41, and in 1841 
was mentioned as a candidate for president but 
was not nominated. He had charge of the Home 
squadron in 1842-*8, commanded the Philadelphia 
navy-yard again in 1846, and from 1854 till 1861. 
He was retired as senior commodore in 1856 and 
flag-officer in 1860, and on 16 July, 1862, was com- 
missioned rear-admiral, after which he was on 
waiting orders until his death. He was in the 
service seventy-one years, and the senior officer for 



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seventeen yean. On 21 May, 1885, his daughter, 
Delia Tudor, married Charles Henry ParnelJ, and 
she became the mother of Charles Stewart Parnell, 
the Irish home-rule leader in the British parliament. 

STEWART, Charles James, Canadian Angli- 
can bishop, b. at Galloway House, Wigtonshire, 
Scotland, 18 April, 1775 ; d. in London, England, 
18 July, 1887. He was the fifth son of John, 
seventh Earl of Galloway, was educated at home 
and at Oxford, where he was graduated in 1799, 
and the same year was ordained in the Church of 
England. He was first settled as a pastor at Orton 
Longueville and Botolph Bridge, near Peterbor- 
ough, in 1799, where he remained eight years, and 
soon afterward, having offered himself to the Soci- 
ety for the propagation of the gospel, he was ap- 
pointed to the mission of St Armand, Eastern town- 
ships, Lower Canada. There was no church in his 
mission, but he erected one at his own expense. In 
1819 he was appointed a visiting missionary in the 
diocese of Quebec, which then included the whole of 
Canada, and suffered much hardship in travelling 
over a vast extent of sparsely settled country, with- 
out roads or adequate means of conveyance. On 
the death of Bishop Mountain in 1825, Dr. Stewart 
was nominated to the see of Quebec as his suc- 
cessor, and he was consecrated on 1 Jan., 1820, by 
Archbishop Sutton, at Lambeth palace. In May, 
1827, Bishop Stewart returned to Quebec and was 
installed in the cathedral of that city. Henceforth 
till his death he was unwearied in advancing the 
interests of his church and the cause of Christianity 
in general. While he was in Canada he spent the 
whole of his private fortune in the service of the 
church and in charity, and promoted the erection 
of many churches in various parts of the country. 
In 1817 Oxford gave him the degree of D. D. He 
published " Short View of the Eastern Townships 
In Lower Canada" (London, 1817). See "The 
Stewart Missions, a Series of Letters and Journals, 
with a Brief Memoir of Bishop Stewart," edited by 
Rev. W. J. D. Waddilove, A. M. (London, 1888), 
and "Life of Bishop Stewart," by the Rev. John 
N. Norton Q859). 

STEWART, David, senator, b. in Baltimore, 
Md., 18 Sept, 1800 ; d. there, 5 Jan., 1858. He was 
graduated at Union college in 1819, and, after 
studying law. was admitted to the bar in 1821. Mr. 
Stewart had a large practice, and acquired reputa- 
tion as a successful lawyer. In 1838 ne was elected 
to the Maryland senate, and subsequently he was 
appointed to succeed Reverdy Johnson in the U. S. 
senate, where he served from 8 Dec., 1849, till 14 
Jan., 1850. For some time he held the office of 
commissioner of public buildings for the District 
of Columbia. He was one of the contributors to 
publication called "The Rainbow," 



that "was issued during 1821 in Baltimore. 

STEWART, Electra Maria Sheldon, author, 
b. in Le Roy, Genesee co., N. Y., 6 Sept, 1817. 
She was educated in Detroit, Mich., whither she 
removed with her parents when she was very young. 
She edited the "Literary Cabinet" in Detroit in 
1858-'4, contributed ten sketches to the state pioneer 
collections of Michigan, and is the author of several 
Sunday-school books, under the name of Electra 
Maria Sheldon; and "The Early History of Michi- 
gan " (New York, 1858). 

STEWART, Ferdinand Campbell, physician, 
b. in Williamsburg, Va., 10 Aug., 1815. He was 
educated at William and Mary, and graduated 
at the medical department of the University of 
Pennsylvania in 1837. Subsequently he spent five 
years in professional study in Edinburgh and Paris. 
On his return he began the practice of medi- 



cine in Williamsburg, but was encouraged by his 
success to remove to New York city, where he was 
active until 1849. He obtained charge of medical 
and surgical wards in Bellevue hospital, and at the 
same time received in his office students that had 
the benefits of this clinical instruction. In 1847-'8 
be volunteered his services during the prevalence of 
typhus fever, and prescribed daily for two hundred 
dangerously ill patients. When Bellevue hospital 
was reorganized Dr. Stewart was appointed a mem- 
ber of the committee to recommend a new and im- 
proved plan, and after its adoption was made one 
of the visiting medical officers. In 1849 he was 
appointed the first physician of the marine hospital 
on Staten island in connection with the quarantine, 
and continued in that office until 1851, meanwhile 
reorganizing that institution. Dr. Stewart con- 
tinued to reside on Staten island until 1855, when 
the death of his father led to his removal to Eng- 
land in order to obtain estates to which he had 
fallen heir. He was a member of medical societies 
both in the United States and Europe, and in 1847 
aided in founding the New York academy of medi- 
cine, whose success was principally owing to his 
exertions. He was its secretary until his removal 
from New York city, held the office of vice-president 
three times, and on three different occasions was 
anniversary orator. In 184S-'9 he was chairman 
of the committee on typhus fever, when the dis- 
ease had almost causea a panic in the city. He 
was active in promoting the National medical con- 
vention that held its first meeting in New York in 
1845, and was secretary of the meeting in Phila- 
delphia in 1847, and he was also a member of 
the committee that drafted the constitution of the 
American medical association in 1847. Dr. Stewart 
was for many years the family physician of Presi- 
dent Tyler, ana refused several diplomatic appoint- 
ments that were offered him by the president 
He invented and introduced several instruments 
that have found use in genito-urinary diseases. In 
addition to his contributions to medical journals, 
he was in 1844-'5 editor of the " New York Journal 
of Medicine," and hepublished a translation of 
"Scoutetten on Club-Foot" (Philadelphia, 1889); 
" Hospitals and Surgeons of Paris" (New York, 
1848); and a report on "Medical Education" to 
the American medical association (l849-'50), em- 
bracing statistics and regulations of the medical 
colleges of the United States, and an account of 
similar institutions in all parts of the world. 

STEWART, George, Canadian journalist, b. in 
New York city, 26 Nov., 1848. At an early age he 
removed with his parents to Canada, settled in St 
John, New Brunswick, and was educated in the 
grammar-school there. He began the publication 
of the "Stamp-Collector's Monthly Gazette" in 
1865, but relinquished it in 1867 and founded 
"Stewart's Literary Quarterly Magazine," which 
he published and edited for five years. He was 
for a short time city editor of the St John " Daily 
News," for two years literary editor of " The Week- 
ly Watchman, and for one year of " Rose-Bel- 
ford's Canadian Monthly," which he left in 1879 
to become editor-in-chief of the Quebec " Morning 
Chronicle." In the same year Mr. Stewart was 
elected a member of the European Socie'te' interna- 
tionale de literature, and in 1882 he was named 
one of the original members of the Royal society 
of Canada by the Marquis of Lome. Since 1885 
he has been annually elected president of the Lit- 
erary and historical society of Quebec, and in 1885 
he became a fellow of the Royal geographical so- 
ciety of England. In 1886 the degree of D. C. L. 
was conferred on him by King's university, Nova 



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Scotia, and by the University of bishop's college in 
1888, and he was given that of doctor of letters 
in 1888 by Laval university, Quebec, for his ser- 
vices to literature in Canada. Mr. Stewart has 
contributed Canadian articles to the "Encyclo- 
paedia Britannica," and to English, American, and 
Canadian periodicals, and is well known as a lec- 
turer on literary and historical subjects. He has 
published "The Story of the Great Fire in St 
John, N. B." (Toronto, 187?); "Evenings in the 
Library " (1878) ; and " Canada under the Admin- 
istration of the Earl of Dufferin " (1878) ; and is 
at present writing a " History of the Lower Cana- 
dian Rebellion ofl887." 

STEWART, Gideon Tabor, lawyer, b. in 
Johnstown, N. T., 7 Aug., 1824. He removed with 
his parents to Oberlin, Ohio, where he was edu- 
cated. Subsequently he studied law in Norwalk 
and then with Noah H. Swayne in Columbus. In 
1846, after his admission to the bar, he began prac- 
tice in Norwalk, where in 1846 he became editor 
of the ** Reflector." He was elected county auditor 
as a Whig and held that office during three terms. 
In 1861 he removed to Iowa, where he purchased 
the Dubuque M Daily Times," and published it 
during the civil war. At the time of its purchase 
it was the only daily Union paper in the north- 
ern half of the state. Previously he was one of 
the proprietors of the Toledo " Blade," and after- 
ward of the Toledo "Commercial," but in 1866 
he returned to Norwalk, where he has since con- 
tinued his law-practice. Mr. Stewart was three 
times elected grand worthy chief templar by the 
Good Templars of Ohio. In 1858 he took part in 
the Maine law campaign of that year, and then 
endeavored to organize a permanent Prohibition 
party. He was chairman of a state convention in 
1857 in Columbus for the purpose of forming such 
a party, but the movement failed on account of 
the troubles in Kansas and the civil war. In 1860 
he was one of the delegates from Ohio to the Chi- 
cago convention that formed the National prohibi- 
tion party. Since that time he has been nominated 
three times for governor, seven times for supreme 
judge, once for circuit judge, once for congress, 
and once for vice-president in 1876, when, with 
Green Clay Smith as candidate for president, he re- 
ceived a popular vote of 0,522. For fifteen years 
he was a member, during four of which he was 
chairman of the national executive committee of 
his party. In 1876, 1880, and 1884 the Prohibi- 
tion state convention unanimously instructed the 
Ohio delegates to present him in the National con- 
vention as their choice for presidential candidate, 
but each time he refused to nave his name brought 
forward. Mr. Stewart has written much in advo- 
cacy of the temperance reform, and many of his 
public addresses nave been extensively circulated. 

8TBWART, Jacob Henry, physician, b. in 
Clermont, N. Y., 15 Jan„ 1829; d. in St Paul, 
Minn., 25 Aug., 1884. He studied at Tale for 
three years, and was graduated at the medical de- 
partment of the University of New York in 1851. 
Pour years later he began practice in Peekskill, 
N. Y„ but in 1855 he removed to St. Paul, where he 
obtained recognition as one of the most skilful prac- 
titioners of that city. In 1856 he was appointed 
physician of Ramsay county, Minn., and in 1857-68 
he was surgeon-general of Minnesota, also serving 
as a member of the governor's staff and as a mem- 
ber of the state senate in 1858-'9. On 17 April, 
1861, he joined the 1st Minnesota volunteers, wnich 
was the first regiment that was received by Presi- 
dent Lincoln, thus making Dr. Stewart the ranking 
surgeon in the volunteer service. He remained on 



the battle-field of Bull Run, was paroled, and al- 
lowed to care for his wounded at Sudley-church 
hospital until they were able to be removed to 
Richmond, when he was permitted to return home 
without exchange "for voluntarily remaining on 
the battle-field in the discharge of his duty.'* The 
sword taken from him when he was made prisoner 
was given back to him by Gen. Beauregard in rec- 
ognition of his faithfulness to duty. On his return 
to Minnesota he was appointed surgeon of the 
board of enrolment, and held that office until the 
close of the war. In 1864 he was elected mayor of 
St Paul, and he was re-elected for four terms 
(1869-'78). Dr. Stewart was the only Republican 
that has ever held that office in St Paul, as the 
vote of the city is Democratic. From 1865 till 
1870 he was postmaster of St Paul, and he was 
then elected to congress as a Republican, serving 
from 15 Oct, 1877, till 4 March, 1879. He was ap- 
pointed surveyor-general of the state in 1880, and 
field that office for four years. Dr. Stewart was 
president of Minnesota state medical society in 
1875-'6, and president of the board of physicians 
and surgeons to St Joseph's hospital in St. Paul. 

STEWART, James, physician, b. in New York 
city, 7 April, 1799 ; d. in Rye, N. Y., 12 Sept, 
18o4. He was educated at 'Queens (now Rutgers) 
college, and then, after studying medicine with 
Dr. Valentine Mott, was graduated at the College 
of physicians and surgeons, New York city, in 
1828. Dr. Stewart began practice in New York 
city, and made a specialty of pulmonary com- 
plaints and diseases of children. He was one of the 
founders of the northern dispensary and its second 
consulting physician. For more than twenty years 
he was medical examiner of the Mutual benefit 
life insurance company, and during the four years 
previous to his death held a similar place with the 
Home life insurance company. In 1857 his essay 
on " Cholera Infantum" received the prise that 
was offered by the New York academy of medi- 
cine. He published anonymously "A Few Re- 
marks about Sick Children in New York and the 
Necessity of a Hospital for them" (1852), and 
collected funds for a church hospital for chil- 
dren, to be conducted on the same plan as St 
Luke's hospital and to be called Christ's hospital 
for children. He also published a translation of 
Charles M. Billard's M Treatise on the Diseases of 
Children," with an appendix (Philadelphia, 1889); 
" A Practical Treatise on the Diseases of Children " 
(New York, 1841) ; and - The Lungs " (1848). 

STEWART, John, Canadian statesman, b. in 
Musselburgh, Scotland, 24 Nov., 1778 ; d. in Que- 
bec, Canada, 5 June, 1858. He engaged in busi- 
ness, was president of the Board of trade and of 
the Bank of Montreal, and master of Trinity 
house. Under the administration of Sir George 
Prevost he was appointed deputy paymaster-gen- 
eral to the incorporated militia, which office he 
held till the forces were disbanded. On the acces- 
sion of Lord Dalhousie in 1819, Mr. Stewart be- 
came a member of the legislative and executive 
councils, and was appointed sole commissioner of 
the Jesuit estates, of which he had been for many 
years previously a member of the board of manage- 
ment He was for a long time president of the ex- 
ecutive council of Canada. 

STEWART, Robert Mercellus, governor of 
Missouri, b. in Truxton, N. Y., 12 March, 1815; d. 
in St. Joseph, Mo., 21 Sept, 1871. He went to 
Kentucky as a boy, and in 1888 settled in Buchanan 
county, Mo. In 1845 he was a delegate to the State 
constitutional convention, and for ten years he was 
a member of the state senate. He was elected gov- 



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ernor of Missouri iir 1867, and served for four 
Tears, during which time he was active in found- 
ing the system of railroads that centres in that 
state. At the beginning of the civil war he en- 
tered the National army, but failing health pre- 
vented him from serving and he soon retired. 

STEWART, Thomas McCanta, lawyer, b. in 
Charleston, S. C, 28 Dec, 1854. He is of African 
descent After his graduation at the University of 
South Carolina in 1875 he practised law in Colum- 
bia, S. C, and was professor of mathematics in the 
State agricultural college, Orangeburg, S. C. He 
entered the ministry in 1878, after studying at 
Princeton. In 1882 he became professor of belles- 
lettres and law in Liberia college, and spent a year 
on the west coast of Africa, serving also as general 
agent for industrial education in Liberia. In Janu- 
ary, 1886, he was admitted to the bar of New 
York city. Mr. Stewart has contributed to news- 
papers and magazines and is the author of " Libe- 
ria, the Araenco- African Republic" (New York, 
1887) ; and " Perils of a Great City n (1887). 

STEWART^Virsrll Adam, b. in Jackson co.. 
Ga.. 27 Jan., 1809. In 1885 he became acquainted 
with John A. Murrell, who was the chief of an 
organization that existed throughout the south 
and southwest and made a practice of enticing 
negroes from their owners, with promise of free- 
dom, and then selling them in a distant part of 
the country. The members of the conspiracy 
recognized one another by signs, and dexterously 
concealed their identity. Their crimes included 
robbery and murder. Mr. Stewart succeeded in 
gaining full information concerning the plans of 
the organization, which included an extended up- 
rising of the negroes, who were incited by promises 
of freedom to rebel and slay all the whites on the 
night of 25 Dec, 1885. Meanwhile the members 
of the conspiracy were to take advantage of the 
condition of affairs and plunder generally. A 
knowledge of this plot, which was divulged to 
Stewart By Murrell, led to the arrest of the latter, 
and his subsequent sentence to imprisonment for 
ten years. After the conviction, Stewart published 
a pamphlet account of the affair, under the title of 
"The Western Land Pirate" (1885), giving the 
names of the conspirators. This quickly disap- 
peared, statements were industriously circulated 
that Stewart was a member of the band, and 
efforts were made to murder him. See " The His- 
tory of Virgil A. Stewart and his Adventure in 
capturing and exposing the Great Western Land 
Pirate and his Gang " (New York, 1836). 

STEWART, Walter, soldier, b. about 1756; d. 
in Philadelphia, Pa>, 14 June, 1796. He espoused 
the American cause at the beginning of the Revo- 
lutionary war, raised a company for the 3d Penn- 
Jrlvania battalion, was commissioned captain, 6 
an., 1776, and appointed aide-de-camp to Gen. 
Gates, 26 May, 1776, in which capacity he served 
until 17 June, 1777, when he was commissioned by 
the supreme executive council of Pennsylvania 
colonel of the state regiment of foot He took 
command on 6 July, 1777, and led it at Brandy- 
wine and Germantown. By resolution of congress, 
12 Nov., 1777, his regiment was annexed to the 
Continental army, becoming the 18th regiment of 
the Pennsylvania line On 17 Jan., 1781, it was 
incorporated with the 2d Pennsylvania, under Col. 
Stewart's command. He served with great credit 
throughout the war, retiring, 1 Jan., 17§8, with the 
brevet rank of brigadier-general. He was said to 
be the handsomest man in the American army. 
He was afterward well known as a merchant of 
Philadelphia, and became major-general of the 



state militia. His full-length portrait is in CoL 
Trumbull's picture of the surrender of Cornwallis, 
on the left of the line of the American officers. 
STEWART, William, Canadian member of 

rrliament, b. in Scotland in 1802 ; d. in Toronto, 
March, 1856. He was educated privately, en- 
gaged in business as a merchant, and was one of 
the founders of the lumber trade in Canada. He 
was a member of the parliament of Canada for 
Bytown (now Ottawa) and for the county of Rus- 
sell, and framed the cullers' bill and other impor- 
tant acts. — His son, McLeod, lawyer, b. in Ottawa 
in 1847, was graduated at Toronto university in 
1867. He studied law, was admitted to the bar in 
1870, and established himself successfully in prac- 
tice at Ottawa. He was elected mayor of that city 
in 1887, and was re-elected in 1888. Mr. Stewart 
is actively connected with many financial and in- 
dustrial corporations, and is president of the Cana- 
da Atlantic railway company. He is a Liberal- 
Conservative in politics and has rendered impor- 
tant services to his party. He was appointed a 
lieutenant in the governor-general's foot-guards 
on the formation of that body. 

STEWART, William Morris, senator, b. in 
Lyons, N. Y., 9 Aug., 1827. He entered Yale in 
1848, and, although he was not graduated, his 
name was afterward enrolled among the members 
of the class of 1852, and he received the degree of 
A. M. in 1865. In 1850 he set out for California 
by the way of Panama and engaged in mining in 
Nevada county, where he discovered the celebrated 
Eureka diggings. He disposed of his mining in- 
terests ana bejran the study of law early in 1852, 
and was appointed district attorney in becember 
of that year, and in 1854 became attorney-general 
and settled in San Francisco. Later he moved to 
Downieville, Cal., where he devoted himself to the 
study and practice of the laws that relate to mining, 
ditch- and water-rights, and similar processes. In 
1860 he moved to Virginia City, Nev., and was re- 
tained in almost every case of importance before 
the higher courts. To his efforts is mainly due 
the permanent settlement of the titles of nearly all 
the mines on the great Comstock lode. In 1861 
he was chosen a member of the territorial council, 
and in 1868 he was elected a member of the Con- 
stitutional convention. Subsequently he was twice 
elected as a Republican to the U. 8. senate, and 
served from 4 Dec, 1864. till 8 March, 1875. On 
his retirement he resumed the practice of his pro- 
fession on the Pacific coast, where his great famil- 
iarity with mining law and mining litigation created 
a demand for his services. In 1887 he was again 
elected to the U. S. senate for a full term, taking 
his seat on 4 March. He has published various 
addresses and speeches. 

8TICKNEY, John, musician, b. in Stoughton, 
Mass., in 1742 ; d. in South Hadley, Mass., in 1826. 
He was taught music while a boy, and subse- 
quently settled in Hatfield, where he gave les- 
sons. Later he travelled extensively through the 
New England states, and acquired reputation as a 
teacher and composer, but finally settled in South 
Hadley, where he continued his teaching. He 
published "The Gentlemen and Ladies' Musical 
Companion " (Newburyport, 1774), a valuable col- 
lection of psalms and anthems, together with ex- 
planatory rules for learning to sing. 

STILES, Ezra, clergyman and educator, b. in 
North Haven, Conn., 20 Nov., 1727; d. in New 
Haven, Conn., 12 May, 1795. His ancestor, John, 
came from Bedfordshire, England, and settled in 
Windsor, Conn., in 1685, and John's grandson, 
Isaac, the father of Ezra, was graduated at Yale 



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STILES 



STILES 



in 1722 and ordained pastor of the church in 
North Haven, then a part of New Haven, which 
charge he held until his death, 14 May, 1760. He 

{rabhshed the "Prospect of the City of Jerusal- 
em" (New London, 1742); " Lookiug-Glass for 
Uhan$elin*s" (1748) ; " The Declaration of the As- 
sociation of the County of New Haven concerning 
the Rev. George Whitefleld " (Boston, 1745); and 
"The Character and Duty of Soldiers " (New Lon- 
don, 1755). Ezra was graduated at Yale in 1748, 
and in 1749 was chosen 
tutor there. About 
this time Benjamin 
Franklin sent an elec- 
tric apparatus to Yale, 
and, Decoming inter- 
ested in the new sci- 
ence, Mr. Stiles made 
some of the first ex- 
periments in electrici- 
ty in New England. 
Having studied theol- 
ogy, he was licensed in 

1749, and in April, 

1750, preached to the 
S> p Housatonic Indians in 

-tfavLJ&¥i&6 Stockbridge, Mass., 
%*■ * .rw^-^ , <^«v Du t, owing to religious 

doubt, resolved to 
abandon the ministry for the law, and, being ad- 
mitted to the bar in 1758, practised for two years 
in New Haven. In February, 1755, he delivered 
a Latin oration in honor of Dr. Franklin on the 
occasion of his visit to Yale, and formed a friend- 
ship with Franklin that lasted until death. In 
1756 he became pastor of the 2d church in New- 
port, R. I., and during his' residence there, in ad- 
dition to his professional duties, devoted himself 
to literary ana scientific research, corresponding 
with learned men in almost every part of the 
world. In 1767 he began the study of Hebrew and 
other Oriental languages. His congregation hav- 
ing been scattered by the occupation of Newport 
by the British, he removed in 1777 to Portsmouth, 
N. H., to become pastor of the North church, and 
thence to New Haven, to accept the presidency of 
Yale college, which post he held from 28 June, 
1778, until his death, serving also as professor of 
ecclesiastical history, and after the death of Prof. 
Naphtali Daggett as professor of divinity, also 
lecturing on philosophy and astronomy. He was 
accounted, both at home and abroad, as the most 
learned and accomplished divine of his day in this 
country. He received the degrees of A. M. from 
Harvard in 1754, and that of S. T. D. from Edin- 
burgh in 1765, Dartmouth in 1780, and Princeton 
in 1784. Princeton also gave him the degree of 
LL. D. in the last-named year. His publications 
are " Oratio Funebris pro Exequis Jonathan Law N 
(New London, 1751) ; •* Discourse on the Chris- 
tian Union" (Boston, 1761; 2d ed., 1791); "Dis- 
course on Saving Knowledge" (Newport, 1770); 
"The United States Elevated to Glory and 
Honor," a sermon before the legislature (Hart- 
ford, 1788) ; " Account of the Settlement of Bris- 
tol, R. I." (Providence, 1785); and "History of 
Three of the Judges of Charles I., Major-General 
Whalley, Major-General Goffe, and Col. Dixwell, 
etc, with an Account of Mr. Theophilus Whale, 
of Narragansett," who was supposed to have been 
also one of the judges (Hartford, 1794). Dr. Stiles 
left unfinished an " Ecclesiastical History of New 
England." His diary and forty-five volumes *of 
manuscripts are preserved in the library of Yale. 
His daughter, Mary, married Dr. Abiel Holmes, 



who wrote his " Life " (Boston, 1798). See also the 
" Life of Ezra Stiles," by James Luce Kingsley, in 
Sparks's " American Biograph v." 

STILES, Henry Reed, physician, b. in New 
York city, 10 March, 1882. lie is a kinsman of 
Ezra Stiles, and was educated at the University of 
the city of New York and at Williams. ' After 
graduation at the medical department of the Uni- 
versity of the city of New York and at the New 
York Ophthalmic hospital in 1855. he practised 
in New York city, in Galena, 111., and Toledo, Ohio. 
In 1856 he removed to Brooklyn, N. Y., and in 
1857-8, under the firm of Calkins and Stiles, pub- 
lished educational works and the " American Jour- 
nal of Education." In 1859-'68 he practised medi- 
cine in Brooklyn and Woodbury, N. Y. In 1868 
he became librarian of the Long Island historical 
society, of which he was a founder and director. 
In 18o8-'70 he served in the Brooklyn office of the 
Metropolitan board of health, and in 1870-*8 he 
was a health inspector in the board of health of 
New York city. In 1878 he was appointed medical 
superintendent of the State homoeopathic asylum 
for the insane in Middletown, N. Y., and under his 
direction the first two buildings were erected and 
its service was organized. In 1877 he removed to 
Dundee, Scotland; to take charge of the Homoeo- 
pathic dispensary there, remaining until 1881. when 
ne returned to New York, where ne practised until 
1888. He then opened a private establishment for 
the care of mental and nervous diseases at Hill 
View, N. Y. From 1882 till 1885 he was professor 
of mental and nervous diseases in the New York 
woman's medical college and hospital Dr. Stiles 
was an organizer of the Public health association of 
New York city in 1872, a founder and officer of the 
Society for promoting the welfare of the insane in 
New York city, and nas lectured on hygiene and 
sanitary laws in the New York homoeopathic medi- 
cal college. He was an organizer of the American 
anthropological society in 1869, and one of the 
seven founders of the New York genealogical and 
biographical society, serving as its president from 
1869 until 1878. Williams gave him the degree of 
A. M. in 1876. He is the author of numerous me- 
moirs, has annotated and edited several works, and 
published "The History and Genealogies of An- 
cient Windsor, Conn." {New York, 1859 ; supple- 
ment, Albany, 1868) ; " Monograph on Bundling in 
America " (Albany, 1861) ; " Genealogy of the Mas- 
sachusetts Family of Stiles " (1868) ; "The Walla- 
bout Prison-Ship Series " (2 vols., 1865) ; " The Gene- 
alogy of the Stranahan and Joselyn Families" 
(1865) ; and " History of the City of Brooklyn, N. Y." 
(3 vols., Brooklyn. 1867-'70). He edited the " Illus- 
trated History of the County of Kings and City 
of Brooklyn'' (2 vols., 1884), and in jmrt "The 
Humphreys Family and Genealogy " (1887). 

STILES, Israel Newton, lawyer, b. in Suffield, 
Conn., 16 July, 1888. He is a relative of Ezra 
Stiles. He received a common-school education, 
began the study of law in 1849, end three years 
later removed to Lafayette, lnd., where he taught 
and continued his studies till his admission to the 
bar in 1855. He was prosecuting attorney two years 
and a member of the legislature, and became 
active as an anti-slavery orator during the Fre- 
mont canvass, delivering more than sixty speeches. 
When the civil war bepan he enlisted as a private, 
but was soon made adjutant of the 20th Indiana 
regiment He was taken prisoner at Malvern Hill, 
but, after six weeks in Libby prison, was exchanged. 
He was subsequently major, lieutenant-colonel, and 
colonel of the 63d Indiana, and finally brevet 
brigadier-general, his commission being dated 81 



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STILES 



STILLfi 



Jan., 1865. He removed to Chicago, where he hms 
earned a high reputation as a lawyer. 

STILES, Joseph Clay, clergyman, b. in Sa- 
vannah, Ga., 6 Dec., 1795 ; d. there, 27 March, 1875. 
After graduation at Yale in 1814 he studied law 
at Litchfield, and practised in his native city, but 
in 1822 entered Andover theological seminary, 
where he was graduated in 1825. After his ordi- 
nation by the presbytery in 1826 he labored as an 
evangelist in Georgia and Florida from 1829 till 
1885, and gave an impetus to Presbyterianism in 
his native state, reviving old churches and build- 
ing new ones. In 1885 he removed to Kentucky 
and spent nine years in the west, where he fre- 
quently engaged in public theological discussion 
that grew out of the division of his denomination. 
In 1844 he accepted a call to Richmond, Va., and 
in 1848 he became pastor of the Mercer street 
church, New York city, which charge he resigned, 
owing to impaired health, and became general 
agent for the American Bible society in the south 
in 1850. In 1858 he became pastor of the South 
church in New Haven, Conn., organised a southern 
aid society, and in 1860 labored as evangelist in 
the south, serving in this capacity until his death. 
He received the degree of D. D. from Transylvania 
university in 1846, and that of LL. D. from the 
University of Georgia in 1860. Dr. Stiles was the 
author of a " Speech on the Slavery Resolutions in 
the General Assembly" (New York, 1850); - Mod- 
ern Reform Examined, or the Union of the North 
and South on the Subject of Slavery" (Philadel- 
phia, 1858); -The National Controversy, or the 
Voice of the Fathers upon the State of the Coun- 
try" (New York, 1861); and "Future Punish- 
ment Discussed in a Letter to a Friend " (St Louis, 
1868).— His brother, William Henry, lawyer, b. 
in Savannah, Ga., in January, 1808: d. there, 20 Dec, 
1865, received an academic education, studied law, 
was admitted to the bar in 1881, and practised in 
Savannah. He was solicitor-general for the east- 
ern district of Georgia in 1888-'8, and afterward 
elected to congress as a Democrat, serving from 4 
Deo., 1848, till 8 March. 1845. On 19 April, 1845, 
he was appointed charge d' affaires in Austria, hold- 
ing this office until 8 Oct, 1840, and on his return 
he resumed iaw-praotice in Savannah. At the be- 
ginning of the civil war he raised a regiment for the 
Confederate army, in which he served as colonel, 
but resigned, owing to impaired health. Yale 
college gave him the degree of A. M. in 1887. He 
was the author of a " History of Austria, 184S-'0 " 
(2 vols., New York, 1852). 

STILL, William, philanthropist b. in Sha- 
mony, Burlington co., N. J., 7 Oct., 1821. He is of 
African descent and was brought up on a farm. 
Coming to Philadelphia in 1844, he obtained a 
clerkship in 1847 in the office of the Pennsyl- 
vania Anti-slavery society. He was chairman and 
corresponding secretary of the Philadelphia branch 
of the " underground railroad" in 18ol-'81, and 
busied himself in writing out the narratives of 
fugitive slaves. His writings constitute the only 
full account of the organixation with which he was 
connected. Mr. Still sheltered the wife, daugh- 
ter, and sons of John Brown while he was awaiting 
execution in Charlestown, Va. During the dvu 
war he was commissioned post -sutler at Camp 
William Penn for colored troops, and was a 
member of the Freed men's aid union and commis- 
sion. He is vice-president and chairman of the 
board of managers of the Home for aged and infirm 
colored persons, a member of the board of trus- 
tees of the Soldiers' and sailors' orphans' home, and 
of other charitable institutions. In 1885 he was 
vol. v. — 44 



sent by the presbytery of Philadelphia as a com- 
missioner to the general assembly at Cincinnati. 
He was one of the original stockholders of " The 
Nation," and a member of the Board of trade of 
Philadelphia. His writings include " The Under- 
ground Rail-Road " (Philadelphia, 1878) : " Voting 
and Laboring"; and "Struggle for the Rights of 
the Colored People of Philadelphia." 

STILL£, Alfred, physician, b. in Philadel- 
phia, Pa., 80 Oct, 1818. He was graduated at the 
University of Pennsylvania in 1882 and at the 
medical department of that university in 1886, 
after which he was elected resident physician of 
the Philadelphia hospital. Dr. Stille then spent 
two years in higher medical studies in Paris and 
elsewhere in Europe, and in 1851 resumed them 
in Vienna. During 1889-*41 he was resident 

Ehysician to the Pennsylvania hospital. In 1844 
e began to lecture on pathology and the practice 
of medicine before the Pennsylvania association 
for medical instruction, and continued do so until 
1850, also becoming physician to St Joseph's hos- 
pital in 1840. He was elected professor of the 
theory and practice of medicine in Pennsylvania 
medical college in 1854, and filled that chair until 
1850. In 1864 he was chosen to a similar place in 
the medical department of the University of Penn- 
sylvania, which he held until 1884, when he was 
made professor emeritus. During 1865-71 he was 
physician and lecturer on clinical medicine in the 
Philadelphia hospital The degree of LL. D. was 
conferred on him in 1876 by Pennsylvania college. 
He is a member of various medical societies, and 
was president of the Philadelphia county medical 
society in 1862, and of the American medical asso- 
ciation in 1871, and of the College of physicians of 
Philadelphia in 1885. Dr. Stifle has contributed 
to medical journals, and was associated with Dr. 
J. Forsyth Meigs in the translation of Andrei's 
u Pathological Hematology " (Philadelphia, 1844). 
Among his works are "Medical Instruction in 
the United States" (1845); M Elements of Gen- 
eral Pathology" (1848): " Report on Medical 
Literature" (1850); "The Unity of Medicine" 
(1856) : •• Humboldt's Life and Characters " (1850) ; 
" Therapeutics and Materia Medica : a Systematic 
Treatise on the Actions and Uses of Medicinal 
Agents" (2 vols., 1860); "War as an Instrument 
of Civilization" (1862); and " Epidemic Menin- 
gitis, or Cerebrospinal Meningitis" (1867). He 
was associated with John M. Maisch in the prepa- 
ration of the " National Dispensatory" (1879), and 
he edited the second edition of the " Treatise on 
Medical Jurisprudence," originally written by his 
brother, Moreton Stille\ with Francis Wharton. — 
His brother, Charles Jane way, historian, b. in 
Philadelphia, Pa., 28 Sept, 1810, was graduated 
at Vale in 1880, and, after admission to the bar, 
devoted his attention to literature. During the 
civil war he was an active member of the execu- 
tive committee of the U. S. sanitary commission, 
of which he afterward became the historian. In 
1866 he was appointed professor of history in 
the University of Pennsylvania, and in 1868 be- 
came provost, which place he filled until 1880. 
While holding this office he convinced the trustees 
and (acuity of the necessity of considering the de- 
mands of advanced education, especially in the 
scientific branches, and largely through his in- 
fluence the new buildings in West Philadelphia 
were erected and the scientific department was 
founded. The edifice shown in the illustration 
represents the library building erected in 1888-'9 
on the university grounds. The degree of LL. D. 
was conferred upon him by Yale in 1868. In addi- 

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STILLMAN 



STILWELL 



tion to numerous addresses and pamphlets, be has 
published " How a Free People conduct a Long 
War " (Philadelphia, 1862) ; " Northern Interest and 
Southern Independence : a Plea for United Action " 



(1868) ; " Memorial of the Great Central Fair for 
the United States Sanitary Commission " (1864); 
" History of the United States Sanitary Commis- 
sion" (1866) ; and "Studies in Mediaeval History" 
(1881).— Another brother, Moreton, physician, b. 
in Philadelphia, Pa., 27 Oct, 1822; d. in Saratoga 
Springs, N. Y., 20 Aug., 1855, was graduated at 
the University of Pennsylvania in 1841, and after 
studying medicine with his brother, Alfred Still6, 
was graduated at the medical department of the 
university in 1844 Subseauentlyhe spent three 
years in the medical schools of Dublin, London, 
Paris, and Vienna, and on his return in 1847 set- 
tled in Philadelphia, where he began practice. In 
1848 he was elected one of the resident physicians 
of the Pennsylvania hospital, which post he held 
for nine months, and in June, 1849, during the 
cholera epidemic of that year, he was appointed to 
serve in the Philadelphia almshouse, where he was 
stricken with the disease and narrowly escaped 
with his life. In 1855 he was appointed lecturer 
on the theory and practice of medicine in the Phila- 
delphia association for medical instruction, and 
completed his first course of lectures there. Dr. 
Stille contributed various articles to the medical 
journals of Philadelphia, and was associated with 
Francis Wharton in the preparation of a " Treatise 
on Medical Jurisprudence " (Philadelphia, 1855). 

STILLMAN, Samuel, clergyman, b. in Phila- 
delphia, Pa., 10 March, 1788; d. in Boston, Mass., 
12 March, 1807. His youth was passed in 
Charleston, S. C, where his parents had removed 
when he was eleven years old. His education, 
classical and theological, was good, though he at- 
tended neither college nor seminary. He was or- 
dained to the ministry in 1759, and soon afterward 
became pastor of a Baptist church on James island. 
Impaired health obliged him to leave the south, 
ana, after preaching for congregations in New Jer- 
sey, he was called in 1765 to the pastoral charge of 
the 1st Baptist church in Boston, which relation 
he sustained for more than forty years. Few cler- 
gymen in New England were held in higher es- 
teem or exerted a wider influence. As a preacher 
he had no superior. In all the philanthropic 
movements that distinguished Boston he was an 
active and honored worker. He was a member for 
that city of the convention in 1788 that ratified 
the constitution of the United States. His zeal 
for education was evinced especially in the inter- 
est that he took in Brown university, in whose act 
of incorporation (1764) and first fist of trustees 
his name appears. In 1788 that college conferred 
on him the degree of D. D. Dr. St ill man published 
a large number of sermons, among which were 
" A Sermon on the Repeal of the Stamp- Act " 
(1766); " Thoughts on the French Revolution" 



(1794) ; and " A Sermon occasioned by the Death 
of George Washington " (1799). 

STILLMAN, Thomas Bliss, mechanical en- 
gineer, b. in Westerly, R.I., 80 Aug., 1806; d. in 
Plainfield, N. J., 1 Jan., 1866. He was educated at 
Union college, and in 1882 came to New York city 
and took charge of the Novelty iron-works. The 
first line of steamships on this coast to carry pas- 
sengers and freight between New York and Charles- 
ton, S. C, was established by him. During the civil 
war he was U. S. inspector of steam vessels for the 
New York district, and superintendent of con- 
struction of revenue cutters. His last work was 
to put twelve armed steam cutters afloat in place 
of the sailing vessels that had been previously used. 
He was also at various times president of the board 
of comptrollers, of the park board in New York 
county, and of the Metropolitan police commission. 
For nearly twenty years he was a trustee of the 
New York hospital, and he was long president of 
the Metropolitan savings bank. He invented im- 
proved forms of machinery that have come into 
use.— His brother, William James, author, b. 
in Schenectady, N. Y., 1 June, 1828, was gradu- 
ated at Union college in 1848,and began the study 
of landscape-painting under Frederick E. Church. 
In 1849 he went to Europe, remaining six months, 
and returning with a thorough belief in the new 
school of pre-Raphaelitism. During 1851-*9 he 
was a regular exhibitor at the Academy of design, 
of which he was elected an associate member in 
1854. In 1852 be went to Hungary for Louis 
Kossuth, to carry away the crown jewels of the 
kingdom, which nad been hidden by Kossuth dur- 
ing the revolution. Thence he went to Paris, to 
study under Adolphe Y-von. On his return to the 
United States, in company with John Durand he 
founded the " Crayon, in 1855. He returned to 
Europe in 1859, and was U. S. consul in Rome 
during 1861-5, and in Crete in 1865-*9. Since 
1870 he has devoted himself entirely to literature. 
During 1875-'82 he acted as correspondent of the 
London " Times" in Herzegovina, Montenegro, 
and Greece, and in 1888- f 5 he was the art critic of 
the New York " Evening Post " and associate edi- 
tor of the " Photographic Times." Since 1886 he 
has resided at Rome as the London " Times V* 
correspondent for Italy and Greece. His pub- 
lished works are ** Acropolis of Athens " (London, 
1870); "Cretan Insurrection" (New York, 1874); 
" Herzegovina and the Late Uprising " (London, 
1877); and "On the Track of Ulysses" (Boston, 
1887). He has also edited " Poetic Localities of Cam- 
bridge " (Boston, 1875), and has contributed arti- 
cles to various magazines. Mr. Stillman is an ex- 
pert photographer, and in 1872- , 8 published two 
manuals of photography. In 1872 he also brought 
out twenty-five photographic views of Athens, and 
in 1886 the Autotype company of London began the 
publication, for the Hellenic society, of a series of 
photographs from his negatives of the Acropolis. 

STILWELL, Silas Moore, lawyer, b. in New 
York city, 6 June, 1800; d. there, 16 May. 1881. 
His ancestor, Nicholas poke, brother of John Coke, 
the regicide, emigrated to this country early in the 
17th century, where he adopted the name StilwelL 
Stephen, the father of Silas M. Stilwell, a soldier 
in the Revolutionary war, went in 1804 to Wood- 
stock, Ulster co., N. Y., where he established a 
glass-factory. The son was educated at Woodstock 
free academy until 1812, when, his father having' 
failed, he went to New York and entered business. 
In 1814 he engaged in surveying in the west, and 
then settled in Tennessee, where in 1822 he was 
in the legislature. He afterward removed to Vir- 



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STIMPSON 



STIMSON 



691 



ginia. was clerk of Tazewell county, and a member 
of the house of burgesses, and in 1824 was admitted 
to the bar. He returned to New York in 1828, and 
in 1829 was elected to the legislature, where he con- 
tinued until 1888. In 1834 ne became a candidate 
for lieutenant-governor on the ticket with William 
H. Seward. He was elected alderman in New York 
city in 1885, and made chairman of the board ; the 
political parties were then equally divided, and as 
he had the casting-vote on all appointments he 
became popularly known as King Caucus. He 
was the acting mayor at the time of the great fire 
in 1885. On uen. Harrison's election to the presi- 
dency he was offered a cabinet appointment, but, 
having lost his fortune in the panic of 1887, he 
declined, but he was with Harrison during most of 
the tatter's short term of office, and after nis death 
accepted the appointment of U. S. marshal for the 
southern district of New York, which he held 
during Tyler's administration. At this time he 
was sent on a special mission to the Hague to in- 

Suire as to the feasibility of negotiating a loan for 
be U. S. government At the end of his term he 
resumed the practice of law. Mr. Stilwell was the 
author of the act entitled " An act to abolish im- 

Srisonment for debt and to punish fraudulent 
ebtors," which was passed, 26 April, 1881. This 
was commonly called the Stilwell act He was 
also the author of the banking laws of the state 
of New York, of the general bankrupt act, and 
of the national banking act and system of organ- 
ised credits in 1868. He wrote a great deal on 
questions of finance, beginning in 1887. His 
first pamphlet was entitled " A System of Credit 
for a Republic and Plan of a Bank for the State of 
New York " (1888). Others were " Notes Explana- 
tory of Mr. Chase's Plan of National Finance," 
ana " National Finances : a Philosophical Examina- 
tion of Credit" (1866). Many of his articles ap- 
peared in the " Herald," from 1860 till 1872, under 
the pen-name of " Jonathan Oldbuck." 

STIMPSON, William, naturalist b. in Rox- 
bury, Mass., 14 Feb., 1882; d. in II cheater Mills, 
Md., 26 May, 1872. He was early led to the study 
of natural history, and made extensive collections. 
It is claimed that he was the first to enter upon 
the work of deep-sea dredging in searching for 
specimens. He became a pupil of Louis Agassis, 
and accompanied that naturalist in 1852 on his ex- 
pedition to Norfolk, Vs., and Charleston, S. C, to 
investigate the marine fauna of that region. Later 
in the year he was appointed naturalist to the North 
Pacific expedition, and spent three years and a half 
in making observations and collections. On his re- 
turn he settled in Washington, and for nine years 
was engaged in classifying the results that he had 
obtained. In 1864 he became curator of the Chi- 
cago academy of sciences, and subsequently he 
was its secretary. While holding this office he 
organized a system of exchanges by which the 
library of the academy was supplied with scientific 
journals and transactions, and enriched its muse- 
um with specimens of natural history from all 
parts of the world. These collections, as well as 
much other valuable material, including his own 
manuscripts, which represented the researches of 
more than twenty years, were destroyed by the fire 
of 1871. For several years he visited Florida on 
scientific expeditions, and during the early part of 
1872 he was engaged in superintending deep-sea 
dredging, under the auspices of the U. S. coast sur- 
vey, in the Gulf of Mexico. The thoroughness of 
his researches, with the clearness and accuracy of 
his descriptions, gained for him a high rank as a 
scientific observer, and it was said of him that he 



described more new species of marine animals 
than any naturalist except James D. Dana. He 
wss a member of various scientific societies, and 
was early elected to membership in the National 
academy of sciences. During his connection with 
the Chicago academy of sciences he edited its 
" Transactions " and its annual reports. Besides 
his various contributions to scientific proceedings, 
he published numerous memoirs, including "A 
Revision of the Synonymy of the Testaceous Mol- 
lusksof New England" (Boston, 1851): "Synop- 
sis of the Marine In vertebrate of Grand Manan," in 
the "Smithsonian Contributions" (Washington, 
1858); "Crustacea and Echinodermata of the Pa- 
cific Shores of North America" (Boston, 1857): 
44 Descriptiones Animaiium Evertebratorum " 
(Philadelphia, 1857-'60); and "Notes on North 
American Crustacea " (New York, 1859). He was 
associated in the preparation of " Check-Lists of 
the Shells of North America " (Washington, I860), 
and " Researches upon the Hydrobiine and Allied 
Forms "(1865). 

STIMSON, Alexander Lovett, author, b. in 
Boston, Mass., 14 Deo., 1816. He studied law, was 
admitted to the bar in Georgia in 1840, and was 
also connected with the press in Boston, New York, 
and New Orleans for many years. Mr. Stimson 
established in 1852, and for several years edited, 
the * Express Messenger." He is the author of a 
" History of the Boston Mercantile Library Asso- 
ciation^; "Easy Nat, or the Three Apprentices" 
(New York, 1850; republished as "New England 
Boys ") ; " History of the Express Companies, and 
the Origin of American Railroads " (1850 ; new ed., 
1881) ; " Waif wood," a novel (1864) ; and many tales 
in periodicals. 

&TIMS0N, Frederic Jesup, author, b. in 
Dedham, Mass., 20 July, 1855. He was graduated 
at Harvard in 1876, and at the law-school in 1878, 
and was assistant attorney-general of Massachusetts 
from 1884 till 1885. He has pursued literature with 
law, writing his earlier novels under the pen-name 
of " J. S. of Dale." He has published " Stimson's 
Law Glossary" (Boston, 1881); "Guerndale," a 
novel (New York, 1882); "The Crime of Henry 
Vane" (1884); " The King's Men," in collabora- 
tion (1884) ; " American Statute Law " (Boston, 
1886); "The Sentimental Calendar" (New York, 
1886); "First Harvests" (1888); and "The Re- 
siduary Legatee " (1888). He was also one of the 
authors of " Hollo's Journey to Cambridge," which 
first appeared in the "Harvard Lampoon" and 
afterward in book-form (Boston. 1879). 

STIMSON, John Ward, artist, b. in Paterson, 
N. J., 16 Dec, 1850. He was graduated at Yale in 
1872, and then studied art at the ftcole des beaux 
arts in Paris, France. On his return to this coun- 
try he became art instructor and lecturer at Prince- 
ton, but on the establishment of the art-schools 
that are connected with the Metropolitan museum 
in New York city he was appointed their superin- 
tendent During the four years that he had charge 
of these schools Mr. Stimson increased the mem- 
bership from thirty pupils to nearly four hundred, 
with seventeen classes. Owing to differences be- 
tween himself and the trustees, who showed a 
desire to restrict his power, he resigned. In Feb- 
ruary, 1888, he announced his desire to found a 
New York university for artist artisans, and he 
has received substantial support for his scheme 
from the citizens of New York city. Mr. Stimson 
has meanwhile continued his artistic work, and 
has contributed to various exhibitions. He has 
also written for periodicals, and has published 
"The Law of Three Primaries" (New York, 1884). 



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STOCKBRIDGE 



STIRLING, Sir Thomas, bark, British soldier, 
d. 9 Mar. 1808. He became captain in July, 1757, 
in the 42d, or Royal Highland regiment, which 
took part in the expeditions of 1758-'9 to Lake 
George and Lake Cnamplain. It was afterward 
sent to assist at the siege of Niagara, and in 1760 
accompanied Sir Jeffrey Amherst from Oswego to 
Montreal Capt. Stirling was stationed at Fort 
Chartres, 11L, in 1765, and in June, 1766, he re- 
turned to Philadelphia, after a march of more than 
8,000 miles, with his entire detachment of 100 
men in perfect health and without accident He 
became major in 1770, and lieutenant-colonel in 
1771, commanding his regiment throughout the 
Revolutionary war. He was in the engagement on 
Staten island, the battle on Brooklyn Heights in 
1776, the storming of Fort Washington, the cap- 
ture of Red Bank, the battle of the Brandywine, 
and that of Springfield, 7 June, 1780, where he 
was wounded. He was made colonel in 1779, and 
held the rank of brigadier-general under Sir Henry 
Clinton in the expedition against Charleston, S. C, 
in 1780. He became colonel of the 71st Highland- 
ers in February, 1782, major-general in November 
following, lieutenant-general and a baronet in 1796, 
and gene rail Jan., 1801. 

STITH, William, historian, b. in Virginia, in 
1689; d. in Williamsburg, Va., 27 Sept, 1755. 
He was a nephew of Sir John Randolph, and 
brother-in-law of Peyton Randolph. After study- 
ing theology, he was ordained in England as a 
minister of the established church, and in 1781 
became master of the grammar-school of William 
and Mary college. He was chaplain of the house 
of burgesses in 1788, and in 1752-'5 rector of Hen- 
rico parish and president of William and Mary. 
He published a "History of Virginia from the 
First Settlement to the Dissolution of the London 
Company " (Williamsburg, 1747 ; new ed., with 
bibliographical notice by Joseph Sabin, limited to 
250 copies, New York, 1866). Thomas Jefferson 
says of this work that it is " inelegant and often 
too minute to be tolerable," and De Tocqueville 
calls it " long and diffuse," but it is praised highly 
by others for its accuracy. Stith acknowledges in 
his preface his indebtedness to the writings of 
William Byrd, and he also made use of materials 
that Sir John Randolph had collected for a pur- 
pose similar to his own. All the documents that he 
used have been recently destroyed by fire. He also 
wrote "The Nature and Extent of Christ's Re- 
demption," a sermon (Williamsburg, 1758). 

STOBO, Robert, soldier, b. in Glasgow, Scot- 
land, in 1727 ; d. after 1770. His father, William, 
was a wealthy merchant The son was very deli- 
cate in his youth, but early gave evidence of taste for 
arms, spending his play-hours in drilling his com- 
panions. Both his parents had died before 1742, 
and, after studying for some time in the university 
of his native place, he went to Virginia about that 
ear and became a merchant Here he kept open 
louse and was a great social favorite, but met 
with little success in business, and in 1754 was ap- 
pointed senior captain in a regiment that was 
raised by the province to oppose the French. 
Under his direction the intrenchments called Fort 
Necessity were thrown up, and when finally Maj. 
George Washington was obliged to surrender the 
work, Stobo was one of two hostages that were 
given to the French to secure proper performance 
of the articles of capitulation. He was sent to 
Fort Du Quesne, and occupied himself with draw- 
ing a plan of that stronghold, which, with a writ- 
ten scheme for its reduction, he sent to the com- 
manding officer at Wills Creek. He was greatly 



n 



aided in obtaining his information by the ladies in 
the fort, whose good graces he soon succeeded in 
gaining. He considered that the want of good 
faith that the French had shown in various mat- 
ters absolved him " from all obligations of honor 
on this point" His letters fell into the hands of 
the French at Braddock's defeat, whereupon Stobo 
was closely imprisoned at Quebec. He escaped in 
1756, but was captured, confined in a dungeon, and 
on 28 Nov. was condemned to death as a spy, but 
the king failed to approve the sentence. On 80 
April, 1757, he escaped again, but he was recap- 
tured three days later. On 80 April, 1758, he 
made another attempt and succeeded in effecting 
his escape with several companions in a birch-bark 
canoe. After meeting with many adventures and 
travelling thirty-eight days they reached the Brit- 
ish army before Louisburg, where Stobo was of 
much service by his knowledge of localities. He 
had been promoted major during his captivity, and 
after returning to Virginia sailed in 1760 for Eng- 
land, where, on 5 June, 1761, he was commissioned 
captain in the 15th foot He served in the West 
Indies in 1762, but returned to England in 1767, 
and resigned in 1770. On his visit to Virginia 
after his captivity the legislature thanked him by 
name for his services, and voted him the sum of 
£1,800. Stobo was a friend of Tobias Smollett, the 
novelist, who, it has been suggested, describes him 
as Captain Lismahago in "Humphrey Clinker." 
The original edition of Stobo's " Memoirs " (Lon- 
don, 1800) is now rare. A manuscript copy was 
obtained oy James McHenry from the British 
museum, and published, with notes, addenda^ and 
a fao-simile of Stobo's plan of Fort Du Quesne, by 
" N. B. C." as " Memoirs of Major Robert Stobo of 
the Virginia Regiment" (Pittsburg, 1854). This 
unique work is largely written in an imitation of 
the classical epic style. 

STOCKBRIDGE, Francis Brown, senator, b. 
in Bath. Me., April, 1826. He was educated at 
Bath academy, ana resided in Boston from 1842 
till 1847. when he became a lumber merchant in 
Chicago, 111. In 1854 he removed to Saugatuck, 
Mich., and since 1868 he has resided in Kalamazoo, 
Mich. He has 'served as a colonel of Michigan 
militia, was successively in both branches of the 
legislature in 1869-71, and in January, 1887, was 
elected to the IT. S. senate. 

STOCKBRIDGE, Levi, agriculturist, b. in 
North Hadlev, Mass., 18 March, 1820. He was 
educated in Mew England common schools and 
academies, and then turned his attention to farm- 
ing. His application of scientific principles to his 
occupation led to his appointment on the State 
board of agriculture, where he served for four terms 
of three years each, and since 1868 he has been 
chairman of the State board of cattle commission- 
ers. In 1867 he was called to a professorship in 
the Massachusetts agricultural college, Amherst, 
where he was also acting president in 1876-*9, and 
president in 1880-*2. Prior to the establishment 
of experiment stations he began and prosecuted 
during several years a laborious and extended 
series of investigations on the movement of sap in 
growing plants, especially trees, and the force that 
plants exert in their growth. About the same time 
he devised and prosecuted a series of experiments 
as to the effect of moisture, and with apparatus 
that he invented for the purpose made observations 
on percolation, evaporation, and dew. But his 
most valuable work to the agriculturist was a 
series of investigations that he conducted during 
1868-'70 on the chemical composition of farm crops, 
and the effect of supplying to the soil on which 



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STOCKTON 



any particular crop was to be raised the constitu- 
ents of that crop. This led to the employment of 
the special fertilizers that are now widely used in 
the place of general fertilizers, or random fertil- 
izers, which for a special purpose might be valuable 
or worthless. He is a member of various agricul- 
tural associations and has made many addresses 
on his specialties in New England and New York. 
His writings, including the results of his researches, 
appear in various publications, chiefly in the an- 
nual reports of the Massachusetts agricultural col- 
lege.— His brother, Henry, lawyer, b. in North 
Hadley, Mass., 81 Aug., 1820, was originally named 
Henry Smith Stockbridge, but he dropped the 
Smith in early manhood. He was graduated at 
Amherst in 1845, and studied law in Baltimore, 
where he was admitted to the bar, 1 May, 1818, 
and has since practised his profession. During 
the civil war he was a special district attorney to 
attend to the business of the war department, and 
in 1864, as a member of the legislature, he drafted 
the act that convened a constitutional convention 
for the abolition of slavery in the state. He took 
an active part in the proceedings of the convention, 
and defended the constitution that it adopted be- 
fore the court of last resort Afterward he insti- 
tuted, and successfully prosecuted in the U. S. 
courts, proceedings by which were annulled the in- 
dentures of apprenticeship by which it was sought 
to evade the emanci pation clause. Mr. Stockbridge 
thus practically secured the enfranchisement of 
more than 10,000 colored children. He was judge 
of the circuit court for Baltimore county in 1865, 
a delegate to the Loyalists' convention in 1866, and 
vice-president of the National Republican conven- 
tion of 1868. Mr. Stockbridge has been for twenty 
years editor of the Fund publications of the Mary- 
land historical society, of which he is vice-presi- 
dent ; and he is the author of publication No. 22 ; 
"The Archives of Maryland" (Baltimore, 1886); 
besides various contributions to magazines. 

STOCKTON, Alfred Augustus, Canadian law- 
yer, b. in Studholm, King's co., New Brunswick, 2 
Nov., 1842. His great-grandfather, Andrew Hun- 
ter Stockton, a native of Princeton, N. J., fought 
on the royal side in the war of the Revolution, 
and afterward settled in New Brunswick. Mr. 
Stockton was graduated at Mount Allison college 
in 1864, and was admitted to the bar of New 
Brunswick in 1868, and became a member of the 
New Brunswick legislature in 1888. He is secre- 
tary of the board of governors of Mount Allison 
college, an examiner in political economy and con- 
stitutional history, and also an examiner in law 
at Victoria university, president of the New Bruns- 
wick historical society, and register of the court 
of vice-admiralty of the province. He has re- 
ceived the degree of LL. B. from Victoria uni- 
versity, that of Ph. D. from Illinois Wesleyan uni- 
versity, and that of D. C. L. from Mount Allison 
college in 1884. He edited " Rules of the Vice- 
Admiraltv Court in New Brunswick " (St John, 
1876), and " Berton's Report of the Supreme Court 
of New Brunswick," with copious notes (1882). 

STOCKTON, Richard, signer of the Declara- 
tion of Independence, b. on his estate near Prince- 
ton, N. J., 1 Oct, 1780; d. there, 28 Feb., 1781. 
His great-grandfather, of the same name, came 
from England before 1670, and, after residing sev- 
eral years on Long Island, purchased, about 1680, a 
tract of 6,400 acres of land, of which Princeton, 
N. J., is nearly the centre. About 1682 he and his 
associates formed a settlement there, and were the 
first Europeans in the district Richard's father, 
John, inherited "Morven," the family-seat, mid 




dm 

B°he ffy/W "wptAswfc 



was for many years chief judge of the court of 
common pleas of Somerset county. The son was 
graduated at Princeton in 1748, studied law with 
David Ogden in Newark, and in 1754 was admit- 
ted to the bar, in 
which he soon at- 
tained great repu- 
tation. After ac- 
quiring a compe- 
tency, he visited 
Great Britain in 
1766-'7, making 
the acquaintance 
of many public 
men and receiving 
the freedom of the 
city from the mu- 
nicipal authorities 
of Edinburgh. He 
exerted himself es- 
pecially to remove 
the prevailing ig- 
norance regarding 
the American col- 
onies. While 
was in Scotland 
his personal efforts 
induced Dr. John 
Witherspoon to reconsider his refusal to become 
president of Princeton, and for this and other ser- 
vices to the college Mr. Stockton received the for- 
mal thanks of its trustees after his return in Sep- 
tember, 1767. In 1768 he was made a member of 
the executive council of the province, and in 1774 
he was raised to the supreme bench of New Jersey. 
He strove at first to effect a reconciliation between 
the colonies and the mother country, and on 12 
Dec., 1774, sent to Lord Dartmouth " An Expedient 
for the Settlement of the American Disputes," in 
which he proposed a plan of colonial self-govern- 
ment but he soon became active in efforts to or- 
ganize a prudent opposition, and on 21 June, 1776, 
was chosen by the Provincial congress a member of 
the Continental congress, then in session in Phila- 
delphia. His silence during the opening debates 
on the question of independence leads to the con- 
clusion that at first he doubted the expediency 
of the declaration, but at the close of the discus- 
sion he expressed his concurrence in the final vote 
in a short but energetic address. He was re- 
elected to congress, where he was an active mem- 
ber, and in September, 1776, at the first meeting of 
the state delegates under the new constitution, was 
a candidate for governor. On the first ballot he 
and William Livingston received an equal number 
of votes, but the latter was finally elected. Mr. 
Stockton was then chosen chief justice by a unani- 
mous vote, but declined. On 26 Sept, 1776, he 
and George Clyraer were appointed a committee to 
inspect the northern army. On 80 Nov., at night 
he was captured by a party of loyalists at the 
house of John Coven h oven, in Monmouth. N. J., 
which was then his temporary home. His host 
shared his fate. Mr. Stockton was thrown into 
the common prison in New York, and treated with 
unusual severity, which seriously affected his 
health. Congress passed a resolution directing 
Gen. Washington to inquire into the circumstance, 
remonstrate with Gen. Howe, and ask "whether 
he chooses this shall be the future rule for treating 
all such, on both sides, as the fortune of war may 
place in the hands of either party." Mr. Stockton 
was exchanged shortly afterward, but never re- 
gained his health. His library, which was one of 
the best in the country, had been burned by the 



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STOCKTON 



STOCKTON 



British, and his lands were laid waste. His for- 
tune was greatly diminished by these depredations 
and the depreciation of the Continental currency, 
and he was compelled to have temporary recourse 
to the aid of friends, Mr. Stockton, though of a 



hasty temper and somewhat haughty to those that 
manifested want of personal respect to him, was a 
man of great generosity and courtesy. He pos- 
sessed much courage and agility as a horseman 
and swordsman. His funeral sermon was delivered 
in the college hall at Princeton by Rev. Samuel S. 
Smith, D. D. His statue was placed bv the state 
of New Jersey in the capitol at Washington in 
1888. The accompanying vignette is a represen- 
tation of his residence at Princeton.— His wife, 
AXNI8, sister of Dr. Elias Boudinot, was well 
known for her literary attainments, and con- 
tributed to periodicals. One of her poems, ad- 
dressed to Washington after the surrender at 
Yorktown, drew from him a courtly acknowledg- 
ment She also wrote the stanzas beginning 
"Welcome, mighty chief, once more!" which 
were sung by young ladies of Trenton while strew- 
ing flowers before Gen. Washington on his passage 
through that city just before his first inauguration 
as president They are given in full in Chief- 
Justice Marshall's M Life of Washington." — Their 
son, Richard, senator, b. near Princeton, N. J., 
17 April, 1764; d. there, 7 March, 1828, was 
graduated at Princeton in 1779, studied law in 
Newark with Elias Boudinot, was admitted to the 
bar in 1784, and began to practise in his native 
place. He was a presidential elector in 1792, and 
in 1796 was chosen to the U. S. senate as a Feder- 
alist for the unexpired term of Frederick Freling- 
huysen, resigned, serving from 6 Dec of that year 
till 8 March, 1799, when he declined to be a candi- 
date for re-election. He served in the lower house 
of congress in 1818-'15, and again declined further 
candidacy. During his service in the house of repre- 
sentatives he had a debate with Charles J. IngersolL, 
of Philadelphia, on free-trade and sailors' rights. In 
1825 he was appointed one of the commissioners 
on the part of New Jersey to settle a territorial 
dispute with New York, and he was the author of 
the able argument that is appended to the report 
of the New Jersey commissioners. Mr. Stockton 
possessed profound legal knowledge and much 
eloquence as an advocate, and for more than a 
quarter of a century held the highest rank at the 
bar of his native state. He received the degree of 
LL. D. from Queen's (now Rutgers) college in 1815, 
and from Union in 1816. He was often called " The 
Duke."— The second Richard's son, Robert Field, 
naval officer, b. in Princeton, N. J., 20 Aug., 1795; 
d. there, 7 Oct, 1866, studied at Princeton college, 
but before completing his course he entered the 
U. S. navy as a midshipman, 1 Sept., 1811. He 
joined the frigate "President" at Newport, 14 
Feb., 1812, and made several cruises in that ship 



with Com. Rodgers, with whom he went as aide to 
the " Guerriere at Philadelphia ; but, as the ship 
was unable to go to sea. Roagers took his crew to 
assist in defending Baltimore. Before the arrival 
of the British, Stockton went to Washington and 
became the aide of the secretary of the navy, after 
which he resumed his post with Com. Rodgers and 
took part in the operations at Alexandria. He 
then went with Rodgers to Baltimore and had 
command of 800 sailors in the defence of that city 
against the British army. He was highly com- 
mended, and promoted to lieutenant, 9 Sept, 1814. 
On 18 May, lftlS, he sailed in the - GuerriSre," De- 
catur's flag-ship, for the Mediterranean after the 
declaration of war with Algiers, but he was trans- 
ferred soon afterward to the schooner " Spitfire " 
as 1st lieutenant, in which vessel he participated in 
the capture of the Algerine frigate " Manouda," 
and lea the boarders at the capture of the Algerine 
brig " Esledio " in June, 1815. In February, 1816, he 
joined the ship-of-the-line " Washington " and made 
another cruise in the Mediterranean, in the course 
of which he was transferred to the ship " Erie," of 
which he soon became executive officer. The Ameri- 
can officers very often had disputes with British 
officers, and frequent duels took place. At one 
time in Gibraltar. Stockton had accepted challenges 
to fight all the captains of the British regiment in 
the garrison, and several meetings took place. In 
one case after wounding his adversary he escaped 
arrest by knocking one of the guard from his horse, 
which he seized and rode to his boat Stockton 
came home in command of the "Erie" in 1821. 
Shortly after his return the American coloniza- 
tion society obtained his services to command the 
schooner '• Alligator " for the purpose of founding 
a colony on the west coast of Africa. He sailed in 
the autumn of 1821. and after skilful diplomatic 
conferences obtained a concession of a tract of ter- 
ritory near Cape Mesurado, which has since be- 
come the republic of Liberia. In November. 1821, 
the Portuguese letter-of -marque *• Mariana Flora " 
fired on the " Alligator," which she mistook for a 
pirate. After an engagement of twenty minutes 
the Portuguese vessel was taken and the cap- 
ture was declared legal, though the prize was re- 
turned by courtesy to Portugal. On a subsequent 
cruise in the '* Alligator *' he captured the French 
slaver " Jeune Eugenie," by which action the right 
to seize slavers under a foreign flag was first es- 
tablished as legal. He also captured several pirati- 
cal vessels in the West Indies. From 1826 until 
December, 1838, he was on leave, and resided at 
Princeton, N. J. He organized the New Jersey 
colonization society, became interested in the turf, 
and imported from England some of the finest 
stock of blooded horses. He also took an active 
part in politics, and became interested in the Dela- 
ware and Raritan canal, for which he obtained the 
charter that had originally been given to a New 
York company, and vigorously prosecuted the 
work. His whole fortune and that of his family 
were invested in the enterprise, which was com- 
pleted, notwithstanding the opposition of railroads 
and a financial crisis, by which he was obliged 
to go to Europe to negotiate a loan. He retained 
his interest in this canal during his life, and the 
work stands as an enduring monument to his en- 
ergy and enterprise. In December, 1888, he sailed 
with Com. Isaac Hull in the flag-ship " Ohio " as 
fleet-captain of the Mediterranean squadron, being 
promoted to captain on 8 Dec He returned in the 
latter part of 1839, and took part in the presi- 
dential canvass of 1840 in favor of Gen. William 
Henry Harrison. After John Tyler became presi- 



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STOCKTON 



STOCKTON 



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dent, Stockton was offered a seat in the cabinet as 
secretary of the navy, which he declined. The U. S. 
steamer ** Princeton " (see Ericsson, John) was 
built under his supervision, and launched at Phila- 
delphia early in 1844. He was appointed to com- 
mand the ship, and brought her to Washington for 
the inspection of officials and members of con- 
gress. On a trial-trip down the Potomac river, 
when the president, cabinet, and a distinguished 
company were on board, one of the large guns burst 
and Killed the secretary of state, secretary of the 
navy, the president's father-in-law, and several of 
the crew, while a great many were seriously injured. 
A naval court of inquiry entirely exonerated Cant 
Stockton. Shortly after this event he sailed in tne 
44 Princeton " as bearer of the annexation resolu- 
tions to the government of Texas. In October, 
1845, he went in the frigate " Congress " from Nor- 
folk to serve as commander-in-chief of the Pacific 
squadron, on the eve of the Mexican war. He 
sailed around Cape Horn to the Sandwich islands, 
and thence to Monterey, where he found the squad- 
ron in possession under Com. John D. Sloat, whom 
Stockton relieved. News of the war had been re- 
ceived by the squadron before his arrival, and 
Monterey and San Francisco were captured. Stock- 
ton assumed command of all American forces on 
the coast by proclamation, 28 July, 1846. He or- 
ganized a battalion of Americans in California and 
naval brigades from the crews of the ships. Col. 
John C. Fremont also co-operated with him. He 

sent Fremont in 
the "Cyane" to 
San Diego, while 
he landed at San- 
ta Barbara and 
marched thirty 
miles with the 
naval brigade to 
the Mexican cap- 
ital of Califor- 
nia, the city of 
Los Angeles, of 
which he took 
possession on 13 
Aug. He then 
organized a civil 
government for 
the state, and 
appointed Col. 
Fremont govern- 
or. Rumors of a 
rising of the In- 
dians compelled 
him to return to 
the north in September. The force that he left at 
Los Angeles was besieged by the Mexicans in 1 is 
absence, and Stockton was obliged to sail to San 
Diego after finding all quiet in the northern part of 
California. The Mexicans had also recaptured San 
Diego. He landed at that place, drove out the ene- 
my, and sent a force to the rescue of Gen. Stephen 
W. Kearny, who had been defeated by the Mexi- 
cans on the way to San Diego. Gen. Kearny, with 
sixty dragoons, then served under Stockton's orders, 
and the force proceeded to Los Angeles, 150 miles 
distant. An engagement took place at San Gabriel 
on 8 Jan., 1847. followed by the battle of La Mesa the 
next day, in which the Mexicans were routed. Col. 
Fremont had raised an additional force of Califor- 
nians, by which the force under Stockton amounted 
to more than 1,000 men. Negotiations were opened 
with the Mexican governor, and the entire province 
of California was ceded to the United States and 
evacuated by the Mexican authorities. The .treaty 




^5? ^jeez^zG^ 



with Mexico was subsequently confirmed. Gen. 
Kearny raised a dispute with Stockton for his as- 
sumption of command over military forces, but 
Stockton's course was sustained by virtue of his 
conquest On 17 Jan., 1847, he returned to San 
Diego, and then sailed to Monterey, where he was 
relieved by Com. William B. Shu brick. Stockton 
returned home overland during the summer. He 
was the recipient of honors by all parties, and the 
legislature of New Jersey gave him a vote of thanks 
and a reception. The people of California, in rec- 
ognition of his services, named for him the city of 
Stockton, and also one of the principal streets of 
San Francisco. On 28 May, 1850. he resigned from 
the navy in order to settle his father-in-law's estate 
in South Carolina and attend to his private inter- 
ests. He continued to take part in politics, was 
elected to the U. S. senate, and took his seat, 
1 Dec., 1851, but resigned, 10 Jan., 1853, and retired 
to private life. During his brief service in the 
senate he introduced and advocated the bill by 
which flogging was abolished in the navy. He 
also urged measures for coast defence. After he 
resigned from the senate he devoted himself to the 
development of the Delaware and Raritan canal, 
of which he was president until his death. He 
continued to take an interest in politics, became an 
ardent supporter of the " American " party, and was 
a delegate to the Peace congress that met in Wash- 
ington, 13 Feb., 1861. See his " Life and Speeches " 
(New York, 1856).— Robert Field's son, John Pot- 
ter, senator, b. in Princeton, N. J., 2 Aug., 1826, 
was graduated at Princeton in 1843, studied law, 
was licensed to practise as an attorney in 1847, and 
came to the bar in 1850. He was appointed by the 
legislature a commissioner to revise and simplify 
the proceedings and practice in the courts of law 
of tne state, and was for several years afterward 
reporter to the court of chancery. In 1857 he was 
appointed U. S. minister to Rome, but in 1861 he 
was recalled at his own reouest. In 1865 he was 
chosen U. S. senator from New Jersey by a plu- 
rality vote of the legislature, a resolution changing 
the number necessary to elect from a majority to a 
plurality having been passed by the joint conven- 
tion that elected him. On this ground, after he 
had taken his seat in the senate, several members 
of the legislature sent to the senate a protest 
against his retaining it. The committee on the 
judiciary unanimously reported in favor of the 
validity of his election, and their report was ac- 
cepted by a vote of twenty-two to twenty-one, 
Mr. Stockton voting in the affirmative. His vote 
was objected to by Charles Sumner, and on the fol- 
lowing day, 27 March, 1866, he withdrew it, and 
was unseated by a vote of twenty-three to twenty- 
one. He then devoted himself to the practice of 
his profession, but in 1869 was re-elected to the 
senate, and served one term till 1875. While in 
that body he advocated the establishment of life- 
saving stations on the coast, and procured on the 
appropriation bills the first provision for their 
maintenance. He served on the committees on 
foreign affairs, the navy, appropriations, patents, 
and public buildings and grounds ; and took part 
in the debate on reconstruction, and in the discus- 
sion of questions of international law. In 1877 he 
was appointed attorney-general of New Jersey, and 
he was chosen again in 1882 and 1887. In this 
office he has sustained by exhaustive arguments 
the system of railroad taxation, reversing in the 
court of errors the decisions of the supreme court 
against the state. Mr. Stockton has been a dele- 
gate-at-large to all the Democratic National con- 
ventions since that of 1864, where, as chairman of 



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the New Jersey delegation, he nominated Gen. 
George B. McClellan for the presidency. He was 
also a delegate to the Unionists' convention at 
Philadelphia in 1866. Princeton gave him the de- 
gree of LL. D. in 1882. He has published " Eouity 
Reports," being the decisions of the courts of chan- 
cery and appeals (3 vols., Trenton, 185&-'60). 

STOCKTON, Thomas Hewltngs, clergyman, 
b. in Mount Holly, N. J., 4 June, 1808; d. in Phila- 
delphia, Pa.. 9 Oct, 1868. He studied medicine in 
Philadelphia, but began to preach in 1829, entered 
the ministry of the Methodist Protestant church, 
and took charge of a circuit on the eastern shore 
of Maryland. He soon attained a reputation as a 
pulpit orator, and served as chaplain to the U. S. 
house of representatives in 1833-'5 and 1859-'61, 
and to the senate in 1862. Being unwilling to sub- 
mit to the restrictions in the discussion of slavery 
that were imposed by the Baltimore conference, he 
went to Philadelphia in 1838, where he was a pas- 
tor and lecturer till 1847. He then resided in Cin- 
cinnati, Ohio, till 1850, and while there declined a 
unanimous election to the presidency of Miami 
university. From 1850 till 1856 he was associate 
pastor of St John's Methodist Protestant church 
m Baltimore, also serving during three years and 
a half of this period as pastor of an Associate Re- 
formed Presbyterian church there. Prom 1856 
till his death he was pastor of the Church of the 
New Testament in Philadelphia, and also devoted 
himself to literary work. Dr. Stockton edited at 
different periods the ** Christian World " and the 
" Bible Times.'* He was an anti-slavery pioneer, 
opposed sectarianism, and was active in nis labors 
for all social reforms. He published editions of 
the Bible, each book by itself ; " Floating Flowers 
from a Hidden Brook " (Philadelphia, 1844) ; " The 
Bible Alliance " (Cincinnati, 1850); " Ecclesiastical 
Opposition to the Bible " (Baltimore, 1853) ; " Ser- 
mons for the People " (Pittsburg, 1854) ; " The 
Blessing" (Philadelphia, 1857); " Stand up for 
Jesus," a ballad, with notes, illustrations, and mu- 
sic, and a few additional poems (1858) ; " Poems, 
with Autobiographical ana other Notes " (1862) ; 
and " Influence of the United States on Christen- 
dom "(1865). After his death appeared his "The 
Book above all " (1870). See " Memory's Tribute 
to the Life, Character, and Work of Rev. Thomas 
H. Stockton," by the Rev. Alexander Clark (New 
York, 1869), and " Life, Character, and Death of 
Rev. Thomas H. Stockton," by Rev. John G. Wil- 
son (Philadelphia, 1869).— His half-brother, Fran- 
cis Richard, author, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 5 
April. 1834, was graduated at the Central high- 
scnool in his native city in 1852, became an en- 
graver and draughtsman, and in 1866 invented 
and patented a double graver, but he soon aban- 
doned this occupation lor journalism. After be- 
ing connected with the M Post " in Philadelphia 
and " Hearth and Home " in New York, he joined 
the editorial staff of " Scribner's Monthly," and on 
the establishment of "St Nicholas" became its 
assistant editor. Mr. Stockton's earliest writings, 
under the name of Frank R. Stockton, which he 
has since retained, were fantastic tales for children, 
and appeared in the u Riverside Magazine " and 
other periodicals. Four of these, under the title 
of " The Ting-a-Ling Stories," were issued in a vol- 
ume (Boston, 1870). More recently he has attained 
a wide reputation for his short stories, which are 
marked by auaintness of subject and treatment 
and by dry humor. The first of these were the 
" Rudder Grange " stories, which appeared in 
44 Scribner's Monthly," and afterward in book-form 
(New York, 1879). " The Lady or the Tiger t" is 



perhaps the most widely known. It ends by pro- 
pounding a problem, various solutions of which, 
some senous and some jocose, have appeared from 
time to time. A comic opera, based upon it, the 
libretto of which was written by Sydney Rosenf eld, 
was produced in New York in 1888. Mr. Stock- 
ton's other short stories include tt The Transferred 
Ghost," " The Spectral Mortgage," and " A Tale 
of Negative Gravity." He is also the author of the 
novels "The Late Mrs. Null "(New York, 1886); 
44 The Casting Away of Mrs. Leeks and Mrs. Ale- 
shine" (1886), with a sequel, entitled "The Du- 
santes " (1888) ; and * 4 The Hundredth Man " (1887). 
His short stories have been collected as u The La- 
dy or the Tiger t and other Stories " (1884) ; u The 
Christmas Wreck, and other Tales " (1887) ; and 
44 The Bee Man of Orn, and other Fanciful Tales" 
(1887). He has written for children 44 Roundabout 
Rambles " (1872) ; " What might have been Ex- 
pected " (1874) : 44 Tales Out of School " (1875) ; " A 
Jolly Fellowship " (1880) ; " The Floating Prince " 
(1881) : and " The Story of Viteau " (1884).— Fran- 
cis Richard's brother, John Drean. journalist, b. 
in Philadelphia, Pa., 26 April, 1836 ; d. there, 8 Nov., 
1877, was educated in his native city, and began to 
study art and engraving, but was employed at an 
early age on the Philadelphia 4i Press, and became 
its manager under John W. Forney. He was con- 
nected with the New York "Tribune" in 1886, 
and in 1867 assumed the editorship of the Philadel- 
phia " Post," of which he became a proprietor, but 
ne gave up his interest in 1872, and from 1873 till 
his death was dramatic and musical critic of the 
New York " Herald." He wrote u Fox and Geese," 
a comedy (1868), which ran 100 nights in New York 
and other cities, and more than 300 in London. 
Mr. Stockton's political editorials, as well as his 
dramatic and literary criticisms, were marked by 
touches of humor ana poetic fane v. 

STODDARD, Charles Warren, author, b. in 
Rochester, N. Y., 7 Aup., 1843. He was educated 
in New York city and in California, to which state 
he had removed with his father in 1855. In 1864 
he went to the Hawaiian islands, where he has 
since passed much of his time, and, as travelling 
correspondent of the San Francisco "Chronicle 
in 1873-'8, visited many islands of the South seas, 
Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Pacific slope from 
Alaska to Mexico. He began to write poetry at 
an early age, was for a short time an actor, has 
contributed to many magazines, and has also lec- 
tured. He was professor of English literature in 
Notre Dame college, Ind., in 1885-*6. He has pub- 
lished "Poems" (San Francisco, 1867); "South- 
Sea Idyls " (Boston, 1878): "Mashallah: a Flight 
into Egypt " (New York, 1881) ; and - The Lepers 
of Molokai " (Notre Dame, 1885). 

STODDARD, John F, educator, b. in Green- 
field, Ulster co., N. Y., 20 July, 1825 ; d. in Kearney, 
N. J., 6 Aug., 1873. His early years were passed on 
a farm, and, after attending the public schools, he 
began teaching in 1843. Later he entered the New 
York normal school, and, upon his graduation in 
1847. began his life-work as an educator. He was 
eminently successful as an instructor of mathemat- 
ics and in his efforts to promote normal schools, 
and left a fund to Rochester university for a gold 
medal, to be awarded to the best student in mathe- 
matics. His principal published works are " Prac- 
tical Arithmetic" (New York, 1852); " Philosophi- 
cal Arithmetic " (1853) ; " University Algebra " 
(1857) ; and " School Arithmetic " (1869). The an- 
nual sale of Stoddard's arithmetics was at one time 
about 200,000 copies, now 40,000, and up to July, 
1888, over 2,500,000 copies had been issued. 



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STODDARD 



STODDARD 



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STODDARD, Joshua C, inventor, b. in Paw- 
let, Vt, 26 Aug., 1814. He was educated at the 
public schools, and became noted as an apiarist. 
He also turned his attention to inventing, and 
in 1856 devised the steam-calliope, which is used 
on Mississippi steamers. He also invented the 
Stoddard horse-rake and hay-tedder. More than 
100,000 of his rakes are now in use. 

STODDARD, Richard Henry, poet, b. in Hing- 
ham, Mass., 2 July, 1825. His father, a sea-captain, 
was wrecked and lost on one of his voyages while 
Richard was a child, and the lad went in 1835 to 
New York with his 
mother, who had 
married again. He 
attended the pub- 
lic schools of that 
city, but worked 
for several years in 
an iron-foundry, at 
the same time read- 
ing the best au- 
thors, particularly 
poetry. His tal- 
ents brought him 
into relations with 
young men inter- 
ested in literature, 

f?j£/JL,s j ard /aylor, wno 

</C. TKt f GktH+vdr had just published 

his "Views Afoot" 
Stoddard had written verses from his early years, 
and in 1849 printed privately a collection in a 
small volume called "Footprints," the edition 
of which he afterward destroyed. In 1852 he 
published a riper volume of poems, became a 
contributor to the •• Knickerbocker," and entered 
upon literary work. Writing as a means of sub- 
sistence became such a burden that, through Na- 
thaniel Hawthorne, he obtained a place in the cus- 
tom-house, and retained it from 1858 till 1870. He 
was confidential clerk to Gen. George B. McClel- 
lan in the dock department in 1870-'3, and city 
librarian in New York for about a year.' He was 
literarv reviewer on the New York " World " from 
1860 till 1870, and has held the same office on the 
" Mail " and " Mail and Express " since 1880. He 
also edited for some time " The Aldine," an illus- 
trated periodical, which was discontinued. His 
mind and tastes are poetical, but he has done a 
good deal of booksellers' work from the urgency 
of circumstances. In 1858 he published " Adven- 
tures in Fairy Land " for young folks, and in 1857 
"Songs of Summer," abounding in luxuriant im- 
agination and tropical feeling. Among his other 
works are •• Town and Country," for children (New 
York, 1857) ; " Life, Travels, and Books of Alexan- 
der von Humboldt" with an introduction by Bay- 
ard Taylor (Boston, 1860; London, 1862); "The 
King's Bell," a poem (Boston, 1862 ; London, 1864 ; 
New York, 1865) ; "The Story of Little Red Riding 
Hood," in verse (New York, 1864); "The Children 
in the Wood," in verse (1865) ; "Abraham Lincoln, 
a Horatian Ode" (1865); "Putnam, the Brave" 
(1869) ; and " The Book of the East," containing his 
later poems (1867). He has edited " The Last Politi- 
cal Writings of Gen. Nathaniel Lyon " (1861) ; " The 
Loves and Heroines of the Poets '* (1861) ; John Guy 
Vassar's "Twenty-one Years Round the World'' 
(1862) ; " Melodies and Madrigals, mostly from the 
Old English Poets" (1865); "The Late English 
Poets " (1865) ; enlarged editions of Rnfus W. Gris- 
wold's " Poets and Poetry of America " (1872) ; " Fe- 
male Poets of America" (1874); and the "Bric- 



a-Brac Series" (1874). He has also edited several 
annuals, made translations, and written numerous 
monographs and prefaces, including monographs 
on Edgar Allan Poe and William Cullen Brvant. — 
His wife, Elizabeth Barstow, poet, b. in 'Matta- 
poisett, Mass., 6 May, 1828, was educated at vari- 
ous boarding-schools. At twenty-eight years of 
age she married Mr. Stoddard, and soon afterward 
she began to contribute poems to the magazines. 
These are more than of the merely agreeable, popu- 
lar order ; they invariably contain a central idea, 
not always apparent at first, but always poetical, 
though not understood by the average reader. No 
collection of her poems, distributed lor twenty-five 
or thirty years through many periodicals, has been 
made. Years ago she published three remarkable 
novels, " The Morgesons " (New York, 1862) ; " Two 
Men " (1865) ; and " Temple House " (1867). Owing 
to various causes, they never sold to any extent, 
and had long been out of print when a new edi- 
tion was published in 1888. They illustrate New 
England character and scenery, and are better 
adapted to the taste and culture of the present 
than to the time when they were written. She has 
also published a story for young folks, "Lolly 
Dinks's Doings " (New'York, 1874). 

STODDARD, Solomon, clergyman, b. in Bos- 
ton, Mass., in 1648 ; d. in Northampton, Mass., 11 
Feb., 1729. His father, Anthony, came from Eng- 
land to Boston about 1680, was a member of the 
general court from 1665 till 1684, and married a 
sister of Sir George Downing. Their son Solo- 
mon was graduated at Harvard in 1662, was ap- 
pointed "fellow of the house," and was the first 
librarian of the college from 1667 till 1674. His 
health being impaired, he went to Barbadoes as 
chaplain to the governor, and preached to the dis- 
senters there for nearly two years. In 1669 he be- 
gan to preach in Northampton, and on 11 Sept. 
1672, he was ordained pastor of the Congregational 
church there, retaining this charge till his death. 
In February, 1727, Jonathan Edwards, his grand- 
son, at that time a tutor in Yale, became his col- 
league. In addition to sermons, he published 
"Doctrine of Instituted Churches explained and 
proved from the Word of God," which was a reply 
to Increase Mather's " Order of the Gospel," and 
occasioned an exciting controversy (London. 1700) ; 
"Appeal to the Learned" (1709): "Guide to 
Christ " (1714) ; " Answer to Cases of Conscience " 
(Boston, 1722); "Question on the Conversion of 
the Indians" (1728); and "Safety in the Right- 
eousness of Christ " (4th ed., with preface by John 
Erskine, D. D., Edinburgh, 1792).— His son, An- 
thony, clergyman, b. in Northampton, Mass., 9 
Aug., 1678; d. in Woodbury, Conn., 6 Sept, 1760, 
was graduated at Harvard in 1697. and was minis- 
ter at Woodbury, Conn., from 27 May, 1702, till his 
death. He was clerk of probate forty years, was 
the lawyer and physician of his people, and one of 
the most extensive farmers in the town. He pub- 
lished an " Election Sermon " (New London, 1716). 
— Another son, John, b. 11 Feb., 1681 ; d. in Bos- 
ton, 19 June, 1748, was graduated at Harvard in 
1701, was for many years a member of the council 
of Massachusetts, chief justice of the court of com- 
mon pleas, and colonel of militia His " Journal of 
an Expedition to Canada, 1718-'14," was printed in 
the " Genealogical Register " for January, 1851.— 
Anthony's grandson, Amos, soldier, b. in Wood- 
bury, Conn., 26 Oct, 1762; d. in Fort Meigs, Ohio, 
11 May, 1818, was a soldier from 1779 till the close 
of the war of independence, then clerk of the su- 
preme court in Boston, and practised as a lawyer 
in Hallowell, Me., in 1792-'8. He was appointed a 



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captain of artillery, 1 June, 1798, was governor of 
Missouri territory in 1804-'5, became major, 80 
June, 1807, -and deputy quartermaster, 16 July, 
1812. At the siege of Fort Meigs (see Harbison, 
William Henry) he received a wound that re- 
sulted in his death. He wrote " Sketches, His- 
torical and Descriptive, of Louisiana" (Philadel- 
phia, 1812) and " The Political Crisis " (London). 
His papers are in the archives of the Western Re- 
serve historical society, Cleveland, Ohio. — John's 
great-grandson, Solomon, educator, b. in North- 
ampton in 1800; d. there, 11 Nov., 1847, was grad- 
uated at Tale in 1820, and became professor of 
languages at Middlebury college, Vt He was co- 
author with Ethan Alien Andrews of a " Grammar 
of the Latin Language " (Boston, 1886), which was 
at one time almost universally used in this coun- 
try, and had passed through sixty-five editions in 
1857.— Solomon's descendant, David Tappan, mis- 
sionary, b. in Northampton, Mas*., 2 Dee., 1818 ; 
d. at Oroomiah, Persia, 22 Jan., 1857, attended 
Williams college in 1834-'5, and then went to 
Yale, where he constructed with his own hands 
two telescopes, by means of which he afterward 
made several discoveries. He was graduated in 
1888, became tutor in Marshall college, Pa., and 
afterward prosecuted his Latin studies. Declining 
the professorship of natural history in Marietta 
college, Ohio, he entered Andover theological semi- 
nary in 1889, and became tutor at Yale in 1840. 
He was licensed to preach in 1842, and ordained at 
New Haven in January, 1848. He married in Feb- 
ruary and sailed from Boston as a missionary to 
the Nestorians at Oroomiah, Persia, in March. In 
1848 his wife died of cholera, his health failed, and 
he visited his brother in Scotland on his way home. 
He remained in the United States in the service 
of the mission board till 1851, when, in March of 
that year, after marrying again, he sailed for Per- 
sia. His labors at Oroomiah were successful, 
many of his pupils becoming Christian teachers 
and preachers. In 1853 he completed a " Gram- 
mar of Modern Syrian Language, which was pub- 
lished at New Haven in the " Journal of the Ameri- 
can Oriental* Society " in 1855. He also prepared 
numerous educational and religious works in Syri- 
an, which were issued from the mission press. See 
memoir, by the Rev. Joseph P. Thompson, D. D. 
(New York, 1858). 

STODDARD, William Osborn, author, b. in 
Homer, Cortland co., N. Y., 24 Sept, 1885. His 
father was for many years a bookseller and pub- 
lisher in Rochester and Syracuse, N. Y. He was 
graduated at the University of Rochester in 1858, 
edited the " Daily Ledger " in Chicago for a short 
time, and the same vear became editor of the " Cen- 
tral Illinois Gazette, at Champaign, which he con- 
ducted for about three years. He was an opponent 
of slavery, and took an active part in the Repub- 
lican presidential canvass of 18o0. He was a pri- 
vate secretary to President Lincoln in 1861-'4, was 
U. S. marshal for Arkansas in 1804- '6, and has 
since been variously employed. He invented a 
centre-locking printer's cnase, and has taken out 
several patents for successful improvements in 
desiccating processes and in machinery. He has 
published " Royal Decrees of Scanderoon " (New 
York, 1869) ; " Verses of Many Davs " (1875) ; " Dis- 
missed " (1878) ; "The Heart of It "(1880); "Dab 
Kinzer" (1881); "The Quartet" (1882); "Esau 
Hardery"(1882); "Saltillo Boys" (1882); "Talk- 
ing-Leaves" (1882); "Among the Lakes " (1888) ; 
" Wrecked t" (1888); "The Life of Abraham Lin- 
coln * (1884); "Two Arrows "(1886); "The Red 
Beauty" (1887); "The Volcano under the City," 



a description of the draft riots of 1863 (1887) ; and 
"Lives of the Presidents," to be completed in ten 
volumes y886-'8). 

STODDERT, Benjamin, cabinet officer, b. in 
Charles county, Md., in 1751 ; d. in Bladensburg, 
Md., 18 Dec., 1818. His grandfather, Mai. James 
Stoddert, a cadet of the Scotch family of Stoddert, 
settled in Maryland about 1675, and his father, 
Capt Thomas Stoddert, of the Maryland contin- 
gent, was killed in Braddock's defeat. Benjamin 
was educated for a merchant, but in 1776 joined 
the Continental army as captain of cavalry, and 
was in active service till the battle of Brandy wine, 
when, holding the rank of major, he was so severe- 
ly wounded as to unfit him for active service. As 
secretary of the board of war he remained with the 
army till the latter part of 1781. When peace was 
concluded he became a successful merchant of 
Georgetown, D. C. In May, 1798, he was appoint- 
ed secretary of the navy, being the first to hold the 
post, and so remained till 4 March, 1801. He was 
acting secretary of war after the resignation of 
James Henry, until his successor, Samuel Dexter, 
took charge. When the navy department was cre- 
ated in 1798, the frigates " Constitution," " Con- 
stellation," and " United States " constituted the 
bulk of the American navy. By the latter part of 
1799 five frigates and twenty-three sloops-of-war 
were in commission. Mr. Stoddert's experience in 
the mercantile marine, coupled with his tact, in- 
dustry, and judgment, were valuable in the forma- 
tion of this naval force, through which the hos- 
tilities with France were so soon terminated. That 
he possessed the confidence and friendship of Presi- 
dent Adams is shown by his official and private 
correspondence. At the close of Adams's admin- 
istration he returned to private life, settling his 
business affairs, which during his absence had be- 
come so entangled as to cause serious losses. 

STOECKEL, Gustave Jacob, musician, b. in 
Maikammer, Bavarian Palatinate. Germany, 9 Nov., 
1819. He was graduated at the seminary in Kai- 
serslautern in 1838, pursued a post-graduate course 
in musical composition under Joseph Krebs, and 
was a teacher and organist till 1847. He came to 
this country in that year, and since 1849 has been 
instructor in music at Yale, and organist of the 
college chapel. Yale gave him the degree of Mus. D. 
in 1864. Dr. Stoeckel has published a collection 
of sacred music for mixed voices (New York, 
1868), and " College Hymn-Book " for male voices 
(1886) ; besides compositions for the piano, songs, 
and overtures and symphonies for orchestra. He 
is also the author of the unpublished operas of 
" Lichtenstein," "Mahomet," "Miles Standish," 
and " Miskodeeda." 

STOEYER, Martin Luther, educator, b. in 
Germantown, Pa., 17 Feb., 1820; d. there, 22 July, 
1870. With the ministry in view he entered Penn- 
sylvania college, Gettysburg, and was graduated 
in 1888, but he was pressed into service as an in- 
structor before he could begin his theological 
course, and until his death was enlaced in teach- 
ing. He was principal of a classical academy in 
Maryland in 1838-'4Z, and of the preparatory de- 
partment in Pennsylvania college in 1842-'51, pro- 
fessor of history in the collegiate department in 
1844-'51, and professor of Latin ana history, to 
which political economy was added in 1855, from 
1851 until his death in 1870. After the retirement 
of Dr. Charles P. Krauth from the presidency of 
the college in 1850, he discharged the duties of 
that office for many months, until his successor was 
elected. The honorary degree of Ph. D. was con- 
ferred upon him in 1866 by Hamilton college, and 



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that of LL. D. in 1869 by Union college. In 1862 
the presidency of Girard college, Philadelphia, was 
offered to him, and in 1869 the professorship of 
Latin in Muhlenberg college, Allentown, Pa. ; but 
he declined both. He was connected with the 
" Evangelical Quarterly Review " from its begin- 
ning in 1849, and was its sole editor from 1857 
until his death. His biographical articles earned 
him the title of "The Plutarch of the Lutheran 
Church.** He was also editor of the "Literary 
Record and Linmean Journal," in Gettysburg, in 
1847- , 8, and published " Memoir of the Life and 
Times of Henry Melchior Muhlenberg, D. D." 
(Philadelphia. 1856); "Memorial of Philip P. 
Mayer, D.D." (1859); "Brief Sketch of the Lu- 
theran Church in this Country " (1860) ; and " Dis- 
course before the Lutheran Historical Society" 
(Lancaster, 1862). 

STOKES, Anthony, British jurist, b. in Eng- 
land in 1736; d. in London, 27 March. 1799. He 
was a barrister at law of the Inner Temple, Lon- 
don, came to this country, was appointed chief 
justice of Georgia in 1768, and in 1772 became 
councillor of that colony, retaining those offices 
till the evacuation of Georgia by the British in 
1782. He was a loyalist at the opening of the Revo- 
lution, and was taken prisoner, out was soon after- 
ward exchanged. In 1778 his estate was confis- 
cated. He went to Charleston, S. C, after leaving 
Georgia, and at the evacuation of that city he re- 
turned to England. He published " View of the 
Constitution of the British Colonies in North 
America and the West Indies" (London, 1788); 
"Narrative of the Official Conduct of Anthony 
Stokes " (1784) ; and " Desultory Observations on 
Great Britain '* (1792). 

STOKES, James H., soldier, b. in Maryland 
about 1814 He was graduated at the U. S. mili- 
tary academy in 1885, resigned in 1848, and en- 
gaged in manufacturing and railroad business, re- 
moving in 1858 to Illinois. After aiding in the 
equipment of volunteers, he joined the army as 
captain, and served in Tennessee, and afterward 
as assistant adjutant-general. He was made a 
brigadier-general on 20 July, 1865, and was mus- 
tered out a month later. 

STOKES, Montford, senator, b. in Wilkes 
county, N. C, in 1760: d. in Arkansas in 1842. 
He served in the U. S. navy during the war of the 
Revolution, and after its close removed to Salis- 
bury, N. C, where he was for several years clerk of 
the superior court. He became subsequently clerk 
of the state senate, and was elected to the U. S. 
senate, but declined the office. He was again 
elected to the same office in 1816, and served till 
1823, was a member of the state senate in 1826, 
and of the state house of representatives in 1829 
and 1830. He was governor of North Carolina in 
1880- , 1, which office he resigned to accept that of 
commissioner to superintend the removal of the 
Indians west of Mississippi river. He was appoint- 
ed by President Jackson in 1831 Indian agent for 
Arkansas territory, where he remained till his 
death. He fought a duel near Salisbury with 
Jesse D. Pierson, and was severely wounded. 

STOLBRAND, Carlos John Mealier, soldier, 
I), in Sweden, 11 May, 1821. He entered the royal 
artillery in January, 1839, and during 1848-^50 
took part in the campaign of Schleswig-Holstein 
with part of his regiment in defence of Denmark. 
At the close of the war he came to the United 
States, and in July, 1861, he enlisted as a private 
in the volunteer artillery. Soon afterward ne was 
appointed its captain and joined the 1st battalion 
of Illinois light artillery, and became chief of ar- 



tillery under Gen. John A. Logan. He took part 
in the movements against Corinth, Miss., ana in 
1863, on Gen. Logan s accession to the command 
of the 15th corps, was transferred to the command 
of its artillery brigade. He participated in the 
campaign of Atlanta and the march to the sea. 
In February, 1865, he was promoted to brigadier- 
general of volunteers, assigned to a brigade in the 
15th corps, and shortly afterward to one in the 
17th corps. The latter brigade, being reduced 
in numbers, was re-enforced and reorganized un- 
der his charge. In 1865 he went with his brigade 
to St Louis, Mo., and thence to Leavenworth, 
Kan., and in February, 1865, he received an hon- 
orable discharge from the army. In 1868 Gen. 
Stolbrand was elected secretary* of the Constitu- 
tional convention of South Carolina. He was dele- 
gate-at-larpe to the National Republican conven- 
tion at Chicago in 1868, and served as presidential 
elector. He nas made various improvements in 
steam-engines and steam-boilers, and now resides 
at Fort Collins, Col. 

STONE, Aniasa, philanthropist, b. in Charlton, 
Mass., 27 April, 1818; d. in Cleveland, Ohio, 11 
May, 1883. He began life as an architect, at 
twenty-one was engaged in the construction of rail- 
road bridges, and while still young became the first 
bridge-builder in the country. In partnership with 
two friends he constructed the Cleveland. Colum- 
bus, and Cincinnati railroad, and afterward the 
Cleveland and Erie, of which roads he was made 
superintendent He was next encaged in building 
the Chicago and Milwaukee road. He was presi- 
dent and director of numerous railroads and other 
industrial and financial corporations, was frequent- 
ly consulted by President Lincoln in regard to mat- 
ters of army transportation, and was offered by him 
an appointment as brigadier-general. He spent a 
year in Europe in 186§-'9. Mr. Stone gave large 
sums in chanty to the city of Cleveland. He buflt 
and endowed the Home for aged women and the 
Industrial school for children, and gave $600,000 
to Adelbert college of Western Reserve university. 

STONE, Andrew Leete, b. in Oxford, Conn., 
25 Nov., 1815. His father, Noah Stone, was town- 
clerk and justice of the peace for a quarter of a 
century, served for several terms as judge of pro- 
bate, and had local reputation as a physician. The 
son was graduated at Yale in 1837, and served 
for three years as a professor in the New York 
institution for the deaf and dumb, studying at 
Union theological seminary. He then connected 
himself with the American Sunday-school union 
at Philadelphia, and in September, 1844, was or- 
dained pastor of the South Congregational church 
at Miduletown, Conn. In January, 1849, he was 
called to the pastorate of the Park street church, 
Boston. In 1866 he received a call to the 1st Con- 
gregational church in San Francisco, Cal. In 1881, 
his health failing, he was elected pastor emeritus. 
He is the author of •' Service the End of Living " 
(1858); "Ashton's Mothers" (1859); "Discourse 
on the Death of Abraham Lincoln " (1865) ; and 
numerous printed addresses. Two volumes of his 
sermons have been published, entitled " Memorial 
Discourses " (1806) ; and " Ijeaves from a Finished 
Pastorate" (1882).— His brother, David Marvin, 
journalist, b. in Oxford. Conn., 23 Dec., 1817, left 
home at the age of fourteen, and taught when 
he was sixteen. He was a merchant in Phila- 
delphia from 1842 till 1849, when he was called 
to New York city to take charge of the "Dry 
Goods Reporter." In December of that year he 
became commercial editor of the New York " Jour- 
nal of Commerce," and in September, 1861, with 



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William C. Prime, he purchased the interest of 
that paper, succeeding Mr. Prime in 1866 as editor- 
in-chief, which post he still (1888) retains. He was 
president of the New York associated press for 
twenty-five years. For several years he contributed 
a financial article weekly to the New York " Ob- 
server," edited as a pastime the ** Ladies* Wreath," 
and conducted the financial department of " Hunt's 
Merchants* Magazine." An important event in the 
history of his paper was its suppression by the gov- 
ernment in 1864 for publishing a proclamation 
purporting to have been issued by President Lin- 
coln, calling for volunteers to serve in the war and 
naming a day of fasting and prayer. It was the 
production of Joseph Howard, Jr., and appeared 
in the " Journal of Commerce," 18 May, 18W. The 
44 Herald " printed 25,000 copies containing the so- 
called proclamation, but, finding that neither the 
"Times" nor the "Tribune" had printed it, de- 
stroyed the edition. The " World * published it, 
but afterward endeavored to undo the mischief. 
President Lincoln immediately ordered the sup- 
pression of the "Journal of Commerce" and the 
" World," and the arrest and imprisonment of their 
editors and proprietors. Gen. John A. Dix, who 
knew that the proclamation had been left at the 
newspaper offices at about three o'clock in the 
morning, after the responsible editors had depart- 
ed, endeavored to secure a modification of this or- 
der. Some of the persons designated were arrested, 
but they did not include David M. Stone or Manton 
Marble. The government soon found that it had 
made a mistake, the troops that had been put in 
possession of the two newspaper offices were with- 
drawn, and the editors were released from arrest 
and their papers from suspension. Mr. Stone's 
opinions on commercial ana other matters in his 
"answers to correspondents" are regarded as an 
authority by merchants throughout the country. 
In his younger days he wrote for the magazines, 
but since I860 he has done little literarv work ex- 
cept for his own paper. He published: a volume 
called "Prank Forest," which passed through 
twenty editions (1849), and a memorial volume 
containing the " Life and Letters " of his niece, 
Mary Elizabeth Hubbell (1857). 

STONE, Barton Warren, reformer, b. near 
Port Tobacco, Md., 24 Dec, 1772 ; d. in Hannibal, 
Mo., 9 Nov., 1844. He was graduated at the 
academy in Guilford, N. C, in 1793, studied the- 
ology, and, after teaching in Washington, Ga., was 
licensed in North Carolina in 1796. Two years 
later he was ordained pastor of the churches of 
Caneridge and Concord, Ky. During the revival 
of 1801 in Kentucky and Tennessee, Stone, with 
four other ministers, renounced the dogmas of Cal- 
vinism. One of the number was tried by tfie synod 
of Lexington, Ky., in 1803, for preaching anti- 
Calvin istic doctrines, whereupon they all withdrew 
in September from that body, formed themselves 
into the Springfield presbytery, and continued to 
preach ana to form churches, the first being one at 
Caneridge of Mr. Stone's old followers. In June, 
1804, the presbytery was dissolved, and they took 
tho name of the Christian church. Having no 
pastoral charge, Stone supported himself for several 
years by farming and teaching while he continued 
to found churches in Ohio, Kentucky, and Ten- 
nessee. In 1826 he edited the " Christian Messen- 
ger,*' and six years later, with Rev. John T. John- 
son, a Baptist, he at Georgetown united the 
" Stoneite ' and ** Campbellite^' churches in Ken- 
tucky. He removed to Jacksonville. 111., in 1834, 
included Missouri in his circuit, and also continued 
his editorial labor until his death. His last preach- 




ing-tour was in 1843, and a year later, while on hit 
way home from a visit to Missouri, he died. Mr. 
Stone wielded a great influence through his scholar- 
ship, piety, and attractive manner. He wrote 
part ii. of the u Apology of the Springfield Pres- 
bytery" (1803). which has been called the first 
declaration of religious freedom in the western 
hemisphere, and the hymn "The Lord is the 
Fountain of Goodness and Love." Among hit 
other writings are "Letters on the Atonement" 
(1805); "Address to the Christian Churches" 
(1805) ; and " Letters to Dr. James Blythe " (1822). 
STONE, Charles Pomeroy, soldier, b. in ureen- 
fleld, Mass., 30 Sept, 1824 ; d. in New York city, 
24 Jan., 1887. He was graduated at the U. a mili- 
tary academy in 1845, assigned to the ordnance, 
ana served in the 
war with Mexico, 
beingbrevetted 1st 
lieutenant, 8 Sept, 

1847, for gallant 
and meritorious 
conduct at the bat- 
tle of Molino del 
Rey, and captain, 
13 Sept, for the 
battle of Chapul- 
tepec. He also 
participated in the 
siege oi Vera Crux 
and the assault 
and capture of the 
city of Mexico, tie 
was on duty at Wa- 
ter vliet arsenal, N. 
Y., till 15 Sept. 

1848, on leave of 

absence to visit Europe for the purpose of improve- 
ment in his profession and the gaining of general 
information till 18 May, 1850, and on duty at Wa- 
tervliet and Fort Monroe arsenals in 1850. Under 
orders of the secretary of war he embarked men 
and stores, and conducted them to California via 
Cape Horn till August 1851, after which, till 27 
Jan., 1856, he was in charge of construction and in 
command of Benicia arsenal, and chief of ordnance 
of the Division and Department of the Pacific 
He resigned, 17 Nov., 1856, and from March, 1857, 
till 81 Dec, 1860, was chief of the scientific com- 
mission for the survey and exploration of the state 
of Sonora, Mexico. On 1 Jan., 1861, he was appoint- 
ed colonel and inspector-general of the District of 
Columbia militia, and was engaged, under the or- 
ders of Gen. Winfield Scott, in disciplining volun- 
teers from 2 Jan. till 16 April, 1861. He was ap- 
pointed colonel of the 14th infantry, 14 May, 1861, 
and given charge of the outposts and defences of 
Washington. He commanded! the Rock ville expedi- 
tion and engaged in the skirmishes of Edward's and 
Conrad's Ferry in June, and Harper's Ferry, 7 July, 
1861, led a bngade in Gen. Robert Patterson's op- 
erations in the Shenandoah valley, commanded tne 
corps of observation of the Army of the Potomac 
from 10 Aug., 1861, till 9 Feb., 18&, and on 20 Oct. 
1861, was ordered by Gen. McClellan to keep a good 
lookout and make a feint of crossing the Potomac 
at Ball's Bluff. Gen. McClellan, in his report of 
this disastrous affair, says : " I did not direct him 
to cross, nor did 1 intend that he should cross the 
river in force for the purpose of fighting." After 
having made the feint, Gen. Stone, it appears, was 
led to believe that the enemy might be surprised, 
and accordingly caused a part of nis command to 
cross the Potomac in the night The enemy at- 
tacked in force at daybreak of the 21st and pushed 



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the National troops into the river with great loss. 
Gen. Stone was continued in the same command 
until 9 Feb., 1862, when he was suddenly arrested 
and imprisoned in Fort Lafayette, New York har- 
bor, where he remained until 16 Aug., 1862. He 
was then released, no charge having been preferred 
against him, and awaited orders until 8 May, 1868, 
when he was directed to report to the commanding 
general of the Department of the Gulf, where he 
served until 17 April, 1864. He participated in 
the siege of Port Hudson in June and July, 1863, 
and was senior member of the commission for 
receiving the surrender of that place, 8 July. 

1863. He was chief of staff to Gen. Nathaniel 
P. Banks, commanding the Department of the 
Gnlf, from 26 July, 1863, to 17 April, 1864, par- 
ticipating in the campaign of Bayou Teche, La., 
in October, 1863, and the Red River campaign in 
March and April, 1864. He was honorably mus- 
tered out as brigadier-general of volunteers, 4 April, 

1864, and resigned his commission as colonel of the 
14th infantry, 13 Sept, 1864. In the autumn of 
1865 Gen. Stone was appointed engineer and super- 
intendent of the Dover mining company in Gooch- 
land county, Va., where he resided until 1870. He 
then accepted a commission in the Egyptian army, 
and later was made chief of the general staff, in 
which capacity he bestowed much attention upon 
the military school that had already been formed 
by French officers in the Egyptian service. He 
created a typographical bureau, where a great num- 
ber of maps were produced and the government 
printing was executed, and when the reports of the 
American officers engaged in exploration of the 
interior were printed. Gen. Stone was placed in 
temporary charge of the cadastral survey, and was 
president of the Geographical society and a member 
of the Institut Egyptien at Cairo. The American 
officers were mustered out of the service in 1879, as a 
measure of economy, by the reform government 
which succeeded the dethronement of Ismail. Gen. 
Stone alone remained, and acted as chief of the 
staff until the insurrection of Arabi and the army, 
in which he took no active part. He resigned and 
returned to the United States in March. 1888. Gen. 
Stone was decorated by Ismail Pacha with the 
order of the commander of the Osmanieh, was made 
grand officer of the Medjidieh and Osmanieh, and 
was created a Ferik pacha (general of division). 
In May he was appointed engineer- in-chief of the 
Florida ship-canal and transit company, and di- 
rected a preliminary survey across the northern 
part of the peninsula. On 3 April, 1886, he be- 
came engineer-in-chief to the committee for the 
construction of the pedestal of the Bart hoi di statue 
of ** Liberty enlightening the World," and upon its 
successful completion he acted as grand marshal 
in the military and civic ceremony that accompanied 
the dedication of the statue. 

STONE, Collins, clergyman and educator, b. in 
Guilford, Conn., 7 Sept, 1812; d. in Hartford, 
Conn., 28 Dec, 1870. He was graduated at Tale 
in 1882, and in the following year became a teacher 
in the American deaf-mute asylum at Hartford. 
In 1852 he was called as principal to the Ohio state 
asylum for the deaf and dumb at Columbus, but he 
returned in 1863 to take charge of the asylum at 
Hartford, where he remained until his death. He 
studied theology, and was ordained to the ministry 
in 1853 while m Ohio. For nearly forty years Mr. 
Stone was prominent in his department of educa- 
tion, and merits the credit of laying the foundations 
of the future prosperity of the Ohio institution, 
and of carrying the Hartford asylum through diffi- 
culties, He published annual reports of the Ohio 



institution (1852-'63) and of that at Hartford 
(1868-'70). His other educational writings, includ- 
ing an address on the ** History of Deaf-Mute 
Instruction" before the Ohio institution (1869), 
were published in the *• American Annals of the 
Deaf and Dumb." A railroad accident was the 
cause of his death. 

STONE, David, senator, b. in Hope, N. C, 17 
Feb., 1770; d. in Raleigh, N. C, 7 Oct., 1818. His 
father, Zedekiah Stone, was a member of the Pro- 
vincial congress at Halifax, N. C, in 1776, and for 
many years a state senator. David was graduated 
at Princeton in 1788. studied law, and was admitted 
to the bar in 1790. He was a member of the legis- 
lature in 1791-4, judge of the supreme court of 
North Carolina in 1795-'8, and a member of con- 
gress in 1799-1801, having been chosen as a Demo- 
crat In the latter year he was sent to the U. S. 
senate, but he resigned in 1807 to become judge of 
the state supreme court. He was governor of 
North Carolina in 1808-'10, and in the two follow- 
ing years sat again in congress. In 1818 he was 
again sent to the U. S. senate by a legislature whose 
majority supported the measures of President Madi- 
son ana the war with England; but, opposing 
these measures, he was censured by the legislature, 
and resigned the following year. 

STONE, Ebenezer Whitton, soldier, b. in Bos- 
ton, Mass., 10 June, 1801 ; d. in Roxbury, Mass., 
18 April. 1880. In 1817 he enlisted in the U. S. 
army, from which he was discharged in 1821. He 
was connected with the Massachusetts militia in 
1822-'60, receiving the appointment of adjutant- 
general in 1851 and filling the post till the close of 
his service. In 1840 he was a member of the legis- 
lature, serving on the military committee. The 
first full battery of light artillery in the United 
States, except those in the regular army, was or- 

Sjiized by him in 1853, and through his efforts 
assachusetts was the first state to receive the 
new rifled musket of the pattern of 1855. From 
experiments that he made with this musket, Gen. 
Stone conceived the idea that cannon could also 
be rifled, and after successful tests in 1859, he or- 
dered a model from John P. Schenkl, the inventor 
of the Schenkl shell. It is claimed that this was 
the first rifled cannon that was made in the United 
States, and that the invention was original with 
Gen. Stone, though rifled cannon had been in use 
in Europe for several years. From April till Octo- 
ber, 1861, Gen. Stone, as chief of ordnance, armed 
and equipped twenty-four regiments of infantry, 
one of cavalry, and three light batteries of artillery. 
He was for twelve years a member of the Ancient 
and honorable artillery company, and became its 
captain in 1841. He prepared, under an act of the 
legislature, a " Digest of the Militia Laws of Massa- 
chusetts" (Boston, 1851), and a "Compend of In- 
structions in Military Tactics," and •• The Manual 
of Percussion Arms ' (1857). 

STONE, Edwin Martin, clergyman, b. in 
Framingham, Mass., 29 April, 1805 ; d. in Provi- 
dence, K. I., 15 Dec., 188s. After working as a 
printer in Boston, he edited the •• Times " in that 
city in 1827, the "Independent Messenger" in 
1832-*3, and subsequently the " Salem Observer." 
In 1833-'46 he was pastor of a Congregational 
church in Beverly, Mass., in the mean time serving 
two years as representative in the general court of 
Massachusetts, to which he made some important 
legislative reports. In 1847 he took charge of the 
ministry-at-large in Providence, R. I., devoting 
himself for thirty years to mission work, and sug- 
gesting reforms that were successfully carried out 
Chief of these was a home for aged men, founded 



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in 1784, of which he was a charter member. Dur- 
ing that time he also served on the Providence 
school committee. In 1848-'83 he was librarian 
of the Rhode Island historical society, and con- 
tributed antiquarian and miscellaneous matter to 
his annual reports. He was also a member of 
many learned societies. He has published " Life of 
Elhanan Winchester " (Boston, 1886 ; Salem, 1888) ; 
"Hymns for Sabbath -Schools " (1837); "Hymns 
and Tunes for Vestry and Conference Meetings " 
(4th ed., 1844); "History of Beverly, Mass., 1630- 
1842" (1848); "Life and Recollections of John 
Howland" (Providence. 1857): "History of the 
Providence Association of Mechanics and Manu- 
facturers" (1860); "The Invasion of Canada in 
1775," including the journal of Capt Simeon 
Thayer, with notes and appendix (Providence, 
1867); "The Architect and Monetarian: a Brief 
Memoir of Thomas Alexander Tefft " (1869) : and 
" Our French Allies " (1883). Assisted by his son, 
Edwin W., he edited the " Adjutant-General's Re- 
port of Rhode Island for 1865," which contains a 
roster of the Rhode Island soldiers in the civil 
war. He left unpublished a "Life of % Rev. Dr. 
Manasseh Cutler ' f and a history of Providence. — 
His son, Edwin Winchester (1885-'78), served in 
the Rhode Island artillery during the civil war, 
was a war correspondent of the " Providence Jour- 
nal," and published " Rhode Island in the Rebel- 
lion " (Providence, 1864). 

STONE, James Samuel, clergyman, b. in 
Shipston-on-Stour, Worcestershire, England, 27 
April, 1852. He emigrated to Philadelphia in 
1872, and studied theology in the divinity-school 
in that city, at which he was graduated in 1877. 
He was made deacon in 1876, and ordained priest 
by the bishop of Toronto, Canada, in 1877. He 
was rector of St Philip's church, Toronto, from 
1879 till 1882, and of St. Martin's, Montreal, from 
1882 till 1886. In the latter year he accepted a 
call from Grace church, Philadelphia. He was 
professor of ecclesiastical history in Wycliffe col- 
lege, Toronto, in 1877-82. He is well known in 
Canada as a lecturer, some of his topics being 
" Love in ye Olden Time," " Trials of a Parson, 
44 Robin Hood," and " John Bunyan." He received 
the degree of B. D. from Cambridge (Mass.) Epis- 
copal theological school in 1880, and those of B. D. 
and D. D. from the University of Bishop's col- 
lege, Lennoxville, Canada, in 1886. Besides many 
pamphlets, sermons, and magazine articles. Dr. 
Stone has published " Simple Sermons on Simple 
Subjects " (Toronto, 1879) and " The Heart of Mer- 
rie England " ( Philadelphia, 1887). 

STONE, John Augustus, dramatist, b. in Con- 
cord, Mass., in 1801 ; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 1 
June. 1884. He appeared on the stage in Boston, 
New York, and Philadelphia. For Edwin Forrest 
he wrote " Metamora," "The Ancient Briton," and 
" Fauntleroy " ; and among other plays he pub- 
lished " La Roque," " The Demoniac," and " Tan- 
cred." He was drowned in a fit of temporary in- 
sanity in the Schuylkill, at Philadelphia, ana his 
monument there bears the inscription: "Erected 
to the memory of the author of * Metamora,' by his 
friend, Edwin Forrest." 

STONE, John Osgood, physician, b. in Salem, 
Mass., 1 Feb., 1813 ; d. in New York city, 7 June, 
1876. He was graduated at Harvard in 1833, 
and at the medical department there in 1836. 
After hospital experience in London and Paris he 
began practice in New York city, identifying him- 
self with many medical charities and scientific 
organizations, and attaining eminence in his pro- 
fession. He was long a surgeon at Bellevue hospi- 



tal, but resigned in 1857 on account of his exten- 
sive private practice. In 1866 he was a member of 
the first Metropolitan board of health, and subse- 
quently its president, in which connection his ser- 
vices relative to the sanitary condition of tene- 
ment-houses and in the management of Quarantine 
were of great value. Dr. Stone published many 
surgical papers, including " Amputations and Com- 
pound Fractures, with Statistics" (1849); "Treat- 
ment of Suppurative Inflammation of the Joints ** 
(1852) ; " Necessary Amputation of the Lower Ex- 
tremities" (1854); and " Ruptures of the Heart." 

STONE, John Seely, clergyman, b. in Great 
Barrington, Mass.. 7 Oct., 1795 ; d. in Cambridge, 
Mass., 13 Jan., 1882. He was graduated at Union 
college in 1823, and thence went to the Episcopal 
general theological seminary, New York city, pre- 
paratory to taking orders. He was ordained deacon 
in St. Mark's church, New York, 4 Jan.. 1826, by 
Bishop Hobart, and priest in Christ church, Hart- 
ford, Conn., 7 June, 1827, by Bishop BrownelL 
He was tutor in Greek and Latin in Hobart college 
in 1825-'6. He was rector of St Michael's church, 
Litchfield, Conn., in 1827, of All Saints' church, 
Frederick city, Md., in 1828-*9, of Trinity church, 
New Haven, in 1880-'2, and of St. Paul's church, 
Boston, in 1832-'41. He received the degree of 
D. D. from Kenyon college. Ohio, in 1837. He 
next became rector of Christ church, Brooklyn, 
N. Y., in 1841, and in 1852 of St Paul's church, 
Brookline, Mass., where he remained till 1862. He 
accepted the post of professor in the divinity- 
school of the Protestant Episcopal church in Phila- 
delphia, Pa., in 1862, which he held for five years. 
In 1867 he became dean of the newly established 
theological school in Cambridge, Massl, but in 1875 
resigned active work. Dr. Stone attained reputa- 
tion as a pulpit orator. In theological position 
he was prominent among the evangelical Episcopal 
clergy, and it was largely due to his efforts and 
influence that the theological school in Cambridge, 
Mass., was founded. Dr. Stone's publications were 
" Memoir of Bishop Griswold" (Philadelphia, 1844); 
"The Mysteries Opened" (New York, 1844; re- 

?ublishea. with the title " Christian Sacraments," 
866); "The Christian Sabbath" (1844; en- 
larged ed., with the title "The Divine Rest," 
1867); "The Church Universal" (1846; repub- 
lished, under the title of " Living Temple," 1866) ; 
"Memoir of Rev. Dr. Milnor" (1848; abridged by 
the author, 1849); and "The Contrast" (1853). 
Dr. Stone was twice married ; his second wife was a 
daughter of Chancellor Kent, of New York. — Their 
son, James Kent, clergyman, b. in Boston in 
1840, was graduated at Harvard in 1861. After 
studying for two years at the University of GOt- 
tingen and in Italy, he returned to this country 
ana entered the National array, from which he re- 
tired after six months, owing to wounds. He be- 
came professor of Latin in Kenyon college, Ohio, 
in 1863, and professor of mathematics in 1867, and 
was soon afterward appointed president In 1868 
he became president of Hobart college, but resigned 
in 1869, and a few months later united with the 
Roman Catholic church. He entered the congre- 
gation of missionary priests of St Paul the Apostle 
in New York city, and soon became one of the 
best-known preachers of that body. Afterward he 
joined the Passionists, in which order he is known 
as Father Fidelis. He is now (1888) a missionary 
in South America. He published "The Invitation 
Heeded," in which he gave his reasons for becom- 
ing a Roman Catholic. 

STONE, Lacy, reformer, b. in West Brookfleld, 
Mass., 13 Aug., 1818. Her grandfather was a colonel 



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in the Revolution, and led 400 men in Shays's re- 
bellion. Her father was a prosperous farmer. In 
determining to obtain a collegiate education, she 
was largely influenced by her desire to learn to 
read the Bible in the original, and satisfy herself 
that the texts that were quoted against the equal 
rights of women were correctly translated. She 
was graduated at Oberlin in 1847, and in the same 
ear gave her first lecture on woman's rights in 
jer brother's church at Gardner, Mass. She be- 
came lecturer for the Massachusetts anti-slavery 
society in 1848, travelling extensively in New Eng- 
land, the west, and Canada, and speaking also on 
woman's rights. In 1855 she married Henry B. 
Blackwell (brother of Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell), a 
merchant of Cincinnati and an Abolitionist, re- 
taining by his consent her own name. A few 
years later, while she lived in New Jersey, her 
property was seised for taxes, and she published a 
protest against " taxation without representation." 
In 1869 Mrs. Stone was instrumental in form- 
ing the American woman's suffrage association. 
In the following year she became co-editor of the 
" Woman's Journal " in Boston, and from 1872 to 
the present time (1888) she has been editor-in-chief, 
with her husband and daughter as associates. Mrs. 
Stone again lectured in the west, in behalf of the 
woman suffrage amendments, in 1867-*82. She 
has held various offices in the national, state, and 
local woman suffrage associations. " Lucy Stone," 
says Mrs. Stanton, " first really stirred the nation's 
heart on the subject of woman's wrongs." 

STONE, Melville Elijah, journalist, b. in Hud- 
son, 111.. 15 Aug., 1848. When he was twelve years 
of age his parents removed to Chicago, where he 
was graduated from the high-school in 1867. Two 
years later he purchased an interest in a foundry 
and machine-shop, and was doing a good business 
when his earnings were swept away in the great 
fire of 1871. He then resorted to journalism, and 
a successful experience of four years as correspond- 
ent and editor prompted him to establish an even- 
ing paper. On Christmas-day, 1875, he published 
the first number of " The Daily News," since which 
time he has been its controlling spirit. He soon 
became associated with Victor F. Laws in the 
management of the journal, which has an average 
circulation of a million copies a week. 

STONE, Orraond, astronomer, b. in Pekin, 111., 
11 Jan., 1847. He was educated at Chicago public 
schools and at the University of Chicago, where he 
devoted much attention to astronomy. In 1867 
he became a tutor in Racine college, and in 1868 
he was made professor of mathematics at North- 
western female college, Evanston, 111. He was 
appointed assistant at the U. S. naval observatory 
in Washington, D. C, in 1870, and in 1875 was 

fiven charge of the Cincinnati observatory. In 
882 he was called to the chair of practical astrono- 
my in the University of Virginia, with care of 
the Leander McCormick observatory, both of which 
places he now (1888) holds. Prof. Stone is a mem- 
ber of scientific societies, and is the author of vari- 
ous papers on astronomy. He edited the " Pub- 
lications of the Cincinnati Observatory " (No. 1 to 
6, Cincinnati, 1877-'82), containing observations 
of nearly all the known double stars between the 
equator and 80° south declination, and since 1883 
has edited '* The Annals of Mathematics " at the 
University of Virginia. 

STONE. Samuel, clergyman, b. in Hertford, 
England, 80 July. 1603; d. in Hartford, Conn., 20 
July, 1668. His father, John, was a freeholder of 
Hertford. Cotton Mather's statement in his " Majr- 
nalia " that Samuel was the son of a non-conformist 



clergyman of the same name has been recently 
proved, by the register of the Church of All Saints, 
Hertford, to be without foundation. The son was 
a student at Emanuel college; Cambridge, in 162$-' 7. 
Fleeing to the American colonies to escape religious 
persecution, he landed at Boston, Mass., 8 Sept, 
1688, having as companions in his flight Rev. John 
Cotton and Rev. Thomas Hooker. With the latter 
he was an associate in a church at Cambridge until 
1686, when they both removed to the present site 
of Hartford, Conn., which was named after his old 
home, the spelling being conformed to the English 
pronunciation. He was distinguished as a con- 
troversialist and celebrated for his wit and humor. 
Being a man of strong convictions, he engaged 
during the latter part of his life in theological dis- 
putes which caused part of his congregation to 
secede and found another church. On his decease, 
his old companion, Hooker, succeeded him in the 
ministry. Mr. Stone published "A Congregational 
Church is a Catholic Visible Church ; Examination 
of Mr. Hudson's View " (London, 1652), and he 
left two works in manuscript, a " Body of Divinity " 
and a confutation of the Antinomians. Of the 
former, Cotton Mather says : " This rich treasure 
has often been transcribed by the vast pains of our 
candidates for the ministry ; and it has made some 
of our most considerable divines." 

STONE, Thomas Tread well, clergyman, b. in 
Waterford, Me., Feb., 1801. He was graduated 
at Bowdoin in 1820, studied theology, and was pas- 
tor of the Congregational church at Andover, Me., 
in 1824-'30, of that at East Machias in 1882-'46, 
of the 1st church (Unitarian) at Salem, Mass., 
in 1846-'52, of the 1st Congregational church at 
Bolton, Mass., in 1852-'60, and of the 1st ecclesi- 
astical society, Brooklyn, Conn., from 1868 till 
1871, when he retired from the active duties of the 
ministry. He afterward removed to Bolton, Mass., 
where he has since resided. He received the degree 
of D. D. from Bowdoin in 1866, was principal of 
Bridgeton academy. 1880-*32, one of the early 
members of the Transcendental school, contributed 
to various religious periodicals, and published 
44 Sermons on War" (Boston, 1829); " Sketches of 
Oxford County, Me." (Portland, 1880) ; " Sermons " 
(Boston, 1854); "The Rod and the Staff" (1856); 
and separate sermons and addresses. 

STONE, Warren, physician, b. in St Albans, 
Vt, in February, 1808 ; d. in Baton Rouge, La., 6 
Dec., 1872. He studied medicine in Massachusetts, 
settled in New Orleans, and soon became one of 
the chief physicians there. He began 'teaching 
anatomy in 1886, in 1887 was appointed professor 
of that branch in the University of Louisiana, and 
afterward accepted the chair of surgery, which he 
held till his death. Dr. Stone was at the head of 
his profession in the south, and when Gen. Grant 
was thrown from his horse near New Orleans in 
September, 1868, he was called to attend him. He 
contributed numerous articles to medical journals. 
—His son, Warren, physician, b. in New Orleans 
in 1848; d. there, 8 Jan., 1888, was educated at 
the Jesuits' college. New Orleans, and served in the 
Confederate army during the civil war. On return- 
ing to New Orleans, he began the study of medicine, 
was graduated at the University of Louisiana in 1867, 
and at the opening of the Charity hospital medical 
college of New Orleans, in 1874, was appointed to the 
chair of surgical anatomy. In 1878 he made what 
is thought to be the first recorded cure of traumatic 
aneurism of the subclavian artery by digital pres- 
sure. He gave his services to the people of Bruns- 
wick. Ga., during the prevalence of yellow fever in 
1874, and in 1878, when that disease was raging 



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in the southwest, he left his home and large prac- 
tice and travelled about from one stricken village 
or town to another, giving his services gratuitously. 
Dr. Stone became a member of the American public 
health association in 1880. 

STONE, William, colonial governor, b. in 
Northamptonshire, England, about 1608; d. in 
Charles county, Md., about 1695. He emigrated 
to the eastern shore of Virginia, where he settled 
Northampton county. There was a settlement of 
Puritans in Nansemond county, and, their condi- 
tion becoming uncomfortable from the attitude 
and treatment of the Episcopalians of Virginia, 
Stone arranged with Cecil ius Calvert, the second 
Lord Baltimore, to remove 500 settlers to Mary- 
land. On 8 Aug., 1648, Baltimore appointed Stone 
governor of his province, and he arrived there as 
early as 1649. His Puritan emigrants from Vir- 
ginia settled at a place on Severn river, which they 
called Providence and which is now Annapolis. 
In 1658 Stone was removed from the governorship 
by William Claiborne and Richard Bennet, parlia- 
mentary commissioners. But on 25 March, 1655, 
at the head of the Cavalier forces of the province, 
he attacked the Roundhead forces under Capt 
William Fuller at Severn, where he was routed, 
taken prisoner, and condemned to death by court- 
martial. His life was spared at the entreaty of the 
men of the victorious party. After this he does 
not appear to have taken part in public affairs, 
but lived and died on his manor of Avon on Nan- 
jemoy river, in Charles county, Md. In consid- 
eration of his faithful services to the proprietary, 
he was granted as much land as he could ride 
around in a day.— His great-grandson, Thomas, 
signer of the Declaration of Independence, b. in 
Charles county, Md., in 1748; d. in Alexandria, 
Va., 5 Oct., 1787, daily rode ten miles to school in 
order to acquire a classical education, borrowed 
money to enable him 
to study law in An- 
napolis, began prac- 
tice in Frederick 
about 1770, and two 
years later removed 
to Charles county, 
purchasing a farm 
near Port Tobacco. 
He early espoused 
the cause of his coun- 
try in the disputes 
with the British gov- 
ernment, and was 
elected to the Conti- 
nental congress, when 
two members were 
added to the Mary- 
land delegation, 8 
t^ZSfs j£* - Dec., 1774, taking his 

4™*?? 47f***tAj> geat on 15 May, 1775. 
In July he was re- 
elected for a year longer, and again on 21 May, 1776, 
till the end of the next session of the convention. 
The Maryland delegates, notwithstanding their in- 
structions in favor of reconciliation, voted for the 
resolution of 15 May, 1776, declaring that the au- 
thority of the crown had ceased. Late in June the 
instructions were recalled, leaving them free to vote 
for the Declaration of Independence on 4 July. 
On the same day Stone ana his colleagues were 
re-elected without restrictions on their action. 
Although he bore no active part in the debates of 
congress, he served on committees that were in- 
trusted with important matters, such as the aug- 
mentation of the flying camp, the failure of the 



Canada expedition, the consideration of some of 
Gen. Washington's letters, and the elaboration of a 
scheme of a confederacy. Of the committee on 
confederation, which was appointed on 12 June, 
1776, he was the only member from his province. 
Bein£ re-elected to congress in February, he labored 
in this committee till tne articles of confederation 
were finally settled on and agreed to by the vote 
of 15 Nov., 1777. The Maryland convention re- 
fused to enter the confederacy, and expressed a 
hope that the "unhappy difference" with the 
mother country might yet be accommodated. 
Stone declined a re-election to congress, and en- 
tered the Maryland senate, where he could be more 
useful to the patriotic cause. In 1783 he was again 
elected to congress, and in the session of 1784 he 
served on most of the important committees. 
Toward its close he acted as president pro tem- 
pore. He declined re-election, and devoted himself 
thenceforth to his profession and to his duties as a 
member of the state senate, in which he opposed 
in 1785 a proposition to establish a paper currency. 
After the death of his wife in June, 1787, he aban- 
doned his large legal practice in Annapolis, sank 
into a settled melancholy, and died when he was 
about to embark on a sea- voyage. — Another great- 
grandson, John Hosklns, governor of Maryland, 
b. in Charles county, Md., in 1745 ; d. in Annapo- 
lis, Md., 5 Oct, 1804. On 2 Jan., 1776, the con- 
vention of Maryland elected him captain in CoL 
Smallwood*s battalion, and in December of the 
same year he was promoted to the rank of coloneL 
He served with credit in the battles of Long Island, 
White Plains, Princeton, and Germantown, re- 
ceived in the last-mentioned battle a wound that 
maimed him for life, and on 1 Aug., 1779, resigned 
his commission. In 1781 he was clerk in the office 
of Robert R. Livingston, secretary of state, and 
afterward was one of the executive council of 
Maryland. He was governor from 1794 till 1797. — 
Another great-grandson, William Murray, P. E. 
bishop, b. in Somerset county. Md., 1 June, 1779; 
d. in Salisbury, Md., 26 Feb., 1888. He entered 
Washington college, Md., was graduated in 1799, 
and stuaied theology, preparatory to taking orders 
in the Episcopal church. He was ordained deacon in 
St Paul s church, Prince George co., Md., 17 May, 
1802, by Bishop Claggett, and priest in the same 
church, 27 Dec, 1803. by the same bishop. In 1808 
he became rector of Stepney parish, Somerset 
(now Wicomico) county. This position he held for 
twenty-three years, ana he was very diligent and suc- 
cessful in his pastoral work. In 1829 he accepted 
the rectorship of St. Paul's church, Chestertown, 
Kent -co., Md. The following year, at the conven- 
tion in May, after a failure to elect either of two 
prominent clergymen, he was nominated and elected 
bishop by a nearly unanimous vote. He was conse- 
crated in St Paul's church, Baltimore, Md., 21 OcU 
1830. The same year he received the degree of D. D. 
from Columbia. Bishop Stone's publications were 
" A Charge to the Clergv and Laity of Maryland M 
(1881); "A Pastoral Letter to the Diocese of 
Maryland " (1835) ; and "The Sermon before the 
General Convention of the P. E. Church " (1885> 
—Thomas's brother, Michael Jenifer, jurist, b. 
in Charles county, Md., about 1750; d. there in 
1812, received a classical education. He was a 
member of the Maryland convention that ratified 
the Federal constitution, and was elected to the 
1st congress, serving from 8 June, 1789, till 3 
March, 1791. Under the state government he wat 
a judge of the general court, and continued on the 
bench till the judicial system was reorganized in 
1806. — Michael Jenifers grandson, Frederick, 



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congressman, b. in Virginia, 7 Feb., 1890, was 
graduated at St John's college, Annapolis, and 
studied and practised law at Port Tobacco, Charles 
co., Md. He was elected by the general assembly 
in 1852 one of the commissioners to simplify the 
rules of pleading and practice in the state courts. 
He was elected to the Constitutional convention to 
form a new constitution for the state in the spring 
of 1864, but declined to take his seat In the fol- 
lowing November he was elected to the house of 
delegates from Charles county and served for that 
session. He was elected to congress in 1866, and 
re-elected in 1868. In 1871 he was apain elected 
to the house of delegates, and served his term. He 
was chosen judge of the court of appeals in 1881, 
which place he now (1888) occupies. 

STONE. William Leete, author, b. in New 
Paltx, N. Y M 20 April, 1792 ; d. in Saratoga Springs, 
N.Y„ 15 Aug., 1844. 
His father, Will- 
iam, was a soldier 
of the Revolution 
and afterward a 
Presbyterian cler- 
gyman, who was a 
descendant of Gov. 
William Leete. The 
son removed to So- 
dus, N. Y., in 1808, 
where he assisted 
his father in the 
care of a farm. The 
country was at that 
time a wilderness, 
and the adventures 

/^•~^^=, &SfiS?% 

neer life formed 
material that he afterward wrought into border 
tales. At the age of seventeen he became a printer 
in the office of the Cooperstown " Federalist,'* and 
in 1818 he was editor of the Herkimer " American," 
with Thurlow Weed as his journevman. Subse- 
quently he edited the " Northern Whig " at Hudson, 
N. Y., and in 1817 the Albany " Daily Advertiser." 
In 1818 he succeeded Theodore D wight in the edi- 
torship of the Hartford " Mirror." While at Hart- 
ford, Jonathan M. Wainwright (afterward bishop). 
Samuel G. Goodrich (Peter Parley). Isaac Toucey, 
and himself alternated in editing a literary maga- 
zine called " The Knights of the Round Table." 
He also edited while at Hudson "The Lounger," a 
literary periodical which was noted for its pleasant- 
ry and wit In 1821 he succeeded Zachariah Lewis 
in the editorship of the New York " Commercial 
Advertiser," becoming at the same time one of its 
proprietors, which place he held until his death. 
Brown university gave him the degree of A. M. in 
1825. Mr. Stone always advocated in its columns 
the abolition of slavery by congressional action, and 
at the great anti-slavery convention at Baltimore in 
1825 he originated ana drew up the plan for slave 
emancipation which was recommended at that time 
to congress for adoption. In 1824 his sympathies 
were strongly enlisted in behalf of the Greeks in 
their struggles for independence, and, with Edward 
Everett and Dr. Samuel G. Howe, was among the 
first to draw the attention of the country to that 
people and awaken sympathy in their behalf. In 
182o, with Thurlow Weed, he accompanied Lafay- 
ette on his tour through part of the United 
States. He was appointed by President Harrison 
minister to the Hague, but was recalled by Tyler. 
Soon after the Morgan tragedy (see Morgan, Will- 
iam) Mr. Stone, who was a Freemason, addressed a 
vol. v. — 45 



series of letters on " Masonry and Anti-Masonry " 
to John Quincy Adams, who in his retirement at 
Quincy had taken interest in the anti- Masonic 
movement In these letters, which were afterward 
collected and published (New York, 1882). the au- 
thor maintained that Masonry should be aban- 
doned, chiefly because it had lost its usefulness. 
The writer also cleared away the mists of slander 
that had gathered around the name of De Witt 
Clinton, and by preserving strict impartiality he 
secured that credence which no ex-oarte argument 
could obtain, however ingenious. In 1838 he origi- 
nated and introduced a resolution in the New York 
historical society directing a memorial to be ad- 
dressed to the New York legislature praying for the 
appointment of an historical mission to the govern- 
ments of England and Holland for the recovery of 
such papers and documents as were essential to a 
correct understanding of the colonial history of the 
state. This was the origin of the collection known 
as the " New York Colonial Documents " made by 
John Romeyn Brodhead, who was sent abroad for 
that purpose by Gov. William H. Seward in the 
spring of 1841. He was the first superintendent 
of public schools in New York city, and while 
holding the office, in 1844, had a discussion with 
Archbishop Hughes in relation to the use of the 
Bible in the public schools. Although the influ- 
ence of Col. Stone (as he was familiarly called, 
from having held that rank on Gov. Clinton's 
staff) extended throughout the country, it was felt 
more particularly in New York city. He was active 
in religious enterprises and benevolent associations. 
His works are " History of the Great Albany Con- 
stitutional Convention of 1821" (Albany, *1822); 
'• Narrative of the Grand Erie Canal Celebration," 
prepared at the request of the New York common 
council (New York, 1825); "Tales and Sketches,'' 
founded on aboriginal and Revolutionary tradi- 
tions (2 vols., 1884); "Matthias and His Impos- 
tures " (1838) ; u Maria Monk and the Nunnery of 
the Hotel Dieu," which put an end to an extraor- 
dinary mania (see Monk, Maria) (1886) ; " Ups and 
Downs in the Life of a Distressed Gentleman," a 
satire on the fashionable follies of the day (1886) ; 
" Border Wars of the American Revolution " 
(1837); "Life of Joseph Brant" (1838); "Letters 
on Animal Magnetism " (1838) ; " Life of Red Jack- 
et" (1840; new ed., with memoir of the author by 
his son, William L. Stone, 1866); "Poetry and 
History of Wyoming," including Thomas Camp- 
bell's " Gertrude of Wyoming" (1841 ; with index, 
Albany, 1864); and "Uncas and Miantonomoh" 
(1842).— His only son, William Leete, author, b. 
in New York city, 4 April, 1835, entered Brown, 
but left college in 1856 and spent several months 
in Germany in acquiring a knowledge of the Ger- 
man language with a view of translating into Eng- 
lish several military works bearing upon our Revo- 
lutionary history. On his return in 1858 he was 
graduated at Brown, and in 1850 took the degree of 
LL. B. at Albany law-school. He practised law at 
Saratoga Springs during 1860-'3, and in 1864-7 
was city editor of the New York " Journal of Com- 
merce. In 1870-'4 he was editor and proprietor 
of the " College Review." a paper published in the 
interests of American colleges. He has been secre- 
tary of the Saratoga monument association since 
its incorporation by the legislature of the state of 
New York in 1871, and is also one of its original 
trustees and incorporators. At the laying of the 
corner-stone of the monument on 17 Oct, 1877, the 
centennial of Burgoyne's surrender, he delivered 
the historical address, and he is the author of " The 
Life and Times of Sir William Johnson, Bart," (2 



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vols., Albany. 1865) ; " Life and Writings of Col. 
William L. Stone" (1866); "Guide-Book to Sara- 
toga Springs and Vicinity " (1866) ; " Letters and 
Journals of Mrs. General Riedesel " (1867) ; " Life 
and Military Journals of Major-General Riedesel " 
(1868); "History of New York City" (1872); 
** Reminiscences of Saratoga and Ballston " (1875) ; 
" Campaign of General Burgoyne and St Leger's 
Expedition M (1877) ; "Third Supplement to Dowl- 
ingrs History of Romanism" (1881); "The Order- 
ly Book of Sir John Johnson " (1882) ; " The Jour- 
nal of Captain Pausch, Chief of the Hanau Artil- 
lery during the Burgoyne Campaign " (1886) ; and 
•* Genealogy of the Stone Family (1887). He is 
now (1888) engaged on a life of George Clinton. 

STONE, William Oliver, artist, b. in Derby, 
Conn., 26 Sept, 1830 ; d. in Newport, R. I., 15 Sept, 
1875. He studied with Nathaniel Jocelyn at New 
Haven, and in 1851 removed to New York. In 
1856 he was elected an associate of the National 
academy, and he became an academician three years 
later. He gained distinction in portraiture, and 
devoted himself entirely to that branch of art 
Among his numerous portraits are those of Bishops 
Williams of Connecticut (1858), Littlejohn of Rhode 
Island (1858), and Kip of California (1859) ; John 
W. Ehninger (1859), owned by the National acade- 
my ; Rev. Henry Anthon (1860); Cyrus W. Field 
(1865) ; and James Gordon Bennett (1871). 

STONEMAN, George, soldier, b. in Busti, Chau- 
tauqua co., N. Y., 8 Aug., 1822. He was graduated 
at the U. S. military academy in 1846, and entered 
the 1st dragoons. He acted as quartermaster to 
the Mormon bat- 
talion at Santa Fe\ 
was sent with it to 
California in 1847, 
and remained ac- 
tively engaged on 
the Pacific coast 
till 1857. In March 
of this year he be- 
came captain in 
the 2d cavalry, and 
served till 1861, 
chiefly in Texas. 
In February of 
that year, while in 
command of Fort 
Brown, he refused 
to obey the order of 
his superior. Gen. 
David E. Twiggs, 
for the surrender of the government property to 
the secessionists, evacuated the fort, and went to 
New York by steamer. He became major of the 
1st cavalry on 9 May. 1861. and served in west- 
ern Virginia till 13 Aug., when he was appointed 
brigadier-general of volunteers and chief of cav- 
alry of the Army of the Potomac He organized 
the cavalry of that army and commanded during 
the Virginia peninsular campaign of 1862. After 
the evacuation of York town by the Confederate 
troops his cavalry and artillery pursued and over- 
took them, and thus brought on the battle of 
Williamsburg, 5 May, 1862. He took command of 
Gen. Philip Kearny's division after the second 
battle of Bull Run, succeeded Gen. Samuel P. 
Heintzelman as commander of the 3d army corps, 
15 Nov., 1862, and led it at Fredericksburg on 13 
Dec. He was promoted major-general, 29 Nov., 
1862, led a cavalry corps in the raid toward Rich- 
mond from 18 April till 2 May, 1863. and com- 
manded the 23d corps from January till April, 
1864. On the reorganization of the armies oper- 



ating against Richmond by Gen. Grant, Gen. Stone- 
man was appointed to a cavalry corps in the De- 
partment of the Ohio, was engaged in the opera- 
tions of the Atlanta campaign in May-July, 1864, 
and conducted a raid for the capture of Macon and 
Andersonvil